sulfur

en-noun

sulfur (usually uncountable, plural sulfurs)

From Middle English sulphur, borrowed from Anglo-Norman sulfre, from Latin sulfur, from sulpur itself of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English swefl and largely displaced brimstone.

ultra-low sulfur diesel, ultra-low sulphur diesel

(uncountable) A chemical element (symbol S) with an atomic number of 16.

sulfur:

(countable, uncountable) A yellowish green colour, like that of sulfur.

Coordinate term: yellow

Any of various pierid butterflies of the subfamily Coliadinae, especially the sulfur-coloured species.


sulfur

en-adj

sulfur (comparative more sulfur, superlative most sulfur)

more sulfur (comparative)
most sulfur (superlative)
sulphur (alternative)

Of a yellowish green colour, like that of sulfur.


sulfur

en-verb

sulfur (third-person singular simple present sulfurs, present participle sulfuring, simple past and past participle sulfured)

sulfurs (present singular third-person)
sulfuring (participle present)
sulfured (participle past)
sulfured (past)
sulphur (alternative)

(transitive) To treat with sulfur, or a sulfur compound, especially to preserve or to counter agricultural pests.


platinum

en-noun

platinum (countable and uncountable, plural platinums)

From Spanish platina (“little silver”) del Pinto ("of the Pinto") + -um. It was called "little" (or "lesser") silver because the metal was found as an impurity in gold, and del Pinto for the Pinto River in Grand Columbia where Europeans discovered it being mined by Native Americans.

The chemical element with atomic number 78 and symbol Pt; a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, silverish-white transition metal of great value.


platinum

Of a musical recording that has sold over one million copies (for singles), or two million (for albums).


platinum

en-verb

platinum (third-person singular simple present platinums, present participle platinuming, simple past and past participle platinumed)

platinums (present singular third-person)
platinuming (participle present)
platinumed (participle past)
platinumed (past)

I platinumed in Clash of Clans yesterday.

(computer games) To attain all of the achievements in a game, on certain PlayStation consoles.


moonrise

moonrises (plural)
moon-rise (alternative)
moon rise (alternative)

Venus now re-assembles her Choirs of Virgins at Moon-rise, and leads the Ball.

1742, Matthew Towers, transl., The Lyric Pieces of Horace, Dublin, Volume I, Ode III, p. 17:

Shooting, hunting, and cricket, were pursued with the eagerness of laborious occupations: often has he rambled about from day-break to moon-rise, in search of game; and then returned to Mr. ONiel’s, pale with fatigue, and sick with fasting.

1804, Anna Maria Porter, The Lake of Killarney, volume I, London: Longman & Rees, page 23:

Weena, I was glad to find, was fast asleep. I carefully wrapped her in my jacket, and sat down beside her to wait for the moonrise.

1895 May 29, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, “When the Night Came”, in The Time Machine: An Invention, London: William Heinemann, →OCLC, page 102:

1909, Edith Wharton, “The Mortal Lease” V, in Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse, New York: Scribner’s, p. 41,
Do I not know, some wingèd things from far
Are borne along illimitable night
To dance their lives out in a single flight
Between the moonrise and the setting star?

Rain on Rahoon falls softly, softly falling
Where my dark lover lies.
Sad is his voice that calls me, sadly calling
At grey moonrise.

1917 November, James Joyce, “She Weeps over Rahoon”, in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, volume XI, number II, page 71:

Moonrise over the hills above Settle.

2021 January 13, “Settle under starlight”, in Rail, page 37, photo caption:

“Guess what? We got another message from our hostess. "My staff has prepared a traditional hunt for all of you shortly after moonrise."” “Ooh.” “"In the meantime, please enjoy this art show of recent oil paintings." [laughs]”

2023 August 31, William Meny & Paul Simms, “A Weekend at Morrigan Manor” (8:56 from the start), in What We Do in the Shadows, season 5, episode 9, spoken by The Guide (Kristen Schaal):

The time of day or night when the moon begins to rise over the horizon.


jet

en-adj

jet (comparative jetter or more jet, superlative jettest or most jet)

jetter (comparative)
more jet (comparative)
jettest (superlative)
most jet (superlative)

From Middle English get, geet, gete, from a northern form of Old French jayet, jaiet, gaiet, from Latin gagātēs, from Ancient Greek Γαγάτης (Gagátēs), from Γάγας (Gágas, “a town and river in Lycia”). Doublet of gagate.

All the direct blacks require working in strong baths to give anything like black shades; they all have, more or less, a bluish tone, which can be changed to a jetter shade by the addition of a yellow or green dye in small proportions, which has been done in one of the recipes given above.

1901, Franklin Beech, The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics: A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student:

She was an ash blonde with greenish eyes, beaded lashes, hair waved smoothly back from ears in which large jet buttons glittered.

1939, Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep, Penguin, published 2011, page 23:


Vulcan

From Latin Vulcānus, probably from Etruscan although very unclear, but unknown meaning and further origin (see more in Latin entry). Doublet of bolcane and volcano.

A town in Vulcan County, southern Alberta, Canada.

A ghost town in Gunnison County, Colorado.


Vulcan

From Vulcan (etymology 1), from the Star Trek TV series of the 1960s.

language constructed
constructed language

A language constructed for the Star Trek franchise, spoken by the fictional Vulcan species.


fire engine

A fire aboard TfW 175007, working a Holyhead-Cardiff Central service on February 8, closed the A483 road while five fire engines from Wrexham, Deeside, and Cheshire attended the scene.

2023 March 22, “Network News: Class 175s withdrawn for safety checks after fires”, in RAIL, number 979, page 13:

(firefighting, vehicles) A vehicle used by firefighters to pump water to fight a fire. Typically, a fire engine carries a supply of water and has the ability to connect to an external water supply.


igniferous

igniferous (comparative more igniferous, superlative most igniferous)

more igniferous (comparative)
most igniferous (superlative)

/ɪɡˈnɪfəɹəs/

Near-synonyms: fire-breathing, flammivomous


spectrum

From Latin spectrum (“appearance, image, apparition”), from speciō (“look at, view”). Doublet of specter. See also scope.

bor

He punctuated his words with a look into my eyes that might have been read as threatening or menacing by anyone who was not on the spectrum. But I am on the spectrum, and so I stared back at him.

2022, Percival Everett, Dr. No, Influx Press (2023), page 110:

(psychology, education, usually with the) The autism spectrum.


lava

en-noun

lava (countable and uncountable, plural lavas)

From Italian, from Neapolitan and Sicilian lava (“lava”, but also “downpour overflowing the streets”). Likely in the sense of “landslide, torrent” from Latin labes (“fall”), compare labina (“avalanche, landslide”). A supposed relation with lavare (“to wash”) is now widely discredited. Neither is there probably any relation with Arabic لابة (lāba, “black volcanic rock”).

noncog

lava:

A shade of red, named after the volcanic lava.


fireball

/ˈfaɪəɹˌbɔl/

Chelyabinsk meteor
Nevada Test Site
Operation Upshot–Knothole

The noun is derived from fire (noun) + ball (noun). The adjective and verb are derived from the noun.

tulipallo

bag or ball filled with combustible material; (heraldry) charge depicting a disc-shaped bombshell

[T]here vvas ſuch a Tempeſt & thunder vvith great firebals of lightning, that the vault of the church brake, and halfe the Chancell vvas carried avvay.

1611, Iohn Speed [i.e., John Speed], The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of yͤ Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. […], London: […] William Hall and John Beale, for John Sudbury and George Humble, […], →OCLC, book IX ([Englands Monarchs] […]), paragraph 26, page 616, column 1:

It is an obſervation of Seamen, That if a ſingle meteor or fireball falls on their maſt, it portends ill luck; but if tvvo come together (vvhich they count Caſtor and Pollux) they preſage good ſucceſſe: […]

1642, Thomas Fuller, “The Good Wife”, in The Holy State, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] Roger Daniel for John Williams, […], →OCLC, book I, paragraph 2, page 2:

An emanation of St. Elmo's fire; also (later), of ball lightning.


walnut

From Middle English walnote, walnutte, walnotte, from Old English wealhhnutu (“walnut”, literally “foreign nut”), from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“foreigner”) + *hnuts (“nut”). Cognate with Dutch walnoot, German Walnuss, Swedish valnöt, Icelandic valhneta. Compare more recent term Welsh onion, which also uses Welsh to mean “foreign”.

inh

Having a dark brown colour, the colour of walnut wood.


almond

en-noun

almond (countable and uncountable, plural almonds)

From Middle English almond, almaund, from Old French almande, amande, from Vulgar Latin *amendla, *amandula, from Latin amygdala, from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē), of uncertain origin. Influenced by amandus and by many European words of Arabic origin beginning with the Arabic definite article Arabic ال (al-). Compare Spanish almóndiga and Portuguese almôndega (“meatball”) from Andalusian Arabic البُنْدُقَة (“hazelnut”). Doublet of amygdala, amygdale, and mandorla.

doublet

Other plants that produce almond-like nuts:

bitter almond. of variety Prunus amygdalus var. amara, (syn. Prunus dulcis var. amara), that only produces bitter fruits

Prunus japonica, flowering almond, an ornamental shrub in family Rosaceae

Prunus andersonii, desert almond, a North American shrub in family Rosaceae

Prunus fasciculata, desert range almond or wild almond, North American shrub in family Rosaceae

Terminalia catappa, Indian almond or tropical almond, in family Combretaceae

Terminalia catappa
Terminalia catappa#Translingual

Brabejum stellatifolium or bitter almond, in family Proteaceae

almond:

(uncountable) The colour of the kernel of an almond without its shell and thin seed coat, a creamy off-white colour.


aqua

en-adj

aqua (comparative more aqua, superlative most aqua)

more aqua (comparative)
most aqua (superlative)

From Middle English aqua (“water”), borrowed from Latin aqua. Perhaps also a learned borrowing directly from Latin. Doublet of ea, Eau, eau, and yeo.


rust

en-noun

rust (countable and uncountable, plural rusts)

From Middle English rust, rost, roust, from Old English rust, rūst (“rust”), from Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).
Cognate with Scots roust (“rust”), Saterland Frisian rust (“rust”), West Frisian roast (“rust”), Dutch roest (“rust”), German Rost (“rust”), Danish rust (“rust”), Swedish rost (“rust”), Norwegian rust, ryst (“rust”), Finnish ruoste, Estonian rooste. Related to red.

ҡыҙғылт көрән

qıźğılt körən

front-runner-itis runs: rust: myrtle rust

The rust on my bicycle chain made cycling to work very dangerous.

The deteriorated state of iron or steel as a result of moisture and oxidation.

copper rust

A similar substance based on another metal.

rust:

(philately) Damage caused to stamps and album pages by a fungal infection.


rust

en-verb

rust (third-person singular simple present rusts, present participle rusting, simple past and past participle rusted)

rusts (present singular third-person)
rusting (participle present)
rusted (participle past)
rusted (past)

From Middle English rusten, from the noun (see above).

It's very common for black cats to rust during the summer.

(intransitive) Of a black cat or its fur, to turn rust-coloured following long periods of exposure to sunlight.


last night

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-last night.wav

We partied last night.

during the previous day’s nighttime; during the night before today (This entry is a translation hub.)

vannacht

used to both last night and coming night

heute Nacht

after midnight; can also mean the coming night, depending on tense


flammable

en-adj

flammable (comparative more flammable, superlative most flammable)

more flammable (comparative)
most flammable (superlative)

Back-formation of inflammable, which is used to avoid confusion with non-flammable, as the prefix in- is often used to mean "un-; non-", although it was originally meant in a sense closely related to en-.

flammable liquid

леснозапалим

capable of burning — see also inflammable

Coordinate term: volatile

Subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion.

inflammable

subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion

In considering the possible commitment of U.S. forces to South Vietnam , the Joint Chiefs of Staff have reviewed the overall critical situation in Southeast Asia with particular emphasis upon the present highly flammable situation in South Vietnam.

1971, United States. Department of Defense, United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967, page 42:

They could stuff their ears with cotton, but they could not, after all, fight such flammable ideas ( at least not in the public squares where Attucks's war whoops could still be heard ).

2002, Gregory Toledo, The Hanging of Old Brown, page 27:

With her play Diamond Lil, she discovered a way to sneak her flammable subject matter past the censors.

2004, Elizabeth Prioleau, Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love:

King's words touch on a higher law of leadership, that the solution to a sensitive and highly contentious and even flammable situation often lies in doing the opposite of what is expected and even perceived as normal or 'natural'.

2015, Adriaan Groenewald, Seamless Leadership: A passion to perform in South Africa:

Evelyn realized that Adam's flammable words and angry eyes were only the form of his untold pain, holding the strongest words of his heart, unspoken.

2021, Esra Gultakin, In the Shallows: Awaken Your Mind:

(figurative) Very likely to cause fighting or controversy; extremely contentious.


negro

Borrowed from Spanish and Portuguese negro (“black”), from Latin nigrum (“shiny black”), of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“bare; night”). Doublet of noir.

der

The negroes believe that its presence has a sanitary effect upon their cattle […]

1867, Mayne Reid, Quadrupeds: what they are and where found, page 141:

What Peter said was true but she hated to hear it from a negro and a family negro, too. Not to stand high in the opinion of one's servants was a humiliating a thing as could happen to a Southerner.

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC, part IV, page 675:

There were two negros who were guilty of thieving; he went and had them both shot, and gave notice that he would put all to death who kept disturbing the property of the white people, and kept confusion in their land.

2003, Benjamin Hawkins, Howard Thomas Foster, The Collected Works of Benjamin Hawkins, 1796–1810, page 259:

His parents had always said that the area he grew up in had been a nice place to live before 'those Negros invaded'.

(dated, now offensive) A person of Black African ancestry.


antique white

en-noun

antique white (countable and uncountable, plural antique whites)

antique white:


yellowish

From Middle English ȝelowisch; equivalent to yellow + -ish.


tomorrow night

During the night of the day after the present day.


tomorrow night

The night of the day after the present day.


firefighter

From fire + fighter. Created as a gender-neutral term for fireman and firewoman.

(firefighting) A person who has been trained to put out fires.


Byzantine

en-adj

Byzantine (comparative more Byzantine, superlative most Byzantine)

more Byzantine (comparative)
most Byzantine (superlative)
byzantine (alternative)
Byzantian (alternative)
Bizantian (alternative)
Bizantine (alternative)

From Late Latin byzantinus, itself from Byzantium. The figurative senses evoke the reputation for palace intrigue of the Byzantium imperial court.

Eastern Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire

(history) Belonging to the civilization of the Eastern Roman Empire between 331, when its capital was moved to Constantinople, and 1453, when that capital was conquered by the Turks and ultimately renamed Istanbul.

بِيزَنْطِيّ

belonging to the civilisation of the Eastern-Roman empire


Byzantine

en-noun

Byzantine (countable and uncountable, plural Byzantines)

Byzantines (plural)
byzantine (alternative)
Byzantian (alternative)
Bizantian (alternative)
Bizantine (alternative)

(historical) A native of Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul) or of the Byzantine empire


shadow

shadow (countable and uncountable, plural shadows)

From Middle English schadowe, schadewe, schadwe (also schade > shade), from Old English sċeaduwe, sċeadwe, oblique form of sċeadu (“shadow, shade; darkness; protection”), from Proto-West Germanic *skadu, from Proto-Germanic *skadwaz (“shade, shadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots scaddow, schaddow (“shadow”), Saterland Frisian Skaad (“shade, shadow”), Dutch schaduw (“shadow”), German Schatten (“shadow, shade”), Norwegian skodde (“fog, mist”), Irish scáth (“shadow”), Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness, gloom”) (whence English scoto-).

cog

My shadow lengthened as the sun began to set.

The X-ray showed a shadow on his lung.

The stories did not seem to me to touch life. […] They left me with the impression of a well-delivered stereopticon lecture, with characters about as life-like as the shadows on the screen, and whisking on and off, at the mercy of the operator.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A dark image projected onto a surface where light (or other radiation) is blocked by the shade of an object.

影

かーぎ, kāgi, かーがー, kāgā


ginger

en-noun

ginger (countable and uncountable, plural gingers)

→ Greek: τζίντζερ (tzíntzer)

→ Japanese: ジンジャー (jinjā)

→ Maltese: ġinġer

→ Manx: jinshar

→ Welsh: sinsir

→ Zulu: újínja

Inherited from Middle English gingere, alteration of gingivere, from Old English gingifer, gingiber (influenced by Old French gingembre), from Medieval Latin gingiber, zingiber, from Latin zingiberi, from Late Ancient Greek ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera), ultimately from Dravidian, compare Old Tamil 𑀇𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭𑁆 (iñcivēr) and Tamil இஞ்சிவேர் (iñcivēr) from இஞ்சி (iñci, “ginger”) + வேர் (vēr, “root”).

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚ/

(colloquial, often derogatory, countable) A person with reddish hair; a redhead.

Can you buy dry ginger in Croatia? If not what is an alternative?

(colloquial, countable and uncountable) Ginger ale, or can or bottle of such (especially if dry).


graphite

graphite (countable and uncountable, plural graphites)

Borrowed from German Graphit (A. G. Werner 1789), from Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō, “I write”).

Modern tennis racquets are made of graphite, fibreglass and other man-made materials.

Short for graphite-reinforced plastic, a composite plastic made with graphite fibers noted for light weight strength and stiffness.


sunspot

(astronomy) A region on the sun's surface with a lower temperature than its surroundings and intense magnetic activity.


flamingo

/fləˈmɪŋɡoʊ/

From Portuguese flamengo (“flamingo”) and Spanish flamenco (“flamingo”), which were adapted from Catalan flamenc (“flamingo”), of disputed ultimate origin in this sense. All three forms are used adjectivally as an ethnonym meaning 'Flemish' (of Germanic origin, cognate to English Fleming); Spanish flamenco refers also to a dance type. Compare also French flamant (“flamingo”).
*The bird's name may derive from the ethnonym by an association of a ruddy complexion or hair color with the Flemings; this etymology is supported by Corominas. (In Spanish, flamenco can be used colloquially as an adjective meaning "robust, healthy-looking".)
* Alternatively, either the dance flamenco, the bird name or both come from attaching the same Germanic-derived ending found in the ethnonym to the distinct root of Latin flamma (“flame”): i.e. Catalan flamenc has been analyzed as flama (“flame”) + -enc. Compare also Portuguese -engo.

Of a deep pink color tinged with orange, like that of a flamingo.


lion

lions (plural)
lion (plural rare)
lyon (alternative)

→ Hawaiian: liona

→ Japanese: ライオン (raion)

→ Maia: laion

→ Tokelauan: leona

From Middle English lyoun, lion, leon, borrowed from Old French lion, from Latin leō, (accusative: leōnem), from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn), of unclear origin. Doublet of Leo, leu, lev, and Lyon. Displaced Old English lēo.

March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb

It was said of [Edward Plantaganet] that ‘he was a lion for pride and ferocity but a pard for inconstancy and changeableness, not keeping his word or promise but excusing himself with fair words’.

2003, Peter Armstrong, Angus McBride, Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98: William Wallace's Rebellion:

A person who shows attributes associated with the lion, such as strength, courage, or ferocity.

During this period, we were the lions of the neighbourhood; and, no doubt, strangers from the distant villages were taken to see the "Karhowrees" (white men), in the same way that countrymen, in a city, are gallanted to the Zoological Gardens.

1847 March 30, Herman Melville, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas; […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:

Such society was far more enjoyable than that of Edinburgh, for here he was not a lion, but a man.

1844, John Wilson, Essay on the Genius, and Character of Burns:

The men were delighted to go, and became the lions of the following season in Adelaide.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 84:

Rose Waterford was a cynic. She looked upon life as an opportunity for writing novels and the public as her raw material. Now and then she invited members of it to her house if they showed an appreciation of her talent and entertained with proper lavishness. She held their weakness for lions in good-humoured contempt, but played to them her part of the distinguished woman of letters with decorum.

1919, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, “ch. 4”, in The Moon and Sixpence, [New York, N.Y.]: Grosset & Dunlap Publishers […], →OCLC:

Heated comments were exchanged, and, before anyone could say, "festival," the two lions of the folk power structure were rolling in the dirt.

1965 August, Mississippi Phil Ochs, “The Newport Fuzz Festival”, in The Realist, number 61, retrieved 2022-11-13, page 11:

So bring a basket for the lions / Of City of Industry

2014, Camper Van Beethoven (lyrics and music), “City of Industry”, in El Camino Real, performed by Camper Van Beethoven:

A famous person regarded with interest and curiosity.

lion:

A light brown color that resembles the fur of a lion.


lion

Of the light brown color that resembles the fur of a lion.


wheat

From Middle English whete, from Old English hwǣte, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaitī, from Proto-Germanic *hwaitijaz (compare West Frisian weet, Dutch weit, Low German Weten, German Weizen, Danish hvede, Swedish vete, Norwegian Nynorsk kveite, Icelandic hveiti), from *hwītaz (“white”). More at white.

Wheaten, of a light brown colour, like that of wheat.

cone wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. turgidum

English wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. turgidum

Polish wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. polonicum

rivet wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. turgidum


cocoa

A Dictionary of the English Language
Samuel Johnson
en:cocoa

cocoa (countable and uncountable, plural cocoas)

From Spanish cacao, from Classical Nahuatl cacahuatl. The form cocoa came about by confusion with coco, popularized by Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language. Doublet of cacao.

An unsweetened brown powder made from roasted, ground cocoa beans, used in making chocolate, and in cooking.

Do you like cocoa?

Half past nine - high time for supper;
Cocoa, love? Of course, my dear.
Helen thinks it quite delicious,
John prefers it now to beer....
¶For they've stumbled on the secret
Of a love that never wanes,
Rapt beneath the tumbled bedclothes,
Cocoa coursing through their veins.

1979, Stanley J. Sharpless, A Food Lover's Companion, Harper & Row, Evan Jones (edit.)

(uncountable) A hot drink made with milk, cocoa powder, and sugar.

cocoa:

(countable) A light to medium brown colour.


cocoa

A Dictionary of the English Language
Samuel Johnson

Of a light to medium brown colour, like that of cocoa powder.


cocoa

By confusion with cocoa, popularized by Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language.

(now nonstandard) Alternative spelling of coco.


melon

melon (countable and uncountable, plural melons)

→ Japanese: メロン

→ Korean: 멜론 (mellon)

→ Welsh: melon

From Middle English meloun, melon, from Old French melon, from Late Latin melonem, from Latin melopeponem, from Ancient Greek μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn), from μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”) + πέπων (pépōn, “ripe”).

(countable) Any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae grown for food, generally not including the cucumber.

Genus Cucumis, various musk melons, including honeydew, cantaloupes, and horned melon.

melon:

(uncountable) A light pinkish orange color, like that of some melon flesh.

(countable, Australia, New Zealand, derogatory) A member of the Green Party, or similar environmental group.


melon

Of a light pinkish orange color, like that of melon flesh.


linen

linen (countable and uncountable, plural linens)

From Middle English lynnen, lynen, from Old English līnen (“linen", "made of flax”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnīn (“made of flax”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”), equivalent to line + -en. Cognate with Latin līnum (“flax”) and thus also Linum. More at line.

inh

She put the freshly cleaned linens into the linen closet.

But then I had the [massive] flintlock by me for protection. ¶[…]The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window at the old mare feeding in the meadow below by the brook,[…].

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

(countable) Domestic textiles, such as tablecloths, bedding, towels, underclothes, etc., that are made of linen or linen-like fabrics of cotton or other fibers; linens.

linen:

A light beige colour, like that of linen cloth undyed.


achiote

en-noun

achiote (countable and uncountable, plural achiotes)

/ˌɑt͡ʃiːˈoʊti/

Borrowed from Spanish achiote, from Classical Nahuatl āchiyōtl.

Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana#Translingual

A tropical American evergreen shrub, Bixa orellana; the lipstick tree.


apricot

apricot (countable and uncountable, plural apricots)

apricots (plural)
apricock (alternative)
abricock (alternative)

Alteration of apricock (with influence from French abricot), itself an alteration of abrecock (with influence from Latin apricum (“sunny place”)), from dialectal Catalan abrecoc, abricoc, variants of standard albercoc, from Arabic الْبَرْقُوق (al-barqūq, “plums”), from Byzantine Greek βερικοκκία (berikokkía, “apricot tree”), from Ancient Greek πραικόκιον (praikókion), from Late Latin (persica) praecocia (literally “(peaches) which ripen early”), (mālum) praecoquum (literally “(apple) which ripens early”). Doublet of precocious.

der

apricot:

A pale yellow-orange colour, like that of an apricot fruit.


blueberry

en-noun

blueberry (countable and uncountable, plural blueberries)

blueberry:

(countable and uncountable) A dark blue colour.


blueberry

en-adj

blueberry (comparative blueberrier, superlative blueberriest)

blueberrier (comparative)
blueberriest (superlative)

> > > > > > The color choice in the shop was Plum, Orange Peel, Periwinkle, or
> > > > > > Lime.
[…]
> > > Periwinkle, now renamed blueberry. Second choice, orange peel.
>
> > It looks to my eye that "blueberry" is, uh, bluer than "periwinkle."
[…]
On-site, Blueberry looked blueberrier than Periwinkle, but it does follow the Fruit Names theme more closely.

2007 September 9, Veronique, “Bowls”, in alt.fan.cecil-adams (Usenet), archived from the original on 2024-02-24:


red violet

Of a purplish red colour, like that of a red violet flower.


puce

en-noun

puce (countable and uncountable, plural puces)

From French couleur puce, from Latin pūlex (“flea”).

puce:

dark puce:

For blacks, browns, puces, and violets, the acetate or tartrate of iron must be employed.

1881, Alvin Wood Chase, Dr. Chase's Recipes Or, Information for Everybody, page 596:

A brownish-purple color, sometimes more or less deep red or grayish.


puce

en-adj

puce (comparative pucer, superlative pucest)

pucer (comparative)
pucest (superlative)

→ Welsh: piws

Of a brownish-purple color, sometimes more or less deep red or grayish.


manatee

→ Japanese: マナティー (manatī)

→ Korean: 매너티 (maeneoti)

→ Welsh: manatî

Borrowed from Spanish manatí, from a Cariban-language term meaning ‘breast’, ultimately from Proto-Cariban *manatɨ; compare Kari'na manaty, Trió manatï, Apalaí manaty, Akawaio manatï, Pemon manatü, Macushi manatî.

The ecological importance of the manatee is clear; scientists have demonstrated the dependancy of all components of an ecosystem on one another . . .

1988, Tampa Bay Magazine (Sept–Oct 1988, page 60)

Any of several plant-eating marine mammals, of family Trichechidae, found in tropical regions.

lamantyn

any of several plant-eating marine mammals, of family Trichechidae


fawn

From Middle English fawne, fowne, foun, from Old French faon, foon, feon, from Vulgar Latin *fētōnem, from Latin fētus (“offspring, young”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Displaced native Old English hindċealf (literally “deer calf”). Doublet of fetus.

ncog

fawn:

A pale brown colour tinted with yellow, like that of a fawn.


mango

en-noun

mango (countable and uncountable, plural mangoes or mangos)

mangoes (plural)
mangos (plural)
manga (alternative)

→ Armenian: մանգո (mango) (or from Russian манго (mango))

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܵܢܓܘܿ (mango)

→ Asturian: mangu

→ Catalan: mango

→ Chichewa: bango

→ Czech: mango

→ Danish: mango

→ Dutch: mango

→ Esperanto: mango

→ Finnish: mango

→ Georgian: მანგო (mango)

→ German: Mango

→ Greek: μάνγκο (mángko)

→ Hebrew: מנגו (mango)

→ Hungarian: mangó

→ Irish: mangó

→ Italian: mango

→ Japanese: マンゴー (mangō)

→ Korean: 망고 (manggo)

→ Macedonian: манго (mango)

→ Norwegian: mango

→ Polish: mango

→ Romanian: mango

desctree

→ Russian: манго (mango)
→ Armenian: մանգո (mango) (or directly from English mango)
→ Kazakh: манго (maño)
→ Mongolian: манго (mango)

→ Slovak: mango

→ Slovene: mango

→ Spanish: mango

→ Swedish: mango

→ Turkish: mango

→ Welsh: mango

Online Etymology Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary
mango

Borrowed from Portuguese manga, from Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa) / Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy), possibly via Malay mangga, ultimately from Proto-South Dravidian *mām-kāy (“unripe mango”), a compound of *mām (“mango tree”) + *kāy (“unripe fruit”). First used for the fruit as early as the 1580s and the tree by the 1670s. The Oxford English Dictionary says it ultimately stems from Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa, “unripe mango”) (മാവ് (māvŭ, “mango tree”) + കായ (kāya, “unripe fruit”)), while the Online Etymology Dictionary points to Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy, “unripe mango”) (மா (mā, “mango”) + காய் (kāy, “unripe fruit”)). The etymology of the -o ending is not certain.

der

Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)

檨仔

soān-á, soǎiⁿ-á, sōaiⁿ-á, soāiⁿ--á, soān--á

mango:

A yellow-orange color, like that of mango flesh.


diamond

en-noun

diamond (countable and uncountable, plural diamonds)

From Middle English dyamaunt, from Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamās, from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “diamond”). Doublet of adamant. The printing sense is a calque of Dutch diamant, used by Dirck Voskens who first cut it around 1700; compare pearl, ruby (“size of type between pearl and nonpareil”).

der

Elphingston. Pearl a Chevron Diamond between three Boars Heads Eraz'd Ruby, arm'd of the first. / Eymouth. Diamond a Lyon Rampant Pearl, on a Canton of the 2d, a Cross Ruby.

1720, Francis Nichols, Rudiments of Honour, page 296:

The Field is Ruby, on a Bend Topaz, three Martlets Diamond. The Armes of the most Noble and Puissant Lord, Edward Brabazon, Earl of Meath, and Baron of Atherdee in the Kingdom of Ireland. His Lordship's Atchievements are Quarterly of sixteen Coats. 1. Brabazon, as above. 2. Diamond, on a Chevron between three Pickaxes Pearl, as many Mullets Ruby, by the Name of Mosley. 3. Saphire, ten Bezants, 4, 3, 2, 1, by the Bisset.

1726, John Guillim, The Banner Display'd; Or, an Abridgment of Guillim, page 504:

Pearl, an Eagle, Diamond, between three Crosses Patee, Ruby, for Morrys.

1754, John Lodge, The Peerage of Ireland; Or, a Genealogical History of the ..., page 71:

(heraldry) Sable, when blazoning by precious stones.


pyro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyro-.wav

From Latin pyr, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”).


unicorn

From Middle English unicorne, unikorn, from Anglo-Norman unicorne, Old French unicorne, and their source, Latin ūnicornis, from ūnus (“one”) + cornū (“horn”). Other senses from either rarity (e.g., possessing multiple skills) or by physical resemblance to having a horn (e.g., howitzer). The finance sense was coined by American investor Aileen Lee and first used in a 2013 article.

God brought him forth out of Egypt, he hath as it were the ſtrength of an Vnicorne: he ſhall eate vp the nations his enemies, and ſhall breake their bones, and pierce them thorow with his arrowes.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 24:8, column 1:

רְאֵם ראם#Hebrew

(historical) In various Bible translations, used to render the Latin unicornis or rhinoceros (representing Hebrew רְאֵם): a reem or wild ox.

unicorn smoothies

(attributive) Being many (especially pastel) colours; multicoloured.


rouge

en-noun

rouge (countable and uncountable, plural rouges)

Borrowed from French rouge, from Latin rubeus. Compare rare Middle English rouge, rouȝ (“red”); later borrowed again, as it is not attested until c. 1750. The game senses are of unknown origin according to the Oxford English Dictionary.

[A] wall [...] against which all those formidable "rouges" (as they are most underivably called) take place; in which above twenty players contend, kicking each others' shins nearly as often as the ball

1832 November 19, “On Eton Games, Continued”, in Eton College Magazine, number viii, page 284:

(obsolete) In the Eton wall game, a scrummage, melée.

The 7 got 1 "gaol" and 1 "ruge"; the 11 got 1 "gaol" and 4 "ruges"

1840 November 29, C. Pepys, “[Letter to the editor]”, in Bell's Life in London^(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1840-11-29.png), page 4:

A rouge is obtained by touching the ball first, after it has been kicked behind

1847, H.H. Tremayne, A.R. Thompson, Field Game Rules^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Eton_Field_Game_(1847)):

In the Eton College field game, a scoring move accomplished by touching the ball down behind the opponents' goal-line (somewhat similar to the try in rugby). Originally, the player who scored the rouge had a chance to kick a goal, and the rouge was used as a tie-breaker if an equal number of goals was scored by each side. In the contemporary Eton College field game, a five-point score is awarded for kicking the ball so that it deflects off one of the opposing players and goes beyond the opposition's end of the pitch, and then touching the ball.

(chemistry, archaic) A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide, used in polishing and as a cosmetic; crocus; jeweller's rouge.


rouge

en-verb

rouge (third-person singular simple present rouges, present participle rouging, simple past and past participle rouged)

rouges (present singular third-person)
rouging (participle present)
rouged (participle past)
rouged (past)

She rouged her face before setting out for the party.

She was a lady of about fifty, I should think, youthfully dressed, and of a very fine complexion. If I add to the little list of her accomplishments that she rouged a little, I do not mean that there was any harm in it.

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, chapter 13, in Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

(ambitransitive) To apply rouge (makeup).


light bulb

light bulbs (plural)
light-bulb (alternative)
lightbulb (alternative)

From light + bulb First attested in 1885.

An evacuated glass bulb containing a metal filament which is heated by electrical resistance to produce light.

llambë

evacuated glass bulb containing a metal filament that produces light

a fluorescent light bulb

an LED light bulb

(by extension) An article that resembles such a bulb and converts electricity to light by any process.

peer

resembling article that converts electricity to light

a light-bulb moment

Figuratively speaking, a light-bulb flashed over Galvin's head early this year, and in March–along […]

A light bulb went off in my head as I had an incredible idea for a beauty product.

2010, Sandy Abrams, Your Idea, Inc., Abrams Media, →ISBN, page xi:

(figuratively) Used in reference to the sudden arrival of a realization, an inspiration, an idea, or the like.

lamppu

sudden arrival of idea etc. — see also light-bulb moment


rehab

en-noun

rehab (countable and uncountable, plural rehabs)

(firefighting) A brief period of time spent away from the fire by a firefighter at a fire scene, for purposes of recuperation.


Saturn

From Old English Sætern, from Latin Sāturnus, probably from Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄 (satre), plausibly influenced by Latin satus, past participle of serere (“to sow”).

12. Venus, a Staff in Pale Sol, and thereupon a Cross Pattee, Luna surmounted off a Pall of the last, charged with 4. like Crosses fitched Saturn, edged and stringed as the second. This Coat belongs to the Archiepiscopal See of Canterbury, to whose place it appertains to Crown and Inaugurate the Kings of England.

1693, Richard Blome, The Art of Heraldry, in two parts ... second edition ..., pages 76-77:

[…] The Field is Luna, a Chevron, Mars, between three Bull's Heads couped Saturn, armed Sol. This Coat-Armour pertained to the Right Noble Family of Thomas Bulleine Lord hoo and Hastings, Viscount Rochford, […] [pages 200-201:] I have omitted, in this Edition, that Escucheon Sol, charged with three Toads erected Saturn, which, according to some Authors, was the Coat-Armour of the ancient Kings of France; […]

1724, John Guillim, A Display of Heraldry, page 151:

The Archiepiscopal See of Armagh bears Jupiter, a Pastoral Staff in Pale Luna, ensigned with a Cross Pattee Sol, surmounded by a Pall of the second, edged and fringed of the third, charged with four like Crosses Pattee Fitched Saturn.

1739, James Ware, Walter Harris, The Whole Works of Sir James Ware Concerning Ireland, volume 1, page 1:

(heraldry, rare) Sable (black), in the postmedieval practice of blazoning the tinctures in the arms of certain sovereign people and places as planets.

Mercury · Venus · Earth · Mars · Jupiter · Saturn · Uranus · Neptune [edit]


flashlight

→ Cebuano: plaslayt

find one's ass with both hands and a flashlight

At school he used to do Dr. Jekyll turning into Mr. Hyde, shining a flashlight into his face.

1997, Saul Bellow, The Actual, New York: Viking, page 32:

(Canada, US, Philippines) A battery-powered hand-held light source.


eucalyptus

eucalyptus (plural eucalypti or eucalyptuses)

eucalypti (plural)
eucalyptuses (plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-
Proto-Hellenic *ehu-
Ancient Greek ἐΰς (eǘs)
Ancient Greek εὖ (eû)
Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-)
Ancient Greek καλύπτω (kalúptō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τός (-tós)
Ancient Greek καλυπτός (kaluptós)
taxonomic name Eucalyptuslbor.
French eucalyptusbor.
English eucalyptus
Borrowed from French eucalyptus.

etymon

Any of many trees, of genus Eucalyptus, native mainly to Australia.


moccasin

moccasins (plural)
mocassin (alternative)
moccassin (alternative)

John Smith (explorer)
Louisville Zoo
Musée de l'Armée
Néstor Kirchner
President of Argentina

From Powhatan makasin, mockasin, mawhcasuns (plural), from Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni. The word is cognate with Massachusett mohkisson, mokussin, Mi'kmaq mksɨn, Munsee mahkusin, Ojibwe makizin. First appears c. 1612 in the writings of John Smith. It has been suggested that sense 4 (“North American snake”) may be derived from a different Native American word.

refn

From the collection of the Musée de l'Armée in Paris, France.

The formal moccasins belonged to the former President of Argentina Néstor Kirchner (1950–2010) and are from the collection of the Museo del Bicentenario in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

moccasin:

He came in a primitive, rickety buggy, drawn by an old, moccasin-colored horse, which, it is to be hoped, had seen better days.

1898 October, Leverett W. Spring, “The Career of a Kansas Politician”, in J[ohn] Franklin Jameson, editor, The American Historical Review, volume IV, number 1, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., published 1899, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 80:

I prefer the Culprit brand in the moccasin color, the red shad color and the black with blue tail.

1993, W[alter] Horace Carter, Bud Andrews, Headstart Fishing Handbook, Tabor City, N.C.: Atlantic Pub. Co., →ISBN, page 134:

A light beige colour, like that of a moccasin.


selenology

en-noun

selenology (usually uncountable, plural selenologies)

/sɛliːˈnɒləd͡ʒɪ/

From selen- (“moon”) + -o- + -logy (“study”).

selenologjí

the study of the moon and several satellites

(astronomy) The scientific study of the Moon.

(chiefly) The scientific study of the Moon’s movements in the heavens and the kinetic influences it has upon and it receives from other astronomical bodies.

(occasionally) The scientific study of the formation and composition of the Moon’s crust.


selenologist

A person skilled or involved in selenology.


marigold

/ˈmæɹ.ɪˌɡəʊld/

/ˈmæɹ.ɪˌɡoʊld/

/ˈmɛɹ.ɪˌɡoʊld/

From Middle English marigolde, marygoldye, from Mary (referring to the Virgin Mary) + Middle English golde (“marigold”).

compound

A piece of marigold or bay leaf was imbedded in the metal, and over it a carbuncle or chrysolite was placed.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 155:

Any of the Old World plants, of the genus Calendula, with orange, yellow or reddish flowers.

Native Americans introduced whites and slaves to several edible greens including marigold, milkweed, and pokeweed (Whit 2007).

2009, Herbert C. Covey, Dwight Eisnach, What the Slaves Ate, ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, page 87:

Any of the New World plants, of the genus Tagetes, with orange, yellow or reddish flowers.

(UK, slang, obsolete) A million pounds sterling.

Alternative form of Marigold (rubber glove for cleaning)


marigold

en-adj

marigold (comparative more marigold, superlative most marigold)

more marigold (comparative)
most marigold (superlative)

/ˈmæɹ.ɪˌɡəʊld/

/ˈmæɹ.ɪˌɡoʊld/

/ˈmɛɹ.ɪˌɡoʊld/

marigold:

Having the color of marigolds, a bright yellowish-orange hue.


bumblebee

bumblebees (plural)
bumble-bee (alternative)
bumble bee (alternative)

1520s from bumble + bee, replacing Middle English humbul-be. Merged with Middle English bombeln (“to boom, buzz”), in the late 14th century.

der

A mid yellow, sometimes slightly orange.


alight

en-verb

alight (third-person singular simple present alights, present participle alighting, simple past and past participle alit or alighted)

term-label

(transitive, also figuratively, archaic)

alights (present singular third-person)
alighting (participle present)
alit (participle past)
alit (past)
alighted (participle past)
alighted (past)
alight (infinitive)

The verb is probably derived partly:
* from Middle English alighten (“to kindle, light, set on fire; to begin burning; to become bright, shine; to arouse, rouse, stir; (figuratively) to enlighten spiritually, illuminate”) [and other forms], from Old English ālīhtan, ālȳhtan (“to light up; enlighten”) (perhaps modelled after Latin illūmināre, the present active infinitive of illūminō (“to brighten, illuminate, light up”)), from ā- (prefix meaning ‘away, from, off, out’) + līhtan, līehtan (“to glow, to shine; to illuminate, to light”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to see; to shine; bright”)); and
* from Middle English onlighten (“to cause (something) to shine; to clarify; (figuratively) to enlighten spiritually”) [and other forms], from Old English onlīhtan, a variant of inlīhtan (“to give light to, brighten, illuminate; to cause to shine; to shine; (figuratively) to give clear sight; to clear a mental fog, enlighten”), from Proto-Germanic *inliuhtijaną (“to enlighten, illumine”), from *in (“in; into”) + *liuhtijaną (“to give light, shine”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-; see above); and
* from later uses of alight (adjective).
The English word is analysable as a- (prefix meaning ‘away, from, off, out’) + light (“to start (a fire); to burn, set fire to; to become ignited, take fire; to provide light, illuminate; to show the way by means of a light”).
The adjective and adverb are derived from Late Middle English alight (adjective) [and other forms], from Old English ālīht, ālȳht, a past participle form of Old English ālīhtan, ālȳhtan (verb) (see above); but have also been subsequently interpreted as a- (prefix meaning ‘at; in; on’, used to show a condition, manner, or state) + light (“not dark or obscure, bright, clear; highly luminous”).
Cognates
* German erleuchten (“to light up, illuminate”)

nb...

aliȝt, aliȝte, aliȝtte, alihte, aliʒth, allyght, alyghte, alyȝt, alyȝte

cog

The officer hauing by this time alighted his lampe, entred into the roome to ſee him, vvhom he accounted to be dead, […]

1612, [Miguel de Cervantes], “VVherein are Rehearsed the Innumerable Misfortunes vvhich Don-Quixote and His Good Squire Sancho Suffered in the Inne, vvhich He to His Harme Thought to be a Castle”, in Thomas Shelton, transl., The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, part 3, page 133:

To set light to (something); to set (something) on fire; to ignite, to light.


alight

The burning embers and the dry wind quickly set the whole neighbourhood alight.

The sticks were damp and wouldn’t catch alight.

With a heavy load of 650 tons for Arras and Lille we started very quietly, with about a third of a glass of water, and the fire barely alight. This frightened me, but I had reckoned without the 4-6-4's American mechanical stoker.

1961 February, Balmore [pseudonym], “Driving and Firing Modern French Steam Locomotives – Part One”, in Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 110:

tulessa

burning, lit, on fire — see also burning, on fire

Often followed by with: shining with light; luminous, radiant; also, brightly coloured; vivid.

Of an electrical light source: switched on and emitting light.

rozzářený

of an electrical light source: switched on and emitting light


alight

Each chapel had its saintly shrine, hung around with offerings; its picture above the altar, although closely veiled, if by any painter of renown; and its hallowed tapers, burning continually, to set alight the devotion of the worshippers.

1860, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Burial Chant”, in The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni. […], volume I, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, page 227:

(also figuratively) Chiefly in set alight: in flames, on fire; aflame.


gnome

From French gnome (“gnome”), from New Latin gnomus, used by Paracelsus as a synonym for pygmaeus (“pygmy”).

The mountain pygmy owl, Glaucidium gnoma, a small owl of the western United States.


candle

Sranan Tongo: kandra

→ Chichewa: kandulo

From Middle English candel, from Old English candel (“candle”), borrowed from Latin candēla (“candle”), from Latin candeō (“be white, bright, shining”, verb); see candid. Doublet of candela and chandelle.

der

better to light a candle than to curse the darkness

the candle that burns twice as bright burns half as long

light a candle

blow out the candles on the birthday cake

snuff out the candle

A light source consisting of a wick embedded in a solid, flammable substance such as wax, tallow, or paraffin.


candlepower

en-noun

candlepower (usually uncountable, plural candlepowers)

(dated) A unit of luminous intensity of a light source, equal to 0.981 candelas.

燭 /烛

former measurement of brightness of a light source


candelabrum

candelabrum (plural candelabra or (very rare) candelabrums)

candelabra (plural)
candelabrums (plural rare)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin candēlābrum (“candlestick”), from candēla. Doublet of chandelier. Displaced native Old English candeltrēow (literally “candle tree”).

ncog

The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne, / Glowed on the marble, where the glass […] Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra / Reflecting light upon the table as / The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, […]

1922 October, T[homas] S[tearns] Eliot, “Part II. A Game of Chess.”, in The Waste Land, 1st book edition, New York, N.Y.: Boni and Liveright, published December 1922, →OCLC, page 17:

Cyby followed us holding up his candelabrum—I suppose more for his benefit than mine, but it permitted me to see well enough to keep from colliding with the dark oak shelves we passed.

1980, Gene Wolfe, chapter 6, in The Shadow of the Torturer (The Book of the New Sun; 1), New York: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 58:


chandelier

/ˌʃæn.dəˈlɪə(ɹ)/

/ˌʃæn.dəˈlɪɚ/

Borrowed from French chandelier, from Latin candelabrum, from candela (“a candle”). Doublet of candelabrum. See also candle.

llambadar

branched, often ornate, lighting fixture suspended from the ceiling

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

She opened the drawing-room door in trepidation. Would she find Esther drowned with her head in the goldfish bowl, or hanged from the chandelier by her stay-lace?

1929, M. Barnard Eldershaw, chapter VII, in A House Is Built, section vi:

A branched, often ornate, light fixture suspended from a ceiling.

(originally, specifically) One lit by candles.

(surgery) An endoilluminator used in eye surgery.


brilliant

en-noun

brilliant (countable and uncountable, plural brilliants)

(small type size): (German) Brillant

→ Malay: berlian
Indonesian: berlian

Borrowed from French brillant (late 17th century), present participle of the verb briller, from Italian brillare, possibly from Latin berillus, beryllus (“a beryl, gem, eyeglass”), from Ancient Greek βήρυλλος (bḗrullos, “beryl”).

der

This snuffbox — on the hinge see brilliants shine.

On the one, a plain massive band which matched the collar; on the other, a serpent; the tail reached nearly to the elbow, and the head rose a little from the wrist; the tongue of a ruby, the eyes of large brilliants.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 257:

"And the ring?" I asked, glancing at a remarkable brilliant which sparkled upon his finger.

1891 [September, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Adventure III.—A Case of Identity.”, in Geo[rge] Newnes, editor, The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, volume II (July to December), number [9], London: […], page 248, column 2:

A finely cut gemstone, especially a diamond, cut in a particular form with numerous facets so as to maximize light return through the top (called "table") of the stone.


torch

The noun is derived from Middle English torch, torche (“large candle; lighted stick; (figurative) sunbeam”), from Old French torche, torque (“torch; bundle of (twisted) straw”) (modern French torche); further etymology uncertain, probably from Vulgar Latin *torca (“coiled object”) (referring to a torch made from twisted plant fibres dipped in a flammable substance such as pitch), from Latin torqua, a variant of torquis (“collar of twisted metal, torque; wreath”), from torqueō (“to twist, wind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
Sense 2.3 (Verbascum thapsus) is either due to the plant’s spike of yellow flowers, or because its leaves and stalks were used to make torches (noun sense 1). Sense 3.2 (“precious cause, etc., which needs to be protected and transmitted to others”) is derived from Latin lampada trādere, from Ancient Greek λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι (lămpắdă părădidónai, “to hand over the torch”), a reference to the torch race held at various festivals such as the Panathenaic Games in Ancient Greece, which involved a relay where a torch was passed from one runner to another.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι

sueo'

stick of wood, etc., with one end soaked in a flammable substance and set on fire; similarly shaped implement with a replaceable supply of flammable material

Eleven days before the start of the [modern Olympic] Games, a flaming torch is ignited by the sun in Olympia at the ruins of the ancient Temple of Zeus. With that flame, relay runners lighted torches one from the other and carry it to the opening of the Games. Ever since 1936, the Summer Olympics has had its fire-font lit by a relay torch ignited at Olympia.

1984 June–July, Frances A. Harmon, “The Olympic Games—for Good and All”, in John H[arold] Johnson, editor, Ebony Jr!, volume 12, number 2, Chicago, Ill.: Johnson Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18, column 2:

The degradation of the [Olympic] torch worldwide—it had to be snuffed out more than once to protect it from protesters—even provoked angry Chinese students to mobilise "150 strong and energetic runners" to defend it in Australia, raising the spectre of violence.

2008 April 22–28, Rohit Mahajan, Ashish Kumar Sen, “Ah, the Human Race”, in Vinod Mehta, editor, Outlook: The Weekly Newsmagazine, New Delhi: Maheshwer Peri on behalf of Outlook Publishing, →OCLC, page 48:

The Paris 2024 Paralympic Torch, characterised by its sparkling champaign^([sic – meaning champagne]) colour and unique design, represents the spirit of the Games. […] With its gentle curves, the torch represents a sense of peace and solidarity. It stands as a symbol of the Paralympic Games' mission to promote harmony and unity.

2024 August 18 (last accessed), “Paris 2024 Paralympic Torch: A Symbol of Equality, Water, and Peacefulness”, in Paralympic.org, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia: International Paralympic Committee, archived from the original on 2024-08-18:

A stick of wood or plant fibres twisted together, with one end soaked in a flammable substance such as resin or tallow and set on fire, which is held in the hand, put into a wall bracket, or stuck into the ground, and used chiefly as a light source.

(by extension) A similarly shaped implement with a replaceable supply of flammable material; specifically, a pole with a lamp at one end.

Ernst slipped and dropped his torch on the flagstones, shattering the bulb and plunging us into darkness.

We were too excited to return to the camp, but must make our first exploration at once. Lord John had an electric torch in his knapsack, and this had to serve us as light.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, “‘Who could have Foreseen it?’”, in The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 140:

I want you to send two unarmed policemen into the tunnel, carrying the money, and waving a torch in front of them.

1974 October 2, Peter Stone, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, spoken by Blue (Robert Shaw), Culver City, Calif.: United Artists, →OCLC:

[L]ook at the pupils [of the eyes], noting the shape, relative sizes and any associated ptosis. Use a pocket torch and shine the light from the side to gauge the reaction of the pupils to light.

1988, Nicholas Joseph Tailey, Simon O’Connor, “The Nervous System”, in Clinical Examination: A Guide to Physical Diagnosis, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Blackwell Scientific Publications, published 1989, →ISBN, page 352:

If you can be bothered to carry them, it is a good idea to bring a torch (flashlight) and maybe binoculars for wildlife spotting.

1999, Natalie Kruger, “Queensland & the Great Barrier Reef”, in Natalie Kruger, Marc Llewellyn, edited by Suzanne Roe Jannetta, Frommer’s 99: Australia, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Travel, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 398:

The island has only one road and relatively few cars. There are no streetlights so you'll need to bring a torch with you, or buy one from Joy's Shop, if you want to venture out at night.

1999 August, Margo Daly, Anne Dehne, David Leffman, Chris Scott [et al.], “New South Wales and ACT”, in Kieran Falconer, Harriet Sharkey, editors, Australia: The Rough Guide, 4th edition, London: Rough Guides, →ISBN, part 2 (The Guide), page 289:

(by extension, Commonwealth) In full electric torch: synonym of flashlight (“a battery-powered hand-held light source”)

The mob of angry villagers carried torches and pitchforks to the vampire’s castle.

Enter at one doore Æneas, at another Paris, Deiphobus, Antemor [i.e., Antenor], Diomed [i.e., Diomedes] vvith torches.

c. 1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid. […] (First Quarto), London: […] G[eorge] Eld for R[ichard] Bonian and H[enry] Walley, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], signature [G4], recto:

[A]mongſt the ancients there vvas Amor Lethes [Love Dies], hee tooke burning torches, and extinguiſhed them in the riuer, his ſtatua vvas to be ſeene in the Temple of Venus Eiuſina, of vvhich Ovid makes mention, and ſaith that all louers of olde vvent thither a pilgrimate, that vvould be rid of their loue pangs.

1621, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Philters Magicall and Poeticall Cures”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and Iames Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 3, section 2, member 5, subsection 4, page 652:

[F]or this vile woman was I about to commit to danger the lives of so many noble friends—shake the foundation of a lawful throne—carry the sword and torch through the bosom of a peaceful land— […]

1821 January 8, [Walter Scott], chapter XI, in Kenilworth; a Romance. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; and John Ballantyne, […]; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 210:

In easy state upon this couch, there sat a jolly Giant, glorious to see; who bore a glowing torch, in shape not unlike Plenty's horn, and held it up, high up, to shed its light on Scrooge, as he came peeping round the door.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Three. The Second of the Three Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 77:

He remembered […] how he heard Mrs Coldfield's feet and saw the light of the torch approaching along the upper hall and how she came and passed him, […]

1936, William Faulkner, chapter IX, in Absalom, Absalom!, New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, published 1951, →OCLC, page 370:

The large lagoon-style pool has a sandy beach and swim-up bar. Coconut palms with white-painted trunks surround the lagoon, which is lit by flaming torches at night.

2005, Lee Mylne, “Queensland & the Great Barrier Reef”, in Marc Llewellyn, Lee Mylne, edited by Marie Morris, Frommer’s Australia 2005, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Publishing, →ISBN, page 296:


carrot

en-noun

carrot (countable and uncountable, plural carrots)

→ Fijian: kareti

→ Malay: karot

→ Tagalog: karot

→ Thai: แครอท (kɛɛ-rɔ̀t)

From Middle English karette and Middle French carotte, both from Latin carōta, from Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón). Doublet of carotte and related to caraway. Displaced native Middle English more, from Old English more, moru (“edible root, parsnip, carrot”), related to German Möhre (“carrot”).
* Noun sense of "motivational tool" refers to carrot and stick.
* Verb sense in felt manufacture refers to the orange colour of drying furs.

(slang) A redhead; a ginger-haired person


deluge

From Middle English deluge, from Old French deluge, alteration of earlier deluvie, from Latin dīluvium, from dīluō (“wash away”). Doublet of diluvium.

deluge system, deluge gun, deluge set

2002, NAVEDTRA, Gunner's Mate 14324A
In the event of a restrained firing or canister overtemperature condition, the deluge system sprays cooling water within the canister until the overtemperature condition no longer exists.

On June 8, 2005, a decomposition reaction occurred in the manifold system on a mobile acetylene trailer at Western's Bellville plant that caused the fusible plugs of five cylinders to melt, releasing the products of decomposition. The materials released did not ignite before the deluge system was manually activated, controlling the incident. The incident started when a mobile acetylene trailer, with the cylinder valves open and the manifold fully pressurized, was moved into another bay and the block valve was opened, which initiated an acetylene decomposition reaction.

2009 January 13, National Transportation Safety Board, “Earlier Western Accidents”, in Special Investigation Report: Mobile Acetylene Trailer Accidents: Fire During Unloading in Dallas, Texas, July 25, 2007; Fire During Unloading in The Woodlands, Texas, August 7, 2007; and Overturn and Fire in East New Orleans, Louisiana, October 20, 2007, archived from the original on 2022-01-20, page 18:

(firefighting) A system for flooding or drenching a space, container, or area with water in an emergency to prevent or extinguish a fire.


accretion disk

accretion disks (plural)
accretion disc (alternative)

(astrophysics) A structure formed by matter falling into a gravitational source such as a galaxy, black hole, or protostar.


toast

toast (countable and uncountable, plural toasts)

→ Bulgarian: тост (tost)

→ Czech: toust, toast

→ Dutch: toost, toast

→ French: toast

→ Romanian: toast

→ German: Toast

→ Greek: τοστ (tost)

→ Hebrew: טוסט (tost)

→ Italian: toast

→ Japanese: トースト (tōsuto)

→ Korean: 토스트 (toseuteu)

→ Maori: tōhi

→ Macedonian: тост (tost)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: toast

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: toast

→ Polish: tost, toast

desctree

→ Russian: тост (tost)
→ Armenian: տոստ (tost)

→ Turkish: tost

→ Ukrainian: тост (tost)

→ Welsh: tost

Bill Murray
Dow Jones & Company
Ghostbusters
The Wall Street Journal

From Middle English tost, from the verb tosten (see below).
(person who is honored with a drink): First appears in print at the very end of the 17th century. The conventional assumption is that the use is metaphorical, “the name of a lady being supposed to flavour a drink like a spiced toast.” This is pure speculation, however, as the origin of the sense remains obscure.
(something that will be no more): Ad-libbed by actor Bill Murray in the 1984 film Ghostbusters (see quotation).

The metal frame survived the fire, but the plastic and rubber bits are toast.

(uncountable, slang, chiefly US) Something that is irreparably damaged or used up, especially when destroyed by heat or fire; something which has been burnt to a crisp or incinerated.


light year

light years (plural)
lightyear (alternative)
light-year (alternative)

Some of Leonardo da Vinci’s inventions were light years ahead of their time.

(only in the plural, informal, figurative) A very long time.


match

en-verb

match (third-person singular simple present matches, present participle matching, simple past and past participle matched)

matches (present singular third-person)
matching (participle present)
matched (participle past)
matched (past)

From Middle English macchen (“to marry; be paired with”), from the noun (see above).

inh

to match boards

To fit together, or make suitable for fitting together; specifically, to furnish with a tongue and groove at the edges.


match

→ Bengali: ম্যাচ (mêc)

→ Hindi: माचिस (mācis)

→ Irish: meaits

→ Japanese: マッチ (matchi)

→ Jersey Dutch: match

→ Malay: macis, mancis

→ Pashto: ماچس (māčás)

→ Urdu: ماچس (mācis)

→ Welsh: matsis

From Middle English macche, mecche (“wick (of a candle)”), from Old French mesche, meische, from Vulgar Latin micca (compare Catalan metxa, Spanish mecha, Italian miccia), which in turn is probably from Latin myxa (“nozzle, curved part of a lamp”), from Ancient Greek μύξα (múxa, “lamp wick”).

der

He struck a match and lit his cigarette.

A device made of wood or paper, at the tip coated with chemicals that ignite with the friction of being dragged (struck) against a rough dry surface.

自來火 /自来火

⁶zy-le-hu / ²zy⁶-le²-hou³ / ⁶zy-le²-hou³


on fire

From Middle English on fier, on fijre, on fire, on fyire, on fyre.

If the wind picks up and the flames spread, the whole town could go on fire.

I wouldn't piss on someone if they were on fire


oak

en-noun

oak (countable and uncountable, plural oaks)

oaks (plural)
woak (alternative)
yack (alternative)

Inherited from Middle English ook, oke, aik, ake, from Old English āc (also as Old English ǣċ), from Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”).
Cognates
From Proto-Germanic: Scots aik, West Frisian iik, Dutch eik, German Eiche, German Low German Eek, Danish eg, Norwegian Bokmål eik, Norwegian Nynorsk eik, Swedish ek, Yiddish אייכנבוים (eykhnboym).
From Proto-Indo-European: Latin aesculus (“Durmast oak”), Lithuanian ąžuolas (“oak”), Albanian enjë (“juniper, yew”), Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “Turkey oak”).

cog

It was not far from the house; but the ground sank into a depression there, and the ridge of it behind shut out everything except just the roof of the tallest hayrick. As one sat on the sward behind the elm, with the back turned on the rick and nothing in front but the tall elms and the oaks in the other hedge, it was quite easy to fancy it the verge of the prairie with the backwoods close by.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

Instead there were the white of aspens, streaks of branch and slender trunk glistening from the green of leaves, and the darker green of oaks, and through the middle of this forest, from wall to wall, ran a winding line of brilliant green which marked the course of cottonwoods and willows.

1912 January, Zane Grey, chapter 8, in Riders of the Purple Sage […], New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, →OCLC:

(countable) A deciduous tree with distinctive deeply lobed leaves, acorns, and notably strong wood, typically of England and northeastern North America, included in genus Quercus.


oak

en-verb

oak (third-person singular simple present oaks, present participle oaking, simple past and past participle oaked)

oaks (present singular third-person)
oaking (participle present)
oaked (participle past)
oaked (past)

(wine, transitive) To expose to oak in order for the oak to impart its flavors.


chromatic

en-adj

chromatic (not generally comparable, comparative more chromatic, superlative most chromatic)

more chromatic (comparative)
most chromatic (superlative)

Borrowed from French chromatique (“chromatic”) or directly from its etymon Latin chrōmaticus, from Ancient Greek χρωματικός (khrōmatikós, “relating to colour; one of the three types of tetrachord in Greek music”), from χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour; pigment; chromatic scale in music; music”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind; to rub; to stroke; to remove”), perhaps in the sense of the grinding of pigments) + -τῐκός (-tĭkós, suffix forming adjectives); analysable as chroma + -tic.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-chromatic.wav

(not comparable) Characterized or caused by, or relating to, colour or hue.

գունային

characterized or caused by, or relating to, colour or hue

(comparable) Brightly coloured; colourful, vivid.

Uses relating to colour
Brightly coloured; colourful, vivid.

(not comparable, optics) Having the capacity to separate spectral colours by refraction.

(not comparable, graph theory) Relating to colorings of graphs.

Uses relating to colour
Relating to colorings of graphs.

All the intervals of the scale that are a whole tone (step) distant from each other may be divided into half tones, (small steps), forming an entire scale of small intervals, (half tones), called the Chromatic Scale. […] All the tones (steps) of the scale being thus divided, either by means of the sharp or flat, we shall have for our Chromatic Scale thirteen intervals, of a half tone (small step) each.

1853, William B[atchelder] Bradbury, George F[rederick] Root, assisted by Thomas Hastings, T[imothy] B. Mason, “The Singing Class”, in The Shawm: Library of Church Music: […], New York, N.Y.: Mason Brothers, […], →OCLC, lesson VIII (Dynamics (Power of Sounds)), page 23, column 1:

Relating to or using notes not belonging to the diatonic scale of the key in which a passage of music is written.

cromàtic

relating to or using notes not belonging to the diatonic scale of the key in which a passage of music is written


blanched almond

en-noun

blanched almond (countable and uncountable, plural blanched almonds)

blanched almond:

A subtle yellow shade or hue, like that of blanched almonds.


blanched almond

Of a subtle yellow shade or hue, like that of blanched almonds.


light water

lightwater (alternative)
light-water (alternative)

(inorganic chemistry) Water in its standard form of H₂O, containing two protium (¹H) hydrogen atoms, as opposed to heavy water (which contains deuterium, ²H).

The light water (AFFF) of the TACR was to be backed up by fluorinated protein foam instead of standard protein foam.

2001, Roger C. Mardon, An Illustrated History of Fire Engines, →ISBN, page 112:

These fires can be extinguished with water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, light water, vaporising liquids ("Halons"), carbon dioxide and dry powder.

2014, John R. Ridley, Safety at Work, →ISBN, page 504:

They can be extinguished by carbon dioxide, dry powder, water spray, light water and vaporising liquid

2015, Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, Introduction to Health and Safety at Work, →ISBN:

Foam formed by water and a fluorocarbon surfactant, used in firefighting because it floats on flammable liquids lighter than water.


fireman

By February 1944 there were over two thousand women employed at the Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company [...]. There were also female firemen on almost every shipyard crane [...].

1993, Nancy F. Cott, editor, History of Women in the United States. Historical Articles on Women's Lives and Activities. 15. Women and War, page 432:

For firemen everywhere rescuing cats from trees has been as much a part of the job as tackling blazing buildings.

30 June 2019, Don't call us for cats stuck in trees', Fire Brigade warns (Daily Telegraph)

(firefighting) Someone (especially one who is male) who is skilled in the work of fighting fire.


firewoman

A female fireman (person who heats a steam engine).


roast

en-verb

roast (third-person singular simple present roasts, present participle roasting, simple past and past participle roasted)

roasts (present singular third-person)
roasting (participle present)
roasted (participle past)
roasted (past)
rost (alternative)

From Middle English rosten, a borrowing from Old French rostir (“to roast, to torture with fire”), from Frankish *rōstijan (“to roast, broil”), from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną (“to roast”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews- (“to crackle; roast”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian rosterje (“to roast”), Dutch roosten, roosteren (“to roast”), German rösten (“to roast”).
Displaced native Middle English breden, bræden (“to roast”), from Old English brǣdan, related to German braten (“to roast, grill”).

der

roasted in wrath and fire

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

To heat to excess; to heat violently; to burn.


jade

en-noun

jade (usually uncountable, plural jades)

Borrowed from French le jade, rebracketing of earlier l’éjade (“jade”), from Spanish piedra de ijada (“flank stone”), via Vulgar Latin *iliata from Latin ilia (“flank”). (Jade was thought to cure pains in the side.)

jade:

A bright shade of slightly bluish or greyish green, typical of polished jade stones.


madder

madder (countable and uncountable, plural madders)

From Middle English mader, madere, mædere, from Old English mædere, mæddre, mædre, from Proto-Germanic *madarǭ (compare Swedish madra, Old Norse / Icelandic maðra), from Proto-Indo-European *modʰro-, cognate with Proto-Slavic *modrъ (“blue”), and compare Irish madar (“madder”), Latvian madara (“madder”).

Madder (Rubia tinctorum). — This plant has a perennial root and an annual stalk. It is cultivated for the roots, which, after being dried and ground, are employed in considerable quantities in dying a fine red colour, and, likewise, as a first tint for several other shades. It is principally cultivated in Holland, the province of Zealand being almost entirely covered with it; from whence it is exported to every part of Europe and America, yielding almost incalculable profits. The imports of this article for the use of our manufactories is stated to amount in value to more than two millions of dollars annually. Our soil and climate are found to be well adapted to its culture, and some successful experiments have been made in raising it in the counties of Madison and Otsego [in New York State]. Madder does best in a deep rich sand-loam, moist but not wet. It requires three summers to come to perfection; and as the roots strike deep, the ground should be ploughed and mellowed to the depth of two and a half or three feet for its reception. Miller says it should be planted with a dibble (it is propagated by offsets from the roots), in rows from two to three feet apart; while Beechstein says they should be planted only six inches asunder.

1841, Jesse Buel, The Farmers' Instructor. Consisting of Essays, Practical Directions, and Hints for the Management of the Farm and the Garden. Originally Published in the Cultivator; Selected and Revised for the School District Library, volume 1, Harper and Brothers, page 213:

Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorum#Translingual

A herbaceous plant, Rubia tinctorum, native to Asia, cultivated for a red-purple dye (alizarin) obtained from the root.


madder

en-verb

madder (third-person singular simple present madders, present participle maddering, simple past and past participle maddered)

madders (present singular third-person)
maddering (participle present)
maddered (participle past)
maddered (past)


aflame

en-adj

aflame (comparative more aflame, superlative most aflame)

more aflame (comparative)
most aflame (superlative)

My heart's aflame, my body's strained, but, God, I like it

2006, “Wolf Like Me”, in Return to Cookie Mountain, performed by TV on the Radio:

In flames, on fire, flaming, with flames coming from it.


blaze

en-verb

blaze (third-person singular simple present blazes, present participle blazing, simple past and past participle blazed)

blazes (present singular third-person)
blazing (participle present)
blazed (participle past)
blazed (past)

From Middle English blasen, from Middle English blase (“torch”). See above.

The campfire blazed merrily.

(intransitive) To be on fire, especially producing bright flames.


campfire

[ˈkʰɛə̯mpˌfaɪ̯ɚ]

Come, stack arms, Men! Pile on the rails; stir up the campfire bright; no matter if the canteen fails, we'll make a roaring night. Here Shenandoah brawls along, there burly Blue Ridge echoes strong, to swell the Brigade's rousing song, of “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
We see him now — the old slouched hat cocked o’er his eye askew, the shrewd, dry smile, the speech so pat, so calm, so blunt, so true. The “Blue-Light Elder” knows ’em well; says he, “That’s Banks — he’s fond of shell; Lord save his soul! We’ll give him” — well, that’s “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
Silence! Ground arms! Kneel all! Caps off! Old Blue Light’s going to pray. Strangle the fool that dares to scoff: Attention! 'Tis his way. Appealing from his native sod in forma pauperis to God: “Lay bare thine arm, stretch forth thy rod! Amen!” That’s “Stonewall’s Way.”
He’s in the saddle now. Fall in! Steady, the whole brigade! Hill’s at the ford, cut off — we’ll win his way out, ball and blade! What matter if our shoes are worn? What matter if our feet are torn? “Quick step! We’re with him before the morn!” That’s “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
The sun’s bright lances rout the mists of morning, and by George! Here’s Longstreet struggling in the lists, hemmed in an ugly gorge. Pope and his Yankees, whipped before, “Bay’nets and grape!” hear Stonewall roar; “Charge, Stuart! Pay off Ashby’s score!” in “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
Ah! Maiden, wait and watch and yearn for news of Stonewall’s band! Ah! Widow read with eyes that burn that ring upon thy hand. Ah! Wife, sew on, pray on, hope on! Thy life shall not be all forlorn. The foe had better ne’er been born that gets in “Stonewall’s Way.”

1862, John Williamson Palmer, Stonewall Jackson's Way

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

A fire at a campground or on a camping trip, often used for cooking, to provide light and heat, to drive away bugs, and as a focal point for sitting around in the evening and talking, telling stories, and singing.


bake

bake (third-person singular simple present bakes, present participle baking, simple past baked or (dialectal) book, past participle baked or (dialectal) baken)

bakes (present singular third-person)
baking (participle present)
baked (past)
book (dialectal past)
baked (participle past)
baken (dialectal participle past)

From Middle English baken, from Old English bacan (“to bake”), from Proto-West Germanic *bakan, from Proto-Germanic *bakaną (“to bake”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”).
Cognate with West Frisian bakke (“to bake”), Dutch bakken (“to bake”), Low German backen (“to bake”), German backen (“to bake”), Norwegian Bokmål bake (“to bake”), Danish bage (“to bake”), Swedish baka (“to bake”), Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “roast”, verb).

paska

to make baked goods or something into bread

(computer graphics, transitive) To fix (lighting, reflections, etc.) as part of the texture of an object to improve rendering performance.


bake

A fish bake made with cod chunks, sliced parboiled potatoes, […]

2009, Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z, →ISBN:

If you happen to have small, heat-proof glass or ceramic pots in your kitchen (known as ramekins) then you can make this very easy pasta bake in fun-size, individual portions.

2009, Rosalind Peters, Kate Pankhurst, Clive Boursnell, Midnight Feast Magic: Sleepover Fun and Food:

(especially UK, Australia, New Zealand) Any of various baked dishes resembling casserole.

The central episode is the temporary burial of the novitiate; a shallow pit is excavated, and in this a fire is made, as for a fish bake; […]

1904, Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology:

I am about to launch a scheme for our local to invest a few dollars in a spot where the boys will know where to find company and pass a few hours or a week-end out in the fresh air and partake of shrimp bakes or fish fries and so forget the on-creeping years.

1939, The American Photo-engraver, volume 31, page 289:

[…] also featured a fish bake, a dance, and a beach party[.]

2006, Jeffery P. Sandman, Peter R. Sandman, Soaring and Gliding: The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Area:

(US) A social event at which food (such as seafood) is baked, or at which baked food is served.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:bake.

(Barbados, sometimes US and UK) A small, flat (or ball-shaped) cake of dough eaten in Barbados and sometimes elsewhere, similar in appearance and ingredients to a pancake but fried (or in some places sometimes roasted).


immolate

en-verb

immolate (third-person singular simple present immolates, present participle immolating, simple past and past participle immolated)

immolates (present singular third-person)
immolating (participle present)
immolated (participle past)
immolated (past)

Borrowed from Latin immolō (“I sacrifice”) (past participle immolātus).

She imparted these stories gradually to Miss Crawley; gave her the whole benefit of them; felt it to be her bounden duty as a Christian woman and mother of a family to do so; had not the smallest remorse or compunction for the victim whom her tongue was immolating; nay, very likely thought her act was quite meritorious, and plumed herself upon her resolute manner of performing it.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 19, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:


lambent

en-adj

lambent (comparative more lambent, superlative most lambent)

more lambent (comparative)
most lambent (superlative)

From Latin lambēns, present participle of lambō (“lick”).

The lambent glow of fireflies delighted the children.

[W]hile I held my son, in the short space
Betwixt our kisses and our last embrace;
Strange to relate, from young Iülus’ head
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows, and on his temples fed.

1697, John Dryden, Aeneas,Book II, from The Works of Virgil

1839, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jonathan Birch (translator), Faust: A Tragedy, Black and Armstrong, page 127,
The Witch, with much ceremony, fills the basin. As FAUST is about to raise it to his lips, it emits a clear flame.
MEPHISTOPHELES. Quick! quickly down with it!—no breathing time allowed! […] And does a lambent flame prevent thee quaff?

Sir Edward suddenly started from his chair; his thin and generally bending form became erect and stately, and his sunken eyes emitted a stream of lambent fire, as he exclaimed:—....

1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 288:

the lambent glowing light of the midnight sun. (I dislike that word lambent, but it must be employed.) A soft, benevolent radiance, you might say, playing upon the emerald green, the virgin swales of grass and moss and heather and Swede heads

1984, Edward Abbey, Beyond the Wall: Essays from the Outside, page 192:

Back in 2010 those comparisons seemed absurd: how could the writer-director of classy-but-overthought superhero movies, as well as middling oddities such as The Prestige, be seriously thought of in the same bracket as the lambent mind behind Dr Strangelove, 2001: A Space Odyssey, A Clockwork Orange and Barry Lyndon?

2017 July 19, Andrew Pulver, “With Dunkirk, Christopher Nolan has finally hit the heights of Kubrick”, in The Guardian:


parch

en-verb

parch (third-person singular simple present parches, present participle parching, simple past and past participle parched)

parches (present singular third-person)
parching (participle present)
parched (participle past)
parched (past)

From Middle English parchen, paarchen (“to parch; dry; roast”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant of Middle English perchen (“to roast”).

The sun today could parch cement.

(transitive) To burn the surface of, to scorch.


azured

en-adj

azured (comparative more azured, superlative most azured)

more azured (comparative)
most azured (superlative)

azure:


forget-me-not

Calque of Middle French ne m'oubliez mie or German Vergissmeinnicht.

calque

forget-me-not:

Coordinate term: see at Appendix:Colors

en:80b0ff, light blue color, named after flower

A light tint of blue, the color of the flower.


chauffeur

(firefighting) The driver of a fire truck.


rufous

en-noun

rufous (countable and uncountable, plural rufouses)

Partners in Flight — a conservation group that tracks several species of birds, including hummingbirds — estimates that the rufous population is currently 62% smaller than it was in 1966. […] Rufouses are adapting, however, and becoming more willing to use urban feeders and gardens.

2021, Daniel I. Stein, Attracting Hummingbirds:

rufous hummingbird
rufous hummingbird#English

(countable) Short for rufous hummingbird.


thunderstorm

I have never believed, as some people do, in omens and forewarnings, for the dramatic things in my life have generally come upon me as suddenly as a tropical thunder-storm.

1936 July, John Buchan, “Lost Gods”, in The Island of Sheep, London: Hodder and Stoughton, published July 1938, →OCLC, part I (Fosse), page 11:

A storm consisting of thunder and lightning produced by a cumulonimbus, usually accompanied with heavy rain, wind, and sometimes hail; and in rarer cases sleet, freezing rain, or snow.


book burning

book burning (countable and uncountable, plural book burnings)

(literally) A mass burning of books, intended as a form of political and/or religious censorship.

Exhuming McCarthy (meet me at the book burning, meet me at the book burning)

1987, “Exhuming McCarthy”, in Document (R.E.M. No. 5), performed by R.E.M.:

(by extension, idiomatic) Any mass destruction, removal, or recalling of books, motion pictures, broadcasts, or electronic works as a form of censorship, especially motivated by religious or political objections to the material.


foam

foam (countable and uncountable, plural foams)

From Middle English fom, foom, from Old English fām, from Proto-West Germanic *faim, from Proto-Germanic *faimaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poHy-m-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Cognate with German Feim (“foam”), Latin spūma (“foam”), Latin pūmex (“pumice”), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam”), possibly Northern Kurdish fê (“epilepsy”).

skuim

A substance composed of a large collection of bubbles or their solidified remains, especially:

(firefighting) A collection of small bubbles formed by mixing an extinguishing agent with water, used to cover and extinguish fires.


foam

en-verb

foam (third-person singular simple present foams, present participle foaming, simple past and past participle foamed)

foams (present singular third-person)
foaming (participle present)
foamed (participle past)
foamed (past)

It used to be common practice to foam the runway prior to an emergency landing, in case a fuel-fed fire occurred.

(firefighting) To coat or cover with foam.


citron

en-adj

citron (comparative more citron, superlative most citron)

more citron (comparative)
most citron (superlative)

Borrowed from French citron (“lemon, lime”), Latin citrus (“citron tree, thuja”), probably via Etruscan derived from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros, “cedar”) (see there for further etymology).


shade

en-noun

shade (countable and uncountable, plural shades)

From Middle English schade, from Old English sċeadu, sċadu (“shadow; shade”), from Proto-West Germanic *skadu, from Proto-Germanic *skadwaz (“shadow; shade”). More at shadow.

inh

Lighting was unimaginative for the standard stock with naked tungsten filament bulbs and metal reflectors. However, all compartments had individual reading lights above the seats with attractive glass shades.

1979 August, Graham Burtenshaw, Michael S. Welch, “O.V.S. Bulleid's SR loco-hauled coaches - 1”, in Railway World, page 398:

(countable) A cover around or above a light bulb, a lampshade.


loden

The first thing that caught my eye on this excursion was the number of grey, brown and green loden coats and hats, and how well and sensibly everyone was dressed in general, how remarkably solid were the shoes of the pedestrians of Nuremberg.

2011 [2001], Anthea Bell, transl., Austerlitz, Penguin, translation of original by W. G. Sebald, page 314:

A thick waterproof cloth used for garments.

loden:

A dark green colour, like that of loden cloth.


loden

en-adj

loden (comparative more loden, superlative most loden)

more loden (comparative)
most loden (superlative)

Of a dark green colour, like that of loden cloth.


unburnt

unburnt (comparative more unburnt, superlative most unburnt)

more unburnt (comparative)
most unburnt (superlative)
unburned (alternative)


bay

From Middle English baye, baie, from Old English beġ (“berry”), as in beġbēam (“berry-tree”), conflated with Old French baie, from Latin bāca (“berry”).

Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilis#Translingual

Laurus nobilis, a tree or shrub of the family Lauraceae, having dark green leaves and berries.


bay

en-verb

bay (third-person singular simple present bays, present participle baying, simple past and past participle bayed)

bays (present singular third-person)
baying (participle present)
bayed (participle past)
bayed (past)

From Old French bay, combined with aphetized form of abay; verbal form of baier, abaier.

The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay'd.

1700, [John] Dryden, “Theodore and Honoria, from Boccace”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

For at the last shall the thunder, fleeing to escape from the doom of the gods, roar horribly among the Worlds; and Time, the hound of the gods, shall bay hungrily at his masters because he is lean with age.

1905, Lord Dunsany [i.e., Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany], The Gods of Pegāna, London: [Charles] Elkin Mathews, […], →OCLC, page 92:

The scene was rocking, all were digging the sounds
Igor on chains, backed by his baying hounds
The coffin-bangers were about to arrive
With their vocal group, The Crypt-Kicker Five.

1962, “Monster Mash”, Bobby "Boris" Pickett and Lenny Capizzi (lyrics), performed by Bobby (Boris) Pickett and The Crypt-Kickers:


bay

en-noun

bay (countable and uncountable, plural bays)

From Middle English bay, bai, from Old French bai, from Latin badius (“reddish brown, chestnut”).

der

bay:

A brown colour/color of the coat of some horses.


bluish

en-adj

bluish (comparative more bluish, superlative most bluish)

more bluish (comparative)
most bluish (superlative)
blueish (alternative)

From Middle English blewissh, blewisch (also Middle English bloysh), equivalent to blue + -ish.

Riding high on love's true bluish light

1978, “Heart of Glass”, in Parallel Lines, performed by Blondie:

Having a tint or hue similar to the colour blue.

To this day, I usually read my Bible a couple of times a day, and I still enjoy attempting to express my feelings through poetry, especially when I'm feeling bluish.

2009, John Wooden, Jay Carty, Coach Wooden One-On-One:


purplish

purplish (comparative more purplish, superlative most purplish)

more purplish (comparative)
most purplish (superlative)


mulberry

mulberry (comparative more mulberry, superlative most mulberry)

more mulberry (comparative)
most mulberry (superlative)

From Middle English mulbery, molberye, murberie, partly from Old English mōrberġe (“mulberry”) (q.v.), and probably partly from Middle Low German mulbere (“mulberry”). Compare Dutch moerbezie, moerbei (“mulberry”), German Maulbeere (“mulberry”).


watermelon

en-noun

watermelon (countable and uncountable, plural watermelons)

/ˈwɔːtəˌmɛlən/

From the 1610s, a compound of water + melon. The meanings referring to environmentalists, collaboraters, and behind schedule projects, derive from the idea of having green (eco-friendly, pro-Tatmadaw, on-schedule) outward appearance while being red (socialist, pro-rebel, behind schedule) in a hidden way comparable to that of the fruit.

Citrullus lanatus
Citrullus lanatus#Translingual

A plant of the species Citrullus lanatus, bearing a melon-like fruit.


andiron

andirons (plural)
handiron (alternative)

From Middle English aundire, aundiren, from Old French andier (possibly from Gaulish anderon (“heifer”)) compare Welsh anner, annair (“heifer”), Breton annoar (“heifer”), from Proto-Celtic *anderā (“young woman”), due either to their somewhat animal-like appearance of four legs or to the prominent figuring of bull and heifer design elements; compare its alternative names of fire-dog and dog-iron. Spelling influenced by iron.

The furniture was old-fashioned and massive. The great brass andirons on the wide hearth stood like sentinels proclaiming and guarding the dignity of the family. The spreading antlers on the wall testified to a mighty hunter in some past generation.

1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, chapter 7, in The House Behind the Cedars:

(usually in the plural) A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side

capfoguer

a utensil for supporting wood while burning


set on fire

en-verb

set on fire (third-person singular simple present sets on fire, present participle setting on fire, simple past and past participle set on fire)

sets on fire (present singular third-person)
setting on fire (participle present)
set on fire (participle past)
set on fire (past)

I don't want to set the world on fire / I just want to start a flame in your heart

1941 [1938], Bennie Benjamin, Eddie Durham, Sol Marcus, Eddie Seiler (lyrics and music), “I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire” (0:05 from the start), performed by The Ink Spots, Decca:


firefly

fireflies (plural)
fire-fly (alternative)

2000, Exploring Life Science, 2: Bats—Cave Life, Marshall Cavendish, page 96,
Fireflies are the best-known insects that produce light. […] Many fireflies use their light to communicate, particularly at mating time when males and females have to get together.

The luciferins are different in different species and today both the luciferin and luciferase in the firefly are available in the crystalline form.

2004, B. V. David, T. N. Ananthakrishnan, “Chapter 20: Bioluminescence”, in General and Applied Entomology, 2nd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, page 130:

Various other luciferase genes, especially the firefly luciferase gene, are also used for the study of gene regulation.[…]The classic use of bioluminescence, however, is the use of a luciferin-luciferase mixture from fireflies as an assay for ATP.

2007, Lars Olof Björn, Helen Ghiradella, “23: Bioluminescence”, in Lars Olof Björn, editor, Photobiology: The Science of Life and Light, 2nd edition, Springer, page 607:

(Northern US, Western US, Florida) Any beetle of the family Lampyridae, which exhibit bioluminescence during twilight.


lightning bug

I watched as lightning bugs drifted in, glowing yellow against the shadows.

2019, Ta-Nehisi Coates, The Water Dancer, Penguin Books (2020), page 18:


fireplace

fireplaces (plural)
fire-place (alternative)

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 3, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Opposite the old church is a Tudor black-and-white cottage, flanked at one end by the Brocket Arms, a splendid 400-year-old pub with stone-flagged floors, a vast inglenook fireplace and a garden full of oak tables and benches for summer evening meditation.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 45:

An open hearth for holding a fire at the base of a chimney.


hearth

From Middle English herth, herthe, from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ, from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“heat; fire”). Cognate with West Frisian hurd, Dutch haard, German Herd, Swedish härd.


straw

en-noun

straw (countable and uncountable, plural straws)

→ Japanese: ストロー

From Middle English straw, from Old English strēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *strau, from Proto-Germanic *strawą (“that which is strewn, straw”), from Proto-Indo-European *strew- (“to spread around, strew”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Sträi (“straw”), West Frisian strie (“straw”), Dutch stro (“straw”), German Low German Stroh (“straw”), German Stroh (“straw”), Norwegian and Swedish strå (“straw”), Icelandic strá (“straw”), Walloon strin, Albanian shtrohë (“kennel”).

der

straw:

(uncommon) A pale, yellowish beige colour, like that of a dried straw.

The Bromfield Street offices were housed in a dilapidated but heavily-insured building, owned by a straw for a wealthy downtown real estate developer, surrounded by expensive new commercial developments, and in a city renowned for arson-for-profit.

1984 August 4, Larry Goldsmith, “Cops Charged With Setting GCN Fire”, in Gay Community News, page 1:


straw

Of a pale, yellowish beige colour, like that of a dried straw.


bice

en-noun

bice (countable and uncountable, plural bices)

From French bis, akin to Italian bigio (“light gray, tawny”). Doublet of beige.

A pale blue pigment, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt.


luminance

luminance (countable and uncountable, plural luminances)


brightness

brightness (usually uncountable, plural brightnesses)

brightnesses (plural)
brightnesse (alternative)

From Middle English bryghtnes, brightnesse, from Old English beorhtnes (“brightness, splendor”), from Proto-West Germanic *berhtnassī, equivalent to bright + -ness. Cognate with Old High German berahtnessī, berahtnessi (“brightness”).

inh

պայծառություն

perception elicited by the luminance of an object


fire drill

There is no machine on earth so potent, yet so simple and elegant, as the two sticks of the Native American fire drill;

1999, Paul Douglas Campbell, Survival Skills of Native California, →ISBN, page 4:

A fire-starting tool consisting of a wooden rod and some primitive means of rapidly rotating the rod on a flat surface like a drill until tinder can be ignited.