vamp

en-verb

vamp (third-person singular simple present vamps, present participle vamping, simple past and past participle vamped)

vamps (present singular third-person)
vamping (participle present)
vamped (participle past)
vamped (past)

"It is so unkind to joke about it," said the beautiful young lady. "What shall I do? If somebody will vamp an accompaniment, I can get on very well without any music. But if I try to play for myself I shall break down."

1880, [George] Bernard Shaw, chapter I, in The Irrational Knot … Being the Second Novel of His Nonage, London: Archibald Constable & Co., published 1905, →OCLC, page 14:

The band played ceaselessly. Even when the other instruments were resting the pianist kept up his monotonous vamping, with a dreary furbelow for embellishment here and there, to which some few of the dancers continued to shuffle round the floor.

1954, Alexander Alderson, chapter 4, in The Subtle Minotaur, London: John Gifford […], →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

[W]hen she [Billie Holiday] finally emerged from her dressing room, she would take her time getting to the stage, stopping and greeting people and even having drinks at the bar while her accompanists vamped.

1994, Donald Clarke, “The War Years”, in Wishing on the Moon: The Life and Times of Billie Holiday, New York, N.Y.: Viking, →ISBN; republished as Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon, Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2002, →ISBN, page 206:

(transitive) To cobble together, to extemporize, to improvise.

(transitive, intransitive, music, specifically) To perform a vamp (“a repeated, often improvised accompaniment, for example, under dialogue or while waiting for a soloist to be ready”).


conflagration

en-noun

conflagration (countable and uncountable, plural conflagrations)

/ˌkɒnfləˈɡɹeɪʃən/

From Middle French, from Latin cōnflagrātiō (“burning, conflagration”).

der

It took sixty firefighters to put out the conflagration.

And back to hell his way did he take, / For the Devil thought by a slight mistake / It was general conflagration.

1834 [1799], Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, “The Devil's Thoughts”, in The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge, volume II, London: W. Pickering, page 87:

en:A large, ferocious, and destructive fire

A large fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning.

حَرِيق

a large, ferocious, and destructive fire


emanation

en-noun

emanation (countable and uncountable, plural emanations)

/ˌɛməˈneɪʃən/

(uncountable, obsolete) (physics, chemistry) The element radon (Rn)


distillation

distillation (countable and uncountable, plural distillations)

/dɪstɪˈlæɪʃən/

From Middle English distillacioun, from Anglo-Norman distillacioun, from Latin distīllātiōnem, accusative of distīllātiō.

chemical engineering
chemical engineering

(chemistry, chemical engineering) The separation of more volatile parts of a substance from less volatile ones by evaporation and condensation.

(petrochemistry) Separation of petroleum into specific hydrocarbon groups; fractionation.


corona

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona

My investigations seem to prove conclusively that the theoretical corona is caused by light emitted and reflected from streams of matter ejected from the Sun by forces which, in general, act along lines normal to the surface. These forces are most active near the center of each Sun-spot zone.

1890 April 11, J[ohn] M[artin] Schaeberle, “A Mechanical Theory of the Solar Corona”, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume I, number 6, London: Royal Astronomical Society, […], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 372:

The corona is a high-temperature portion of the Sun's outer atmosphere, beginning slightly above the visible surface and extending hundreds of thousands of kilometers, or further, into interplanetary space.

2010, Leon Golub, Jay M[yron] Pasachoff, “Introduction”, in The Solar Corona, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

The luminous plasma atmosphere of the Sun (the solar corona) or other star, extending millions of kilometres into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse.

korona

luminous plasma atmosphere of the Sun or other star

[page 49] Upon this true "mackarel sky" was depicted one of those glorious coronæ, only seen at great elevations or in high Latitudes. […] [page 50] The corona was composed of two colours, violet on the edge nearest to the sun and red on the outer edge, the two colours blending together and forming a neutral tint in the middle of the corona; the order here observed with regard to the colours is similar to that observed in the rainbow.

1854, Walter Stanhope Sherwill, “Notes upon Some Atmospherical Phenomena Observed at Darjiling in the Himalayah Mountains, during the Summer of 1852”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume XXIII, number LXV, Calcutta: […] J. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press, published 1855, →OCLC, pages 49 and 50:

[page 214, paragraph 423] The sun and moon, when partially covered by light, fleecy clouds, are often seen encircled by one or more colored rings, which are called coronæ. […] In order to examine coronæ about the sun, it is best to view them by reflection from a blackened mirror, by which means the brilliancy of the sun's light is very much reduced. […] [page 215, paragraph 425] Coronæ are produced by the diffraction of the rays of light in their passage through the small intervals between the particles of condensed vapor in a cloud.

1868, Elias Loomis, “Optical Meteorology”, in A Treatise on Meteorology. […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, section IV (Coronæ), pages 214 and 215:

The increasing light eventually erases the moon's glowing corona, her pendant chandelier of light pales into insignificance as the new day breaks.

2013, Alfred Grossmith Mason, “14 September 1942”, in Julie Grossmith Deltrice, editor, Arctic Warriors: A Personal Account of Convoy PQ18, Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Maritime, Pen & Sword Books, →ISBN, page 55:

(meteorology) A circle or set of circles visible around a bright celestial object, especially the Sun or the Moon, attributable to an optical phenomenon produced by the diffraction of its light by small water droplets or tiny ice crystals.


classical

en-adj

classical (comparative more classical, superlative most classical)

more classical (comparative)
most classical (superlative)

Garner's Modern English Usage
linguistic description
linguistic prescription

See classic § Etymology for history. By surface analysis, class + -ical = classic + -al

classic

see Usage notes regarding differentiation.

(music) Describing Western music and musicians of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

(informal, music) Describing art music (rather than pop, jazz, blues, etc), especially when played using instruments of the orchestra.


volta

(music) A turning; a time (chiefly used in phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated).

(music, dance) A dance for couples popular during the late Renaissance, associated with the galliard and done to the same kind of music.


chirp

en-verb

chirp (third-person singular simple present chirps, present participle chirping, simple past and past participle chirped)

chirps (present singular third-person)
chirping (participle present)
chirped (participle past)
chirped (past)

From Middle English *chirpen (attested only in the derivative Middle English chirpinge, cyrpynge, chyrypynge (“chirping”). Compare Middle English chirken and chirmen. More at chirk, chirm. Compare also Middle English chirten (“to smack, chirrup”).

noncog

"Well, I suppose you didn't come out of the egg either before you could chirp," said the woman who was on the egg.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 95:

(intransitive) To make a short, sharp, cheerful note, as of small birds or crickets; to chitter; to twitter.

(transitive, obsolete) To cheer up; to make (someone) happier.

(Canada) To speak rapid insulting comical banter back and forth.

(UK, slang, obsolete) To inform on someone; snitch.


buzz

en-noun

buzz (countable and uncountable, plural buzzes)

From Middle English *bussen, of onomatopoeic origin. Compare Middle English bunning (“buzzing”), Middle English hossing (“buzzing”), Middle English bissen (“to hush”).


clamor

clamor (countable and uncountable, plural clamors)

Recorded in English since c. 1385, as Middle English clamour, from Old French clamor (modern clameur), from Latin clāmor (“a shout, cry”), from clāmō (“cry out, complain”); the sense to silence may have a distinct (unknown) etymology.

For when he knew his Rival freed and gone, / He ſwells with Wrath; he makes outrageous Moan: / He frets, he fumes, he ſtares, he ſtamps the Ground; / The hollow Tow'r with Clamours rings around: […]

1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, book I, page 17:

A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation.


clamor

en-verb

clamor (third-person singular simple present clamors, present participle clamoring, simple past and past participle clamored)

clamors (present singular third-person)
clamoring (participle present)
clamored (participle past)
clamored (past)

Anyone who tastes our food seems to clamor for more.

All the universities are sending in long petitions to restrict their production. Otherwise, they say, mankind will become extinct through lack of fertility. But the R. U. R. shareholders, of course, won't hear of it. All the governments, on the other hand, are clamoring for an increase in production, to raise the standards of their armies. And all the manufacturers in the world are ordering Robots like mad.

c. 1921 (date written), Karel Čapek, translated by Paul Selver, R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots): A Fantastic Melodrama […], Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1923, →OCLC, Act 2:

(intransitive) To cry out and/or demand.


fanfare

fanfare (third-person singular simple present fanfares, present participle fanfaring, simple past and past participle fanfared)

fanfares (present singular third-person)
fanfaring (participle present)
fanfared (participle past)
fanfared (past)

Today the mower's metal music fanfared summer's choir of motley symphonies and high concertos piped or chanted from a treetop, droned above the pollen bee flowers, babbled over stony brook-beds, whispered by the whine of willow,

1946, John Hugh Brignal Peel, Mere England: a poem, page 49:

PAM is a guitar song fanfared by massive chords on an acoustic 12-string (probably (ribbed From The Who's contemporary hit 'Pinball Wizard').

2008, Ian MacDonald, Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties, →ISBN, page 364:


incineration

en-noun

incineration (countable and uncountable, plural incinerations)

The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation.


glee

glee (countable and uncountable, plural glees)

From Middle English gle, from Old English glēo, glīġ, glēow, glīw (“glee, pleasure, mirth, play, sport; music; mockery”), from Proto-West Germanic *glīw, from Proto-Germanic *glīwą (“joy, mirth”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew- (“to joke, make fun, enjoy”).
Cognate with Scots gle, glie, glew (“game, play, sport, mirth, joy, rejoicing, entertainment, melody, music”), Icelandic glý (“joy, glee, gladness”), Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest, scorn”). A poetic word in Middle English, the word was obsolete by 1500, but revived late 18c.

cog

Sometimes they had glees, when Captain Strong’s chest was of vast service, and he boomed out in a prodigious bass, of which he was not a little proud.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 23, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

(singing, countable) An unaccompanied part song for three or more solo voices, not necessarily merry.


immolation

en-noun

immolation (countable and uncountable, plural immolations)

From Middle English immolacion, from Middle French immolation, from Old French, from Latin immolatio.

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another (and of that distressing fact it was impossible to doubt), his confidence was consoling; and her power to prove the firmness of her character, her right to his esteem, and the immolation of her happiness to further his desires, had, in itself, the sustainment which belongs to great sacrifice.

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XXVIII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 66:

The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

The act of immolating, or the state of being immolated, or sacrificed.


insolation

insolation (usually uncountable, plural insolations)

Borrowed from French insolation, from Latin insolatio (“a setting or placing in the sun”).

uder

The difference in insolation between north-facing and south-facing slopes can affect microclimates as much as hundreds of miles of north-south distance on level ground.

The incident radiant energy emitted by the sun which reaches a unit area over a period of time, typically measured over a horizontal area at the Earth's surface or at the top of Earth's atmosphere.


char

en-verb

char (third-person singular simple present chars, present participle charring, simple past and past participle charred)

chars (present singular third-person)
charring (participle present)
charred (participle past)
charred (past)

I charred the wood.

The wood charred.

(ergative) To burn something to charcoal; to be burnt to charcoal.


illumination

en-noun

illumination (countable and uncountable, plural illuminations)

Borrowed from Middle French illumination, from Late Latin illuminatio, from Latin illumino.

The act of illuminating, or supplying with light; the state of being illuminated.

осветяване

the act of illuminating, or supplying with light; the state of being illuminated

Festive decoration of houses or buildings with lights.

հրավառություն

festive decoration of houses or buildings with lights

Adornment of books and manuscripts with colored illustrations. See illuminate (transitive verb).

илюстрации

adornment of books and manuscripts with colored illustrations


glade

From Middle English glade, glode, glede (“a gleam of light, bright space, an open space; an open or cleared space in a forest; a bright patch of sky; a bright surface of snow or ice”), of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old English *glǣd, *glād, related to Old English glæd (“shining, bright”), (compare Old Norse glaðr (“bright”)).


dominant

→ Polish: dominant

(music) The fifth major tone of a musical scale (five major steps above the note in question); thus G is the dominant of C, A of D, and so on.

(music) The triad built on the dominant tone.


dominant

en-adj

dominant (comparative more dominant, superlative most dominant)

more dominant (comparative)
most dominant (superlative)

Dominant seventh


dandelion

en-noun

dandelion (countable and uncountable, plural dandelions)

From Middle English dentdelyon, from Old French dent de lion (“lion's tooth”), also in Latin dēns leōnis, referring to the jagged shape of the plant's leaves. The term has since died out in French (except in Swiss French, perhaps surviving there under the influence of German Löwenzahn with the same literal meaning), but compare Spanish diente de león, Portuguese dente-de-leão, Italian dente di leone, German Löwenzahn, Norwegian Bokmål løvetann, Welsh dant y llew, all descendants, calques, or loan translations of the Latin term.

voikukankeltainen

color of a dandelion flower, dandelion color, dandelion yellow

downward-turned leaves under the flowerhead

Taraxacum officinale

syn. Taraxacum officinale subsp. vulgare

Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale#Translingual

(countable) Any of the several species of plant in the genus Taraxacum, characterised by yellow flower heads and notched, broad-ended leaves, especially the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

luleradhiqe

plant, wild flower of the genus Taraxacum

Taraxacum erythrospermum

Taraxacum laevigatum, red-seeded dandelion; achenes reddish brown and leaves deeply cut throughout length. Inner bracts' tips are hooded.

often considered a variety of Taraxacum laevigatum


harmonica

→ Dutch: harmonica

desctree

→ German: Harmonika
→ French: harmonica
→? Plautdietsch: Harmonika
→ Polish: harmonika
→ Upper Sorbian: harmonika

→ Spanish: armónica

→ Japanese: ハーモニカ (hāmonika)
→ Sakizaya: hamunika

→ Korean: 하모니카 (hamonika)

From armonica, coined by Benjamin Franklin to refer to his glass harmonica, an instrument that predated the small wind instrument by several decades. Doublet of harmonic.

A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones.

Glasharmonika

musical instrument, consisting of a series of glasses


novelette

(music) A short piece of lyrical music, especially one for the piano.


irradiation

en-noun

irradiation (countable and uncountable, plural irradiations)

/ɪˌɹeɪdiˈeɪʃən/

From Middle French irradiacion, from Latin irradiatio
Morphologically irradiate + -ion

تَشَعُّع

an act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated

en:any act of irradiating or state produced therewith

An act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated.

(uncountable) a process of sterilization whereby radiation is passed through a bag containing food, utensils, etc., to sterilize the contents.


beam

From Middle English beem, from Old English bēam (“tree, cross, gallows, column, pillar, wood, beam, splint, post, stock, rafter, piece of wood”), from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz (“tree, beam, balk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to grow, swell”). Cognate with West Frisian beam (“tree”), Saterland Frisian Boom (“tree”), Dutch boom (“tree”), German Low German Boom (“tree”), German Baum (“tree”), Luxembourgish Bam (“tree”), Albanian bimë (“a plant”). Doublet of boom.
The original English meaning of beam ("tree") is preserved in some compound words such as quickbeam.
The verb is from Middle English bemen, from Old English bēamian (“to shine, to cast forth rays or beams of light”), from the noun.

inh

(music) A horizontal bar which connects the stems of two or more notes to group them and to indicate metric value.


beam

en-verb

beam (third-person singular simple present beams, present participle beaming, simple past and past participle beamed)

beams (present singular third-person)
beaming (participle present)
beamed (participle past)
beamed (past)

German: beamen

Dutch: beamen

Japanese: ビーム

(transitive, music) To connect (musical notes) with a beam, or thick line, in music notation.


minuet

From French menuet, from menu (“small”) + -et (“diminutive”), from Latin minutus (“very small”).

(music) A tune or air to regulate the movements of the minuet dance: it has the dance form, and is commonly in 3/4, sometimes 3/8, measure.

(music) A complete short musical composition inspired by and conforming to many formal characteristics of the traditional musical accompaniment to the dance of same name.

(music) A movement which is part of a longer musical composition such as a suite, sonata, or symphony which is inspired by and conforming to formal characteristics of the dance of same name.


hoot

hoot (third-person singular simple present hoots, present participle hooting, simple past and past participle hooted)

hoots (present singular third-person)
hooting (participle present)
hooted (participle past)
hooted (past)

From Middle English houten, huten, hoten, of North Germanic origin, from or related to Old Swedish huta (“to cast out in contempt”), related to Middle High German hiuzen, hūzen (“to call to pursuit”), Swedish hut! (“begone!”, interjection), Dutch hui (“ho, hallo”), Danish huj (“ho, hallo”).

der

Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more,

1711, John Dryden, “Satire IX”, in Dryden’s Juvenal:


nightfall

en-noun

nightfall (countable and uncountable, plural nightfalls)

Nocturnal emission
nocturnal emission#English


mignonette

From French mignonnette, from mignon (“dainty”) + -ette (diminutive suffix).

After amusing herself for a brief time with picking to pieces some mignonette which filled a box on the window-sill, Marie threw the flowers from her, and exclaimed,—"And here we are seated together, as we used to talk away half the night in Italy. Good Heavens! how we are altered!"

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter I, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 2:

These rooms were on a level with the apartments of our friends Bows and Costigan next door at No. 4; and by reaching over the communicating leads, Grady could command the mignonette-box which bloomed in Bows’s window.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 43, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

A plant, Reseda odorata, having greyish-green flowers with orange-coloured stamens, and exhaling a delicious fragrance. In Africa it is a low shrub, but further north it is usually an annual herb.

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual

A mignonette tree (Lawsonia inermis), source of the dye henna.

mignonette:

A greyish-green colour, like that of the flowers of the plant.


mignonette

en-adj

mignonette (comparative more mignonette, superlative most mignonette)

more mignonette (comparative)
most mignonette (superlative)

She wore a dishabille of mignonette-green silk and bead-diapered head-dress that added several inches to her height […].

1919, Ronald Firbank, Valmouth, Duckworth, hardback edition, page 44

Of a greyish-green colour, like that of the flowers of the plant.


howl

From Middle English howlen, houlen, from Old English *hūlian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūilōn, from Proto-Germanic *hūwilōną, *hiuwilōną (“to howl”), from Proto-Indo-European *kū-, *kew- (“to howl, scream”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian huulje (“to howl”), Dutch huilen (“to howl”), Romanian a hăuli (“to howl”), Old French ouler, German Low German hulen (“to howl”), German heulen (“to howl”), Danish hyle (“to howl”), Swedish yla (“to scream, yell”), Northern Luri آلٛیر (āłir, “howl”).

[T]he fox was out on love-adventures, abused his rivals, and uttered scoffing screams and howls.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 117:

All at once the cat thrust her paw inside the ring again, but the tailor was quick as lightning and chopped the paw off. The cats set up a terrible howl, and away they rushed through the door as fast as they could.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 159:

Dan was beginning to feel very depressed when suddenly the eerie howl of a dingo rang out[.]

1943, H. Lorna Bingham, The Lost Tribe, Sydney: Winn and Co., page 13, column 2:

The protracted, mournful cry of a dog, wolf or other canid; also of other animals.

عُوَاء

protracted, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf

The howl of the wind

A prolonged cry of distress or anguish; a wail.


howl

en-verb

howl (third-person singular simple present howls, present participle howling, simple past and past participle howled)

howls (present singular third-person)
howling (participle present)
howled (participle past)
howled (past)

who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

Methought a legion of foul fiends / Environ'd me about, and howled in my ears.

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:

VVhen ominus ſignes to ſhew themſelues began, / That novv at hand this monſtrous birth fore-ran: / About at noone flew the affrighted Ovvle, / And dogs in corners ſet them dovvne to hovvle: […]

1627, Michaell Drayton [i.e., Michael Drayton], “The Moone-calfe”, in The Battaile of Agincourt. […], London: […] A[ugustine] M[atthews] for VVilliam Lee, […], published 1631, →OCLC, page 223:

To utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do.

عَوَى

to utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do

Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 13:6:

To utter a sound expressive of pain or distress; to cry aloud and mournfully; to lament; to wail.

أَنَّ

to utter a sound expressive of pain or distress

They howled with laughter at the prank.

Wild howl'd the wind the forest glades along, / And oft the owl renew'd her dismal song; […]

1809, Walter Scott, “[Fragments, […].] The Poacher”, in The Poetical Works of Walter Scott, Esq. […], volume XI, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Company] for Arch[ibald] Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; and John Murray, published 1820, →OCLC, page 180:

To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast.


growl

From Middle English groulen, grollen, gurlen (“of the bowels: to growl, rumble”), either possibly from Old French groler (variant of croler (“to be agitated, shake”)), grouler, grouller (“to growl, grumble”), from Frankish *grullen, *gruljan or from Old English gryllan, both from Proto-Germanic *gruljaną (“to make a sound; to growl, grumble, rumble”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to make a noise; to mumble, murmur; to rattle; to grind; to rub, stroke”), probably ultimately imitative. The word is cognate with Middle Dutch grollen (“to make a noise; to croak, grumble, murmur; to be angry”) (modern Dutch grollen (“to grumble”)), German grollen (“to rumble; to be angry, bear ill will”), Old English grillan, griellan (“to provoke, offend; to gnash the teeth”). Compare grill.
The noun is derived from the verb.

cog

The growl effect comes from fitting a small straight mute—a cornet mute for trumpet and a trumpet mute for trombone—covering the instrument's bell with a rubber plunger, the kind used by plumbers, and moving it in and out to affect the tone.

2013, Stephen Feinstein, quoting John Chilton, “Duke Ellington”, in Incredible African-American Jazz Musicians, Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, →ISBN, page 28:

Just as [Duke] Ellington the composer was not the originator of the growls, moans, and other expressive devices that jazz musicians developed from European instruments, neither was he the particular techniques he used at the piano. It was the wealth of possibilities he uncovered for combining, simplifying, expanding, or even distorting the common jazz piano vocabulary of the day that put Ellington in a class by himself.

2014, Bill Dobbins, “Duke Ellington and the World of Jazz Piano”, in Edward Green, Evan Spring, editors, The Cambridge Companion to Duke Ellington (African-American Collective Biographies), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 197:

(jazz, by extension) A low-pitched rumbling sound produced with a wind instrument.


growl

en-verb

growl (third-person singular simple present growls, present participle growling, simple past and past participle growled)

growls (present singular third-person)
growling (participle present)
growled (participle past)
growled (past)

The dog growled at me as I walked past.

[T]here are Wolf-Whelps in Palaces, and Governments, as well as in Cottages, and Forreſts. […] They go out however, as there is Occaſion, and Hunt and Growle for Company; but at the ſame time, they give the Sign out of their Maſters hand, hold Intelligence with the Enemy; and Make uſe of their Power and Credit to Worry Honeſter Men them Themſelves.

1692, Roger L’Estrange, “[The Fables of Æsop, &c.] Fab[le] CLV. A Shepherd and a Wolves Whelp [Reflexion].”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC, page 140:

Let bears and lions growl and fight, / Let bears and lions growl and fight, / For 'tis their nature too, / For 'tis their nature too.

1806, [Isaac] Watts, B. Jacobs [i.e., Benjamin Jacob], “Let Dogs Delight to Bark and Bite. Song 16.”, in Dr. Watts’ Divine & Moral Songs […], London: Printed for & sold by the author, […], →OCLC, page 18:

"All's for the worst" is a very common motto, and under its influence there are thousands who growl when they go to bed, and growl still louder when they get up; who growl at their breakfast, who growl at their dinner, who growl at their supper, and who growl between meals. Discontent is written in every feature of their visage; […]

1841, “Fydget Fyxington”, in Charles Dickens, editor, The Pic Nic Papers. […] (Collection of Ancient and Modern British Authors; CCCXXX), Paris: Baudry’s European Library, […]; and Stassin et Xavier, […], →OCLC, page 225:

Lord Derby growled,—growling especially at Mr. [William Ewart] Gladstone,—and the Archbishop of Canterbury growled, and the Bishop of Oxford growled, and the Marquis of Bath (a good Conservative) growled, but he (the Marquis) growled at the Government rather than at the Bill.

1868 April 25, The Spectator: A Weekly Review of Politics, Literature, Theology, and Art, volume 41, number 2078, London: John Campbell, […], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 482, column 2:

April woke in darkness to the sound of Baron growling. Not that she could hear the dog, exactly. He was far out in the backyard at the edge of the woods. […] April waited for the dog to settle down. Instead, his growling grew deeper.

2016, Ted Sanders, “April”, in The Harp and the Ravenvine (The Keepers; 2), New York, N.Y.: Harper, →ISBN:

(intransitive) To utter a deep guttural sound, as an angry animal; to give forth an angry, grumbling sound.

And he is bending in the wind, scooping pitch, growling. […] He plays his false fingers. Chokes the trumpet. He is naked. This is naked jazz. O-bop-she-bam. Never lying. Telling it like it is.

1998, Jackie Kay, “Music”, in Trumpet, London: Picador, →ISBN; 1st Vintage Contemporaries edition, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, 2000, →ISBN:

James "Bubber" Miley "used to growl all night long, playing gutbucket on his horn. That was when we decided to forget all about the sweet music."

2016, Henry Martin, Keith Waters, quoting Duke Ellington, “1920s Jazz in New York and Europe”, in Jazz: The First 100 Years, 3rd enhanced edition, Boston, Mass.: Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 121:

(intransitive, jazz) Of a wind instrument: to produce a low-pitched rumbling sound.

[…] John Gilmore would take up his tenor and growl a keening march, Danny Thompson stab and worry with a flute, Sun Ra leave his big conga and mount the temple of keyboards for a ritual parenthesis of chromatic zig-zags and electro-howls.

2005, Gerald Majer, “Proxima Ra”, in The Velvet Lounge: On Late Chicago Jazz, New York, N.Y., Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 37:

(transitive, jazz) To play a wind instrument in a way that produces a low-pitched rumbling sound.


grand

en-adj

grand (comparative grander or more grand, superlative grandest or most grand)

grander (comparative)
more grand (comparative)
grandest (superlative)
most grand (superlative)

From Middle English grand, grond, graund, graunt, from Anglo-Norman graunt, from Old French grant, from Latin grandis. Doublet of grande and grandee.

(music) Containing all the parts proper to a given form of composition.


septette

(music) A musical composition for seven instruments or seven voices; a septuor.


ratchet

From French rochet (“bobbin, spindle, ratchet”), from Italian rocchetto (“spool, ratchet”).

cadell

pawl, click or detent for a ratchet wheel

The threat of terrorism to the British lies in the overreaction to it of British governments. Each one in turn clicks up the ratchet of surveillance, intrusion and security. Each one diminishes liberty.

2012 December 14, Simon Jenkins, “We mustn't overreact to North Korea boys' toys”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 2, page 23:

(by extension) A procedure or regulation that goes in one direction, usually up.

A noisemaker or musical instrument where sound is generated by a board striking against a rotating gear.


ratchet

en-adj

ratchet (comparative more ratchet, superlative most ratchet)

more ratchet (comparative)
most ratchet (superlative)

Possibly a variant (representing a Southern or specifically Louisianan pronunciation) of wretched. Compare rasslin' for wrestling.

The one thing that always accompanies Miley's ratchet look (along with the gang signs) is the tongue, which is sort of like saying this persona that she has adopted is some sort of gonzo idiot who can't keep its tongue in her head.

2013 September 24, Elspeth Reeve, Brian Moylan, “Miley Cyrus's Tongue: A Debate”, in The Atlantic:

The feminine-meets-fiesty creations are right on par with all the reasons we love the rightgeously^([sic]) ratchet “Work” singer — and she knows it.

2016 April 19, Julee Wilson, “Rihanna's Latest Sock Collection is Exactly What You'd Expect...and More”, in Essence:

Classy in the streets but we ratchet

2018 March 28, Todrick Hall (lyrics and music), “T.H.U.G. (Trade)”, in Forbidden, track 14:

I love it when jaboons let their jibbering get them in 5 times as much trouble as they're already in. Let's see if this ratchet can keep her dick trap shut in court.

2023 January 3, KWILLS, soc.culture.african.american (Usenet):

(US, slang) Ghetto; unseemly, indecorous.


fundamental

From Late Latin fundamentālis, from Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

(music) The lowest partial of a complex tone.


rosette

Borrowed from Middle French rosette, rozette (in sense 15) and (modern) French rosette.

(music) A decorative inlay surrounding the sound hole of a guitar.


gleam

en-noun

gleam (countable and uncountable, plural gleams)

From Middle English glem, gleam, gleme (“shaft of light; part of a comet’s tail; reflected sparkle; dawn; daylight; radiance (physical or spiritual); something fleeting”), from Old English glǣm (“gleam”), from Proto-Germanic *glaimiz (“brightness; splendour”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).
cognates
* Old High German glīmen (“to glow, shine”); gleimo, glīmo (“glowworm”) (Middle High German glīme, gleime)
* Old Saxon glīmo (“brightness”)

cog

Is not yon gleame, the ſhuddering morne that flakes, / VVith ſiluer tinctur, the eaſt vierge of heauen?

c. 1599 (date written), I. M. [i.e., John Marston], The History of Antonio and Mellida. The First Part. […], London: […] [Richard Bradock] for Mathewe Lownes, and Thomas Fisher, […], published 1602, →OCLC, Act III, signature D4, verso:

Sailing between Madagaſcar and Zeyloon (at or Near this place) in a dark night ſuddenly there happened a gleam of light, ſo bright that he could eaſily read by it. Amazed he vvas at this alteration; but at length perceived it vvas occaſioned by a number of Fiſh, vvhoſe glittering ſhells made that artificial light in the night, and gave the Sea a vvhite repercuſſion: […]

1677, Tho[mas] Herbert, Some Yeares Travels into Divers Parts of Africa, and Asia the Great. […], 4th edition, London: […] R. Everingham, for R. Scot, T. Basset, J[ohn] Wright, and R. Chiswell, →OCLC, page 30:

VVhat a gloom hangs all around! the dying lamp feebly emits a yellovv gleam, no ſound is heard but of the chiming clock, or the diſtant vvatch-dog.

1760, Oliver Goldsmith, “Letter CXIV. To the Same [From Lien Chi Altangi, to Fum Hoam, First President of the Ceremonial Academy at Pekin, in China].”, in The Citizen of the World; or Letters from a Chinese Philosopher, […], volume II, London: […] [F]or the author; and sold by J. Newbery and W. Bristow, […]; J. Leake and W. Frederick, […]; B. Collins, […]; and A. M. Smart and Co. […], published 1762, →OCLC, page 210:

Ah! then, if mine had been the Painter's hand, / To express what then I saw; and add the gleam, / The light that never was, on sea or land, / The consecration, and the Poet's dream; // I would have planted thee, thou hoary Pile! / Amid a world how different from this!

1807, William Wordsworth, “Elegiac Stanzas, […]”, in Poems, in Two Volumes, volume II, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], →OCLC, page 142:

But a faint and partial gleam of sunshine broke through the aperture, and made yet more cheerless the dreary aspect and gloomy appurtenances of the cell.

1838, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], “The Novice”, in “Leila; or, The Siege of Granada”, in Leila; or, The Siege of Granada: And Calderon, the Courtier. […], London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans; Paris: Delloy and Co., →OCLC, book V, page 238:

And lo! as he looks, on the belfry's height / A glimmer, and then a gleam of light!

1860, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Landlord’s Tale. Paul Revere’s Ride.”, in Tales of a Wayside Inn, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, page 22:

And some of the soldiers since declare / That the gleam of his old white hat afar, / Like the crested plume of the brave Navarre, / That day was their oriflamme of war.

1868 May 9, Fr[ancis] Bret Harte, “John Burns of Gettysburg”, in Littel’s Living Age, volume IX (4th Series; volume XCVII overall), number 1249, Boston, Mass.: Littel & Gay, →OCLC, page 322, column 2:

(countable) An appearance of light, especially one which is indistinct or small, or short-lived.

лъч

indistinct or small, or short-lived, appearance of light

The Pepper-trees live in Italie; the ſhrub of Caſia or the Canell likevviſe in the Northerly regions; the Frankincenſe tree alſo hath been knovvne to live in Lydia: but vvhere vvere the hote gleames of the Sunne to be found in thoſe regions, either to drie up the vvateriſh humor of the one, or to concot and thicken the gumme and roſin of the other?

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XVI.] Of Certaine Prodigious Trees, and Presages Observed by Them. By what Meanes Trees Grow of Their Owne Accord. That All Plants Grow Not Every Where: And what Trees They be that are Appropriate to Certaine Regions, and are Not Elsewhere to be Found.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 478:

[W]e felt a brisk gale coming from off the Coaſt of America, but ſo violently hot, that vve thought it came from ſome burning Mountain on the ſhore, and vvas like the heat from the mouth of an Oven. Juſt ſuch another gleam I felt one afternoon alſo, as I lay anchor at the Groin in July 1694. it came vvith a Southerly VVind: both theſe vvere follovved by a Thunder-ſhovver.

1697, William Dampier, chapter XIX, in A New Voyage Round the World. […], London: […] James Knapton, […], →OCLC, page 530:

(countable) Sometimes as hot gleam: a warm ray of sunlight; also, a period of warm weather, for instance, between showers of rain.

Then vvas the faire Dodonian tree far ſeene, / Vpon ſeauen hills to ſpread his gladſome gleame, / And conquerours bedecked vvith his greene, / Along the bancks of the Auſonian ſtreame: […]

1591, Joachim du Bellay, “The Visions of Bellay”, in Ed[mund] Sp[enser], transl., Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC, part 5, signature Y3, recto:

In the clear azure gleam the flocks are ſeen, / And floating foreſts paint the vvaves vvith green.

1713, [Alexander] Pope, Windsor-Forest. […], London: […] Bernard Lintott […], →OCLC, page 60:

(uncountable) Brightness or shininess; radiance, splendour.


gleam

en-verb

gleam (third-person singular simple present gleams, present participle gleaming, simple past and past participle gleamed)

gleams (present singular third-person)
gleaming (participle present)
gleamed (participle past)
gleamed (past)
gleam (infinitive)

From Middle English glemen (“to shine; to glance, look”) [and other forms], from glem, gleam (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).

inh

Many a dry drop ſeem'd a vveeping teare, / Shed for the ſlaughtred husband by the vvife. / The red bloud reek'd to ſhevv the Painters ſtrife, / And dying eyes gleem'd forth their aſhie lights, / Like dying coales burnt out in tedious nights.

1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC, signature K, verso:

(transitive) Chiefly in conjunction with an adverb: to cause (light) to shine.

Quick to redeem the Prey their plighted Lords / Advance, the Palace gleams vvith ſhining Svvords.

1700, [John] Dryden, “Cymon and Iphigenia, from Boccace”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 563:

Beneath an oak he laid him down, / That in the blaze gleamed ruddy brown, […]

1813, Walter Scott, “Canto Fifth”, in Rokeby; a Poem, Edinburgh: […] [F]or John Ballantyne and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; by James Ballantyne and Co., […], →OCLC, stanza XXXVI, page 266:

Green as a liquid emerald, or the hue / Of the green grape, in autumn sunshine growing! / Even as thou gleamest this golden summer's day!

1842, Mary Howitt, “The Neckar”, in Fisher’s Drawing Room Scrap-book. […], London, Paris: Fisher, Son & Co., […], →OCLC, page 34:

There, near the ruins of the Oscan's old Atella, rises Aversa, once the strong hold of the Norman; there gleam the columns of Capua, above the Vulturnian Stream.

1842, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter V, in Zanoni. […], volume I, London: Saunders & Otley, […], →OCLC, book the first (The Musician), pages 50–51:

King angels hover round thee, as thou dreamest: / Soft lashes hide they beauteous azure eye which gleamest.

1848, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, chapter I, in “A Little Dinner at Timmins’s”, in Miscellanies: Prose and Verse, volume III, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1856, →OCLC, page 438:

In dew descending on creation's Queen, / Thou gleamedst germlike on her golden hair.

1849 November, R. F., “To the Rain. Lines Written at Rydal.”, in Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, volume XL, number CCXXXXIX, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, page 497:

Hail, thou overshadowing mount of the Holy Ghost [i.e., Mary, mother of Jesus]. Thou gleamedst, sweet gift-bestowing mother, of the light of the sun; thou gleamedst with the insupportable fires of a most fervent charity, […]

1869, Methodius, “Oration Concerning Simeon and Anna on the Day that They Met in the Temple. The Oration Likewise Treats of the Holy Mother of God.”, in William R[obinson] Clark, transl., edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, The Writings of Methodius, Alexander of Lycopolis, Peter of Alexandria, and Several Fragments (Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325; XIV), Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, […]; London: Hamilton & Co.; Dublin: John Robertson & Co., →OCLC, paragraph XIV, page 209:

How the trees must temper noontide! Ah, the thicket's sudden break! / What will be the morning glory, when at dusk thus gleams the lake?

1877 September 14, Robert Browning, “La Saisiaz”, in La Saisiaz: The Two Poets of Croisic, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], published 1878, →OCLC, page 10:

To shine, especially in an indistinct or intermittent manner; to glisten, to glitter.

блестя

to shine, especially in an indistinct or intermittent manner — see also glisten, glitter


plaque

en-noun

plaque (countable and uncountable, plural plaques)

Unadapted borrowing from French plaque (“plate, sheet (of metal); slab (of marble); bacteria on teeth”), from French plaquer, Middle French plaquer (“to plate”), from Middle Dutch placken (“to patch, beat metal into a thin plate”), from placke (“disk, patch, stain”), from Old Dutch *plagga (“patch”), from Proto-Germanic *plaggą (“patch”).
The word is cognate with Middle Low German placke, plagge (“small stain, scraps, rags, thin grass”), German Placken (“spot, patch”), Saterland Frisian plak, plakke (“a blow, slap”), Swedish plagg (“clothing, garment”). Compare plack.

plakki

abnormal accumulation of material in or on an organ of the body, often associated with disease

blown plaques

aconcussion plaques

(countable, music) In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system: any flat, thin musical instrument.


winker

From wink (“blinking of only one eye”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

silmäniskijä

Where the wind-trunk is short between the reservoir and wind-chests the tone will be steady; but when it is long, and with bends, the elasticity of the air causes an unsteadiness in the tone, which must be obviated by the use of concussion-bellows, sometimes called "winkers," or by an elastic diaphragm.

1877, W[illia]m H[oratio] Clarke, “The Interior of the Organ”, in An Outline of the Structure of the Pipe Organ […], Boston, Mass.: Oliver Ditson Company […], →OCLC, page 21:

A thing which is used to wink with, or which winks.

(music) A small bellows in an organ, regulated by a spring, which controls variations of wind pressure.


rapper

One who, or that which, raps or knocks.
The knocker of a door.

(historical, mining) A swinging knocker for making signals at the mouth of a shaft.

A spiritualistic medium who claims to receive communications from spirits in the form of knocking sounds.

He rose from the ghetto to become a successful rapper.

(music) A performer of rap music, or someone who raps in any form of music.

A mechanical, or later electric, signalling device formerly used in the mines of north-eastern England to signal to the engineman that the cages carrying men or coals up and down the shaft were ready to be raised or lowered.


rave

en-noun

rave (countable and uncountable, plural raves)

→ Finnish: reivit (pl)

From Middle English raven (“to rave; talk like a madman”), from Old French raver, variant of resver, of uncertain origin. Compare rove.

der

Maybe I wear baggies / And white socks with flip-flops / Maybe I don't like listening to rave / And I'm not on the social mountaintops

2009, Chrysalis Experiential Academy, Mind Harvesting, page 109:

(music, uncountable) The genres of electronic dance music made to be played in rave parties.


potential

en-noun

potential (countable and uncountable, plural potentials)

From Late Latin potentialis, from Latin potentia (“power”), from potens (“powerful”). By surface analysis, potent + -ial.

(physics) The work (energy) required to move a reference particle from a reference location to a specified location in the presence of a force field, for example to bring a unit positive electric charge from an infinite distance to a specified point against an electric field.


potential

And hath, in his effect, a voice potential

(archaic) Being potent; endowed with energy adequate to a result


plash

From Middle English plasch, plasche, from Old English plæsċ (“pool, puddle”), from Proto-West Germanic *plask, probably ultimately imitative.
Cognate with Dutch plas (“pool, watering hole”). Related also to West Frisian plaskje (“to splash, splatter”), Dutch plassen (“to splash, splatter”), German platschen (“to splash”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

Presently a gondola passed along the canal with its slow rhythmical plash, and as we listened we watched it in silence.

A splash, or the sound made by a splash.


fake

en-verb

fake (third-person singular simple present fakes, present participle faking, simple past and past participle faked)

fakes (present singular third-person)
faking (participle present)
faked (participle past)
faked (past)

desc

→ Cantonese: fake (“to fool; to deceive”)

→ French: faker

The origin is not known with certainty, although first attested in 1775 C.E. in British criminals' slang. It is probably from feak, feague (“to give a better appearance through artificial means, spruce up, embellish”); akin to Dutch veeg (“a swipe”), Dutch vegen (“to sweep, wipe”); German fegen (“to sweep, to polish”). Compare also Old English fācn (“deceit, fraud”). Perhaps related also to Old Norse fjúka (“to fade, vanquish, disappear”), Old Norse feikn (“strange, scary, unnatural”).

unk

not known

m+

Occasionally the opportunity arises to stand up and "fake" a jazz standard.

In the face of this print music culture, 'faking' was the ability—at once respected and disrespected—to improvise a song (or a part in an arrangement) without reading the notation.

Denning, cited in 2020, Matt Brennan, Kick It: A Social History of the Drum Kit (page 110)

(music, transitive, intransitive) To improvise, in jazz.


reel

From Middle English reel, reele, from Old English rēol, hrēol, from Proto-West Germanic *hrehul, from Proto-Germanic *hrehulaz, *hrahilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“to weave, beat”). Cognate with Icelandic ræl, hræll.

der

[…]sample the famed waters from the Scottish mountains like a native born, and last but not least, play a reel on the bagpipes in the big hall that set all the laddies and lassies dancing.

The traditional reel Within a Mile of Dublin, for instance, distorts until it reaches something quasi-industrial.

2023 November 13, Patrick Clarke, “‘People’s idea of Irishness is so warped’: John Francis Flynn, the folk singer fighting for Dublin’s spirit”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(music) The music of this dance; often called a Scottish (or Scotch) reel.


inflame

en-verb

inflame (third-person singular simple present inflames, present participle inflaming, simple past and past participle inflamed)

inflames (present singular third-person)
inflaming (participle present)
inflamed (participle past)
inflamed (past)

From Middle English inflammen, enflamen, enflaumen, from Old French enflammer (“to inflame”), from Latin inflammō (“to kindle, set on fire”, verb), from in (“in, on”) + flamma (“flame”), equivalent to in- + flame.

uder

We should have made retreat / By light of the inflamed fleet.

[1611?], Homer, “(please specify |book=I to XXIV)”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume (please specify the book number), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC:

Along the perimeter road the police car approached, headlamps inflaming the afternoon sunlight.

1979, J.G. Ballard, The Unlimited Dream Company, chapter 7:

(transitive) To set on fire; to kindle; to cause to burn, flame, or glow.


stave

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-stave.wav

Back-formation from staves, the plural of staff.

(music) The set of five horizontal and parallel lines on and between which musical notes are written or pointed; the staff.


release

en-noun

release (countable and uncountable, plural releases)

From Middle English relesen, relessen, from Old French relaisser (variant of relascher).

отцепване

a device adapted to hold or release a device or mechanism as required

(music) A kind of bridge used in jazz music.


motive

From Middle English motif, from Anglo-Norman motif, Middle French motif, and their source, Late Latin motivum (“motive, moving cause”), neuter of motivus.

der

If you listen carefully, you can hear the flutes mimicking the cello motive.

(architecture, fine arts, music) Alternative form of motif


zaffre

en-noun

zaffre (countable and uncountable, plural zaffres)

From Italian zaffera, from Latin sapphirus (“sapphire”). Doublet of sapphire.

If Zaffre or Regulus of Cobalt be dissolved in the same manner in spirit of nitre, or aqua fortis, a reddish colour is produced on exposing the paper to heat.

1791, Erasmus Darwin, The Economy of Vegetation, J. Johnson, page 49:

A blue pigment obtained by roasting cobalt ore.

zaffre:

A cobalt blue colour, like that of the pigment.


slam

slam (countable and uncountable, plural slams)

From Middle English *slammen (not recorded), apparently from a Scandinavian source ultimately from Old Norse slæma, slœma (“to slam, swing a weapon, strike an object out of reach”), related to Old Norse slamra, slambra (“to slam”). Cognate with Norwegian Bokmål slamre (“to slam”), Swedish slamra (“to pound, beat, make a clatter, rattle”), Norwegian Nynorsk slamra (“to sway, dangle”).

cog

(music, uncountable) A subgenre of death metal with elements of hardcore punk focusing on midtempo rhythms, breakdowns and palm-muted riffs.


slam

→ French: chelem
→ English: chelem

Unknown and long-speculated, though perhaps at least reinforced by Etymology 1. Doublet of chelem.

(countable, bridge) A bid of six (small slam) or seven (grand slam) in a suit or no trump.


player

From Middle English pleyer, playere, from Old English pleġere (“player, athlete, wrestler”), equivalent to play + -er.

inh

(music) One who plays on a musical instrument.

One that plays
One who plays on a musical instrument.

But up to this time the application of the player mechanism had been confined to reed instruments, the piano manufacturers having successfully resisted the introduction of the player mechanism into the piano; but, in the meantime, the manufacturers of players had grown strong and the manufacturers were beginning to properly interpret the handwriting on the wall

1915, John McTammany, The Technical History of the Player:

A Technical Treatise on Piano Player Mechanism" contains detailed description of the various types of interior and exterior players, embracing manual, pneumatic, automatic, mechanical and electric

1909, William Braid White, Regulation and Repair of Piano and Player Mechanism, ..., page 179:

Electric players used either a four-lobe rotary pump belt-driven by an electric motor or a self-contained electric motor and ...

1970, Arthur W. J. G. Ord-Hume, Player piano: the history of the mechanical piano and how to repair it:

(historical) A mechanism that actuates a player piano or other automatic musical instrument.

koneisto

mechanism that actuates a player piano or similar

In this space we explored lesbian sadomasochism, met other S/M women who were serious players, had access to safe equipment and, through watching other women, learned new techniques.

1991 April 22, Wickie Stamps, “A Lesbian Looks At The GMSMA's 10ᵗʰ Anniversary Celebration”, in Gay Community News, page 11:

A participant; one involved in something.

One who participates in a particular type of sexual play.

Thunder only happens when it’s rainin’ / Players only love you when they’re playin’ / Say women, they will come and they will go / When the rain washes you clean, you’ll know

1977, Stevie Nicks (lyrics and music), “Dreams”, in Rumours, performed by Fleetwood Mac, Warner Bros.:

(informal) A person who plays the field rather than having a long-term sexual relationship.


tact

en-noun

tact (countable and uncountable, plural tacts)


toot

toot (countable and uncountable, plural toots)

Probably onomatopoeic in origin. Compare Dutch toeteren (“to blow a horn”) and German tuten (“to blow a horn”).

He gave a little toot of the horn, to get their attention.


toot

en-verb

toot (third-person singular simple present toots, present participle tooting, simple past and past participle tooted)

toots (present singular third-person)
tooting (participle present)
tooted (participle past)
tooted (past)

November 9, 1550, Hugh Latimer, A Sermon preached at Stamford
In the court, in the noblemen's houses, at every merchant's house, those Observants were spying, tooting, and looking, watching and prying, what they might hear or see against the see of Rome.

Long wandering up and downe the land, With bowe and bolts in either hand, For birds in bushes tooting.

1579, Edmund Spenser, The Shepheardes Calender:

The island rang, as yet, with the tooting horns and rattling teams of mail-coaches.

1855, William Makepeace Thackeray, The Newcomes:

A horn tooted to the right, and I saw the black people run.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 205:

To cause a horn or whistle to make its sound.

I had graduated from the simple tooting cocaine up my nose to smoking it, which was a completely different experience and animal.

2008, Robert L. Glover, Street Corner Symphony: An American Story, page 65:


psalm

From Middle English salm or psalme, from Old English psealm, later reinforced from Old French psalme (modern French psaume), both from Latin psalmus, from Ancient Greek ψαλμός (psalmós, “the sound emanating from twitching or twanging perhaps with the hands or fingers, mostly of musical strings”) (from ψάλλω (psállō, “to make a sound by striking, touching, plucking, rubbing, twanging, or vibrating”)), but later in New Testament times the meaning of ψαλμός (psalmós) evolved from its Classical meaning of "a tune played to the harp" to a more general tune that could be played with any instrument; even a song sung with or without musical accompaniment. By the Byzantine Period, it lost all of its instrumental nuances.

Psalms

of the book of the Bible in which the psalms are collected

(religion, music) A sacred song; a poetical composition for use in the praise or worship of God.


ruff

I also used quite a few of the flat-fingered kind of ruff (as used before on the doumbek in the baladi section) to embellish some notes.

2003, Rob Lewis, “3 Camps: Rudimental Drum Solo”, in Crosstraining: A Method for Applying Rhythms and Techniques to Drum Set, Hand Percussion and Mallet Instruments, Pacific, Mo.: Mel Bay Productions, →ISBN, part 6 (Rudiments and Rudimental Solos), page 71:

(music, often military) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, quieter than a roll; a ruffle.


ruff

"Ruff, ruff!" Around the corner, a little light brown, short-haired dog came running. On seeing the little brown terrier, Annie and Marie looked at one another. Letting out a moan, Annie said, "Oh no, it's JB! I wish Joyce would take him to dog school and have him taught some manners."

2014, Suzan Kayaalp, “The Visitor”, in The Adventures of Lucky the Duck, New York, N.Y.: Page Publishing, →ISBN:


sunflower

From sun + flower. Compare English sunbloom.

(UK, rail transport) An Automatic Warning System (AWS) indicator in the driver's cab that is displayed after a driver has acknowledged an audible warning, which consists of a yellow circle enclosing a white circle, with black spokes overlaid.


suite

Borrowed from Middle French suite. See also the doublet suit.

(music) A musical form, popular before the time of the sonata, consisting of a string or series of pieces all in the same key, mostly in various dance rhythms, with sometimes an elaborate prelude.

(music) An excerpt of instrumental music from a larger work that contains other elements besides the music; for example, the Nutcracker Suite is the music (but not the dancing) from the ballet The Nutcracker, and the Carmen Suite is the instrumental music (but not the singing and dancing) from the opera Carmen.


smack

From Middle English *smakken, from Middle Dutch smacken (modern Dutch smakken (“to smack, pop, hurl down, crash”)), from Old Dutch *smakkon, from Proto-West Germanic *smak(k)ōn. Cognate West Frisian smakke, Middle Low German smacken (“to hit, hurl, fling”), Plautdietsch schmaksen (“to smack the lips”), German schmatzen (“eat noisily”), regional German schmacken, Schmackes (“vigour”) (compare Swedish smak (“slap”), the first part of Saterland Frisian smakmuulje (“to smack, slap”)).

cog

he took the bride about the neck. And kissed her lips with such a clamorous smack.

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

Then he told them of the princess, how she came to him, and how much she had to kiss him to get the whistle, when nobody saw or heard it over in the wood - "I must get on with these lies if the vat is to be full," said Ashiepattle, - so he told them about the queen, how stingy she was with the money and how liberal she was with kisses, that one could hear the smacks all over the wood.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 178:


smack

en-verb

smack (third-person singular simple present smacks, present participle smacking, simple past and past participle smacked)

smacks (present singular third-person)
smacking (participle present)
smacked (participle past)
smacked (past)

A horse neighed, and a whip smacked, there was a whistle, and the sound of a cart wheel.

1832, Benjamin Disraeli, Contarini Fleming:


snarl

snarl (third-person singular simple present snarls, present participle snarling, simple past and past participle snarled)

snarls (present singular third-person)
snarling (participle present)
snarled (participle past)
snarled (past)

Frequentative of earlier snar (“to growl”), perhaps from Middle Low German snorren (“to drone”), of probably imitative origin. Equivalent to snar + -le. Related to German schnarren (“to rattle”) and schnurren (“to hum, buzz”).

(intransitive) To growl angrily by gnashing or baring the teeth; to gnarl; to utter grumbling sounds.

(transitive) To complain angrily; to utter growlingly.


snarl

The act of snarling; a growl; a surly or peevish expression; an angry contention.

A growl, for example that of an angry or surly dog, or similar; grumbling sounds.


slack

en-noun

slack (countable and uncountable, plural slacks)

From Middle English slak, from Old English slæc (“slack”), from Proto-Germanic *slakaz. For sense of coal dust, compare slag.

the slack of a rope or of a sail

take in the slack

(uncountable) The part of anything that hangs loose, having no strain upon it.


slack

slack dried hops


slack

Probably from German Schlacke (“dross, slag”). Doublet of slag.

One of the important improvements of recent years has been attained by mixing the peat pulp as it passes through the grinding machine, with other inflammable materials, such as bituminous coal dust, or slack […]

1905, Colliery Engineer, volume 25, page 107:

It had rather a woolly and uneven beat and was inclined to prime, but there was no trouble with steaming even though the tender contained mostly small slack and dust.

1959 April, P. Ransome-Wallis, “The Southern in Trouble on the Kent Coast”, in Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 220:


shriek

From obsolete shrick (1567), shreke, variants of earlier screak, skricke (before 1500), from Middle English scrycke, from a North Germanic/Scandinavian language (compare Swedish skrika, Danish skrige, Icelandic skríkja), from Proto-Germanic *skrīkijaną, *skrik- (compare English screech). More at screech.

Shrieks, clamours, murmurs, fill the frighted town.

1697, Virgil, “The Seventh Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Sabor, the lioness, was a wise hunter. To one less wise the wild alarm of her fierce cry as she sprang would have seemed a foolish thing, for could she not more surely have fallen upon her victims had she but quietly leaped without that loud shriek?

1912 October, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “Tarzan of the Apes”, in The All-Story, New York, N.Y.: Frank A. Munsey Co., →OCLC; republished as chapter 5, in Tarzan of the Apes, New York, N.Y.: A. L. Burt Company, 1914 June, →OCLC:

A sharp, shrill outcry or scream; a shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror, pain, or the like.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

шпайкове

informal: running shoes with spikes in the soles


sanguine

en-noun

sanguine (countable and uncountable, plural sanguines)

From Middle English sanguine, from Old French sanguin, ultimately from Latin sanguineus (“of blood”), from sanguis (“blood”), of uncertain origin, perhaps Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, from *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Doublet of sanguineous.

(heraldry) A tincture, seldom used, of a blood-red colour (not to be confused with murrey).


sanguine

en-verb

sanguine (third-person singular simple present sanguines, present participle sanguining, simple past and past participle sanguined)

sanguines (present singular third-person)
sanguining (participle present)
sanguined (participle past)
sanguined (past)

To stain with blood; to impart the colour of blood to; to ensanguine.


discophilia

[C]reated with the help of architects Lee Mindel and Peter Shelton, Bond International Casino (or, simply, Bond's), which opens next month, promises to be the most memorable attempt at discophilia since Studio 54 opened three years ago.

1980, New York, volume 13, New York, N.Y.: New York Magazine Co., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 43:

A library ladder stood by the record shelves, and nearby was the gramophone, a quality modern intrument housed in a console. It had louvered doors to control the volume and direction of sound, as in a church organ. I was smitten! I know that it was on that afternoon so long ago that I contracted incurable discophilia.

1993, Giveon Cornfield, Note-Perfect: Thirty Years in Classical Music Recordings, Honolulu, Hi.: Chaminade University Press, →OCLC:

That insight extends to other musical forms and styles in the age of recording. One of the pleasures in reading Paul Gilroy, for example, is the revelation of his discophilia.

2007 July, Nabeel Zuberi, “Is This the Future?: Black Music and Technology Discourse”, in Science Fiction Studies, volume 34, number 2, Terre Haute, Ind.: Department of English, Indiana State University, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 288:


radiophobia

Apparently, I have radiophobia. Radiophobia is when you come to Chernobyl, people think that they get a sore throat or their eyes water or they have diarrhea, and it's not because the actual radiation is infecting you with cancer, but cause you think- you're afraid. It's all psychosomatic.

2012 July 19, Shane Smith, 3:25 from the start, in Hunting the Radioactive Beasts of Chernobyl, Vice Media:


organize

organize (third-person singular simple present organizes, present participle organizing, simple past and past participle organized)

organizes (present singular third-person)
organizing (participle present)
organized (participle past)
organized (past)
organize (infinitive)

From Middle English organizen, organysen, partly from Middle French organiser and partly from its etymon, Medieval Latin organizō, from Latin organum (“organ”); see organ.

to organize an anthem

Formerly , those Catholic priests who sung in parts : so to sing , was to organize

1828, Thomas Busby, A Complete Dictionary of Music:


rap music

(music) Hip-hop music, especially when focused on rapping.


black lung

Thousands of miners have given their lives and their health. They've got black lung, they can't work. The Pittston company is trying to cut off their health benefits by various means. That's what the strike is about.

1989 December 3, Pam Mitchell, Ronnie Gilbert, “Carrying On The Honorable Tradition Of 'Protest Music'”, in Gay Community News, volume 17, number 21, page 9:

(pathology) A chronic disease of the lungs caused by the long-term inhalation of coal dust.


shout

From Middle English shouten. Further origin uncertain. Possibly related to Middle English shooten (“to shoot (out)”) or from or akin to Old Norse skúta (“to chide, scold”), Old Norse skúti, skúta (“a taunt”). See also the second, rare sense of the verb scout (“to reject with contempt”).

cog

Next up the new single from Beyoncé, but first a shout to Barry Bloggins and his wife Belinda...

(informal) A greeting, name-check or other mention, for example on a radio or TV program.


shout

en-verb

shout (third-person singular simple present shouts, present participle shouting, simple past and past participle shouted)

shouts (present singular third-person)
shouting (participle present)
shouted (participle past)
shouted (past)

They shouted thrice; what was the last cry for?

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

5 And it shall come to passe that when they make a long blast with the rammes-horne, and when ye heare the sound of the trumpet, all the people shall shout with a great shout: and the wall of the citie shall fall downe flat, and the people shall ascend vp euery man straight before him.[…]
10 And Ioshua had commanded the people, saying, Ye shall not shout, nor make any noise with your voice, neither shall any word proceed out of your mouth, vntill the day I bid you shoute, then shall ye shoute.[…]
15 And it came to passe on the seuenth day, that they rose early about the dawning of the day, and compassed the citie after the same maner, seuen times: only on that day they compassed the citie seuen times.
16 And it came to passe at the seuenth time, when the Priests blewe with the trumpets, Ioshua said vnto the people, Shout, for the Lord hath giuen you the citie.[…]
20 So the people shouted when the Priests blew with the trumpets: and it came to passe when the people heard the sound of the trumpet, and the people shouted with a great shout, that the wall fell downe flat, so that the people went vp into the citie, euery man straight before him, and they tooke the citie.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Joshua 6:5–20:

"I decided to do it [stand for election] because I'd been interested in politics for a long time and, like lots of people, had spent a lot of time shouting at the radio.

2020 June 3, Lilian Greenwood talks to Paul Stephen, “Rail's 'underlying challenges' remain”, in Rail, page 31:

(intransitive) To utter a sudden and loud cry, as in joy, triumph, exultation or anger, or to attract attention, to animate others, etc.

They shouted his name to get his attention.

(transitive) To utter with a shout; to cry; to shout out


punk

en-noun

punk (countable and uncountable, plural punks)

Uncertain. Possibly from punk ("rotten wood dust used as tinder", attested since 1678; see Etymology 2 below) to anything worthless (attested since 1869) and then to any undesirable person (since 1908).

gl

Who else... would have the nerve to actually begin a song with the line ‘Whatchew gonna do, mama, now that the roast beef's gone...?’ Man, that is true punk; that is so fucked up it's got class up the ass.

1972 November, L. Bangs, Creem, page 68:

(uncountable, music) Short for punk rock, a genre known for short, loud, energetic songs with electric guitars and strong drums.


wail

en-verb

wail (third-person singular simple present wails, present participle wailing, simple past and past participle wailed)

wails (present singular third-person)
wailing (participle present)
wailed (participle past)
wailed (past)

c. 1300, Middle English weilen, waylen (“to sob, cry, wail”), from Old Norse væla (“to wail”), from væ, vei (“woe”), from Proto-Germanic *wai (whence also Old English wā (“woe”) (English woe)), from Proto-Indo-European *wáy.
The verb is first attested in the intransitive sense; the transitive sense developed in mid-14ᵗʰ c.. The noun came from the verb.

At Boston's Roseland, as "the Count's band was wailing," he grabbed Mamie, an avid dancer. The "band was screaming when she kicked off her shoes and got barefooted

1999, Lewis A. Erenberg, Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture, page 111:

The band was really wailing as we quickly made our dance moves in a most provocative manner.

2012, Robert Lewis Barrett, A Portrait of the First Born As a Child, page 377:

We had a nondenominational wedding, with a bunch of great Sufi musicians really wailing, and my wildly enthusiastic mother in attendance.

(slang, music) To perform with great liveliness and force.

jaulen

to perform with great liveliness and force (slang)


wail

A sound made by emergency vehicle sirens, contrasted with "yelp" which is higher-pitched and faster.


teak

en-noun

teak (usually uncountable, plural teaks)

Derived from Portuguese teca, from Malayalam തേക്ക് (tēkkŭ) / Tamil தேக்கு (tēkku).

Tectona grandis
Tectona grandis#Translingual

(uncountable, countable) An extremely durable timber highly valued for shipbuilding and other purposes, yielded by Tectona grandis (and Tectona spp.).

(countable) A tree of the species in the genus Tectona.

teak:

(uncountable) A yellowish brown colour, like that of teakwood.


teak

Of a yellowish brown colour, like that of teak wood.


fret

From Middle English freten (“to bind”), from Old French freter, from frete (“ferrule, ring”) (modern French frette). The origin of the music senses are uncertain; they are possibly from frete or from fret (“to chafe, rub”).

The long-necked Egyptian Nefer was certainly depicted in the 4th dynasty; and wall-painting of the time of Moses, preserved in the British Museum, shows that it then had frets.

1880, A. J. H[ipkins], “LUTE”, in George Grove, editor, A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450–1880) [...] In Three Volumes, volume II, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 175, column 2:

The frets of the lute marked whole tones, while those of the guitar were a semi-tone apart.

1916, “History of the Orchestra”, in Daniel Gregory Mason, editor-in-chief, Benjamin Lambord, editors, The Orchestra and Orchestral Music (The Art of Music: A Comprehensive Library of Information for Music Lovers and Musicians; 8), New York, N.Y.: The National Society of Music, →OCLC, section III, page 69:

(music) One of the pieces of metal, plastic or wood across the neck of a guitar or other string instrument that marks where a finger should be positioned to depress a string as it is played.

tast

one of the pieces of metal, etc., across the neck of a guitar or other string instrument


fret

en-verb

fret (third-person singular simple present frets, present participle fretting, simple past and past participle fretted)

frets (present singular third-person)
fretting (participle present)
fretted (participle past)
fretted (past)

to fret a guitar

To fit frets on to (a musical instrument).

Note that right next to the headstock, the boxes may utilize some open notes in place of fretting with the pointer finger because the nut will effectively fret the notes for you[…].

2015, Drew Turrill, “Step by Step Exercises”, in Don’t Fret – Learn Lead Guitar the Easy Way, [s.l.]: BookBaby, →ISBN:

(transitive, music) Musical senses.
To press down the string behind a fret.


wheeze

wheeze The sound of a man's wheeze (canonical)
wheezes (plural)

From Middle English whesen, perhaps from Old Norse hvæsa (“to hiss”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwes- (“to pant”).

An ordinary whisper exaggerated so as to produce the hoarse sound known as the "stage whisper"; a forcible whisper with some admixture of tone.


strain

From Middle English streen, strene, streon, istreon (“race, stock, generation”), from Old English strēon, ġestrēon (“gain, wealth”), from Proto-Germanic *streuną (“heap, treasure, profit, gain”), from Proto-Indo-European *strew- (“to spread, strew”) (cognate with Old Saxon gistriuni, Old High German gistriuni (“gain, property, wealth, business”), Latin strues (“heap”)). Confused in Middle English with the related noun strend, strynd, strund, from Old English strȳnd (“race; stock”), from strēonan, strȳnan (“to beget; acquire”). Related also to Dutch struinen (“to prowl, root about, rout”).

cog

Yet Keats, though for so many years he has given nothing to the world, is understood to have devoted himself to the composition of an epic poem. Some passages of it have been communicated to the inner circle of his admirers, and impressed them as the loftiest strains that have been audible on earth since Milton’s days.

1846, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “P.'s Correspondence”, in Mosses from an Old Manse:

A baby gurgled, a photographer dropped her lens cap, and the strains of the U.S. Army Brass Quintet echoed off the murals depicting seminal moments in American history.

2024, Christa Case Bryant, As US marks 9/11, a divided Congress unites to honor 13 fallen in Afghanistan, in: The Christian Science Monitor, September 11, 2024

(music, poetry) Any sustained note or movement; a song; a distinct portion of an ode or other poem; also, the pervading note, or burden, of a song, poem, etc.

напев

music, poetry: any sustained note or movement; a song; a distinct portion of an ode or other poem; also, the pervading note, or burden, of a song, poem, etc.


trope

Japanese: トロープ (torōpu)

Korean: 트로프 (teuropeu)

From Latin tropus, from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a manner, style, turn, way; a trope or figure of speech; a mode in music; a mode or mood in logic”), related to τροπή (tropḗ, “solstice; trope; turn”) and τρέπειν (trépein, “to turn”); compare turn of phrase. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

Is not the trope of muſic, to avoid or ſlide from the cloſe or cadence, common with the trope of rhetoric, of deceiving expectation? Is not the delight of the quavering upon a ſtop in muſic, the ſame with the playing of light upon the water?

1765, Francis Bacon, “The Second Book of Francis Bacon: Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human”, in The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Alban, and Lord High Chancellor of England. In Five Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, in the Strand, →OCLC, page 53:

If the antiphon comes to an end with the “Praeparatio” trope, a musical difficulty is presented by the trope’s cadence. Although the antiphon is in the E-plagal mode and the first three trope elements cadence on E, this trope cadences on G, a rare cadence tone in this mode.

1983, John G. Johnstone, “Beyond a Chant: ‘Tui sunt caeli’ and Its Tropes”, in Studies in the History of Music, volumes 1 (Music and Language), New York, N.Y.: Broude Brothers, →ISBN, pages 24–37; reprinted in Alejandro Enrique Planchart, editor, Embellishing the Liturgy: Tropes and Polyphony, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2016, →ISBN, page 138:

A short cadence at the end of the melody in some early music.

troop

music: short cadence at the end of the melody

The eighty six-note segments were originally tabulated by Hauer and are the basis of his twelve-tone system. Each of [Josef Matthias] Hauer's tropes consists of two hexachords of mutually exclusive content, so that each pair of hexachords includes all twelve tones of the semitonal scale. Only eight hexachords may be associated in this way with their own transpositions. These generate the eight tropes illustrated in examples 141 and 128. Each of the remaining seventy-two hexachords must be paired with a dissimilar hexachord in order to form a trope.

1963, George Perle, “Simultaneity”, in Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 120:

twelve-tone technique
twelve-tone technique

A pair of complementary hexachords in twelve-tone technique.

The Torah was chanted in a loud and strong voice so that all could hear. This cantillation of the Torah—trope—is shown by musical notation which serves grammatical and exegetical functions, ta'amay hamikra or ta'amay n'ginah. They put down in a final form an oral tradition that had been maintained for centuries. The Ashkenazim today have six systems of cantillation, each reflective of the texts and time of chanting. For example, on Tishah B'av the tunes are sad and doleful; on Purim the trope resembles a speedy narrative; the readings of Yamim Nora'im are quite majestic, and so on.

1985, Steven M. Brown, “The Languages of Prayer”, in Stephen Garfinkel, editor, Higher and Higher: Making Jewish Prayer Part of Us, Department of Youth Activities, United Synagogue of America, →OCLC, section 3 (The Language of Music), page 45:

The trope does not appear on the handwritten Torah scroll, but the assignment of notes for each word was fixed long ago and is accepted by Jewish communities around the world; the trope now appears in nearly every Jewish printed Bible. […] The symbols that signify the trope for the Hebrew text were introduced at the end of the 10th century of the Common Era.

2006, Sara E. Karesh, Mitchell M. Hurvitz, “trope”, in Encyclopedia of Judaism (Encyclopedia of World Religions), New York, N.Y.: Facts On File, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 526, column 1:

(Judaism) A cantillation pattern, or one of the marks that represents it.

troop

music, Judaism: cantillation pattern or mark


traditional

en-noun

traditional (countable and uncountable, plural traditionals)

/tɹəˈdɪʃənəl/

/tɹəˈdɪʃnəl/

traditional grip
traditional grip#English

(informal, uncountable, music) Short for traditional grip.


smooth jazz

(music, jazz) A modern form of jazz first developed in the 1970s that blends in elements of rhythm and blues.


Baroque

en-adj

Baroque (comparative more Baroque, superlative most Baroque)

more Baroque (comparative)
most Baroque (superlative)

Via French (which originally meant a pearl of irregular shape) from Portuguese barroco (“irregular pearl”); related to Spanish barrueco and Italian barocco and Sicilian baroccu, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from Latin verruca (“wart”), or possibly from the technical construction of scholastic logic, Baroco.

(art, music) From or characteristic of the Baroque period.

barokní

relating or belonging to the Baroque period


Baroque

(art, music) A period in western architecture, art and music from ca. 1600 to ca. 1760 CE, known for its abundance of drama, rich color, and extensive ornamentation.


snap

en-noun

snap (countable and uncountable, plural snaps)

From Dutch snappen (“to bite; seize”) or Low German snappen (“to bite; seize”), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *snappōn, from Proto-Germanic *snappōną (“to snap; snatch; chatter”), intensive form of *snapāną (”to snap; grab”, whence Old Norse snapa (“to get; scrounge”)), from Proto-Indo-European *snop-; compare Lithuanian snãpas (“beak, bill”). (One alternative hypothesis links the Germanic words to *snu-, an expressive root deriving words meaning “nose”, “snout”, “sniff” etc., but this is phonetically unsound.) In any case influenced by onomatopoeia; note expressions such as snip-snap, containing the formally unrelated snip.
Cognate with West Frisian snappe (“to get; catch; snap”), German schnappen (“to grab”), Swedish snappa (“to snatch”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

gloss

”to snap; grab”, whence Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">snapa</i> (“to get; scrounge”)

sound-symbolic

expressive

onom

onomatopoeia


snap

sound-symbolic

expressive

onom

onomatopoeia

The cry used in a game of snap when winning a hand.


disposition

en-noun

disposition (countable and uncountable, plural dispositions)

From Middle English disposicioun, from Middle French disposition, from Latin dispositiōnem, accusative singular of dispositiō, from dispōnō. By surface analysis, dispose + -ition. Doublet of dispositio.

This small harpsichord has a 1 x 4' disposition.

The way in which something or someone is disposed or disposed of (in any sense of those terms); thus:

Control over something, or the results produced by the exercise of such control; thus:

(music) The set of choirs of strings on a harpsichord.


ladder

en-verb

ladder (third-person singular simple present ladders, present participle laddering, simple past and past participle laddered)

ladders (present singular third-person)
laddering (participle present)
laddered (participle past)
laddered (past)

From Middle English ladder, laddre, from Old English hlǣder, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaidriju, from Proto-Germanic *hlaidrijō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlóydʰrom, from *ḱley- (“to lean”).
Compare Scots ledder, North Frisian ladder, Saterland Frisian Laadere, West Frisian ljedder, Dutch ladder, leer, German Leiter); also Old Irish clithar (“hedge”), Umbrian 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌈𐌓𐌀𐌌 (kleθram, “stretcher”)). See lean, which is related to lid.

The Rochdale climber spoken of once fell 70 feet from a mill at Linfitts, owing to an accident while he was laddering. He was terribly hurt, but recovered, and still carries on his trade with unshaken nerve.

1896, Chambers's Journal, Edinburgh, London: W. & R. Chambers, →OCLC, page 367:

A good working knowledge of the ladder parts, how they work, their capacities, and proper usage are a must before anyone is sent out to ladder a building.

1998, John Norman, Fire Officer's Handbook of Tactics, 2nd edition, Saddle Brook, N.J.: Fire Engineering, →ISBN, page 164:

He was barefoot, but he was wearing his climbing harness and was attached to Telperion with a rope. He unclipped the rope, detaching himself from the tree. He stepped out onto a branch and free-climbed up to Cordaro's hammock. […] He laddered his way barefoot to the very top of Telperion. He didn't use a rope, and he felt that any hominid with any dexterity could have pulled off the climb.

2007, Richard Preston, “Detonation Zone”, in The Wild Trees: A Story of Passion and Daring, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN:

(chiefly firefighting) To ascend (a building, a wall, etc.) using a ladder.


plutonic

(inorganic chemistry) Containing plutonium in a higher oxidation state.


articulate

articulate (third-person singular simple present articulates, present participle articulating, simple past and past participle articulated)

articulates (present singular third-person)
articulating (participle present)
articulated (participle past)
articulated (past)

Articulate that passage heavily.

(music, transitive) to attack a note, as by tonguing, slurring, bowing, etc.


pathogenic

en-adj

pathogenic (comparative more pathogenic, superlative most pathogenic)

more pathogenic (comparative)
most pathogenic (superlative)

Melogenic music represents the wide middle area between the extremes of logogenic and pathogenic music.

2008, Curt Sachs, The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, East and West, page 42:

(music) Consisting of harsh, percussive, nonverbal sounds.


splat

I didn't see the egg fall, but I heard the splat when it hit the floor.

The sharp, atonal sound of a liquid or soft solid hitting a solid surface.

(computing, slang) The Command key on an Apple Macintosh.

A move in playboating involving stalling in place while positioned vertically against a solid object in the water.


jive

en-verb

jive (third-person singular simple present jives, present participle jiving, simple past and past participle jived)

jives (present singular third-person)
jiving (participle present)
jived (participle past)
jived (past)

Unknown. Slang attested in African-American and rural American culture. Frequently used to imply lying, verbal deception or trickery. Has a possible historical antecedent in gyve (“shackle”). Alternatively, of African origin, compare Wolof jev, jeu (“to talk about someone absent, especially in a disparaging manner”).

You can dance, you can jive, having the time of your life; ooh, see that girl, watch that scene, diggin' the dancing queen!

1976, “Dancing Queen”, performed by ABBA:

"Can you flamenco?" "If I have to. How about you?" "Love, I can barely waltz. Jive a bit if I'm pissed enough."

2010, Peter Corris, Torn Apart, Allen and Unwin, page 212:

(intransitive, colloquial) To dance, originally to jive or swing music; later, to jazz, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, disco, etc.


joanna

From the name Joanna, which is a rhyme for the dialectal pronunciation of piano as /piˈænə/.

2006, "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'" (song) by the Scissor Sisters
But I don't feel like dancin'
When the old Joanna plays

Cockney rhyming slang
Cockney rhyming slang

(Cockney rhyming slang, often "old joanna") A piano.


rag

rag (third-person singular simple present rags, present participle ragging, simple past and past participle ragged)

rags (present singular third-person)
ragging (participle present)
ragged (participle past)
ragged (past)

Perhaps from ragged. Compare later ragtime.

(music, obsolete) To add syncopation (to a tune) and thereby make it appropriate for a ragtime song.


delta blues

(music) A form of blues originating in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States, generally featuring minimal instrumentation and song structure.


dubplate

From dub (“style of reggae music involving mixing of different audio tracks”) + plate (“music record, usually vinyl”).

compound

You heard that new Danny Weed dubplate?

Their dub-plate (unreleased tracks on private pressings) battles are usually limited to JA [Jamaica] and the UK, but they have begun to invade the States with this unique form of entertainment.

1986 April, Roger Steffens, “World Beat”, in Bob Guccione, Jr., editor, Spin, volume 2, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Camouflage Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19, column 1:

The sound systems – the mobile reggae discos with their own d.j.s, their "specials" and "dub plates" (specially recorded rhythms owned by the system), their own local followings – are networks of live wires and speakers, sounds and affects.

1988, Dick Hebdige, “Post-script 1: Vital Strategies”, in Hiding in the Light: On Images and Things (A Comedia Book), London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, published 1990, →ISBN, section 4 (Postmodernism and “The Other Side”), page 215:

Various Artists, Soundclash Dubplate Style (Taurus Jamaica)

[1989 June, “Groove Me: 20 Recommended Current Albums and Reissues”, in Bob Guccione, Jr., editor, Spin, volume 5, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Camouflage Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 66:

[Courtney] Cole, who finds his artists through talent shows held at his Ocho Rice Roof Club, says he tries out new tunes on a live audience "first on dubplate [special one-off mixes for sound systems and radio jocks], so we can test again before pressing it."

1993 July 10, Maureen Sheridan, “Secrets of the Dancehall Laboratory: Top Groovemasters Drop Science about Reggae’s Tuffest Trend yet”, in Timothy White, editor, Billboard: The International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment, volume 105, number 28, New York, N.Y.: BPI Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page R-20, column 4:

The dubplate is a Jamaican idea: seventies sound systems pressed up their own tracks in order to outdo their rivals. Similarly, jungle's top DJs, desperate for exclusive tracks, spend more than two hundred pounds a week on dubplates—either their own productions or tracks by kindred-spirit producers. Dubplates are also a way of testing out a new track on a club sound system, of seeing how the crowd responds and what scope is for improving the record.

1998, Simon Reynolds, “Roots ’n’ Future: Jungle Takes Over London, 1993–94”, in Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 264:

By the mid-1970s, companies had begun to release sneak previews of coming releases in dub form on acetates. These rare gems became known as ‘dub[-]plates’.

1999, Eugene Lange, “dub”, in edited by Peter Childs and Mike Storry, Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 163, column 2:

Mikey Dread defined the dub plate as "a little pre-release of the thing before it gets to the streets. Back in those days we didn't have CD burners where you could just go and get a copy. You'd have to wait months. So, the dub plate was just taking the same procedure from the mastering room [of the record manufacturing plant] and they just cut this little thing they called an acetate. They cut it right there [in the recording studio]."

2007, Michael E. Veal, “‘Every Spoil is a Style’: The Evolution of Dub Music in the 1970s”, in Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae (Music/Culture), Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, →ISBN, page 51:

[A]t Duke Reid's Treasure isle studio the engineer Byron Smith had cut the dub-plate with the vocals accidentally turned down. After rocking the crowd with the original vocal pressing of the song, [Ruddy] Redwood played them this new voiceless version. The crowd went crazy, singing along, and he played the song so many times that night that by morning the acetate was worn out.

2006, Bill Brewster, Frank Broughton, “Reggae: Wreck Up a Version”, in Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey, updated edition, New York, N.Y.: Headline Book Publishing, Grove Press, →ISBN, page 127:

Dubs originally referred to one-off acetates (eventually called dubplates) that were meant for previewing new music in the 1960s and the praise of an individual sound system in competitive sound clashes[…]. Dubplates are prerecorded endorsements of a particular sound by a reggae artist; they usually follow the melody or lyrics of a popular tune (sometimes a tune sung by that same artist), inserting the name of the sound system and praise for that sound system's skills[…]. In some cases, these improvised lyrics for a dubplate would be cut as records and sold or added to albums[…].

2022, Mark V. Campbell, “Dubbing the Remix and Its Uses”, in Afrosonic Life, New York, N.Y., London: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, pages 94–95:

(music, originally Jamaica) An acetate or vinyl record pressed in very limited numbers, especially one issued to disc jockeys in advance of an official release; specifically (and originally), one containing a piece of dub music (a style of reggae music, often instrumental, involving the mixing of different audio tracks).

dubplate

acetate or vinyl record produced in very limited numbers


blues scale

The blues scale:
{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"alto sax" c'es'f'ges'g'bes'c2}

(music) A minor hexatonic scale originating in the American musical genre blues, consisting of tonic, minor third, fourth, diminished fifth, fifth, and minor seventh, in which notes, particularly the minor third, fourth, diminished fifth, and minor seventh may be bent. It can also be called the minor blues scale when distinguishing it from its only other functional mode the major blues scale.


mezzo-soprano

A voice or voice part intermediate in compass between soprano and contralto.


SF

en-noun

SF (countable and uncountable, plural SFs)

→ Japanese: エスエフ, SF (SF)

spontaneous fission
spontaneous fission#English


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Latin silex (“pebble, flint”), siliqua (“pod”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

The first lyre may have been made by drawing strings over the underside of a tortoise shell.

when Jubal struck the chorded shell

1687, John Dryden, A Song for Cecilia's Day:

(music) A string instrument, as a lyre, whose acoustical chamber is formed like a shell.

lier

music: string instrument, whose acoustical chamber is formed like a shell

(music) The body of a drum; the often wooden, often cylindrical acoustic chamber, with or without rims added for tuning and for attaching the drum head.


pearl

en-noun

pearl (countable and uncountable, plural pearls)

Horace
Jean Jannon
New Testament
Vergil
en:pearl
en:pearl (disambiguation)
en:pearl (typography)

From Middle English perle, from Old French perle of uncertain etymology. Probably via unattested Medieval Latin *pernula, from Latin perna (“haunch; a marine bivalve shaped like a leg of lamb”) but also derived from Medieval Latin perla, from Latin perula (“little bag”). Its typographic use follows the name given by Jean Jannon to the type used in his miniature editions of Vergil, Horace, & the New Testament in the 1620s, which were the smallest printed works to his time. Its surfing use derives from the supposed resemblance to pearl diving.

der

Errol. Pearl three Escutcheons Ruby. / Elgin. Topaz a Saltier and Chief Ruby, on a Canton Pearl a Lyon Rampant Saphyr, which last is their paternal Coat; and the Field Topaz, and Saltier, and Chief Ruby, was the Arms of King Robert the Bruce, they altering the Field from Pearl (as he bore it) to Topaz.

1720, Francis Nichols, Rudiments of Honour, page 296:

The Field is Ruby, on a Bend Topaz, three Martlets Diamond. The Armes of the most Noble and Puissant Lord, Edward Brabazon, Earl of Meath, and Baron of Atherdee in the Kingdom of Ireland. His Lordship's Atchievements are Quarterly of sixteen Coats. 1. Brabazon, as above. 2. Diamond, on a Chevron between three Pickaxes Pearl, as many Mullets Ruby, by the Name of Mosley. 3. Saphire, ten Bezants, 4, 3, 2, 1, by the Bisset. 4. Pearl, on a Bend Diamond, nine Annulets conjoined in three Links Topaz.

1726, John Guillim, The Banner Display'd; Or, an Abridgment of Guillim, page 504:

(1) Pearl, a Cross, Ruby, with the Effigies of our Saviour thereon, Topaz, born in Memory of one of the Family's fighting against the Turks.

1754, John Lodge, The Peerage of Ireland; Or, a Genealogical History of the ..., page 71:

(heraldry) Argent, in blazoning by precious stones.


larghetto

Borrowed from Italian larghetto, diminutive of largo.

Play larghetto here, even though it’s marked largo.

(music) Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino.