presentative

en-adj

presentative (comparative more presentative, superlative most presentative)

more presentative (comparative)
most presentative (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Late Latin praesentativus (“that presents for consideration”) + English -ive (suffix signifying belonging or relating to, of the nature of, serving to, or tending to, forming adjectives). Praesentativus is from Latin praesentātus (“presented, exhibited, or shown”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives); while praesentātus is the perfect passive participle of praesentō (“to present, exhibit, or show”), from praesēns (“at hand, present; existing; immediate; prompt; propitious; (grammar) present”) (the present active participle of praesum (“to be before something; to be in charge of; to command, lead; to preside or rule over”), from prae- (prefix meaning ‘before, in front; in charge’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before; in front”)) + sum (“to be, exist, have”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”))) + -tō (frequentative suffix). The English word is analysable as present + -ative.
The noun sense (“construct that serves to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor”) is derived from adjective sense 3 (“serving to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor”).

der

(grammar) Serving to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor.


presentative

(grammar) A construct that serves to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor.


preterite-present verb

en-noun

preterite-present verb (plural preterite-present verbs)

(grammar) A type of verb specific to Germanic languages in which the forms of the present tense resemble the forms normally found in the preterite (or past) tense of strong verbs. In modern English these are principally can, may, shall, will; one can also include the other verbs that do not (or not always) take -s in the third-person singular: dare, must, need, ought. The only non-modal preterite-present verb is an archaic verb wit.


phrasal preposition

phrasal preposition (plural phrasal prepositions)

In English, most phrasal prepositions consist of an adverbial followed by a one-word preposition.

(grammar) A preposition composed of several words rather than just one.


premodifier

(grammar) A modifier placed before the head of the phrase.


postmodifier

(grammar) A modifier placed after the head of the phrase.


loose ablative

(grammar) A syntactic construction which uses the past participle, inflected in the ablative case, without an auxiliary verb yet not as an adjective, but silently supposing a verb to depend upon.


coronis

From the Latin corōnis, from the Ancient Greek κορωνίς (korōnís, “crasis coronis”, “editorial coronis”); cognate with the French coronis.

uder

(Ancient Greek grammar) A character similar to an apostrophe or the smooth breathing written atop or next to a non–word-initial vowel retained from the second word which formed a contraction resulting from crasis; see the usage note.


heteroclisis

(grammar) The presence of two or more classes of inflection in the inflectional paradigm of a noun, verb, etc

eteroclisia

grammar: two or more inflection classes in a paradigm


diptote

From Latin diptōtum, from Ancient Greek δίπτωτος (díptōtos), from δί- (dí-) + πτῶσις (ptôsis, “case”).

In Modern Standard Arabic, nouns belong to triptotes or diptotes, or can be indeclinable.

(grammar) A noun which has only two cases.


triptote

From Latin triptōtum, from Ancient Greek τρίπτωτος (tríptōtos), from τρι- (tri-, “three”) + πίπτω (píptō, “to fall”) + -τος (-tos, verbal adjective–forming suffix), influenced by the verbal noun πτῶσις (ptôsis, “inflection”).


anacoluthia

From Ancient Greek ἀνακολουθία (anakolouthía).

der

(grammar) A syntactic construction in which an element is followed by another that does not agree properly


prosiopesis

en-noun

prosiopesis (countable and uncountable, plural prosiopeses)

/ˌpɹɒsɪəʊˈpiːsɪs/

/ˌpɹɒsɪəˈpiːsɪs/

Coined in 1917 by the Danish linguist Jens Otto Harry Jespersen: pro- (“before”) (from the Ancient Greek preposition πρό (pró)) + σιώπησις (siṓpēsis, “taciturnity”) (from σιωπάω (siōpáō, “to be silent”)) + -σις (-sis), (-sis, suffix forming nouns of action).

The students of English were making good progress in getting to grips with the intricacies of informal constructions, peppering their conversations with proverbial idioms and substituting stock phrases like “Good morning!” and “Thank you.” with prosiopeses like “Morning!” and “‛Kyou.”

Traditional rhetoric was much concerned with the phenomenon of elision, because of the implications for constructing well-formed metrical lines, which would scan well. In rhetorical terminology, an elision in word-initial position was known as aphaeresis or prosiopesis, in word-medial position as syncope, and in word-final position as apocope. A similar classification was made for the opposite of elision, intrusion.

2003, David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics, 5th edition, Wiley–Blackwell, page 159

(grammar) Ellipsis of the beginning of a grammatical construction, common in informal speech and spontaneous written electronic communication, frequently occurring in stock phrases and interjections.

apocope

forms of word-elision; from word-final position

syncope

forms of word-elision; from word-medial position


precative

From Latin precativus (“of prayer”), derived from precatio (“prayer”).

The precative expresses a wish (may...!); it is formed by preposing the particle lu to the stative or the preterite.

2002, Richard Caplice, Introduction to Akkadian

(grammar) Mode expressing a wish, a prayer.


bitransitive

A clear example of a bitransitive verb is maca 'give'. The verb ìtoa 'say' is a regular transitive verb and so cannot express a beneficiary.

2011, Michel Launey, An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, page 178


nonfinite

Although a finite I ( = INFL = INFLECTION) constituent is (overtly or covertly) inflected for TENSE or AGREEMENT properties, it should be obvious that a nonfinite I in English lacks these properties. Hence, the infinitival particle to which occurs in a nonfinite I is by its very nature tenseless and agreementless (i.e. it carries no Tense or Agreement properties, and is thus an entirely uninflected form). The difference between a finite and a nonfinite Clause can thus be seen to lie in the nature of I: a finite Clause is one which contains a finite I (carrying Tense and Agreement properties); a nonfinite Clause is one which contains a nonfinite I which is tenseless and agreementless.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 6, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 306


nonsentence

Those strings in the language are called sentences; the strings not in the language are called nonsentences.

1979, Steven Pinker, “Formal models of language learning”, in Language, Cognition, and Human Nature

(grammar) An utterance that is not a sentence.


ad.

Apocope and other processes of abbreviation.

(grammar, also spelt adv(.)) Abbreviation of adverb.


nonstative

(grammar) A construct that is not stative.


nonvirile

The nonvirile form is used for nouns of masculine gender not referring to human beings and for neuter and feminine gender nouns. […] Numerals from five through ten distinguish between two forms: the form for virile gender nouns and the form for nonvirile gender nouns which the numerals quantify.

1975, Maria Zagórska Brooks, Polish Reference Grammar (page 317)

(grammar) Pertaining to a grammatical gender used in some Slavic languages for plurals of masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter nouns, i.e. for all groups that do not include men or personal masculine nouns.


double plural

(grammar) A word doubly inflected for the plural grammatical number in relation to its singular form; e.g., medium → media → medias.

جَمْعُ الْجَمْع sg or f (jam‘u’l-jam‘, literally “plural of plural”) (Linguistics)


ablativity

Whilst in Italy the humanists were busily engaged in restoring the antique conception of grammar, in the north of France, in England and in Germany, it had sunk into complete subjection to logic. The following is a definition of the function of the Pronoun from a grammar for beginners printed in 1499. “ Pronomen…significat substantiam seu entitatem sub modo conceptus intrinseco permanentis seu habitus et quietis sub determinate apprehensionis formalitate¹.” Or we may illustrate the mediaevalist idea from the discussions upon the Absolute case. It was not enough for the scholar to know that Latin usage constructed this in the ablative : the special “ ablativity ” of the “ absolute ” concept² was really what interested the grammarian. In the same way the usages of the participle, of the genitive of possession, of the passive voice, were of far less concern than their modi significandi or underlying dialectic conceptions.

1904: William Harrison Woodward, Desiderius Erasmus: Concerning the Aim and Method of Education, page 102 (Cambridge University Press)

5.2. French was found to present an extreme situation. To express the three concepts of reversativity, ablativity, and privativity, it has only one morpheme, /de, dez/ which forms four equally strong types of verbs: défaire, démilitariser (R), dépanner (A), and … (P).

1975: Eugene Albert Nida, Exploring Semantic Structures, volume 18, page 414 (Fink)

(grammar) The nature of the ablative case.


first imperative

first imperative (plural first imperatives)

second imperative
second imperative#English

(Latin grammar) present imperative (second-person forms only); compare second imperative


second imperative

second imperative (countable and uncountable, plural second imperatives)

(Latin grammar, uncountable) The future imperative mood (second- and third-person forms possible); indicating a command that is to be carried out both now and in future.

(grammar, countable) A verb form in the second imperative.


tensal

Names which do not terminate in a vowel sound, require a vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it obun, or ebun.

1834, Henry Schoolcraft, Narrative of an expedition through the upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, page 193

If this theory be correct, it shows that the nature of the Hebrew verb, which agrees with the Syriac and Arabic verb, is rather modal than tensal, and differs widely from that of the verb in the Greek, Latin, and modern languages of Europe.

1865, Francis Barham, “History of the Hebrew philology”, in The Fortnightly, volume 3, Review, page 571

In some participial constructions, however, an aorist participle can have either a tensal or aspectual meaning.

2007, Carlos Quiles, A Grammar of Modern Indo-European, page 160

(grammar) of or pertaining to grammatical tense


fut.

head

fut. (uncountable in one sense; already plural in the other)

volētis, 2 ⁿᵈ-pers. pl. fut. of volō (“I wish”, “I will”)

(uncountable, chiefly grammar) Abbreviation of future.


plusquamperfect

From Latin plusquamperfectum (“more than perfect”), from plus (“more”) + quam (“than”) + perfectum, neuter singular of perfectus (“achieved; finished; perfected”).


apodotic

en-adj

apodotic (comparative more apodotic, superlative most apodotic)

more apodotic (comparative)
most apodotic (superlative)


sociative case

(grammar) case in Hungarian, Malayalam, Basque etc. meaning together with


sociative

(grammar) Being or relating to the sociative case.


conditional sentence

en-noun

conditional sentence (plural conditional sentences)

(grammar) A sentence discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. A full conditional sentence contains two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.


periodic structure

periodic structure (plural periodic structures)

(grammar) A sentence whose main clause appears at the end, after other, especially dependent, clauses.


possessee

(grammar) Verb complement in some languages or some constructions of a given language; the noun which is possessed.


nonfuture

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to the future tense.


adjectivize

en-verb

adjectivize (third-person singular simple present adjectivizes, present participle adjectivizing, simple past and past participle adjectivized)

adjectivizes (present singular third-person)
adjectivizing (participle present)
adjectivized (participle past)
adjectivized (past)

(American spelling, grammar) To convert a word into an adjective.


vetitive

(grammar) Expressing a wish that something will not happen, as in "May we never experience such hardship".


vetitive

(grammar) An element of language expressing a wish that something will not happen.


agent participle

en-noun

agent participle (plural agent participles)

(grammar) A verb form in some (e.g. Finno-Ugric) languages that allows the property of something being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute.


grammatical case

grammatical case (plural grammatical cases)

The grammatical cases nominative and accusative are used for subject resp. direct object in many languages, including Latin.

(grammar) A mode of inflection of a word dependent on its use, especially the syntactic function in a phrase.


unsubstantive

en-adj

unsubstantive (comparative more unsubstantive, superlative most unsubstantive)

more unsubstantive (comparative)
most unsubstantive (superlative)

(grammar) Not having the form of a noun.


bare infinitive

en-noun

bare infinitive (plural bare infinitives)

(grammar) The infinitive form of an English verb without the particle to; a comparable infinitive in other Germanic languages, e.g. a German infinitive without a preceding "zu", or a Swedish one without a preceding "att".

infinitif nu

uninflected Germanic verb form without 'to'


agentivity

(grammar) The state or condition of being agentive.

agentiivisuus

the state or condition of being agentive


pro-form

(grammar) A word that substitutes for words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, whose meaning is recoverable in context.


determinans

From Latin dētermināns, present active participle of dēterminō (“fix the limits of something”), from dē + terminō (“bound, limit”).

In the noun phrase “noun phrase”, “noun” is the determinans and “phrase” is the determinatum.

(grammar) A modifier; a word that modifies another word.


that clause

(grammar) A clause in a sentence that is introduced by the word that.

að-setning

clause in a sentence that is introduces by the word that


mixed declension

mixed declension (plural mixed declensions)

(Latin grammar) A subtype of the third declension with -ium in the genitive plural.


participially

(grammar) As a participle; in a participial manner.


subordinative

en-adj

subordinative (comparative more subordinative, superlative most subordinative)

more subordinative (comparative)
most subordinative (superlative)

a subordinative conjunction

(grammar) Used to introduce a subordinate sentence.


sentence adverb

en-noun

sentence adverb (plural sentence adverbs)

(grammar) An adverb that modifies an entire clause or sentence rather than a single word or phrase.


nonpresent

a nonpresent tense

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to the present.


collective numeral

collective numeral (plural collective numerals)

(grammar) A numeral that signifies that several persons or things are taken definitely and unitedly together, in the sense of—both, all three, all four, etc.

անձներական թվական

a numeral, which signifies that several persons or things are taken definitely and unitedly together


modificand

A noun is the usual modificand of an adjective.

(grammar) A word, phrase, or clause which is modified.

被修飾詞

word, phrase, or clause which has been modified


g.

masc. g.
masculine gender


parasynthesis

parasynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural parasyntheses)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παρασύνθεσις (parasúnthesis).

bor

παρασύνθεσις

(grammar) The formation of words by a combination of compounding and adding an affix, as in brown-eyed.

(grammar) The formation of words in which the prefixing and the suffixing are involved simultaneously, as in multifaceted.


passivization

en-noun

passivization (countable and uncountable, plural passivizations)

(US, grammar) The process of rendering into the passive form.


s.t.

Coordinate term: s.o.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of something.


benefactive

From Latin benefactus (“benefited”) plus -ive. Attested since the twentieth century.

A term or sentence element that serves a benefactive role or that is inflected for the benefactive case or a similar case (such as the dative case).


comparative case

comparative case (plural comparative cases)

(grammar) A case used to mark a likeness to something, or that two things have the same quantity of something. It corresponds roughly to the English adverb "like". Languages that use the comparative case include Mari, Nivkh, and Chechen.


substantive case

substantive case (plural substantive cases)

(grammar) A case of second objects, being a derivation of the comparative case but intended for larger, more substantial objects, and used to join or combine one thing with another. It corresponds roughly to a variation of the accusative case: I understood him (him in the substantive case rather than the accusative, since no action is performed on the object). Languages that use the substantive case include Chechen and Ingush.


verbize

en-verb

verbize (third-person singular simple present verbizes, present participle verbizing, simple past and past participle verbized)

verbizes (present singular third-person)
verbizing (participle present)
verbized (participle past)
verbized (past)

(grammar, informal, rare) to create a new verb by adding a suffix (especially -ize) to a noun.


case ending

In the Latin noun domine, the -e case ending marks it as a masculine, singular, second-declension noun in the vocative case.

(grammar, in nouns and adjectives that inflect to mark grammatical case) A suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender.

naamvalsuitgang

a suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender


nonpredicate

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to a predicate.


asyndetic

From asyndeton + -ic. Equivalent to a- + syndetic.

(grammar, rhetoric) Of, related to, or characterized by asyndeton, lacking conjunctions or purposefully omitting conjunctions.


sbd.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of somebody.


s.o.

Coordinate term: s.t.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of someone.


adverbial genitive

en-noun

adverbial genitive (plural adverbial genitives)

(grammar) A noun declined in the genitive case that functions as an adverb.


raised point

(grammar) · (the Greek punctuation mark used in place of a semicolon in English).


completive

(grammar) A construction denoting completion.


perfectivization

(grammar) The process of forming a perfective verb from the imperfective verbal stem.


root word

A prefix in an English word derived from Greek or Latin.

Alternative form of root: the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Inflectional stems often derive from roots.


finite verb

(grammar) A verb inflected for person and tense that can stand on its own as a complete sentence.


non-finite verb

non-finite verb (plural non-finite verbs)

(grammar) A verb form that lacks a subject, is not inflected by tense, aspect, mood, number, gender or person and cannot serve as a predicate.


word order

word order (countable and uncountable, plural word orders)

The ordering of the syntactic constituents of a language.


nonsubordinating

nonsubordinating conjunctions


comparative superlative

comparative superlative (plural comparative superlatives)

(grammar) In Spanish: the superlative form of an adjective when it is used in a grammatically comparative situation.


nameword

From name + word. Compare Dutch naamwoord (“nameword, noun (sensu lato)”) and German Namenwort.


direct speech

(grammar, narratology) the writing of speech, using the exact words of the speaker, usually between quotation marks


full infinitive

en-noun

full infinitive (plural full infinitives)

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to, or the equivalent in other Germanic languages, e.g. a Swedish infinitive introduced by 'att', or a Norwegian Bokmål infinitive introduced by 'å'.


to-infinitive

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to.


eventive

The word 'breakfast' is an eventive object in "she's having a breakfast".


eventive

(grammar) A word or construct that denotes an event.


incorporative

en-adj

incorporative (comparative more incorporative, superlative most incorporative)

more incorporative (comparative)
most incorporative (superlative)


subjectless

“We’re here to help you” versus “Were here to help you” makes no sense; a subjectless, past-tense message — as in, “The doctors were here to help you, but now they’re gone” — has scarcely appeared in the history of the universe.

2007 July 15, Ann Hodgman, “Children’s Books”, in New York Times

(grammar) Lacking a grammatical subject.


selbri

A selbri together with its associated sumti (if any) forms a bridi (“sentence/predication”). A selbri without any sumti is called an observative bridi (“sentence/predication”).

(Lojban grammar) A word acting like a predicate, which is immediately preceded by one sumti (“argument”), x₁, and usually followed by one or more sumti (“arguments”): x₂, x₃... up to no further than x₅. It is analogous to a verb in natural languages (non-constructed languages).


submodify

en-verb

submodify (third-person singular simple present submodifies, present participle submodifying, simple past and past participle submodifyied)

submodifies (present singular third-person)
submodifying (participle present)
submodifyied (participle past)
submodifyied (past)


postpose

postpose (third-person singular simple present postposes, present participle postposing, simple past and past participle postposed)

postposes (present singular third-person)
postposing (participle present)
postposed (participle past)
postposed (past)

From French postposer. See post- and pose.

(grammar, transitive) To place (a word or phrase) after another in a sentence, especially in order to modify it


frustrative

The frustrative marked with the clitic -tha indicates that the action was 'frustrated', that it has failed already or is bound to fail; or that the success of an action is not yet certain.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “16 - Mood and modality”, in A Grammar of Tariana, from Northwest Amazonia, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, pages 381 seqq.

(grammar) A mood indicating frustration.


affixational

(grammar) Of or pertaining to affixation


anarthrously

(grammar) In an anarthrous manner; without an accompanying article.


subjunct

(grammar) An adverb that expresses a condition


postmodify

postmodify (third-person singular simple present postmodifies, present participle postmodifying, simple past and past participle postmodified)

postmodifies (present singular third-person)
postmodifying (participle present)
postmodified (participle past)
postmodified (past)

(grammar) To modify or qualify the previous word or phrase


depictive

(grammar) A grammatical construction that indicates the state of a noun in relation to the action of a verb.


exessive case

(grammar) a form of declension that indicates a change away from a state; the Estonian language and some dialects of Finnish have such a case

eksessiivi

noun case used to indicate a change away from a state


exessive

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates the transition away from a state.


exessive

(grammar) The exessive case, or a word in that case.


inflective

(grammar) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection.


patrial

From Latin patria (“fatherland, country”). The United Kingdom sense was first introduced by the Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77).

(grammar, Latin, of a noun) Derived from the name of a country, and designating an inhabitant of the country; gentile.


delexical

en-adj

delexical (comparative more delexical, superlative most delexical)

more delexical (comparative)
most delexical (superlative)

The verb "take" is delexical in the phrase "take a shower".

(grammar, of a verb) That has little or no meaning by itself.


coreferential

To take an example from Chomsky (Knowledge (1986), p. 8), any native speaker of English knows that them can be interpreted as being coreferential to (i.e. referring to the same set of individuals as) the men in (5) (a) below, but not in (5) (b):
(5) (a) I wonder who the men expected to see them
(b) The men expected to see them

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, page 6

(chiefly grammar) Exhibiting coreference; referring to the same thing.


coreference

en-noun

coreference (countable and uncountable, plural coreferences)

If we use subscript letters to indicate coreference (so that two NPs
with the same subscript refer to the same entity, whereas two NPs with differ-
ent subscripts refer to different entities), then we can say that (19) is ambigu-
ous as between the two interpretations represented in (20) below:
(20) (i) The menᵢ will shoot the arrowsⱼ at each otherⱼ
(ii) The menᵢ will shoot the arrowsⱼ at each otherᵢ

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 119

(grammar) The relationship between multiple terms that have a common referent.

coreferència

grammar: the relationship between multiple terms that have a common referent


arthrous

From Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”) + -ous.

uder

We have concluded that Paul does not distinguish between the arthrous and anarthrous use of nomos.

1989, Brice L. Martin, Christ and the Law in Paul, Brill Archive, page 68

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or being the use of a term together with a grammatical article.


free indirect speech

(linguistics, grammar, semantics) A style of indirect speech which imitates direct speech, and converted to third person.


suffixhood

(grammar) The state, condition, or qualification of being a suffix.


prefixhood

Thus, in OT, the prefixhood of in- is achieved through a constraint on output well-formedness, rather than being specified lexically.

2007, Paul V. De Lacy, The Cambridge handbook of phonology, page 459

(grammar) The state, condition, or qualification of being a prefix.


Yoda

The character was introduced in Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. Perhaps from Sanskrit योद्धा (yoddhā, “warrior”).

You translated the words correctly, but the sentences are very Yoda-like. Perhaps you should review your grammar.

(grammar) Used to describe odd or eccentric word order, as typified by Yoda in lines such as, "Into exile I must go. Failed I have."


prosecutive case

en-noun

prosecutive case (plural prosecutive cases)

They are not compared in the usual sense of the word, but the comparative and superlative are sometimes expressed by using the ablative or prosecutive case, sometimes by using specific participles, and sometimes by adding a diminutive or argumentative, as the case may be.

1971, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 24, Ireland

(grammar) A special form of the prolative case used to describe movement along a surface or way.


intentive

en-adj

intentive (comparative more intentive, superlative most intentive)

more intentive (comparative)
most intentive (superlative)

From Middle English ententif, borrowed from Old French ententif, from Late Latin intentīvus (“intensive”), from Latin intendō (“I intend, I attend”).


predicative case

en-noun

predicative case (plural predicative cases)

Hjelmslev also notes that in Tabassaran, a Daghestan language of the Caucasus, a language with a very large case system (see section 5.6), there is a predicative case marked by -u-, -ä- or -ö-.

The conclusion could be formulated as follows: in Common Baltic, there was probably a certain marginal use of the instrumental as a marked predicative case alongside the nominative.

2004, William R. Schmalstieg, Philip Baldi, Pietro U. Dini, Studies in Baltic and Indo-European linguistics, page 88

Even Arie deJong's revision of Volapük addded a predicative case.

2005, "Paul Bartlett" (username), "New (?) conlang", in alt.language.artificial, Usenet

predicative nominative
predicative nominative

predicative adjective
predicative adjective

(grammar) A term that may sometimes be used to describe the case marking a predicative nominative (a noun that renames the subject often following a linking verb), or for the adjective that agrees with it (predicative adjective).


X-bar

Pronunciation of its text representation: a letter X with overbar.

For example, the fact that give must occur as the leftmost constituent of the V-bar containing it follows from two conditions. The first is a putatively universal linearisation (i.e. word-order) principle proposed by Stowell (1981, p. 68) which we might call the PERIPHERY PRINCIPLE: this can be outlined informally as in (33) below:
(33) PERIPHERY PRINCIPLE
(33) The head term of a Phrase appears at the periphery of X-bar
What (33) says is that the Head must be the leftmost or rightmost immediate constituent of X-bar.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 350

(grammar, X-bar theory) A phrase, or, equivalently, a node in a syntax tree, which consists either of: (1) an adjunct and another X-bar phrase, (2) a head, X, and an optional complement, or (3) a conjunction sandwiched between two other X-bars. The X is a "pro-letter" which can be substituted by letters such as N for noun, V for verb, P for preposition, I for inflectional, etc.


weak verb

Calque of German schwaches Verb, equivalent to weak + verb.

A Weak Verb adds d, ed, or t, to the Present Tense, to make the Past Tense; as, invite, invited; betray, betrayed; step, stept.

1866, William Francis Collier, A Grammar of the English Language, with a Sketch of its History, etc., Edinburgh: Thomas Laurie, →OCLC, page 36

(grammar) One of a class of Germanic verbs which use a dental affix appended to the stem to indicate tense; a Germanic weak verb.

zwak werkwoord

grammar: Germanic verb which uses dental affix to indicate tense

Three basic root consonant classes exist: the strong verb, roots with weak initial root consonant (I-weak verbs), roots with weak final consonants (III-weak verbs), and a composite class...

2009, Charles Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, page 177

(grammar, linguistics) A member of a "weak" class in a language with two or more verb classes.

Storage clearly is assumed for irregular verb forms. But what about regular or weak verb forms?

1998, Katrin Linder, “Overgeneralization revisited: the case of German past participles”, in Ray Fabri, Albert Ortmann, Teresa Parodi, editors, Models of inflection, Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, page 161

(grammar) A verb the conjugation of which is regular.


strong verb

Calque of German starkes Verb, equivalent to strong + verb.

CONJUGATION OF THE STRONG VERB "TO TAKE" (Commonly called Irregular.) [...] Present, Take. Past, Took. Perf. Part. Taken.

1850, William Chauncey Fowler, English Grammar: The English Language in Its Elements and Forms, New York: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 280

(grammar) Any of a class of Germanic verbs which use ablaut as opposed to a dental affix to indicate tense.

(grammar) Any of a subset of English irregular verbs which lack the addition of a dental affix to indicate the simple past and past participle tenses.

(grammar, linguistics) A member of a "strong" class in a language with two or more verb classes.


v.t.

(grammar) Initialism of verb transitive or transitive verb (often appears in dual language dictionaries)


exhortative

en-adj

exhortative (comparative more exhortative, superlative most exhortative)

more exhortative (comparative)
most exhortative (superlative)

/ɛɡˈzɔːtətɪv/

From late Middle English exhortatyf, from Latin exhortātīvus, from exhortātus + -ivus. By surface analysis, exhort + -ative.

In sections (5.2.7-10.) three special prohibitive moods were identified and described: negative imperative, negative exhortative and monitory.

1994, Hein van der Voort, A grammar of Kwaza, Mouton de Gruyzer, page 528

(grammar, not comparable) Inflected hortative verb form that a speaker uses to avidly encourage a listener.


objective clause

en-noun

objective clause (plural objective clauses)

When both subjects are different, an objective clause is often changed for an infinitive with a subject; ...

1852, L. T. Covell, Covell's Digest of English Grammar

Though opposite in intentional content, for instance, the object of hope and the object of fear are encoded in the same way: both are expressed by an objective clause.

2004, Michele Prandi, The Building Blocks of Meaning

(grammar) A clause that takes place of the direct object of a verb.


intj

Welcome ... a. received with gladness, pleasing—intj. used to a new comer—v. a. to receive with kindness

1810, John Walker, A critical pronouncing dictionary, and expositor of the English language

ái chài intj: Well, well!

2007, Phan Văn Giưỡng, Tuttle Compact Vietnamese Dictionary, page 3


momentane

From Latin momentaneus. Doublet of momentaneous.

(grammar) In Finnish and Navajo, a verb aspect indicating that an occurrence is sudden and short-lived.


ECM

ECM (countable and uncountable, plural ECMs)

exceptional case-marking
exceptional case-marking#English

(grammar) Initialism of exceptional case-marking.


nominativus pendens

From Latin nominativus (“nominative case”) + pendens (“hanging, waiting”).

(grammar) A noun phrase, introduced as if the subject of a sentence, that is not actually used as such.


nominative absolute

nominative absolute (plural nominatives absolute or nominative absolutes)

nominatives absolute (plural)
nominative absolutes (plural)

(grammar) A grammatically independent element of a sentence conveying additional circumstances; present:

in English; realized as a noun phrase and a participle or adjective

accusative absolute
accusative absolute#English

genitive absolute
genitive absolute#English

in Ancient Greek, less frequent than the accusative absolute which is less frequent than the genitive absolute


interj.

(lexicography, grammar) Alternative form of interj


subst.

B. Substt. // 1. infernum, i, n., the depths of the earth: ex inferno audiri, Jul. Obseq. 105 al. — // 2. infernus, i, m., hell (eccl. Lat.), Ambros. in Psa. 48, §§ 22, 24; Vulg. Job, 17, 13; id. Psa. 9, 18. — // 3. inferni, ōrum, m., the shades below: “Theseus infernis, superis testatur Achilles,” Prop. 2, 1, 37; 2, 28, 49. — // 4. inferna, ōrum, n. // a. The lower parts of the body, the abdomen, Plin. 25, 5, 21, § 51.

1879, Charlton Thomas Lewis and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, “infernus” B–B.4.a

subst.

abbreviation of substantive or its equivalent


prep.

prep. phrase

(grammar) Abbreviation of prepositional.


fem.

(grammar) Abbreviation of feminine (word or form of the feminine grammatical gender).


antiptosis

antiptosis (countable and uncountable, plural antiptoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀντίπτωσις (antíptōsis).

As a vocative form, deus is a clear violation of established norms. The grammarians occasionally encountered apparent examples of such vocatives in the texts they taught, and they explained them either by invoking the figure of antiptosis, in which the “correct” case is replaced by another, or by appeal to the concept of euphonia.

1997 April, John Rauk, “The Vocative of Deus and Its Problems”, in Classical Philology, volume XCII, № 2, page 143

(grammar, rhetoric) Substitution of one grammatical case for another.

antiptosi

substitution of one grammatical case for another


intradirective verb

intradirective verb (plural intradirective verbs)

In "I walked to the store", the verb 'walk' is intradirective, as the person undergoing the action is myself; in "I walked the dog" I no longer undergo the action, and the verb is transitive.

(grammar) An intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action, as in verbs of motion such as walk, go, fly.


labile verb

The verb 'break' is labile because it can be used both transitively: I broke the window, and intransitively: the window broke, and in either case the object undergoing the action of breakage is the window.

(grammar) A transitive verb, such as break, burn, boil, open, start, change, or assimilate, which may be used intransitively with the object of the action as the subject.


perlative

(grammar) Describes a case, in very few inflected languages, that expresses movement through or along a referent noun, as "along" in "they travelled along the river".


small clause

(grammar) A minimal predicate structure that possesses arguments and predicates but no tense: small clauses usually occur within the context of full clauses and may act as the direct object of the verb.

smásetning

minimal predicate structures that possess arguments and predicates but no tense


gerund-participle

The gerund-participle ¶ Traditionally (for example, in the grammar of Latin), a gerund is a verb-form that is functionally similar to a noun, whereas a participle is one that is functionally similar to an adjective.

2005, Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar

THE TERM 'GERUND-PARTICIPLE' used in the title of this paper is adopted from Huddleston and Pullum (2002:80), who see no reason to give priority to one or the other of the traditional terms used to refer to the verbal uses of the English -ing form illustrated in (1):

2005, Patrick J. Duffley, The English gerund-participle in cognitive grammar

The intralinguistic analysis carried out on our sample has revealed that, on average, the English gerund-participle is frequently used to realize circumstance adverbials, which may express a great variety of semantic roles.

2009, Frank Boers, Jeroen Darquennes, Koen Kerremans, Multilingualism and Applied Comparative Linguistics

Therefore I was happy when Geoffrey Pullum and Rodney Huddleston, in the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, presented a clear and compelling argument that "A distinction between gerund and present participle can't be sustained" (pp. 80-83 and 1220-1222). They therefore use the merged category "gerund-participle".

2010, Mark Liberman, “Gerunds vs. participles”, in Language Log

This amounted to 176 occurrences of the gerund-participle and 49 of the to-infinitive, an interesting statistic in itself, as it confirms the more noun-like character of the gerund-participle, ...

2014, Patrick Duffley, Reclaiming Control as a Semantic and Pragmatic Phenomenon

(grammar) The form of an English verb that ends in -ing and can function as a noun, an adjective, or a progressive verb.


subcategorization

subcategorization (countable and uncountable, plural subcategorizations)

It seems a simple enough matter to extract a general principle of subcategorisation out of (81), along the lines of:
(82) SUBCATEGORISATION PRINCIPLE
(82) Any lexical item of category X will be subcategorised with respect
(82) to the range of idiosyncratic Complements (i.e. sister constituents)
(82) which it permits within the (minimal) X-bar containing it
The subcategorisation frame for X will simply be an unordered list of the sets of categories which X permits as its Complements: we assume that the relative ordering of X and its Complements will be determined by independent principles (e.g. the HEAD FIRST PRINCIPLE).

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 365

(grammar) The practice of specifying what types of complements a word may take when that word acts as the head of a phrase of a certain category; this specification restricts the wordʼs category, making it smaller, hence a “subcategory” of the wordʼs category.


masdar

Borrowed from Arabic مَصْدَر (maṣdar, “source”).

მასდარი მასდარი

(linguistics, chiefly grammar) Arabic verbal noun, also used in Georgian grammar (მასდარი)


imprecative

(grammar) A grammatical mood, found in some languages, used for curses (in the sense of wishing harm) and marked by a different set of affixes than the optative mood, which is used for wishes in general.


imprecative

(grammar) Pertaining to the imprecative mood.


quirky subject

(grammar) A subject in a grammatical case other than the nominative (used with certain verbs in some languages, e.g. Icelandic).


similative case

similative case (plural similative cases)

(grammar) A noun case used to indicate likeness, resemblance, or similarity. In English, this is usually expressed by the phrase is similar to or is like or looks like, as in "That bird looks like a robin." Languages that use the similative case include Old Turkic.

ئوخشاتما كېلىش

case used to indicate similarity or likeness


AdvP

adverbial phrase
adverbial phrase#English

(grammar) Abbreviation of adverbial phrase.


AdjP

(grammar) Abbreviation of adjective phrase.


subjectivization

subjectivization (countable and uncountable, plural subjectivizations)

(grammar) The act or process of subjectivizing; the process of change by which words develop a subjective in place of or alongside an objective sense.


hesternal

From Latin hesternus (“of or pertaining to yesterday; yesterday’s”) + English -al (suffix forming adjectives).

der

[A]t laſt, this happy fellow, on a high / Bed laid, and dawbed over with thick ointments, / Extends his rigid heels towards the door; but him / The heſternal Romans, with cover'd head, ſuſtained.
Footnote 106: “When a perſon of conſequence died, all the ſlaves which he had made free in his life-time attended the funeral; ſome bore the corpſe … Theſe, being freedmen, were reckoned among the Roman citizens; but they were looked on in a mean light, and were contemptuouſly called heſterni, Romans of yeſterday—i.e. citizens whoſe dignity was of very ſhort ſtanding.”

1795, Aulus Persius Flaccus, “Satire III”, in M[artin] Madan, transl., A New and Literal Translation of the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus, Dublin: […] John Exshaw, […], →OCLC, page 93

But notwithstanding my cupidity for such dainties, I have that happy adaptation of taste which can banquet, with delight, upon hesternal offals; can nibble ignominious radishes, or masticate superannuated mutton.

1813, Eaton Stannard Barrett, “Letter X”, in The Heroine, or Adventures of a Fair Romance Reader, … In Three Volumes, volume I, London: […] Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 118–119

I will keep no further journal of that same hesternal torch‐light; and, to prevent me from returning, like a dog, to the vomit of memory, I tear out the remaining leaves of this volume, and write, in Ipecacuanha,—'that the Bourbons are restored!!!' 'Hang up philosophy.'

1814 April 19, Lord Byron [George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron], “Journal, 1814”, in Thomas Moore, editor, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: […] In Two Volumes, volume I, London: John Murray, […], published 1830, →OCLC, page 514

The hesternal or 'yesterday', tense differs from the hodiernal in having a tone on the subject prefix.

[1965], “A Learner’s Synopsis of Kirundi Structure”, in Earl W[ilson] Stevick, editor, Kirundi: Basic Course […], Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, →OCLC, page xxxii

We use the following meaning labels to characterize remoteness distinctions: [...] Hesternal past: the situation occurred yesterday, or on the day preceding the speech event. / Pre-hesternal past: the situation occurred before yesterday.

1994, Joan [Lea] Bybee, Revere [Dale] Perkins, William Pagliuca, “Anterior, Perfective, and Related Senses”, in The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, section 3.16 (Degrees of Remoteness), page 98

Now that it is clear that hodiernal past, hesternal past and remote past are purely temporal categories, it must be established how exactly they divide the timeline. The difference between hodiernal and hesternal past is rigid and is based on objective grounds, i.e. on actual time rather than perceived temporal distance. The hodiernal past is used only for situations that occurred on the same day as the temporal reference point. The choice between hesternal past and remote past is more subjective. No temporal cut-off point between them can be established.

2008, Mark L. O. Van de Velde, “Tense, Aspect, Mood and Negation”, in A Grammar of Eton (Mouton Grammar Library; 46), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Walter de Gruyter, →ISSN, section 2.1.1 (Tense), page 234

In apparently all tonal Bantu languages, the tonal system is augmented by tone patterns associated with certain grammatical categories, especially verb tenses, which are usually realized as the positioning of additional tones in some position in the stem. These are referred to as melodic H patterns. [...] In the simple past and hesternal past (58b) [in Kerewe], H is added to the final vowel, and that H causes deletion of preceding Hs.

2015 December, David Odden, “Bantu Phonology”, in Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →DOI, archived from the original on 2020-06-26, section 4.3 (Melodic Tones)

(archaic or literary, rare outside grammar) Of or pertaining to yesterday.


modificative

(grammar) That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause.


negativize

en-verb

negativize (third-person singular simple present negativizes, present participle negativizing, simple past and past participle negativized)

negativizes (present singular third-person)
negativizing (participle present)
negativized (participle past)
negativized (past)

It is possible to negativize dame and say dame zya nai 'it isn't no-good', to deny dame' da; but you can not negativize ikenai, so that instead of *ikenaku nai you will say wa'ruku nai 'it isn't bad'.

2004, Samuel Elmo Martin, A reference grammar of Japanese, page 80


nomen rectum

From Latin nōmen rectum (“governed noun”).

(grammar) The second of the two nouns in status constructus, which occurs in its phonetically full form or status absolutus.


nomen regens

From Latin nōmen regēns (“governing noun”).

(grammar) The first of the two nouns in status constructus, which occurs in a phonetically abbreviated state. For example, in Hebrew, the word "queen" standing alone is malka מלכה. When the word is possessed, as in "Queen of Sheba" (literally "Sheba's Queen"), it becomes malkat šəba מלכת שבא, in which malkat is the construct state (possessed) form and malka is the absolute (unpossessed) form. Thus, the possessed noun in the construct state (Queen) is the nomen regens (governing noun), and the possessor noun, often in the genitive case (Sheba's), is the nomen rectum (governed noun).


nonsubject

(chiefly grammar) That which is not a subject.


declensional

/dɪˈklɛnʃənəɫ/

M. Arnold
declensional and syntactical forms


inelative

The Lezgi language has an inelative case.

(grammar) Expressing the notion "from inside" or "out of".


evitative

From Latin ēvītāre (“to avoid”), from ē- (“out”) + vītāre (“to shun”).

The non-past non-evitative potential corresponds both to the English indicative future and to all imperatives (including jussive and hortatory imperatives); the evitative is used to mark future events that are feared or to be avoided , and corresponds to English "lest..." constructions, except that it is not limited to subordinate clauses.

1986, Language, Linguistic Society of America

(grammar) grammatically expressing the notion that something is avoided or feared: a grammatical mood found in some Australian Aboriginal languages.


postessive

Northeast Caucasian languages like Lezgian and Agul have a postessive case.

(grammar) Indicating position behind something.


subessive

From Latin subesse (“to be under or below”).

Northeast Caucasian languages like Tsez and Bezhta have a subessive case.

(grammar) Indicating position under or below something.


antessive

An antessive case is found in some Dravidian languages.

(grammar) Indicating the spatial relation of preceding or being before something.


fientive

Neologism created from Latin fierī (“to happen, become”) on the pattern of words like stative, durative, iterative, causative.

This underlines again that a contrast of nominality versus verbality conveys a stative versus fientive purport.

1977, Haiim B. Rosén, Contemporary Hebrew, page 182

(grammar, Semitic linguistics) designating a durative and dynamic action performed by the subject

The basic idea is that what previous scholarship categorised as a stative, viz. the various forms going back to a derivation with a long ē, is in fact a fientive, i.e. it designates the becoming and not the being.

2007, George Hinge, “The Proto-Indo-European essive and fientive in Greek”, in glossa.dk, archived from the original on 2023-07-29

(grammar, Indo-European linguistics) designating entering into a state as opposed to being in a state


derival

en-noun

derival (countable and uncountable, plural derivals)

Of derive + -al. Attested from the 1870s.

As to the origin of all the forms in the above list, it clearly cannot belong to English philology to do much more than indicate the source from which we received them. Their derival into French from Latin has therefore been only slightly touched upon.

1871, John Earle, The Philology of the English Tongue, page 295

3.4 Derival morphology
[…] However, in the Turfan dialect as well in the speech of some of the younger generation in Urumchi, -ŋza seems to function as a nominal derivative suffix, deriving nouns from some kin terms and adding a clear, haughty, arrogant hue, see the lexicon.

2005, Abdurishid Yakup, The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur, page 152

(rare, linguistics, grammar) The derivation of a word.


usitative

the usitative aorist

1873, Henry Alford, The Greek Testament: With a Critically Revised Text

(grammar) Denoting usual or customary action.


ascensive

en-adj

ascensive (comparative more ascensive, superlative most ascensive)

more ascensive (comparative)
most ascensive (superlative)

[…] it seems, however, highly probable that this is due rather to non-observance of the true ascensive force of the particle than to any real absence in the original MSS.

1887, Charles John Ellicott, St Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians: With a Critical and Grammatical Commentary


possessival

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the possessive case.


gerundively

(grammar) In the manner of a gerund; as, or in place of, a gerund.


p. p.

Alternative forms: p.p., pp.

(grammar) Initialism of past participle.


tetraptote

From Latin tetraptōtum, from Ancient Greek τετράπτωτος (tetráptōtos).

A noun which is found in one case only, is called a Monoptote; if found in two cases, a Diptote; if in three, a Triptote; if in four, a Tetraptote; and if in five, a Pentaptote.

1836, Ethan Allen Andrews, A Grammar of the Latin Language for Use of Schools and Colleges


individualizer

(grammar) A construction that conveys the idea of an individual thing.


agrammatical

(grammar) Not grammatical; ungrammatical.


preterpluperfect

en-noun

preterpluperfect (countable and uncountable, plural preterpluperfects)

A carpet is the soul of an apartment. [...] As regards texture the Saxony is alone admissible. Brussels is the preterpluperfect tense of fashion, and Turkey is taste in its dying agencies.

1840, E.A.Poe, The Philosophy of Furniture


hyperbatic

en-adj

hyperbatic (comparative more hyperbatic, superlative most hyperbatic)

more hyperbatic (comparative)
most hyperbatic (superlative)

hyperbatic word order

(grammar) Of or pertaining to a hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.


misrelate

en-verb

misrelate (third-person singular simple present misrelates, present participle misrelating, simple past and past participle misrelated)

misrelates (present singular third-person)
misrelating (participle present)
misrelated (participle past)
misrelated (past)

(grammar) To form a spurious connection between two words or concepts.


asyndetically

From asyndetic + -ally. Equivalent to a- + syndetically or to asyndesis or asyndeton + -ical + -ly.

When the temporal clause precedes the main clause, the main clause can be connected asyndetically or by ወ- wa-.

2021, Joseph Tropper, Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee, Classical Ethiopic: A Grammar of Gəˁəz § 6.5.5

(grammar, rhetoric) Expressed without conjunctions or with conjunctions purposefully omitted.


dehortative

en-adj

dehortative (comparative more dehortative, superlative most dehortative)

more dehortative (comparative)
most dehortative (superlative)

The dehortative verb typically occurs preceding a subordinate verb, as Samoan ? aua ne ?i galo, Maori kaua e wareware 'don't forget!'.

1970, R. C.. Green, Marion Kelly, Studies in Oceanic Culture History, page 124

The few adjectives that can be marked for dehortative or apprehensive mood are all physical property or human propensity adjectives.

2004, R. M. W. Dixon, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Adjective Classes: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, page 273

For the sake of simplicity, the dehortative subject markers are treated as unanalyzed wholes;

2008, Frantisek Lichtenberk, A Grammar of Toqabaqita, page 854

(grammar) Indicating a negative imperative or cautionary sense.


dehortative

The dehortative is essentially a negative imperative in most cases, but can be used with all persons in the sense of 'should not', 'must not' or 'let not'.

1996, Malcolm Ross, Studies in Languages of New Britain and New Ireland, page 270

An example of a context where a dehortative may be acceptable with an adjective is with mate 'die, be dead'.

The only spontaneous instance of a dehortative recorded is the one in (20-47) below.

Mbi is also used as a dehortative instead of the negative re: ko mbi tegi ― don't cry ( for ko tegi re); ko mbi la — don't do it.

2014, Sidney Herbert Ray, A Comparative Study of the Melanesian Island Languages, page 252

As indicated in example (10), the renown young environmentalist, Greta Thunberg, uses the dehortative don't want you to for the apparent purpose of seeking to discourage the US political representatives from accepting her environmental discourse of climate change. The real function of the dehortative is, however, to strengthen the exhortative want you to, which is meant to attract the listeners' attention in order to urge them to manifestly support the scientific discourse of climate change and, thereby, take immediate action.

2020, Anna Franca Plastina, Social-Ecological Resilience to Climate Change, page 22

(grammar) A syntactic marker, word, or phrase that indicates a dehortative sense.


postpositionally

en-adv

postpositionally (comparative more postpositionally, superlative most postpositionally)

more postpositionally (comparative)
most postpositionally (superlative)


postpositional

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a postposition.

of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a postposition


o.s.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Initialism of oneself.


indiscriminative

en-adj

indiscriminative (comparative more indiscriminative, superlative most indiscriminative)

more indiscriminative (comparative)
most indiscriminative (superlative)

Indiscriminative uses of FCIs are common across languages and they have a pejorative flavor.

1998, Anastasia Giannakidou, Polarity Sensitivity as (non) Veridical Dependency, page 83

We discuss free choice phenomena in detail in Section 6.7, but here it is important to note that the Greek D-universal, but not káthe, has the so-called indiscriminative reading (Horn 2000) that appears in English with just any.

2012, Edward Keenan, Denis Paperno, Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language, page 316

It is thus possible to assume that the indiscriminative interpretation and the evaluative interpretation (Eval) are related.

2021, Determiners and Quantifiers: Functions, Variation, and Change, page 255

(grammar) Specifying any one from among several equivalent possibilities.


compellative

(grammar) The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative.


appellatively

Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.

(grammar) After the manner of appellative nouns; so as to express whole classes or species.


subgrammar

The 'original' subgrammars can be seen as a concatenation' or composition of some of these parts with the requirement that the export category of a preceding subgrammar in the concatenation must be the head category of a subsequent subgrammar.

2013, M.T. Rosetta, Compositional Translation, page 263

A grammar that makes up part of a larger grammar; a subdivision of a grammar.


pentaptote

From Latin pentaptōtum, from Ancient Greek πεντάπτωτος (pentáptōtos).

(grammar, rare, obsolete) A noun having five cases.


constructio ad sensum

en-noun

constructio ad sensum (plural constructiones ad sensum)

From modern Latin cōnstrūctiō (“[grammatical] construction”) + ad (“toward, [according] to”) + sēnsum (accusative singular of sēnsus, abstractly “sense”, “notion”, “signification”): "grammatical construction according to [the] sense".

uder

St. John ſpeaks of her children, as if they were all of them ſons, and ſays nothing of daughters. For, though he uſes both ver. 1. and ver. 4. the neuter τεκνα, which when uſed by itſelf may include daughters as well as ſons, yet, ſince he adds in the former inſtance ȣ῾ς εγω αγαπω, and in the latter inſtance ϖεριπατȣντας εν αληθειᾳ, the maſculine relative and participle reſtrict the ſenſe to ſons aloneʰ.

1802, John David Michaelis (author) and Herbert Marsh (translator), Introduction to the New Teſtament, second edition (London: printed by Luke Hansard, for E. and C. Rivington, № 62, St. Paul’s Church-Yard), volume 4, chapter XXXII: “Of the two laſt Epiſtles of St. John”, § III: ‘Whether the ſecond Epiſtle was ſent to a particular perſon, or to a whole church’, page 450

ʰ St. John here uſes, what is called conſtructio ad ſenſum.

Peculiarities in the order of words, occasional omissions of a word or words, constructiones ad sensum, carelessnesses, or roughness of style, and even positively bad writing, are faithfully reproduced.

1888, Hermathena (University of Dublin), issue 6, page 332

The violation of the rules of agreement is due chiefly to one of two causes; either the natural relation is preferred to the artificial (cōnstrūctiō ad sēnsum, per synesin, according to the sense), or the nearer is preferred to the more remote.

1895, Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve (revised with Gonzalez B. Lodge), Latin Grammar (third edition, 2003 reprint; →ISBN, 0865163537), part 1: “Etymology”, § 8: ‘Inflection of the Verb’, page 148

(grammar) A grammatical construction in which a word’s inflexion is determined by the semantics of the word or words with which it associates, in contravention of what is required by grammar.


orthotone

From Ancient Greek ὀρθότονος (orthótonos, “with unmodified accent”). By surface analysis, ortho- + tone.

der

(grammar) Retaining the accent; not enclitic; said of certain indefinite pronouns and adverbs when used interrogatively, which are enclitic in other situations.


indeclinably

c. In the older language, the numerals for 5 and upward are sometimes used in the nom.-acc. form (or as if indeclinably) with other cases also: thus, páñca kṛṣṭíṣu among the five races; saptá rṣīṇām of seven bards; sahásram ṛ́ṣibhiḥ with a thousand bards; çatám pūrbhíḥ with a hundred strongholds. Sporadic instances of a like kind are also met with later.

1889, William Dwight Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar

(grammar) Without declination (variation of termination in a word).


bimembral

From Latin bis (“twice”) + membrum (“member”).

This will be more easily apprehended, if we consider that all combination is bimembral; i. e. consists of two members, one of which is subordinated to the other by the intonation, and thus becomes compacted with it […]

1858, Josiah Willard Gibbs, A Latin Analyst on Modern Philological Principles


imperfectively

(grammar) In an imperfective manner or context.


metaplast

(grammar) A word having more than one form of the root.


redditive

(grammar) Answering to an interrogative or enquiry; conveying a reply.


redditive

AN Interrogative and its Redditive (i. e. the Word which answers it) shall be of the same Case and Tense[.]

Shorter Examples; Or, Second Book of English Examples, to be Rendered Into Latin – Adapted to the Use of the Lower Class, Eton, printed by E. Williams, 1826, p.30

(grammar) A word which answers an interrogative.


subessive case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is subessive.


postessive case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is postessive.


inelative case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is inelative.


evitative case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is evitative.


lative case

(grammar) A case of verbs, found in the Uralic and Northern Caucasian languages, used to indicate motion to a location; in the Northern Caucasian languages, the lative also takes up functions of the dative case


associative case

en-noun

associative case (countable and uncountable, plural associative cases)

(grammar) The grammatical case that is associative.


distributive case

distributive case (plural distributive cases)

(grammar) The grammatical case that is distributive, indicating “per” or “each”.


antessive case

(grammar) The grammatical case that indicates the spatial relation of preceding or being before something.


allocutive

(grammar) Relating to the marking of addressees in the grammar of a sentence whether or not they are actants in it.


similative

(grammar) A grammatical case expressing similarity; the similative case.


zero ending

The Polish word for "cat" is "kot". Its genitive form is "kota", which has the ending "–a". Because the nominative form consists of the stem without an ending, it can be said that "kot" has the zero ending. In a table listing the endings one could hence write: "Nominative: –∅, Genitive: –a".

(grammar) The absence of an ending after a noun‐stem in a language in which endings are normally applied; often written as ∅


presential

en-adj

presential (comparative more presential, superlative most presential)

more presential (comparative)
most presential (superlative)

/pɹɪˈzɛnʃəl/

(grammar, archaic) Pertaining to the present tense.


adverbial case

(grammar) a noun case in the Abkhaz, Georgian, and Udmurt languages


passival

(grammar) An archaic progressive construction in middle voice (syntactically active but semantically passive), replaced by the passive progressive in modern English. For example, "the house is building", "the meal was eating", "the trunks were carrying down" (today "the house is being built", "the meal is being eaten").


monoptote

From Latin monoptotum, from Ancient Greek μονόπτωτος (monóptōtos).

A noun which is found in one case only, is called a Monoptote; if found in two cases, a Diptote; if in three, a Triptote; if in four, a Tetraptote; and if in five, a Pentaptote.

1836, Ethan Allen Andrews, A Grammar of the Latin Language for Use of Schools and Colleges

What is meant by monoptote, diptote, and triptote nouns? Give examples.

1882, Edward Henslowe Bedford, A digest of the […] questions in Latin grammar, page 18

A monoptote is a noun which has only one case, as natu; a diptote two, as fors, forte; a triptote three, as opis, opem, ope.

(grammar, obsolete) A noun which only occurs in one case.


infixation

en-noun

infixation (usually uncountable, plural infixations)

(grammar) The state or quality of being infixed.


percontative

Some [grammatical writers] call these affections of the verb moods; others call them divisions, qualities, states, species, &c.; and as to the various appellations of each mood we have the personative and impersonative, the indicative, declarative, definitive, modus finiendi, modus fatendi, the rogative, interrogative, requisitive, percontative, assertive, enunciative, vocative, precative, deprecative, responsive, concessive, permissive, promissive, adhortative, optative, dubitative, imperative, mandative, conjunctive, subjunctive, adjunctive, potential, participial, infinitive, and probably many others.

1845, Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, and Henry John Rose [eds.], Encyclopædia Metropolitana I: “Universal Grammar and Philology”, pages 50–51

‘Perfect Dicibles are of various sorts: Interrogative; Percontative; Adjurative; Optative; Imprecative; Execrative; Substitutive; Compellative; Hypothetical; and, lastly, Dubious.’

1849, Herman Melville, Mardi II (1922 reprint), page 285

Destined for internal consumption, these three words nevertheless provoked the reply which you see here: who doesn’t? With an interrogation point, for the reply was percontative.

1960, Raymond Queneau [aut.] (+ unknown tr.), Zazie, page 128

rhetorical questioning
rhetorical question#English

(grammar, rare) That is, expressed in, or having the character of the grammatical mood (mode) of rhetorical questioning; percontatorial.


verbnoun

A calque of the Welsh berfenw: berf → verb + enw → noun.

(Welsh grammar) A verb form which acts as a defective noun, having functions similar to the English infinitive and gerund, and the Latin supine.


preteritive

a preteritive verb

(grammar) Used only or chiefly in the preterite or past tenses.


preformative

From pre- (prefix meaning ‘before; physically in front of’) + formative, modelled after Late Latin praeformativus (originally used in relation to the grammar of Semitic languages).

prefix

(grammar, chiefly in Semitic languages) of a letter, syllable, etc.: attached to the beginning of a word as a formative element.


persistive

en-adj

persistive (comparative more persistive, superlative most persistive)

more persistive (comparative)
most persistive (superlative)

The present paper looks at so-called persistive markers (denoting something like “still going on”) in the sub-Saharan Bantu languages, one of the major subgroups of the Niger-Congo language phylum.

2008, Jouni Filip Maho, “Comparative TAM morphology in Niger-Congo”, in Folke Josephson, Ingmar Söhrman, editors, Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses

Persistive aspect is marked with a post-initial prefix shí-. Its high tone does not surface when combined with a construction that uses melodic tone 4

(grammar) Indicating a situation that was the case at one time (usually past) and continues to a later time (usually time of speaking).


participialize

en-verb

participialize (third-person singular simple present participializes, present participle participializing, simple past and past participle participialized)

participializes (present singular third-person)
participle participializing (present)
participialized (participle past)
participialized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To form into, or put in the form of, a participle.


asyndesis

From Latin asyndesis, from Ancient Greek ἀσύνδεσις (asúndesis), from ἀ- (a-, “a-, un-: without”) + σύνδεσις (súndesis, “binding, joining”), from συνδεῖν (sundeîn, “to join, to bind”) + -σῐς (-sis, “-sis: forming nouns”), from σῠν- (sun-, “together”) + δεῖν (deîn, “to bind, to tie”). Equivalent to a- + syn- + -desis or a- + syndesis.

(grammar, rhetoric) Synonym of asyndeton: lack or omission of conjunctions, especially for rhetorical effect.


momentaneous

From Latin
 momentaneus. Compare French momentané. Doublet of momentane.

(grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical aspect relating to an action that takes place at a specific point in time.


aptote

From Latin aptotum, from Ancient Greek ἄπτωτος (áptōtos, “without cases”).

der

(grammar, obsolete) A noun (broadly speaking) which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun.


stacked modal

For quotations using this term, see Citations:stacked modal.

(rare, grammar) A double modal (or, rarely, any string of multiple modals, e.g. a triple modal).


double modal

The first instances of double modals date back to the seventeenth century.

2019, Irina S. Lebedeva, Svetlana N. Orlova, “Semantics and pragmatics of the double modal ‘might could’”, in Training, Language and Culture, volume 3, number 2, →DOI

(grammar) A sequence of two modal verbs, such as "might could", an impossible construction in standard English, but one used in some dialects, especially Southern US English.


mirativity

A non-evidential extension of the dubitative marker is associated with mirativity, found in contexts when the speaker is stunned or perplexed by a discovery.

2014, The Grammar of Knowledge, page 212

(grammar, of a mood) The quality of being mirative, that is, of expressing (surprise at) an unexpected revelation or new information.


mirative

en-noun

mirative (countable and uncountable, plural miratives)

Auguste Dozon
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Kostandin Kristoforidhi

Possibly from (ad)mirative, from French admiratif (“tending to admire”) (used by French diplomat and scholar Auguste Dozon (1822–1890), imitating the use of the Ancient Greek ἀπροσδόκητος (aprosdókētos, “unexpected”) in a similar context by Albanian translator and scholar Kostandin Kristoforidhi (1826–1895)), from Latin admīrārī, present active infinitive of admīror (“to admire, respect; to be astonished, to be surprised at”), from ad- (“prefix meaning ‘to’”) + mīror (“to admire, marvel at; to be amazed or astonished at”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to be glad, laugh”)).

noncog

ἀπροσδόκητος

der

Although the Maidu 'evidential' -wéw (Shipley 1964:45) might correspond somewhat to the Washo visual, and the (unexemplified) Sierra Miwok 'circumstantial evidence' marker taˀ, tat, ˀiš- (Freeland 1951:169) may correspond to the Washo inferential (mirative).

1986, Wallace [L.] Chafe, Johanna Nichols, editors, Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation, footnote 7, page 8

In Archi mirativity is grammaticalized as part of the verbal category of evidentiality, so the study of the mirative in Nakh-Daghestanian languages might help to identify the meaning of exclamatives more precisely.

2011, Elena Kalinina, “Exclamative Clauses in the Languages of the North Caucasus and the Problem of Finiteness”, in Gilles Authier, Timur Maisak, editors, Tense, Aspect, Modality and Finiteness in East Caucasian Languages (Diversitas Linguarum; 30), Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia: Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, →ISSN, pages 197–198

The Tarms Quechua Mirative often refers to information that is withheld from the addressee until the speaker sees fit to reveal it, a frequent strategy in narratives of which the unexpected outcome is reserved for the end. By consequence, the speaker him/herself need not be under the impact of surprise any longer when using the Mirative. […] Characteristically, actions performed during one's sleep or in a state of unconsciousness are expressed in the Mirative[…]. The Mirative can also be used in recounting dreams[…].

2013, Willem F. H. Adelaar, “A Quechuan Mirative?”, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Anne Storch, editors, Perception and Cognition in Language and Culture (Brill’s Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture; 3), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISSN, section 3 (Meaning and Use), pages 99–100

(uncountable, grammar) A grammatical mood that expresses (surprise at) unexpected revelations or new information.

[T]he speaker had heard on the radio that a bear had attacked a woman. From the description of her wounds on the radio, he infers, using the mirative/inferential particle lą̄ą̄, that she was dragged by the bear. […] This particle also implies that the speaker was surprised at the event. Bear attacks are uncommon in Arizona, and the woman was someone the speaker was acquainted with. In fact, lą̄ą̄ is more fundamentally a mirative than an inferential, […]

2003, Willem J. de Reuse, “Evidentiality in Western Apache (Athabaskan)”, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon, editors, Studies in Evidentiality (Typological Studies in Language; 54), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISSN, section 2.2.1 (The Mirative/Inferential), page 81

He [Timothy Jowan Curnow] points out that miratives are very rare with first person, more common with second, and most common with third person. In all cases, however, non-miratives are more common than miratives.

2018, Gwendolyn Hyslop, “Mirativity and Egophoricity in Kurtöp”, in Simeon Floyd, Elisabeth Norcliffe, Lila San Roque, editors, Egophoricity (Typological Studies in Language; 118), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →DOI, page 117

(countable, grammar) (An instance of) a form of a word which conveys this mood.

miratiivi

form of a word which conveys a mirative mood


mirative

noncog

ἀπροσδόκητος

The prefinal suffix -áʔyiʔ Mirative indicates that the speaker knows of the action described by the verb, not having observed it occur, but only inferentially from observation of its effects. It thus commonly conveys an emotion of surprise.

1964, William Horton Jacobsen, Jr., “The Prefinal Suffixes”, in A Grammar of the Washo Language (unpublished Ph.D. in Linguistics dissertation), Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, Berkeley, →OCLC, paragraph 28.7, page 630

In the first in-depth analysis of a mirative construction which I am aware of, discussing the Turkish "evidential" perfect, Slobin & Aksu (1983; see also Aksu-Koç & Slobin 1986) give a unified characterization of the category as marking that the speaker's mind was "not prepared" for the information which is now being relayed. […] In this paper I adopt the older term "mirative" for the marked category, leaving the unmarked category unlabelled.

1997, Scott DeLancey, “Mirativity: The Grammatical Marking of Unexpected Information”, in Linguistic Typology, volume 1, Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISSN, page 36

This is why a noneyewitness evidentiality specification in a two-term system and an inferential evidential in a three-term system may acquire a mirative extension. In Quechua […] the reported evidential can be used in a mirative sense.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “Evidentiality in Typological Perspective”, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon, editors, Studies in Evidentiality (Typological Studies in Language; 54), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISSN, page 192

A "mirative" meaning can be associated with information acquired through any means – be it "inferentially from observation" of the effects of the event, as in Washo (Jacobsen 1964: 630), or through first-hand observation, inference or hearsay as in Kham (Watters 2002: 300).

2012, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “The Essence of Mirativity”, in Linguistic Typology, volume 16, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISSN, page 436

(grammar) Of or relating to the mirative mood.


rhematic

From Ancient Greek ῥηματικός (rhēmatikós, “verbal, pertaining to verbs”), from Ancient Greek ῥηματ- (rhēmat-), ῥῆμα (rhêma, “verb (grammar), word”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic; suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to, in the manner of’”).

der

rhematic adjectives

Passive rhematic adjectives ending in -able […]

1877, Fitzedward Hall, On English Adjectives in -able, with Special References to Reliable, London: Trübner, →OCLC, page 47

Emotion may sometimes cause the speaker to adopt a marked sequence, and the rhematic adjective will then appear in sentence-initial position.

1976, Patrick David Teskey, Theme and Rheme in Spanish and English (Occasional Papers in Linguistics and Language Learning; 1), Coleraine, County Londonderry: Board of Studies in Linguistics, New University of Ulster, page 40

Since in many languages adverbs do not have a fixed place in the word order, questions can be used to isolate the unmarked position of rhematic adverbs. […] There are facets of contrastive NPs [noun phrases] which are both "old" or thematic information and "new" or rhematic information. Consider the use of contrastive constructions to repair texts. In such cases the contrastive NP represents rhematic information in that it adds information to the text which corrects the hearer's error.

1992, Russell S. Tomlin, Richard Rhodes, “Information Distribution in Ojibwa”, in Doris L. Payne, editor, Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility (Typological Studies in Language; 22), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 120 and 130

In terms of its phrasal environment, adjective intensification seems to occur most 'naturally' in predicative position. By modifying an independent, rhematic adjective, the intensifiers seem to perform their function in the most efficient way.

1999, Gunter R. Lorenz, Adjective Intensification – Learners Versus Native Speakers: A Corpus Study of Argumentative Writing, Amsterdam, Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, page 210

(grammar, obsolete, rare) Having a verb for its base; derived from a verb.


semblative

(grammar) A grammatical case that denotes the similarity of one entity to another.


parelcon

From Ancient Greek παρέλκων (parélkōn), from παρέλκω (parélkō, “to draw aside, to be redundant”), from ἕλκω (hélkō).

(grammar) The addition of a syllable or particle to the end of a pronoun, verb, or adverb.


etacism

en-noun

etacism (usually uncountable, plural etacisms)

From eta + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme). Compare itacism, from the modern pronunciation of eta.

q

(grammar) The pronunciation of the Greek eta like the Italian long e, or the vowel in the English word ate.


ecbatic

(grammar) Denoting a mere result or consequence.


resumptive pronoun

en-noun

resumptive pronoun (plural resumptive pronouns)

(grammar) A pronoun in a relative clause which refers to the antecedent of the relative pronoun.

resumptivum

a pronoun in a relative clause which refers to the antecedent of the relative pronoun (grammar)


agnation

agnation (countable and uncountable, plural agnations)


massification

massification (countable and uncountable, plural massifications)

(grammar) Conversion of a count noun to a mass noun.


declinability

(grammar) The quality of being declinable.


indeclinability

(grammar) The quality of being indeclinable.


oppositive case

A grammatical case expressing contrariety or opposition, corresponding to the English preposition "against".


absolute state

estado absoluto

in Semitic languages, the condition of a noun that is not grammatically linked to another noun

indeterminate state
indeterminate state#English

determinate state
determinate state#English

(grammar) In Semitic languages, the condition of a noun not being grammatically linked to another noun – where it would use the construct state.

(rare) To sum the indeterminate state and the determinate state in one term.

To denote the only state not construct state as in the binary state system of Ugaritic.

Denotes the indeterminate state in Aramaic, even though it also has a determinate state called emphatic state.

Denotes an infrequent endingless state in Akkadian used for predicative sentences, adverbially used nouns and vocative expressions (in which cases Arabic would use the accusative case), contrasting with the governed state and the construct state.

pronominal state
pronominal state#English

(grammar) In Egyptian, including Coptic, a form of a verb necessitated by its regimen if this does not require the nominal state or pronominal state.

(grammar) In Berber languages, an unmarked form and hence citation form of a noun similar to the absolutive of ergative languages, varying in usage cases per specific language but generally described as used for topicalized subjects of sentences – default word order being VSO –, nominal predicates and direct objects.


exceptional case-marking

(grammar) A phenomenon where the subject of an embedded infinitival verb seems to appear in the superordinate clause, and, if a pronoun, is unexpectedly marked with objective case morphology.


catenative verb

catenative verb (plural catenative verbs)

A verb able to be immediately followed by the full or bare infinitive, or gerund (i.e. non-finite verbs), as in “I beg to differ”, where beg is catenative.


subjunctivity

(grammar, rare) The property of being in the subjunctive mood.


unarticled

(grammar) Used without an article (part of speech defining or limiting a noun).


modal adverb

(grammar) An adverb that qualifies a predicate with respect to way in which it is true.


diacope

Latin
, from Ancient Greek διακοπή (diakopḗ, “gash, cleft, rupture”), from διά (diá, “through, across”) + κοπή (kopḗ, “cutting”)


stativity

(grammar) The property of being stative.


destinative

(grammar) In, marked by or pertaining to the destinative case.


destinative

(grammar) The destinative case, a case found in some languages which either marks an object or person as destined for a particular other object, person or end, or marks a destination.


perfectivity

(grammar) The state of being in perfective aspect or the imperfective aspect


caritive

From Latin careo (“I lack, am without”).

(grammar) Of or relating to the caritive case.

(grammar) Of words or endings that express a lack of something, for example English homeless/-less or unsalted/un-, Finnish koditon, suolaton, -ton.


syndetical

From syndetic + -al. Equivalent to syndeton + -ical.

(grammar, mathematics and library science, uncommon) Synonym of syndetic.


syndetically

From syndetic + -ally. Equivalent to syndeton + -ic + -ally.

(grammar, mathematics and library science) In a syndetic way, employing syndeton, using a conjunction or crossreferences.


FANBOYS

Acronym of For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

The risk is greater with subordinating conjunctions (see “Starting a Sentence with Because”), but the FANBOYS are sometimes considered guilty by association: […]

2008 July 8, Mignon Fogarty, Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing, New York: Macmillan, →OL, page 80

These FANBOYS help create compound sentences, and when they serve this role, a comma comes before their use.

2009 September 24, Mel Friedman, Rena Grasso, Carol Hunter, Laura Meiselman, The Best Test Preparation for the PRAXIS II ParaPro Assessment 0755 and 1755, Piscataway: Research & Education Association, →OL, page 161

Avoid putting a comma immediately after any of the FANBOYS.

2011 November 24, Larry Beason, Mark Lester, A Commonsense Guide to Grammar and Usage, 6th edition, Macmillan, →OL, page 192

(mnemonic) Acronym used to remember the coordinating conjunctions for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.


possessivity

(grammar) The quality of being possessive.


paucality

(chiefly grammar, rare) The state of being marked to denote, or the fact or condition of being, few-to-several in number; fewness-to-severality in number.


synecphonesis

en-noun

synecphonesis (usually uncountable, plural synecphoneses)

From Ancient Greek συνεκφώνησις (sunekphṓnēsis), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + ἐκφώνησις (ekphṓnēsis, “pronunciation”).

uder

συνεκφώνησις

(grammar) A contraction of two syllables into one; synizesis.


rection

Latin
 rectio, from regere (“to rule or govern”).

rection to a place

1832, Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr., Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon

(grammar, archaic) regimen; government; the rules governing the syntax, rules of agreement of a language.


predicatid

In the subclassification of predicatids into activity and non-activity predicatids, the do it predicatids, as activity predicatids, contrast with the do so and so ...do predicatids, as non-activity predicatids.

1968, Janua linguarum: Series maior, volume 23, page 70

(grammar) A portion of a predicate that lacks time indication.


parathesis

en-noun

parathesis (countable and uncountable, plural paratheses)

From Ancient Greek παράθεσις (paráthesis, “putting beside”).

uder

Both parathesis and suntaxis are constructions but they are never treated as constituents within larger constructions.

2007, Keith Allan, The Western Classical Tradition in Linguistics, page 102

(grammar) The placing of two or more nouns in the same case; apposition.


biaspectual

(grammar) Of verbs: having two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective.

kaksiaspektinen

of verbs: having two grammatical aspects


debitive

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the mood of a verb that expresses need or obligation (like English must, have to, should).


debitive

(linguistics) This mood, or a verb in this mood.


untensed

The relevant point, though, is that there is a clear distinction between untensed and tensed clauses as far as the parasitic gap phenomenon is concerned[…]

1993, William J. Ashby, Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Languages, page 251


parasitic gap

(grammar) A construction wherein the dropping of an argument is dependent on a covarying argument having been fronted in a local context, as in "Which book did she review without reading?".


dative sickness

(grammar) The use of a dative object where an accusative would traditionally be used.


postmodification

(grammar) modification by a postmodifier


premodification

en-noun

premodification (countable and uncountable, plural premodifications)


punctiliar

en-adj

punctiliar (comparative more punctiliar, superlative most punctiliar)

more punctiliar (comparative)
most punctiliar (superlative)

durative

of or pertaining to an unextended point of time [+ subsenses]

/ˌpʌŋkˈtɪlɪə/

Formed as punctili(o) + -ar, initially as an alternative translation (instead of punctual) for the German punktuell.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to an unextended point of time:

(of an action) Occurring at a definite and particular point in time.

(of verbal aspect or tense) Relating to a punctiliar action or event.


punctiliar

/ˌpʌŋkˈtɪlɪə/

First two duratives to express our practice of judging and measuring, then two punctiliars (aorists) to state God’s reciprocations.

1943, Richard C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Matthew’s Gospel 1–14, Augsburg Fortress, published 2008, page 289

Many researchers observe similar generalizations: that children seem unwilling to mark activity verbs like walk or unbounded punctiliars like jump with an -ed ending, even though this is a tense marker in the adult language that applies to all types of events.

1996, University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics: UMD WPL, IV-VI, page 122

(grammar) A verb denoting a punctiliar action or activity.

punctual

grammar: verb denoting a punctiliar action


monolectic

monolectic (comparative more monolectic, superlative most monolectic)

more monolectic (comparative)
most monolectic (superlative)

A polylectic term is a multi-word term, as opposed to a monolectic term which is a one-word term.

(grammar) Of or relating to a term consisting of one word; one-worded, singleworded.


separable prefix

en-noun

separable prefix (plural separable prefixes)

(linguistics) A prefix that can be detached from the verb it attaches to in several instances.

trennbare Vorsilbe

a prefix that can be detached from the verb


synesis

synesis (usually uncountable, plural syneses)

Ancient Greek σύνεσις (súnesis, “unification, meeting, intelligence”).

uder

(grammar) A grammatical construction in which a word takes the gender or number not of the word with which it should regularly agree, but of some other implied word, as in: "If the band are popular, they will play next month."


habitual aspect

en-noun

habitual aspect (plural habitual aspects)

(grammar) A feature of the verb which specifies an action as occurring habitually, usually, ordinarily, or customarily


you understood

(grammar) The unstated subject of a command sentence, where it is assumed the subject is the person to whom the command is directed.


dual number

This is particularly the case with regard to the pronouns of the dual number, which form one of the peculiarities of the language.

1840, George Grey, A Vocabulary of the Dialects of South Western Australia, 2nd edition, T. & W. Boone, page xi

Eteocles and Polyneices are enemy brothers, that is, they are alike in spite of the difference erected by being on opposite sides of the Theban battlements.¹ By uniting them with the dual number in the description of their deaths, Sophocles has the elders speak of them as indistinguishable in their hatred, spear work, and deaths.

1998, William Blake Tyrrell, Larry J. Bennett, Recapturing Sophocles' Antigone, Rowman & Littlefield, page 43

In most languages, singular and plural are used to indicate number. Slovene, however, has an additional ‘dual’ number, which is used when referring to two of anything. This dual number existed in many languages at one stage in their development, but has been lost; in Slovene, though, […]

2006, Andrea Albrette, Teach Yourself Slovene, McGraw-Hill, page 19

Classical Arabic has a fully functional dual number, which requires dual agreement in verbs, adjectives and pronouns.

2009, Giuliano Lancioni, “Formulaic models and formulaicity in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic”, in Roberta Corrigan, Edith A. Moravcsik, Hamid Ouali, Kathleen M. Wheatley, editors, Formulaic Language, Volume 1: Distribution and historical change, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 225

(grammar) A grammatical number denoting a quantity of exactly two.


postdeterminer

(grammar) A term (or phrase) that follows a determiner in a noun phrase and modifies the head noun.


N.

(grammar) Abbreviation of nominative case.


tatpuruṣa

Borrowed from Sanskrit तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣa), itself an example of tatpuruṣa.

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A dependent determinative compound, i.e. a compound XY meaning a type of Y which is related to X in a way corresponding to one of the grammatical cases of X.


nomen instrumenti

nomen instrumenti (plural nomina instrumenti)

From Latin nomen + (genitive of) instrumentum.

(grammar) A noun denoting an instrument or tool.


nomen vasis

(Arabic grammar) a noun denoting a vessel


nomen acti

(grammar) A noun denoting a result of a dynamic action.


nomen deminutivum

nomen deminutivum (plural nomina deminutiva)


nomen appellativum

nomen appellativum (plural nomina appellativa)

But a name which belongs to several things of one kind is called a common name (nomen appellativum); as flumen, flood; rex, king; homo, man.

1825, George Walker (translator, editor), I. J. G. Scheller (German author), A copious Latin grammar. Translated from the German, with alterations, notes and additions. In two volumes. Vol. I., London, p. 38

Not only because 'omnipotence' as a single property is found in the creed, but because 'omnipotence' as a single property is found in the creed, but because it is more appropriate and revealing perhaps than 'absolute causality' (Schleiermacher) or 'infinity' (Pannenberg appealing to Gregory of Nyssa) which for reasons internal to theology makes it possible to engage with the study of religions and philosophy of religion; and might make concrete a provisional paraphrase of the word 'God' understood as a nomen appellativum, not least as it is used in the term 'all-determining reality'.

2002, Oswald Bayer, “Hermeneutical Theology. In: Petr Pokorný”, in Jan Roskovec, editor, Philosophical Hermeneutics and Biblical Exegesis: Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 153, Mohr Siebeck, page 112f


semimodal

(grammar) Having only some of the characteristics of the major modal verbs.


semimodal

(grammar) A verb having only some of the characteristics of the major modal verbs.


freq.

(grammar) Abbreviation of frequentative.


a potiori

Learned borrowing from Latin denominatio a potiori (“naming from the stronger”).

learned borrowing

(grammar) The use of the more generic category (for agreement) with combinations of words from two or more selective categories (such as gender). For example Each boy or girl took his book., or in French Le manteau et la robe sont verts, mais les chaussures ne sont pas vertes. (The (masculine) coat and the (feminine) dress are (masculine plural) green, but the (feminine plural) shoes are not (feminine plural) green.)


nomen abstractum

en-noun

nomen abstractum (plural nomina abstracta)


nomen concretum

nomen concretum (plural nomina concreta)


simulative

(grammar) A grammatical case expressing similarity.


desubstantival

From de- (“from”) + substantival (“substantive”).

prefix

(grammar) Deriving from a noun; denominal, denominative.


dem.

(grammar) Abbreviation of demonstrative.


desubst.

(grammar) Abbreviation of desubstantival.


rel.

cluichigedar = 3rd sg. pres. rel. of cluichigidir
Cluichigedar is [the] third-person singular present relative [form] of cluichigidir.


indet.

(grammar) Abbreviation of indeterminate.


deadjectival

(grammar) A word derived from an adjective.


misgender

en-verb

misgender (third-person singular simple present misgenders, present participle misgendering, simple past and past participle misgendered)

misgenders (present singular third-person)
misgendering (participle present)
misgendered (participle past)
misgendered (past)

Coordinate term: misnumber

Leonie was always, in fact, the first to point out a misconjugated verb, a misgendered noun, […]

2017, Rebecca Schuman, Schadenfreude, A Love Story

Our first demonstration at the Canadian border—where we’d planned to test rumors about PWAs being denied entry into Canada by announcing we all had AIDS—fizzled when our bus entered the country without incident, save the late realization that our bilingual T-shirts had misgendered the virus—it's “le SIDA,” not “la SIDA”—causing a frantic scramble for sharpies and eyebrow pencils to correct the offending vowel.

2022, Ron Goldberg, “Storming the Ivory Tower”, in Boy with the Bullhorn: A Memoir and History of ACT UP New York, Fordham University Press

Next is a list of misgendered words between the two languages:
Similar words with different genders […]

2022, John Whitlam, Agripino S. Silveira, Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide

(transitive, grammar) To use the wrong grammatical gender with a word.


copredication

en-noun

copredication (countable and uncountable, plural copredications)

(grammar) The act of making two (sometimes incompatible) things the subject/predicate of a proposition.


historic present

historic present (plural historic presents)


historical present

(grammar) The present tense as used when referring to real past events, to add immediacy to what is being said or written.

In most dialects, the historical present is used quite freely to convey the sense of more vivid narrative, to retell dreams, plots, tell jokes, etc.

1972, William Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English, page 47

Cross-linguistically, the historical present tends to be used to increase vividness by substituting the perspective of the ongoing speech situation for that of the narrative.

2001, Daniel E. Collins, Reanimated Voices: Speech reporting in a historical-pragmatic perspective, page 91

Mr. Rothstein comes in," Scher said, "it must have been about none o'clock. Every night he comes in here [Scher, like so many Broadway habitués, spoke most often in the historical present, rather than the past, tense. Damon Runyon faithfully reproduced this patois.] Regular as clockwork he comes in here.

2016, Leo Katcher, The Big Bankroll: The Life And Times Of Arnold Rothstein

(grammar) The present tense as used when writing a fictional narrative.


moderative

(grammar) Expressing the idea of a little, now and then, etc.


Case

The basic principle governing case is:
(20) The Case filter:
A lexicalized NP must bear a Case feature in S-structure.
‘Case’ with a capital C is here understood not as morphologically marked case, but as an abstract feature which will be present even in languages such as Swahili or Chinese which lack case marking on NPs (it is usually assumed however, that Case will be congruent with morphological case where the latter is present).

1988, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Linguistic Theory: Foundations

When we have clitic doubling constructions (with both a full NP and a clitic), the NP needs a dummy Case marker in order to get Case, as its “normal” Case is absorbed by the clitic, otherwise it will be ruled out by the Case Filter. It must be stressed that ‘Case’ here is abstract Case (written with capital C), a licensing requirement making arguments visible for θ-marking, and not morphological case.

1993, Anders Holmberg, Urpo Nikanne, Case and Other Functional Categories in Finnish Syntax

(grammar) abstract feature of a noun phrase that determines its function in a sentence, such as a grammatical case and a position.


adverbializer

(grammar) A morpheme, particle, etc. that converts a word into an adverb.

adverbializador

morpheme that converts a word into an adverb


adprep

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a primary, invariable adverb, the latter including the heads of reduced prepositional phrases but excluding adpreps.

2000, Claudia Claridge, Multi-word Verbs in Early Modern English: A Corpus-based Study

(grammar) A word that functions both as an adverb and as a preposition.


particularizer

(grammar) A word or phrase that focuses attention on part of something, such as mainly, especially, or primarily.


dativization

(grammar) Conversion into a dative form.


dativizable

(grammar) Capable of being used in a dative form.


transitivization

(grammar) Conversion to a transitive form.


intransitivization

(grammar) Conversion to an intransitive form.


dativize

en-verb

dativize (third-person singular simple present dativizes, present participle dativizing, simple past and past participle dativized)

dativizes (present singular third-person)
dativizing (participle present)
dativized (participle past)
dativized (past)

For example, very little can be concluded from the simple failure of a child to dativize a novel verb, because the failure may be attributable to a number of sources[…]

1999, Lise Menn, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Methods for Studying Language Production, page 104

(transitive, grammar) To convert to a dative form.

(intransitive, grammar) To be converted into a dative form.


governee

(grammar) A constituent of a phrase that is governed by another.


supplementive clause

en-noun

supplementive clause (plural supplementive clauses)

(grammar) An adverbial participle or verbless clause lacking a subordinator.