drop

From Late Middle English droppe, Middle English drope (“small quantity of liquid; small or least amount of something; pendant jewel; dripping of a liquid; a shower; nasal flow, catarrh; speck, spot; blemish; disease causing spots on the skin”) [and other forms], from Old English dropa (“a drop”), from Proto-West Germanic *dropō (“drop (of liquid)”), from Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop (of liquid)”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).

nb...

dropan, droupe, (Northern England) droipe

afval

small quantity of liquid, just large enough to hold its own round shape through surface tension

piisk

very small quantity of liquid, or of anything

piisk

that which hangs or resembles a liquid globule

pudotettu esine

(online gaming, video games) item dropped by a defeated enemy

langemine

decline in degree, quality, quantity, or rate

afgrond

distance through which something drops, or falls below a certain level

Drops are another source of juice apple supply. As the pickers pick apples in orchards oriented toward fresh-market or canning apples, apples fall or are accidentally knocked to the ground; these are drops. The only use for drops is juice production.

1986 June, “Information Obtained in the Investigation”, in Apple Juice: Report to the President on Investigation No. TA-201-59 under Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 (USITC Publication; 1861), Washington, D.C.: United States International Trade Commission, →OCLC, page A-2:

Drops are fruit that has fallen to the ground naturally or that is dropped or knocked off during harvest. Drops have no value except for pressing for juice. While the value of drops is usually minimal, they must be removed from the orchards; otherwise, they attract mice which later in the season, once the apples are gone, gnaw on the roots of apple trees.

1993, United States Commission on Agricultural Workers, “The Apple Industry in New York and Pennsylvania”, in Case Studies and Research Reports Prepared for the Commission on Agricultural Workers 1989–1993 to Accompany the Report of the Commission: Appendix I, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 387, column 1:

But in the fall, when apples are abundant and cheap, I like to make my own [applesauce]. I'll often buy a few bags of "drops" just for this purpose. Drops are apples that have fallen from the trees instead of being picked. They're less expensive since they might have a bruise or two, but otherwise they're fresh nd juicy.

2002, Ken Haedrich, “Very Apple Apple Pies”, in Apple Pie: 100 Delicious and Decidedly Different Recipes for America’s Favorite Pie, Boston, Mass.: The Harvard Common Press, →ISBN, page 97, column 1:

Biologically based IPM goes further by integrating orchard practices for common gain. Thus, in a second-level IPM orchard, sprays are withheld after June to allow beneficial insect populations to rebuild; summer maggot fly incursions are trapped at the border; drops are removed to limit in-orchard pest pupation; and fall sanitation is used to reduce disease inoculum the following spring.

2005 October, Michael Phillips, “Growing Apples Locally”, in The Apple Grower: A Guide for the Organic Orchardist, revised edition, White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 3:

Drops are often considered the same as windfalls, and some people insist that any fruit that has fallen to the ground—no matter for how short a time—should not be used for making cider. […] Drops, on the other hand [unlike windfalls], are fruits that have sat around on the ground for a longer period of time—typically a day or more.

2009, Ben Watson, Cider, Hard and Sweet: History, Traditions, and Making Your Own, 2nd edition, Woodstock, Vt.: The Countryman Press, →ISBN, page 54, column 1:

(agriculture) A fruit which has fallen off a tree, etc., or has been knocked off accidentally, rather than picked.


mead

From Middle English mede (“meadow”), from Old English mǣd. Cognate with West Frisian miede, Mede, German Low German Meed, Dutch made.

Farewel ye crystal streams, that pass / Thro’ fragrant meads of verdant grass:

a. 1722, Matthew Prior, “Dorinda”, in H. Bunker Wright, Monroe K. Spears, editors, The Literary Works of Matthew Prior, Second edition, volume I, Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1971, page 693:

Hither, hither, love — / ‘Tis a shady mead — / Hither, hither, love! / Let us feed and feed!

c. 1817, John Keats, Hither, hither, love -:

But any man that walks the mead, / In bud, or blade, or bloom, may find, / According as his humours lead, / A meaning suited to his mind.

1842, Alfred Tennyson, “The Day-Dream. Moral.”, in Poems. […], volume II, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 160:

Four voices of four hamlets round, / From far and near, on mead and moor, / Swell out and fail, as if a door / Were shut between me and the sound […]

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXVIII, page 45:

'We must overhaul that mead,' he resumed; 'this mustn't continny!'

1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: James R[ipley] Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., […], →OCLC:

There ran little streams over bright pebbles, dividing meads of green and gardens of many hues, [...].

1920, H. P. Lovecraft, The Doom that Came to Sarnath:


single

en-verb

single (third-person singular simple present singles, present participle singling, simple past and past participle singled)

singles (present singular third-person)
singling (participle present)
singled (participle past)
singled (past)

From Middle English single, sengle, from Old French sengle, saingle, sangle, from Latin singulus, a diminutive derived from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”). Akin to Latin simplex (“simple”). See simple, and compare singular.

Paul went joyfully, and spent the afternoon helping to hoe or to single turnips with his friend.

1913, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, chapter 7, in Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth & Co. […], →OCLC:

The seeds did not germinate in many parts of a row until rains in end of June and thunderplumps in first week of July brought them up later in patches, so that no second sowing was necessary, but singling was done by stages.

1916, Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, page 241:


battle

From Middle English batel, batell, batelle, batayle, bataylle, borrowed from Old French bataille, from Late Latin battālia, variant of battuālia (“fighting and fencing exercises”) from Latin battuō (“to strike, hit, beat, fight”), of uncertain origin. Possibly from a Gaulish or Proto-Germanic root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to stab, dig”), related to Old English beado (“battle”); or possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to hit, strike, beat”). Doublet of battalia and battel. Displaced native Old English ġefeoht, beado, camp, and wīg (“battle”), among others.

պայքար

struggle; a contest; as, the battle of life

Father Charles goes down and ends battle

no battle plan survives contact with the enemy

no battle plan survives first contact with the enemy


vase

Borrowed from Middle French vase, from Latin vās. Doublet of vas.

(architecture) The body of the Corinthian capital.


filth

en-noun

filth (usually uncountable, plural filths)

From Middle English filth, from Old English fȳlþu, from Proto-West Germanic *fūliþu, equivalent to foul + -th.

Grampa remembers when he had to cut filth with a scythe.

(US, agriculture, dated) Weeds growing on pasture land.


spawn

spawn (countable and uncountable, plural spawn or spawns)

From Middle English spawne, from the verb (see above).

потомък

any germ or seed, even a figurative source; offspring

(horticulture) The buds or branches produced from underground stems.


crop

From Middle English crop, croppe, from Old English crop, cropp, croppa (“the head or top of a plant, a sprout or herb, a bunch or cluster of flowers, an ear of corn, the craw of a bird, a kidney”), from Proto-West Germanic *kropp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body, trunk, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to warp, bend, crawl”).
Cognates
Cognate with Dutch krop (“crop”), German Low German Kropp (“a swelling on the neck, the craw, maw”), German Kropf (“the craw, ear of grain, head of lettuce or cabbage”), Swedish kropp (“body, trunk”), Icelandic kroppur (“a hunch on the body”). Related to crap, doublet of group and croup.

cog

The farmer had a nice crop of corn.

(agriculture) A plant, grown for it, or its fruits or seeds, to be harvested as food, livestock fodder, or fuel or for any other economic purpose.


parity

From Latin paritas, from pariō (“give birth”).

(agriculture, countable) The number of times a sow has farrowed.


super

There may be thirty to fifty supers in every outyard, and we have only about half an hour to get them off the hives, stacked and covered before the bees get really cross about what we are doing.

1983, Sue Hubbell, A Country Year: Living the Questions, Boston, MA: Mariner Books, published 1999, →ISBN, page 69:


super

en-verb

super (third-person singular simple present supers, present participle supering, simple past and past participle supered)

supers (present singular third-person)
supering (participle present)
supered (participle past)
supered (past)

The question is: when is the best time to super?

1917 Dadant, C. P., First Lessons in Beekeeping; revised & rewritten edition, 1968, by M. G. Dadant and J. C. Dadant, p 73


orangery

/ˈɒrɪndʒərɪ/

From French orangerie; equivalent to orange + -ery.

A greenhouse in which orange trees are grown.

gülxana

A garden or plantation where orange trees are grown.


greenhouse

From green + house ("house for growing greens"), in reference to the produce grown within.

(climatology) A hot state in global climate.


mummy

en-noun

mummy (countable and uncountable, plural mummies)

From Middle English mummie, from Anglo-Norman mumie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic مُومِيَاء (mūmiyāʔ), from Persian مومیا (mumyâ), from موم (mum, “wax”). Doublet of mumijo.

der

Arabic مُومِيَاء (mūmiyāʔ)

(uncountable, horticulture, obsolete) A sort of wax used in grafting.


pleach

en-verb

pleach (third-person singular simple present pleaches, present participle pleaching, simple past and past participle pleached)

pleaches (present singular third-person)
pleaching (participle present)
pleached (participle past)
pleached (past)

The verb is from Late Middle English pleshe, Middle English plechen, pleche (“to layer; to propagate (a plant) by layering, to pleach”), possibly from Anglo-Norman and Middle French plesser, plessier, Middle French plescer, variants of Middle French, Old French plaissier, plessier (“to plash”), from Late Latin *plaxus, from Latin plexus (“braided, plaited, woven; bent, twisted”), perfect passive participle of plectō (“to braid, plait, weave; to bend, turn, twist”).
The noun is derived from the verb.

der

Her Vine, the merry chearer of the heart, / Vnpruned, dyes: her Hedges euen pleach'd, / Like Priſoners wildly ouer-growne with hayre, / Put forth diſorder'd Twigs: [...]

1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii], page 92, column 2:

Her [France's] vine [i.e. grapevines which produce wine], the merry cheerer of the heart / Unpruned, dies; her hedges, though [once] evenly pleached, / Like prisoners wildly overgrown with hair, / Put forth disordered twigs; …

Nectar ran / In courteous fountains to all cups outreach'd; / And plunder'd vines, teeming exhaustless, pleach'd / New growth about each shell and pendent lyre; [...]

1818, John Keats, “Book III”, in Endymion: A Poetic Romance, London: […] T[homas] Miller, […] for Taylor and Hessey, […], →OCLC, page 149, lines 932–935:

The season in which to pleach is not when the hedge is growing, but in the fall, between the falling of the leaves and the time when winter sets in. Osage thorn hedge should not be pleached during severe freezing weather, but pleaching may be done in mild weather, when there is but little frost in the wood, and in the winter in southern latitudes. In the northern belt, where the Osage thorn thrives, which is as far north as southern Wisconsin, it is not safe to pleach in winter.

1868, “Osage Hedges”, in Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1868, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, published 1869, →OCLC, page 255:

[I]n Messina, he pleaches Leonato's bower with honeysuckle; [...]

1878 September 21, “How Their Gardens Grow in North America”, in Charles Dickens, Jr., editor, All the Year Round, A Weekly Journal. [...] With which is Incorporated Household Words, volume XXI, number 512 (New Series), London: Published at No. 26, Wellington Street; and by Messrs. Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 271, column 1:

In the southern and western districts of the county [Shropshire], a hatchet used by farmers and gardeners is called a "brummuck." [...] "Pleaching" hedges, a task needing much skill, is done with brummucks.

1908 July 22, “Radymadasy” [pseudonym], “Queries. [The Dialect of Shropshire.]”, in Bye-gones: Relating to Wales and the Border Counties, volume X (New Series), Oswestry, Shropshire, Wrexham, Denbighshire: Woodall, Minshall, Thomas and Co.; London: Elliot Stock […], →OCLC, page 260, column 1:

Here the reed warblers swing their dainty cradle, rocked by every gust which sways the tall reeds which they cunningly pleach and plait into its fragile sides, but woven deep enough to guard their tiny green and brown marbled eggs from accident.

1910 September 10, “The Open Life. Birds of the Lakes and Meres.”, in The Outlook: A Weekly Review of Politics, Art, Literature, and Finance, volume XXVI, number 658, London: The Outlook Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 361, column 2:

You finish your A levels, you are so busy discovering yourself that you forget to go to college or get a vocation, you start working in a pub, and, when your best and only friend leaves town, you become a loner and invest yourself in things that rely little on the company of others, like pleaching willow and learning how to slum it comfortably under the stars, and singing.

2014, Samantha Harvey, Dear Thief, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN; republished London: Vintage Books, 2015, →ISBN, page 59:

(transitive) To unite by interweaving, as (horticulture) branches of shrubs, trees, etc., to create a hedge; to interlock, to plash.


pleach

Not a dryad of the beeches, / Through the filmy forest-reaches, / That a tress of summer pleaches, / But had owned her queen; [...]

1859, Leander Clark, “Elesta”, in Kenridge Hall, and Other Poems, Washington, D.C.: Published by Franklin Philp; Tho[ma]s McGill, printer, →OCLC, stanza 2, page 6:

An act or result of interweaving; specifically, (horticulture) a hedge or lattice created by interweaving the branches of shrubs, trees, etc.

жив плет

These stems should be stripped (or nearly so) of their branches, and notched at the bottom (in the way which every hedger knows) to form a pleach: these pleaches should be laid in the intervals along the line of the stubs, and again notched, [...]

1821, Francis Blaikie, “Cutting of Hedges Continued”, in A Treatise on the Management of Hedges, and Hedge-row Timber, new edition, London: Printed [by Mowlett and Brimmer] for John Harding, […], →OCLC, page 41:

The pleaches are laid over all in the same direction and stakes are driven in so as to come alternately behind and in front of the stems laid over, but the ends of the pleaches are made to finish all on one side, that is to say, on the opposite side of the hedge to the notches. [...] The hedger treads down his pleaches so as to make a firm and solid hedge and winds round the tops of the stakes long, clean rods of hazel, [...]

1934, T[homas] Hennell, “Hedges and Ditches”, in Change in the Farm, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC; 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, 1936, →OCLC, page 40:

(horticulture) A branch of a shrub, tree, etc., used for pleaching; a pleacher.

punottava oksa

Traditional hedge laying involves, first, clearing away undergrowth and weeds, particularly from a hedge that has been neglected and allowed to grow tall. Untidy side branches are removed. A cut, known as a pleach, is made in the back of the trunk, leaving a 'hinge'; old-time hedgers recommend that this should be as thick as a lamb's tongue.

2007, Holly Kerr Forsyth, “Hedges”, in The Constant Gardener: A Botanical Bible, Carlton, Vic.: The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne University Publishing, →ISBN, page 221:

When laying hedges, notches (pleaches) are cut in branches that are to be bent (the bent bits must go upwards, otherwise the sap will not run).

2009, Tony Atkins, “Unrestrained and Restrained Workplaces: Dynamic Cutting”, in The Science and Engineering of Cutting: The Mechanics and Processes of Separating, Scratching and Puncturing Biomaterials, Metals and Non-metals, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, →ISBN, section 10.1 (Introduction), page 245:

(horticulture) A notch cut into a branch so that it can be bent when pleaching is carried out.


block

→ Dutch: block

→ German: Block

→ Irish: bloc

→ Manx: block

→ Maori: poraka

→ Norwegian: blokk

→ Polish: blok

desctree

→ Russian: блок (blok)
→ Armenian: բլոկ (blok)
→ Yakut: блок (blok)

→ Spanish: block

→ Vietnamese: lốc

From Middle English blok (“log, stump, solid piece”), from Old French bloc (“log, block”), from Middle Dutch blok (“treetrunk”), from Old Dutch *blok (“log”), from Proto-West Germanic *blokk, from Proto-Germanic *blukką (“beam, log”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“thick plank, beam, pile, prop”). Cognate with Old Frisian blok, Old Saxon blok, Old High German bloh, bloc (“block”), Old English bolca (“gangway of a ship, plank”), Old Norse bǫlkr (“divider, partition”). More at balk. See also bloc, bulk.

طَابُوقَة

substantial often approximately cuboid piece

թաղամաս

group of buildings demarcated by streets

A physical area or extent of something, often rectangular or approximately rectangular.

(viticulture) A discrete group of vines in a vineyard, often distinguished from others by variety, clone, canopy training method, irrigation infrastructure, or some combination thereof.


elevator

→ Hawaiian: ʻeleweka

→ Japanese: エレベーター

→ Korean: 엘리베이터 (ellibeiteo)

one's elevator doesn't go all the way to the top

(aeronautics) A control surface of an aircraft responsible for controlling the pitching motion of the machine.


silo

From Spanish silo, of unclear origin. See Spanish silo for more.

(agriculture) A vertical building, usually cylindrical, used for the production of silage.

(agriculture) From the shape, a building used for the storage of grain.


granny

(agriculture, colloquial) An older ewe that may lure a lamb away from its mother.


agriculture

en-noun

agriculture (countable and uncountable, plural agricultures)

/ˈæɡɹɪˌkʌltʃə/

/ˈæɡɹɪˌkʌlt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈeɪɡɹɪˌkʌlt͡ʃɚ/

From Middle English agriculture, partly from Middle French agriculture and partly from its etymon Latin agricultūra, from ager (“field”) + cultūra (“cultivation”). See acre and culture.

The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of livestock.

landbou

the art or science of cultivating the ground


stitch

en-verb

stitch (third-person singular simple present stitches, present participle stitching, simple past and past participle stitched)

stitches (present singular third-person)
stitching (participle present)
stitched (participle past)
stitched (past)

From Middle English sticchen, stichen, from Old English *stiċċan, stiċċian, from Proto-Germanic *stikjaną (“to stab, stick, prick”), influenced by the noun (see above).


shatter

en-verb

shatter (third-person singular simple present shatters, present participle shattering, simple past and past participle shattered)

shatters (present singular third-person)
shattering (participle present)
shattered (participle past)
shattered (past)

From Middle English schateren (“to scatter, dash”), an assibilated form of Middle English scateren ("to scatter"; see scatter), from Old English scaterian, from Proto-Germanic *skat- (“to smash, scatter”), perhaps ultimately imitative. Cognate with Dutch schateren (“to burst out laughing”), Low German schateren, Albanian shkatërroj (“to destroy, devastate”). Doublet of scatter.

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

Harvesting is done much as with alfalfa, but alsike seed is small and shatters if it is not handled carefully.

1961, Yearbook of Agriculture, page 175:

(intransitive, agriculture) Of seeds: to be dispersed upon ripening.


plantation

en-noun

plantation (countable and uncountable, plural plantations)

Borrowed from Middle French plantation, from Latin plantātiō (“planting, transplanting”), from plantātus (“planted”), the perfect passive participle of plantāre, + action noun suffix -tiō.

der

Plantation (settlement or colony)
plantation

She used to bound through the plantations, her eye first caught by one object, then another, gazing round for something to admire and to love. Now she walked slowly, her eyes fixed on the ground, as if, in all the wide fair world, there was nothing to attract nor to interest.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “A First Disappointment”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 268:

An area where trees are planted, either for commercial purposes, or to adorn an estate.

насажде́ние

area where trees are grown for commercial purposes


nursery

en-noun

nursery (countable and uncountable, plural nurseries)

Carolina Stanley
Fritz von Uhde
Kunsthalle Hamburg
María Eugenia Vidal

From Middle English noricerie, norserye (“children's nursery; state of being fostered or nursed; education, upbringing”) [and other forms], from Old French norricerie, nourricerie, from norrice, nourrice (modern French nourrice (“childminder, nanny; wet nurse”)) + -erie (suffix forming feminine nouns). Norrice and nourrice are derived from Late Latin nūtrīcia (“wet nurse”), from Latin nūtrīcius (“that nurses or suckles; nourishing”), from nūtriō (“to breastfeed, nurse, suckle”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to flow”). The English word may be analysed as nourice, nurse + -ery (suffix forming nouns meaning ‘place of’).

refn

From the collection of the Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

nb...

norceri, norcerie, norcery, norcerye, norisri, norisrie, norisserie, norisserye, norserie, norserye, norsheri, norshery, norysrye, nursery

де́тска я́сла

place where nursing or the raising of children is carried out

разса́дник

(countable, also figuratively) A place where anything is fostered and growth promoted.

(agriculture, zoology) A place where animals breed, or where young animals are naturally or artificially reared (for example, on a farm).

guarderia

[I]f we had but one skilful and diligent Nurſery-man, who had a complete Nurſery of all ſorts of good fruit, and of the beſt Vines that agree beſt with this Climate, and Mulberry Trees, and wholſom Trees for the avenues of Cities, Towns, and fair Manſions; That one ſuch Nurſery within ten or fifteen miles in all the Vales of theſe three united Kingdoms, would make all theſe Plantations ſpread apace, and amount to the value of Millions yearly. [...] I am ſure, that many in Wiltſhire, Hampſhire, Dorſetſhire, and Sommerſetſhire are obliged and the richer for the famous Garden of Wilton, and for the goodly Nurſeries about Saliſbury.

1677, John Beale, “To the Much Honoured and Worthy Henry Oldenburg, Esq.; Secretary to the Royal Society”, in Nurseries, Orchards, Profitable Gardens, and Vineyards Encouraged, […], London: Printed for Henry Brome […], →OCLC, pages 2–3:

Managers of small nurseries may also come into direct contact with the public, who may have complaints about invasive nursery plants or may want varieties that a nursery manager considers invasive. Thus, retail nursery managers have an important role in educating both the consumer public and the wholesale nursery sector in environmental weed issues.

2004, John Mason, “Selecting and Managing Nursery Stock”, in Nursery Management, 2nd edition, Collingwood, Vic.: Landlinks Press, →ISBN, page 73:

(horticulture) A place where young shrubs, trees, vines, etc., are cultivated for transplanting, or (more generally) made available for public sale, a garden centre; also (obsolete) a plantation of young trees.

mintegi

place where young plants are cultivated for transplanting


camp

en-noun

camp (countable and uncountable, plural camps)

→ German: Camp

→ Irish: campa

→ Japanese: キャンプ (kyanpu)

→ Korean: 캠프 (kaempeu)

→ Malay: kem

→ Ottoman Turkish: قامپ

Turkish: kamp

→ Scottish Gaelic: campa

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: campadh

→ Spanish: campo (semantic loan) (New Mexico)

→ Swahili: kambi

→ Taos: kòmpuʼúna

→ Thai: แคมป์ (kɛ́m)

From Middle English kampe (“battlefield, open space”), from Old English camp (“battle, contest, battlefield, open space”), from Proto-West Germanic *kamp (“open field where military exercises are held, level plain”), from Latin campus (“open field, level plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂emp- (“to bend; crooked”). Reinforced circa 1520 by Middle French can, camp (“place where an army lodges temporarily”), from Old Northern French camp, from the same Latin (whence also French champ from Old French). Cognate with Old High German champf (“battle, struggle”) (German Kampf), Old Norse kapp (“battle”), Old High German hamf (“paralysed, maimed, mutilated”). Doublet of campus and champ.
The verb is from Middle English campen, from Old English campian, compian (“to fight, war against”), from Proto-West Germanic *kampōn (“to fight, do battle”), from *kamp (“field, battlefield, battle”), see above. Cognate with Dutch kampen, German kämpfen (“to struggle”), Danish kæmpe, Swedish kämpa.

inh

(agriculture) A mound of earth in which potatoes and other vegetables are stored for protection against frost


frame

→ Korean: 프레임 (peureim)

→ Swahili: fremu

From Middle English frame (“profit, benefit, advantage; a structure composed according to a plan”), from the verb (above) and also from Old Norse frami (“advantage, fame, bravery, efficiency, privilege, honor”); and frame (“a framework or structure of any kind”) which is of uncertain origin. The latter is usually regarded as a derivative of former; however, compare the rare Anglo-Norman and Old French frame, fraine (“frame, framework”), itself of uncertain origin, which might be a borrowing from the English, from the Norse, or even possibly ultimately from Frankish *hramu (“frame”) related to Dutch raam (“window frame”).

der

a forcing-frame; a cucumber frame

(horticulture) A movable structure used for the cultivation or the sheltering of plants.


grazier

/ˈɡɹeɪʒə(ɹ)/

Graziers on the tablelands are in dire straits because they do not have enough winter feed and will have to keep reducing stock.

(UK, historical) One who grazes cattle and/or sheep on a rural property.

They came ungraciously, but after his dark, bodeful hints as to the necessity of their attending service at the grazier's homestead next day, he was invited inside and a place was cleared for him at the table.

1902, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Bush Studies (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 66:

As a result of these causes the grazier marks himself off fairly sharply from the rest of Australia. He has always spent a considerable proportion of the time in the capital cities, in each of which he has formed a club to which, besides the graziers, only a few of the wealthiest and most prominent of the city dwellers are admitted.

1963, Colin Clark, Australian Hopes and Fears, page 75:

They have been here, the bora rings, for over twenty thousand years, it is believed; it is only in the past hundred, a hiccup in time, that indifferent graziers and the treads of their four-wheel drives have scattered the stones and have imprinted zippered cars across their sacred clay skin.

1996, Janette Turner Hospital, Oyster, paperback edition, Virago Press, page 44:

The ‘grazier’ image can be contrasted to that of the ‘cocky’. Graziers have tended to own large tracts of land, have inherited family wealth from the heady days of high wool prices, often reside in stately homes, possess a good education, and have taken leadership roles in the industry.

2000, Bill Pritchard, Phil McManus, Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia, page 34:

(Australia) The owner of a large property on which sheep or cattle graze.


lawnmower

(preceded by definite article) A dance move in which the dancer mimics using a petrol lawn mower by pulling the starter cord and then pushing the mower forwards to the beat of the music.


bud

en-noun

bud (countable and uncountable, plural buds)

From Middle English budde (“bud, seed pod”), from Proto-Germanic *buddǭ (compare Dutch bot (“bud”), German Hagebutte (“hip, rosehip”), regional German Butzen (“seed pod”), Swedish dialect bodd (“head”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”).

In this slide, you can see a yeast cell forming buds.

A small rounded body in the process of splitting from an organism, which may grow into a genetically identical new organism.

пъпка

You got any buds?

(usually uncountable, slang) Potent cannabis taken from the flowering part of the plant (the "bud"), or marijuana generally.

(US, Canada, Australia, slang, usually in the plural) Cannabis that has been taken from the flowering part of the plant intended to be smoked.

Hey bro, want to smoke some bud?

(US, Canada, Australia, slang, uncountable) Marijuana.


bud

en-verb

bud (third-person singular simple present buds, present participle budding, simple past and past participle budded)

buds (present singular third-person)
budding (participle present)
budded (participle past)
budded (past)

Yeast reproduces by budding.

(intransitive) To reproduce by splitting off buds.


bud

I like to hang out with my buds on Saturday night.

Anna's best bud, John (Malcolm Cumming), harbors a secret crush on her, which is indicative of the lazier, more derivative portions of the story that simply repeat tropes rather than comment on them.

2018 November 27, April Wolfe, “Anna And The Apocalypse is a Holiday-horror Cocktail of Singing, Maiming, and Clichés”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2019-11-04:

[T]hen he shrugged his shoulders and said, with admirable philosophy: "Well, that's life, ain't it, bud?"

1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 87:

(informal, chiefly Canada) Synonym of guy, term of address for a man or person.


clove

From Middle English clove, from Old English clufu, from Proto-West Germanic *klubu, from Proto-Germanic *klubō, related to clēofan (“to cleave, split”), hence with the verbal etymology hereafter.

clove of garlic, garlic clove, clove of a sea-onion, clove of shallot, cloves of bulbs

(horticulture, cooking) One of the small bulbs formed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb.

до́лька f (dólʹka, literally “segment”) (чеснока́)


eke

The noun is derived from Middle English eke (“addition, increase, enlargement”), from Old English ēaca, from Proto-Germanic *aukô, from *aukaną (“to increase, add, enlarge”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to enlarge, increase”). The English noun is cognate with Old Frisian āka (“addition, increase; bonus”), Old Norse auki (“growth, increase, proliferation”).
The verb is derived partly:
* from the noun; and
* from Middle English eken (“to increase, add, enlarge”) [and other forms], from three distinct verbs (1) Old English īeċan (“to increase, add, enlarge”) (transitive), (2) ēacan (“to be enlarged or increased”), and (3) ēacian, all from Proto-Germanic *aukaną (“to grow, increase”); see further above.
The English verb is cognate with Latin augeō (“to augment, increase; to enlarge, expand, spread; to lengthen; to exaggerate; to enrich; to honour; (figuratively) to exalt, praise”), Old English ēac (“also”), Old Norse auka (“to augment, increase; to add; to exceed, surpass”), Icelandic auka (“to augment, increase to add; to exceed, surpass”), (Danish øge (“to enhance; to increase”), Norwegian Bokmål øke (“to increase”), Norwegian Nynorsk auka (“to increase”), Swedish öka (“to increase”)).

nb...

æcon, ayke, eche, echen, eek, eeke, eik (Scottish), ek, eke, uchen, yche, ȝeke, ȝeken

cog

Various have been the contrivances for effecting the separation of storage and breeding departments in a hive. […] An empty box or hive, pushed beneath a full one, is denominated a Nadir,—a mode of practice not always advisable except in the case of swarms of the same year, or towards the latter end of very abundant seasons. A still smaller addition to a common hive consists of merely a few bands of straw, on which it is raised temporarily, and this constitutes an eke. […] The entrance to the stock-hive must be stopped, and one made at the bottom of the eke or nadir.

1850, Henry Taylor, “Swarming (or Single Hiving) and Depriving Systems”, in The Bee-keepers Manual, or Practical Hints on the Management and Complete Preservation of the Honey-bee; […], 6th edition, London: Groombridge and Sons, […], →OCLC, pages 24–25:

(beekeeping, archaic) A small stand on which a beehive is placed.

(beekeeping) A spacer put between or over or under hive parts to make more space.


royal jelly

en-noun

royal jelly (countable and uncountable, plural royal jellies)

A substance secreted by honey bees to aid in the development of immature or young bees, supplied in extra measure to those young that will become queen bees.


plough

→ Fiji Hindi: falaawaa

From Middle English plouh, plow, plugh(e), plough(e), plouw, from Old English plōh (“hide of land, ploughland”) and Old Norse plógr (“plough (the implement)”), both from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz, *plōguz (“plough”). Cognate with Scots pleuch, plou, North Frisian plog, West Frisian ploech, Low German Ploog, Dutch ploeg, Russian плуг (plug), German Pflug, Danish plov, Swedish and Norwegian plog, Icelandic plógur. Replaced Old English sulh (“plough, furrow”); see sullow.

der

The horse-drawn plough had a tremendous impact on agriculture.

(agriculture) A device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting.


disk

→ Japanese: ディスク (disuku)

→ Korean: 디스크 (diseukeu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: disk

→ Thai: ดิสก์ (dìt)

→ Turkish: disk

→ Welsh: disg

From Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “a circular plate suited for hurling”), from δικέω (dikéō, “to hurl, to launch”). Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, dish, and diskos.


disk

en-verb

disk (third-person singular simple present disks, present participle disking, simple past and past participle disked)

disks (present singular third-person)
disking (participle present)
disked (participle past)
disked (past)

That is alkali. Mr. Kochendorfer: I have a ten-year apple orchard that I disked last year and kept it tolerably clean this spring.

1916, Various, Trees, Fruits and Flowers of Minnesota, 1916:

The next year I plowed and disked the patch of ground and planted potatoes.

1948, Various, Northern Nut Growers Association Incorporated 39th Annual Report:

The soil is plowed and disked and then seeded with a mixture of prairie plants.

1991 September 6, Jerry Sullivan, “Field & Street”, in Chicago Reader:


cull

From Middle English cullen, cuilen, coilen, from Old French cuillir (“collect, gather, select”), from Latin colligō (“gather together”). Doublet of coil.

der

(agriculture) An individual animal selected to be killed, or item of produce to be discarded.


plug

→ Gulf Arabic: بلاك (blāk)

→ Burmese: ပလတ် (pa.lat)

→ Japanese: プラグ (puragu)

From Dutch plug, from Middle Dutch plugge (“peg, plug”), from Old Dutch *pluggi, from Proto-West Germanic *plugi. Further origin unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *plugjaz, but the word seems originally restricted to northern continental West Germanic. Perhaps ultimately from the same source as Dutch plag (“cut-out sod”), itself considered to be from a substrate.
Compare German Low German Plüg, Norwegian plug (“peg, wedge”, probably borrowed from Middle Low German), German Pflock (“peg”, restricted to Central German and phonetically divergent). Possibly akin to Lithuanian plúkti (“to strike, hew”).

unk

unknown

cog

(horticulture) A small seedling grown in a tray from expanded polystyrene or polythene filled usually with a peat or compost substrate.


colter

(US) The part of a seed drill that makes the furrow for the seed.


curl

From metathesis of Middle English crulle (“curled, curly”), from Middle Dutch crul, crulle (“curl”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruzlǭ (“bent or crooked object, curl”), of unknown origin; possibly from Pre-Germanic *grus-, contracted from Proto-Indo-European *gurus- (“twist, curl”), same source as Persian گرس (gors, “braid of hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Krulle (“curl, lock”), West Frisian krul (“curl”), Dutch krul (“curl”), German Low German Krull (“curl”), dialectal German Krolle (“curl”), Danish krølle (“curl”), Norwegian krull (“curl”). Related also to Saterland Frisian Kruus (“curl”), German kraus (“frizzy, crumpled, curly”), Danish krus (“curl”), Swedish krusa (“to crimp, curl”). Compare also Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan, “to grind, crush, gnash”).

unk

unknown

cog

These potatoes, however, planted the next year, have a fair yield, untouched by the curl.

1840, "Farmers' Department", The Family Magazine, volume 1, page 227:

(agriculture, phytopathology) Any of various diseases of plants causing the leaves or shoots to curl up; often specifically the potato curl.


dibble

Possibly dib (“to dab lightly”) + -le (frequentative suffix indicating repetition or continuousness); however, the word dibble is attested earlier than dib.

suffix

Pol[ixenes] Then make you[r] Garden rich in Gilly'vors, / And do not call them baſtards. / Per[dita] Ile not put / The Dible in earth, to ſet one ſlip of them: […]

c.''' 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies, London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, act IV, scene iv, page 292, column 1:

Earth'd up, here lies an imp o' hell, / Planted by Satan's dibble— / Poor silly wretch, he's damned himsel', / To save the Lord the trouble.

1794, Robert Burns, Allan Cunningham, “LX. On a Suicide.”, in The Works of Robert Burns; with His Life, by Allan Cunningham. … In Eight Volumes, volume III, London: James Cochrane and Co. 11, Waterloo Place, published 1834, →OCLC, page 325:

In sowing time ne'er would I dibble take, / Or drop a seed, till thou wast wide awake; […]

1818, John Keats, Endymion: A Poetic Romance, London: Printed for Taylor and Hessey, 93, Fleet Street, →OCLC, book III, page 112, lines 153–154:

A pointed implement used to make holes in the ground in which to set out plants or to plant seeds.


dibble

en-noun

dibble (countable and uncountable, plural dibbles)

Hanna-Barbera
New York Police Department
Top Cat

From the character of Officer Charlie Dibble, a New York Police Department officer, in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series Top Cat (first broadcast in the US in 1961, and in the UK in 1962 under the title Boss Cat).

Remember this story about police hunting a metal detector enthusiast suspected of digging 20 holes in a school playing field in Cornwall? It’s taken a rather unusual twist. Pop superstar Robbie Williams appears to have ’fessed up to the crime. The former Take That star, who is a keen metal detecting enthusiast, retweeted the West Briton newspaper’s version of the story, telling ‘Dibble’ – a Mancunian slang term for the police which comes from the character Officer Dibble in the cartoon Top Cat – to ‘do one’, vowing the police will never catch him alive.

2016 May 12, “maxc73”, “Robbie Williams ‘confesses’ to digging holes in school’s playing field”, in The Herald, Plymouth, Devon, archived from the original on 2017-03-16:

(slang, British, originally Manchester, countable) A police officer, especially one serving with Greater Manchester Police.


balk

From Middle English balke, from Old English balca, either from or influenced by Old Norse bálkr (“partition, ridge of land”), from Proto-Germanic *balkô. Cognate with Dutch balk (“balk”), German Balken (“balk”), Italian balcone (“balcony”).

der

How fruitfull are the ſeeming Barren places of Scripture. Bad Plow-men, which make Balkes of ſuch Ground.

1647, Tho[mas] Fuller, “Scripture Observations”, in Good Thoughts in Worse Times. […], London: […] W. W. for John Williams […], →OCLC, section XVI (Text improved), page 89:

(agriculture) An uncultivated ridge formed in the open field system, caused by the action of ploughing.


lister

A person or organisation that creates or maintains lists.


kulak

1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).

cog

раскула́чивание

The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.

2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic:

We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.

2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast, retrieved 20150206:

(historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.


tedder

From Middle English teddere; equivalent to ted + -er.

(agriculture) A machine for stirring and spreading hay, to speed up its drying.


tilth

en-noun

tilth (countable and uncountable, plural tilths)

From Middle English tilthe, from Old English tilþ, tilþe, corresponding to till + -th.

The land is in good tilth and ready to plant.

The state of being tilled, or prepared for a crop; culture.


slurry

slurry (countable and uncountable, plural slurries)

Unclear; probably related to Middle English sloor (“thin or fluid mud”); compare slur. From mid-15th c.

cog

In the Netherlands, the most problematic agricultural waste is liquid pig manure or pig slurry.

2004, W. H. Rulkens, “11: Overview of resource recovery techmologies for biowaste”, in Piet Lens, B. Hamelers, Harry Hoitink, Werner Bidlingmaier, editors, Resource Recovery and Reuse in Organic Solid Waste Management, page 249:

(agriculture) A mixture of animal waste, other organic material and sometimes water, stored in a slurry pit and used as fertilizer; also used in combination, as pig slurry, etc.

močůvka

agriculture: mixture of animal waste, other organic material and sometimes water used as fertilizer


rick

From earlier wrick, from Middle English wricken, wrikken (“to move back and forth”), probably from Middle Dutch *verwricken or Middle Low German vorwricken. Cognate with West Frisian wrikke, wrikje, Dutch wrikken, Low German wricken, German wricken, Danish vrikke, Swedish vricka.

(dialectal) A sharp or sudden move; a jerk or tug.


tuber

From Latin tūber (“bump, hump, swelling”).


wrest

A misspelling of rest, probably influenced by wrest (etymology 1, verb and noun).

[W]hen giving ley or stubble land a single furrow for a corn crop, the sock should never be so broad as the slice, but an inch or two within it; except, like the bent-sock it comes a good way back on the wrest: because this breadth of feather materially augments the draught; and, by cutting the slice clean out, before being embraced by the wrest, frequently causes it to be shot aside, in place of being turned over.

1822, John Finlayson, “On the Art of Ploughing”, in Treatise on Agricultural Subjects, Glasgow: Printed by William Lang, 62, Bell-Street, sold by Tho[ma]s Lochhead, 2, Park Place, Stockwell; [et al.], →OCLC, page 198:

They [turn-wrest ploughs] are now so constructed that the ploughman can readily shift his coulter by means of a lever, which reaches the bottom of the handles, and also his wrests or mould-boards from side to side, without leaving his station between the handles of his plough, they being so arranged that by withdrawing a small pin and pressing the projecting wrest towards the body of the plough, the mould-boards on either side become alternately the land side when not in work.

Cuthbert W. Johnson (1842) “PLOUGH”, in The Farmer’s Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, pages 981–982

The wedge is simply two inclined planes put base to base, and the same reasoning is true of it—that is, the thinner the wedge or more gradual the slope, the more easily it is driven. Applying this to the plough, we find that the coulter, share, wrest, cheek-plates, and sole-shoe, all form more or less continuous parts of a large wedge or moving inclined plane.

1908, Henry Stephens, James MacDonald, Stephens’ Book of the Farm: Dealing Exhaustively with Every Branch of Agriculture … In Three Volumes, 5th edition, volumes I (Land and Its Equipment), division 2, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 374:

(agriculture, dated, dialectal) A metal (formerly wooden) piece of some ploughs attached under the mouldboard (the curved blade that turns over the furrow) for clearing out the furrow; the mouldboard itself.


winnow

en-verb

winnow (third-person singular simple present winnows, present participle winnowing, simple past and past participle winnowed)

winnows (present singular third-person)
winnowing (participle present)
winnowed (participle past)
winnowed (past)

From Middle English winewen, windewen, windwen, from Old English windwian (“to winnow, fan, ventilate”), from Proto-West Germanic *windwōn, from Proto-Germanic *windwōną, *winþijaną (“to throw about, winnow”), from Proto-Indo-European *wē- (“to winnow, thresh”). Cognate with Middle High German winden (“to winnow”), Icelandic vinsa (“to pick out, weed”), Latin vannus (“a winnowing basket”). See fan, van.

der

[W]ind began to winnow the river delta's dried sediments.

1998 January 3, Sid Perkins, “Thin Skin”, in Science News, volume 165, number 1, page 11:

(transitive, agriculture) To subject (granular material, especially food grain) to a current of air separating heavier and lighter components, as grain from chaff.


disc

en-verb

disc (third-person singular simple present discs, present participle discing, simple past and past participle disced)

discs (present singular third-person)
discing (participle present)
disced (participle past)
disced (past)

From French disque, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”). Doublet of dais, desk, discus, dish, disk, and diskos.

doublet

It is held that discing is as much value to lucerne as cultivation is to corn.

1901 October 11, “Discing Lucerne”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record, volume 4, number 16, page 488:

(agriculture) To harrow with a disc harrow.


pug

Origin unknown, possibly related to West Flemish pugge (“(adjective) small; (noun) short person; pet name derived from the first name Pugge”); though it is uncertain whether sense 1 (“senses relating to someone or something small”) and sense 2 (“senses relating to people”) are derived from the same source.
Sense 1.8 (“small demon”) was probably influenced by, though not a variant of, puck.

pentu

It is to be observed in this experiment, […] that the loss of weight by feeding (tegs or pugs) on turnips, is remarkable: […]

1808, Thomas Batchelor, “Live Stock”, in General View of the Agriculture of the County of Bedford. […], London: […] [B. MᶜMillan] for Richard Phillips, […], →OCLC, section 2 (Sheep), page 541:

Senses relating to someone or something small.

(UK, regional, archaic) Also used as a proper name: any of various animals, such as a ferret, hare, squirrel, or young salmon.

(specifically) Synonym of teg (“a sheep (originally a ewe) in its second year, or from the time it is weaned until it is first shorn”)

teg

[…] I heard her call him dear pug, and found him to be her favourite monkey.

1712 October 13 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “THURSDAY, October 2, 1712”, in The Spectator, number 499; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume V, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 454:

Its proper Povver to hurt, each Creature feels, / Bulls aim their Horns, and Aſſes lift their Heels, / 'Tis a Bear's Talent not to kick, but hug, / And no Man vvonders he's not ſtung by Pug: […]

1733, Alexander Pope, The First Satire of the Second Book of Horace, […], London [actually Edinburgh]: […] L[awton] G[illiver] and sold by A. Dodd […], E[lizabeth] Nutt […], →OCLC, page 13:

Take avvay the pug, ſaid I, to the attendants—Take it avvay vvhile any of it is left—They reſcued the ſtill ſmiling babe, and run avvay vvith it.

1753 (indicated as 1754), [Samuel Richardson], “Letter XLIII. Lady G. to Lady Grandison.”, in The History of Sir Charles Grandison. […], 2nd edition, volume VI, London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; [a]nd sold by C. Hitch and L. Hawes, […], →OCLC, page 211:

Or, is the Monkey sick, he takes his bed; / Old Slop is sent for, to prescribe for Pug.— […]

1812, Peter Pindar [pseudonym; John Wolcot], “Tristia; or, The Sorrows of Peter: […]. Elegy.”, in The Works of Peter Pindar, Esq. […], new edition, volume V, London: […] J[ohn] Walker, G. Wilkie and J. Robinson, G. Robinson, […]; and G. Goulding and Co. […], →OCLC, page 297:

(specifically, obsolete) An ape, a monkey; also (by extension) a human child.

[T]here is a dead silence, till pug is well out of cover, and the whole pack well in: then cheer the hounds with tally ho! till your lungs crack. Away he goes in gallant style, and the whole field is hard up, till pug takes a stiff country: […]

1812, [Maria] Edgeworth, “The Absentee. Chapter VIII.”, in Tales of Fashionable Life (2nd series), volume VI, London: […] [Heney] for J[oseph] Johnson and Co., […], →OCLC, pages 93–94:

That spell was broken by the sight of poor wearied pug, his once gracefully-floating brush all draggled and drooping, as he toiled up the sheep-paths toward the open down above.

1848, [Charles Kingsley], “The Philosophy of Fox-hunting”, in Yeast: A Problem. […], London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], published 1851, →OCLC, page 16:

Dear, delicate Madam, I am your little Paraquit, your Sparrovv, your Shock, your Pugg, your Squirrel.

1685 July (first performance), N[ahum] Tate, Cuckolds-Haven: Or, An Alderman No Conjurer. A Farce. […], London: […] J. H. and are to be sold by Edward Poole, […], published 1685, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, page 5:

Squirrels / Are not uncommon in the plantings on the broad edges, where they may be seen feeding on the deal-apples, as the Broadsmen call the fir-cones; nuts and acorns too they are fond of. […] Stoats sometimes chase them, but "pug" generally manages to escape, an[d] he can get to a tree first—he is a much more daring jumper.

1895, P[eter] H[enry] Emerson, “Shrew Mouse, or Rana, and Squirrels”, in Birds, Beasts and Fishes of the Norfolk Broadland, London: David Nutt, […], →OCLC, page 363:


hake

From Middle English hake, probably a shortened form (due to North Germanic influence) of English dialectal haked (“pike”). Compare Norwegian hakefisk (“trout, salmon”), Middle Low German haken (“kipper”). More at haked.

Hake is an expensive fish—and is also very vulnerable to damage by mis-handling.

1964 October, P. Baxter, “Fleetwood is sceptical of BR's fish train plan”, in Modern Railways, page 255:

Off the United States, the National Marine Fisheries Service is helping industry explore fisheries for deep shrimp, rattails, chimeras, orange roughy, smoothheads, slackjaw eels, blue hake, skates and dogfish, which the National Fisheries Institute, an industry group, in an effort to improve their marketability, has renamed cape shark.

1995 December 26, William J. Broad, “Creatures of the Deep Find Their Way to the Table”, in The New York Times:

One of several species of marine gadoid fishes, of the genera Phycis, Merluccius, and allies.


reel

From Middle English reel, reele, from Old English rēol, hrēol, from Proto-West Germanic *hrehul, from Proto-Germanic *hrehulaz, *hrahilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“to weave, beat”). Cognate with Icelandic ræl, hræll.

der

(agriculture) A device consisting of radial arms with horizontal stats, connected with a harvesting machine, for holding the stalks of grain in position to be cut by the knives.


thresh

en-verb

thresh (third-person singular simple present threshes, present participle threshing, simple past and past participle threshed)

threshes (present singular third-person)
threshing (participle present)
threshed (participle past)
threshed (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
English thresh
From Middle English thresshen, threshen, threschen, from Old English þrescan, from Proto-Germanic *þreskaną.
Compare West Frisian terskje, Dutch dorsen, Low German dörschen, German dreschen, Danish tærske, Swedish tröska, Yiddish דרעשן (dreshn). Doublet of thrash.

etymon

(transitive, agriculture) To separate the grain from the straw or husks (chaff) by mechanical beating, with a flail or machinery, or by driving animals over them.

dors

to separate the grain from the straw or husks


blind

en-adj

blind (comparative blinder, superlative blindest)

blinder (comparative)
blindest (superlative)

From Middle English blynd, from Old English blind, from Proto-West Germanic *blind, from Proto-Germanic *blindaz.

a nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

there are none so blind as those who will not see

blind buds

blind flowers

(horticulture) Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit.

пусто́й

horticulture: failing to produce flowers or fruit


shack

en-verb

shack (third-person singular simple present shacks, present participle shacking, simple past and past participle shacked)

shacks (present singular third-person)
shacking (participle present)
shacked (participle past)
shacked (past)

Unknown. Some authorities derive this word from Mexican Spanish jacal, from Nahuatl xacalli (“adobe hut”).
Alternatively, the word may instead come from ramshackle/ramshackly (e.g., old ramshackly house) or perhaps it may be a back-formation from shackly.


shack

en-noun

shack (countable and uncountable, plural shacks)

Obsolete variant of shake. Compare Scots shag (“refuse of barley or oats”).

(obsolete) Nuts which have fallen to the ground.

(fishing) Bait that can be picked up at sea.


shack

en-adj

shack (comparative more shack, superlative most shack)

more shack (comparative)
most shack (superlative)

From shagged or shagged out, originally British colloquialisms.

I suppose they could not really blame us for feeling so shack after doing PT, drill and other boring lessons in the morning.

1994, C. S. Chong, NS: An Air-Level Story, →ISBN, page 33:

(Singapore, slang) Exhausted, worn out, extremely tired.


yoke

From Middle English yok, yoke, ȝok from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”), from Proto-Germanic *juką (“yoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”), from *yewg- (“to join; to tie together, yoke”). Doublet of yuga, jugum, yoga and possibly yogh.
Senses 3.1 (“area of arable land”) and 3.2 (“amount of work done with draught animals”) probably referred to the area of land that could generally be ploughed by yoked draught animals within a given time.

poikkipuu

linking or supporting object that resembles a yoke

駕駛桿

device with crosspieces used to control an aircraft

iugum

unit of land area notionally equivalent to the area a team of yoked draft animals can work in a day

Senses relating to a frame around the neck.

Any of various linking or supporting objects that resembles a yoke (sense 1.1); a crosspiece, a curved bar, etc.

(aviation) Any of various devices with crosspieces used to control an aircraft; specifically, the control column.

(video games) A similar device used as a game controller.

Strong yoke for a hog, with a twicher and rings, / with tar in a tarpot, for dangerous things: […]

1878, Thomas Tusser, “A Digression to Husbandlie Furniture”, in Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie. […], London: Published for the English Dialect Society by Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC; republished as W[illiam] Payne, Sidney J[ohn Hervon] Herrtage, editors, Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie. […], London: Published for the English Dialect Society by Trübner & Co., […], 1878, →OCLC, stanza 17, page 38:

Each hog had a wooden triangular yoke about its neck, by which it was hindered from penetrating through the holes in the encloſures; and for this reaſon, the encloſures are made very ſlender, and eaſy to put up, and do not require much wood.

1770, Peter Kalm [i.e., Pehr Kalm], translated by John Reinhold Forster, Travels into North America; […], volume I, Warrington, Cheshire: […] William Eyres, →OCLC, pages 164–165:

(agriculture) A frame placed on the neck of an animal such as a cow, pig, or goose to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier.

länget

frame placed on the neck of an animal to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier


yoke

en-verb

yoke (third-person singular simple present yokes, present participle yoking, simple past and past participle yoked)

yokes (present singular third-person)
yoking (participle present)
yoked (participle past)
yoked (past)

From Middle English yoken, yoke, ȝoken (“to put a harness or yoke on a draught animal or pair of such animals, to yoke; to attach (an animal to a cart, plough, etc.) with a yoke; to lock (arms) in wrestling; to bind (oneself or someone) to something”) [and other forms], from Old English ġeocian, iucian, from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”) (see etymology 1) + -ian (suffix forming verbs from adjectives and nouns).

nb...

jocke, jockin, jockyn, oak, yioke, yocke, yok, ȝeoke, ȝeokyn, ȝoche, ȝoge, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝokke, ʒok, ʒoke, ʒoken, ʒokke, (Early Middle English) ȝokie

(agriculture) To place a frame on the neck of (an animal such as a cow, pig, or goose) to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier.

panna länget

to place a frame on the neck of (an animal) to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier


tillage

en-noun

tillage (countable and uncountable, plural tillages)

From Middle English tillage; by surface analysis, till + -age.

Much food is in the tillage of the poor: but there is that is destroyed for want of judgment.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 13:23:


agrology

/əˈɡɹɒlədʒi/

/əˈɡɹɑləd͡ʒi/

Natural Resources Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture

From agro- + -logy, modelled after French agrologie.

Earth.—We have to examine its nature in connection with its products; this is the object of a technologic science, derived from mineralogy, and to which we give the name Agrology.

1849 April, “Count Gasparin’s Introductory Lecture on Agriculture. Translated for the Working Farmer.”, in James J[ay] Mapes, editor, The Working Farmer: A Monthly Magazine, Devoted to Agriculture—Embracing Horticulture, Floriculture, Gardening, &c., volume I, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Published by Kingman & Cross, […], published 1850, →OCLC, page 35, column 3:

The subject of agriculture will in this school be considered under (1) agrology, or the study of the surface of the earth as to its origin, composition, and physical and chemical properties, […]

1897, Wellford Addis, “Chapter XXVII. Colleges Endowed by Congress for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts.”, in Report of the Secretary of the Interior; […] In Five Volumes (House of Representatives Document; no. 5), volume V, part 2, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, section IV (The Agricultural Course in the French Colleges of Agriculture), page 1261:

The future of civilization, and of the human race, will be largely determined by the agrology of the present and the immediate future.

1928, Florida Quarterly Bulletin of the Department of Agriculure, number 150, Tallahassee, Fla.: Department of Agriculture, State of Florida, →OCLC, page 22:

The Director of the ENA Marte R. Gómez-Segura […] reconstructed the school, and in 1923 invited Alfonso González-Gallardo, who was then recognized as one of the "fathers" of Mexican soil science for the development of agrology. […] The first agrology college was inaugurated in Villa de Meoqui, Chihuahua, in 1928.

2013, Pavel Krasilnikov, Ma. del Carmen Gutiérrez-Castorena, Robert J. Ahrens, Carlos Omar Cruz-Gaistardo, Sergey Sedov, with Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo, “Soil Research and Soil Mapping History”, in The Soils of Mexico (World Soils Book Series), Dordrecht, Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.2 (Early Soil Research), page 7, column 1:

(rare) A subdiscipline of agronomy (the science of utilizing animals, plants, and soils) and of soil science which addresses the influence of edaphic (soil-related) conditions on crop production for optimizing it.

agrologia

subdiscipline of agronomy and soil science


ripe

From Middle English ripe, rype, from Old English rīpe (“ripe, mature”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīpī, from Proto-Germanic *rīpijaz, *rīpiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyb- (“to snatch”). Cognate with West Frisian ryp (“ripe”), Dutch rijp (“ripe”), German reif (“ripe”). Related to reap.

der

When he realized that the ripes would not make it back to Selma, Zemurray offered a free bunch of bananas to any telegraph operator who notified local grocers that he was coming through with a shipment of bananas.

1993, Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators, →ISBN, page 76:

(agriculture) A fruit or vegetable which has ripened.


volunteer

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French voluntaire, from Latin voluntārius (“willing, voluntary”); or from voluntary + -eer.

(botany, agriculture) A plant that grows spontaneously, without being cultivated on purpose; see volunteer plant in Wikipedia.


adjuvant

From Latin adiuvāns, present participle of adiuvāre (“to help”), from ad (“to”) + iuvāre (“to help”).

(agriculture) An additive (often a separate product) that enhances the efficacy of pesticide products, but has little or no pesticidal activity itself. [from mid 20th c.]

liitännäisaine

pesticides: additive that enhances the efficacy of pesticides


tang

en-verb

tang (third-person singular simple present tangs, present participle tanging, simple past and past participle tanged)

tangs (present singular third-person)
tanging (participle present)
tanged (participle past)
tanged (past)

onomatopoeic

Imitative

(dated, beekeeping) To strike two metal objects together loudly in order to persuade a swarm of honeybees to land so it may be captured by the beekeeper.


watering can

A utensil for watering plants, consisting of a container with a handle and long spout, the spout sometimes being fitted with a perforated nozzle.


dobber

Plate 17. The wheels of a potato planter which are adjustable on the axle to control row spacing, while the ‘dobbers’ may have their position adjusted around the slots in the wheels (Farmland Museum, Haddenham)

1976, Percy W. Blandford, Old Farm Tools and Machinery: An Illustrated History, David & Charles, →ISBN:

[…] including their soil block planter, tractor mounted and suitable for use in 1.8 and 1.9m systems. The standard machine is fitted with 35 by 7cm rear depth wheels and a 55cm diameter drum, complete with bands of dobbers spaced at 30cm.

1977, GC & HTJ: Gardeners' Chronicle and Horticultural Trade Journal, volume 182, page 29:

(rare, agriculture) A part of a planter.


orchard

From Middle English orchard, orcherd, from Old English orċeard, ortġeard, a compound of *ort (probably from Proto-Germanic *urtiz, a dissimilated variant of Proto-Germanic *wurt- (“wort (plant)”), later incorrectly associated with Latin hortus (“garden”)) + ġeard (see yard). Cognate with Swedish örtagård (“herb garden”), Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards, “orchard”), Old High German orzōn (“to cultivate a field”). Equivalent to wort + yard. More at root.

cog

[…]belts of thin white mist streaked the brown plough land in the hollow where Appleby could see the pale shine of a winding river. Across that in turn, meadow and coppice rolled away past the white walls of a village bowered in orchards,[…]

1907 January, Harold Bindloss, chapter 1, in The Dust of Conflict, 1st Canadian edition, Toronto, Ont.: McLeod & Allen, →OCLC:

A garden or an area of land for the cultivation of fruit or nut trees.

frutore

land for cultivation of fruit or nut trees

most hyponyms are transparent combinations of [fruit] + . For example


bush

From Middle English bush, from Old English busċ, *bysċ (“copse, grove, scrub”, in placenames), from Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz (“bush, thicket”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow”). Doublet of bosque.
Cognate with West Frisian bosk (“forest”), Dutch bos (“forest”), German Busch (“bush”), Danish and Norwegian busk (“bush, shrub”), Swedish buske (“bush, shrub”), Persian بیشه (bêša/biše, “woods”). Latin and Romance forms (Latin boscus, Occitan bòsc, French bois, bûche and buisson, Italian bosco and boscaglia, Spanish bosque, Portuguese bosque) derive from the Germanic.

inh

a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC, page 18:

(horticulture) A woody plant distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, being usually less than six metres tall; a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category.


pomace

en-noun

pomace (countable and uncountable, plural pomaces)

[Alt: Red grape flesh and seeds]
From Late Middle English pomis, pomys (“cider; pulp of plants pressed to extract their juice or oil”), probably from Medieval Latin pōmācium, pōmātium (“cider”), possibly a variant of pomaceum (although first attested later), from Latin pōmum (“fruit; fruit tree”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away; off”) + *h₁em- (“to take”), in the sense of something taken off a tree) + -āceum (neuter form of -āceus (suffix meaning ‘belonging to; having the nature of’, forming adjectives)). Doublet of pomade, pomate, and pomatum.
Sense 1.1 (“crushed apples”) and sense 1.2 (“residue from grapes”) were possibly influenced by Middle French pommage (“(cidermaking) apple harvest; apple orchards”) and French poma, pomas, pomat (“residue from apples”) (Northern France).

bërsi

Sovv, as yet, Pomace of Cider-preſſings to raiſe Nurſeries; and ſet all ſorts of Kernels, Stones, &c.

1664, J[ohn] E[velyn], “Kalendarium Hortense: Or, The Gard’ners Almanac; […] [December.]”, in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 80:

Next to the VVhite is the Black Thorne and the Crab, vvhich make a very good Fence, and is raiſed as the VVhite Thorne, only if you ſovv the Pummace vvith them, they vvill come up the firſt Year.

1708, J[ohn] Mortimer, “Of Inclosing of Land”, in The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], 2nd edition, London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC, book I, page 3:

The pulp or pulplike matter remaining from a substance pressed to extract its juice or oil.

(historical) Such residue (especially castor bean cake or fish scrap) used as fertilizer.


pinch

en-verb

pinch (third-person singular simple present pinches, present participle pinching, simple past and past participle pinched)

pinches (present singular third-person)
pinching (participle present)
pinched (participle past)
pinched (past)

From Middle English pinchen, from Old Northern French *pinchier (compare Old French pincier, pincer (“to pinch”)), a word of uncertain origin, possibly from Vulgar Latin *pinciāre (“to puncture, pinch”), from a merger of *punctiāre (“to puncture, sting”), from Latin punctiō (“a puncture, prick”) and *piccāre (“to strike, sting”), from Frankish *pikkōn, from Proto-Germanic *pikkōną (“to pick, peck, prick”). More at point, pick and pitch.

der

(horticulture) To cut shoots or buds of a plant in order to shape the plant, or to improve its yield.


ripper

(agriculture) A tool or plant used to reduce soil compaction.


ley

(agriculture) Arable land used temporarily for hay or grazing.

ugar

arable land used temporarily for hay or grazing


ley

(agriculture) Rotated to pasture instead of cropping.


cornhole

en-noun

cornhole (countable and uncountable, plural cornholes)

From corn + hole.
(anus): From the old-fashioned practice of using dried corncobs instead of toilet paper in outdoor privies.

The cornhole was a small, brick room opening off the threshing floor, about six or seven feet high, […] variously known as the cornhole or cornbin, and was designed for flail threshing, holding the grain until it was winnowed.

1969, J E C Peters, The Development of Farm Buildings in Western Lowland Staffordshire up to 1880, page 97:

A small room may be found opening off the threshing floor on one side […] This is the cornhole, a mid-eighteenth-century development so far known only in Staffordshire and Suffolk, with a few in east Sussex.

1981, J E C Peters, Discovering Traditional Farm Buildings, page 17 with illustration:

(UK, dated) A small room connected to a threshing floor.

Cornhole, the indigenous pastime of Cincinnati's west side, is basically a democratized version of horseshoes.

2002 October, “Cornhole Game”, in Cincinnati Magazine, page 114:

Cincinnatians, of course, know the true meaning of cornhole. The homegrown bag-toss game, which some suggest was even invented here, requires few tools: some beanbags, a box with a hole in it, and… well, that's it, really.

2009, F. Winternitz, S. Bellman, Insiders' Guide to Cincinnati, page 230:

(US, uncountable) A game similar to beanbag toss, popular in Ohio, in which a bag filled with corn feed is thrown into a hole.


cornhole

en-verb

cornhole (third-person singular simple present cornholes, present participle cornholing, simple past and past participle cornholed)

cornholes (present singular third-person)
cornholing (participle present)
cornholed (participle past)
cornholed (past)

He'd just sent away two more guards from the women's side for having lesbian affairs with the prisoners, and one male guard who'd got caught cornholing colored boys.

2006, Settling Accounts, Book Three: The Grapple, →ISBN:

(slang, vulgar) To have anal intercourse with; to penetrate anally.


cloche

Borrowed from French cloche (“bell”), from Medieval Latin clocca (“bell”). Doublet of cloak and clock.

(aviation, historical) An apparatus used in controlling certain aeroplanes, consisting principally of a steering column mounted with a universal joint at the base, which is bell-shaped and has attached to it the cables for controlling the wing-warping devices, elevator planes, etc.


strapper

From strap + -er, principally strap + -er (agent noun suffix). The sense referring to a poorly producing milk cow (from strap + -er) came from a dialectal sense of the verb strap as a troponym of milk: not even the most skilful milking action could coax enough milk from the udder.

(electronics) A wire that joins two light switches so that a light can be turned off or on from either switch.


informal

en-adj

informal (comparative more informal, superlative most informal)

more informal (comparative)
most informal (superlative)

not in accord with the usual regulations

(horticulture) Not organized; not structured or planned.


organic

organic (comparative more organic, superlative most organic)

more organic (comparative)
most organic (superlative)

From Middle English organic, organik, from Old French organique, from Latin organicus.

(agriculture) Of food or food products, grown in an environment free from artificial agrichemicals, and possibly certified by a regulatory body.

عُضْوِيّ

of food and food products: grown without agrichemicals


harvest

en-noun

harvest (countable and uncountable, plural harvests)

From Middle English harvest, hervest, from Old English hærfest (“autumn, harvest-time; August”), from Proto-West Germanic *harbist, from Proto-Germanic *harbistaz (“harvest-time, autumn, fall”), from *harbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp-.
Cognates:
Cognate with Sylt North Frisian Hārefst, West Frisian hjerst, Dutch herfst, German Herbst, German Low German Harvst, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål høst, Norwegian Nynorsk haust; further with Latin carpere (“to seize”), Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”), κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”).

inh

The constant rain made the harvest a nightmare this year.

(agriculture) The process of gathering the ripened crop; harvesting.


blackleg

en-noun

blackleg (countable and uncountable, plural blacklegs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blackleg.wav

(uncountable, agriculture, veterinary medicine) A fatal cattle disease caused by the soil-borne bacterium Clostridium chauvoei; symptomatic anthrax.


cobbler

Inherited from Middle English cobeler, cobelere (“mender of shoes, cobbler”) [and other forms]; further origin unknown. The word appears to be derived from an early form of cobble (“to mend roughly, patch; (specifically) to mend shoes, especially roughly”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns), but is attested much earlier than the verb which suggests that the verb may be a back-formation from cobbler.
Sense 2 (“sheep left to the end to be sheared”) is a pun on cobbler’s last (“tool for shaping or preserving the shape of shoes”); while sense 3 (“clumsy workman”) is derived from cobble + -er: see above.

suffix

the cobbler always wears the worst shoes

the cobbler's children are the worst shod

(Australia, New Zealand, agriculture, slang) A sheep left to the end to be sheared (for example, because its wool is filthy, or because it is difficult to catch).


sucker

From Middle English souker, sokere, sukkere, soukere, equivalent to suck (verb) + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Suuger, West Frisian sûker (“sucker”), Dutch zuiger (“sucker”), German Sauger (“dummy; vacuum”).

(horticulture) An undesired stem growing out of the roots or lower trunk of a shrub or tree, especially from the rootstock of a grafted plant or tree.

բիճ

a stem growing up from the roots of a plant


sucker

en-verb

sucker (third-person singular simple present suckers, present participle suckering, simple past and past participle suckered)

suckers (present singular third-person)
suckering (participle present)
suckered (participle past)
suckered (past)

to sucker maize

It is as important to sucker tobacco carefully and as often as the situation demands it as it is to search for and remove the green-horn worm.

1881, F. R. Diffenderffer, “Tobacco Culture”, in Agriculture of Pennsylvania, volume 5, page 91:

(horticulture, transitive) To strip the suckers or shoots from; to deprive of suckers.

I have let my vines sucker more than I ought this year, perhaps, but I want to start them out in better shape by encouraging a large growth of wood.

1880, Samuel Thorton Kemeys Prime, The Model Farms and Their Methods, page 423:

We prefer to plant in rows instead of hills because the plants sucker so badly here, and because, with our scanty rainfall, it is better to have the plants isolated than bunched.

1892, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, “Tests of vegetables in the experiment station garden”, in Bulletin, number 57, page 45:

(horticulture, intransitive) To produce suckers; to throw up additional stems or shoots.


yield

en-noun

yield (countable and uncountable, plural yields)

From Middle English ȝeld, from Old English ġield, from Proto-West Germanic *geld, from Proto-Germanic *geldą (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian jild, Dutch geld, Low German and German Geld, Danish gæld, Swedish gäld, Icelandic gjald. See also geld.

inh

Zucchini plants always seem to produce a high yield of fruit.

A product; the quantity of something produced.

(agriculture) measurement of the amount of a crop harvested, or animal products such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land.


strip

en-verb

strip (third-person singular simple present strips, present participle stripping, simple past and past participle stripped)

strips (present singular third-person)
stripping (participle present)
stripped (participle past)
stripped (past)

From Middle English strepen, strippen, from Old English strīepan (“plunder”), from Proto-Germanic *strēpōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”). Probably related to German Strafe (“deprivation, fine, punishment”).

cog

(transitive, agriculture) To pare off the surface of (land) in strips.


sickle

From Middle English sikel (also assibilated in sichel), from Old English sicol, siċel, from Proto-West Germanic *sikilu, itself borrowed from Latin sēcula (“sickle”) or sīcīlis (“sickle”). Cognate with Dutch sikkel, German Sichel. Remotely related with English scythe and saw.

(agriculture) An implement having a semicircular blade and short handle, used for cutting long grass and cereal crops.


sickle

en-verb

sickle (third-person singular simple present sickles, present participle sickling, simple past and past participle sickled)

sickles (present singular third-person)
sickling (participle present)
sickled (participle past)
sickled (past)

(agriculture, transitive) To cut with a sickle.


cutting

en-noun

cutting (countable and uncountable, plural cuttings)

To propagate by cuttings, is to cut off the branch or ſtem of a Plant, and to ſet it in the Earth without Roots. Strip it of leaves and branches, Plant deeper than theſe with Roots, and in a rich and moiſt ſoil, keeping it watered and ſhaded, Untill Rooted; cut off their Tops ſave Greens, as if your cutting be 12 Inches long, let 9 be under, and 3 above ground.

1683, John Reid, “Of the Several Wayes of Propagation”, in The Scots Gard’ner: […], Edinburgh: […] David Lindsay, […], →OCLC, 2nd part (Treating of the Culture of Plants), paragraph 5, page 59:

All the Sorts of Vines are propagated either from Layers or Cuttings, the former of which is greatly practis'd in England, but the latter is what I would recommend, as being much preferable to the other. [...] I had rather plant a good Cutting than a rooted Plant, provided it be well choſen, and there is leſs Danger of its not growing.

1733, Philip Miller, “VITIS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

The method of propagating the Box is perfectly easy: it may be raised from cuttings, or from seed, or by layering. [...] For planting the cuttings, [Thomas] Hanbury says the month of August is the best time, if any rain falls.

1803, [William] Marshall, “Buxus”, in On Planting and Rural Ornament. A Practical Treatise, … In Two Volumes, 3rd edition, volume II, London: […] G[eorge] and W. Nicol, […]; G[eorge] and J[ohn] Robinson, […]; and T[homas] Cadell and W[illiam] Davies, […], →OCLC, page 47:

Allison carried it all home, and then spent a long time that evening out on the back porch, wrapping up Ida's collection of rooted cuttings, each snuff tin and plastic cup in its own carefully fashioned sleeve of wet newspaper.

2002, Donna Tartt, “Chapter 6”, in The Little Friend, page 396:

(countable) A section removed from a larger whole.

(countable, horticulture) A leaf, stem, branch, or root removed from a plant and cultivated to grow a new plant.


paddy

paddy (countable and uncountable, plural paddies)

Borrowed from Malay padi (“paddy plant”). Doublet of palay.

bor+

(countable) A paddy field, a rice paddy; an irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown.


paddy

Krio: pàdí

You know what I like best about paddy chicks? They give good head. Black broads don’t know nothing about giving head. I don’t know why. Might be it has something to do with some ancient tribal custom.

2000, Requiem For a Dream, spoken by Big Tim (Keith David):

(African-American Vernacular, slang) A white person.


woof

From WWOOF, an acronym of World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms which is a network of national organizations that facilitate homestays on organic farms.

Colton [Kuhn] woke up one day consumed by a post-breakup depression. It was then that he'd decided to sign up for the WOOF program, to travel the world and work on an organic farm in a unique destination.

2020 February 20, Alyssa Therrien, “Washington-based coffee company using profits to send animals to sanctuaries”, in Daily Hive, Vancouver, B.C.: Buzz Connected Media, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-09-20:

(agriculture) Acronym of work on an organic farm.


woof

en-verb

woof (third-person singular simple present woofs, present participle woofing, simple past and past participle woofed)

woofs (present singular third-person)
woofing (participle present)
woofed (participle past)
woofed (past)

Our two children are immediately involved in a frantic game of touch rugby orchestrated by Vinny, an Irish backpacker, who is WOOFing his way around New Zealand.

2008 September 1, “Your family holidays”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

One might run off for a few months to work on an organic farm—a habit so common there's actually an acronym for it: to woof (Work on an Organic Farm).

[2009, David Graeber, “Some Notes on ‘Activist Culture’”, in Direct Action: An Ethnography, Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, →ISBN, page 251:

Membership is cheap, and they send you a book with listings of farms from Hawaii to New Zealand. Try woof'ing it for a few months;

2010, Elizabeth Hallock, The Women's Guide to the Coming Economic Disaster, page 53:

To the list one could add "medical tourism" (travel to places for more readily available surgeries, treatments, and pharmaceuticals); volunteer tourism, or "voluntourism" (where people donate time and labor to in areas hit by hardship); and "woofing" (derived from World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, a loose network that helps people travel to foreign countries to work on organic farms and perhaps learn another language).

2020, Daniel P. Reynolds, Postcards from Auschwitz:

In fact, as with other types of stay, "woofing in Damanhur can also be a way of getting closer to the Community: after woofing some have continued with the New Life experience and become citizens"

2022, Stefania Palmisano, Nicola Pannofino, Damanhur: An Esoteric Community Open to the World, page 189:

(intransitive, agriculture) Alternative form of wwoof


MV

(agriculture) Initialism of modern variety.


thug

From Hindi ठग (ṭhag, “swindler, fraud, cheat”).
Thuggee was a network of gangs in India from the 17th century to the 19th century who robbed and murdered travellers, often by strangling and beating their victims to death. During British Imperial rule of India, many Indian words passed into common English, and by 1810 thug referred to a member of these Indian gangs. The sense was adopted more generally as "ruffian, cutthroat" by 1839. Related to English thatch, deck.

rampokker

someone who treats others violently or roughly

(horticulture) An overvigorous plant that spreads and dominates the flowerbed.


succession

en-noun

succession (countable and uncountable, plural successions)

Inherited from Middle English [Term?], from Old French succession, from Latin successiō (noun).

An act, process, or instance of succeeding:


forcing

forcing (countable and uncountable, plural forcings)

(horticulture) The art of raising plants at an earlier season than is normal, especially by using a hotbed

hyötö

horticulture: the art of raising plants at an earlier season than is normal


stifle

en-verb

stifle (third-person singular simple present stifles, present participle stifling, simple past and past participle stifled)

stifles (present singular third-person)
stifling (participle present)
stifled (participle past)
stifled (past)

The verb is derived from Late Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, perhaps from stuffen (“to kill by suffocation; to stifle from heat; to extinguish, suppress (body heat, breath, humour, etc.); to deprive a plant of the conditions necessary for growth, choke”) + -el- (derivational infix in verbs, often denoting diminutive, intensive, or repetitive actions or events). Stuffen is derived from Old French estofer, estouffer (“to choke, strangle, suffocate; (figuratively) to inhibit, prevent”) [and other forms] (modern French étouffer), a variant of estoper, estuper (“to block, plug, stop up; to stiffen, thicken”) (modern French étouper (“to caulk”)), influenced by estofer (“to pad, stuff; to upholster”) (modern French étoffer). Estoper is derived from Vulgar Latin *stuppāre, from Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”) (as a stuffing material; from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē) (compare στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)); probably from Pre-Greek) + -āre. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a derivation from Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”) “appears untenable on the ground both of form and sense”.
The noun is derived from the verb.

noncog

(transitive, agriculture (sericulture)) To treat (a silkworm cocoon) with steam as part of the process of silk production.


grange

From Middle English graunge, borrowed from Old French grange (“granary; barn; small farm”), from Vulgar Latin *grānica, from Latin grānum (“grain”).

der

What tell'st thou me of robbing? / This is Venice. My house is not a grange.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], line 120:

(British) A farm, with its associated buildings; a farmhouse or manor.


flog

en-verb

flog (third-person singular simple present flogs, present participle flogging, simple past and past participle flogged)

flogs (present singular third-person)
flogging (participle present)
flogged (participle past)
flogged (past)

From Middle English *floggen (suggested by flogge (“hammer, sledge”), from Old English *floggian, a stem variant of Proto-Germanic *flukkōną (“to beat”), itself a secondary zero-grade iterative with unetymological -u-, derived from *flōkaną.
The original zero-grade iterative *flakkōną had been misinterpreted as an o-grade. See flack (“to beat”), also as a dialectal noun "a blow, slap". Cognate with Scots flog (“a blow, stripe, flogging”, noun), Scots flog (“thin strip of wood”), Norwegian flak (“a piece torn off, strip”).
Alternatively, a back-formation from flogger, from Low German flogger (“a flail”).

cog

The environment is paying dearly as producers flog their land. Sustainable agriculture needs a new generation of energised science and technology-trained farmers

2007 February 6, “Suppliers the losers in Coles-Woolworths war”, in The Age:

(transitive, Australia, agriculture) To overexploit (land), as by overgrazing, overstocking, etc.


green fingers

/ɡɹiːn ˈfɪŋɡəz/

/ɡɹin ˈfɪŋɡəɹz/

PIE word
 *pénkʷe
From green (adjective) + fingers, possibly popularized by the British gardener and radio and television broadcaster Cecil Henry Middleton (1886–1945).

To some they are a rural escape in the centre of the city, to others they are a chance to test their green fingers and design skills. Now London mayor Boris Johnson has found a new use for urban roof gardens – as a key weapon on the front line against global warming.

2008 August 29, David Adam, “Environment: Johnson unveils secret weapon in war on climate change – the roof garden”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-13:

(idiomatic, informal) A seemingly natural gardening ability.


knap

The verb is derived from Late Middle English knappen (“to strike (something)”); further etymology uncertain, probably related to Middle Dutch knappen, cnappen (“to break (something) with a sharp sound, snap; to crack or crackle”) (modern Dutch knappen), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.
The noun is derived from Late Middle English knap, knappe (“sharp blow, strike”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from the verb (see above), or related to an ancestor of Danish knep and Swedish knäpp (“a flick, rap, snap”), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.

inh

(chiefly archaic or obsolete except UK, dialectal)

(agriculture) Synonym of chattering damsel (“a component of a traditional mill which creates a vibratory motion to impel portions of grain toward the millstone; a clapper”)

chattering damsel
chattering damsel#English


one-way

en-verb

one-way (third-person singular simple present one-ways, present participle one-waying, simple past and past participle one-wayed)

one-ways (present singular third-person)
one-waying (participle present)
one-wayed (participle past)
one-wayed (past)

From one + way. First attested in 1906 in reference to one-way tickets; 1914 in reference to one-way streets; 1940 in reference to one-way mirrors.

Over a period of 10 years, the average yield under stubble-mulch tillage has been 10 percent greater than under one-waying with continuous wheat, and 14 percent greater than under one-waying with wheat on fallow.

1935, Report of the Chief of the Soil Conservation Service, page 58:

(agriculture) To use a disc harrow to turn the soil and kill weeds, in preparation for planting seeds.


arable

en-adj

arable (comparative more arable, superlative most arable)

more arable (comparative)
most arable (superlative)

From Middle English arable, from Middle French arable, from Old French arable, from Latin arābilis, formed from arō (“plow”) + -bilis (“able to be”). Cognate with earable (“arable”).

And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land […]

1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter VI, in Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC, page 50:

(agriculture, of land) Able to be plowed or tilled, capable of growing crops (traditionally contrasted with pasturable lands such as heaths).

(agriculture, NGO jargon, of land) Under cultivation (within any quinquennial period) for the production of crops sown and harvested within the same agricultural year (contrasted with permanently-cropped lands such as orchards).


trough

From Middle English trogh, from Old English troh, trog (“a trough, tub, basin, vessel for containing liquids or other materials”), from Proto-West Germanic *trog, from Proto-Germanic *trugą, *trugaz, from Proto-Indo-European *drukós, enlargement of *dóru (“tree”).
See also West Frisian trôch, Dutch trog, German Trog, Danish trug, Swedish tråg; also Middle Irish drochta (“wooden basin”), Old Armenian տարգալ (targal, “ladle, spoon”). More at tree.

cog

(agriculture, Australia, New Zealand) A channel for conveying water or other farm liquids (such as milk) from place to place by gravity; any ‘U’ or ‘V’ cross-sectioned irrigation channel.


deadhead

en-verb

deadhead (third-person singular simple present deadheads, present participle deadheading, simple past and past participle deadheaded)

deadheads (present singular third-person)
deadheading (participle present)
deadheaded (participle past)
deadheaded (past)

From dead + head. Some senses are derived from theater jargon (originally spelled dead head) for audience members admitted without paying, which probably arose in analogy to dead weight or deadwood in reference to their lack of contribution to revenue or in reference to their unenthusiastic (dead) response to performances. Perhaps even from Latin caput mortuum, alchemy term for distillation residue. As Paul Quinion writes: Similarly, the term was applied to a dull or lazy person, one who contributes nothing to an enterprise, only in the early years of the twentieth century, well after the theatrical and transport senses had become well established.

If you deadhead your roses regularly, they will bloom all season.

(horticulture) (transitive) To remove spent or dead blossoms from a plant.


infield

(agriculture) An area to cultivate: a field


weedkiller

en-noun

weedkiller (countable and uncountable, plural weedkillers)

A chemical agent that destroys unwanted plants (weeds) but not wanted ones (crops etc).


bolster

From Middle English bolster, bolstre, from Old English bolster (“pillow”), from Proto-West Germanic *bolstr, from Proto-Germanic *bulstraz (“pillow, cushion”). Cognate with Scots bowster (“bolster”), West Frisian bulster (“mattress”), Dutch bolster (“husk, shell”), German Polster (“bolster, pillow, pad”), Swedish bolster (“soft mattress, bolster”), Icelandic bólstur (“pillow”).

cog

(vehicles, agriculture) A small spacer located on top of the axle of horse-drawn wagons that gives the front wheels enough clearance to turn.


ard

Borrowed from Norwegian ard (“plough”), from Old Norse arðr.

A simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil.


rafter

en-verb

rafter (third-person singular simple present rafters, present participle raftering, simple past and past participle raftered)

rafters (present singular third-person)
raftering (participle present)
raftered (participle past)
raftered (past)

From Old English ræfter, of Germanic origin, related to the origin of raft.

/ˈɹɑːftə(ɹ)/

(UK, agriculture) To plough so as to turn the grass side of each furrow upon an unploughed ridge; to ridge.


kidding

Attended kiddings allow owners to remove the kids from their dams prior to suckling and ingestion of colostrum.

2006, Robert S. Youngquist, Walter R. Threlfall, Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology:

(agriculture) The act of a goat giving birth.


compost

en-noun

compost (countable and uncountable, plural composts)

From Middle English compost, from Old Northern French compost (“mixture of leaves, manure, etc., for fertilizing land" also "condiment”), from Latin compositus (“composed”), from componere. Doublet of compote, which was taken from modern French, and composite.

der

Dig plenty of compost into clay or sandy soil to improve its structure.

And do not spread the compost on the weeds / To make them ranker.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

[T]he very wet winter will have washed much of the goodness out of the soil. Homemade compost and the load of manure we get from a friendly farmer may not be enough to compensate for what has leached from the ground.

2014 April 21, Mary Keen, “You can still teach an old gardener new tricks: Even the hardiest of us gardeners occasionally learn useful new techniques [print version: Gardening is always ready to teach even the hardiest of us a few new tricks, 19 April 2014]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), page G7:

The decayed remains of organic matter that has rotted into a natural fertilizer.


wilderness

en-noun

wilderness (countable and uncountable, plural wildernesses)

From Middle English wildernes, wildernesse (“uninhabited, uncultivated, or wild territory; desolate land; desert; (figuratively) depopulated or devastated place; state of devastation or ruin; human experience and life”) [and other forms], and then either:
* from Middle English wilderne (“deserted or uninhabited place, wilderness; land not yet settled”) [and other forms] (from Old English wilddeōren (“savage, wild”); see below) + -nes, -nesse (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting qualities or states); or
* from Old English *wildēornes, *wilddēornes, probably from wilddēor (“wild animal”) [and other forms] or more likely from wilddēoren (“savage, wild”) (from wilddēor + -en (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘consisting of; material made of’)) + -nes (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting qualities or states).
Wilddēor is derived from wilde (“savage, wild”) (ultimately either from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool; ear of corn, grass; forest”), or *gʷʰel- (“wild”)) + dēor (“beast, wild animal”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes- (“to breathe; breath; soul, spirit; creature”)).
The English word is cognate with Danish vildnis (“wilderness”), German Wildernis, Wildnis (“wilderness”), Middle Dutch wildernisse (“wilderness”) (modern Dutch wildernis (“wilderness”)), Middle Low German wildernisse (“wilderness”) (German Low German Wildernis (“wilderness”)), Saterland Frisian Wüüldernis (“wilderness”), West Frisian wyldernis (“wilderness”).
Sense 3.3 (“situation of disfavour or lack of recognition”) is a reference to Numbers 14:32–33 in the Bible (King James Version; spelling modernized): “But as for you, your carcasses, they shall fall in this wilderness. And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years, and bear your whoredoms, until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness.”

nb...

wildernese, wildernise, wildernosse, wildirnes, wilirnesse, wildirenes, wildurnes, wildurnesse, wildrenes, wildrenesse, wyldernesse, wyldernys

nb...

(Northern England or Northwest Midlands) wildernes, wildrenes, (Southwest Midlands) wulderne, (Early Middle English) wildren

cog

And now with nerves new-brac'd and ſpirits chear'd / We tread the wilderneſs, whoſe well-roll'd walks / With curvature of ſlow and eaſy ſweep, / Deception innocent—give ample ſpace / To narrow bounds.

1785, William Cowper, “Book I. The Sofa.”, in The Task, a Poem, […], London: […] J[oseph] Johnson; […], →OCLC, page 19:

(countable, horticulture) An ornamental part of a garden or park cultivated with trees and often a maze to evoke a natural wilderness.