Serer

A member of a West African ethnic group found in Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania.


Hephthalite

From the mid-fifth to the mid-sixth century Central Asia was ruled by the Hephthalite tribes. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the origin of the Hephthalites and the formation of their state, the first difficulty being that they are given different names in the various sources.

1999, B. A. Litvinsky, “6: The Hephthalite Empire”, in B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-Da, R. Shabani Samghabardi, editors, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, page 135:

F. Altheim assumes a Turkic origin for the Hephthalites. In his own studies he affirms, that the Hephthalites were Turkic-speaking Altaic tribes. The ethnonym "Hephtal" is drawn from the Turkic root: yap, meaning to do, to make, plus a^([sic]) verbal-nominal suffixes t and l. The reconstructed word is yap-t-il, which means "creator, maker" ("Schaffender, Tatiger"). The language of the Hephthalites was Turkic and the presence of the Iranian words is explained by elements that penetrated the Hephthalites language from the subordinated Iranian-speaking population.

2007, Adesh Katariya, Ancient History of Central Asia: Yuezhi origin Peoples, Adesh Katariya, page 158:

2009, Barbara A. West, "Hephthalites", article in Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Infobase Publishing (Facts on File), page 276,
The Hephthalites probably began their history as a nomadic people, moving across the Asian steppes when political, military, or social situations favored their movement.

(historical) Any of a people who comprised a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the 5th–6th centuries CE.

հեփթաղ

any of a Central Asian people who were in nomadic confederation during the 5th-6th centuries


Griqua

Any of a subgroup of South Africa's heterogeneous and multiracial black people, originally populating the frontiers of the infant Cape Colony, living as seminomadic commandos of mounted gunmen.

Griekwa

member of a multiracial people of South Africa


Hyblaean

en-adj

Hyblaean (comparative more Hyblaean, superlative most Hyblaean)

more Hyblaean (comparative)
most Hyblaean (superlative)

Borrowed from French Hybléen, via Latin hyblaeus, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὑβλαῖος (hublaîos, “Hyblaean”).

der

Of or pertaining to the Hyblaean Mountains.


Hyblaean

en-noun

Hyblaean (countable and uncountable, plural Hyblaeans)

(uncountable, cooking) A style of cuisine or individual dishes of or associated with the same area or Hyblaean people.


Hyblaean

The dialects of Sicily spoken in the Hyblaean Mountains.


Zarma

A Songhay language spoken primarily in Niger.


Xiongnu

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 匈奴 (Xiōngnú). Possibly a doublet of Hun; their relationship to the Huns is disputed.

(historical) An ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han dynasty.


Mono

Uncertain. The Monache, a related ethnic group, seems to derive their name from a common source as the Mono, as -chi occurs otherwise in the Yokutsan and Miwok languages as a relatively common suffix on tribal names.

A county in California, United States, see Mono County.


Sinto

Ultimately from Sinte Romani sinto, possibly via German Sinto; see those entries for more.

Coordinate term: Sinta

A member (especially male) of a Romani people found in Germany and surrounding areas.


Senufo

A member of an ethnolinguistic group composed of diverse subgroups of Gur-speaking people living in an area spanning from southern Mali and the extreme western corner of Burkina Faso to Katiola in Côte d'Ivoire.


Evenk

Evenk (plural Evenks or Evenk or Evenki)

Evenks (plural)
Evenk (plural)
Evenki (plural)

A member of the Evenki people of Northeastern Asia (formerly called the Tungus people).

էվենկ

member of the Tungus people of Northeastern Asia


Blin

The Cushitic language spoken by the Blin people.


Rugian

From a certain Germanic tribe the territory of which comprised at some time also the territory of Rügen (Rugia).


Rugian

A member of a certain Germanic tribe the territory of which comprised at some time also the territory of Rügen (Rugia).


Chud

From Russian чудь (čudʹ). Doublet of tuath.

In the meantime, the Chuds tied [her] foot so that she would not escape. When Liaine returned with his brother Aripi and son Peairi, he found the Sami camp smouldering and empty.

1998, Michael P. Robinson, Karim-Aly S. Kassam, Leif Rantala, Sami Potatoes: Living with Reindeer and Perestroika, Bayeux Arts Incorporated, →ISBN, page 76:

Some Chuds had attained a prominent position at the court of the early Russian princes. Military campaigns against the Chuds are mentioned in the chronicles from the 11th century. They were defeated by Prince Iaroslav Vladimirovich [...]

2015, Anti Selart, Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century, BRILL, →ISBN, page 62:

[...] turned to another region which paid tribute to Pskov, the land of the Chuds (Estonian Finns). [...] Iuriev or Tartu as it became known was nominally under a Chud elder called Vetseke but had a garrison from Pskov.

2016, Alexander Basilevsky, Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid–19th Century, McFarland, →ISBN, page 159:

(historical, in early Russian annals, chiefly used in the plural) A member of any of several Finnic peoples in the area of what is now Estonia, Karelia and Northwestern Russia.

tšuudi

a member of any of several Finnic peoples


Gallaecian

Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, an extinct language of the Celtic family, spoken by the Gallaeci at the beginning of the first millennium CE in a north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula.


Traveller

The auctioneer said he had no animus against Travellers but that some headstones verged on “monstrous”.

2024 March 3, Rory Carroll, “‘A clash of cultures’: Irish opinion split over Travellers’ elaborate headstones”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(Ireland) Ellipsis of Irish Traveller; a member of a nomadic ethnic minority in Ireland.


Coeur d'Alene

From French cœur (“heart”) + d’ (“of”) + alêne (“awl”).

Coeur d'Alene language
Coeur d'Alene people
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho

A city, the county seat of Kootenai County, Idaho, United States.


Nabataean

Latin Nabataeus, Ancient Greek Ναβαταῖος (Nabataîos), ultimately from the same root as Arabic أَنْبَاط (ʔanbāṭ)

uder

Arabic أَنْبَاط (ʔanbāṭ)


Tangut

Bilgä Qaǧan
Ming dynasty
Richard Hakluyt
Secret History of the Mongols
Tangut language
Tangut people
Tangut script
William of Rubruck

From a Middle Mongol exonym used by the Mongols, which would become the Classical Mongolian ᠲᠠᠩᠭᠤᠳ (tangɣud) that was phonetically transcribed in Ming-era Early Mandarin Chinese as 唐兀_惕 (/*tʰaŋ(ŋ)ut/) in the Chinese edition of the Secret History of the Mongols (《元朝秘史》). The designation ultimately derives from Old Turkic 𐱃𐰭𐰆𐱃 (t¹ŋut¹) as attested in the 8th-century Bilgä Qaǧan stele. The English word, and similar forms in European languages, derives from Medieval Latin Tangut (*Tangunt in the Leiden manuscript) from the accounts of William of Rubruck compiled in the 1250s. The English form was attested in the writings of Richard Hakluyt who translated parts of William's accounts in the late 16th century.


Padaung

A member of a tribe of Burma's Kayan ethnic group, known for wearing copper neck rings.


Merina

A member of the a highlander Malagasy ethnic group in Madagascar whose core territory corresponds to the former Antananarivo Province in the centre of the island.


Xianbei

zh-l

鮮卑／鲜卑 (Xiānbēi)

(historical) An ancient Mongolic nomadic people who resided in what is now eastern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and northeast China.


Chatino

Borrowed from Spanish chatino, from a Chatino language; cf. Zacatepec Chatino chaʔ tinyan (literally “speech”).


Manobo

An Australasian indigenous agriculturalist people of the Philippines.


Thao

An Austronesian language spoken by the Thao people.


Mishmi

A member of an ethnic group of Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh.


Mohave

From a shortened form of the endonym, Mojave Hamakhaave (“beside the water”), spelled Mojave in Spanish.

A Native American people indigenous to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert.


Hupa

From the Yurok name of the valley in which they reside (Hoopa Valley).

A member of a tribe residing in the Hoopa Valley.


Tolowa

From a Yurok term: either from tolowechek' (“I speak Tolowa”), or from the Yurok name of their principal town.


Eurafrican

/jəˈɹæfɹəkən/

From Euro- (prefix meaning ‘pertaining to Europe’) + African (adjective, noun), probably modelled after Eurasian. Compare Euroafrican, Euro-African, which are attested earlier.

affix

Of or relating to the continents of, or countries in, both Europe and Africa; having both European and African characteristics.

euro-afrikkalainen

of or relating to the continents of, or countries in, both Europe and Africa; having both European and African characteristics

Of a person: of mixed European and African descent; (specifically, South Africa) synonym of colored (“belonging to a multiracial ethnic group or category, having ancestry from more than one of the racial groups of Southern Africa (black, white, and Asian)”)

eurooppalais-afrikkalainen

of a person: of mixed European and African descent


Eurafrican

/jəˈɹæfɹəkən/

eurooppalais-afrikkalainen

A person of mixed European and African descent.

An African person with European ancestors.

colored

(South Africa) Synonym of colored (“a person having ancestry from more than one of the racial groups of Southern Africa (black, white, and Asian)”)

Just how cosmopolitan the town was is clear from the fact that two different races are found buried in the graves: the dolichocephalic Eurafrican, and the brachycephalic Proto-Mediterranean.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 153:


Wusun

From Mandarin 烏孫／乌孙 (Wūsūn) (lit. "Grandchildren/Descendants of the Crow/Raven").

zh-l

烏孫／乌孙 (Wūsūn)

An ancient nomadic steppe people who lived in western Gansu in northwest China, near the Yuezhi people, and were defeated by the Xiongnu circa 176 BCE.


Yuezhi

From Mandarin 月氏 (Yuèzhī, literally “Moon Clan”) or 月支 (Yuèzhī, literally “Moon Branch”).

der

An ancient Indo-European people who originally settled in the arid grasslands of the eastern Tarim Basin area, in what is today Xinjiang and western Gansu, in China, before migrating to Transoxiana, Bactria and then northern South Asia, where one branch of the Yuezhi founded the Kushan Empire.


Soviet of Nationalities

Calque of Russian Сове́т Национа́льностей (Sovét Nacionálʹnostej).

calque

Сове́т Национа́льностей

(historical) One of the two legislative chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; it represented the interests of members of different ethnicities in the USSR.


Raday

Borrowed from Bahnar Rađe or Eastern Mnong Rađê.


Rade

The Austronesian language of the Chamic branch spoken by the Rade people.


Nandi

(uncountable) A subgroup of the Kalenjin ethnic group of East Africa, traditionally living in the highland areas of the Nandi Hills in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya.


Santal

Borrowed from Bengali সাঁওতাল (śãōtal, “Santal”).

A member of an aboriginal ethnic group living in what is now the eastern states of India, and Bangladesh and Nepal. They are a Munda people speaking the Santali language.


Danu

The language spoken by the Danu people, considered by the Burmese government to be a dialect of the Intha-Danu language.


Cochimi

The extinct language spoken by these people.


Bouyei

A language spoken by the Bouyei and Giáy people.


Maidu

Borrowing from Northeast Maidu maidüm (“man”).


Englisher

From English + -er (occupational suffix).

(dated or humorous) Synonym of Englishman: an English person.

A person who translates works into English.


Latinx

The gender-neutral suffix -x replaces the gendered Spanish suffixes -a and -o. Reinforced by United States Spanish latinx.

-a-o-x

(which see for more)

"Black and/or Latinx transgender people often find ourselves the target of increased police hostility,..."

2015, Eric A. Stanley, Nat Smith, Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex, →ISBN:

There is also the fact that, from an early age, people of color— especially young black people and to some extent Hispanic and Latinx/Latino/Latina people—are automatically sexualized to a higher degree by white observers [...]

2015, Julie Decker, The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality, →ISBN:

[…] anti-black racism, anti-Latinx racism, […]

2016, Charles J. Sykes., Fail U.: The False Promise of Higher Education, →ISBN, page 188:

Police found no weapon on 93% of the people stopped, and it is unclear what was found on the remaining 7%. Actually, among people that the police frisked, black and Latinx people were less likely than white people to have a weapon on them.

2019 November 18, Derecka Purnell, “Bloomberg's weak apology for stop-and-frisk is too little, too late”, in The Guardian:

(chiefly US, see usage notes) Of Latin American descent or origin.


Latinx

en-noun

Latinx (plural Latinxs or Latinx or Latinxes)

Latinxs (plural)
Latinx (plural)
Latinxes (plural)

Spanish: latinx

(which see for more)

@nmoon Looks can be deceiving, but I "see" no Latinx, several multi-racials, 3 whites 90% AfrAm. I don't see anyone who looks solely AsAmer

2008 July 26, Elisa Camahort Page, “Elisa Camahort Page on Twitter”, in Twitter, archived from the original on 2016-11-17:

@metalmujer @soylamar there's also a variant with an x (Latinxs, maestrxs, etc.) but not quite as popular as @

2011 April 20, Karari Kue, “Karari Kue on Twitter”, in Twitter, archived from the original on 2016-11-17:

@kararikue @metalmujer I would love to read more abt the variations of Latin@ Latinx send me links, working on a presentation on diversity

2011 April 21, Reina Valenzuela, “Reina Valenzuela on Twitter”, in Twitter, archived from the original on 2016-11-17:

Asian Latinxs … Chicanxs/Latinxs …

2015 Fall, City on a Hill Press-Primer, page 30

Exclusion mainly occurs because Latinxs are conceived by the dominant Euroamerican culture as not belonging, as perpetual “illegals.”

2016, Miguel A. De La Torre, The U.S. Immigration Crisis: Toward an Ethics of Place, page 72:

[And] there is no reason Latinxs shouldn't be the ones to fill them.

Do stars with “hyphenated identities” have a responsibility to their constituencies (for example, a Latinx star to young Latinxes)?

2019, Kristin Lené Hole, Dijana Jelača, Film Feminisms: A Global Introduction, Routledge, →ISBN:

Her [Lucila D. Ek’s] research focuses on the bilingualism, biliteracy, and identities of Latinxes.

2019, “Author Biographies”, in Inmaculada M. García-Sánchez, Marjorie Faulstich Orellana, editors, Language and Cultural Practices in Communities and Schools: Bridging Learning for Students from Non-Dominant Groups, New York, N.Y., London: Routledge, →ISBN, page xiii:

Similarly, White Latinx people, who can pass in the United States as part of the dominant culture, sometimes experience pressure to not identify as Latinx or are told they are not as Latinx as brown-hued Latinxes.

2019, Grisel Y. Acosta, editor, Latina Outsiders Remaking Latina Identity, Routledge, →ISBN:

Dr Pigozzi’s book is essential reading for professionals who want to deliver effective and equitable care for Latinx.

2020, Teddie M. Potter, “Foreword”, in Laura Maria Pigozzi, Caring for and Understanding Latinx Patients in Health Care Settings, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, →ISBN, page 10:

Seventy percent of Latinxes’ ages 5 and older speak English proficiently, yet English proficiency varies across bilingual communities in the U.S. South Americans have the largest percentage (66.8%) of children who speak English very well, while 43.1% of Mexicans and 41.0% of Central American children (ages 5 – 18 years) speak English less than well.

2020, Sheila Bridges-Bond, “A Bilingual Child Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)”, in Diane M. Scott, editor, Cases on Communication Disorders in Culturally Diverse Populations (Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies), IGI Global, →ISBN, page 92:

With the 2000 and 2016 presidential elections being decided by the electoral college rather than the popular vote, the distribution of Latinx is of prime political importance. Latinx are learning that the best defenses against xenophobic laws are U.S. citizenship and the right to vote.

2020, Edwin David Aponte, Miguel A. De La Torre, Introducing Latinx Theologies, Orbis Books, →ISBN:

The following section seeks to deepen our understanding of the heterogeneity of Latinxes.

2020, Desiree D. Zerquera, Jasmine Haywood, Martín De Mucha, “More Than Nuance: Recognizing and Serving the Diversity of the Latinx Community”, in Robert T. Teranishi, Bach Mai Dolly Nguyen, Cynthia M. Alcantar, Edward R. Curammeng, editors, Measuring Race: Why Disaggregating Data Matters for Addressing Educational Inequality (James A. Banks, editor, Multicultural Education), Teachers College Press, →ISBN, part II (Unmasking Educational Inequality Through Disaggregated Data), page 157:

Recent national elections launched millions of young people, women, working people, LGBTQIA+ people; those concerned about the environment; Blacks, Latinxes, and immigrants fighting voter suppression; and others into electoral politics, movement building, and community organizing.

2021, Nicholas Freudenberg, “From Now to Next: How to Build a Movement for Another World”, in At What Cost: Modern Capitalism and the Future of Health, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 298:

GARCÍA I think that's such a great way of thinking about some of the critical issues that we're facing today as Latino/Latina/Latinxes, however you identify yourself, in the United States.

2021, Michael M. Chemers, editor, The Theatre of Luis Valdez, Routledge, →ISBN:

While Farrakhan’s body gains its meaning through relationship to the Wheel, his true “mother,” Farrakhan is connected to the meaning of black women’s bodies and to all “black” people’s bodies—black in all the colors and “races” of blackness—historically, Native Americans, Asians, Latinxes, and the people of African descent, among whom African Americans are most significant.

2022, Stephen C. Finley, In and Out of This World: Material and Extraterrestrial Bodies in the Nation of Islam, Duke University Press, →ISBN:

Latinxes often view their achievements as being dependent on the outcome of others.

2022, Bryan Powell, Gareth Dylan Smith, editors, Places and Purposes of Popular Music Education: Perspectives from the Field, Intellect, →ISBN:

The handbook authors draw on their methodological expertise and demonstrate in their individual chapters how Latinx are crafting lived theologies of liberation through their words, actions, and embodied faith. […] Reimagining Christianity and its theological constructs, and proclaiming what it can be for US Latinx, as well as demonstrating what this looks like, is at the heart of all of the chapters.

2022, Kristy Nabhan-Warren, “Introduction: Una Historia de perseverancia y resiliencia pueblo (A People’s History of Perseverance and Resilience)”, in The Oxford Handbook of Latinx Christianities in the United States, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 4:

(chiefly US, see usage notes) A Latin person (of any gender); a Latino or Latina.


Tataviam

A Native American group in southern California.


Chicanx

Spanish: chicanx

/t͡ʃɪˈkæŋks/

The gender-neutral suffix -x replaces the gendered Spanish suffixes -a and -o.

Coordinate term: Latinx

2015 December, Hasta Mas alla De Los Gritos, page 4: It was seen as negative until Chicanxs took it back.

In California, Chicanxs/Latinxs high school graduares are rising …

(neologism) A Chicano or Chicana (of any gender).


Khitai

Variant of earlier Kitai, influenced by Arabic sources and transcription.

ḲARA KHITĀI (or ḲARĀ KHIṬĀI), the usual name since the viᵗʰ (xiiᵗʰ) century in Muḥammadan sources for the Kitai people, mentioned by the Chinese from the eighth century A. D. onwards, who were probably Tunguz (according to another view Mongol)... From the beginning of the tenth century the Kitai carried on a campaign of conquest, conquered the northern part of China and founded a dynasty which as a Chinese ruling house was called Liao (916).

c. 1913, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IV, page 738

At the head of the Qara Khitai administration stood the Gürkhan, the Khan of Khans or universal Khan. The Gürkhan also bore the title of Chinese emperor (or empress) and maintained the Chinese custom of assigning reign titles (nian hao).

2005, Michal Biran, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, page 108:

When the Liao dynasty collapsed, a member of the royal house, Yelü Dashi (1087–1143), led a remnant force westward and established the Kara Khitai (Black Khitans), or Western Liao, dynasty (1132–1218, in modern Kazakhstan), whose chief opponents were the Seljuk Turks.

2012, Timothy D. Baker Jr. & al. translating Xu Zhuoyun as China: A New Cultural History, page 269


Welshie

(slang, sometimes derogatory) Alternative spelling of Welshy


Siraya

Borrowed from Siraya sidaia (“person, human, man”).

The Formosan language of the Siraya people


Rouran

Borrowed from Mandarin 柔然 (Róurán), from Rouran.

(historical) The language of the Rouran khaganate.


Chehalis

From Lower Chehalis C̓x̣íl̕əš (“Westport, Washington”).

bor

A Native American people of Western Washington State.


Chehalis

A city, the county seat of Lewis County, Washington, United States.

A river in Washington, United States, flowing into the Pacific Ocean.


Chehalis

From Halkomelem Stsʼaʼí:les (the name of a village, literally “beating heart”). Doublet of Sts'Ailes.

A Native American people of the Lower Mainland, British Columbia.


Chehalis

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A small community in the Lower Mainland, British Columbia, Canada.


Qiang

An ethnic group in China, living mainly in a mountainous region in the northwestern part of Sichuan on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.


Khmu

On the way back to the boat, with now a merry band of school kids following, Vieng describes the Khmus’ animist worship. “They believe everything has a spirit. That big tree over there has a spirit. That river has a spirit. They consider everything they do because it has consequences from the spirits. […]”

2018 November 21, Norma Meyer, “Exploring Laos by boat”, in The San Diego Union-Tribune:

A member of an ethnic group of Southeast Asia mainly living in northern Laos.


Burusho

an ethnic group living in Baltistan, speaking Burushaski language.


Afrabian

Blend of African + Arabian or Afrabia + -n.


Hualapai

Borrowing from Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai hwa:l pai, meaning "people of the tall pines" (Pinus ponderosa).

A member of an indigenous North American people historically located in northern Arizona.


Sicel

From Latin Siculi, from Ancient Greek Σικελός (Sikelós). See also Sicily.
Greek historians including Thucydides suggested Siculus, a legendary king and son of Italus, as the progenitor of the Sicels.

(historical) A member of an Italic tribe who inhabited eastern Sicily during the Iron Age.


Sicel

Italus Sicels Siculian Siculus Thucydides

2010, Philip Baldi, The Foundations of Latin, Walter de Gruyter (Mouton de Gruyter) page 116,
Their language, Sicel or Siculan, is considered by most scholars to be an independent IE language whose deeper connections with Italic are poorly demonstrated.

In Sicily were spoken at least two languages during the first millennium BC that are widely thought to have been Indo-European. The first, Sicel (or Siculian), was spoken by the Siculians in eastern Sicily.

2010, Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, page 469:

Although the contribution of the Sicel language to coin inscriptions is not great, there is another case where Sicel is often invoked, and which unusually is not a proper name.

2012, Oliver Simkin, “Coins and language in ancient Sicily”, in Olga Tribulato, editor, Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily, Cambridge University Press, page 170:

(linguistics) The unclassified, sparsely attested language of the Sicels.


Kazembe

a traditional kingdom in modern-day Zambia and southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo; the most organized of the Luba kingdoms


Ik

(uncountable) The language spoken by the Ik ethnic group.


IC code

(UK, law enforcement) A code used by British police to identify the apparent ethnicity of a person


Tübatulabal

en-noun

Tübatulabal (plural Tübatulabals or Tübatulabal)

Tübatulabals (plural)
Tübatulabal (plural)

Borrowed from Tübatulabal tɨbatulabal (“the Tübatulabal people”), from tɨbatul (“single-leaf pinyon”) + ?.

bor

A member of a people of the Kern River Valley, California, United States.


Butuanon

From Cebuano Butuanon, from Butuan + -on.

A person coming from Butuan, regardless of ethnicity.


Pangasinense

Vivar gave the impression that Pangasinenses were present in numbers, that they acquired great influence in the towns around Vigan especially, and were to be found in the forefront of commerce there.

1979, David Routledge, Diego Silang and the Origins of Philippine Nationalism:

The ethnolinguistic group living in Pangasinan.


Surigaonon

From Cebuano Surigaonon, from Surigao + -non.

A person coming from the Surigao provinces, regardless of ethnicity.


Saulteaux

From French saulteux, or French saulteurs, from French sault (“waterfall”) in reference to Sault Ste. Marie (then called Sault de Gaston) where the French first encountered them.

an indigenous nation from the northern Great Plains and southern Canadian Shield, the Westernmost branch of the Ojibwe or Anishnaabe


Tuoba

The extinct language formerly spoken by the Tuoba.


Tongva

A member of a group of Native Americans who inhabited the Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands, thought to be descended from Uto-Aztecan-speaking peoples from Nevada.


Karenni

en-adj

Karenni (comparative more Karenni, superlative most Karenni)

more Karenni (comparative)
most Karenni (superlative)

Anglicized form of Burmese ကရင်နီ (ka.rangni, “red Karen”)


Panthay

An ethnic group of Chinese Muslims in Myanmar.


Palaung

A member of an ethnic group living primarily in the Shan State of Myanmar, also in China and Thailand.


Xicanx

From Xicano. The gender-neutral suffix -x replaces the gendered Spanish suffixes -a and -o..

(neologism) Chicano or Chicana (and of any gender).


Wodaabe

A pastoral subgroup of the Fula residing mainly in the eastern Sahel.


Filipinx

The gender-neutral suffix -x replaces the gendered Spanish suffixes -a and -o of Filipina and Filipino, which are from Spanish filipina and Spanish filipino, both from Spanish Filipinas (“Philippines”), from Felipe II de España (“Philip II of Spain”), from Felipe (“Philip”).

-a-o-x

(US, neologism) A Filipina or Filipino (of any gender).


Mestizx

(neologism) Mestizo or Mestiza (and of any gender).


Mestizx

(neologism) A Mestizo or Mestiza (of any gender).


Bicolana

From Spanish bicolana, from Bicol + -ana.

Coordinate term: (male) Bicolano

A female native or inhabitant of the Bicol Region, Philippines.


Bicolana

Of or pertaining to female native or inhabitant of the Bicol Region, Philippines.


Rozwi

From Kalanga rozvi (“destroyer, plunderer”).

a person from or the people of the historical Rozwi Empire in present-day Zimbabwe


Luba

en:Luba
en:Luba people
en:kingdom of Luba

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

A member of any of various groups of agricultural and hunting people inhabiting the southeastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo.


Caucasian Albanian

en-noun

Caucasian Albanian (countable and uncountable, plural Caucasian Albanians)

The extinct Northeast Caucasian language once spoken by these people, and from which Udi is descended.


black lives matter

Originally used in the form of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media (2013), protesting against the deaths of African Americans at the hands of the police.

police brutality
police brutality#English

(politics, originally US) A rallying call and statement of protest, concerning police brutality and racially motivated violence against black people.

黒人の命は大切 (こくじんのいのちは大切たいせつ, kokujin no inochi wa taisetsu) (the most common media translation)


Twa

Any of several pygmy tribes of sub-Saharan Africa, or a member of one of those tribes.


Dahalo

From Aweer [Term?] (“stupid, worthless”).


Dahalo

Their endangered Cushitic language, notable for featuring all four airstream mechanisms found in human language.


Euroafrican

/ˌjʊəɹəʊˈæfɹɪk(ə)n/

From Euro- (prefix meaning ‘pertaining to Europe’) + African (adjective, noun). Compare Eurafrican, which is attested later.

In this election the Swazi indigenous people were not included in the same voter's roll as their European and Euroafrican counterparts. About eight parliamentary seats were specially reserved for Europeans and Euroafricans.

1997, Chuks Okpaluba, Nkonzo Hlatshwayo, Bekithemba Khumalo, Human Rights in Swaziland: The Legal Response, page 172:

Synonym of Eurafrican (“of or relating to the continents of, or countries in, both Europe and Africa; having both European and African characteristics; of a person: of mixed European and African descent; (specifically, South Africa) synonym of colored (“belonging to a multiracial ethnic group or category, having ancestry from more than one of the racial groups of Southern Africa”)”)


Euroafrican

/ˌjʊəɹəʊˈæfɹɪk(ə)n/

Synonym of Eurafrican (“a person of mixed European and African descent”)


Jie

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 羯 (Jié), from Middle Chinese 羯 (kɨɐt̚), itself borrowed from Jie.

(historical) An ancient tribe of northern China, who were regarded as one of the Five Barbarians by the Han people.


Jie

(historical) The language spoken by the Jie people, attested only in a fragment in the Book of Jin.


Aghwan

Caucasian Albanian
Caucasian Albanian#English


Aghwan

Aghwan (countable and uncountable, plural Aghwans)


Mpondo

A Southern African Nguni ethnic group having their traditional homeland in the modern-day Eastern Cape province of South Africa.


Irisher

Then some of the neighbours at home had tried to frighten her when naughty by saying, 'I'll give you to them old Irishers; see if I don't, then!'

1945, Flora Thompson, Lark Rise to Candleford:

(dated or humorous) Synonym of Irishman: an Irish person.


Wea

Clipping of Waiatanwa and other forms, derived from Miami waayaahtanwa, from waayaahtanonki (“place of the whirpool”).

An indigenous people of western Indiana, USA and surrounding regions .


Talaing

Borrowed from Burmese တလိုင်း (ta.luing:).


Talaing

The Talaings in Burma, who retain the use of their own language and keep up their separate nationality , are found chiefly in the Thaton and Amherst districts. In Siam they are found chiefly on the Menam and Meklawng rivers, living in separate villages and maintaining their own customs.

1917, Robert Halliday, The Talaings, →OCLC, page 2:

Today the Mon-speaking Talaing still occupy parts of southern Burma.

1977, Gordon T. Bowles, The People of Asia (Peoples of the World Series), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 191:

A mythological duck
To fully appreciate a trip to Bago 8, the visitor should first understand the history of the Talaing (Mon) people. Like the Pyu — predecessors of the Bamar — they originally came from the north. The Talaing, who arrived before the Pyu, ventured down the Thanlwin River rather than the Ayeyarwady. Theirs was the “Golden Land of Suvannabhumi”, which stretched from what is today Malaysia to. the Bay of Bengal. The Talaing built their capital, Thaton, on the east side of the Sittoung (Sittang) River.

2005, Francis Dorai, editor, Burma (Insight Guides), Updated edition, published 2006, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 153:

One of the most important issues enmeshed in the historiography of early Burma is the notion of the “downtrodden Talaing.” This is the belief that King Alaungpaya in the eighteenth century had conducted a war of extermination of the Mon people, enslaved them, and had deliberately created a derogatory Burmese term (talaing) to be used thenceforth for the Mon people.

2017, Michael A. Aung-Thwin, The Mists of Rāmañña / The Legend That Was Lower Burma, page 261:


Talaing

en-adj

Talaing (comparative more Talaing, superlative most Talaing)

more Talaing (comparative)
most Talaing (superlative)

2017 [1894], Richard Carnac Temple, Notes On Antiquities in Ramannadesa (The Talaing Country of Burma.):

EINGSAUNG
In the folk beliefs of the Burman and Talaing people of Burma, these nats are benevolent house guardians that dwell in the south corner of the home in a post decorated with leaves. They are propitiated with offerings of coconuts.

1996, Carol Rose, Spirits, Fairies, Gnomes, and Goblins: An Encyclopedia of the Little People, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 98:


Igala

An ethnic group or tribe living mainly in southwest Nigeria.


Igala

A sub-Saharan language belonging to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family, which is closely related to Yoruba.

(historical) A precolonial West African state, founded by the Igala people and located at the eastern region of the confluence of River Niger and River Benue in the Middle Belt or North-central of Nigeria.


Black Power

From Richard Wright's book Black Power (1954), describing his travels to the Gold Coast and the rise of Pan-Africanism. In a US context later popularized by Stokely Carmichael.

Coordinate term: Red Power

Meanwhile, Black Power groups such as SNCC and the Black Panthers were voicing support for the Arabs against Israel. This sometimes looked like a mere matter of black nationalism; after all, Egypt was a part of Africa, and black nationalist literature sometimes seemed to identify the Arabs as blacks fighting the white Israelis.

1970 June 8, Tom Wolfe, “Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's”, in New York Magazine:

I dey talk of Black power, I say (Water, him no get enemy!)

1975, Fela Kuti (lyrics and music), “Water No Get Enemy”, in Expensive Shit:

“Black Power” quickly became the controversial slogan for a movement that was largely perceived as rejecting the civil rights movement's nonviolent tactics and goals of integration in favor of a new ethos of black identity, self-defense and separatism.

2006 June 19, Peniel E. Joseph, “Black Power's Quiet Side”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A slogan and movement supporting Black self-determination and sometimes separatism, especially in the US in the 1960s and 1970s.

Richard Wright (author)
Stokely Carmichael


Red Power

Once again—faced not with the religious fervor of the Ghost Dancers but with the political rage of the Red Power activists—the white establishment reacted with uncertainty, and a show of force.

1973 March 4, John Kifner, “The Ghosts Dance Once Again at Wounded Knee”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(US, historical) A social movement led by Native American youth to demand self-determination for Native Americans in the United States.


Bahnar

A people in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

The Bahnaric language spoken by this people.


Welshy

(informal, sometimes derogatory) Synonym of Walian: a Welshman or Welshwoman, a Welsh person.


Veneti

(historical) A seafaring Gallic tribe in Armorica, in the northern part of modern Brittany, during the Iron Age and under Roman rule.

(historical) A Venetic-speaking tribe in northeastern Italy and Slovenia under Roman rule.


Ramusi

A member of an Indian people of the Maratha region.


Khmer Krom

Khmer Krom, ethnic Khmers of South Vietnam (Kampuchea Krom)


Tejanx

The gender-neutral suffix -x replaces the gendered Spanish suffixes -a and -o.

He also understood reciprocal paternalistic obligation as more important than the impersonal alienations of contract or law—something an older generation of Texans, or Tejanxs, might have appreciated.

2021, Ethan Blue, The Deportation Express: A History of America Through Forced Removal, Oakland: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 244:

A Texan of Mexican descent (of any gender); a Tejano or Tejana.


Franco-Ontarian

From Franco- + Ontarian, compare French Franco-Ontarien.

This can be tedious, especially the minutiae of French laws and policies in Canada. When the discussion zooms in on a hot debate on raising the Franco-Ontarian flag in Sudbury, Ontario, it is hard not to feel that the topic of French in Canada has perhaps been exhausted.

2006 November 29, William Grimes, “The French Have a (Precise and Elegant) Word for It”, in The New York Times:


Hajong

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and in the Assam, Manipur, and Tripura states of India.


Tooro

Of or pertaining to the Tooro Kingdom, the Tooro people, or their language.

-a Tooro

of or pertaining to the Tooro Kingdom or the Tooro people


Ancestral Puebloan

en-noun

Ancestral Puebloan (plural Ancestral Puebloans)

Any member of a Native American people who once lived in cliff-dwellings in Utah and Colorado.

Anasazi

member of a Native American people who once lived in Utah and Colorado


Lahu

The Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Lahu people.


Bahanna

(Hopi culture) Synonym of white (“European American”)


Bahanna

(Hopi culture) Synonym of white (“European American”).


Tavasuh

Borrowed from Hopi tusavuhta, from a term meaning "head pounders", referring to the historical practice of killing captured enemies by beating them with a club.

(ethnic slur, Hopi culture, derogatory) Synonym of Navajo.

Anasazi

considered insulting to Hopi people because it was using a Navajo-language name for their ancestors

Moqui

dead; insult against Hopi people as it resembles the word for


black liberation

Investigator Wheeler commented brieﬂy concerning the activity of the Progressive Labor Party in circulating inflammatory literature during the Watts riot. PLP distributed posters and ﬂyers titled: “Don’t be a sucker!” (This pamphlet asked the question: “ISN’T THIS A DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST THE AFRO-AMERICAN PEOPLE BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT?”); “BLACK LIBERATION—NOW!” ; “THE NEED FOR REVOLUTION ” ; “WANTED FOR MURDER—Parker the Cop in Watts” (This poster was patterned after the PLP’s “Wanted for Murder—Gilligan the Cop” poster which was distributed during the Harlem riot of 1964.); and, during the Deadwyler affair, “WANTED for the MURDER of Leonard Deadwyler—‘BOVA—the COP.’”

1965, House Un-American Activities Committee, Annual Report For The Year 1965, page 63:

(chiefly US politics) The achievement of equal rights and status for black people, particularly as seen as freedom from historic and structural oppression.


Raizal

A member of an Afro-Caribbean ethnic group from the province of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina in Colombia


Abayudaya

Abayudaya (plural Abayudayas or Abayudaya)

Borrowed from Luganda Abayudaya (literally “People of Judah”).

bor+

A member of a small Jewish community living in eastern Uganda.


Surinen

/ˌsʊ.ɹɪˈnɛn/

Another people, the Surinen, lived near the coast. Like the Arawaks and the Caribs, they had migrated northward into Suriname. The Arawak and Carib peoples greatly outnumbered the Surinen. The Surinen were disappearing by the late 1400s.

2009 January 8, Thomas Streissguth, Suriname in Pictures, →ISBN, page 20:

1593 - Spanish explorers visit the area and name it Suriname, after the country’s earliest inhabitants, the Surinen.

2012 October 18, BBC, “Suriname country profile”, in BBC, archived from the original on 2024-03-19:

They called the colony “Surinam” after the Surinen indigenous people who then inhabited the “land of many waters” in the fertile Guiana plains.

2017 March 15, Hany A. El-Shemy, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Back to Nature, →ISBN, page 114:

An ethnic group who were the earliest known inhabitants of what is now Suriname.


Bajun

From beyond the town wall came the distant drum sounds of the Bajuns and the Bantus welcoming the birth of the new moon.

2007, Eusebio L. Rodrigues, Love and Samsāra:

A member of an ethnic group native to Kenya and Somalia, particularly the Bajuni Islands.