lodging

(agriculture) The condition of a plant, especially a cereal, that has been flattened in the field or damaged so that it cannot stand upright, as by weather conditions or because the stem is not strong enough to support the plant.

ajagut

condition of a plant that has been flattened


vernalization

en-noun

vernalization (usually uncountable, plural vernalizations)

This low temperature requirement for flowering, called vernalization, begins at germination. Vernalization is assumed to occur at temperatures between 0 and 18°C (Ahrens and Loomis, 1963; Tirone and Metzer, 1970).

1998, J. T. Ritchie, U. Singh, D. C. Godwin, W. T. Bowen, Cereal growth, development and yield, Gordon Yukio Tsuji, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Philip Thornton (editors), Understanding Options for Agricultural Production, Volume 7, page 88

Species needing vernalization do not flower when grown in a warm climate.

2005, Helgi Öpik, Stephen A. Rolfe, Arthur John Willis, The Physiology Of Flowering Plants, page 275:

For some plants, however, exposure to low temperatures during winter is an essential step in their development. Two of these processes, vernalisation and the breaking of winter dormancy, have important implications for gardeners.

2008, David S. Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue, Peter J. Gregory, editors, Science and the Garden: The Scientific Basis of Horticultural Practice, page 201:

Furthermore, vernalization has been shown to override the late-flowering phenotype. […] Both VRN1 and VRN2 genes have been identified to be associated with vernalization.

2010, H. Yamashita, Y. Komeda (chapter authors), Eng Chong Pua, Michael R. Davey (editors), Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives, Volume 1, page 202

(agrobiology) The treatment of seeds or bulbs by exposure to low temperatures so as to decrease the vegetative period or to cause the plant to flower or bear fruit more quickly.


wick

Inherited from Northern Middle English whyk (southern quyk), from Old English cwic (“alive”); similar to an archaic meaning of quick (“endowed with life; having a high degree of vigor, energy, or activity”), and quicken (“come to life”), to which it is related.

doublet

(British, dialect, chiefly Yorkshire, horticulture) (Usually plural) The parts of weed roots that remain viable in the ground after inadequate digging prior to cultivation.


stool

en-noun

stool (countable and uncountable, plural stools)

From Middle English stool, stole, stol, from Old English stōl (“chair, seat, throne”), from Proto-West Germanic *stōl, from Proto-Germanic *stōlaz (“chair”) (compare West Frisian stoel, Dutch stoel, German Stuhl, Swedish/Norwegian/Danish stol, Finnish tuoli, Estonian tool), from Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (compare Lithuanian stálas, Russian стол (stol, “table”), Russian стул (stul, “chair”), Serbo-Croatian stol (“table”), Slovene stol (“chair”), Albanian kështallë (“crutch”), Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “block of stone used as a prop or buttress to a wall”)), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). More at stand.
The medical use derives from sense 2 (seat used for defecation).

cog

The ground in almost every part of it is covered with stools or stems of Oak, at not more than three feet stool from stool, and these not having been thinned since last cutting, are completely overburdened, and are evidently killing each other and dying for want of nourishment […]

1827, Robert Monteath, Miscellaneous Reports on Woods and Plantations, Shewing a Method to Plant, Rear, and Recover all Woods, Plantations and Timber Trees on every Soil and Situation in Britain and Ireland …, Dundee: Printed and sold by James Chalmers [et al.], →OCLC, page 51:

With stool bedding, the plants are pruned back to the ground in the dormant season, and the shoots that form in the spring have juvenile characteristics and are called "juvenile reversion shoots." Stool bedding or stool bed layering is a common practice for the production of rootstocks of apple. […] The closer the apical meristem is to the roots of the plant, the more juvenile it is likely to be. This feature is exploited by techniques such as hedging or stool bedding that employ severe pruning to decrease the distance between the new growth and the root system, thus acting to rejuvenate the plant and benefit from the ease of rooting that is characteristic of the juvenile phase.

2011, Caula A. Beyl, Robert N. Trigiano, editors, Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, pages 88 and 154:

A coppice may be large, in which case trees, usually ash (Fraxinus) or maple (Acer) are cut, leaving a massive stool from which up to 10 trunks arise; or small, in which case trees, usually hazel (Corylus), hawthorn (Crataegus), or willow (Salix), are cut to leave small, underground stools producing many short stems. […] One consequence of coppicing is that the stool enlarges because each subsequent growth of shoots occurs on its outside. The diameter of a stool is thus directly related to its age. […] stool 1. A tree stump that is capable of producing new shoots. 2. The permanent base of a *coppiced tree.

2012, Michael Allaby, editor, A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 125 and 486:

(horticulture) A plant that has been cut down until its main stem is close to the ground, resembling a stool, to promote new growth.


stool

en-verb

stool (third-person singular simple present stools, present participle stooling, simple past and past participle stooled)

stools (present singular third-person)
stooling (participle present)
stooled (participle past)
stooled (past)

Cutting back to the same position annually is usually referred to as pollarding; cutting nearly to the ground is usually called stooling. Both are good methods of controlling height and maintaining vigor on plants that would normally grow to a large size. […] Those [plants] that generate many small stems crowded together are difficult to pollard so they are normally stooled. Some people refer to stooling as coppice.

2011, Edward F. Gilman, An Illustrated Guide to Pruning, 3rd edition, Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 411:

The healthier of your two hollies is multi-stemmed, indicating that it was once stooled (cut down to a point just above the ground). It has since grown back vigorously to become a thick, wide tree which enabled it even more to overshadow the one that you say was quite severely pruned last year.

2015 October 23, Helen Yemm, “How to rescue a dying holly tree [print version: Halt weed invasion, a holly tree's last stand, 24 October 2015, page 7]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review), London, archived from the original on 2015-10-29:

(horticulture) To cut down (a plant) until its main stem is close to the ground, resembling a stool, to promote new growth.


stool

I worked very hard in the copse of young ash, with my billhook and a shearing-knife; cutting out the saplings where they stooled too close together, making spars to keep for thatching, wall-crooks to drive into the cob, stiles for close sheep hurdles, and handles for rakes, and hoes, and two-bills, of the larger and straighter stuff.

1869, Richard D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, chapter 38:

The plants stooled out well, and yielded a heavy cutting of rather tough cane. In its young state it should make good silage.

1904, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock, Annual Report, →OCLC, page 80:

In a field experiment planted in spring 1969, the red raspberry 'Glen Clova' was grown both in hedgerows and in stooled rows. Although spur blight (Didymella applanata) and cane botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) were more frequent on canes removed as thinnings from the hedgerows than on those removed from stooled plots, the differences were trivial.

1981, Horticultural Research, volume 21, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, →OCLC, page 149:

(agriculture) To ramify; to tiller, as grain; to shoot out suckers.


break ground

break ground (third-person singular simple present breaks ground, present participle breaking ground, simple past broke ground, past participle broken ground)

breaks ground (present singular third-person)
breaking ground (participle present)
broke ground (past)
broken ground (participle past)

They broke ground on the new library last month.

Try to break a little more land every year; sod corn is good for fodder. Keep turning the land, and always put up more hay than you need.

1913, Willa Cather, O Pioneers!, chapter 2:

Just over a year on from Notice-to-Proceed, HS2 Ltd launched the first of ten tunnel boring machines (TBMs) that will dig 64 miles of tunnels on Phase 1. Florence broke ground on May 13, and was joined by Cecilia in the week commencing June 29 [...] to bore a pair of ten-mile-long tunnels beneath the Chilterns.

2021 July 14, Paul Stephen, “A portal into the future”, in RAIL, number 935, page 52:

Then there's the archaeology. As mentioned, the new station sits on part of what used to be Metchley Roman Fort, dating back to c.48AD. Those working on the project had to stay in close contact with Historic England to gain consent whenever they broke ground.

2024 January 24, Peter Plisner, “Rising to the University challenge”, in RAIL, number 1001, page 61:

(literally) To begin digging in the earth at the start of a new construction, or, originally, for cultivation.

raivata

to begin digging at the start of a new construction or for cultivation

The invention breaks ground in its programming and its structure.

Remedy Place, which calls itself “the world’s first social wellness club,” broke ground in the West Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles before opening its first location in New York last year.

2023 November 6, Eliza Shapiro, “Inside the Private World the Richest New Yorkers Built for Themselves”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(figurative) To initiate a new venture, or to advance beyond previous achievements.

olla uraauurtava

to initiate a new venture; to advance beyond previous achievements

(nautical, of an anchor) To lift off the sea bottom when being weighed.


bedding

en-noun

bedding (countable and uncountable, plural beddings)

From Middle English bedding, beddyng, from Old English bedding (“bedding”), equivalent to bed + -ing.

(horticulture) The temporary planting of fast-growing plants into flower beds to create colourful, temporary, seasonal displays, during spring, summer or winter.


milpa

milpa (countable and uncountable, plural milpas)

Borrowed from Spanish milpa, from Classical Nahuatl.

Milpa is based on seed crops, particularly the uniquely productive combination of maize, beans and squash, and in the past its techniques were normally those of swidden cultivation.

2007, Peter John Ucko, G. W. Dimbleby, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Transaction Publishers, →ISBN, page 13:

(agriculture, uncountable) A cyclical crop-growing system used throughout Mesoamerica.

These three plants are often grown together in a single field called a milpa, the beans creeping up the corn stalks while the squash plants catch along the lower leaves of the corn plants.

1993, Richard E. Blanton, Stephen A. Kowalewski, Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 40:

That means that no one can get rich or make someone else rich by farming a milpa. Since it works against capital accumulation, it is antithetical to entrepreneurship. In short, planting a milpa optimizes resources in a very particular way.

2010, Sheldon Annis, God and Production in a Guatemalan Town, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, page 37:

(agriculture, countable) A small field, especially in Mexico or Central America, that is cleared from the jungle, cropped for a few seasons, and then abandoned for a fresh clearing.


cornfield

en:field of corn (any cereal grain crop)

A field of corn: maize, wheat, or other cereal crop.

Coordinate term: wheatfield

"Your Silver Shoes will carry you over the desert," replied Glinda. "If you had known their power you could have gone back to your Aunt Em the very first day you came to this country."
"But then I should not have had my wonderful brains!" cried the Scarecrow. "I might have passed my whole life in the farmer's cornfield."

1900, L. Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz:


ranch

ranch (countable and uncountable, plural ranches)

Recorded since 1808, farm sense since 1831. From American Spanish rancho (“small farm, group of farm huts”), in Spanish originally “group of people who eat together”, from ranchear (“to lodge or station”), from Old French ranger (“install in position”), from rang (“row, line”) (cognate with English rank)


winding

en-noun

winding (countable and uncountable, plural windings)

The noun is derived from Middle English winding, windinge, wyndynge (“act of exposing something to the wind, airing, ventilating; act of winnowing (?)”), from winden, wynden (“to expose (something) to the air or wind, ventilate; to cause (someone) to be out of breath; to winnow (wheat); of an animal: to catch the scent of (someone or something)”) + -ing, -inge (suffix forming gerund nouns, and the present participle forms of verbs).
The adjective is derived from the verb.
The English word is analysable as wind (“to blow air through (a wind instrument or horn) to make a sound; to cause (someone) to become breathless; to winnow (food grain), etc.”) + -ing (suffix forming present participial adjectives and verbs, and nouns denoting an action or the embodiment of an action).

suffix

(agriculture, chiefly attributive) The act of winnowing (“subjecting food grain to a current of air to separate the grain from the chaff”).


warp

en-verb

warp (third-person singular simple present warps, present participle warping, simple past and past participle warped)

warps (present singular third-person)
warping (participle present)
warped (participle past)
warped (past)

→ Japanese: ワープ (wāpu)

From Middle English werpen, weorpen, worpen, from Old English weorpan (“to throw”), from Proto-West Germanic *werpan, from Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”).
Cognate with Scots warp (“to throw, warp”), North Frisian werpen (“to throw”), Dutch werpen (“to throw, cast”), German werfen (“to throw, cast”), Icelandic verpa (“to throw”).

der

Large fields are surrounded by embankments, dykes are cut, and sluice hates placed; when warping is in progress the gates all along the dykes to the tidal river, miles away, are opened.

1901 February 23, Yorkshire Weekly Post, quoted in English Dialect Dictionary:

(transitive, intransitive, agriculture) To fertilize (low-lying land) by letting the tide, a river, or other water in upon it to deposit silt and alluvial matter.


erosion

en-noun

erosion (countable and uncountable, plural erosions)

Guy de Chauliac
Oliver Goldsmith
Robert Copland
The Questyonary of Cyrurygens
erosion

From Middle French erosion, from Latin ērōsiō (“eating away”), derived from ērōdō.
The first known occurrence in English was in the 1541 translation by Robert Copland of Guy de Chauliac's medical text The Questyonary of Cyrurygens. Copland used erosion to describe how ulcers developed in the mouth. By 1774 erosion was used outside medical subjects. Oliver Goldsmith employed the term in the more contemporary geological context, in his book Natural History, with the quote
: "Bounds are thus put to the erosion of the earth by water."

Father Ted: The cliffs were gone? How could they just disappear?
Dougal: Erosion.

1995, Graham Linehan & al., "Good Luck, Father Ted", Father Ted Series 1, Episode 1, Channel Four

Even second-generation biofuels, made from crop wastes or wood, are an environmental disaster, either extending the cultivated area or removing the straw and stovers which protect the soil from erosion and keep carbon and nutrients in the ground.

2012 August 24, George Monbiot, Guardian Weekly, page 20:

(uncountable) The result of having been worn away or eroded, as by a glacier on rock or the sea on a cliff face.

(uncountable) Destruction by abrasive action of fluids.

разяждане

destruction by abrasive action of fluids

(mathematics, image processing) One of two fundamental operations in morphological image processing from which all other morphological operations are derived.

(dentistry) Loss of tooth enamel due to non-bacteriogenic chemical processes.

(medicine) A shallow ulceration or lesion, usually involving skin or epithelial tissue.

(mathematics) In morphology, a basic operation (denoted ⊖); see Erosion (morphology).


phosphate

From French phosphate. By surface analysis, phosphoric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

surf

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

(agriculture) Any fertiliser containing phosphate compounds.


heft

term-label

(Northern England, Scotland, agriculture)

The noun is borrowed from Scots heft, haft (“pasture which sheep are familiar with; attachment of sheep to a pasture; number of sheep grazing on such a pasture; (obsolete) place of residence; situation”), probably from Old Norse hefð (“occupation; possession; prescriptive right”), from hafa (“to have; to keep, retain”), from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have; to hold”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”).
The verb is borrowed from Scots heft (“to cause (cattle or sheep) to become familiar with a pasture; of animals: to become familiar with a pasture; (figurative) of a person: to become settled in an occupation or place”), probably from Old Norse hefða (“to acquire prescriptive rights”), from hefð (noun): see above.
Both the noun and verb may have been influenced by Scots heft (“(noun) handle of an implement, haft; (verb) to fit (an implement) with a handle”).

noncog

[S]he came to fetch her [bairn] out of ill haft and waur guiding.

1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VI, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 147:

A piece of pastureland which farm animals (chiefly cattle or sheep) have become accustomed to.

tuttu laidun

piece of pastureland which farm animals have become accustomed to

A flock or group of farm animals (chiefly cattle or sheep) which have become accustomed to a particular piece of pastureland.

laitumen totutelleet eläimet

flock or group of farm animals which have become accustomed to a particular piece of pastureland


heft

en-verb

heft (third-person singular simple present hefts, present participle hefting, simple past and past participle hefted)

hefts (present singular third-person)
hefting (participle present)
hefted (participle past)
hefted (past)

For I had been "hefting" (as the business is called in our Galloway land) a double score of lambs which had just been brought from a neighbouring lowland farm to summer upon our scanty upland pastures. Now it is the nature of sheep to return if they can to their mother-hill, or, at least, to stray farther and farther off, seeking some well-known landmark. So, till such new-comers grow satisfied and "heft" (or attach) themselves to the soil, they must be watched carefully both night and day.

1898, S[amuel] R[utherford] Crockett, “The Year Terrible”, in The Standard Bearer, London: Methuen and Co. […], →OCLC, page 6:

(agriculture) To accustom (a flock or group of farm animals, chiefly cattle or sheep) to a piece of pastureland.

totutella

to accustom (a flock or group of farm animals) to a piece of pastureland


heft

term-label

(transitive, chiefly Scotland, usually passive voice)

Borrowed from Scots heft, from Old Norse hepta (“to bind; to hinder, impede; to hold back, restrain”), from Proto-Germanic *haftijaną (“to bind; to secure”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“to hold, seize”).

jättää lypsämättä

to cause (milk) to be held in a cow’s udder until the latter becomes hard and swollen

You also see the impropriety of hefting or holding the milk in cows until the udder is distended much beyond its ordinary size, for the sake of shewing its utmost capacity for holding milk, a device which all cow-dealers, and indeed every one who has a cow for sale in a market, scrupulously uses. […] [E]very farmer is surely aware, or ought to be aware, that the person who purchases a hefted cow on account of the magnitude of its udder exhibited in the market, gains nothing by the device; because, when the cow comes into his possession, she will never be hefted, and, of course, never shew the greatest magnitude of udder, and never, of course, confer the benefit for which she was bought in preference to others with udders in a more natural state. If, then, purchasers derive no benefit from hefting, because they do not allow hefting, why do they encourage so cruel and afterwards injurious practice in dealers?

1844, Henry Stephens, “Of Cows Calving, and of Calves”, in The Book of the Farm, […], volume II, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, paragraph 2106, page 460:

The heavy udders of hefted cows trailed on the ground, dripping milk on the greensward. Stray cattle ate the rich grass.

1922, Patrick MacGill, “The Inaugural Dinner”, in Lanty Hanlon: A Comedy of Irish Life, Dingle, Co. Kerry, Ireland: Brandon Book Publishers, published 1983, →ISBN, section III, page 259:

(agriculture) To cause (milk) to be held in a cow's udder until the latter becomes hard and swollen, either by not milking the cow or by stopping up the teats, to make the cow look healthy; also, to cause (a cow) to have an udder in this condition.


family tree

(horticulture) A grafting technique involving the joining of different varieties of plants onto a single tree or plant.


dibber

In dry weather, when plants are drawn out of the seed bed, and planted with a common dibber, receiving daily dribblings of water, many will perish, and all are materially injured.

1850, The Journal of the Horticultural Society of London:

A tool with a handle on one end and a point on the other, used in the garden to poke holes in preparation for planting seeds, bulbs, etc.


peeler

From Middle English peler, piller, pyllare, pilour, pelure, pelour, equivalent to peel + -er.

(horticulture) A plant which impoverishes the soil by demanding high value nutrients and so requires the use of fertilizers.


flail

From Middle English flayle, from earlier fleil, fleyl, fleȝȝl, from Old English fligel, *flegel (“flail”), from Proto-West Germanic *flagil, of uncertain origin. Cognate with Scots flail (“a thresher's flail”), West Frisian fleil, flaaiel (“flail”), Dutch vlegel (“flail”), German Flegel (“flail”). Possibly a native Germanic word from Proto-Germanic *flagilaz (“whip”), from Proto-Germanic *flag-, *flah- (“to whip, beat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂k- (“to beat, hit, strike; weep”); compare Old Norse flaga (“sudden attack, bout”), Lithuanian plàkti (“to whip, lash, flog”), Ancient Greek πληγνύναι (plēgnúnai, “strike, hit, encounter”), Latin plangō (“lament”, i.e. “beat one's breast”) + Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (instrumental suffix). If so, related also to English flag, flack, flacker.
Alternatively, Proto-West Germanic *flagil may be an early borrowing of Latin flagellum (“winnowing tool, thresher”), diminutive of flagrum (“scourge, whip”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag-, *bʰlaǵ- (“to beat”); compare Old Norse blekkja (“to beat, mistreat”). Compare also Old French flael (“flail”), Walloon flayea (“flail”) (locally pronounced "flai"), Italian flagello (“scourge, whip, plague”).

cog

When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn
That ten day-labourers could not end;

Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,
Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail

1816, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan:

On him alone the curse of Cain
Fell, like a flail on the garnered grain,
And struck him to the earth!

1842, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Slave in the Dismal Swamp:

If the farmer must use the spade because he has not capital enough for a plough, the sickle instead of the reaping machine, the flail instead of the thresher...

1879, Henry George, chapter V, in Progress and Poverty:

A tool used for threshing, consisting of a long handle (handstock) with a shorter stick (swipple or swingle) attached with a short piece of chain, thong or similar material.


copse

en-verb

copse (third-person singular simple present copses, present participle copsing, simple past and past participle copsed)

copses (present singular third-person)
copsing (participle present)
copsed (participle past)
copsed (past)

1578, from coppice, by contraction, originally meaning “small wood grown for purposes of periodic cutting”.

(transitive, horticulture) To trim or cut.

(transitive, horticulture) To plant and preserve.


exposure

en-noun

exposure (countable and uncountable, plural exposures)

(horticulture) The amount of sun, wind etc. experienced by a particular site.

ligging

gardening: the amount of sun, wind etc. experienced by a particular site


quoin

(horticulture) A number of apple varieties with a distinctive ribbed appearance, like corners of a coin.


duffer

Cognate with duff, which see (origin is uncertain).

(sports) A player having little skill, especially a golfer who duffs.


clamp

From Middle Dutch clamp, klampe (“a clamp, hook”), from Proto-Germanic *klampō (“clamp, clasp, cramp”), related to Proto-West Germanic *klammjan.
Cognate with Middle Low German klampe (“hook, clasp”), German Klampfe, Klampe (“clamp, cleat”), Norwegian klamp (“clamp”), Alemannic German Chlempi.

cog

(agriculture) A compact pile of agricultural produce (such as root vegetables or silage) used for temporary storage (often covered with straw, earth, or both).


reseda

From French réséda, from Latin resēda, said by Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) to be from resēdāre (“to soothe”), from re- (“again”) + sēdāre (“to assuage, calm”)), an allusion to the healing properties of the plant.

About the middle of this month, if the ſeaſon proves favourable, you may plant out your hardy annuals, ſuch as Marvel of Peru, Sweet Sultan, China After or Starwort, Sweet Reſeda called Mignonette d'Egypt, French and African Marigolds, Female Balſamine, Capſicum, Brown Jolly, and ſeveral other ſorts, which, if artfully diſpoſed, will afford an agreeable pleaſure, after the beauty of ſpring is paſt; […]

1757, Philip Miller, “May”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-Gardens, as also in the Conservatory and Nursery. With Accounts I. Of the Particular Seasons for the Propagation of All Sorts of Esculent Plants and Fruits, with the Seasons wherein Each Sort is Proper for the Table. II. Of All Sorts of Trees, Plants, and Flowers, with the Time of Their Flowering in Each Month, 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, at the Bible and Crown, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, at the Oxford-Theatre, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC, page 146:

Reseda or mignonette is grown in the Grasse region [of France]. The tendency for green notes in recent years has given fresh interest to the reseda note. Absolute oil of reseda has an odour recalling that of violet leaves, but with a rather fine 'powdery' background and a suggestion of rose and a little basil.

[2003], H. Panda, “Raw Materials: Products of Natural Origin”, in The Complete Technology Book on Herbal Perfumes & Cosmetics, New Delhi: Ajay Kr. Gupta, National Institute of Industrial Research, →ISBN, page 92:

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

(botany, horticulture, specifically) Mignonette (Reseda odorata).


apidictor

(beekeeping) An instrument which measures and records the sounds in a beehive.


giddy

en-adj

giddy (comparative giddier, superlative giddiest)

giddier (comparative)
giddiest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English gidi, gedy, gydy (“demonically controlled or possessed; crazy, insane; foolish, idiotic, ridiculous, unwise; unsure; (rare) dizzy, shaky; (rare) of an animal: crazed, out of control; a fool”) [and other forms], from Old English gidiġ, gydiġ (“possessed by a demon or spirit, insane, mad”), from Proto-West Germanic *gudīg (“ghostly, spirited”, literally “possessed by a god or spirit”), from *god (“god”) + *-ig, *-g (suffix forming adjectives with the senses of being, doing, or having). The English word is analysable as god + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’, forming adjectives).
The noun and the verb are derived from the adjective.

nb...

gedi, gidie, gidy, gudi, gudiʒe, guidi, guydi, gydi, gydie

лекомислен

unable to concentrate or think seriously; easily excited — see also impulsive

лекомислен

lightheartedly silly — see also frivolous

(British, dialectal, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”), which may result in the animal turning around aimlessly.

pyörimistautia poteva

of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid


giddy

(British, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Synonym of gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”)


sweeten

en-verb

sweeten (third-person singular simple present sweetens, present participle sweetening, simple past and past participle sweetened)

sweetens (present singular third-person)
sweetening (participle present)
sweetened (participle past)
sweetened (past)

sour

antonym(s) of “to make warm and fertile”

From sweet + -en. Eclipsed and superseded non-native Middle English doucen and endoucen, borrowed from Old French adoucir and endoucir (“to sweeten”).

[T]hey had prepared the garden carefully, plowing and sweetening the dirt with fireplace ashes and manure from the barn[.]

1997, Charles Frazier, Cold Mountain, London: Hodder and Stoughton, page 128:

(agriculture, transitive) To raise the pH of (a soil) by adding alkali.


scourge

scourge (third-person singular simple present scourges, present participle scourging, simple past and past participle scourged)

scourges (present singular third-person)
scourging (participle present)
scourged (participle past)
scourged (past)
scourge (infinitive)

From Middle English scourgen (“to whip, scourge; to afflict; to punish”), and then either:
* from scourge (noun) + -en (suffix forming infinitives of verbs); or
* from Anglo-Norman escorger, and Old French escorgier (“to whip, to scourge”), which are either:
** from Anglo-Norman scorge, escorge (noun), etc., or Old French scurge, escourge (noun), etc. + -er (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs); or
** from Vulgar Latin *excorrigiō, from Latin ex- (intensifying prefix) + corrigia (“a whip”); or
** directly from Late Latin excoriāre.
See further at etymology 1.

der

(Scotland, agriculture) Of a crop or a farmer: to deplete the fertility of (land or soil).

köyhdyttää

of a crop or a farmer: to deplete the fertility of (land or soil)


dressing

en-noun

dressing (countable and uncountable, plural dressings)

→ German: Dressing

From Middle English dressing, dressinge, dressynge, equivalent to dress + -ing.

Considered thus, the performance is a translation into images of bodies on display, as is well demonstrated by Monsieur Jourdain's repeated dressings and undressings.

2004, Kathryn Banks, Joseph Harris, Exposure: Revealing Bodies, Unveiling Representations, page 182:


mulching

This mulching mower can easily be converted to a bagging mower.

(agriculture) Used for applying a mulch.

Compost is generally the best mulching material for the home garden.


mulching

mulching (countable and uncountable, plural mulchings)

Proper mulching in summer months keeps the soil cooler.

(agriculture) The act of preparing/applying a mulch.


Jersey

From Middle English Gersey, from Anglo-Norman Gersui, further etymology disputed. Probably from Old Norse [Term?], compound of Geirs (“Geirr's”) + ey (“island”). Also occasionally and historically connected to Latin Caesarea, a common name given to locations conquered by the Romans in honor of Caesar (compare French Césarée). The latter theory still bestows the Latin translation of the island.

unk

disputed


aftermath

/ˈæf.tɚˌmæθ/

/ˈɑːf.təˌmɑːθ/

/ˈæf.təˌmæθ/

They were cutting aftermath on all sides, which gave the neighbourhood, this gusty autumn morning, an untimely smell of hay.

1879, Robert Louis Stevenson, Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes:

(obsolete, agriculture) A second mowing; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season.


mali

Borrowed from Hindi माली (mālī, “gardener”), from Sanskrit माली (mālī, “wreath-maker, garland-maker; florist; gardener”), मालिन् (mālin, “florist; gardener”), from माला (mālā, “wreath, garland; chaplet, crown”).

der

[H]ence the slow progress hitherto made in the cultivation of such produce of the garden as is generally held in estimation by the European portion of the community, left as it generally is, to the simple Hindoo mallee (or gardener,) it is not to be wondered at, that our bazars want what are deemed the more delicate articles of vegetable production for the table; […]

1840, G. T. Frederic Speede, Indian Hand-book of Gardening; Containing Directions for the Management of the Kitchen and Flower Garden, etc. etc. in India: […], Calcutta: W. Thacker & Co. St. Andrew's Library, →OCLC, page 1:

Prizes were awarded to ten other mallees for best samples of vegetables, fruits and flowers, and last though not least we have to note, that a prize of two rupees was awarded to the mallee of Robert Fulton, Esq., of Sultangunge, for a remarkably fine bunch of grapes, clearly showing that either the soil of Mr. Fulton's garden, the climate of Sultangunge, or the skill of that gentleman's gardener, are highly favorable to the growth, and bringing to maturity of this delicious fruit.

1848, “Report of Exhibitions of Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers and Agricultural Produce, Held at Bhaugulpore, on 11th February and 25th May, 1848. (Communicated by Major [T. E. A.] Napleton, Honorary Secretary Branch Agri-Horticultural Society.)”, in Journal of the Agricultural & Horticultural Society of India, volumes VI, part II (Correspondence and Selections), number 3, Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, →OCLC, page 125:

I sent down dhobies, sweepers, cooks, and mallees, last to dig trenches for burying the dead, when burning was not possible.

1871 November 29, “Cachar: Further Correspondence on the Subject of the Looshai Raids and the Consequent Hostilities (in Continuation of Paper, No. 398, of 1871)”, in Accounts and Papers: […], volumes X (East India—continued), [London]: […] The House of Commons, […], published 28 May 1872, →OCLC, page 301:

He found, as he expected, that the poor girl was crying. And, as always, an Indian close outside the window, a mali in this case, picking up sounds.

1924 June 4, E[dward] M[organ] Forster, chapter XXII, in A Passage to India, London: Edward Arnold & Co., →OCLC, part II (Caves), page 203:

A nearly naked mali, watering-can in hand, was moving in the jungle of flowers like some large nectar-sucking bird.

1934 October, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Burmese Days, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, →OCLC; republished as chapter 2, in Burmese Days (ebook no. 0200051h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, November 2015:

The grounds of the estates were extensive enough to provide each mansion with a surrounding park, and these were, if anything, even more varied in design than the houses they enclosed – for the malis who tended the gardens, no less than the owners themselves, vied to outdo each other in the fancifulness of their plantings, creating here a little patch of topiary and there an avenue of trees, trimmed in the French fashion; […]

2008, Amitav Ghosh, chapter 5, in Sea of Poppies, London: John Murray, →ISBN, pages 91–92:

(India, South Asia) A member of a caste in South Asia whose traditional occupation is gardening; hence, any South Asian gardener.


U

head

U (upper case, lower case u, plural Us or U's)

(horticulture) A double upright cordon espalier (also double U, triple U).


furrow

From Middle English furgh, forow, from Old English furh, from Proto-West Germanic *furh, from Proto-Germanic *furhs (compare Saterland Frisian Fuurge, Dutch voor, German Furche, Swedish fåra, Norwegian Bokmål fure), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Compare Welsh rhych (“furrow”), Latin porca (“ridge, balk”), Lithuanian prapar̃šas (“ditch”), Sanskrit पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”).

Don't walk across that deep furrow in the field.

A trench cut in the soil, as when plowed in order to plant a crop.


roundup

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-roundup.wav

(US, agriculture) An activity in which cattle are herded together in order to be inspected, counted, branded or shipped.


agrobiology

The science of plant life and nutrition.


A&M

Agricultural and Mines, a historical university description


NRC

(agriculture) Initialism of non-rice crop.


broadcaster

/ˈbɹɔːdˌkɑːstə/

From broadcast (“to transmit a message or signal through radio waves or electronic means”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

suffix

A machine used to broadcast or spread seeds, fertilizer, etc.

kylvökone

(obsolete) A person who sows seeds by scattering; also, one who promotes sowing seeds in this manner instead of by drilling (“making holes in the soil and placing seeds in them”).


AMS

en-noun

AMS (countable and uncountable, plural AMSes)

(agriculture) Initialism of aggregate measurement of support.


arboretum

arboretum (plural arboretums or arboreta)

/ɑː(ɹ)bəˈɹiːtəm/

Borrowed from Latin arborētum (“place with trees growing, plantation of trees”), from arbor (“tree”).

bor

Coordinate term: floretum

A place where many varieties of tree are grown for research, educational, and ornamental purposes.


under glass

(horticulture, literal) In a greenhouse, a cold frame, or a similar structure; said of the propagation and growth of plants.


outfield

(Scotland, agriculture) Arable land continually cropped without being manured.

(Scotland, agriculture) Any open field at a distance from the farmsteading.


haystack

From Middle English haystak, haystake, hey stak, equivalent to hay + stack.

Both of these functions will look through the haystack for the specified needle and, if they find it, will return the portion of the string from the beginning of the needle to the end of the haystack.

2010, Peter MacIntyre, PHP: The Good Parts, page 39:

needle in a haystack
needle in a haystack

(programming) The text string within which another string is searched for. (see: needle in a haystack)

But the point of confining the Kansas City gun experiment to the worst parts of the worst neighborhoods was to make the haystack just a little smaller, and to make the inevitable trade-off between fighting crime and harassing innocent people just a little more manageable.

2019, Malcolm Gladwell, Talking to Strangers, page 339:

(more generally) Any place or collection of items through which one searches for something that is rare and hard to find.


filler

(horticulture) A plant that lacks a distinctive shape and can fill inconvenient spaces around other plants in pots or gardens.


terrace

Borrowed from French terrasse, from Old Occitan terrassa, from terra (“land”). Doublet of terrasse.

All the buildings were well kept and there were terraces everywhere, most of them full of growing things.

1989, Octavia E. Butler, “Part III, Chapter 7”, in Imago, page 210:

(agriculture) A raised, flat-topped bank of earth with sloping sides, especially one of a series for farming or leisure; a similar natural area of ground, often next to a river.

тераса

(agriculture) raised, flat-topped bank of earth with sloping sides


flowering

(horticulture) The period of time during which a plant is in flower.


garner

en-verb

garner (third-person singular simple present garners, present participle garnering, simple past and past participle garnered)

garners (present singular third-person)
garnering (participle present)
garnered (participle past)
garnered (past)

From Middle English gerner, from Old French gernier, guernier, variant of grenier, from Latin grānārium (“granary”). Doublet of granary.

She soothed herself with the belief that the workings of her soul were still known to him,—that her regret and her despondency were but the needful preparation for that other sphere, where now her only remaining hope was garnered.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, pages 9–10:

For this alone on Death I wreak / The wrath that garners in my heart;

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto LXXXII:

(rare) To gather or become gathered; to accumulate or become accumulated; to become stored.


trellis

From Middle English trelis, from Anglo-Norman treslis, from Old French treille (“arbor”), from Latin trichila (“arbor", "summer house”). However, see OED which claims another Old French form referring to sackcloth, from Vulgar Latin.

der

communication theory
communication theory

(computing theory, telecommunications) A kind of graph, used in communication theory and encryption, whose nodes are ordered into vertical slices by time, with each node at each time connected to at least one node at an earlier and at least one node at a later time.


flowering plant

en-noun

flowering plant (plural flowering plants)

(botany) Any plant that produces flowers and fruit; an angiosperm.


mechanization

mechanization (countable and uncountable, plural mechanizations)

The use of machinery to replace human or animal labour, especially in agriculture and industry.

مَكْنَنَة

the use of machinery to replace human or animal labour


hotbed

Tomato seedlings will be ready to transplant from the hotbed to the coldframe in 12 to 18 days after sowing the seed, depending upon the amount of sunshine and the care given the bed.

1924, Erval Jackson Newcomer, M. A. Yothers, Warren Draper Whitcomb, Control of the Codling Moth in the Pacific Northwest, page 11:

A low bed of earth covered with glass, and heated with rotting manure, used for the germination of seeds and the growth of tender plants, like a miniature hothouse.

An iron platform in a rolling mill, on which hot bars, rails, etc., are laid to cool.


biodynamic

en-adj

biodynamic (comparative more biodynamic, superlative most biodynamic)

more biodynamic (comparative)
most biodynamic (superlative)

biologisch-dynamisch

Relating to agriculture according to anthroposophic precepts

This ancient mode of thought exists to this day in the mystical biodynamic gardening practices of Rudolph Steiner, which call for planting only when the moon is in a favorable position for the variety of plant chosen.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 215:

(anthroposophy, agriculture, pseudoscience) Of, or relating to a form of organic agriculture with mystical and holistic elements, based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner.


barleycorn

The Town Mouse came, and they sat down to a dinner of barleycorns and roots, the latter of which had a distinctly earthy flavour.

1912, V.S. Vernon Jones, Aesop's Fables:


thresher

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -er
Middle English thresshere
English thresher
From Middle English thresshere; equivalent to thresh + -er. The shark's tail is thought to resemble the implement.

etymon

(agriculture) Anything or anyone that threshes.

(agriculture, historical) A now-obsolete hand tool for threshing, also called a flail.

(agriculture) A modern farm machine for threshing grain, now a part of combine harvesters rather than a separate implement.


back garden

Afterwards, Gareth Southgate conjured up the modern English pastoral when he said he was glad to have delivered goals for a public watching at home on a “warm Sunday afternoon”. A great vision of barbecues ablaze, televisions repositioned and six times a boozy roar across the back gardens.

2018 June 24, Sam Wallace, “Harry Kane scores hat-trick as England hit Panama for six to secure World Cup knock-out qualification”, in Telegraph (UK), retrieved 2018-06-24:


stubble

en-verb

stubble (third-person singular simple present stubbles, present participle stubbling, simple past and past participle stubbled)

stubbles (present singular third-person)
stubbling (participle present)
stubbled (participle past)
stubbled (past)

From Middle English stuble, from Anglo-Norman stuble, estuble, from Old French estoble, esteule (whence Modern French éteule), from Latin stipula (“stalk, straw”). Cognate with Dutch stoppel, Central German Stoppel, Upper German Stupfel.

Here a system ( if it may be called a system ) of stubbling prevails — wheat succeeding wheat for a series of years, and without any material diminution of the yield.

1851, United States. Department of Agriculture, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year: 1850, page 371:

In 1919 the stubbled crop was heavier than either that fallowed or plowed.

1922, John Selden Cole, Alanson Lola Hallsted, Methods of Winter-wheat Production at the Fort Hays Branch Station, page 22:

Both spring and fall ploughing produced a crop freer from weeds than where the seed was stubbled in.

1922, Canada. Dept. of Agriculture. Research Station, Lacombe, Alta, Interim Report of the Superintendent, page 65:

Because the biggest single expense in producing the crop is planting, good stubbling ability is prized.

1983, W. H. Smith, Symposium on Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments, page 377:

(agriculture) To produce a crop in a field of stubble that remains after a preceding crop is removed, either by sowing a second crop or by allowing shoots to sprout from the roots of the stubble.


breadbasket

[I]t is worth noting that if global warming produces a migration of the earth's breadbaskets, then it might damage one country's agriculture, while benefiting another's.

1990, Joshua M. Epstein, Raj Gupta, Controlling the Greenhouse Effect: Five Global Regimes Compared (Brookings Occasional Papers), Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, →ISBN, page 7:

Canada at the turn of the century had become the breadbasket of the British Empire and industrialised Europe and wheat grown on the prairies was consolidated in elevator at Fort William, Ontario to await shipment overseas.

1997, Peter Pigott, “C. D. Howe: Mister Trans-Canada Airlines”, in Flying Canucks II: Pioneers of Canadian Aviation, Toronto, Ont., Headington, Oxford: Hounslow Press, →ISBN, pages 71–72:

(agriculture) A region which has favourable conditions to produce a large quantity of grain or, by extension, other food products; a food bowl.


phytosanitary

concerning the health of plants; especially the freedom from pests requiring quarantine


rockery

A section of a garden made from decorative rocks and alpine plants.


rosary

From Middle English rosarie, from Latin rosārium, here in its sense as a garland of roses. The coin usage referred to the laurel wreath appearing on the obverse bust, as opposed to the bare head on the pollard. Doublet of Rosario and rosarium.

psalter (150-bead rosary for use with the Psalms)


etiolated

en-adj

etiolated (comparative more etiolated, superlative most etiolated)

more etiolated (comparative)
most etiolated (superlative)

From etiolate + -ed (suffix forming adjectives); modelled after French étiolé, the past participle of étioler (“to become pale and weak, etiolate”), from Norman étieuler (“to become plant stalks left over after harvesting to be used as fodder or for thatching”), probably from éteule (“plant stalks left over after harvesting, stubble”) + -er (suffix forming verbs). Éteule is derived from Old French esteule (“straw”), from Latin stipula (“plant stalk; plant stalk left over after harvesting, stubble; straw”), from Proto-Italic *stipelā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“to be stiff; erect”).

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-etiolated.wav

[T]he external leaves which enjoy the light are perfectly green, while those within, naturally or artificially covered up and involved in darkness, are blanched or etiolated; they are thereby rendered white, soft, delicate, and tender, and lose the taste and flavour of the native plant in its green state, or retain these very slightly.

1806 August 11, “Extracts from Fourcroy on the Philosophy of Vegetation, Translated and Abridged by a Correspondent”, in The Farmer’s Magazine: A Periodical Work Exclusively Devoted to Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, volume VII, number XXVII, Edinburgh: […] D. Willison, […], for Arch[ibald] Constable & Co. […], →OCLC, part IV (of the Influence of Light on Vegetation), paragraph 4, pages 302–303:

If there is too great an accumulation of oxygen, as when a plant is kept in a dark place, then it will grow towards the nearest ray of light, which if it does not reach, it will remain white, or etiolated, and sickly.

1835, J[ohn] L[ee] Comstock, “The Leaf. (Folium.)”, in An Introduction to the Study of Botany; […], 3rd edition, New York, N.Y.: Robinson, Pratt, & Co. […], →OCLC, page 43:

They had been so long accustomed to nestle in their old dwellings sheltered in the narrow closes, "Piled deep and massy, close and high," that they seemed to regard the exposure to open streets and broad thoroughfares pretty much as some etiolated hot-house exotic might be supposed to reflect on its being turned out to the open garden.

[1853], “First Buildings of the New Town”, in Modern Edinburgh, London: The Religious Tract Society, →OCLC, page 54:

In a report of 1901, the "triple response" of etiolated pea seedlings (growth inhibition, thickening of the subapical region, horizontal nutation) was observed to occur in the presence of illuminating gas and ethylene was identified as the inducing agent.

1985, Klaus Lurssen, “Plant Responses to Ethylene and Ethylene Releasing Compounds”, in S. S. Purohit, editor, Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development (Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology), volume 2, Dordrecht, Berlin: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, →ISBN, page 307:

Seedlings are elongated and have closed cotyledons in the dark (aetiolated) while the hypocotyls are short and the cotyledons are open in the light (de-aetiolated).

2007, László Bögre, “Cell Signalling Mechanisms in Plants”, in Keith Roberts, editor, Handbook of Plant Science, volume 1, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, pages 417–418:

Any visitor to New York over the past few years will have witnessed this curious new breed of pencil-thin tower. Poking up above the Manhattan skyline like etiolated beanpoles, they seem to defy the laws of both gravity and commercial sense. They stand like naked elevator shafts awaiting their floors, raw extrusions of capital piled up until it hits the clouds.

2019 June 1, Oliver Wainwright, “Super-tall, super-skinny, super-expensive: the ‘pencil towers’ of New York’s super-rich”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-10-05:

(chiefly botany, horticulture) Of a plant or part of a plant: pale and weak because of sunlight deprivation or excessive exposure to sunlight.

etiola

of a plant or part of a plant: pale and weak because of sunlight deprivation or excessive exposure to sunlight

It is a fact well known to gardeners, that plants, when blanched, lose many of their active properties; and dandelion thus prepared, is frequently eaten on the continent in salads; [...] The French eat the young roots, and the etiolated leaves, with thin slices of bread and butter; [...]

1831, John Stephenson, James Morss Churchill, “Leontodon taraxacum. Common Dandelion.”, in Medical Botany: Or, Illustrations and Descriptions of the Medicinal Plants of the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Pharmacopœias; […], volume I, London: John Churchill, […], →OCLC:

When deprived of light, says Dr. Irvine, all plants nearly agree in the qualities of their juices. The most pungent vegetables then grow insipid; the highest flavoured, inodorous; and those of the most variegated colours are of a uniform whiteness. [...] The results of analysis perfectly accord with these observations; for etiolated plants are found to yield more saccharine matter, carbonic acid and water, and less inflammable matter than those which are green.

1842, “Vegetable Physiology”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature, 7th edition, volume XXI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, →OCLC, article V (of the Changes which the Sap Undergoes in the Leaves from the Agency of Light), page 577, column 2:

(horticulture) Of a plant: intentionally grown in the dark.


hayrick

From hay + rick. Compare Middle English heyrek (from related Old English hrēac).

It was not far from the house; but the ground sank into a depression there, and the ridge of it behind shut out everything except just the roof of the tallest hayrick. As one sat on the sward behind the elm, with the back turned on the rick and nothing in front but the tall elms and the oaks in the other hedge, it was quite easy to fancy it the verge of the prairie with the backwoods close by.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:


permaculture

en-noun

permaculture (countable and uncountable, plural permacultures)

Blend of permanent + agriculture, coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in 1978. For a long time Bill Mollison claimed to have copyrighted the word; this was never the case, as copyright law is not applicable to single words.

in a world where there are competing ends for the use of natural resources, and particularly energy forms, the aim of permaculture is to create productive systems which are ecologically sound and ecologically viable, provide for their own […]

2007, Derek Thomas, Architecture and the Urban Environment, Routledge, →ISBN, page 178:

(agriculture) Any system of sustainable agriculture that renews natural resources and enriches local ecosystems.


agrarian

/əˈɡɹɛ(ə)ɹi.ən/

From Middle French agrarien, from Latin agrarius (“of the land”), from stem of ager (“field”) + -arius.

A person who advocates the political interests of working farmers


brown bag

en-verb

brown bag (third-person singular simple present brown bags, present participle brown bagging, simple past and past participle brown bagged)

brown bags (present singular third-person)
brown bagging (participle present)
brown bagged (participle past)
brown bagged (past)

(presentation): From the brown paper bag traditionally used to carry one's own lunch from home.

(agriculture) To plant seed saved from one's own harvest, as opposed to buying new seed from a seed company.


make hay while the sun shines

make<,,made> hay while the sun shine<,~s,shone>

make hay while the sun shines (third-person singular simple present makes hay while the sun shines, present participle making hay while the sun shines, simple past and past participle made hay while the sun shone)

makes hay while the sun shines (present singular third-person)
making hay while the sun shines (participle present)
made hay while the sun shone (participle past)
made hay while the sun shone (past)

Hay harvest can be spoiled by wet weather. It is important that farmers seize the opportunity of dry weather for haymaking tasks (cutting, drying, gathering). Especially in medieval times, when forecasting the weather several days in advance was more difficult, it was all the more vital. Attested since 1546, originally a Tudor expression, and used figuratively since 1673.

(literal, agriculture) To make hay during favourable (dry) weather.


bearded

From Middle English berded, from Old English ġebearded, ġebeardede, ġebierd, ġebierde (“bearded”), from Proto-Germanic *bardōdaz (“bearded”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂tos (“bearded”), equivalent to beard + -ed. Cognate with Dutch bebaarde (“bearded”), Middle Low German bārt (“bearded”), archaic German gebartet (“bearded”).

The herbaceous perennial irises benefit from at least one feeding a year in early spring as growth begins. Siberian and Japanese irises appreciate a second feeding just as the flowers fade. Beardeds do best with a second feeding in late summer.

2017, Barbara W. Ellis, “Iris: Irises”, in Taylor's Guide to Growing North America's Favorite Plants: Proven Perennials, Annuals, Flowering Trees, Shrubs, & Vines for Every Garden, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 181:

(informal, botany, horticulture) A bearded iris.


late bloomer

The great snows that come at the beginning of winter, before there is yet any snow except the perpetual high banks, are best worth while to watch. These come often before the late bloomers are gone and while the migratory birds are still in the piney woods.

1903, Mary Austin, The Land of Little Rain:

One of the characteristics of the pawpaw is that it always bears [fruit], yet there is an occasional season when there is only a light crop on account of late frosts, but it generally bears some, as it is a late bloomer.

1907, Indiana State Board of Agriculture, Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, page 613:

(literally, horticulture) A flowering plant that blooms later in a growing season than other flowering plants.


spancel

From Dutch or Low German spansel, from spannen (“to bind, harness”).

a rope or fetter used to hobble a horse or other animal


spancel

spancel (third-person singular simple present spancels, present participle spancelling or spanceling, simple past and past participle spancelled or spanceled)

spancels (present singular third-person)
spancelling (participle present)
spanceling (participle present)
spancelled (participle past)
spancelled (past)
spanceled (participle past)
spanceled (past)


thriftless

en-adj

thriftless (comparative more thriftless, superlative most thriftless)

more thriftless (comparative)
most thriftless (superlative)

From Middle English thrifteles, þriftles, equivalent to thrift + -less.

(botany, horticulture, dated) Not thriving.


apple seed

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(horticulture) The seed of the fruit of the Malus domestica (apple) tree or other tree of the genus Malus.

苹果籽

the seed of the fruit of the Malus domestica (apple) tree

apple pip

in the context of eating or preparing apples


harrow

From Middle English harrow, harrowe, haro, from Old French haro, harou, harau, harol, from Frankish *harot, *hara (“here; hither”), from *hēr. Akin to Old Saxon herod, Old High German herot, Middle Dutch hare.

Harrow, the flames, which me consume (said hee) / Ne can be quencht, within my secret bowels bee.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(obsolete) A call for help, or of distress, alarm etc.


farming

en-noun

farming (countable and uncountable, plural farmings)

Gardening, then, is a sort of refined farming upon a limited scale.

1833, James Rennie, “The Word Gardening”, in Alphabet of Scientific Gardening for the Use of Beginners, London: William Orr, page 1:

Farming was among the earliest of civilized man's occupations, [...]

1945 April 18, American Historical Association, United States Armed Forces Institute, Shall I Take Up Farming? (GI Roundtable), number 35, U.S. Government Printing Office, page 2:

The business of cultivating land, raising stock, etc.


paddy field

On the journey southwards over the flat, fertile plains, paddy fields stretched away on each side of the line, and the landscape was broken only by wooden villages and stately pagodas.

1943 November and December, G. T. Porter, “The Lines Behind the Lines in Burma”, in Railway Magazine, page 325:

(agriculture) A flooded field where rice is grown.


pup

(horticulture) A new plant growing from a shoot that can be used for propagation.


chemosterilant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chemosterilant.wav

(chemistry, agriculture) A chemical that controls pests by preventing reproduction, thereby causing the population to collapse.


chaffer

A fan blows air through the chaffer to remove lightweight material known as chaff.

2003, William W. Casady, “Grain Harvesting Systems”, in Dennis R. Heldman, editor, Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, →ISBN, page 449:

(agriculture) The upper sieve of a cleaning shoe in a combine harvester, where chaff is removed


conservatory

Anglicized form of French conservatoire; ultimately equivalent to Etymology 1

A large greenhouse or hothouse for the display of plants

оранже́рия

a greenhouse or hothouse for the display of plants


gardener

/ˈɡɑɹd.n̩.ɚ/

/ˈɡɑːd.n̩.ə/

From Middle English gardener, either calqued or loaned from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French gardinier.
See garden, and compare German Gärtner (“gardener”), which is equivalent to a derivative of the German cognate to English garden, Garten (“garden”), + -er.
Displaced native Old English wyrtweard.

"Ponder the fact that God has made you a gardener, to root out vice and to plant virtue." — St. Catherine of Siena

At the far end of the houses the head gardener stood waiting for his mistress, and he gave her strips of bass to tie up her nosegay. This she did slowly and laboriously, with knuckly old fingers that shook.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIX, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

One who gardens; one who grows plants or cultivates a garden.


hydroponic

/hʌɪdɹəˈpɒnɪk/

Back-formation from hydroponics. By surface analysis, hydro- (“water”) + Ancient Greek πόνος (pónos, “work, labour”) + -ic.

surf

Sid was now living in a small commune in the Shetland Islands, where he and his fellow communards were dedicated to the growing of implausibly large hydroponic onions.

1991, Will Self, The Quantity Theory of Insanity:

She had been offended because he had seen her every day for ten days, then when she’d finally obtained 50 grams of genetically enhanced hydroponic marijuana for him[…]

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 24:

(agriculture, horticulture) Of a plant; pertaining to or grown using hydroponics, a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water, without soil.


combine harvester

en-noun

combine harvester (plural combine harvesters)

A combine, a farming machine that harvests, threshes, and cleans grain plants.


monoculture

monoculture (countable and uncountable, plural monocultures)

/ˈmɒnəˌkʌlt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

Monocultures are bad for the environment; as we forced golden, waving wheat to take over the planet, other species faltered and failed, rather than rising on their merits.

2023 September 30, Martha Gill, “When Taylor Swift reaps country-sized riches, other artists are squeezed out”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

As we Irish discovered in the great famine of 1845-49, monocultures are generally not a good idea and we abandon biodiversity at our peril. Farrell and Berjon make the same point about our online world: the internet has become an extractive and fragile monoculture.

2024 May 4, John Naughton, “The internet is in decline – it needs rewilding”, in The Guardian:

(agriculture) The cultivation of a single crop at a time.


horticulturally

Ripeness can be trusted. Young women are green. I spoke horticulturally. My metaphor was drawn from fruits.

1895, Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest […] , [Act II]:


glasshouse

From Middle English glasehows, glashous, glashows; equivalent to glass + house.

people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

A greenhouse, especially one for commercial use.

(British military slang) A military prison.

оранжерия

building made of glass in which plants are grown


horticulturist

[…] [I]nfected tulips are weakened by the viruses that cause the very patterns and swirls that fascinated horticulturists and investors in the first place.

2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

A gardener; a person interested or practicing horticulture.

баҡсасы

a gardener, a person interested or practising horticulture


horticultural

en-adj

horticultural (comparative more horticultural, superlative most horticultural)

more horticultural (comparative)
most horticultural (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-horticultural.wav

Throughout the garden there was, indeed, much arrangement, and much art; from the water-jet, trained to fling its silvery cascade, to the yew trees shaped into peacocks; still it was arrangement prompted by taste, and art that loved the nature which it guided. And if the horticultural skill, on which Mrs Churchill piqued herself, might have escaped the stranger's observation, the little knot now gathered before her terrace would inevitably have caught his attention.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 34–35:

Of or pertaining to horticulture; connected with gardening.

بُسْتَانِيّ

of or pertaining to horticulture, connected with gardening


crome

From Proto-Germanic *krumpaz (“bent, crooked, curved”).

der

… a crome is a tool with a long handle and long metal teeth or tines, hooked for raking loose the bottom of ditches.

1975 [1956], George Ewart Evans, Ask the Fellows who Cut the Hay, London: Faber and Faber, page 122:

(UK, East Anglia) A garden or agricultural implement with three or four tines bent at right angles, resembling a garden fork with bent prongs, and used for breaking up soil, clearing ditches, raking up shellfish on beaches, etc.


gardening

en-noun

gardening (usually uncountable, plural gardenings)

His hobby was gardening.

Warm ambient air, loiterings abroad, gardenings, flowers to take about, and preserves to make, soothed the wicked imp to slumber in the parish of Hollingford in summer-time.

1864 August – 1866 January, [Elizabeth] Gaskell, chapter XLVI, in Wives and Daughters. An Every-day Story. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1866, →OCLC:

The process or action of cultivating the soil, particularly in a garden; the care of a garden; horticulture.


yearlong

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-yearlong.wav

The estimate of the number of sheep and cattle now using this range is equivalent to 250000 cattle units yearlong

1939, Hugh Hammond Bennett, Soil conservation, page 807:

The carrying capacity of this area is 46 cattle yearlong.

1946, U.S. Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Administration and use of public lands: Parts 5-9:


horticulture

horticulture (usually uncountable, plural horticultures)

/ˈhɔɹ.tɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/

17th century, from the Latin word hortus (“garden”) + culture (on the model of agriculture).


horseman

From Middle English horsman, equivalent to horse + man.

(especially UK, agriculture, archaic) A man in charge of work horses; a teamster.


tet

Tets are 44-chromosome conversions from 22-chromosome diploids, created by elaborate means involving colchicine, a chemical found naturally in crocuses. Only a tet can pollinate a tet, but some tets can pollinate themselves.

2017, Susan Brownmiller, “Daylily Dreams”, in My City Highrise Garden, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, page 84:

(informal, horticulture) A tetraploid plant cultivar (iris, daylily etc.).


emblement

1485, from Old French emblayement, emblaiment (“harvest, crop”), from emblaer, emblaier, emblader (French emblaver, “to sow with grain”), from Medieval Latin imblādāre (“to sow with grain”), from im- + blādum (French blé, “grain”), from Frankish *blād (“produce”), from Proto-Germanic *blēdaz, *blēdō (“flower, leaf”), from Proto-Indo-European *bhlēdh-, *bhlō(w)-, *bhol- (“to flower; leaf”). Cognate with Old High German blāt (“flower, blossom, prosperity”), Middle Dutch blaad (“leaf”), Old English blǣd (“shoot, flower, fruit, harvest, wealth”). More at bloom.

cog

(law) An annual crop produced by cultivation, treated as personal property.


deacon

Inherited from Old English diacon, from Ecclesiastical Latin diāconus, from Ancient Greek διᾱ́κονος (diā́konos, “servant, minister”).

der

(Protestantism) Anglicanism: An ordained clergyperson usually serving a year prior to being ordained presbyter, though in some cases they remain a permanent deacon.

(Scotland) The chairman of an incorporated company.


deacon

en-verb

deacon (third-person singular simple present deacons, present participle deaconing, simple past and past participle deaconed)

deacons (present singular third-person)
deaconing (participle present)
deaconed (participle past)
deaconed (past)

(Christianity, music) For a choir leader to lead a hymn by speaking one or two lines at a time, which are then sung by the choir.


weedwhacker

(US, horticulture, landscaping) A device used to cut grass and destroy weeds; a string trimmer.


mower

From Middle English mowere, equivalent to mow + -er.

A lawnmower, a machine used to cut grass on lawns.


hayloft

"I went into the stable first to see to the horse, and found him neighing and waiting for his hay, so I went up into the hay-loft for an armful[.]"

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 33:

The upper storey of a barn used for storing hay.


cocky

term-label

(chiefly Australia, New Zealand, informal)

The noun is derived from cock(atoo) + -y (diminutive suffix). The verb is derived from the noun.

By that time, the white cockatoo—a beautiful bird, as large as a common fowl—would find out the family gathering-place, and waddle along, calling 'Pretty Cocky! Pretty Cocky!' […] Presently, Cocky ruffles his plumage till he looks half as large again as before; he throws his crest, with its double fan of brilliantly yellow feathers, as far forward as possible, and spreads and closes it rapidly.

1868 October, M. G. Sleeper, “Pets and Sports in Tasmania”, in Merry’s Museum, for Boys and Girls, volume 1 (New Series), number 10, Boston, Mass.: Horace B. Fuller, publisher, […], published 1869, →OCLC, page 399:

"Hello Cocky! What yer want?" This in a more-than-human voice from a fine sulphur-crested cockatoo. "Hello Cocky!" His thick black tongue worked in his narrow mouth. So absolutely human the sound, and yet a bird's.

1923, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “Willie Struthers and Kangaroo”, in Kangaroo, London: Martin Secker […], →OCLC, page 229:

Visit the local store at Coles Bay and you're greeted by a talking cocky called Jim. […] [A]s we bid farewell to this environmental showpiece, Jim the talking cocky is again the centre of attention …

2005 August 5, Tim Jeanes, “Town Seeks Environmental Accreditation”, in The World Today, Australian Broadcasting Commission, archived from the original on 2017-10-01:

One afternoon a flock of glossy black cockatoos alights on a cluster of she-oaks in the western corner of the yard where they screech in ear-splitting decibels until dusk. […] [H]e tells her that the arrival of black cockies is a portent of rain. But the rain doesn't come.

2008, Amanda Lohrey, Vertigo: A Novella, Melbourne, Vic.: Black Inc., Schwartz Publishing, →ISBN; Vertigo: A Pastoral, 2nd edition, Melbourne, Vic.: Black Inc., Schwartz Publishing, 2009, →ISBN, pages 57–58:

He smacked his lips a couple of times and grimaced. God, his mouth tastled like the bottom of a cockie’s cage. Probably smelt as appealing too.

2011, Barry Simiana, chapter 15, in A Touch of Evil, [Morrisville, N.C.?]: Nitewriter Media, →ISBN, page 131:

Next comes the rosellas and the cockatoos and the rest of the local parrots. Their singing is much heartier, and they begin to drown out their cousins. Finally Kate can hear a galah, his deep-throated song is interrupted by the cockies, but he is persistent in his welcome to the day.

2012, Samantha Carter, “Hard Won Rewards”, in All Secrets Told, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 61:

(informal) A familiar name for a cockatoo.


heirloom

Inherited from Middle English heirlome (“heirloom”, literally “a tool or article passed to one's heirs”), equivalent to heir + loom.

inh+

My last trip to the market barely yielded enough unmealy heirlooms for a couple of salads.

2009 August 19, Melissa Clark, “Plums Rescue a Seasonal Favorite”, in New York Times:

At Hortus Bulborum you will find heirloom narcissi that date back at least to the 15th century and famous old tulips like 'Duc van Tol' (1595) and its sports.

In a paper published Thursday in the journal Science, a team of researchers say they analyzed the genetic code of nearly 400 varieties of tomatoes ― from the common red supermarket types to the funky heirlooms found in farmers markets.

2017 January 26, Nick Visser, “Scientists Say Something Is Very Wrong With The Tomato”, in HuffPost:

(horticulture) An old crop variety that has been passed down through generations of farmers by seed saving and cultivation, in contrast to modern cultivars used in large-scale agriculture.


fallow

en-noun

fallow (countable and uncountable, plural fallows)

[Alt: A photograph of a ploughed field.]
From Middle English falwe, from Old English fealh, fealg (“fallow land”), from Proto-West Germanic *falgu (compare Saterland Frisian Falge, West Frisian falig, felling, Dutch valg, German Felge), from Proto-Indo-European *polḱéh₂ (“arable land”) (compare Gaulish olca, Russian полоса́ (polosá)).

inh

(agriculture, uncountable) Ground ploughed and harrowed but left unseeded for one year.

(agriculture, uncountable) Uncultivated land.


budding

en-noun

budding (countable and uncountable, plural buddings)

(horticulture) The practice of uniting a single scion bud with rootstock or bark.

Whatever the mode of origin, buddings from a particular bud-parent have been found to agree in habit and general characteristics, while all buddings develop similar features which distinguish them from seedling trees.

1956, Rubber Journal, volume 131, page 232:

(horticulture) The result of this practice.


windrow

karhe

A line of leaves etc heaped up by the wind.

wal

also specified by substance, e.g. turfwal

Langmuir circulation
Langmuir circulation

A similar streak of seaweed etc on the surface of the sea formed by Langmuir circulation.

vana

A line of gravel left behind by the edge of a grader’s blade.

(by extension) A ridge or berm at a perimeter

(Canada) A line of snow left behind by the edge of a snowplow’s blade.

(by extension) A long snowbank along the side of a road.

(UK) The green border of a field, dug up in order to carry the earth onto other land to improve it.


stripling

From Middle English stripling (“an adolescent, a youth (specifically one who is male); a child”) [and other forms], possibly from strepen (“to remove the clothes of, undress, strip; to peel off; to skin (an animal); to remove; to take something away from someone; to plunder, rob”) (connoting something that is stripped and thin, and yet to reach its full size) + -ling (suffix forming diminutives). Strepen is derived from Old English *strēpan (Anglian), *strīepan, *strīpan, *strȳpan (West Saxon), from Proto-West Germanic *straupijan, from Proto-Germanic *straupijaną (“to strip; to pluck; to wipe”), from *streupaną (“to touch”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strew-, *sterw-, *ster- (“a strip; a streak; a beam, ray”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives from strong verbs with the sense of ‘to cause to do’). The English word is analysable as strip (“long, narrow piece”) + -ling.

nb...

strepelynge, stripeling, striplyng, strippelinge, stryplynge

inh

For there upon the narrow new-made road, between the stripling pines, was a mediæval friar, fighting with a barrowful of turfs.

1879, Robert Louis Stevenson, “[Our Lady of the Snows.] Father Apollinaris.”, in Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes, 1st American edition, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, →OCLC, page 91:

(horticulture) A seedling with most of the leaves stripped off.


slane

Little McTiernan at the Door is giving out short-handl’d Peat-Cutters styl’d, by the Irish, ‘Slanes’.

(Ireland) A one-eared spade for cutting turf or peat, consisting of an iron flat-bladed head and a long wooden shaft.


skep

Late Old English sceppe, from Old Norse skeppa (“basket”). Cognate with Danish skæppe (“an old Danish unit of measure equalling 17.4 l”).

Three of the hives had been overturned and the others had been rocked to and fro. The modern hive is a fearful thing to upset; the combs are not static as in a skep, but hang loosely: when the hive is overturned they smash and pile up like a telescoped train.

He prised a skep from its stool and held it out, inverted, showing the dirty wreck of combs, with the vile grubs spinning their cocoons.

1977, Patrick O'Brian, The Mauritius Command:

She installs seven skeps at the furthest edge of the garden; on warm July days it is possible to hear the restless rumble of the bees from the house.


stook

en-verb

stook (third-person singular simple present stooks, present participle stooking, simple past and past participle stooked)

stooks (present singular third-person)
stooking (participle present)
stooked (participle past)
stooked (past)

From Middle English stowk, stouke, stouc, from or cognate with Middle Low German stûke (“bundle of grain”), from Middle Low German stûken (“to push, bump, compress”), from Old Saxon *stūkan, from Proto-Germanic *stūkaną (“to be stiff, push”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to pound, push, beat”).
Cognate with West Frisian stûkje (“to pile up, stop”), Dutch stuiken (“to bundle, stamp”), German stauchen (“to compress”), Swedish stuka (“to rick, wrench, upset”), Norwegian Nynorsk stauka (“to whack, chop”).

cog

(intransitive, agriculture) To make stooks.


Bordeaux mixture

en-noun

Bordeaux mixture (countable and uncountable, plural Bordeaux mixtures)

From Bordeaux in France, where it is used on vines.

Reports are coming to hand from a very large number of districts as to the success which has attended the use of the Bordeaux mixture (sulphate of copper and lime) as a preventive of potato disease.

1891 November 16, The Times, pg 12 col A:

A mixture of copper sulfate and lime that is sprayed on plants as a fungicide.


oxymel

From Middle English oximel, from Late Latin oxymel, oxymeli (“acid and honey”), from Ancient Greek ὀξύμελι (oxúmeli).

If it long continue, vomits may be taken after meat, or otherwise gently procured with warm water, oxymel, etc., now and then.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 3, subsection i:

(historical, medicine) A mixture of honey, water, and vinegar, boiled to a syrup, sometimes mixed with herbs or spices.


landside

airside

antonym(s) of “outside the secure zone of an airport”


pasturage

pasturage (countable and uncountable, plural pasturages)

From Old French pasturage (French pâturage).

A pasture; land that is used for pasture.

The grass or other vegetation eaten by livestock and found in a pasture.


selion

Old French seillon (“a measure of land”), French sillon (“a ridge, furrow”), Latin selio (“a measure of land”).

uder

(dated) A mediaeval open strip of land or small field used for growing crops


farmyard

"Where's Kipper?" I asked, and was surprised to note that Bobbie was dancing round the room on the tips of her toes uttering animal cries, apparently ecstatic in their nature. "Reggie?" she said, suspending the farmyard imitations for a moment.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIX, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

(agriculture) The area of a farm, excluding the fields, usually surrounded by or adjacent to farm buildings.


farmhouse

A house (usually the main house) on a farm; thus:

(traditionally and archetypally) A farmer's residence.

Since the farm's redevelopment into mixed commercial and residential space, the farmhouse has served as a community center.

The couple live in a renovated farmhouse that was once the hub of a 300-acre farm.

A house that was once a farmer's residence albeit today lived in by residents whose occupation is not farming.


harvesting

en-noun

harvesting (countable and uncountable, plural harvestings)

(agriculture) The gathering of a mature crop; a harvest.


sericulture

sericulture (usually uncountable, plural sericultures)

/ˈsɛɹɪˌkʌltʃə/

/ˈsɛɹɪˌkʌlt͡ʃ ɚ/

/ˈsɛɹəˌkəlt͡ʃ ɚ/

Possibly borrowed from French sériculture, a modification of French sériciculture (“sericulture”) (or directly from sériciculture), from Late Latin sēricum (“Chinese goods, especially silk”) + French culture (“crop; culture”). Sēricum is derived from Latin sēricus (“of or pertaining to the Seres or Chinese; (by extension) made of silk, silken”), from Sēres (“northern Chinese people”), from Ancient Greek Σῆρες (Sêres, “the Chinese people; the land of the Chinese, China”), plural of Σήρ (Sḗr, “(rare, usually in plural) Chinese person; silkworm”), possibly from Old Chinese 絲 (*slɯ, “silk”).

der

Numerous experiments have been made with a view to improving sericulture in India.

1828, The Indian Year Book, Bombay: Bennett, Coleman & Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 762, column 2:

Very soon after sericulture had, by these means, been established, its profits in one year exceeded the large reward given by the state of California. Looking to the character of the population of this Colony [New Zealand], and the manner in which it would probably be settled, the promotion of sericulture was a most important object, as affording a prospect of useful employment to a large number of persons.

1870 September 10, John Hall, “Development of the Resources of the Colony”, in New Zealand. Parliamentary Debates. Fifth Session of the Fourth Parliament (House of Representatives), volume 9, Wellington: G. Didsbury, government printer, →OCLC, page 672:

It appears to me that under existing circumstances there are just two courses open to us, namely, either to enter heart and hand into the task of extending and improving the Silk culture of the country, or to let things go on as they are until, as lately in France, the worms die out altogether and sericulture in India becomes a thing of the past. [...] There are men in the country who are perfectly willing to devote their time and attention to sericulture, provided they can obtain assistance in procuring species and a few judicious hints for their guidance.

1870 October 28, Thomas Hutton, “Silk”, in Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, volume II, part II, Calcutta: Printed by T. Black & Co., […], published 1872, →OCLC, page lxix:

In 1959, there were more than 670,000 sericulture farms in Japan, which accounted for about 11 per cent of the total agricultural farms. [...] Sericulture is practised all over Japan. However depending on the climactic conditions prevailing in the different regions, the ground conditions and the agricultural management, there are wide regional variations.

1994, Hisao Aruga, “Sericulture Industry and Its Future”, in Principles of Sericulture: Translated from Japanese, Rotterdam: A[ugust] A[imé] Balkema, →ISBN, page 2:

In the northern and Kanto regions [of Japan], sericulture (silk) became important as a supplementary source of rural income.

2009, Misiko Hane, Louis G. Perez, “The Late Tokugawa Period”, in Modern Japan: A Historical Survey, 4th edition, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, →ISBN, page 101:

To date, B. mori silk cocoons are the most commonly used silk source for the development of drug delivery systems because B. mori silk can be readily mass-produced using sericultures [...].

2018 January 16, F. Philipp Seib, “Silk Hydrogels for Drug and Cell Delivery”, in Thakur Raghu Raj Singh, Garry Laverty, Ryan Donnelly, editors, Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis and Application in Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 212:

(agriculture) The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.


chew the cud

en-verb

chew the cud (third-person singular simple present chews the cud, present participle chewing the cud, simple past and past participle chewed the cud)

chews the cud (present singular third-person)
chewing the cud (participle present)
chewed the cud (participle past)
chewed the cud (past)

(agriculture) To ruminate (of ruminant animals).


tailings

(agriculture) Inferior or damaged grain, as well as seeds of other plants (weeds), removed from grain before milling or sowing.


binder

From Middle English byndere; equivalent to bind + -er.

(agriculture) A machine used in harvesting that ties cut stalks of grain into a bundle.

снопавяза́лка

agriculture: machine used in harvesting that ties cut stalks of grain into a bundle


crock

crock (third-person singular simple present crocks, present participle crocking, simple past and past participle crocked)

crocks (present singular third-person)
crocking (participle present)
crocked (participle past)
crocked (past)

From Middle English crok, crokke (“earthenware jar, pot, or other container; cauldron; belly, stomach”) [and other forms], from Old English crocc, crocca (“crock, pot, vessel”) [and other forms], from Proto-Germanic *krukkō, *krukkô (“vessel”), from Proto-Indo-European *growg- (“vessel”).
The English word is cognate with Danish and Norwegian krukke (“jar”), Dutch kruik (“jar, jug”), regional German Kruke (“crock”), Icelandic krukka (“pot, jar”), Old English crōg, crōh (“crock, pitcher, vessel”). See also cruse.

The pots should be crocked for drainage to one-half their depth and the plants made moderately firm in the compost, as already indicated...

1900, H.A. Burberry, The Amateur Orchid Cultivators' Guide Book, page 21:

(horticulture) To cover the drain holes of a planter with stones or similar material, in order to ensure proper drainage.


flowerbed

A part of a garden or park where flowers are grown.


shiel

shiel (third-person singular simple present shiels, present participle shieling, simple past and past participle shieled)

shiels (present singular third-person)
shieling (participle present)
shieled (participle past)
shieled (past)

Patrick Robertson, who shieled on the Atholl side of Drumochter, confirmed this practice: his cattle 'continued there till about midsummer, when they were brought down to his farm, having continued there about three weeks, and were then sent back to the shealing.

2021, David Taylor, Wild Black Region: Badenoch 1750-1800:

(intransitive, agriculture) To use a place as a shieling.


fallow crop

(agriculture)The crop taken from a green fallow field.


nuc

I have to take brood from established hives to set up nucs, as I did the previous week[…]

1998, Sue Hubbell, A Book of Bees: And How to Keep Them, page 110:

(beekeeping) A nucleus colony; a small bee colony created from a larger colony.


staddle

From Middle English stathel, from Old English staþol (“foundation, base, support, position, site, estate”), from Proto-Germanic *staþulaz (“position, standing”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-, *sth₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Middle Low German stadel (“barn”), German Stadel (“barn”), Old Danish stedel (“ground, croft”), Icelandic stöðull (“position”). More at stand.

inh

(agriculture) One of the separate plots into which a cock of hay is shaken out for the purpose of drying.


grain elevator

By analyzing the costs of operating a country grain elevator these advantages, if any exist, should appear.

1922, Joseph Bernard Kenkel, The Cooperative Elevator Movement: A Study in Grain Marketing at Country Points in the North Central States, Catholic University of America, pg. 97

Interest in the safety and health of workers in grain elevators has increased substantially since the series of recent grain elevator explosions and fires.

1980, United States Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Health and Safety, A staff report on the oversight of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with respect to grain elevator fires and explosions, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pg 3

As the grain elevator and other industrial structures became more common on the plains, they redefind the traditional pastoral image of the American landscape.

1996, Lisa Mahar-Keplinger, Grain Elevators, Princeton Architectural Press, pg. 9

(agriculture, Canada, US) A large structure for the storage of grain. It is more specialized than a regular granary in that in uses an elevating mechanism to hold the grain in one of many different bins, and that it it designed to fill large trucks and train cars for shipping grain in bulk.

ardaitheoir gráin

a large structure for the storage of grain


farmland

en-noun

farmland (usually uncountable, plural farmlands)

From Blackwater there is a more or less level run through gently rolling farmlands and downs to Merstone, with its island platform and passing loop.

1946 July and August, K. Westcott Jones, “Isle of Wight Central Railway—2”, in Railway Magazine, page 243:

Land that is suitable for farming and agricultural production.

أَرْض زِرَاعِيَّة

land which is suitable for farming and agricultural production


hot wall

A brick wall, having enclosed flues connected to a fire, to which fruit trees are attached in order to hasten growth and ripening


hothouse

From Middle English hothous, equivalent to hot + house.

Kruban is a tidally-locked Venusian hothouse, its surface perpetually obscured by clouds of sulfur and carbon dioxides.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Kruban:

(climatology) A hot state in global climate.


agribusiness

agribusiness (countable and uncountable, plural agribusinesses)

/ˈæɡɹɪˌbɪznəs/

From agri- + business, or a blend of agriculture + business, coined by American academic and diplomat John Herbert Davis (1904–1988).

(slang)

"Agribusiness," he [John H. Davis] says, "can be used as a starting point in the attack on the problem of farm surpluses and dipping farm incomes." [...] Davis arrives at his estimate that the agribusiness component of the total U.S. economy now accounts for no less than 40 per cent of the total work force and about 40 per cent of the gross national product.

1955 October 23, “Agribusiness: A new term from Boston: Reprinted from Business Week”, in Des Moines Sunday Register (Sports), volume 107, number 125, Des Moines, Iowa: Des Moines Register & Tribune Co., →OCLC, page 12-S, column 6:

Plans are underway to open a chain of huge, agri-business farm centers that could be a far greater threat to rural America than anything the big chains or the federal government have caused in the last 50 years. [...] Financial backing for the building of these 40-acre, agri-business, all-engulfing raids on rural America was announced by Litton Industries, now involved in an antitrust suit.

1969 June, Ed Wimmer, “Agri-business centers—big new threat”, in Independent Banker, Sauk Centre, Minn.: Independent Bankers Association of America, →ISSN, →OCLC; quoted in Role of Giant Corporations: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Monopoly of the Select Committee on Small Business, United States Senate, Ninety-first Congress, First Session on the Role of Giant Corporations in the American and World Economies: Part 1A—Appendixes: Automobile Industry—1969: […], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969, →OCLC, page 1012:

These county reports were distributed to farmers, assessors, credit agencies, county planning groups, agri-business personnel, Extension agents, vocational agriculture teachers, administrators and individuals with an interest in the land market.

1970 April, “Agricultural Economics”, in Discovery and Growth: Survey of Agricultural Research in Maryland: Eightieth Annual Report: 1966–1967 (Bulletin A; 159), College Park, Md.: University of Maryland Agricultural Research Station, →OCLC, page 9, column 2:

As in the Spanish and American periods, public lands were made available for favoured private interests in agri-business, including foreign interests (using leasing arrangements to avoid the constitutional prohibition on foreign acquisition of land).

1988, Mahar Mangahas, “Distributive Justice in the Philippines: Ideology, Policy and Surveillance”, in Lim Teck Ghee, editor, Reflections on Development in Southeast Asia, Singapore: ASEAN Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, →ISBN, page 95:

Primary agribusiness includes three categories (agriculture; livestock; forestry), whereas manufacturing agribusiness includes ten categories to reflect the variety of traded products (canned; cereals; drinks; leather; meat; oils; paper; tobacco; wood; other). In addition, there are service agribusinesses, notably supermarkets. [...] Agribusiness now includes all businesses whose raw materials are primarily products of the land and the sea.

2019, Julian Roche, “The Need for Agribusiness”, in Agribusiness: An International Perspective, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 2:

(uncountable) Business (especially big business) connected to agriculture, either owning or operating large-scale farms, or catering to those who do.

The notable difference between the performance of the government's agricultural firms and private agribusinesses is that the private firms use formal production contracts. These contracts add a measure of market security to both the processing factory and the grower which is the cornerstone of an economic atmosphere conducive to rapid agricultural development.

1983 September 21, Steven R. Tabor, Larry C. Morgan, “Agricultural Production Contracting in Pakistan: A Case Study in Agribusiness Innovation”, in Pakistan’s Edible Oilseeds Industry: […], Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development, published March 1984, →OCLC, part VII (Marketing and Pricing Policies), section VI (Conclusion), paragraph 6.2, page 605:

The following broad categories of machinery users can be identified: / ― Estates, plantations, and large agri-businesses that purchase their machinery outright or with credit from commercial banks, and have their own maintenance and repair facilities; [...]

1990, “Introduction and Background”, in Agricultural Engineering in Development: Guidelines for Mechanization Systems and Machinery Rehabilitation Programmes (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin; 85), Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, →ISBN, page 1:

Farms are often owned by large companies and are run as agri-businesses which specialise for contract farming.

1998, Peter Webber, “Economic Activity”, in The UK (Places and Cases), Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Stanley Thornes (Publishers), →ISBN, page 50:

Empowerment is not a moment of epiphany. It sometimes involves a simple direction of helping people help themselves. In Punjab, for example, when we started contract farming for our agri-business, we deliberately involved the women folk in the villages to work in the fields.

2006, Sunil Bharti Mittal, “The Corporate Sector Must Turn Around Agriculture”, in India Empowered: Change Agents Speak on an Idea whose Time has Come, New Delhi: Viking, →ISBN, page 273:

The poultry industry is characterized by a vertical integration in which an agribusiness firm, either through direct ownership or contract, controls the entire production process. Such firms own processing plants, feed mills, and hatcheries, and contract with farmers to raise the chickens.

2007, J. Dennis Lord, “Poultry”, in edited by John T. Edge, Foodways (The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture; 7), Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 93:

(countable) A business or group of businesses engaged in agriculture, particularly if using modern farming techniques in the process.


collet

Collar rot forms in the collet between the stem and the root.

(horticulture) In an embryonic plant, the transition zone between the root and the hypocotyl (not clearly distinguishable in most plants.)