ablactation

en-noun

ablactation (countable and uncountable, plural ablactations)

→ Polish: ablaktacja

From Middle English ablactacioun from Late Latin ablactatio, ablactō (“to wean”) from ab (“without”) + lacto (“suckle”), from lac (“milk”); equivalent to ab- + lactation.


trade

en-verb

trade (third-person singular simple present trades, present participle trading, simple past and past participle traded)

trades (present singular third-person)
trading (participle present)
traded (participle past)
traded (past)

From Middle English trade (“path, course of conduct”), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from Middle Low German trade (“track, course”), from Old Saxon trada (“spoor, track”), from Proto-Germanic *tradō (“track, way”), and cognate with Old English tredan (“to tread”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to tread, walk, step, run”).

der

(horticulture, transitive or intransitive) To give someone a plant and receive a different one in return.

vaihtaa

gardening: to give someone a plant and receive a different one in return


stock

en-noun

stock (countable and uncountable, plural stocks or (obsolete) stocken)

stocks (plural)
stocken (obsolete plural)

→ Dutch: stock

desctree

→ French: stock
→ Romanian: stoc
→ Turkish: stok

→ Italian: stock

→ Portuguese: estoque

→ Spanish: stock

From Middle English stok, from Old English stocc, from Proto-West Germanic *stokk, from Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“tree-trunk”), with modern senses mostly referring either to the trunk from which the tree grows (figuratively, its origin and/or support/foundation), or to a piece of wood, stick, or rod. The senses of "supply" and "raw material" arose from a probable conflation with steck (“an item of goods, merchandise”) or the use of split tally sticks consisting of foil or counterfoil and stock to capture paid taxes, debts or exchanges. Doublet of chock.

stark (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

The cion overruleth the stock quite.

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

The trunk and woody main stems of a tree. The base from which something grows or branches.

(horticulture) The plant upon which the scion is grafted.


pip

pip The sound of the BBC pips (canonical)
pips (plural)

onomatopoeic

Imitative

I could clearly hear the frequent cataclysms of the upstairs lavatory, and my day began with the pips for the morning news in Charlotte Lawless's kitchen.

One of a series of very short, electronically produced tones, used, for example, to count down the final few seconds before a given time or to indicate that a caller using a payphone needs to make further payment to continue the call.


prick

en-verb

prick (third-person singular simple present pricks, present participle pricking, simple past and past participle pricked)

pricks (present singular third-person)
pricking (participle present)
pricked (participle past)
pricked (past)

From Middle English prikken, from Old English prician, priccan (“to prick”), from Proto-Germanic *prikōną, *prikjaną (“to pierce, prick”), of uncertain origin; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *breyǵ- (“to scrape, scratch, rub, prickle, chap”). Cognate with dialectal English pritch, Dutch prikken (“to prick, sting”), Middle High German pfrecken (“to prick”), Swedish pricka (“to dot, prick”), and possibly to Lithuanian įbrėžti (“to scrape, scratch, carve, inscribe, strike”).

cog

Seed should be sown thinly and evenly to enable seedlings to be pricked out without disturbing those that have just emerged. If there is space, seedlings should be pricked out individually, either into small pots or module trays.

2002 July 6, Carol Klein, “Coming up primroses”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2013-02-15:

All three germinate well in pots and can be pricked out and potted on with no problems. [...] Grass seeds can be collected as the heads begin to break up. Sow them in late spring, prick out small bundles of seedlings into 7.5cm (3in) pots and transplant them in late May.

2005 October 22, Valerie Bourne, “Self-seeding”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2013-11-24:

Geoff might prefer to "take control": to collect seed and sow it next spring, pricking out a few of the best seedlings, growing them on in pots next summer before planting them out in the autumn.

2015 September 21, Helen Yemm, “How to manage hollyhocks [print version: Hollyhock and elder care, evil weevils, 12 September 2015, page 7]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2015-09-25:

(horticulture) Usually in the form prick out: to plant (seeds or seedlings) in holes made in soil at regular intervals.


storm

en-verb

storm (third-person singular simple present storms, present participle storming, simple past and past participle stormed)

storms (present singular third-person)
storming (participle present)
stormed (participle past)
stormed (past)
storm (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English stormen (“of the wind: to blow violently; to cause to roll or toss”), from storm (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs).
Compare Middle English sturmen (“to attack (someone) with great force”), from Old English styrman (“to rage, storm; to make a great noise, cry aloud, shout, storm”), from Proto-West Germanic *sturmijan (“to storm”), from Proto-Germanic *sturmijaną (“to storm”), from *sturmaz (“a storm”) (see etymology 1) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives from strong verbs, with a sense of ‘to cause to do [the action of the verb]’). The Middle English word did not survive into modern English.
The noun is derived from verb sense 2.3 (“to violently assault (a fortified position or stronghold, a building, etc.) with the aim of gaining control of it”).
cognates
* Dutch stormen (“to bluster, storm”)
* German stürmen (“to rage, storm; to assault, attack”)
* Icelandic storma (“to storm”)
* Low German stormen (“to storm”)
* Swedish storma (“to bluster, storm”)

ŝtormi

to have strong winds and usually lightning and thunder, and/or hail, rain, or snow

щурмува́м

(British, dialectal, agriculture) To protect (seed-hay) from stormy weather by putting sheaves of them into small stacks.

suojella myrskyltä

to protect (seed-hay) from stormy weather by putting sheaves of them into small stacks


queen

en-verb

queen (third-person singular simple present queens, present participle queening, simple past and past participle queened)

queens (present singular third-person)
queening (participle present)
queened (participle past)
queened (past)

From Middle English quene, queen, cwen, from Old English cwēn (“queen”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz (“woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷénh₂s (“woman”).
Cognate with Scots queen, wheen (“queen”), Old Saxon quān ("wife"; > Middle Low German quene (“elderly woman”)), Dutch kween (“woman past child-bearing age”), Swedish kvinna (“woman”), Norwegian kvinne (“woman”), Danish kvinde (“woman”), Icelandic kvon (“wife”), Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns, “wife”), Norwegian dialectal kvån (“wife”). Related to and possibly merged with and/or absorbed some senses of English quean, from Middle English quene, from Old English cwene (“woman; female serf, quean”), see quean. Generally eclipsed non-native Middle English regina (“queen”), borrowed from Latin rēgīna (“queen”) (see Modern English regina). Doublet of quean and gyne.

gloss

"wife"; > Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">quene</i> (“elderly woman”)

cog

They have all been queened by imported stock, or the best of home-bred mothers.

1882 November 22, E. L. Briggs, “Development of ‘The Coming Bee’”, in The American Bee Journal, volume 18, number 47, retrieved 2022-01-15, page 743:

The nucleus should not be queened by a queen from any of the parent colonies.

1957, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India), The Wealth of India, page 263:

(beekeeping) To be the queen bee of a colony.

In queening his apiary, he aims to keep about half of the queens of the current season's rearing, and the other of the summer preceding.

1896, The Progressive Bee-Keeper, page 320:

If such a queen is immediately allowed to run through the entrance of a queenless colony, the queening is usually successful.

1967, Everett Franklin Phillips, Are Bees Reflex Machines?:

Once you have introduced the queen, the first three steps of the capture have been completed, namely: blocking the tree, providing an alternate home, and queening the colony.

1980, Robert E. Donovan, Hunting Wild Bees:

Sealed cells with about to emerge queens are used for queening the divisions.

2007, NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers, The Complete Book on Beekeeping and Honey Processing, →ISBN, page 389:

(beekeeping) To provide with a new queen bee.


hut

From Middle English *hutte, hotte, from both Old English hōd and Old English hȳdan (“to hide”) and influenced by Anglo-Norman hute or hutte, from Middle French hutte, from Old French hute (“hut”), hute (“cottage”), from Old High German hutta (“hut, cottage”), from Proto-Germanic *hudjǭ, *hudjō (“hut”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewt- (“to deck; cover; covering; skin”).
Cognate with German Hütte (“hut”), Dutch hut (“hut”), West Frisian hutte (“hut”), Saterland Frisian Hutte (“hut”), Danish hytte (“hut”), Norwegian Bokmål hytte (“hut”), Swedish hydda (“hut”). Related to hide.

der

(agriculture, obsolete) A small stack of grain.


hut

en-verb

hut (third-person singular simple present huts, present participle hutting, simple past and past participle hutted)

huts (present singular third-person)
hutting (participle present)
hutted (participle past)
hutted (past)

The method of endeavouring to save corn in bad harvests, by hutting it in the field, is often practised in the north and west of Scotland,

1796, James Donaldson, Modern Agriculture; or, The Present State of Husbandry in Great Britain, volume 2, Edinburgh, page 417:

(agriculture, obsolete, transitive) To stack (sheaves of grain).


mulch

en-noun

mulch (countable and uncountable, plural mulches)

Probably from Middle English melsche, molsh (“soft”), from Old English melsċ, milisċ (“mellow; mild; sweet”, literally “honeyed”), probably from Proto-Germanic *mili (“honey”). Compare Icelandic milska (“a honeyed beverage”).

An organic mulch is a mulch made of natural substances such as leaves or grass clippings.

An interim report by investigators from the Rail Accident Investigation Branch found extensive evidence of crushed leaf mulch on the railhead at many sites on the approach to Salisbury Tunnel Junction.

2022 March 9, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Salisbury crash: slippery rails caused by autumn leaves”, in RAIL, number 952, page 12:

(agriculture, horticulture) Any material used to cover the top layer of soil to protect, insulate, or decorate it, or to discourage weeds or retain moisture.


mulch

en-verb

mulch (third-person singular simple present mulches, present participle mulching, simple past and past participle mulched)

mulches (present singular third-person)
mulching (participle present)
mulched (participle past)
mulched (past)

Mulch your vegetable garden to retain moisture and keep weeds down.

I decided to mulch the grass clippings.


grafting

(horticulture) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts.


bee

From Middle English bee, from Old English bēo, from Proto-West Germanic *bijā, from Proto-Germanic *bijō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey-.

His face was belymmed as byes had him stounge[…].

1499, John Skelton, The Bowge of Courte:

An angry Wasp th'one in a viall had, / Th'other in hers an hony-laden Bee.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Can there be a more formall, and better ordered policie, divided into so severall charges and offices, more constantly entertained, and better maintained, than that of Bees?

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 12, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

Ariell: / Where the Bee ſucks, there ſuck I, / In a Cowslips bell, I lie, / There I cowch when Owles doe crie, / On the Batts backe I doe flie / after Sommer merrily. / Merrily, merrily, ſhall I liue now / Vnder the bloſſom that hangs on the Bow.

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], page 17:

Bees are the moſt excellent of all Inſects vvhatſoever, and expreſſe both vvorth and vvonder in all their vvaies: […]

1657, Samuel Purchas, “The Excellency of Bees”, in A Theatre of Politicall Flying-Insects. […], London: […] R. I. for Thomas Parkhurst, […], →OCLC, page 1:

Bees pollinate many of the world’s crops—a service estimated to be worth $15 billion a year in America alone.

2012 March 31, “Subtle poison”, in The Economist:

A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for collecting pollen and (in some species) producing wax and honey.

തേനീച്ച (tēnīcca, literally “honey-fly”)

بلۍ مچۍ

balǝ́ymǝčǝ́y


rose

en-noun

rose (countable and uncountable, plural roses)

→ Marshallese: rooj

→ Tokelauan: loha

From Middle English rose, roose, from Old English rōse, but with its vowel influenced by Old French rose, both from Latin rosa. The Latin is of uncertain origin, but likely via Oscan from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”) (Aeolic ϝρόδον (wródon)), from Old Persian *vr̥dah (“flower”) (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀- (var^əδa-), Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, late Middle Persian [Term?] (gwl /gul/), Persian گل (gol, “rose, flower”), and Middle Iranian borrowings including Old Armenian վարդ (vard, “rose”), Aramaic וַרְדָּא (wardā) / ܘܪܕܐ (wardā), Arabic وَرْدَة (warda), Hebrew וֶרֶד (wéreḏ)), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰos (“sweetbriar”) (compare Old English word (“thornbush”), Latin rubus (“bramble”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”)). Possibly ultimately a derivation from a verb for "to grow" only attested in Indo-Iranian (*Hwardʰ-, compare Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati), with relatives in Avestan).

A shrub of the genus Rosa, with red, pink, white or yellow flowers.


gangway

From Middle English gangway, from Old English gangweġ (“passageway; thoroughfare”), equivalent to gang + way. Related to Dutch gang (“hallway”) and Norwegian gang (“hallway”).

jet bridge

enclosed corridor between an airport and plane

(agriculture) An earthen and plank ramp leading from the stable yard into the upper storey or mow of a dairy barn.


honey

en-adj

honey (comparative honeyer or honier, superlative honeyest or honiest)

honeyer (comparative)
honier (comparative)
honeyest (superlative)
honiest (superlative)

From Middle English hony, honi, from Old English huniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą (compare West Frisian hunich, German Honig), from earlier *hunangą (compare Swedish honung), from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂onk-o-s, from *kn̥h₂ónks.
Cognate with Middle Welsh canecon (“gold”), Latin canicae pl (“bran”), Tocharian B kronkśe (“bee”), Albanian qengjë (“beehive”), Ancient Greek κνῆκος (knêkos, “safflower”), Northern Kurdish şan (“beehive”), Northern Luri گونج (gonj, “bee”), Finnish hunaja.

cog

But he answered the question with the honiest—Bohemian honey—of smiles: […]

1876, Stephen J[oseph] Mac Kenna, Handfast to Strangers: A Novel, volume III, London: Chapman and Hall, […], page 137:

Mais il se ravisa et revint dire, de son air bonhomme : « Écoutez donc Lantier, j’ai besoin d’un homard…[…] »

1886, Émile Zola, unknown translator, chapter II, in His Masterpiece? (L’Œuvre.) Or, Claude Lantier’s Struggle for Fame. A Realistic Novel., London: Vizetelly & Co., […], page 54:

No man has any business to say that his boy is honier than he was,—or is.

1908 January 25, Rose Melville, “Sis Hopkins’ Sayings”, in The Sandusky Star-Journal, Sandusky, Oh., page twelve:

“Oh, my dears, I must tell you this. At dinner the other evening I made a really truly growly belted earl squirm. I had told him how much I liked a little speech he had made, when he turned on me in his most growly belted early manner. / “‘Do you say that, Lady Polly,’ he snorted, ‘because it is the truth or because it is the correct thing to say?’ / “‘Not being an earl,’ I replied in my honeyest voice, ‘I don’t recognise any difference between the two.’

1927 November 9, Punch, or The London Charivari, London: […] [T]he Office, […], page 512, columns 2–3:

“We’ve placed your arms in that position, Miss Day,” I said in my honeyest voice, “because it’s the safest just in case you have a fracture.[…]”

1957, William J[ulius] Lederer, Ensign O’Toole and Me, New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., →LCCN, page 177:

Then this guy stalled at my desk, fishing for his wallet, giving me the honeyest smile.

Then upside down by her tail she swings / And sings in the honeyest voice I’ve heard: / “One day I will grow a pair of wings / And become a furry Hummingbird.”

2001, Adrian Mitchell, Zoo of Dreams, London: Orchard Books, →ISBN, page 37:

It was Neezer who had found Sally for us at his church, where, he testified, the woman sang “with the honeyest voice you ever heard. If her singing don’t make the Lord happy, nothing does.”

2005, Lee Siegel, Who Wrote the Book of Love?, Chicago, Ill., London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 17:

After hundreds of listens, Odessey and Oracle still sounds like a paragon of poignant psychedelic pop, rendered in orchestral splendor and adorned with indelible melodies that are to cry for, sung in the honeyest of tones by the angelically melancholy [Colin] Blunstone.

2017 April 19, Dave Segal, “The Zombies: Odessey and Oracle 50th Anniversary”, in The Stranger, volume 26, number 34, Seattle, Wash., page 37, column 3:

MEETHAN MADHU NE MEETHA MEHULA RE LOL, ETHI MEETHEE TE MORI MAT RE, JANANEE NI JOD SAKHI !

2018 March–April, J. K. Khuman, “Gender, Class, and Caste Consciousness with Special Reference to Indian Literature”, in Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, volume 5, number 44, →ISSN, page 9756:

“Thanks honey, I love you.” / Kaya, “I like it when you say, honey.” / “I like it too, but you are honeyer than honey.”

2023, David Samir Yaghnam, “But how can I, look at me”, in Adam and Eve, This Age!, [Lighthouse Point, Fla.: Visionary Book Writers], →ISBN, page 710:


creep

en-noun

creep (countable and uncountable, plural creeps)

function creep
instruction creep
mission creep
requirement creep

From Middle English crepen, from Old English crēopan (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-West Germanic *kreupan, from Proto-Germanic *kreupaną (“to twist, creep”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to turn, wind”). Cognate with West Frisian krippe, krûpe, West Frisian crjippa (“to creep”), Low German krepen and krupen, Dutch kruipen (“to creep, crawl”), Middle High German kriefen (“to creep”), Danish krybe (“to creep”), Norwegian krype (“to creep”), Swedish krypa (“to creep, crawl”), Icelandic krjúpa (“to stoop”).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *kreupaną
Proto-West Germanic *kreupan
Old English crēopan
Middle English crepen
English creep

etymon

(agriculture) A barrier with small openings used to keep large animals out while allowing smaller animals to pass through.


hay

en-noun

hay (countable and uncountable, plural hays)

From Middle English hey, from Old English hīeġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hawi, from Proto-Germanic *hawją (compare West Frisian hea, Dutch hooi, German Heu, Norwegian høy), from *hawwaną (“to hew, cut down”). More at hew.

I would like some of that hay. Enclose $20.

1947, William Burroughs, letter, 19 Feb 1947

Jeff Spicoli, roll me another hay

1994, “Bug Powder Dust”, performed by Bomb the Bass:


nurse

→ Bengali: নার্স (narśo)

→ Cebuano: nars

→ Danish: nurse

→ Hausa: nâs

→ Hindi: नर्स (nars)

→ Indonesian: ners

→ Kalenjin: nas

→ Kamba: nasi

→ Limburgish: nurs

→ Luo: nas

→ Maltese: ners

→ Nepali: नर्स (narsa)

→ Romanian: nursă

→ Tagalog: nars

→ Urdu: نرس (nars)

→ Welsh: nyrs

From Middle English norice, from Old French norrice, from Late Latin nūtrīcia, noun based on Latin nūtrīcius (“that which nourishes”), from nūtrīx (“wet nurse”), from nūtriō (“to suckle”).

verpleegkundige

person trained to provide care for the sick

(horticulture) A shrub or tree that protects a young plant.


catch

en-noun

catch (countable and uncountable, plural catches)

From Middle English cacchen, from Anglo-Norman cachier, variant of Old French chacier, from Late Latin captiāre, from Latin captāre, frequentative of capere. Akin to Modern French chasser (from Old French chacier) and Spanish cazar, and thus a doublet of chase. Compare ketch. Displaced Middle English fangen ("to catch"; > Modern English fang (verb)), from Old English fōn (“to seize, take”); Middle English lacchen ("to catch" and heavily displaced Modern English latch), from Old English læċċan.
The verb became irregular, possibly under the influence of the semantically similar latch (from Old English læċċan), whose past tense was lahte, lauhte, laught (Old English læhte), until becoming regularised in Modern English.

gloss

There was a good catch of rye and a good fall growth.

1905, Eighth Biennial Report of the Board of Horticulture of the State of Oregon, page 204:

(countable, agriculture) A crop which has germinated and begun to grow.


catch

en-verb

catch (third-person singular simple present catches, present participle catching, simple past and past participle caught)

catches (present singular third-person)
catching (participle present)
caught (participle past)
caught (past)
catch (infinitive)

→ French: catch

→ Kabuverdianu:

→ Portuguese: cachir

→ Spanish: cachar

caught with one's fingers in the cookie jar

don't sell the skin till you have caught the bear

you can catch more flies with honey than vinegar

you can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar

you catch more flies with honey than vinegar

you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar

The seeds caught and grew.

(intransitive, agriculture) To germinate and set down roots.

To seize hold of.
To germinate and set down roots.


tractor

→ Bengali: ট্র্যাক্টর (ṭrjakṭor)

→ Japanese: トラクター (torakutā)

desc

→ Hindi: ट्रेक्टर (ṭrekṭar), ट्रैक्टर (ṭraikṭar)

→ Khmer: ត្រាក់ទ័រ (traktɔə)

→ Korean: 트랙터 (teuraekteo)

desctree

→ Russian: тра́ктор (tráktor), тра́кторъ (tráktor) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: տրակտոր (traktor)
→ Azerbaijani: traktor
⇒ Chinese:
Cantonese: 拖拉機／拖拉机 (to¹ laai¹ gei¹)
Dungan: туәлаҗи (tuəlaži)
Mandarin: 拖拉機／拖拉机 (tuōlājī)
Min Nan: 拖拉機／拖拉机 (thoa-la-ki / tho-la-ki)
→ Bouyei: toylayjiy
→ Burmese: ထော် လာဂျီ (htau lagyi)
→ Lü: ᦷᦒᧈᦟᦱᧈᦋᦲᧈ (tho¹laa¹tsii¹)
→ Tibetan: ཐོ་ལ་ཅི (tho la ci)
→ Zhuang: dohlahgih
→ Dungan: трактор (traktor)
→ Georgian: ტრაქტორი (ṭrakṭori)
→ Ingrian: traktora
→ Kazakh: трактор (traktor)
→ Korean: 뜨락또르 (tteurakttoreu) (North Korea)
→ Kyrgyz: трактор (traktor)
→ Mongolian:
Cyrillic script: трактор (traktor)
Mongolian script: ᠲᠷᠠᠻᠲᠣᠷ (traktor)
→ Tajik: трактор (traktor)
→ Turkmen: traktor
→ Uyghur: تراكتور (traktor)
→ Uzbek: traktor

desc

→ Thai: แทรกเตอร์ (trɛ́k-dtə̂ə)

→ Thai: แทรกเตอร์ (trɛ́k-dtə̂ə)

→ Urdu: ٹْرَیکْٹَر (ṭraikṭar), ٹَرَیکْٹَر (ṭaraikṭar)

Formed from Latin tractus, perfect passive participle of trahere (“to pull”), + agent noun suffix -or.

(agriculture) A vehicle used in farms e.g. for pulling farm equipment and preparing the fields.

铁牛 (tit³ ngau⁴, literally “iron bull/cow”)

(agriculture) A movable coop without a floor to allow for free ranging.


tractor

en-verb

tractor (third-person singular simple present tractors, present participle tractoring, simple past and past participle tractored)

tractors (present singular third-person)
tractoring (participle present)
tractored (participle past)
tractored (past)

(transitive, agriculture) To prepare (land) with a tractor.


mow

mow (third-person singular simple present mows, present participle mowing, simple past and past participle mowed)

mows (present singular third-person)
mowing (participle present)
mowed (participle past)
mowed (past)

From Old English mūga. Cognate with Norwegian muge (“heap, crowd, flock”).


train

train (third-person singular simple present trains, present participle training, simple past and past participle trained)

trains (present singular third-person)
training (participle present)
trained (participle past)
trained (past)

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔e̞ɪn]

From Middle English trayne (“train”), from Old French train (“a delay, a drawing out”), from traïner (“to pull out, to draw”), from Vulgar Latin *traginō, from *tragō, from Latin trahō (“to pull, to draw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). The verb was derived from the noun in Middle English.

der

The vine had been trained over the pergola.

He trains the young branches to the right hand or to the left.

1805, Francis Jeffrey, The Edinburgh Review:

(transitive, horticulture) To encourage (a plant or branch) to grow in a particular direction or shape, usually by pruning and bending.

ohjata

to encourage to grow in a particular direction


broadcast

en-adv

broadcast (comparative more broadcast, superlative most broadcast)

more broadcast (comparative)
most broadcast (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-der.?
Proto-Germanic *braidaz
Proto-West Germanic *braid
Old English brād
Middle English brood
English broad
Proto-Germanic *kas-
Proto-Germanic *kastōną
Old Norse kastabor.
Middle English casten
English cast
English broadcastFrom broad + cast.

etymon

When [rape is] grown broadcast the superphosphate may be incorporated with the surface soil by the harrow when preparing the ground for the seed or in covering the same.

1893, Thomas Shaw, “Fertilizers for Rape”, in The Rape Plant: Its History, Culture, and Uses (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 11), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office; published by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 15:

(agriculture, horticulture, archaic) By having its seeds sown over a wide area.


broadcast

Since my laſt, I went to ſee a piece of Daniel Fitch's, of Pluckley, Kent. He has two acres of broadcaſt, the oldeſt I have ever ſeen, ſown twenty years ago with barley, like clover.

1785, W. Belcher, “Observations on Lucerne”, in Arthur Young (agriculturist), editor, Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts, volume III, number 18, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by H. Goldney, No. 15, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC, page 433:

It was stated by Mr. Miller, that the common method was, formerly, to sow the barley-seed with a broadcast at two sowings; the first being harrowed in once, but the second not until the seed is buried; […]

1807, “BARLEY”, in The Complete Farmer; or, General Dictionary of Agriculture and Husbandry: Comprehending the Most Improved Methods of Cultivation; the Different Modes of Raising Timber, Fruit, and Other Trees; and the Modern Management of Live-stock: With Descriptions of the Most Approved Implements, Machinery, and Farm-buildings, 5th wholly re-written and enlarged edition, London: Printed by Rider and Weed, Little Britain, for R. Baldwin [et al.], →OCLC, column 2:

(agriculture, horticulture, archaic) The act of scattering seed; a crop grown from such seed.


broadcast

en-verb

broadcast (third-person singular simple present broadcasts, present participle broadcasting, simple past and past participle broadcast or broadcasted)

broadcasts (present singular third-person)
broadcasting (participle present)
broadcast (participle past)
broadcast (past)
broadcasted (participle past)
broadcasted (past)

I ſhall content myſelf, […] to ſay that the ſeed ſhoud be ſown in the garden, or very good ground, in rows, or broadcaſt, and as ſoon as the plants are of the ſize of a gooſe-quill, to be tranſplanted in rows of eighteen inches diſtance, and eighteen inches apart, one plant from the other: […]

1789, Thomas Boothby Parkyns, “Some Account of the Racine de Disette, or Root of Scarcity, of Its Utility, and the Mode of Treating It; from a Letter of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, Esq., Addressed to the Secretary of the above-mentioned Society [the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce].—From the Same Work [vol. 5 of the Transactions of the Society].”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature, London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, in Pall-Mall, →OCLC, page 80, column 1:

I wanted to grow my own cut flowers for the big day so three months earlier I broadcasted an annual seed mix across a few recently cleared borders.

2013 November 9, Sarah Price, “Breathing new life into an old garden [print edition: New life, old garden]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), London, archived from the original on 2016-05-15, page G1:

(transitive, agriculture, horticulture, archaic) To sow seeds over a wide area.


rake

From Middle English rake [and other forms], from Old English raca, racu, ræce (“tool with a row of pointed teeth, rake”), from Proto-Germanic *rakō, *rekô (“tool with a row of pointed teeth, rake”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, right oneself”).
cognates
The English word is cognate with Danish rage (chiefly regional), Middle Dutch rāke, rēke (modern Dutch raak, reek (both regional), riek (“pitchfork, rake”)), Middle Low German rāke, racke (modern German Low German Raak (“rake; poker”)), Old High German rehho, rech (Middle High German reche, modern German Rechen (“rake”)), Old Norse reka (“shovel”) (modern Icelandic reka (“shovel”)), Old Saxon recho, Old Swedish raka (modern Swedish raka (“rake; (long) straight section of a road”)).

cog

Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. […] Ikey the blacksmith had forged us a spearhead after a sketch from a picture of a Greek warrior; and a rake-handle served as a shaft.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], “The Old Punt: A Curious ‘Turnpike’”, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC, pages 19–20:

(agriculture, horticulture) A garden tool with a row of pointed teeth fixed to a long handle, used for collecting debris, grass, etc., for flattening the ground, or for loosening soil; also, a similar wheel-mounted tool drawn by a horse or a tractor.

бра́на

similar wheel-mounted tool drawn by horse or tractor


bull

en-verb

bull (third-person singular simple present bulls, present participle bulling, simple past and past participle bulled)

bulls (present singular third-person)
bulling (participle present)
bulled (participle past)
bulled (past)

From Middle English bole, bul, bule, from a conflation of Old English bula (“bull, steer”) and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). Cognate with West Frisian bolle, Dutch bul, German Low German Bull, German Bulle, Swedish bulla; also Old Irish ball (“limb”), Latin follis (“bellows, leather bag”), Thracian βόλινθος (vólinthos, “wild bull”), Macedonian вол (vol, "ox"), Slovene vol ("ox"), Albanian buall (“buffalo”) or related bolle (“testicles”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”).

cog

mess with the bull and you get the horns

trust someone as far as one could fling a bull by the tail

(agriculture, intransitive, of a cow or heifer) To be in heat; to be ready for mating with a bull.

(agriculture, transitive, of a bull) To mate with (a cow or heifer).


basis

en-noun

basis (plural bases or (rare) baseis or (nonstandard) basises)

bases (plural)
baseis (plural rare)
basises (nonstandard plural)

From Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémtis, derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (whence also come). Doublet of base.

Included in the basis could be elevation, cleaning, freight by truck and/or rail, government inspection fees, administration fees, interest and storage charges as well as allowance for risk and profit for the grain dealer.

(agriculture, trading) The difference between the cash price a dealer pays to a farmer for his produce and an agreed reference price, which is usually the futures price at which the given crop is trading at a commodity exchange.

basis

agriculture: difference between cash price and futures price


dairy

dairy (countable and uncountable, plural dairies)

Origin 1250–1300 (Middle English daierie and other forms), from dey (“dairymaid”) + -ery.

Go and fetch the butter from the dairy.

A place, often on a farm, where milk is processed and turned into products such as butter and cheese.

Can you go and buy some yoghurt and blue cheese from the dairy?

(New Zealand) A corner store, superette or minimart.

My routine changed in February because I stopped alcohol, caffeine and dairy. Normally, I would have drunk a strong beer before I went to bed and made an espresso in the morning. It’s boring now but healthier.

2023 May 14, Alix Strauss, “How the Head of a Filmmaking Center Spends His Sundays”, in The New York Times:

(uncountable) (also dairy products or dairy produce) Products produced from milk.


flat

en-adj

flat (comparative flatter, superlative flattest)

flatter (comparative)
flattest (superlative)

bumpy

antonym(s) of “having no variations in altitude”

→ Portuguese: flat

From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”). Doublet of plat and pleyt.
The noun is from Middle English flat (“level piece of ground, flat edge of a weapon”), from the adjective.
The algebraic sense was coined by Serre in a 1956 paper, originally as French plat.

inh

(horticulture, of certain fruits) Flattening at the ends.


ram

From Middle English ram, rom, ramme, from Old English ramm (“ram”), from Proto-Germanic *rammaz (“ram”), possibly from *rammaz (“strong”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Rom (“ram”), Dutch ram (“a male sheep”), German Ramm, Ramme (“ram”). Possibly akin also to Danish ram (“sharp; acrid; rank”), Swedish ram (“strong; perfect”), Faroese ramur (“strong; competent”), Icelandic rammur (“strong; sturdy”).

(zoology, agriculture) A male sheep, typically uncastrated.


set

From Middle English set, sette, from Old English set (“seat, place of residence, camp, settlement, entrenchment, stable, pen”), from Proto-West Germanic *set (“seat”), from Proto-Germanic *setą (“seat”).

(horticulture) A small tuber or bulb used instead of seed, particularly onion sets and potato sets.

siemen-

horticulture: small tuber or bulb used instead of seed


cotton

en-verb

cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)

cottons (present singular third-person)
cottoning (participle present)
cottoned (participle past)
cottoned (past)

From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).

When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.

I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.

1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:

I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.

1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:

The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.

(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric.


heart

heart (third-person singular simple present hearts, present participle hearting, simple past and past participle hearted)

hearts (present singular third-person)
hearting (participle present)
hearted (participle past)
hearted (past)

PIE word
 *ḱḗr
From Middle English herte, from Old English heorte (“heart”), from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”). Doublet of cardia; see also core.
Most of the modern figurative senses (such as passion or compassion, spirit, inmost feelings, especially love, affection, and courage) were present in Old English. However, the meaning “center” dates from the early 14th century.
The verb sense “to love” is from the 1977 I ❤ NY advertising campaign.

(intransitive, agriculture, botany) To form a dense cluster of leaves, a heart, especially of lettuce or cabbage.


dry

en-adj

dry (comparative drier or dryer, superlative driest or dryest)

drier (comparative)
dryer (comparative)
driest (superlative)
dryest (superlative)

wet

antonym(s) of “abstinent from or banning alcohol”

wet

antonym(s) of “not using afterburners or water injection”

wet

of a scientist or lab: doing computation

Sranan Tongo: drei

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaɪ̯]

Adjective and noun from Middle English drye, dryge, drüȝe, from Old English drȳġe (“dry; parched, withered”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgī, *draugī, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz, *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). The verb derives from Middle English drien, from Old English drȳġan (“to dry”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgijan, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz (“hard, desiccated, dry”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, hard, solid”).
cognates and related terms
 Cognate with Scots dry, drey (“dry”), North Frisian drüg, driig, Saterland Frisian druuch (“dry”), West Frisian droech (“dry”), Dutch droog (“dry”), Low German dröög (“dry”), German dröge (“dull”), Icelandic draugur (“a dry log”). Related also to German trocken (“dry”), West Frisian drege (“long-lasting”), Danish drøj (“tough”), Swedish dryg (“lasting, hard”), Icelandic drjúgur (“ample, long”), Latin firmus (“strong, firm, stable, durable”). See also drought, drain, dree.

cog

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

This well is as dry as that cow.

en:unable to produce a liquid, e.g., water, oil, milk

Unable to produce a liquid, as water, (petrochemistry) oil, or (agriculture) milk.


box

en-verb

box (third-person singular simple present boxes, present participle boxing, simple past and past participle boxed)

boxes (present singular third-person)
boxing (participle present)
boxed (participle past)
boxed (past)

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πῠ́ξος (púxos)
Ancient Greek -ις (-is)
Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís)bor.
Late Latin buxisbor.
Proto-West Germanic *buhsā
Old English box
Middle English box
English box
From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish hjulbössa (“wheel-box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

cog

The early settlers either boxed the tree or cut large slanting gashes, from the lower end of which a rudely fashioned spout conducted the sap to a bucket. This method was very destructive to the tree, and boring was substituted for it.

1918 April, F. L. B., “The Maple Sugar Industry”, in Forest Leaves, volume XVI, number 8 (number 184 overall), Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennsylvania Forestry Association, →OCLC, page 115, column 2:

(transitive, agriculture) To make an incision or hole in (a tree) for the purpose of procuring the sap.


run

en-verb

run (third-person singular simple present runs, present participle running, simple past ran, past participle run or (nonstandard, colloquial) ran)

runs (present singular third-person)
running (participle present)
ran (past)
run (participle past)
ran (colloquial nonstandard participle past)
run (infinitive)

From Middle English runnen, rennen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen,
yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).
Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), Alemannic German ränne (“to run”), German rennen (“to run, race”), rinnen (“to flow”), Rhein, Danish rende (“to run”), Swedish ränna (“to run”), Swedish rinna (“to flow”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

purjehtia myötätuuleen

to sail a boat with the wind coming from behind

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

run around like a chicken with its head cut off

the course of true love never did run smooth

you can't run with the hare and hunt with the hounds

Looks like we're gonna have to run the tomatoes again.

(transitive, agriculture) To sort through a large volume of produce in quality control.


nadir

From Medieval Latin nadir, from Arabic نَظِير السَّمْت (naẓīr as-samt), composed of نَظِير (naẓīr, “counterpart, corresponding to”) and السَّمْت (as-samt, “the zenith”).

نَظِير السَّمْت

(beekeeping, archaic) An empty box added beneath a full one in a beehive to give the colony more room to expand or store honey.


nadir

en-verb

nadir (third-person singular simple present nadirs, present participle nadiring, simple past and past participle nadired)

nadirs (present singular third-person)
nadiring (participle present)
nadired (participle past)
nadired (past)

der

نَظِير السَّمْت

(transitive, beekeeping) To extend (a beehive) by adding an empty box at the base.


stroke

en-verb

stroke (third-person singular simple present strokes, present participle stroking, simple past and past participle stroked)

strokes (present singular third-person)
stroking (participle present)
stroked (participle past)
stroked (past)
stroke (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English stroken, straken (“to caress, fondle, pat, rub, smooth, stroke; to pass something over (someone or something); to brush or rub against;”) [and other forms], from Old English strācian (“to stroke”), from Proto-West Germanic *straikōn (“to caress, stroke”), from *straik (“a line, stroke; a dash”) (see further at etymology 1) + *-ōn (suffix forming verbs from nouns).
The noun is derived from the verb.
cognates
* German streicheln (“to stroke, fondle”)
* German Low German straken, strieken, strakeln, striekeln (“to stroke; caress; fondle”)
* Middle Low German strēken, Middle Dutch strēken (modern Dutch streeken)
* Old High German strīhhan, streihhōn, Middle High German strīchen (modern German streichen (“to stroke; to rub; to spread; to apply; to paint; to cancel; to cross out, strike out; to delete; to discard”))
* Saterland Frisian strookje (“to stroke; caress”)
* West Frisian streakje (“to stroke; caress”)

nb...

strok, stroke, (Northern England, Scotland) straike, strake, (Early Middle English) straca, stracien

cog

(agriculture) To milk (a cow or other animal); especially, to squeeze the teat of (a cow, etc.) to extract the last bit of milk from the udder; to strap (dialectal), to strip.


list

en-verb

list (third-person singular simple present lists, present participle listing, simple past and past participle listed)

lists (present singular third-person)
listing (participle present)
listed (participle past)
listed (past)

From Middle English lī̆st, lī̆ste (“band, stripe; hem, selvage; border, edge, rim; list, specification; barriers enclosing area for jousting, etc.”), from Old English līste (“hem, edge, strip”), or Old French liste, listre (“border; band; strip of paper; list”), or Medieval Latin lista, all from Proto-West Germanic *līstā, from Proto-Germanic *līstǭ (“band, strip; hem, selvage; border, edge”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to trace, track”).
cognates
* Saterland Frisian Lieste (“margin, strip, list”)
*Dutch lijst (“picture frame, list”)
* German Low German Liest (“edging, border”)
* German Leiste (“strip, rail, ledge; (heraldry) bar”)
* Swedish lista (“list”)
* Icelandic lista listi (“list”)
* Italian lista (“list; strip”)
* Portuguese lista (“list”)
* Spanish lista (“list, roll; stripe”)
* Galician lista (“band, strip; list”)
* Finnish lista (“(informal) list; batten”).

cog

(transitive, agriculture) To plough and plant with a lister.

(transitive, agriculture, chiefly Southern US) To prepare (land) for a cotton crop by making alternating beds and alleys with a hoe.


beard

en-verb

beard (third-person singular simple present beards, present participle bearding, simple past and past participle bearded)

beards (present singular third-person)
bearding (participle present)
bearded (participle past)
bearded (past)

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English berd, bard, bærd, from Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart). Cognate further to Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá): the word may date to Proto-Indo-European as *bʰardʰeh₂, *bʰh₂erdʰeh₂. Doublet of barb.

(intransitive, beekeeping) Of bees, to accumulate together in a beard-like shape.


start

→ German: Start

→ Persian: استارت (estârt)

From Middle English stert, from the verb sterten (“to start, startle”). See below.

You generally see nursery starts at garden centres in mid to late spring. Small annual plants are generally sold in four-packs or larger packs, with each cell holding a single young plant.

2009, Liz Primeau, Steven A. Frowine, Gardening Basics For Canadians For Dummies:

(horticulture) A young plant germinated in a pot to be transplanted later.

istukas

horticulture: young plant germinated in a pot to be transplanted later


granary

en-noun

granary (plural granaries or (obsolete) granarys)

granaries (plural)
granarys (obsolete plural)

Borrowed from Latin grānārium (16th century). Equivalent to grain + -ary. Doublet of garner.

For a long time the dormouse and polecat had seemed to him overfeeble enemies for his restless valour, even as the granary floor seemed to afford too narrow a field. Every day he read the papers of the previous day in the servants' hall of the houses he visited, and it appeared to him that this war in America, which was hailed as the awakening of the spirit of liberty and justice in the New World, ought to produce a revolution in France.

1837, George Sand, translated by Stanley Young, Mauprat, Cassandra Editions, published 1977, →ISBN, page 237:

[I]solate the body of the building from the ground […] embodied in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century granaries, built on staddle stones, which still survive in many English farmyards.

1983, Barry Cunliffe, chapter 6, in Danebury Hillfort, Stroud: Tempus:

(agriculture) A storage facility for grain or sometimes animal feed.


manure

en-verb

manure (third-person singular simple present manures, present participle manuring, simple past and past participle manured)

manures (present singular third-person)
manuring (participle present)
manured (participle past)
manured (past)

From Middle English maynouren, manuren (“to supervise, toil”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman meinourer and Old French manovrer (whence also English maneuver), from Vulgar Latin *manuoperare (“work by hand”), from Latin manū (“by hand”) + operārī (“to work”).

der

A woman that wandring in our coaſtes hath bought / A plot for price: where ſhe a citie ſet: / To whom we gaue the ſtrond for to manure.

1557 July 1, Virgil, “The Second Boke of Virgiles Aenæis”, in Henry [Howard, Earl] of Surrey, transl., edited by William Bolland, Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aenaeis, Turned into English Meter ([Roxburghe Club Publications; I]), London: […] A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], published 1814, →OCLC:

Manure thyself then; to thyself be approved; / And with vain, outward things be no more moved.

1633, John Donne, Epistle to Mr. Rowland Woodward:

To cultivate by manual labor; to till; hence, to develop by culture.

The farmer manured his fallow field.

My Lord of Hereford here whom you call King, / Is a foule traitour to proud Herefords King, / And if you crowne him let me propheſie, / The bloud of Engliſh ſhall manure the ground, / And future ages groane for this foule act, [...]

1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

To apply manure (as fertilizer or soil improver).


manure

en-noun

manure (countable and uncountable, plural manures)

1985, Biff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson), Back to the Future.
I hate manure!

1988, Dave Mustaine, "Hook in Mouth", Megadeth, So Far, So Good... So What!.
M, they will cover your grave with manure

[T]he very wet winter will have washed much of the goodness out of the soil. Homemade compost and the load of manure we get from a friendly farmer may not be enough to compensate for what has leached from the ground.

2014 April 21, Mary Keen, “You can still teach an old gardener new tricks: Even the hardiest of us gardeners occasionally learn useful new techniques [print version: Gardening is always ready to teach even the hardiest of us a few new tricks, 19 April 2014]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), page G7:

Animal excrement, especially that of common domestic farm animals and when used as fertilizer. Generally speaking, from cows, horses, sheep, pigs and chickens.

Malt dust consists chiefly of the infant radicle separated from the grain. I have never made any experiment upon this manure; but there is great reason to suppose it must contain saccharine matter; and this will account for its powerful effects.

a. 1813, Sir Humphry Davy, "Lecture VI" in Elements of Agricultural Chemistry (1840 reprint)

Any fertilizing substance, whether of animal origin or not; fertiliser.


garden

Sranan Tongo: dyari

→ Nafaanra: yaadi

From Middle English gardyn, garden, from Anglo-Norman gardin, from Frankish *gardin-, oblique stem of *gardō (“enclosure, yard”), from Proto-Germanic *gardô (“enclosure, garden, house”), whence also inherited English yard. (compare Old French jart alongside jardin, Medieval Latin gardīnus). Doublet of jardin. Displaced Old English wyrttūn.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian gard, Low German Goorn, Dutch gaard, gaarde, German Garten, Icelandic garður, French jardin, Spanish jardín, Italian giardino, Sicilian jardinu.

tuin

piece of land outside with flowers and plants

gumno

area behind a barn for fruits and vegetables

a garden party

a garden path

a garden spade

The garden parties of pre-1914 were something to be remembered. Everyone was dressed up to the nines, high-heeled shoes, muslin frocks with blue sashes, large leghorn hats with drooping roses. There were lovely ices […] with every kind of cream cake, of sandwich, of éclair, and peaches, muscat grapes, and nectarines.

1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 5, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:

An outdoor area containing one or more types of plants, usually plants grown for food or ornamental purposes.

(attributive) Taking place in, or used in, such a garden.

(cartomancy) The twentieth Lenormand card.

Behind the tangled garden of microphones that had sprouted on the lectern, Goldwater spoke softly and casually about his family.

1965, Charles McDowell, Campaign Fever: The National Folk Festival, from New Hampshire to November, 1964, Morrow, page 11:

Blow on my garden [speaking of her genitalia], so the spices of it may flow out. Let my Beloved come into His garden [her pubic area] and eat His pleasant fruits.

1995, Lee Tyler, Biblical Sexual Morality and What About Pornography? viewed at etext.org on 9 May 2006

N.B. From a commentary on Song of Solomon 4:16, which was written in Hebrew c. 950 BC; book footnotes are shown here within brackets. Many scholars disagree with this Biblical interpretation, which is included as evidence of the word's usage in 1995 rather than the intended meaning of Biblical Hebrew גַּן (gan) in 950 BC.

c. 2004, Hair Care Down There, Inc, The History of Hair Removal viewed at haircaredownthere.com on 9 May 2006 -
Primping and pruning the secret garden might seem like a totally 21st century concept, but the fact is women have gotten into below-the-belt grooming since before the Bronze Age.

(slang) Pubic hair or the genitalia it masks.


garden

en-verb

garden (third-person singular simple present gardens, present participle gardening, simple past and past participle gardened)

gardens (present singular third-person)
gardening (participle present)
gardened (participle past)
gardened (past)

I love to garden—this year I'm going to plant some daffodils.

(intransitive, chiefly Canada, US) To grow plants in a garden; to create or maintain a garden.

bahçe işi ile/işiyle meşgul olmak/uğraşmak

(intransitive, cricket) Of a batsman, to inspect and tap the pitch lightly with the bat so as to smooth out small rough patches and irregularities.


labyrinth

From Middle English laberynt, laberynthe, from Latin labyrinthus, from Ancient Greek λᾰβύρῐνθος (labúrinthos, “a maze”).

der

(Greek mythology) A maze-like structure built by Daedalus in Knossos, containing the Minotaur.

(horticulture) A maze formed by paths separated by high hedges.


prune

en-verb

prune (third-person singular simple present prunes, present participle pruning, simple past and past participle pruned)

prunes (present singular third-person)
pruning (participle present)
pruned (participle past)
pruned (past)

From Middle English prunen, prounen, proinen, from Old French proignier (“to trim the feathers with the beak”), earlier prooignier, ultimately from Latin pro- ("front") + rotundus (“round”) 'to round-off the front'.

der

A good grape grower will prune the vines once a year.

But poore old man, thou prun'ſt a rotten tree, / That cannot ſo much as a bloſſome yeelde

c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii], page 191:

Our delightful task / To prune these growing plants, and tend these flowers.

1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

(transitive, horticulture) To remove excess material from a tree or shrub; to trim, especially to make more healthy or productive.


AI

en-noun

AI (countable and uncountable, plural AIs)

Audio (US)

artificial insemination
artificial insemination#English

(agriculture) Initialism of artificial insemination.


fertilizer

fertilizer (countable and uncountable, plural fertilizers)

/ˈfɜːɹtəlaɪzəɹ/

A natural substance that is used to make the ground more suitable for growing plants.

pleh

a natural substance that is used to make the ground more suitable for growing plants

(chemistry) A chemical compound created to have the same effect.

պարարտանյութ

a chemical compound created to have the same effect.


monolith

/ˈmɑn.əˌlɪθ/

The noun is borrowed from French monolithe (“object made from a single block of stone”), from Middle French monolythe (“made from a single block of stone”) (rare), and from their etymon Latin monolithus (“made from a single block of stone”), from Ancient Greek μονόλιθος (monólithos, “made from a single block of stone”), from μονο- (mono-, prefix meaning ‘alone; single’) (from μόνος (mónos, “alone; only, unique”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”)) + λίθος (líthos, “a stone; stone as a substance”); analysable as mono- + -lith. The English word is cognate with German monolith (“made from a single block of stone”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

[page 98] If a stub is to be retained, either for the reasons stated above, or when a tree is to be reduced to a "monolith" [...], unconventional methods of cutting or fracturing (not recommended in BS 3998) may be employed, [...] [page 147] Even dead standing or fallen trees are important, and so owners should be encouraged to be untidy-minded and to leave monoliths or fallen dead wood in situ.

2013 February, “Tree Work: Assessment of Requirements” and “Ancient Trees in the Landscape: Advocacy for Holistic and Landscape-scale Management”, in David Lonsdale, editor, Ancient and Other Veteran Trees: Further Guidance on Management, London: The Tree Council, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2020-02-05, pages 98 and 147:

Stumps of older fallen trees, known as upright monoliths, have incredible environmental value and can provide a home and food source for insects for decades.

2020 August 15, Jess Warren, “New home for remains of oak tree that fell into Earley road”, in The Wokingham Paper, Wokingham, Berkshire: Xn Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-09-10:

Unexpectedly, even some of the monoliths are throwing out new shoots. This is great news, as these trees contain ancient woodland DNA, so are a very valuable seedbank. Further along the site, Penny shows me a famous translocated stump... the Cubbington pear tree. [...] The stump was translocated, and the trunk used as a monolith - but not before dozens of cuttings had been taken, some of which are growing nearby. And the stump? It's already throwing out dozens of new shoots as it's become re-established.

2022 March 23, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 44:

(British, horticulture) A dead tree whose height and size have been reduced by breaking off or cutting its branches.


monolith

en-verb

monolith (third-person singular simple present monoliths, present participle monolithing, simple past and past participle monolithed)

monoliths (present singular third-person)
monolithing (participle present)
monolithed (participle past)
monolithed (past)

/ˈmɑn.əˌlɪθ/

Residents who use the park regularly for sports say they are gobsmacked that the council consider cutting the tree down as the only option. But the council have said that public safety is paramount when assessing damaged trees, a branch crashing down could kill someone, and that the tree is not being cut down but just monolithed.

2018 December 5, Daniel Clark, “Campaigners Tie Themselves to Historic Cowick Barton Oak Tree that Council Says is Dangerous”, in Devon Live, archived from the original on 2018-12-06:

The go-ahead has been given to fell 23 Lawson cypress and ‘monolith’ (reduce to their main stems, without branches) four dead alder, which made up part of the woodland off Bickland Water Road.

2020 February 19, Emma Ferguson, The Falmouth Packet, Falmouth, Cornwall: Packet Newspapers, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-02-19:

(transitive) To create (something) as, or convert (one or more things) into, a monolith.

(British, horticulture) To reduce the height and size of (a dead tree) by breaking off or cutting its branches.


slash

slash (third-person singular simple present slashes, present participle slashing, simple past and past participle slashed)

slashes (present singular third-person)
slashing (participle present)
slashed (participle past)
slashed (past)

Originally a verb of uncertain etymology. Possibly from French esclachier (“to break”). Used in the Wycliffe Bible as slascht (see 1 Kings 5:18) but otherwise unattested until 16th century. Conjunctive use from various applications of the punctuation mark ⟨/⟩. See also slash fiction.

The province's traditional slash-and-burn agriculture was only sustainable with a much smaller population.

(US, Canada) To clear land, (particularly forestry) with violent action such as logging or brushfires or (agriculture, uncommon) through grazing.


spade

→ Scottish Gaelic: spaid

→ Fiji Hindi: sipi

From Middle English spade, from Old English spada, spade, spadu (“spade”), from Proto-Germanic *spadǭ, *spadô, *spadō (“spade”). Cognate with Dutch spade, Old Frisian spada, Old Saxon spado, German Spaten, Hunsrik Spaad. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-, whence also Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”), Hittite 𒅖𒉺𒀀𒋻 (išpatar, “spear”), Persian سپار (sopâr, “plow”), Northern Luri ئەسپار (aspār, “digging”) and Central Kurdish ئەسپەر (esper), ئەسپەرە (espere, “cross-piece on shaft of spade to take pressure of foot”). Distant doublet of spatha, spathe, and épée.

call a spade a spade and a shovel a shovel

'Make your mind easy,' Ratsey said; 'I have dug too often in this graveyard for any to wonder if they see me with a spade.'

[1898], J[ohn] Meade Falkner, Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934, →OCLC:

"[...] And not a single spade has gone in the ground - not a single mile of track built."

2021 October 6, Paul Stephen, “Network News: Labour: build HS2 and NPR and end "paper promises"”, in RAIL, number 941, page 25:

A garden tool with a handle and a flat blade for digging. Not to be confused with a shovel which is used for moving earth or other materials.


hook

sometimes in Northern England and Ireland, otherwise obsolete

From Middle English hoke, from Old English hōc, from Proto-West Germanic *hōk, from Proto-Germanic *hōkaz, variant of *hakô (“hook”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kog-, *keg-, *keng- (“peg, hook, claw”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian heak, Dutch haak (“hook”)) (compare West Frisian/Dutch hoek (“hook, angle, corner”), Low German Hook, Huuk); also related to hake.

(agriculture) A field sown two years in succession.


trash

en-noun

trash (countable and uncountable, plural trashes)

From Middle English trasch, trassh, probably a dialectal form of *trass (compare Orkney truss, English dialectal trous), from Old Norse tros (“rubbish, fallen leaves and twigs”). Compare Norwegian trask (“lumber, trash, baggage”), Swedish trasa (“rag, cloth, worthless fellow”), Swedish trås (“dry fallen twigs, wood-waste”). Compare also Old English þreax (“rottenness, rubbish”).

cog

one man's trash is another man's treasure

(chiefly Southern United States, agriculture) The disused stems, leaves, or vines of a crop, sometimes mixed with weeds, which will either be plowed in as green manure or be removed by raking, grazing, or burning.

(agriculture, uncountable) Loose-leaf tobacco of a low grade, with much less commercial value than the principal grades.


Guernsey

From Anglo-Norman, from Old Norse, compound of Grani (“Grani's”) and ey (“island”). Folk etymology points to a dialectal root for green.

An unincorporated community in California


mast

en-verb

mast (third-person singular simple present masts, present participle masting, simple past and past participle masted)

masts (present singular third-person)
masting (participle present)
masted (participle past)
masted (past)

From Old English mæst (“fallen nuts, food for swine”) and mæstan (“to fatten”), from West Germanic; probably related to meat.

der

Any individual tree which masted in a generally non-mast year would be subjected to the exclusive attention of the seed predators and so would be selected against.

1985, Michael Fenner, Seed ecology, page 33:

However, if this were true, all or most masting species (e.g., Fagus and Quercus) in a forest would have to mast in synchrony to be effective against generalist herbivores.

2004, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Christian Körner, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Forest Diversity and Function: Temperate and Boreal Systems, page 28:

Because dipterocarp seeds are winged and spin gracefully as they fall, the dispersal of millions of dipterocarp seeds during a masting event is one of the greatest spectacles that you can see on planet Earth.

2008, Chris Rowthorn, Muhammad Cohen, China Williams, Borneo, page 50:

(agriculture, forestry, ecology, of a population of plants) To produce a very large quantity of fruit or seed in certain years but not others.


share

From Middle English share, schare, shaar, from Old English sċear, sċær (“ploughshare”), from Proto-Germanic *skaraz (“ploughshare”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with Dutch schaar (“ploughshare”), dialectal German Schar (“ploughshare”), Danish (plov)skær (“ploughshare”). More at shear.

The golden harvest, of a mellow brown,
 Upturn'd so lately by the fearful share.

1785, William Cowper, The Task, Book IV:

(agriculture) The cutting blade of an agricultural machine like a plough, a cultivator or a seeding-machine.


propolis

From Latin propolis, from Hellenistic Ancient Greek πρόπολις (própolis, “suburb; propolis”) (apparently because the material was used by bees to extend their hives), from Ancient Greek προ- (pro-, “pro-”) + πόλις (pólis, “city”).

uder

An aromatic glue-like substance produced by honeybees from tree resin, waxes, and their own secretions, used in the construction of their hives.


green thumb

→ Canadian French: pouce vert (calque)

→ German: grüner Daumen (calque)

Wow, did you plant this entire garden on your own? You really must have a green thumb.

Everyone knows someone who has a "green thumb," who seems to be able to get plants to grow well just by being around, by talking or even playing music[…]

1987, Lyall Watson, The dreams of dragons: riddles of natural history:

[…]they leave gardening to those who presumably have lots of time to read and better yet, have a "green thumb."

2003, Barbara Damrosch, The Garden Primer:

Oh, I'll never have a green thumb, no matter how long I stay at it. Nothing ever seems to work for me. Everything I plant dies.

2006, Des Kennedy, The Passionate Gardener: Adventures of an Ardent Green Thumb:

(US, idiomatic) A natural skill for gardening.


tap

en-verb

tap (third-person singular simple present taps, present participle tapping, simple past and past participle tapped)

taps (present singular third-person)
tapping (participle present)
tapped (participle past)
tapped (past)
tap (infinitive)

The noun is derived from Middle English tappe (“hollow device for controlling the flow of liquid from a hole, cock, faucet, spigot; hole through which the liquid flows; the liquid which thus flows”), from Old English tæppa, from Proto-West Germanic *tappō, from Proto-Germanic *tappô (“a plug, tap; peg; tapering stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂p- (“to lose; to sacrifice”).
The verb is derived from Middle English tappen (“to obtain (liquid, chiefly liquor) from a tap; to obtain and sell (liquor)”), from Old English tæppian (“to provide (a container) with a stopper; to obtain (liquid) from a tap”), and then either:
* from Old English tæppa (see above) + -ian (suffix forming verbs); or
* from Proto-Germanic *tappōną, from *tappô (noun) (see above).
Verb sense 1.3.5 (“to turn over (a playing card or playing piece) to remind players that it has already been used in that round”) alludes to the abilities or resources of the card or piece having been drawn on to the point of temporary exhaustion: see verb sense 1.3.2.

точа

to draw off (a liquid) from a container or other source; to draw off a liquid from (a container or other source)

(horticulture) To remove a taproot from (a plant).


sick

en-adj

sick (comparative sicker, superlative sickest)

sicker (comparative)
sickest (superlative)

→? Navajo: sxih

From Middle English sik, sike, seek, seke, seok, from Old English sēoc (“sick, ill”), from Proto-West Germanic *seuk, from Proto-Germanic *seukaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sewg- (“to be troubled or grieved”).
See also West Frisian siik, Dutch ziek, German siech, Norwegian Bokmål syk, Norwegian Nynorsk sjuk, Danish syg; also Middle Irish socht (“silence, depression”), Old Armenian հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “I am weakening”).

cog

(agriculture) Failing to sustain adequate harvests of crop, usually specified.


beehive

From Middle English beehyve, equivalent to bee + hive.

An enclosed structure in which some species of honey bees (genus Apis) live and raise their young.

A women's hairstyle, popular in the 1960s, in which long hair is styled into a hive-shaped form on top of the head and usually held in place with lacquer.

Brian Small said that the Minister could not 'hide in the beehive any longer'

2004, Nicholas Tarling, International Students in New Zealand, →ISBN, page 114:

In New Zealand, this approach is taken one step forward in that Ministers physically sit together up in the beehive, as their building is known, rather than being based in the Departments.

2010, David Halpern, The Hidden Wealth of Nations, →ISBN, page 216:

As with other major buildings the beehive demonstrated the need for a standardized building drawing practice which could be applied — and understood

1977, New Zealand Libraries - Volumes 40-42, →ISBN, page 30:

(nonstandard, New Zealand) Alternative form of Beehive

By the way, what happens to a beehive which is under attack by one or two gliders such as pictured:

1989 December 22, Norbert Roestel, “CA-LETTER”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Alternatively, in many cases the debris can be suppressed by perturbing the debris with a passing spaceship before it stabilizes into the beehive or loaf.

1992 October 22, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 6a)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Unfortunately, a beehive (a common six cell still life) was also created close to the block, and its position made it impossible to eliminate with conventional methods using still lifes (anything placed to destroy it would be damaged by earlier activity).

1996 November 16, Paul Callahan, “Still-life glider reflector found”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) In Conway's Game of Life, a particular still life pattern with a rounded appearance.


rosarium

From Latin rosārium. Doublet of rosary and Rosario.


farm

→ Dutch: farm

→ Finnish: farmi

→ German: Farm

→ Portuguese: farme, farma

→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)

→ Spanish: farmear

→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

From Middle English ferme, farme (“rent, revenue, produce, factor, stewardship, meal, feast”), influenced by Anglo-Norman ferme (“rent, lease, farm”), from Medieval Latin ferma, firma. There is debate as to whether Medieval Latin acquires this term from Old English feorm (“rent, provision, supplies, feast”), from Proto-Germanic *fermō, *firhuma- (“means of living, subsistence”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhwō (“life force, body, being”), from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“life, force, strength, tree”), or from Latin firmus (“solid, secure”), from Proto-Italic *fermos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo-s (“holding”), from the root *dʰer- (“to hold”). If the former etymology is correct, the term is related to Old English feorh (“life, spirit”), Icelandic fjör (“life, vitality, vigour, animation”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus, “the world”). Compare also Old English feormehām (“farm”), feormere (“purveyor, supplier, grocer”). Cognate with Scots ferm (“rent, farm”).

cog

Oliver’s sobs checked his utterance for some minutes; when he was on the point of beginning to relate how he had been brought up at the farm, and carried to the workhouse by Mr. Bumble, a peculiarly impatient little double-knock was heard at the street-door: and the servant, running upstairs, announced Mr. Grimwig.

1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:


honeycomb

en-noun

honeycomb (countable and uncountable, plural honeycombs)

Alhambra
Oxford English Dictionary
United States Army

The noun is derived from Middle English hony comb, from Old English huniġcamb, from huniġ (“honey”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (“honey”)) + camb (“comb”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“peg; tooth; row of teeth”)). The English word is analysable as honey + comb. The Oxford English Dictionary posits that the arrangement of several plates of wax “hanging parallel to each other from the roof of the hive suggests a comb with its teeth”.
The verb is derived from the noun.

kennosto

something resembling honeycomb in having numerous cells or small holes

hunaja

something resembling honeycomb in sweetness; something desirable or pleasant

(countable, by extension) Something resembling honeycomb (sense 1) in having numerous cells or small holes.

(chiefly aviation) Material manufactured with small hollow cells, sometimes sandwiched between two flat sheets, which is used to make light, stiff structural components.

kennosto

material manufactured with small hollow cells

A rudimentall reſemblance hereof there is in the cruciated and rugged folds of the Reticulum, or Net-like Ventricle of ruminating horned animals, vvhich is the ſecond in order, and culinarily called the Honey-comb.

[1658, Thomas Browne, “The Garden of Cyrus. […]. Chapter III.”, in Hydriotaphia, Urne-buriall, […] Together with The Garden of Cyrus, […], London: […] Hen[ry] Brome […], →OCLC, page 149:

Of the four ſtomachs vvith vvhich ruminant animals are furniſhed, the firſt is called the paunch, vvhich receives the food after it has been ſlightly chevved; the ſecond is called the honeycomb, and is properly nothing more than a continuation of the former; […]

[1791, Oliver Goldsmith, “Of Ruminating Animals”, in An History of the Earth, and Animated Nature. […], new edition, volume III, London: […] F[rancis] Wingrave, successor to Mr. [John] Nourse, […], →OCLC, page 3:

honeycomb stomach
honeycomb stomach#English

(countable, zoology) Short for honeycomb stomach (“the reticulum or second compartment of the stomach of a cow or other ruminant”).

honeycomb stomach

(uncountable, architecture) Short for honeycomb work (“especially in Moorish architecture: a form of ceiling ornamentation (especially of an arch or dome) made up of small vaulted arches”).

honeycomb work

honeycomb toffee

(countable, figurative) Something resembling honeycomb in sweetness; hence, something desirable or pleasant.

(uncountable, chiefly Australia, British, often attributive) A crumbly confection usually made by boiling together golden syrup, sugar, bicarbonate of soda, and water.


service

en-verb

service (third-person singular simple present services, present participle servicing, simple past and past participle serviced)

services (present singular third-person)
servicing (participle present)
serviced (participle past)
serviced (past)

→ Dutch: service

→ Indonesian: servis

→ German: Service

→ Hindustani

Hindi: सर्विस (sarvis)

Urdu: سروس (sarvis)

→ Hungarian: szerviz

→ Japanese: サービス (sābisu)

→ Korean: 서비스 (seobiseu)

→ Persian:

Dari: سرویس (sarwīs)

→ Russian: сервис (servis)

→ Ukrainian: сервіс (servis)

From Middle English servise, from Old French servise (French service), from the verb servir, from Latin servitium (compare Portuguese serviço, Italian servizio, Norman sèrvice, Spanish servicio), from servus (“servant; serf; slave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Displaced native Old English þeġnung.

(transitive, agriculture, euphemistic) To inseminate through sexual intercourse.


rose garden

(literally) A garden devoted primarily to roses.


land

en-noun

land (countable and uncountable, plural lands)

From Middle English lond, land, from Old English land, from Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).
Cognate with Scots laund (“land”), West Frisian lân (“land”), Dutch land (“land, country”), German Land (“land, country, state”), Norwegian and Swedish land (“land, country, shore, territory”), Icelandic land (“land”). Non-Germanic cognates include Old Irish lann (“heath”), Welsh llan (“enclosure”), Breton lann (“heath”), Old Church Slavonic лѧдо (lędo), from Proto-Slavic *lęda (“heath, wasteland”) and Albanian lëndinë (“heath, grassland”).

cog

(agriculture) The ground left unploughed between furrows.

(agriculture) Any of several portions into which a field is divided for ploughing.


bulb

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós)bor.
Latin bulbusder.
English bulb
Inherited from Middle English bulb, bolbe, from Latin bulbus (“bulb, onion”), from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

der

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

the plants which grow in the earth from seed or bulbs.

2005, Plato, translated by Lesley Brown, Sophist, page 265c:

Once it [a snowdrop variety] became established, some bulbs were lifted and passed on to be chipped (i.e. cut into small pieces and grown on).

2015 February 7, Val Bourne, “The quiet man of the world of snowdrops”, in The Daily Telegraph (London), page G8:

The bulb-shaped underground portion of a plant such as a tulip, consisting of a shortened stem and many fleshy scale leaves, from which the rest of the plant may be regrown.


medium

Borrowed from Latin medium, neuter of medius (“middle”), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). Compare middle. Doublet of mid, medio, media, and mediate.

doublet

The density of the living medium of fishes exerts upon them a mechanical influence; they are, so to say, balanced in water, free to proceed in all planes of direction...

1895, Bashford Dean., Fishes, Living and Fossil:

(biology, horticulture, etc.) A substance, structure, or environment in which living organisms subsist, grow or are cultured.


underwater

en-verb

underwater (third-person singular simple present underwaters, present participle underwatering, simple past and past participle underwatered)

underwaters (present singular third-person)
underwatering (participle present)
underwatered (participle past)
underwatered (past)

/ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-underwater.wav

Care must be taken not to underwater houseplants in the summer.

If your plant is wilting, this could be another sign of overwatering or underwatering.

2021 July 22, “Is Your Plant Overwatered or Underwatered?”, in Sustained Kitchen:

(agriculture, horticulture, transitive) To water or irrigate insufficiently.


sprout

sprout (third-person singular simple present sprouts, present participle sprouting, simple past and past participle sprouted)

sprouts (present singular third-person)
sprouting (participle present)
sprouted (participle past)
sprouted (past)

From Middle English sprouten, spruten, from Old English sprūtan, from Proto-West Germanic *spreutan, from Proto-Germanic *spreutaną.

The crocuses should be sprouting after 2 months, provided they're well tended.

(horticulture, intransitive) To grow from seed; to germinate.


culture

en-noun

culture (countable and uncountable, plural cultures)

From Middle French culture (“cultivation; culture”), from Latin cultūra (“cultivation; culture”), from cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“till, cultivate, to grow, worship”) (related to colōnus and colōnia), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”).

der

http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/suffolk/grownet/flowers/sprgbulb.htm
The Culture of Spring-Flowering Bulbs


stratification

en-noun

stratification (countable and uncountable, plural stratifications)

(horticulture) The process of treating seeds to simulate natural conditions that the seeds must experience before germination can occur, often involving exposure to cold.

stratifikaatio

horticulture: simulation of natural conditions


rogue

en-verb

rogue (third-person singular simple present rogues, present participle roguing or rogueing, simple past and past participle rogued)

rogues (present singular third-person)
roguing (participle present)
rogueing (participle present)
rogued (participle past)
rogued (past)

Uncertain. From either:
* Earlier English roger (“a begging vagabond who pretends to be a poor scholar from Oxford or Cambridge”), possibly from Latin rogō (“I ask”).
* Middle French rogue (“arrogant, haughty”), from Old Northern French rogre (“aggressive”), from Old Norse hrokr (“excess, exuberance”), for which see Icelandic hroki (“arrogance”), though OED does not document this.
* Celtic; see Breton rog (“haughty”).

der

2000 Carol Deppe, Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties, Totnes: Chelsea Green Pub.
Maintaining varieties also requires selection, however. It's usually referred to as culling or roguing. ...we examine the [plant] population and eliminate the occasional rogue.

(horticulture) To cull; to destroy plants not meeting a required standard, especially when saving seed, rogue or unwanted plants are removed before pollination.


dress

en-verb

dress (third-person singular simple present dresses, present participle dressing, simple past dressed, past participle dressed or (obsolete) drest)

dresses (present singular third-person)
dressing (participle present)
dressed (past)
dressed (participle past)
drest (obsolete participle past)
dress (infinitive)

→ Sranan Tongo: dresi

PIE word
 *dwís
The verb is from Middle English dressen, dresse (“to arrange, put in order”), from Anglo-Norman, Old French dresser, drecier (modern French dresser), from Late Latin *directiare, from Latin dīrēctus, the perfect passive participle of dīrigō (“to arrange in lines, direct, steer”), from dis- (prefix meaning ‘apart; asunder; in two’) + regō (“to govern, manage”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“straight, right”). Doublet of direct.
The noun is derived from the verb.

aantrek

to put clothes on (oneself or someone, etc.) — see also clothe

koristaa

to adorn or ornament (something) — see also adorn, ornament

siistiä

to fit or prepare (something) for use; to render (something) suitable for an intended purpose — see also get ready

whakahuene

referring to preparing rough sawn timber

self aantrek

to put on clothes — see also get dressed

Gard[ener]. Oh what pitie is it that he had not ſo trimde, / And dreſt his land as vve this garden at time of yeare / Do vvound the barke, the skinne of our fruit trees, […] Queene. Oh I am preſt to death through vvant of ſpeaking / Thou old Adams likeneſſe ſet to dreſſe this garden, / How dares thy harſh rude tong ſound this vnpleaſing nevvs?

1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

(agriculture, horticulture) To cultivate or tend to (a garden, land, plants, etc.); especially, to add fertilizer or manure to (soil); to fertilize, to manure.


apiarist

Some late and very curious experiments, however, of M. Huber, one of the most celebrated apiarists in Europe, have shewn that the pollen has no share whatever in the formation of wax; but that this substance is produced indiscriminately from honey, sugar, or any other saccharine matter, which serves as food for the bees.

1815, Edward T. W. Polehampton, The Gallery of Nature and Art, page 310:

In addition to this there are, within the borders of the United States, thousands of good locations for the apiarist — forest, prairie, swamp, and mountain regions — where agriculture has not yet gained a foothold, either because of remoteness from markets or the uninviting character of soil or climate.

1905, “Bee keeping”, in Farmers' Bulletin, number 59, page 9:

Reverend Lorenzo Langstroth, a nineteenth- century apiarist, teacher and clergyman who is considered to be the father of American beekeeping, first described this type of hive in 1853.

2014, Doug Purdie, Backyard Bees: A guide for the beginner beekeeper, page 17:


beekeeper

A person who maintains hives and keeps bees, especially for the production of honey.


marigold

/ˈmæɹ.ɪˌɡəʊld/

/ˈmæɹ.ɪˌɡoʊld/

/ˈmɛɹ.ɪˌɡoʊld/

From Middle English marigolde, marygoldye, from Mary (referring to the Virgin Mary) + Middle English golde (“marigold”).

compound

A piece of marigold or bay leaf was imbedded in the metal, and over it a carbuncle or chrysolite was placed.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 155:

Any of the Old World plants, of the genus Calendula, with orange, yellow or reddish flowers.

Native Americans introduced whites and slaves to several edible greens including marigold, milkweed, and pokeweed (Whit 2007).

2009, Herbert C. Covey, Dwight Eisnach, What the Slaves Ate, ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, page 87:

Any of the New World plants, of the genus Tagetes, with orange, yellow or reddish flowers.

(UK, slang, obsolete) A million pounds sterling.


intensive

en-adj

intensive (comparative more intensive, superlative most intensive)

more intensive (comparative)
most intensive (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English intensive (“fervent, great, intense”), borrowed from Old French intensif, intensive (modern French intensif) + Middle English -ive (suffix meaning ‘of the nature of, relating to’ forming adjectives), equivalent to intense + -ive. Intensif is from Medieval Latin intēnsīvus, from Latin intēnsus (“attentive; eager, intent; intensive”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘doing; related to doing’); and intēnsus is the perfect passive participle of intendō (“to stretch out, strain”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘to, towards’) + tendō (“to extend, stretch, stretch out”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to extend, stretch”)). Doublet of intend.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

напрегнат

using something with intensity; requiring a great amount of something — see also demanding

Making something more intense; intensifying.

(agriculture, economics) Of agriculture: increasing the productivity of an area of land.

teho-

of agriculture: increasing the productivity of an area of land


shackle

From Middle English shakel, schakkyl, schakle (“a fetter, shackle; coupling used to connect a plough or wagon to a draft chain”), from Old English sċacul, sċeacel, sċeacul (“fetter, shackle”), from Proto-West Germanic *skakul, from Proto-Germanic *skakulaz (“shackle”), possibly from *skakaną (“to shake; to swing; to escape”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeg-, *skek- (“to shake; to stir”). However, this is doubted by the Oxford English Dictionary because *skeg-, *skek- lack the meaning of attaching or fastening.
Sense 3 (“length of cable or chain equal to 12½ or 15 fathoms”) derives from the original distance between two shackles (sense 1.1.2) connecting lengths of cable or chain together.
cognates
* Danish skagle (“carriage trace”)
* Dutch schakel (“clasp; link; shackle”)
* German Schäckel (“shackle”)
* Icelandic skökull (“carriage pole”)
* Swedish skakel (“loose shaft of a carriage”)

kahleet

restraint on one’s action, etc. — see also restraint

Soles, fetters, ⁊ ſhackles, with horſelock and pad, / a cow-houſe for winter, ſo meete to be had: / A ſtie for a bore, and a hogſcote for hog, / a rooſt for thy hennes, and a couch for thy dog.

1580, Thomas Tusser, “A Digression to Husbandlie Furniture”, in Fiue Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie: […], London: […] Henrie Denham [beeing the assigne of William Seres] […], →OCLC, stanza 21, folios 16, verso – 17, recto:

IF a horſe be galled in the paſtorne, on the heele, or upon the cronet, either vvith ſhackle or locke, as it many times happens in the Champion Countries, vvhere the Farriers uſe much to teach their Horſes: then for ſuch a ſore you ſhall take honey and verdigreaſe, and boyle them together till the one halfe be conſumed, and that it looke red: then after it is a little cooled, you ſhall anoynt the ſore place therevvith tvvice a day, and then ſtrevv upon it a little chopt floxe to keepe on the ſalve.

1610, Gervase Markham, “Of the Shackle Gall, or Gall in the Pastorne, either by Shackle or Locke”, in Markhams Maister-peece. Contayning All Knowledge Belonging to the Smith, Farrier, or Horse-leech, Touching the Curing of All Diseases in Horses: […], 5th edition, London: […] Nicholas and Iohn Okes, […], published 1636, →OCLC, 2nd book (Containing All Cures Chirurgicall, […]), page 413:

I should have thought some sleek and sober mule / Long train'd in shackles to procession pace, / More suited to my Lord of Seville's use / Than this good war-horse, . .

1814, Robert Southey, “Canto XXV”, in Roderick, the Last of the Goths, London: […] [F]or Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], by James Ballantyne and Co. […], →OCLC, page 318:

hobble

(usually in the plural) A restraint fitted over a human or animal appendage, such as an ankle, finger, or wrist, normally used in a pair joined by a chain.

(agriculture) Synonym of hobble or hopple (“a short strap tied between the legs of a horse, allowing it to wander a short distance but not to run off”)


shackle

en-verb

shackle (third-person singular simple present shackles, present participle shackling, simple past and past participle shackled)

shackles (present singular third-person)
shackling (participle present)
shackled (participle past)
shackled (past)

From shack (“variant of shake”), shake (verb) + -le (suffix forming agent nouns; frequentative suffix forming verbs).

affix

To put (something) into disorder; specifically (agriculture), to cause (standing stalks of corn) to fall over.


conventional

en-adj

conventional (comparative more conventional, superlative most conventional)

more conventional (comparative)
most conventional (superlative)

atypical

antonym(s) of “pertaining to a convention”

(agriculture) Making use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.


seed

en-noun

seed (countable and uncountable, plural seeds)

From Middle English seed, sede, side, from Old English sēd, sǣd (“seed, that which is sown”), from Proto-West Germanic *sād, from Proto-Germanic *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow, throw”).
Cognate with West Frisian sied (“seed”), Dutch zaad (“seed”), Low German Saad (“seed”), German Saat (“sowing; seed”), Icelandic sæði (“seed”), Danish sæd (“seed”), Swedish säd (“seed”), Latin satiō (“seeding, time of sowing, season”). More at sow.

alkutilanne

initial state, condition or position of a process

[…] for hungry birds have devoured ſeeds, and having moiſtened and warmed them in their bellies, a little after have dunged in the forky twiſtes of Trees, and together with their dung excluded the ſeed whole which erſt they had ſwallowed: and ſometimes it brings forth there where they dung it, […]

1669, John Baptiſta Porta, chapter V, in Natural Magick, The Third Book Of Natural Magick: […] , page 68:

(countable, agriculture) Any propagative portion of a plant which may be sown, such as true seeds, seed-like fruits, tubers, or bulbs.

siemen

agriculture: any propagative portion of a plant which may be sown


stale

en-adj

stale (comparative staler, superlative stalest)

staler (comparative)
stalest (superlative)

From Middle English stale, from Old French estale (“settled, clear”), but probably originally from Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”): compare West Flemish stel in the same sense for ‘beer’ and ‘urine’.

Lime would do very little or no good on stale ploughed lands.

(agriculture, obsolete) Fallow, in reference to land.


barn

From Middle English barn, bern, bærn, from Old English bearn, bern, contracted forms of Old English berern, bereærn (“barn, granary”), compound of bere (“barley”) and ærn, ræn (“dwelling, barn”), from Proto-West Germanic *raʀn, from Proto-Germanic *razną (compare Old Norse rann), from pre-Germanic *h₁rh̥₁-s-nó-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₁- (“to rest”).
More at rest and barley.
For the use as a unit of surface area, see w:Barn (unit) § Etymology.

der

close the barn door after the horse has bolted

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

One day I was out in the barn and he drifted in. I was currying the horse and he set down on the wheelbarrow and begun to ask questions.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter XI, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

(agriculture) A building, often found on a farm, used for storage or keeping animals such as cattle.


herbicide

en-noun

herbicide (countable and uncountable, plural herbicides)


pesticide

pesticide (countable and uncountable, plural pesticides)

“Twelve pesticides commonly applied to citrus groves are slated for study in the project’s plots,” reports Tom S. Bellows, UC Riverside assistant entomologist. They include four acaricides (Morestan, Kelthane, Pictran, Vendex), four thripsicides (Cygon, Carzol, Orthene, Sabadilla), and four scalicides (Parathion, Supracide, Lorsban, Sevin).

1983 May 26, “Pesticide residue effects under study”, in The Californian, volume 25, number 16, Temecula, Calif., page A-11:

Too much pesticide was applied and then washed from the fields by rains and surface runoff.

2001, David McConnell, The Good Earth: Companion Guide, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, →ISBN, page 1.12:

Pesticide and fertilizer use has been recorded since ancient times, […]

2011, Allan S. Felsot, Pesticides and Health: Myths vs. Realities, page 4:

Diluted neem oil can be effective as a pesticide and can control various fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew, on animals and plants.

2013, Meg Stout, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Aquaponic Gardening, →ISBN:

Anything, especially a synthetic substance but also any substance (e.g. sulfur), or virus, bacterium, or other organism, which kills or suppresses the activities of pests.

պեստիցիդ

substance used to kill or repress the activities of pests


furlong

furlong (plural furlongs or (archaic) furlong)

furlongs (plural)
furlong (archaic plural)

PIE word
 *dlongʰos
From Middle English furlong, forlong (“unit of distance about one-eighth of a mile; quantity of land equal to one square furlong; racetrack for foot races; foot race”) [and other forms], from Old English furlang, furlung, from furh (“a furrow”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig; to open; to rip up”) + lang (“long”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”)), originally the typical length of a furrow in an average field.

nb...

ferlong, forelang, forelange, forelong, forelonge, forlang, forlange, forlonge, fourlonge, furelang, furelange, furelonge, furlang, furlange, furleng, furlonge, furlung, furowlong, (rare) furʒlong

inh

(obsolete except British, dialectal, agriculture)

Synonym of headland (“unploughed boundary of a field”)

Synonym of land (“the ground left unploughed between furrows”)

land

Synonym of land (“any of several portions into which a field is divided for ploughing”)


mattock

→ Irish: matóg

→ Welsh: batog

From Middle English mattok (“mattock, pickaxe”), from Old English mattuc, meottoc, mettoc (“mattock, fork, trident”), from Proto-West Germanic *mattjuk (“mattock, ploughshare”), from Proto-Indo-European *met- (“to cut, reap”). Related to Old High German medela (“plough”), Middle High German metze, metz (“knife”), Latin mateola (“implement for digging in the soil”), Polish motyka (“hoe, mattock”), Russian моты́га (motýga, “hoe, mattock”), Lithuanian matikkas (“mattock”), Sanskrit मत्य (matyà, “harrow, roller, club”). More at mason.

cog

Workmen, breaking up an old floor, have come to him, mattocks in their hands, dismayed: ‘Mr Richard, see what we have turned up ...’

2020, Hilary Mantel, The Mirror and the Light, Fourth Estate, page 695:

An agricultural tool whose blades are at right angles to the body, similar to a pickaxe.


combine

en-verb

combine (third-person singular simple present combines, present participle combining, simple past and past participle combined)

combines (present singular third-person)
combining (participle present)
combined (participle past)
combined (past)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle French combiner, from Late Latin combīnāre, present active infinitive of combīnō (“unite, yoke together”), from Latin con- (“together”) + bīnī (“two by two”).

two substances that easily combine

You with your foes combine, / And seem your own destruction to design.

1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe: A Tragedy. […], London: […] T[homas] N[ewcomb] for Henry Herringman, […], published 1676, →OCLC, (please specify the page number):

So sweet did harp and voice combine.

1805, Walter Scott, “(please specify the page)”, in The Lay of the Last Minstrel: A Poem, London: […] [James Ballantyne] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], and A[rchibald] Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:

(intransitive) To come together; to unite.

(card games) In the game of casino, to play a card which will take two or more cards whose aggregate number of pips equals those of the card played.


combine

An industrial conglomeration in a socialist country, particularly in the former Soviet bloc.

kombinát

industrial conglomeration in the Soviet bloc

If you purchased this book chances are that you are planning on participating in a football combine or pro-day test.

2008, Scott Shetler, Optimal Performance Techniques for the Football Combine, page 5:

In 2008, a study was published that examined the ability of the NFL combine to predict football playing performance in the NFL (Kuzmits and Adams, 2008).

2020, Jay R. Hoffman, The Science of American Football:

At the combine, Reagor compared himself to the 49ers’ Deebo Samuel or Chiefs’ Tyreek Hill — whom he said he watched “every day”

2020 April 24, Ken Belson, Ben Shpigel, “Full Round 1 2020 N.F.L. Picks and Analysis”, in New York Time:

(American football) A Test match in which applicants play in the hope of earning a position on a professional football team.


prop

(Internet slang) A part of a plant reared for its multiplication.