benzoin

en-noun

benzoin (countable and uncountable, plural benzoins)

From Middle French benjoin, from Catalan benjuí, from Arabic لُبَان جَاوِيّ (lubān jāwiyy, “Javanese frankincense”). The first word is from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”), the second from جاوة (jāwa, “Java”) (from Javanese ꦗꦮ (jawa)).
The initial lu was probably lost because it was taken as the definite article in Romance. Compare oliban.

der

لُبَان جَاوِيّ

These following bodies do not draw: smaragd, achates, corneolus, pearl, jaspis, chalcedonius, alabaster, porphyry, coral, marble, touchstone, haematites, or bloodstone; smyris, ivory, bones, ebontree, cedar, cypress, pitch, softer rosin, camphire, galbanum, ammoniac, storax, benzoin, loadstone, asphaltum.

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Aromatics were used, too, especially in necromancy, and an old recipe of that sort comprises Musk, Myrrh, Frankincense, Red Storax, Mastick, Olibanum, Saffron, Benzoin and Labdanum.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 112:

A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume.


animé

Borrowed from French animé (“animated”), supposedly from the insects entrapped in it. Doublet of animate.

Hymenaea courbaril
Hymenaea courbaril#Translingual

The resin of the courbaril (Hymenaea courbaril), used in varnishes.


pitch

en-noun

pitch (countable and uncountable, plural pitches)

→ Galician: piche

→ Portuguese: piche

From Middle English picche, piche, pich, from Old English piċ, from Proto-West Germanic *pik, from Latin pix. Cognate with Ancient Greek πίσσα (píssa, “pitch, tar”), Latin pīnus (“pine”). More at pine. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Pik (“pitch, tar”), Dutch pek (“pitch, tar”), German Low German Pick (“pitch, tar”), German Pech (“pitch, tar”), Catalan pega (“pitch”), Spanish pegar (“to stick, glue”), Franco-Provençal pouatche (“sap from a pine”) and French poix (“sap”). The adjective is probably back-formed from pitch-black, reinterpreting "pitch" as meaning "intense(ly)".


pitch

From Middle English picchen, pycchen (“to thrust in, fasten, settle”), from Old English *piċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *pikkijan, a variant of Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn (“to pick, peck”), whence Middle English pikken, picken (“to pick, pierce”), modern English pick.

nyökkääminen

rotation angle about the transverse axis

килово клатене

nautical: measure of extent to which a vessel's bow and stern go up and down

The teams met on the pitch.

(sports, UK, Australia, New Zealand) The field on which cricket, soccer, rugby, gridiron or field hockey is played. (In cricket, the pitch is in the centre of the field; see cricket pitch.) (Not often used in the US or Canada, where "field" is the preferred word.)

camp

“The two men of Alltraighe maintain, Two chiefs of the plain of Kerry, A clan the most active in pitch of battle, Their chiefs are O’Neide and Clan Conary.”

1845, Owen Connellan, Annals of Ireland: Translated from the Original Irish of the Four Masters, page 179:

Every other day they would spend half of the training hours on the battle pitch.

George’s cult was popular in the east because of his legendary feats on the battle pitch and because of the location of his tomb, which was a pilgrimage site.

2018, Christopher R. Lakey, Sculptural Seeing: Relief, Optics and the Rise of Perspectives in Medieval Italy, page 84:

The line turns a sharp right-angle to the north to circumvent the town, and then plunges straight into the 1 in 50, which lasts for nearly 20 miles with few intermissions, and some pitches of 1 in 40.

1950 April, Timothy H. Cobb, “The Kenya-Uganda Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 265:

You lead "through" instead — your companion leads a pitch, then you join him. But instead of swapping over at the ice axe belay, you carry on in the lead, cutting or kicking steps until you are about twenty feet above.

1967, Anthony Greenbank, Instructions in Mountaineering, page 84:

(climbing) A section of a climb or rock face; specifically, the climbing distance between belays or stances.


gum

en-noun

gum (countable and uncountable, plural gums)

From Middle English gomme, gumme, borrowed from Anglo-Norman gome, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin cummi, gummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”). Cognate with Spanish goma (“rubber”). Doublet of gumma.

صَمْغ

sticky substance exuded by certain plants

խեժ

sticky substance resembling that exuded by certain plants

gum arabic

gum-oleo-resin

(botany, biochemistry, chiefly uncountable) A viscous water-soluble carbohydrate exudate of certain plants that hardens when it becomes dry, or such a substance as a component of a plant exudate.


sandarac

sandarac (countable and uncountable, plural sandaracs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sandarac.wav

From Latin sandaraca, from Ancient Greek σανδαράκη (sandarákē, “realgar”).

der

(mineralogy, archaic) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic.

Sandarach is procured from common juniper; and incense from a juniper with yellow fruit.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

Oil was also used for making varnish, by dissolving sandarac in it, and as the 'vernysshe' which appears so frequently in accounts was always bought by the pound, the term was evidently applied to the sandarac, or other similar resinous substance.

1952, L.F. Salzman, Building in England, page 171:

There would have been many gums and resins in these markets for our lute-maker to bind his wood with: sandarac resin from North African pines […].

2002, Victoria Finlay, Colour, Sceptre, published 2003, page 198:

Tetraclinis articulata
Tetraclinis articulata#Translingual

(chemistry) A white or yellow resin obtained from a north African tree (Tetraclinis articulata), and pulverized for pounce; probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral.


dammer

From Middle English dammer, dammar, equivalent to dam + -er.


lac

en-noun

lac (countable and uncountable, plural lacs)

From Portuguese laca, from Hindi लाख (lākh)/Urdu لاکھ (lākh) or cognates in other Indo-Aryan languages, from Sanskrit लाक्षा (lākṣā). Doublet of lacquer.

A resinous substance or lacquer produced mainly on the banyan tree by the female of Kerria lacca, a scale insect.


Venice turpentine

[T]hey produce resins, and many of them are supposed to supply the most durable timber: what is called Venice-turpentine is obtained from the larch by wounding the bark about two feet from the ground, and catching it as it exsudes […].

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants:

Larix decidua
Larix decidua#Translingual

(now historical) The oleoresin (crude turpentine) of European larch (Larix decidua), formerly used as a component in the oil paintings of artists to create glossy, translucent glazes.


asafoetida

asafoetida (usually uncountable, plural asafoetidas)

/ˌæsəˈfɛtɪdə/

Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin asafoetida, from Persian ازا / آزا (azâ, âzâ, “mastic”) + Latin foetida, feminine of foetidus (“bad-smelling”).

Nigh Whormoot are Duzgun, Laztan-De, and other Townes, where is got the best Assa-Fætida through all the Orient: the tree is like our brier in height, the leaves resemble Fig leaves, the root the Radish: the vertue had need be much, it stincks so odiously.

1638, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, section II:

CHEWING-BALLS, a kind of balls made of aſafœtida, liver of antimony, bay-wood, juniper-wood, and pellitory of Spain; which being dried in the ſun, and wrapped in a linen-cloth, are tied to the bit of the bridle for the horſe to chew: they create an appetite; and it is ſaid, that balls of Venice treacle may be uſed in the ſame manner with good ſucceſs.

1771, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1st ed., volume II, page 183:

The smell, too, is often perverted—Parosmia. The author was formerly acquainted with a lady, who scented her snuff with the tincture of assafœtida.

1842, Robley Dunglison, “Of the Neuroses”, in The Practice of Medicine; or, A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics. […], volume II, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, →OCLC, book VI (Diseases of the Nervous System), page 280:

half-a-dozen huge bread pills, dipped in a solution of aloes or cinnamon water, flavoured with assafœtida, which in the case of the dyspeptic rich often suffice [...].

1855, Sir Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Dover, published 1964, page 54:

For black magic, assafœtida, garlic, dragon's blood, sulphur, and such-like vile-smelling concoctions were used.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 155:

The letter she sent me stank of assafoetida or devil’s dung. I was charmed.

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man In Deptford:

Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida#Translingual

A resinous gum from the stem and roots of Ferula species such as Ferula foetida and Ferula assa-foetida, having a strong, unpleasant smell, with culinary and medical uses.


gutta-percha

gutta-percha (countable and uncountable, plural gutta-perchas)

/ɡʌɾəˈpɝtʃə/

/ɡʌtəˈpɜːtʃə/

Resin, pitch, sealing-wax, caoutchouc, sulphur, gutta-percha, and generally all bodies commonly termed resinous, besides a great variety of others, will be found to acquire, after friction, the power of attracting light bodies, and hence will be said, according to a limitation of terms already accepted, to be in an electrized or electrified state .

1855, William Somerville Orr, Orr's Circle of the Sciences, page 205:

No player shall be allowed to wear projecting nails, iron plates, or gutta percha on the soles or heels of his boots.

1863, The Football Association Laws, rule 13

An inelastic natural latex, produced from the sap of several tropical trees of the genera Palaquium and Payena.


resin

resin (countable and uncountable, plural resins)

From Middle English resyn, resyne, from Old French résine, from Latin resīna.

A viscous water-insoluble hydrocarbon exudate of certain plants, or such a substance as a component of a plant exudate; used in lacquers, varnishes and many other applications.


benjamin

benjamin (countable and uncountable, plural benjamins)

From benzoin, modified by folk etymology to match the name Benjamin.

A balsamic resin from the bark of Styrax trees used in perfumes, incense, and medicine; benzoin resin.

Lindera benzoin
Lindera benzoin#Translingual

A type of tree which produces benzoin or has similar properties; specifically, Styrax benzoin, Lindera benzoin a Benjamin bush.


benjamin

From the image of Benjamin Franklin on the US $100 bill.

(US, slang) Alternative letter-case form of Benjamin: a US $100 bill.


retsina

retsina (countable and uncountable, plural retsinas)

Borrowed from Greek ρετσίνα (retsína), from ρετσίνι (retsíni, “resin”), from Ancient Greek ῥητίνη (rhētínē, “pine resin”).

der

She serves the smooth retsina / She keeps me safe and warm / It's just the calm before the storm

1977, Donald Fagen, Walter Becker (lyrics and music), “Home at Last”, in Aja, performed by Steely Dan:

A Greek resinated white or rosé wine of a sort that has been produced for at least 2700 years.


gamboge

en-noun

gamboge (countable and uncountable, plural gamboges)

From New Latin gambogium, cambogium (“resin from trees used to make yellow dye”), from New Latin Gambogia, Cambogia (“Cambodia”). The Latin word was first attested in English as a colour in 1634. Doublet of Cambodia and Kampuchea.

Clusiaceæ, or Guttiferæ, a natural order of trees or shrubs belonging to the Dicotyledons (division Thalamifloræ), natives of the humid tropics of S. America. [...] Most of the plants have acrid properties, and yield a yellow resin. Among the chief and common plants of the order are Gambooge (q.v.), Mangosteen fruit (Garcinia Mangostana), [...]

1877, “Clusiaceæ, or Guttiferæ”, in John M[erry] Ross, editor, The Globe Encyclopædia of Universal Information, volume II, Boston, Mass.: Estes & Lauriat, […], →OCLC, page 178, column 2:

One of several species of trees of the genus Garcinia found in South and Southeastern Asia, especially Garcinia xanthochymus.


lacquer

lacquer (countable and uncountable, plural lacquers)

Borrowed from French lacque (“a sort of sealing wax”), from Portuguese laca, lacca (“gum lac”), from Persian لاک (lâk), from Hindi लाख (lākh), from Sanskrit लाक्षा (lākṣā). Doublet of lac.

bor+

Had he deemed it "wisest, best," Mr. O'Donagough was not without the means of furnishing a splendid mansion in very showy style, and yet not leaving a single morsel of lacker, or or-molu, unpaid for.

1840, Frances Trollope, “Practical Information Carefully Obtained, and Promptly Acted upon— […]”, in The Widow Married; […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 2:

It is a solvent for nitrocellulose and vinyl chloride-acetate resins and may function as an antiblush agent in lacquers.

1954, Arthur K. Doolittle, The technology of solvents and plasticizers:

Cellosolves are used as solvents for lacquers, for sealing cellophane wrapping, and in hydraulic-brake fluid.

1960, Francis E. Condon, Herbert Meislich, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, page 274:

In place of traditional methods in which materials such as gesso, yellow ocher, powdered earth, liquid glue, and Japan tallow were used to obtain a gloss, and transparent lacquer was rubbed into the wood to protect it, materials such as artificially produced varoids and lacquer came into widespread use.

1992, Tadashi Inumaru, Mitsukuni Yoshida, The Traditional Crafts of Japan: Wood and bamboo:

A glossy, resinous material used as a surface coating; either a natural exudation of certain trees, or a solution of nitrocellulose in alcohol, etc.


dressing

en-noun

dressing (countable and uncountable, plural dressings)

→ German: Dressing

From Middle English dressing, dressinge, dressynge, equivalent to dress + -ing.

She removed Stranleigh’s coat with a dexterity that aroused his imagination. The elder woman returned with dressings and a sponge, which she placed on a chair.

1913, Robert Barr, chapter 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

(medicine) Material applied to a wound for protection or therapy.

Considered thus, the performance is a translation into images of bodies on display, as is well demonstrated by Monsieur Jourdain's repeated dressings and undressings.

2004, Kathryn Banks, Joseph Harris, Exposure: Revealing Bodies, Unveiling Representations, page 182:

Gum, starch, etc., used in stiffening or finishing silk, linen, and other fabrics.

tärkki

substance used for stiffening or finishing


balsam

balsam (countable and uncountable, plural balsams)

Borrowed from Latin balsamum, from Ancient Greek βάλσαμον (bálsamon, “balsam”), of Semitic origin (Hebrew בושם (“spice, perfume”)); compare Old English balsam, balsamum (“balsam, balm”), Doublet of balm and desman. Not related to balsa.

der

Canada balsam, a turpentine obtained from the resin of balsam fir.


pine tar

en-noun

pine tar (usually uncountable, plural pine tars)

destructive distillation
destructive distillation

A dark viscous substance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood.


dragon's blood

Another ancient vegetable relic surviving in Macaronesia is the legendary dragon tree, whose sap, marketed as dragon’s blood, was in past times much prized as a medicine, as incense and as a dye.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 97:

A bright red resin, obtained from different species of a number of distinct plants Calamus rotang and genera Croton, Dracaena, Daemonorops, and Pterocarpus, used in the manufacture of varnishes, lacquers, medicines, and incenses.


gum arabic

gum arabic (countable and uncountable, plural gums arabic)

gum + Arabic; the name was used in Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages since the 9th century (صَمْغ عَرَبِيّ (ṣamḡ ʕarabiyy)), and retained in the languages of Europeans who first acquired it via Arab ports.

An edible substance taken from one of two species of sub-Saharan acacia trees, Senegalia senegal and Vachellia seyal, used in the food industry as a stabilizer (e.g. in soda, gumdrops and marshmallows) and other purposes including pharmaceuticals, paints and polishes.


frankincense

frankincense (countable and uncountable, plural frankincenses)

From Old French franc encens (“noble incense”).

uder

The glories of Mary held his soul captive : spikenard and myrrh and frankincense, symbolising the preciousness of God's gifts to her soul, rich garments, symbolising her royal lineage, her emblems, the lateflowering plant and lateblossoming tree, symbolising the agelong gradual growth of her cultus among men.

1916 December 29, James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, New York, N.Y.: B[enjamin] W. Huebsch, →OCLC:

Frankincense, Frankenstein, Francophile, Philistine / Frankly, we are killing time

2019, “Keep Moving Don't Move”, in The Book of Traps and Lessons, performed by Kae Tempest:

A type of incense obtained from the Boswellia thurifera tree.


myrrh

en-noun

myrrh (usually uncountable, plural myrrhs)

From Middle English mirre, from Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from Semitic. Compare Arabic مُرّ (murr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”), Hebrew מור / מֹר (mōr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”). Compare מרור : maror.

he-m

The glories of Mary held his soul captive: spikenard and myrrh and frankincense, symbolising the preciousness of God's gifts to her soul, rich garments, symbolising her royal lineage, her emblems, the lateflowering plant and lateblossoming tree, symbolising the agelong gradual growth of her cultus among men.

1916, James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Macmillan Press Ltd, paperback, page 98:

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

A red-brown resinous material, the dried sap of a tree of the species Commiphora myrrha, used as perfume, incense or medicine.


latex

en-noun

latex (countable and uncountable, plural latices or latexes)

Borrowed from New Latin latex (“clear fluid which is part of a humour or bodily fluid”), a later use of Latin latex (“water; liquid, fluid”). Potentially a borrowing from Ancient Greek λᾰ́τᾰξ (lắtăx, “drop of wine”), reformed by analogy to other nouns in -ex. The semantic shift, however, from drop of wine to water is difficult to explain and may indicate that both words originated from a separate language. Perhaps from the same root as Proto-Celtic *lati- (Old Irish laith (“liquid, beer”), Welsh llad (“beer”)) or Proto-Germanic *ladjō- (Old High German letto (“clay, loam”), Old Norse leðja (“mud, dregs”)) or from a Pre-Greek language.

cog

(medicine, archaic, rare) A clear liquid believed to be a component of a humour or other bodily fluid (esp. plasma and lymph)

The milky sap of several trees that coagulates on exposure to air; used to make rubber.

An emulsion of rubber in water, used in adhesives and the like.

(uncountable) Natural latex rubber, especially non-vulcanized rubber, such as is used in making latex gloves, latex condoms, and latex clothing.


manna

en-noun

manna (countable and uncountable, plural mannas)

From Middle English, from Old English, from Late Latin manna, from Ancient Greek μάννα (mánna), from Hebrew מן (mān, “'manna”).

Australian manna

from Eucalyptus viminalis, E. gunnii, E. pulverulenta

manna mealybug

Trabutina crassispinosa or Trabutina mannipara

1966, Bill Beatty, Tales of Old Australia, National Distributors, →ISBN, page 14, discussing old Australian foods
The icing on the cake was made from manna, which was gathered under the manna gums. Manna mixed with milk made a splendid icing.

The sugary sap of the manna gum tree which oozes out from holes drilled by insects and falls to the ground around the tree.http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/forest/plants/gum.html


copal

copal (countable and uncountable, plural copals)

From Spanish copal, from Classical Nahuatl copalli (“incense”).

A resinous exudation from various tropical trees, especially Hymenaea courbaril and Schinus terebinthifolia, used chiefly in making varnishes and printing ink.


chicle

Borrowed from Spanish chicle, from a Nahuan language; compare Classical Nahuatl tzictli.

The milky latex of the sapodilla tree, used after coagulation as the principal ingredient of chewing gum


bdellium

bdellium (countable and uncountable, plural bdelliums)

Borrowed from Latin bdellium, from Ancient Greek βδέλλιον (bdéllion), itself perhaps from Hebrew בְּדֹלַח (bdólakh), cognate with Akkadian 𒁉𒁺𒌨𒄷 (bidurḫu) or from Sanskrit भिदुर (bhidura, “something brittle, fragile, easily split or broken”).

der

And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 2:10–12:

An aromatic gum-like balsam extracted from one of several species of tree in the genus Commiphora.


mastic

en-noun

mastic (countable and uncountable, plural mastics)

From Middle English mastik, from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē), from μαστιχάω (mastikháō, “I chew”) (note the chewing gum sense). Related to masticate. The broad sense for cements came via extension from predecessor cements made with the tree's resin.

The island of Scio is now called by the Greeks Kio [Χιο], the antient Greek name of it was Chios [Χιος]; it was first called Ætalia in very antient times, and also Mastic, on account of the great number of mastic trees that were in this island.

1745, Richard Pococke, A Description of the East, and Some other Countries, Volume II, Book I, Chapter 1:

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual

An evergreen shrub or small tree, Pistacia lentiscus (mastic tree), native to the Mediterranean.

The mastic, of which the people of Scio gather every year an incredible quantity, is a very rich gum, made use of in medicines, which distils from a shrub called, in Latin, Lentiscus.

1799, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, Voyage Performed by the Late Earl of Sandwich Round the Mediterranean in the Years 1738 and 1739, Written by Himself, pages 317–318:

Having taken upon me to order the repast, and knowing that Lord Byron, for the last two days, had done nothing towards sustenance, beyond eating a few biscuits and (to appease appetite) chewing mastic, I desired that we should have a good supply of, at least, two kinds of fish.

1830, Thomas Moore, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: with Notices of his Life, volume I, New York: J. & J. Harper, page 402:

1834, James Augustus St. John, Egypt and Mohammed Ali, or Travels in the Valley of the Nile, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, Volume I, Chapter 132, pp. 322-323,
[…] in many harems, the women are in the habit of burning mastic on a small chaffing-dish, and holding the mouth of the jars over the smoke; by which means they communicate to them a scent which perfumes the water for eight or ten days, at the expiration of which the operation must be repeated.

Aromatics were used, too, especially in necromancy, and an old recipe of that sort comprises Musk, Myrrh, Frankincense, Red Storax, Mastick, Olibanum, Saffron, Benzoin and Labdanum.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 112:

A hard, brittle, aromatic and transparent resin produced by this tree and used to make varnishes and chewing gum, and as a flavouring.

He took a list from the desk and read aloud Fatima’s offerings:— […] four bottles of rare mastic from Scio.

1913, Marjorie Bowen, A Knight of Spain, Part II, Chapter 6:

en:alcoholic liquor flavoured with resin of Pistacia lentiscus

An alcoholic liquor flavoured with this resin.


tolu

tolu (countable and uncountable, plural tolus)

From Spanish Tolú (“town in Colombia where the tree is found”), from tolúes (“name of a pre-Columbian people of the area”).

der

The resinous secretion of Myroxylon balsamum, used in cough syrups and perfumery.


locust bean gum

en-noun

locust bean gum (countable and uncountable, plural locust bean gums)

A vegetable gum extracted from the seeds of the carob (locust beans) and used as a food additive; chemically, it is a galactomannan.


xanthan gum

xanthan gum (countable and uncountable, plural xanthan gums)

A natural gum, produced by the fermentation of sugars by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris; used as a food additive.

E415 when used as a thickener and stabiliser


karaya gum

karaya gum (usually uncountable, plural karaya gums)

A gum extracted from the trees of the Sterculia genus, used as a food additive and denture adhesive.


gellan gum

gellan gum (countable and uncountable, plural gellan gums)

a polysaccharide gum produced by the bacterium Sphingomonas elodea, used as an alternative to agar, and as a food additive


guar gum

(chemistry) A heteropolysaccharide gum, extracted from the guar bean, that is used as a food additive.


tragacanth

tragacanth (countable and uncountable, plural tragacanths)

From Latin tragacantha, from Koine Greek τραγάκανθα (tragákantha, “tragacanth”), from Ancient Greek τράγος (trágos, “he-goat”) + ἄκανθα (ákantha, “thorn”). Doublet of adragant.

der

Where what I have to note is too much to be included within the narrow limits of a margin, I commit it to a slip of paper, and deposit it between the leaves; taking care to secure it by an imperceptible portion of gum tragacanth paste.

There would have been many gums and resins in these markets for our lute-maker to bind his wood with: […] gum tragacanth from Aleppo, which would be sold as thin and wrinkled worm-like pieces of shrub.

2002, Victoria Finlay, Colour, Sceptre, published 2003, page 198:

A polysaccharide gum, extracted from several species of leguminous plants of the genus Astragalus, formerly used medicinally and now as a food additive. Also more fully gum tragacanth.


colophony

en-noun

colophony (usually uncountable, plural colophonies)

From Latin colophonia (“of Colophon”) resina (“resin”); named after the Ionic city of Colophon, which was known for producing hardened resin.

This resin or turpentine is a very interesting and peculiar substance, or rather series of substances. It is valuable because tar, pitch, rosin, and colophony are obtained by distilling it.

1907, G. F. Scott Elliot, The Romance of Plant Life:

Rosin; the residue left after the distillation of oil of turpentine from liquid resin, used in pharmaceutical preparations, soldering fluxes, and by violinists.


rosin

rosin (countable and uncountable, plural rosins)

From Old French raisine, rousine, variants of résine. See resin.

‘It is delicate,’ said Pansa, ‘but there is perhaps the least particle too much of rosin in its flavor.’

1834, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], The Last Days of Pompeii. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Richard Bentley, […]; successor to Henry Colburn, →OCLC:

From three o'clock onward they would be burning rosin and pitch pine (the sign of preparation), and so one had the picturesque spectacle of a rank, some two or three miles long, of tall, ascending columns of coal-black smoke; […]

1883, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter 16, in Life on the Mississippi, Boston, Mass.: James R[ipley] Osgood and Company, →OCLC:

A thick, fat smoke oozed out from the fire, and a heavy smell of burned rosin and singed hair filled the air.

1894 [1892], Arthur Conan Doyle, “Lot No. 249”, in Round the Red Lamp […] :


barras

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909


galipot

galipot (countable and uncountable, plural galipots)

Borrowed from French galipot; compare Old French garipot (“the wild pine or pitch tree”).

cog

An unrefined turpentine obtained from some European pines


manna gum

Black cockatoos screeched and scratched at the bark of a big old manna gum as if they couldn't wait to see it done for.

1985, Peter Carey, Illywhacker, Faber & Faber, published 2003, page 53:

Any of various eucalyptus trees that exude manna, especially Eucalyptus viminalis, found in Australia.


mucilage

en-noun

mucilage (usually uncountable, plural mucilages)

From Middle English muscilage, mussillage, from Middle French mucilage (“viscous substance found in vegetable material”), from Late Latin mūcilāgō (“musty or moldy juice”). See Greek μούχλα (moúchla, “mold”), and related derivatives, for example mushroom, from *meus- (“mosses, mold, mildew”).

der

Malt liquors […] are distinguished from wine, chiefly by the larger quantity of mucilage and saccharine matter […]

1821, Friedrich Accum, A Treatise on the Art of Brewing, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, page 5:

A thick gluey substance (gum) produced by many plants and some microorganisms.

клей

thick gluey substance produced by many plants


hog gum

en-noun

hog gum (countable and uncountable, plural hog gums)

The gum obtained from Symphonia globulifera.


gum resin

A mixture of gum and resin secreted by a plant.


elemi

elemi (countable and uncountable, plural elemis)

(uncountable) A resin harvested from the tree.


opopanax

opopanax (countable and uncountable, plural opopanaxes)

Borrowed from Latin opopanax, from Hellenistic Greek ὀποπάναξ (opopánax), from Ancient Greek ὀπός (opós, “vegetable juice”) + πάναξ (pánax, “any of several plants believed to have medicinal benefits”).

der

(obsolete) A gum resin obtained from the root of Opopanax chironium, formerly used in medicine.

جَاوَشِير

gum from the root of Opopanax chironium or what is equal


kapia

The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.


catechu

en-noun

catechu (countable and uncountable, plural catechus)

/ˈkæt.əˌt͡ʃuː/

/ˈkæt.əˌʃuː/

Probably a corruption of the Malay kacu.

The pale catechus are usually sweeter and more pleasant for chewing.

1837, Jonathan Pereira, “Lectures on Materia Medica: Lecture LXI”, in London Medical Gazette, volume XX, page 107:

A gummy extract of any of several species of Acacieae, but especially Senegalia catechu, produced by boiling the wood of the tree in water and evaporating the resulting liquid.

খৈৰ

a gummy extract of any of several species of Acacieae


galbanum

galbanum (countable and uncountable, plural galbanums)

From Latin galbanum (“galbanum”), from Ancient Greek χαλβάνη (khalbánē, “galbanum”).

der

And the Lord said to Moses: Take unto thee spices, stacte, and onycha, galbanum of sweet savour, and the clearest frankincense, all shall be of equal weight.

These following bodies do not draw: smaragd, achates, corneolus, pearl, jaspis, chalcedonius, alabaster, porphyry, coral, marble, touchstone, haematites, or bloodstone; smyris, ivory, bones, ebontree, cedar, cypress, pitch, softer rosin, camphire, galbanum, ammoniac, storax, benzoin, loadstone, asphaltum.

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

A bitter, aromatic resin or gum, extracted from plants of the genus Ferula, that resembles assafoetida and has been used in incense and in aromatherapy


oleoresin

en-noun

oleoresin (countable and uncountable, plural oleoresins)

Pine oleoresin is a complex mixture of about 30 to 50 different terpene molecules, comprised chiefly of diterpene resin acids and monoterpene essential oils, which impart different physical and biotic properties (Zinkel and Russell 1989).

2007, Shibu Jose, Eric J. Jokela, Deborah L. Miller, editors, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Silviculture, and Restoration, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 43:

A homogeneous mix of essential oil and resin.


jelutong

jelutong (countable and uncountable, plural jelutongs)

The resin derived from this tree, once sometimes used in the production of rubber.


labdanum

labdanum (usually uncountable, plural labdanums)

From Latin lādanum, from Ancient Greek λήδανον (lḗdanon, “gum”), from λήδον (lḗdon, “rockrose”), from a Semitic language; compare Akkadian 𒆷𒁷𒉡 (ladinnu).

Your onely way to make a good pomander, is this. Take an ownce of the pureſt garden mould, clenſed and ſteeped ſeauen daies in change of motherleſſe roſe water, then take the beſt Labdanum, Benioine, both Storaxes, amber greece, and Ciuet, and muſke, incorporate them together, and work them into what form you pleaſe; this, if your breath bee not to valiant, will make you ſmell as ſweete as my Ladies dogge.

1607, [attributed to Thomas Tomkis], Lingva: Or The Combat of the Tongue, and the Five Senses for Superiority. A Pleasant Comœdie., London: Printed by G[eorge] Eld, for Simon Waterson, →OCLC, act IV, scene iii:

(A chypre perfume is usually built with oak moss, patchouli and labdanum, an absolute of a dark, thick-smelling Mediterranean bush.)

2007 August 26, Chandler Burr, “Back in Print”, in New York Times:

A sticky brown resin obtained from species of rockrose, used mainly in perfume.


mastika

mastika (countable and uncountable, plural mastikas)

A type of hard resin found on various acacia trees, which can be chewed.

A liqueur similar to raki made from anise or other sources, made in the Balkans.


tara gum

tara gum (usually uncountable, plural tara gums)

A white or beige nearly odorless powder used as a thickening agent and stabilizer for food, produced by separating and grinding the endosperm of Tara spinosa seeds.


storax

storax (countable and uncountable, plural storaxes)

From Middle English storace, storage, storax, storaxe, storrax, from Latin storax.

Liquidambar orientalis
Liquidambar orientalis#Translingual

The resin of the oriental sweetgum tree (Liquidambar orientalis), formerly used as a stimulating expectorant.


sagapenum

sagapenum (countable and uncountable, plural sagapenums)

A yellow to brown bitter gum that derives from plants of the genus Ferula.


Canada balsam

Canada balsam (countable and uncountable, plural Canada balsams)

A turpentine made from the resin of the balsam fir tree.

bàlsam del Canadà

turpentine produced from the resin of balsam fir


olibanum

olibanum (countable and uncountable, plural olibanums)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin olibanum, from Latin oleum libani, the first word meaning oil and the second from Ancient Greek λίβανος (líbanos, “frankincense (Boswellia sacra)”), from a Semitic source, compare Proto-Semitic *laban- (“white”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew לְבוֹנָה (l'voná, “frankincense”), Arabic لبان (lubān, “frankincense”). (Compare benzoin for a similar process of metanalysis.) Doublet of oliban.

cog

A gum resin from trees of the genus Boswellia, formerly used as a medicine and now mainly as incense.


copaiba

en-noun

copaiba (countable and uncountable, plural copaibas)

/ˌkəʊpaɪˈiːbə/

Borrowed from Portuguese copaíba, borrowed from Old Tupi kopa'yba, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kopaʔɨβ + Old Tupi -a.

etymon

Any of several South American trees of the genus Copaifera


guaiacum

en-noun

guaiacum (usually uncountable, plural guaiacums)

Any of a number of species of tree of the genus Guaiacum, native to the West Indies and parts of the Americas.


lignum vitae

lignum vitae (countable and uncountable, plural lignum vitaes)

From Latin lignum (“wood”) vitae (“of life”).

(countable) guaiacum trees, of species Guaiacum officinale and Guaiacum sanctum.


agalloch

From Ancient Greek ἀγάλοχον (agálokhon).

Aquilaria malaccensis
Aquilaria malaccensis#Translingual

The soft, aromatic, resinous wood of Aquilaria malaccensis (formerly Aquilaria agallocha).


liquidambar

liquidambar (countable and uncountable, plural liquidambars)

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua#Translingual

A resinous gum that exudes from the bark of the tree Liquidambar styraciflua.


ammoniacum

From Middle English armoniacum, from Latin ammōniacum, armōniacum.

gum ammoniac, a resin exuded from several species of Ferula.


adragant

From French, a corruption of tragacanth. Doublet of tragacanth.

From the second Sort Monsieur Tournefort says, the Gum Adragant or Dragon is produced in Crete; of which he gives the following Relation in his Voyage to the Levant :
“We had (says he) the Satisfaction
“of fully observing the Gum
“Adragant […]

1741, Philip Miller, The Gardener's Dictionary:

3. Gum adragant.—The gum adragant […] flows from the adragant of Crete, a small shrub […]

1800, Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal, translated by W. Nicholson, Elements of Chemistry ... Translated from the French. The third edition, page 39:

Make a color composed of brown red, and a little flat, or Venetian lake, previously grinded with gum adragant. Then, with a largish brush, take of that color and asperse your oiled marble with it, by striking the handle of the brush on your wrist, ...

1795, American Antiquarian Cookbook Collection, One Thousand Valuable Secrets, in the Elegant and Useful Arts: Collected from the Practice of the Best Artists and Containing an Account of the Various Methods, Andrews McMeel Publishing, →ISBN:


tacamahac

tacamahac (countable and uncountable, plural tacamahacs)

From Spanish, from Nahuatl thecomahaca, to use the spelling of Hernandez 1614.
In European languages there was contamination between tacamahac and various Algonquian words containing the final Proto-Algonquian *-a·xkw- (“hardwood or deciduous tree”), including the sources of tamarack and hackmatack, as was already recognized by Chamberlain 1902.

der

A bitter balsamic resin or resinous exudation obtained from tropical American trees of the family Burseraceae (Bursera tomentosa and Icica tacamahaca), from East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum, or from the balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera).

Any tree yielding tacamahac resin, especially, in North America, the balsam poplar or balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera).


opobalsam

en-noun

opobalsam (countable and uncountable, plural opobalsams)

(medicine, obsolete) The aromatic resinous juice of Balsamodendron opobalsamum (balm of Gilead).


sarcocol

From Middle English sarcocol, from Latin sarcocolla, from Ancient Greek σαρκοκόλλα (sarkokólla), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue, adhesive”).

Alternative form of sarcocolla as a resin.


balsam of Peru

It was long supposed to be a product of Peru.

A sweet-smelling balsam derived from a tree of the genus Myroxylon, used as a flavoring, as a fragrance, and in pharmaceuticals.


gum butea

A gum yielded by Indian plants in the genus Butea, used in tanning and in precipitating indigo.


gum cistus

The plain where he was riding was one immense thicket of the gum cistus, whose frail white leaves, just veined with the faintest pink, fell in showers at the least movement of the passer-by. What a prodigality of blossom!—for the gum cistus, born and withered in an hour, is the most ephemeral of flowers.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXII, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 339:

Any of those flowering plants in the genus Cistus that yield resin, especially Cistus ladanifer.


sarcocolla

/sɑːkəˈkɒlə/

From Latin sarcocolla, from Ancient Greek σαρκοκόλλα (sarkokólla), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue, adhesive”).

traditional medicine
traditional medicine

The gum resin obtained from them, (historical) particularly A. sarcolla resin as used in traditional medicine and paint manufacture.

عَنْزَرُوت

A. sarcocolla resin; closely similar resins


flesh glue

A calque of Ancient Greek σαρκοκόλλα (sarkokólla), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue, adhesive”) from its traditional use sealing wounds. Compare meat glue and German Fleischleim.

clq

Frankincense, mastick, rosin, flesh-glue are the juices and gums of certain trees.

1659, Thomas Horne & al. translating Jan Amos Komenský (Comenius) as The Gate of Languages Unlocked, Ch. 11, §124

(obsolete) Synonym of sarcocolla as a resin.


French turpentine

Pinus pinaster
Pinus pinaster#Translingual

The resin of the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster).


Strasburg turpentine

(now historical) The resin obtained from the European silver fir (Abies taxifolia syn. Abies picea, now considered synonymous to Abies alba) which was used for a brilliant varnish.


white turpentine

from the European silver fir (Abies alba) which was used for a brilliant varnish.

Pinus palustris
Pinus palustris#Translingual

or from the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris).

or from the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda).


Cyprus turpentine

Pistacia terebinthus
Pistacia terebinthus#Translingual

A tree of species Pistacia terebinthus, of lands of the Mediterranean.

(now historical) A preparation from the resin of the terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus).


Persian gum

en-noun

Persian gum (countable and uncountable, plural Persian gums)

From their origin in Iran. In reference to P. scoparia, specifically after the model of gum arabic.

One contemporary description of Greek fire gives its formula as follows: "Take quick sulphur, dregs of wine, Persian gum, baked salt, pitch, petroleum, and common oil. Boil these together. Then whatever is placed therein and lighted, whether wood or iron, cannot be extinguished except with vinegar or sand."

1966 October 16, "The Fabulous Monarchs of Britain: Medieval Version of the Napalm Bomb", Chicago Tribune, Sect. 1A, p. 12

Astragalus sarcocolla
Wikispecies:Astragalus sarcocolla

A. fasciculifolius
Wikispecies:Astragalus fasciculifolius

(uncountable) Synonym of sarcocolla, the gum resin of the milkvetches Astragalus sarcocolla and/or A. fasciculifolius.

sarcocolla

The author attempted to name it Persian gum, representing its origin the Persia or Iran, as the competitor of the very well-known "gum Arabic", the exudate of acacia trees...

2017, Soleiman Abbasi, "Persian Gum: A Novel Natural Hydrocolloid", Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 1

(uncountable) The gum resin of the wild almonds Prunus scoparia and/or P. lycioides.

(countable, synecdochically) Any of the plants producing such resins.