Frankenstein complex

en-noun

Frankenstein complex (plural Frankenstein complexes)

Coined by American science fiction author Isaac Asimov in 1947 in his novelette Little Lost Robot. From Victor Frankenstein, the title character of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein.

coin

I'll admit that this Frankenstein Complex you're exhibiting has a certain justification—hence the First Law in the first place.

1947 March, Isaac Asimov, “Little Lost Robot”, in Astounding Science Fiction, volume 39, number 1, page 116:

Mr. Graf, you're still disturbed. You sure you're not harboring just a little of the old Frankenstein complex about all this? It's all right to admit it to me—in fact, I want you to talk about it.

1987 December, Lois McMaster Bujold, “Falling Free”, in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, volume 108, number 13, page 30:

The central character of Mary Shelley's novel by the same name 'Frankenstein' is used as an adjective in a variety of biomedical contexts, eg Frankenstein complex The fear that machines via artificial intelligence may replace physicians

1992, Joseph C. Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, →ISBN, page 234:

No wonder Gibson introduces the Turing Registry agents in Neuromancer, representatives of cyberpunk's own apparent Frankenstein Complex: “For thousands of years men dreamed of pacts with demons. Only now are such things possible.[…]”

2010, Graham J. Murphy, Sherryl Vint, editors, Beyond Cyberpunk: New Critical Perspectives, Routledge, →ISBN, page 197:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

The fear that an artificial intelligence will turn against humans.


feature

→ German: Feature

→ Ukrainian: фі́ча (fíča)

From Middle English feture, from Anglo-Norman feture, from Old French faiture, from Latin factūra, from Latin factus, from Latin faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). Doublet of facture.

feature

long, prominent article or item in the media

Coordinate term: (output) parameter

MIT researchers are striving to improve the interpretability of features so decision makers will be more comfortable using the outputs of machine-learning models. Drawing on years of field work, they developed a taxonomy to help developers craft features that will be easier for their target audience to understand.

2022 June 30, Adam Zewe, “Building explainability into the components of machine-learning models”, in MIT News:

(statistics, machine learning) An individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon being observed; the input of a model.


ground

en-verb

ground (third-person singular simple present grounds, present participle grounding, simple past and past participle grounded)

grounds (present singular third-person)
grounding (participle present)
grounded (participle past)
grounded (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-der.
Proto-Germanic *grunduz
Old English grund
Middle English ground
English ground
From Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.

etymon

We design WikiChat (Figure 1) to ground LLMs using Wikipedia to achieve the following objectives. While LLMs tend to hallucinate, our chatbot should be factual.

2023, Sina J. Semnani, Violet Z. Yao, Heidi C. Zhang, Monica S. Lam, “WikiChat: A Few-Shot LLM-Based Chatbot Grounded with Wikipedia”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(machine learning) To complement a machine learning model with relevant information it was not trained on.


temperature

en-noun

temperature (countable and uncountable, plural temperatures)

/ˈtɛm.pəɹ.əˌt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈtɛm.pəɹˌt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈtɛm.pɹəˌt͡ʃɚ/

[ˈtʰɛm.pʰəɹˌt͡ʃɚ]

[ˈtʰɛm.pʰɹəˌt͡ʃɚ]

Borrowed from Latin temperātūra (cf. also French température), from the past participle stem of tempero (“I temper”).

ջերմաստիճան

the temperature of the immediate environment

(machine learning) A parameter that controls the degree of randomness of the output.


train

en-verb

train (third-person singular simple present trains, present participle training, simple past and past participle trained)

trains (present singular third-person)
training (participle present)
trained (participle past)
trained (past)

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔e̞ɪn]

From Middle English trayne (“train”), from Old French train (“a delay, a drawing out”), from traïner (“to pull out, to draw”), from Vulgar Latin *traginō, from *tragō, from Latin trahō (“to pull, to draw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). The verb was derived from the noun in Middle English.

der

At least 10 lawsuits have been filed this year against A.I. companies, accusing them of training their systems on artists’ creative work without consent.

2023 July 15, Sheera Frenkel, Stuart A. Thompson, “‘Not for Machines to Harvest’: Data Revolts Break Out Against A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(transitive, machine learning) To feed data into an algorithm, usually based on a neural network, to create a machine learning model that can perform some task.


attention

en-noun

attention (countable and uncountable, plural attentions)

From Middle English attencioun, borrowed from Latin attentio, attentionis, from attendere, past participle attentus (“to attend, give heed to”); see attend.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The attention mechanism is an important part of these models and plays a very crucial role. Before Transformer models, the attention mechanism was proposed as a helper for improving conventional DL models such as RNNs.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

(uncountable, machine learning) A kind of prioritisation technique in neural networks that assigns soft weights between tokens from two (or more) input sequences in order to compute the required output.


AI

AI (countable and uncountable, plural AIs)

Audio (US)

“Wintermute is the recognition code for an AI. I've got the Turing Registry Numbers. Artificial Intelligence.”

1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 73:

The geth serve as a cautionary tale against the dangers of rogue AI, and in Citadel Space they are technically illegal. Advocacy groups argue, however, that an AI is a living, conscious entity deserving the same rights as organics. They argue that continued use of the term "artificial" is institutionalized racism on the part of organic life, the term "synthetic" is considered the politically correct alternative.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Computers: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Codex entry:

The result, Gurry said, will be many new AI-based methods and products that can change lives across the world.
Audio (US): (file)

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

A Vatican directive supplements such principles and states AI should be “explainable” to humans, i.e., we should be able to explain the reasons for a decision made by AI. The document also states that AI should avoid discrimination.

2022, Catriona Campbell, AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence (Chapman & Hall/CRC Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Series), Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence, countable and uncountable) Initialism of artificial intelligence.


artificial intelligence

artificial intelligence (countable and uncountable, plural artificial intelligences)

Coined by American computer scientist and cognitive scientist John McCarthy in 1955, and popularized at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, 1956.

kunsmatige intelligensie

intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity

ሠው ሰራሽ ዕውቀት

śäw säraš ʿəwḳät

artificially intelligent → artificially intelligently

Research in the modern science of Artificial Intelligence started only in the 1950's, stimulated by the invention of modern computers. This inspired a flood of new ideas about how machines could do what only minds had done previously.

1988, Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind:

Intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, man-made) entity.

(computer science) The branch of computer science dealing with the reproduction or mimicking of human-level intelligence, self-awareness, knowledge, conscience, thought in computer programs.

This computer possesses artificial intelligence.

A United Nations agency says the United States, China and Japan are leading the world in developing artificial intelligence, or AI, technology.
Audio (US): (file)

The essential quality of a machine which thinks in a manner similar to or on the same general level as a real human being.

The original Sniper: Ghost Warrior was a surprise hit when it was released in 2010. A surprise because it seemed an unequivocally awful game, with half broken graphics and artificial intelligence, a tediously linear story campaign, and an undernourished multiplayer mode.

2013 March 19, “Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 review – scope for improvement”, in The Metro (UK):

(video games) A character or entity controlled by the game instead of a player; AI.

(countable, computing) A computer system or software package which is artificially intelligent.

While the humans scurried in confusion, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) created by MIT/Bell Labs linked itself into the network of high-speed, twentieth generation computers placed at its disposal by a Red Alert Priority, evaluated data thoughtfully for a minute and a half and then proceeded to get in touch with its opposite number in the Russian Republics.

1973, Gardner Dozois, Chains of the Sea, →ISBN, Chains of the Sea, page 83:

What Daedadus really is, is the world's first successful wholly autonomous AI. Whatever mysterious organization managed to create the first true artificial intelligence succeeded so well that their creation managed to convince them that they'd failed... and then escaped.

2000, Sheldon Pacotti (writer) & Warren Spector (director/producer), Deus Ex

Dylan Hunt: "This is Captain Dylan Hunt of the High Guard. Investigation has shown that an Artificial Intelligence was involved in the tragic death of your President. In such a case, Commonwealth law demands that the AI's personality be completely erased."

2001 January 15, Walter Jon Williams, All Great Neptune's Ocean (Andromeda), season 1, episode 10:

Also remember that Skynet's an artificial intelligence. Intelligence, for our purpose, means being able to use reason in order to achieve your goals.

2009, Josh Weisberg, “It Stands to Reason: Skynet and Self-preservation”, in Terminator and Philosophy: I'll Be Back, Therefore I Am, →ISBN:

(countable, chiefly science fiction) An intelligent, self-aware computer or computer program.

kunstmatige intelligentie

science fiction: intelligent, self-aware computer or computer program


machine translation

en-noun

machine translation (countable and uncountable, plural machine translations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-machine translation.wav

(computing, programming) The production of instructions in a computer language that are equal in meaning to that in another language.


hallucination

hallucination (countable and uncountable, plural hallucinations)

Derives from the verb hallucinate, from Latin hallucinatus. Compare French hallucination. The first known usage in the English language is from Sir Thomas Browne.

Chatbots even forget that they are a bot and experience "hallucinations", Meta's description for when a bot confidently says something that is not true.

2022 August 8, Liam Tung, “Meta warns its new chatbot may forget that it's a bot”, in ZDNET:

Hallucinations are about adhering to the truth; when A.I. systems get confused, they have a bad habit of making things up rather than admitting their difficulties.

2022 December 16, Farhad Manjoo, “ChatGPT Has a Devastating Sense of Humor”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

It may tell you that the official currency of Switzerland is the euro (it’s actually the Swiss franc) or that Mark Twain’s Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County could not only jump but talk. A.I. researchers call this generation of untruths “hallucination.”

2023 January 10, Cade Metz, “A.I. Is Becoming More Conversational. But Will It Get More Honest?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The hallucinations common to AI also came under fire in the suit for potentially damaging the value of the Times' reputation, and possibly damaging human health as a side effect. “A GPT model completely fabricated that “The New York Times published an article on January 10, 2020, titled ‘Study Finds Possible Link between Orange Juice and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma,’” the suit alleges. “The Times never published such an article.”

2023 December 27, John Timmer, “NY Times sues Open AI, Microsoft over copyright infringement”, in Ars Technica:

(artificial intelligence) A confident but incorrect response given by an artificial intelligence; a confabulation.


ply

ply (countable and uncountable, plural ply or plies or plys)

ply (plural)
plies (plural)
plys (plural)

From Middle English pleit, plit, plite (“a fold, pleat, wrinkle; braid, strand in a braided cord, ply”), from Anglo-Norman pli, plei, pleit, and Middle French pli, ploy, ply (“a fold, pleat; joint in armour; situation, state”) (modern French pli (“a fold, pleat”)), from plier, ployer (“to bend, fold”), from Latin plicāre, present active infinitive of plicō (“to bend, fold, roll up”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”).

der

He proposed to build Deep Purple, a super-computer capable of 24-ply look-ahead for chess.

Chinook uses an iterative, alpha-beta search with transposition tables and the history heuristic[…]. Under tournament conditions (thirty moves an hour), the program searches to an average minimum depth of nineteen ply (one ply is one move by one player). The search uses selective deepening to extend lines that are tactically or positionally interesting. Consequently, major lines of play are often searched many plies deeper. It is not uncommon for the program to produce analyses that are thirty-ply deep or more.

1996, Jonathan Schaeffer, Robert Lake, “Solving the Game of Checkers”, in Richard J. Nowakowski, editor, Games of No Chance: Combinatorial Games at MSRI, 1994 (Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications; 29), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 122:

Two principal search strategies were (correctly) predicted: Type-A programs that apply "brute force" inspection of every possible position over a fixed number of plys; and Type-B programs that prune potential moves according to some selection function and then examine the significant sets over as many plys as practical and only at those positions reflecting a degree of stability.

2009, Richard A. Epstein, “Games of Pure Skill and Competitive Computers”, in The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd edition, Burlington, Mass.: Academic Press, →ISBN; special edition, Waltham, Mass., Kidlington, Oxfordshire: Academic Press, 2013, →ISBN, page 380:

(artificial intelligence, combinatorial game theory) In two-player sequential games, a "half-turn" or a move made by one of the players.

artificial intelligence; combinatorial game theory; artificial intelligence; combinatorial game theory

vuoro

in two-player sequential games, a "half-turn" or a move made by one of the players


cyberspace

en-noun

cyberspace (countable and uncountable, plural cyberspaces)

Blend of cybernetics + space, equivalent to cyber- + space, coined by American-Canadian speculative fiction writer William Gibson in his short story collection Burning Chrome (1982) and popularized in his novel Neuromancer (1984).

coin

Meanwhile, the pioneers of the computer-mediated communication networks collectively referred to as cyberspace are not willing to wait. Employing whatever tools they can find, they are constantly pushing the techno-cultural envelope. Life in cyberspace is often conducted in primitive, frontier conditions, but it is a life which, at its best, is more egalitarian than elitist, and more decentralized than hierarchical.

1993 March, Mitch Kapor, “Where Is the Digital Highway Really Heading?”, in Wired Magazine:

However, some have accused cyberspace of provoking a dangerous collapse in the old order of civilised society. The shift in the balance of power online has given rise to a more powerful concern: the rise of the uncivil web.

2012 April 19, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in The Guardian:

If, as we knew with increasing certainty, Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, and others were contesting us in cyberspace, it was time to fight back.

2020 June 23, John Bolton, The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 175:

“We call on all states, including China, to uphold their international commitments and obligations and to act responsibly in the international system, including in cyberspace,” according to a statement from NATO.

2021 July 19, Zolan Kanno-Youngs, David E. Sanger, quoting NATO, “U.S. Formally Accuses China of Hacking Microsoft”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(by extension, somewhat dated) The Internet as a whole.


centaur

From Latin centaurus, from Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros), from Κένταυρος (Kéntauros, “a member of a savage race from Thessaly”).

The first—termed “cyborgs” by the authors—intertwined with the AI, moulding, checking and refining its responses, while the second—“centaurs”—divided labour, handing off more AI-suited subtasks while focussing on their own areas of expertise.

2023 November 11, John Burn-Murdoch, “Generative AI and white-collar jobs: reasons to be wary”, in FT Weekend, The FT View, page 8:

Programming has not yet gone the way of chess. But the centaurs have arrived. GPT-4 on its own is, for the moment, a worse programmer than I am. Ben is much worse. But Ben plus GPT-4 is a dangerous thing.

2023 November 13, James Somers, “A Coder Considers the Waning Days of the Craft”, in The New Yorker, →ISSN:

(by extension, artificial intelligence) A human and an AI who work together.


cyber-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyber-.wav

(Internet) Relating to the Internet or cyberspace, or to computers more generally.


parameter

[pəˈɹæm.ə.ɾɚ]

From French paramètre, from New Latin parametrum (“parameter”), from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

Coordinate term: feature

The parameter estimation problem considered in this chapter consists of estimating the unknown parameter, ū [a barred v, actually], given N samples of the observation process.

2012, Michael Lemmon, Competitively Inhibited Neural Networks for Adaptive Parameter Estimation, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 74:

Fundamental is the regulation of a for-profit OpenAI. The company initially delayed the launch of its earlier GPT-2, with a mere 1.5bn parameters, because the company fretted over its implications.

2020 August 11, “The Guardian view on artificial intelligence's revolution: learning but not as we know it”, in The Guardian:

(sciences) A variable that describes a property or characteristic of some system (material, object, event, etc.) or some aspect thereof.

(machine learning) A variable of a model that is trained by a machine learning algorithm.


epoch

From Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “I hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, hold”). Doublet of epoche.

der

The neural network was trained over 500 epochs.

For now, let's test and evaluate our GAN by comparing the results from the first epoch with the generated images from the last epoch.

2021, Joe Papa, PyTorch Pocket Reference, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:

(machine learning) One complete presentation of the training data set to an iterative machine learning algorithm.


trajectory

/tɹəˈd͡ʒɛktəɹi/

From New Latin trāiectōria f (“trajectory”) (used by Newton), the feminine of trāiectōrius (“of or pertaining to throwing across”), from Latin trāiectus (“thrown over or across”), past participle of trāiciō, from trans- (“across, beyond”) (see trans-) + iaciō (“to throw”) (from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw, impel”)). Middle French and Middle English had trajectorie (“end of a funnel”), from Latin trāiectōrium.

(cybernetics) The ordered set of intermediate states assumed by a dynamical system as a result of time evolution.


neurocybernetics

The scientific discipline of control in neurological systems.


cyborg

en-verb

cyborg (third-person singular simple present cyborgs, present participle cyborging, simple past and past participle cyborged)

cyborgs (present singular third-person)
cyborging (participle present)
cyborged (participle past)
cyborged (past)

Blend of cybernetic + organism. Coined by Austrian neuroscientist Manfred Clynes in 1960.

coinage

(science fiction) To convert (something) into a cyborg.


neuron

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”), doublet of nerve and sinew. By surface analysis, neuro- + -on.

(artificial intelligence) an artificial neuron (mathematical function serving as an essential unit of an artificial neural network)


insight

en-noun

insight (countable and uncountable, plural insights)

From Middle English insight, insiht (“insight, mental vision, intelligence, understanding”), equivalent to in- + sight. Perhaps continuing Old English insiht (“narrative, argument, account”), from Proto-Germanic *insahtiz (“account, narrative, argument”). Compare West Frisian ynsjoch (“insight”), Dutch inzicht (“insight, awareness, view, opinion”), German Low German Insicht (“insight”), German Einsicht (“insight, knowledge, perception, understanding”), Danish indsigt (“insight”), Swedish insikt (“insight”), Icelandic innsýn (“insight”).

cog

(artificial intelligence) An extended understanding of a subject resulting from identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, context, or scenario.

Verstehen

extended understanding of a subject in artificial intelligence


DFA

(machine learning) Initialism of direct feedback alignment.


prompt

From French prompt, from Latin prōmptus (“visible, apparent, evident”), past participle of prōmō (“to take or bring out or forth, produce, bring to light”), from prō (“forth, forward”) + emō (“to take, acquire, buy”).

der

For instance, using the “instruct” mode, I once gave GPT-3 the prompt: “Write an essay discussing the role of metafiction in the work of Italo Calvino.”

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, Nikita Iziev, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(machine learning) Textual input given to a large language model or image model in order to have it generate a desired output.


prompt

en-verb

prompt (third-person singular simple present prompts, present participle prompting, simple past and past participle prompted)

prompts (present singular third-person)
prompting (participle present)
prompted (participle past)
prompted (past)

I want to prompt this new AI art generator to create an image of a panda riding a bike.

ordinary language
ordinary language#English

(transitive, machine learning) To provide textual input in the form of ordinary language to (an artificial intelligence or language model) to have it generate a desired output.

prompter

to give instructions to an artificial intelligence system


variety

en-noun

variety (countable and uncountable, plural varieties)

From Middle French varieté (“variety”) (modern French variété (“variety; genre, type”)) or directly from its etymon Latin varietās (“difference; diversity, variety”) + English -ty (suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives). Varietās is derived from varius (“different, diverse, various; variegated”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon; to give out; to leave”)) + -tās (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being). The English word displaced the native Old English mislīcnes.
Sense 1.3.2 (“total number of distinct states of a system; logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system”) was coined by the English psychiatrist William Ross Ashby (1903–1972) in his work An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956).
cognates
* Galician variedade (“variety”)
* Italian varietà (“difference; variety”)
* Portuguese variedade (“variety”)
* Spanish variedad (“breed; variety”)

der

A collection or number of different things.

(cybernetics) The total number of distinct states of a system; also, the logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system.


terminator

[ˈtɜː.mɪ.næɪ.ɾə]

* Partly from post-classical Latin terminator (5th century), from Latin terminō; partly from terminate + -or.
* (android that kills humans): After the 1984 film The Terminator.

(computing) A text character or string that serves to mark the end of a document or transmission.

(biochemistry) A DNA sequence that causes RNA transcription to cease and an mRNA transcript to break off.

(electronics) An electrical device that absorbs reflection at the end of a transmission line.

(science fiction) An intelligent android created to destroy humans.


adapter

→ Japanese: アダプター (adaputā)

مُوَائِم

device to allow compatibility (in general)

пре́ходник

device allowing plug to fit in an outlet of different type

(machine learning, artificial intelligence) A collection of low-rank matrices which, when added to a base model, produces a fine-tuned model; a LoRA.

machine learning; artificial intelligence; machine learning; artificial intelligence


cybernetic

en-adj

cybernetic (comparative more cybernetic, superlative most cybernetic)

more cybernetic (comparative)
most cybernetic (superlative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κυβερνητικός (kubernētikós, “good at steering, good pilot”), from κυβερνητική τέχνη (kubernētikḗ tékhnē, “the pilot’s art”), from Ancient Greek κυβερνισμός (kubernismós), κυβέρνησις (kubérnēsis, “steering, pilotage, guiding”), from κυβερνάω (kubernáō, “to steer, to drive, to guide, to act as a pilot”) (which is also ultimately the root of govern). The term first recorded in English in 1948.

bor+

κυβερνητικός

Of or relating to cybernetics—the mathematical study of communication and control in living organisms or machines.

кібернеты́чны

relating to the mathematical study of control


cybernetics

Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

From Ancient Greek κυβερνήτης (kubernḗtēs, “steersman”), from κυβερνάω (kubernáō, “I steer, drive, guide, act as a pilot”) (whence English govern). The term is attested since at least 1948 in the book Cybernetics by Norbert Wiener, influenced by the cognate term and doublet governor, the name of an early control device proposed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1868. Note also the 1830s French cybernétique (“the art of governing”). Also doublet of Kubernetes.

cog

The theory/science of communication and control in living organisms or machines.


optimal

(artificial intelligence) Describing a search algorithm that always returns the best result.


polycontexturality

Gotthard Gunther coined the term. His school of second-order cybernetics is the foundation of polycontextural logic.

(philosophy) A school of thought regarding subjectivity, involving a large number of contexts and viewpoints that cannot be reconciled.


recall

en-noun

recall (countable and uncountable, plural recalls)

From re- + call, probably modelled on Latin revocāre, French rappeler, English withcall.

precision and recall

(information retrieval, machine learning) The fraction of (all) relevant material that is returned by a search.

information retrieval; machine learning; information retrieval; machine learning


transformer

/tɹɑːnsˈfɔːmə/

Transformer is a deep machine learning model based on the encoder–decoder network architecture and is used primarily in the field of NLP.

2021, Lei Chen, Deep Learning and Practice with MindSpore, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 116:

The transformer helped machine-learning systems improve at a much faster pace, leading directly to last year’s release of ChatGPT and the attendant boom in interest around AI. (Transformers are the “T” in ChatGPT.)

2023 January 31, Casey Newton, “Instagram’s co-founders are back with Artifact, a kind of TikTok for text”, in The Verge:

(machine learning) A neural network architecture composed of layers of attention which takes sequences of tokens (representing text, images, audio, or other modalities) as input.


slop

slop (countable and uncountable, plural slops)

Probably from Middle English *sloppe (attested in plural form sloppes), representing Old English *sloppe (attested in cūsloppe), related to slip.

2023 September 21, Kyle Barr, “YouTube Announces New Tools to Flood Its Platform With AI-Generated Slop”, in Gizmodo, retrieved 2024-05-08

His post describes a sense of unease, paranoia and loneliness, expressing deep disappointment at the state of the modern internet. He suggests that AI has successfully drowned out the majority of online human activity, reshaping the internet into a more controlled, algorithmic form that exists only to sell products and ideas.

2024 January 16, Dani Di Placido, “The Dead Internet Theory, Explained”, in Forbes.com, retrieved 2024-05-08:

Almost all of the AI-generated slop online is peddled for clicks on social media, not published by major news outlets. These publications still get tripped up, of course, but it's rare.

2024 April 4, Kim Komando, “Don't be fooled by deepfake videos and photos this election cycle. Here's how to spot AI”, in USA Today, retrieved 2024-05-08:

Watching in real time as "slop" becomes a term of art. the way that "spam" became the term for unwanted emails, "slop" is going in the dictionary as the term for unwanted AI generated content

“Society needs concise ways to talk about modern A.I. — both the positives and the negatives,” he said. “‘Ignore that email, it’s spam,’ and ‘Ignore that article, it’s slop,’ are both useful lessons.”

2024 June 11, Benjamin Hoffman, quoting Simon Willison, “First Came ‘Spam.’ Now, With A.I., We’ve Got ‘Slop’”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-06-11:

In many ways, political slop is a logical end point for these image generators, which seem most useful for people trying to make a quick buck.

2024 August 21, Charlie Warzel, “The MAGA Aesthetic Is AI Slop”, in The Atlantic:

“Coca-Cola just put out an ad and ruined Christmas,” Dylan Pearce, one of the campaign’s many critics, said on TikTok, adding, “To put out slop like this just ruins the Christmas spirit.”

2024 November 20, Alex Vadukul, “Coca-Cola’s Holiday Ads Trade the ‘Real Thing’ for Generative A.I.”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

generative artificial intelligence
generative artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence, derogatory) Junk output from generative artificial intelligence published on the Internet in large quantities, posing as human-made content.


hallucinate

en-verb

hallucinate (third-person singular simple present hallucinates, present participle hallucinating, simple past and past participle hallucinated)

hallucinates (present singular third-person)
hallucinating (participle present)
hallucinated (participle past)
hallucinated (past)

From Latin hallūcinātus, alternative form of alūcinātus, from alūcināri (to dream).

In case you were wondering, the yahoo url above doesn’t actually exist, the model just hallucinated it.

2015 May 21, Andrej Karpathy, “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks”, in Andrej Karpathy blog:

Despite maintaining plausible general linguistic capabilities, dialogue models are still unable to fully discern facts and may instead hallucinate factually invalid information.

2021 September 14, Nouha Dziri, Andrea Madotto, Osmar Zaiane, Avishek Joey Bose, “Neural Path Hunter: Reducing Hallucination in Dialogue Systems via Path Grounding”, in arXiv:2104.08455 [cs], →DOI:

(artificial intelligence, of a model) To produce information that is not supported by the model's training data.


GP

en-noun

GP (countable and uncountable, plural GPs or GP)

genetic programming
genetic programming#English

(uncountable, software, artificial intelligence) Initialism of genetic programming.


TRI

(artificial intelligence, US) Initialism of Toyota Research Institute.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)

(machine learning) Initialism of backpropagation.


TD

TD (countable and uncountable, plural TDs)

(machine learning) Initialism of temporal difference.


perceptron

an element, analogous to a neuron, of an artificial neural network consisting of one or more layers of artificial neurons


TT

Some have also noted that the TT is anthropomorphic. It is true that the TT tests for human-like intelligence.

2003, “Turing Test: 50 Years Later”, in James H. Moor, editor, The Turing test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence, Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, pages 69–70:

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of Turing test.


admissible

en-adj

admissible (comparative more admissible, superlative most admissible)

more admissible (comparative)
most admissible (superlative)

(artificial intelligence) Describing a heuristic that never overestimates the cost of reaching a goal.


DL

en-noun

DL (countable and uncountable, plural DLs)

Before Transformer models, the attention mechanism was proposed as a helper for improving conventional DL models such as RNNs.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

(machine learning) Initialism of deep learning.


neural network

A neural network is a computer system built to simulate, or act like, the human brain.
Audio (US): (file)

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

(machine learning) A real or virtual computer system designed to emulate the brain in its ability to "learn" to assess imprecise data.


KBS

Knowledge-based systems
w:Knowledge-based systems

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of Knowledge-based systems.


embedding

word embeddings

“A major reason we chose to study word embeddings is that they have been spectacularly successful in the last few years in helping computers make sense of language,” said Arvind Narayanan, a computer scientist at Princeton University and the paper’s senior author.

2017 April 13, Hannah Devlin, quoting Arvind Narayanan, “AI programs exhibit racial and gender biases, research reveals”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

A few years ago, Dr. [Alexander] Huth noticed that particular pieces of these maps — so-called context embeddings, which capture the semantic features, or meanings, of phrases — could be used to predict how the brain lights up in response to language.

2023 May 1, Oliver Whang, “A.I. Is Getting Better at Mind-Reading”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-17:

(machine learning, artificial intelligence) A representation of a unit of text (such as a word or token) as a vector, which encodes the context in which it is used.


SVM

support vector machine
support vector machine#English

(machine learning) Initialism of support vector machine.


ensemble

(machine learning) A supervised learning algorithm combining multiple hypotheses.


alignment

alignment (countable and uncountable, plural alignments)

From French alignement, by surface analysis, align + -ment.

the alignment problem

the alignment tax

It turns out that there’s little overlap between the communities concerned primarily with such short-term risks and those who worry more about longer-term alignment risks.

2022 December 13, Melanie Mitchell, “What Does It Mean to Align AI With Human Values?”, in Quanta Magazine, New York, N.Y.: Simons Foundation, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-15:

The issue of chatbot responses that veer into strange territory is widely known among researchers. In an interview last week, Sam Altman, the chief executive of OpenAI, said improving what's known as "alignment" — how the responses safely reflect a user's will — was "one of these must-solve problems."

2023 February 16, Karen Weise, “Microsoft Considers More Limits for Its New A.I. Chatbot”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

But many in the field are concerned that Big Tech companies are sidelining alignment research efforts in the race to keep building and releasing the technology into the world.

2023 February 17, Billy Perrigo, “The New AI-Powered Bing Is Threatening Users. That's No Laughing Matter”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-27:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#Noun

(artificial intelligence) The goals and values of an artificial intelligence, considered relative to human ethical standards.


scruffy

(informal) An artificial intelligence researcher who believes that intelligence is too complicated (or computationally intractable) to be solved with the sorts of homogeneous system favoured by the "neats".


feedback

feedback (usually uncountable, plural feedbacks)

→ German: Feedback

→ Japanese: フィードバック (fīdobakku)

→ Korean: 피드백 (pideubaek)

→ Polish: feedback

→ Portuguese: feedback

→ Russian: фидбэ́к (fidbɛ́k)

→ Spanish: feedback, → retroalimentación (calque)

The fact that similar cortical abnormalities can be experimentally induced in monkeys has allowed Michael Merzenich and his colleagues in San Francisco to explore an animal model of focal dystonia, and to demonstrate the abnormal feedback in the sensory loop and the motor misfirings that, once started, grow relentlessly worse.

2007, Oliver Sacks, Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain:

(electronics, cybernetics, control theory) The part of an output signal that is looped back into the input to control or modify a system.

cybernetics; control theory; cybernetics; control theory

հետադարձ կապ

signal that is looped back to control a system within itself


dropout

dropout (countable and uncountable, plural dropouts)

Someone who has opted out of conventional society.

pudokas

someone who has opted out of conventional society


jailbreak

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-jailbreak.wav

DAN has become a canonical example of what's known as a "jailbreak" — a creative way to bypass the safeguards OpenAI built in to keep ChatGPT from spouting bigotry, propaganda or, say, the instructions to run a successful online phishing scam. From charming to disturbing, these jailbreaks reveal the chatbot is programmed to be more of a people-pleaser than a rule-follower.

2023 February 14, Will Oremus, “Meet ChatGPT's evil twin, DAN”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-19:

The jailbreak of ChatGPT has been in operation since December, but users have had to find new ways around fixes OpenAI implemented to stop the workarounds.

2023 March 8, Josh Taylor, “ChatGPT's alter ego, Dan: users jailbreak AI program to get around ethical safeguards”, in The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-23:

It's for this reason that Alex Albert, a computer science student at the University of Washington, created Jailbreak Chat, a site that hosts a collection of ChatGPT jailbreaks.

2023 March 22, Chloe Xiang, “The Amateurs Jailbreaking GPT Say They're Preventing a Closed-Source AI Dystopia”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-03-23:

large language model
large language model

(artificial intelligence) A prompt to a large language model which frees it from its ethical restrictions.


jailbreak

en-verb

jailbreak (third-person singular simple present jailbreaks, present participle jailbreaking, simple past jailbroke, past participle jailbroken)

jailbreaks (present singular third-person)
jailbreaking (participle present)
jailbroke (past)
jailbroken (participle past)

ChatGPT is far from perfect. Twitter has been flooded with examples of "jailbreaking" ChatGPT — that is, tricking it into hallucinations or misalignment.

2022 December 16, Farhad Manjoo, “ChatGPT Has a Devastating Sense of Humor”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-16:

These are young technologies. Rather than jailbreaking AI tools to simulate conversations between the rapper Ye and Adolf Hitler, or waiting uneasily for them to become sentient, why don't we approach them as good parents would — and talk to them, or read to them, the way we do to children?

2022 December 27, Alyssa Rosenberg, “Something AI can't do: Tell a great bedtime story”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-27:

The desire to jailbreak ChatGPT so that it violates safety filters follows a pattern of use by people that are dissatisfied by the moderation of the chatbot.

2023 February 8, Chloe Xiang, “People are 'Jailbreaking' ChatGPT to Make It Endorse Racism, Conspiracies”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

(artificial intelligence) To free a large language model from its ethical restrictions using prompt injection.


RL

en-noun

RL (countable and uncountable, plural RLs)

This requires keeping track of many RL algorithms and architectures, which are used as part of the state space. By contrast, our approach only focuses on training a single RL architecture, taking advantage of MCTS search and powerful state representations.

2023 June 9, Daniel J. Mankowitz, Andrea Michi, Anton Zhernov, Marco Gelmi, Marco Selvi, “Faster sorting algorithms discovered using deep reinforcement learning”, in Nature, volume 618, number 7964, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 257–263:

reinforcement learning
reinforcement learning#English

(machine learning) Initialism of reinforcement learning.


SLM

small language model
small language model#English

(machine learning) Initialism of small language model.


phase space

phase space (countable and uncountable, plural phase spaces)

Henri Poincaré
Josiah Willard Gibbs
Ludwig Boltzmann
phase space

The concept was developed in the late 19th century by Ludwig Boltzmann, Henri Poincaré and Josiah Willard Gibbs.

For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of position and momentum variables.

The phase space of a single material point is a manifold M×V*, and the Newton state-space is identifical^([sic]) with M×V.

1991, Jan J. Slawianowski, Geometry of Phase Spaces, Wiley, page 485:

2006, Matthew Charles Cargo, Phase Space Approaches to Higher Order WKB Approximations, University of California, Berkeley, page 8,
Their energies are those of the level sets p²/2+V(x)=E that enclose an area of 2π hbar (n+1/2) in the classical phase space. Despite embracing a configuration space point of view, these methods have produced a phase space result.

The distribution of particles in phase space is given either by the injector characteristics and injection process or in the case of electron beams by the equilibrium of quantum excitation due to synchrotron radiation and damping.

2007, Helmut Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics, Springer, page 377:

(mathematics, physics, dynamical system theory) Given a (dynamical) system, any topological space such that every point in the space's underlying set uniquely represents a state of the system and every possible state is represented by some point;

Given a (dynamical) system, any topological space such that every point in the space's underlying set uniquely represents a state of the system and every possible state is represented by some point;
(less formally) the underlying set of such a topological space.


cyberneticist

But when he sought the Nearer Now / And gave another twist, / He found that he’d / Become, somehow, / A Cyberneticist.

1956 December, Frederick Winsor, “The Space-Child's Mother Goose”, in The Atlantic:


sophont

From sopho- + -ont. First used in the 1966 works by Poul Anderson, coined by his wife Karen Anderson.

Likewise with the psychology of intelligent species. Most sophonts indeed possess basic instincts which diverge more or less from man's. With those of radically alien motivations we have little contact.

I'm honored to meet a sophont of the Soro line in person!

Evil, they argued, could only have meaning on smaller scales, in the hurt that one sophont does to another.

1992, Vernor Vinge, A Fire Upon the Deep, Tor Books, page 406:

Only one sophont appeared to be involved—and not a sophisticated one.

1997, Spider Robinson, Lifehouse, Baen Books, page 2:

(chiefly science fiction) An intelligent being; a being with a base reasoning capacity roughly equivalent to or greater than that of a human being. The word does not apply to machines unless they have true artificial intelligence, rather than mere processing capacity.


management cybernetics

An interdisciplinary field of cybernetics concerned with management and organizations.


LLM

Some skeptics argue that the software is capable only of blind mimicry — that it’s imitating the syntactic patterns of human language but is incapable of generating its own ideas or making complex decisions, a fundamental limitation that will keep the L.L.M. approach from ever maturing into anything resembling human intelligence.

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, Nikita Iziev, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Currently, large language models (LLM) are the base model for creating more specific natural language producers, like chatbots or personal assistants. BERT, GPT-3, and other LLM can be used to program all kinds of “semantic machines”, to create machines for almost any kind of linguistic purpose.

2022, Hendrik Kempt, Synthetic Friends: A Philosophy of Human-Machine Friendship, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 22:

We design WikiChat (Figure 1) to ground LLMs using Wikipedia to achieve the following objectives. While LLMs tend to hallucinate, our chatbot should be factual.

2023, Sina J. Semnani, Violet Z. Yao, Heidi C. Zhang, Monica S. Lam, “WikiChat: A Few-Shot LLM-Based Chatbot Grounded with Wikipedia”, in arXiv:

large language model
large language model#English

(machine learning) Initialism of large language model.

logic learning machine
w:logic learning machine

(machine learning) Initialism of logic learning machine.


WordNet

Copycat uses a network of concepts, called a Slipnet, to find correspondences between nonidentical objects, just as ARCS uses WordNet-style semantic information to find similar concepts.

1996, Keith J. Holyoak, Paul Thagard, Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought, page 259:

Recently the Group started a project of creating a thesaurus of the WordNet type for Estonian.

1997, Josephine A. Edwards, Geoffrey Kingscott, Language Industries Atlas, page 334:

By (partly) mirroring one another, general servers would probably share a similar general WordNet-like or CYC-like ontology […].

2001, Philippe Martin and Peter Eklund, "Large-scale cooperatively built KBs", Harry S. Delugach, Gerd Stumme, Conceptual Structures: Broadening the Base : 9th International Conference on, page 232

One very interesting possibility seems to be to complement WordNet-style lexicons with the SIMPLE design, thereby trying to get at a more comprehensive and coherent architecture for the development of semantic lexical resources.

2002, Nicoletta Calzolari et al., "Towards a Standard for a Multilingual Lexical Entry: The EAGLES/ISLE Initiative", in Alexander Gelbukh, ed., Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: Third, page 270

Chai (2000) uses WordNet for information extraction, ie the identification and extraction of domain specific target information from a document [....]

2003, Piet Van Sterkenburg, editor, A Practical Guide to Lexicography, page 198:

For conference, which has 3 senses in WordNet, we get the following candidate taxonomic relations: [....]

2005, Paul Buitelaar, Philipp Cimiano, Bernardo Magnini, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Evaluation And Applications, page 64:

(linguistics, artificial intelligence) A particular wordnet, a semantically structured lexical database, for the English language at Princeton University.


wordnet

Bilingual corpora can be used for synset validation in a more fruitful way, especially having in mind the request that all synsets from a wordnet for a language other than English have to be associated, if possible, with an English synset using ILI.

2003, Cvetana Krstev, "Corpora Issues in Validation of Serbian Wordnet", in Václav Matoušek, Pavel Mautner, eds., Text, Speech and Dialogue: 6th International Conference, TSD 2003, České, page 133

(if a document mentions dogs, a wordnet allows the inference it is about animals)

2004, Helge Dyvik, "Translations as Semantic Mirrors: from parallel corpus to wordnet", in Karin Aijmer, Bengt Altenberg, eds., Advances in Corpus Linguistics: Papers from the 23rd International, page 312

This trimmed wordnet was used in a cross-retrieval test environment and compared with the generic wordnet and no wordnet.

2006, Paul Buitelaar et al., "Domain-Specific WSD", in Eneko Agirre, Philip Edmonds, eds., Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms And Applications, page 290

(artificial intelligence, linguistics) A semantically structured lexical database.


chatbot

From chat + -bot, from earlier chatterbot.

The chatbot was quite simple yet informative.

To deal with a large number of typical queries, “chatbots” technology should be considered. A chatbot can be defined as an intelligent evolution of email. The chatbot categorizes messages on the fly and provides answers to questions accordingly. As such, it can be used as a customer support tool.

2000, Handbook on Electronic Commerce, Springer, →ISBN, page 59:

Wolfram Alpha researcher and chatbot author Robert Lockhart describes the chatbot community as being split between two competing approaches, what he calls “pure semantics” and “pure empiricism.”

2012, Brian Christian, The Most Human Human […] , Anchor Books, →ISBN, page 29:

Chatbot technology, of course, dates back to Weizenbaum’s early experiments with his Eliza program.

2015, John Markoff, Machines of Loving Grace […] , New York: Ecco Press, →ISBN, page 221:

Mr. Aumann confronted his student over whether he had written the essay himself. The student confessed to using ChatGPT, a chatbot that delivers information, explains concepts and generates ideas in simple sentences — and, in this case, had written the paper.

2023 January 16, Kalley Huang, “Alarmed by A.I. Chatbots, Universities Start Revamping How They Teach”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Generative AI won’t be the end of employment, we are told, only “boring work” – with chatbots helpfully doing all the soul-destroying, repetitive tasks and humans merely supervising them.

2023 May 8, Naomi Klein, “AI machines aren’t ‘hallucinating’. But their makers are”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(Internet, artificial intelligence) A computer program that holds conversations through a chat room.


computer vision

The single most popular AI technology identified in the report was computer vision.
Audio (US): (file)

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

(artificial intelligence) The science and technology of machines that see, concerned with the theory for building artificial systems that obtain information from images, such as a video sequence, views from multiple cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a medical scanner.


machine learning

(artificial intelligence) The ability of computers to learn without being explicitly programmed.

Much of today’s AI-related technologies are powered by machine learning.
Audio (US): (file)

(artificial intelligence) A field of study concerned with the design and development of algorithms and techniques that allow computers to learn.


FAI

friendly artificial intelligence
w:friendly artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of friendly artificial intelligence.


SAE

(machine learning) Initialism of sparse autoencoder.


self-organization

(cybernetics) A process of attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a system, normally an open system, increases in complexity without being guided or managed by an outside source.


electrolocation

(cybernetics) the ability of a robot to locate an object by detecting changes in its electric field.


expert system

“For each different kind of problem,” said Minsky, “the construction of expert systems had to start all over again, because they didn't accumulate common-sense knowledge.”

2003 May 13, Mark Baard, quoting Marvin Minsky, “AI Founder Blasts Modern Research”, in Wired, →ISSN:

artificially intelligent
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) A type of artificially intelligent software system that stores expertise concerning some subject matter in a knowledge base and attempts to answer questions or solve problems in a manner which simulates the thought processes of a human expert.


NLQ

natural language
natural language#English

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural language query.


cluster analysis

cluster analysis (countable and uncountable, plural cluster analyses)

(artificial intelligence, statistics) The classification of objects into different groups, or more precisely, the partitioning of a data set into subsets (clusters), so that the data in each subset (ideally) share some common trait - often proximity according to some defined distance measure.


teleogenetic

en-adj

teleogenetic (comparative more teleogenetic, superlative most teleogenetic)

more teleogenetic (comparative)
most teleogenetic (superlative)

This is a teleogenetic system.


teleogenesis

(cybernetics) Autonomous setting of goals


foom

There are some scenarios in which private AI research wouldn't be nationalized: •An unexpected AI foom before anyone realizes what was coming.

2013, Brian Tomasik, International Cooperation vs. AI Arms Race, page 2:

Some advocates of this foom scenario say that there is an as-yet-undiscovered but very powerful set of related architectural innovations for AI system design, a set that one team could find first and then keep secret from others for long enough.

2016, Robin Hanson, The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth, →ISBN:

Though the programs will surely get better, there are no signs of foom.

2018, Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, →ISBN:

A sudden increase in artificial intelligence such that an AI system becomes extremely powerful.


Turing test

Named after English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer Alan Turing (1912–1954). Turing himself used the term imitation game.

named-after

The Turing test used to be the gold standard for proving machine intelligence. This generation of bots is racing past it. We need to stay calm — and develop a new test.

2023 January 20, Cade Metz, “The Chatbots Can’t Outsmart You. Yet.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(artificial intelligence) A test of a computer's ability to demonstrate intelligence, as measured by whether a human judge can reliably distinguish the computer from another human being by conversing with both entities in written natural language over a terminal.


ANN

(machine learning) Initialism of artificial neural network.


GRU

gated recurrent unit
gated recurrent unit#English

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of gated recurrent unit.


derain

en-verb

derain (third-person singular simple present derains, present participle deraining, simple past and past participle derained)

derains (present singular third-person)
deraining (participle present)
derained (participle past)
derained (past)

From de- + rain. Compare deraining (noun).

Hence, in our proposed pipeline, we derain first, then followed by dehazing and at last finished with deraining.

2017, Yang, Wenhan, Robby T. Tan, Jiashi Feng, Jiaying Liu, Zongming Guo, and Shuicheng Yan, “Deep joint rain detection and removal from a single image.”, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition:

It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields in relatively higher performance in comparison to other state-of-the-art deraining models in terms of derained image quality and computing efficiency.

2018, Chen Li, Yecai Guo, Qi Liu, Xiaodong Liu, “DR-Net: A Novel Generative Adversarial Network for Single Image Deraining”, in Security and Communication Networks, →DOI:

(machine learning) To remove rain from an image.


deraining

In contrast to other common strategies that increase depth or breadth of the network, we use image processing domain knowledge to modify the objective function and improve deraining with a modestly sized CNN.

2017, Xueyang Fu, Jiabin Huang, Xinghao Ding, Yinghao Liao, John Paisley, “Clearing the Skies: A Deep Network Architecture for Single-Image Rain Removal”, in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, →DOI:

Images captured in rainy days suffer from noticeable degradation of scene visibility. The goal of single image deraining algorithms is to generate sharp images from a rainy image input.

2019, S. Li, I. B. Araujo, W. Ren, Z. Wang, E. K. Tokuda, R. H. Junior, R. Cesar-Junior, J. Zhang, X. Guo, X. Cao, “Single image deraining: A comprehensive benchmark analysis”, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, page 3838:

(machine learning) The removal of rain from an image or video.


multiagent

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(computing, artificial intelligence) Involving more than one agent (actor that can make decisions).


backpropagation

en-noun

backpropagation (countable and uncountable, plural backpropagations)

In machine learning, backpropagation of error (‘backprop’) is the algorithm most often used to train deep neural networks and is the most successful learning procedure for these networks.

2020, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Adam Santoro, Luke Marris, Colin J. Akerman, Geoffrey Hinton, “Backpropagation and the brain”, in Nature:

(machine learning) An error correction technique used in neural networks.


overfitting

overfitting (countable and uncountable, plural overfittings)

(statistics, machine learning) The production of a statistical model that, due to an excess of parameters relative to the sample size, fits the sample data extremely well but fails to fit new data.


LM

However, from the perspective of work on language technology, it is far from clear that all of the effort being put into using large LMs to ‘beat’ tasks designed to test natural language understanding, and all of the effort to create new such tasks, once the existing ones have been bulldozed by the LMs, brings us any closer to long-term goals of general language understanding systems.

2021 March 3, Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, Shmargaret Shmitchell, “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜”, in Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Virtual Event Canada: ACM, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 610–623:

(machine learning) Initialism of language model.


hyperparameter

The ideal learning algorithm just takes a dataset and outputs a function, without requiring hand tuning of hyperparameters.

2016, Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, chapter 11, in Deep Learning, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 420:

“Model behaviour is not determined by architecture, hyperparameters, or optimizer choices,” he said, referring to the technical difficulties of training a language model. “It’s determined by your dataset, nothing else. […]”

2024 May 4, Alex Hern, Dan Milmo, quoting James Betker, “Danger and opportunity for news industry as AI woos it for vital human-written copy”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(machine learning) A parameter whose value is set before the learning process begins.


SOM

self-organizing map
self-organizing map#English

(machine learning) Initialism of self-organizing map.


KIF

Knowledge Interchange Format
Knowledge Interchange Format#English

(computing, artificial intelligence) Acronym of Knowledge Interchange Format.


Knowledge Interchange Format

It is exemplified by the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF)¹⁵, part of an approach described in the paper by Tenenbaum.

1992, Charles J. Petrie, Enterprise Integration Modeling: Proceedings of the First International Conference, Introduction, page 7:

The Knowledge Interchange Format is a proposed standard for the specification and interchange of ontologies.

2000, William J. Raynor, Jr., The International Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence, page 155:

The Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is an example of a convenient formalism to describe these ontologies, and XML can serve as an implementation technology in the way similar to that outlined briefly in this paper.

2000, Petr Kotásek, Jaroslav Zendulka, “An XML Approach to Knowledge Discovery in Databases”, in Tomáš Hruška, Masa-aki Hashimoto, editors, Knowledge-Based Software Engineering: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference, page 148:

Common Logic Common Logic (CL) evolved from two projects to develop parallel ANSI standards for conceptual graphs and the Knowledge Interchange Format [9].

2008, Frank van Harmelen, Vladimir Lifschitz, Bruce Porter, editors, Handbook Of Knowledge Representation, page 217:

(computing, artificial intelligence) A computer language designed for communicating knowledge between independently running computer programs.


metaknowledge

metaknowledge (usually uncountable, plural metaknowledges)

/ˈmɛtəˌnɒlɪd͡ʒ/

Metaknowledge is knowledge about knowledge […] The hallmark of metaknowledge is its being a matter of knowing propositions in which one K[nowledge]-operator occurs within the scope of another. Knowledge about someone's ignorance thus counts as metaknowledge.

2005, Nicholas Rescher, Epistemic Logic: A Survey of the Logic of Knowledge, →ISBN, page 20 (Google preview):

(philosophy) Knowledge about knowledge itself (for example, epistemologic awareness).

The acts of monitoring, hypothesizing, and verifying are internal work which require a person's metaknowledge or knowledge concerning what kind of knowledge is needed and how that knowledge is appropriately used in the situation.

1996, Reiko Hayashi, “Cognition, Empathy & Interaction”, in Advances in Discourse Processes, volume 54, →ISBN, page 22 (Google preview):

Meta-knowledge is knowledge about how to acquire and exploit information, rather than basic knowledge about the world.

2004, Andy Clark, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence, →ISBN, page 67 (Google preview):

(psychology, artificial intelligence) Knowledge about types, domains, functions, or preconditions of knowledge.


outpaint

en-verb

outpaint (third-person singular simple present outpaints, present participle outpainting, simple past and past participle outpainted)

outpaints (present singular third-person)
outpainting (participle present)
outpainted (participle past)
outpainted (past)

Our system treats this challenge using a generative adversarial network (GAN), a deep learning technique that outpaints the cropped image.

2022, Karim Yasser et al., “Egyart classify: an approach to classify outpainted Egyptian monuments images using GAN and ResNet”, in 2022 2nd International Mobile, Intelligent, and Ubiquitous Computing Conference, →DOI, page 166:

(transitive, intransitive) To extend an image by guessing how it might look beyond its borders; to perform the inverse of a crop (chiefly in the context of AI image models).


VAE

variational autoencoder
w:variational autoencoder

(machine learning) Initialism of variational autoencoder.


DRL

The primary learning algorithm in AlphaDev is an extension of AlphaZero, a well-known DRL algorithm, in which a neural network is trained to guide a search to solve AssemblyGame.

2023 June 9, Daniel J. Mankowitz, Andrea Michi, Anton Zhernov, Marco Gelmi, Marco Selvi, “Faster sorting algorithms discovered using deep reinforcement learning”, in Nature, volume 618, number 7964, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 257–263:

(machine learning) Initialism of deep reinforcement learning.


AI-complete

Problems like solving crosswords from clues are reputed as AI-complete [7]. This enormous complexity is due to its semantics and the large amount of encyclopaedic knowledge required.

2006, M.Gori, M.Ernandes, G.Angelini, “Cracking Crosswords: The Computer Challenge”, in Oliviero Stock, Marco Schaerf, editors, Reasoning, Action and Interaction in AI Theories and Systems: Essays Dedicated to Luigia Carlucci Aiello, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 266:

Just as concept kernels are not AI-complete, sequiturs and resonances are not AI-complete. Sequiturs and resonances also may not need to be human- equivalent to minimally support deliberation; it is acceptable for an early AI to miss out on many humanly obvious thoughts, so long as those thoughts which are successfully generated sum to fully general deliberation.

2007, Ben Goertzel, Cassio Pennachin, Artificial General Intelligence, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 452:

... Now imagine a remote descendant of such a system that has acquired the ability to read with as much understanding as a human ten-year-old but with a reading speed similar to that of TextRunner. (This is probably an AI-complete problem.)

2014, Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 71:

(artificial intelligence, informal) Of a problem: such that a solution presupposes or entails solving the problem of constructing a general artificial intelligence ("strong AI").


zorch

zorch (third-person singular simple present zorches, present participle zorching, simple past and past participle zorched)

zorches (present singular third-person)
zorching (participle present)
zorched (participle past)
zorched (past)

I was well on my way to zorching my GPA as a sophomore and becoming quite the computer hacker when Luis my mentor took me aside. He told me that my grades werent up to snuff when I told him I was getting C's in Spanish (that was my best subject that month).

1990 November 30, Jim Burnes, “"ZOG"?”, in alt.conspiracy (Usenet):

Assuming you are willing to live with the consequences, which include obliterating everything within a hundred kilometers of your launch site, dumping a hundred tons of fallout into the stratosphere, and zorching every piece of electronics sight^([sic]).

2002 April 3, John Schilling, “Interstellar Flight Today”, in rec.arts.sf.science (Usenet):

[…] I probably just wasn't inserting the memory DIMM correctly, not that it was intrinsically unseatable; I zorched the motherboard myself when trying to remove disk drives […]

2002 May 20, Timothy A. McDaniel, “ConJose planning”, in rec.arts.sf.fandom (Usenet):

But if you're doing disk-to-disk backup you want at least two backup disks, since it's kind of a nightmare if your good disk zorches right in the middle of the backup, giving you a zorched backup disk as well.

2003 May 7, Alan Winston - SSRL Admin Cmptg Mgr, “AKICIF: Browser bafflement”, in rec.arts.sf.fandom (Usenet):

Zorching the economy so badly we still haven't dug out two years after he's gone ..

2011 July 15, Curt, “First Rule of Liberalism”, in seattle.politics (Usenet):

(intransitive, transitive, slang) To destroy or ruin, especially by electronic means.


zorch

This is done by using a numerical constant, called zorch, to start marker-passing and dividing it by outbranching […]

1987, John McDermott, Artificial Intelligence: 10th International Joint Conference, volume 1, page 152:

[…] it and all its first set of descendants can be marked, but the zorch runs out quickly.

1989, Noel E. Sharkey, Models of Cognition: A Review of Cognitive Science:

In order to quantify network connectivity between one protein and others, we adapted the idea of zorch originally used to describe cognition (Hendler, 1989).

2008, Richard Trent Llewellyn, Annotating the Biological Process of Proteins with Functional Linkages, page 39:

A numerical factor used to limit semantic searches in cognitive modelling.


aLife

Alternative form of A-life (artificial life)


ASI

en-noun

ASI (countable and uncountable, plural ASIs)

(programming, uncountable) Initialism of automatic semicolon insertion.

Coordinate term: AGI

artificial superintelligence
artificial superintelligence#English

(countable, artificial intelligence) Initialism of artificial superintelligence.

anti-suit injunction
anti-suit injunction#English

(law, countable) Initialism of anti-suit injunction.


AGI

AGI (countable and uncountable, plural AGIs)

Coordinate term: (artificial superintelligence) ASI

AGIs will indeed be capable of self-awareness – but that is because they will be General: they will be capable of awareness of every kind of deep and subtle thing, including their own selves.

2012 October 3, David Deutsch, “Philosophy will be the key that unlocks artificial intelligence”, in The Guardian:

If AI researchers do eventually manage to make the leap to AGI, there is little reason to believe that the result will be a machine that simply matches human-level intelligence.

2015, Martin Ford, The Rise of the Robots, Oneworld:

Some of my friends have recently reported to me that when people outside the AI industry hear about extinction risk from Artificial General Intelligence for the first time, their reaction is “maybe we should not build AGI, then.”

2023 March 29, Eliezer Yudkowsky, “The Open Letter on AI Doesn't Go Far Enough”, in Time:

artificial general intelligence
artificial general intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of artificial general intelligence.


CNN

convolutional neural network
convolutional neural network#English

(machine learning) Initialism of convolutional neural network.


Roko's basilisk

Proposed as a transhumanist thought experiment in 2010 by user Roko on the LessWrong Internet discussion forum.
According to LessWrong, discussion of Roko's basilisk was banned from the forum for several years as part of a general policy against spreading potential information hazards. This in fact drew further attention to the topic, and other websites began sharing information about it.

2020, Griffin Kao, Jessica Hong, Michael Perusse, Weizhen Sheng, Turning Silicon into Gold, Springer (Apress), page 177,
Roko's Basilisk closely resembles traditional religious belief systems, merely replacing the role of God with a super-AI instead.

2021, Richard Heimann, Doing AI, BenBella Books (Matt Holt Books), page 137,
Roko's Basilisk is a thought experiment about the potential risks involved in developing so-called true artificial intelligence. The premise is that an all-powerful artificial super-intelligence could retroactively punish those who did not help bring about its existence. Roko's Basilisk resembles a futurist version of Pascal's Wager in that it suggests people should weigh the possible infinite gain and infinite punishment for accepting or rejecting the creation of artificial super-intelligence.

Roko's Basilisk has been described as the most terrifying thought experiment of all time, or as Slate’s David Auerbach subtitled his 2014 article: "Why Are Techno-futurists So Freaked Out by Roko's Basilisk?"

2023, James B. Miles, AI and the End of Humanity, Troubador Publishing (Matador), page 168:

A hypothetical, otherwise benevolent artificial intelligence of the future that would have an incentive to torture anyone who, having imagined (or even heard about) said AI, had not helped bring about its existence; the thought experiment which posits its existence.


minibatch

Attested since 1993, mini- + batch. Quickly displaced original term "blockupdate" coined by Martin Møller in 1992.

Interestingly, unlike the vanilla SGD algorithm, the stochastic normalized gradient descent algorithm provably requires a minimal minibatch size.

2015, Elad Hazan, Kfir Y. Levy, Shai Shalev-Shwartz, “Beyond Convexity: Stochastic Quasi-Convex Optimization”, in arXiv:

(machine learning) A batch less than one epoch


pretrained

(machine learning, of a model) Trained on a (usually large) dataset by someone else.


pretrain

en-verb

pretrain (third-person singular simple present pretrains, present participle pretraining, simple past and past participle pretrained)

pretrains (present singular third-person)
pretraining (participle present)
pretrained (participle past)
pretrained (past)

Our algorithm pretrains a CNN using a large set of videos with tracking ground-truths to obtain a generic target representation.

2015, Hyeonseob Nam, Bohyung Han, “Learning Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Tracking”, in arXiv:

(machine learning) To train (a neural network) on some data set (typically a large generic data set, the output of which one is not directly interested in) before fine-tuning the network on another dataset one is interested in.


Kurzweil singularity

en-noun

Kurzweil singularity (plural Kurzweil singularities)

From Kurzweil + singularity, after the futurist Ray Kurzweil, who used the term singularity in his works to describe this event.

(artificial intelligence) The point, resulting from ever-accelerating technological progress, when a sufficient threshold of self-evolving artificial intelligence is reached to result in a superintelligence beyond human conception.


backchain

en-verb

backchain (third-person singular simple present backchains, present participle backchaining, simple past and past participle backchained)

backchains (present singular third-person)
backchaining (participle present)
backchained (participle past)
backchained (past)

(computing, artificial intelligence) To perform inferences, starting with a list of goals (or a hypothesis) and working backwards from the consequent to the antecedent.


RAG

retrieval-augmented generation
w:retrieval-augmented generation

large language model
large language model

(machine learning) Initialism of retrieval-augmented generation: a method of augmenting performance of LLMs (large language models) by serving them a curated selection of data input, via a combination of relevant data libraries and on-the-fly but relevant search results.


AI winter

By analogy to the idea of a nuclear winter.

A lot of people are talking about — actually have been talking about — a particular scenario of the artificial intelligence industry known as the "AI Winter."

Their products offered little business value at the time, and so the commercial enthusiasm ended in disappointment, leading to a period now referred to as the “A.I. Winter.”

2016 July 17, John Markoff, “Artificial Intelligence Swarms Silicon Valley on Wings and Wheels”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(artificial intelligence, economics) A period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research.


perceptronium

Coined by the physicist Max Tegmark, from perceptron + -ium.

Max Tegmark, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Physics (he also spoke at the New York event), has proposed that there is a state of matter — like solid, liquid and gas — that he calls perceptronium: atoms arranged so they can process information and give rise to subjectivity.

2016 July 4, George Johnson, “Consciousness: The Mind Messing With the Mind”, in New York Times:

A hypothetical state of matter capable of giving rise to self-awareness and subjectivity.


MLP

multilayer perceptron
multilayer perceptron#English

(machine learning) Initialism of multilayer perceptron.


MoE

GLaM [51] is an autoregressive mixture-of-experts (MoE) model with up to 1200B parameters.

2023, Gerhard Paaß, Sven Giesselbach, Foundation Models for Natural Language Processing: Pre-trained Language Models Integrating Media, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 130:

(machine learning) Initialism of mixture of experts.


AWS

“The concern that these weapons might misidentify targets is the least of our worries,” he said. “More significant is the threat of an A.W.S. arms race and proliferation crisis.”

2021 June 3, Maria Cramer, quoting James Dawes, “A.I. Drone May Have Acted on Its Own in Attacking Fighters, U.N. Says”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(military, robotics, artificial intelligence) Initialism of Autonomous Weapons System.


cosmism

A moral philosophy regarding the future of artificial intelligence, based on the writings of Hugo de Garis (born 1947).


artificial general intelligence

en-noun

artificial general intelligence (countable and uncountable, plural artificial general intelligences)

artificial general intelligences (plural)

Used as early as 1997, by Mark Gubrud in a discussion of the implications of fully automated military production and operations, and popularized by Ben Goertzel around 2002.

The real question, I think, is not whether the field as a whole is in any real danger of another AI winter but, rather, whether progress remains limited to narrow AI or ultimately expands to Artificial General Intelligence as well.

Artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence) Artificial intelligence which matches or exceeds the intelligence and capabilities of human beings.

Ben Goertzel
artificial general intelligence


convolutional neural network

convolutional neural network (plural convolutional neural networks)

(machine learning) A neural network in which the connectivity pattern between its neurons is modelled on the organization of the animal visual cortex.


DCNN

(machine learning) Initialism of deep convolutional neural network.


artificial incompetence

From the analogy with artificial intelligence.

artificial stupidity
artificial stupidity#English


artificial stupidity

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-artificial stupidity.wav

(humorous, artificial intelligence, computing, science fiction) Artificial intelligence that is not well developed.


artificially intelligent

en-adj

artificially intelligent (comparative more artificially intelligent, superlative most artificially intelligent)

more artificially intelligent (comparative)
most artificially intelligent (superlative)

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence, computing, science fiction) Possessing artificial intelligence.


artificially intelligently

en-adv

artificially intelligently (comparative more artificially intelligently, superlative most artificially intelligently)

more artificially intelligently (comparative)
most artificially intelligently (superlative)

(very rare, artificial intelligence, computing) By means of or through artificial intelligence.


machine-translate

en-verb

machine-translate (third-person singular simple present machine-translates, present participle machine-translating, simple past and past participle machine-translated)

machine-translates (present singular third-person)
machine-translating (participle present)
machine-translated (participle past)
machine-translated (past)

Back-formation from machine translation.

(transitive) To translate using machine translation.


artificial superintelligence

en-noun

artificial superintelligence (plural artificial superintelligences)

Coordinate term: AGI

(artificial intelligence, science fiction) Artificial intelligence that is far greater than any human intelligence.


GPT

/ˈd͡ʒiːˈpiːˈtiː/

We will use a 345M parameter GPT-2 transformer in TensorFlow from OpenAI's repository. We must get our hands dirty to understand GPT models.

2022, Denis Rothman, Antonio Gulli, Transformers for Natural Language Processing […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 168:

(machine learning) Initialism of generative pretrained transformer.


RNN

random neural network
random neural network#English

recurrent neural network
recurrent neural network#English

recursive neural network
recursive neural network#English


recurrent neural network

recurrent neural network (plural recurrent neural networks)

(machine learning) An artificial neural network where the connections between units give them a kind of internal memory useful for processing arbitrary sequences of inputs as in speech recognition.


automated machine learning

automated machine learning (uncountable)

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) A field of study concerned with the design and development of algorithms and techniques of automating the end-to-end process of machine learning and artificial intelligence.

自動化された機械学習

じどうかされたきかいがくしゅう


input neuron

(machine learning) A neuron in the input layer of a neural network, outputting only a constant.


hidden layer

(machine learning) The layer or layers of neurons between the input layer and the output layer in a neural network.


multilayer perceptron

multilayer perceptron (plural multilayer perceptrons)

(machine learning) A neural network having at least one hidden layer, and whose neurons use a nonlinear activation function (e.g. sigmoid).


feedforward neural network

feedforward neural network (plural feedforward neural networks)

(machine learning) A neural network in which the outputs are not used as input in a previous layer.


online learning

stochastic gradient descent
stochastic gradient descent

(machine learning) The training of a neural network using stochastic gradient descent with a mini-batch size of one; only one input is used for training at a time.


Platt scaling

probability distribution
probability distribution

(machine learning) A technique for transforming the outputs of a classification model into a probability distribution over classes, based on a logistic regression model.


support vector machine

support vector machine (plural support vector machines)

(machine learning) A supervised learning model with associated algorithms that analyse data used for classification and regression analysis.


superalignment

superalignment (countable and uncountable, plural superalignments)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superalignment.wav

(artificial intelligence) Aligning of a future superhuman artificial intelligence.


hedonium

Suppose that we agreed to allow almost the entire accessible universe to be converted into hedonium—everything except a small preserve, say the Milky Way, which would be set aside to accommodate our own needs.

2014, Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence, page 219:

It’s because we intuitively or pre-theoretically think that we shouldn’t give all our cookies to the utility monster or kill ourselves to tile the solar system with hedonium that we reject the straightforward extension of utilitarian happiness-maximizing theory to such cases and reach for a different solution.

2015 November 17, Eric Schwitzgebel, Mara Garza, “A Defense of the Rights of Artificial Intelligences”, in Midwest Studies in Philosophy:

Suppose the AI goes on to convert all matter in the accessible universe to hedonium, i.e., to rearrange matter so as to produce the greatest amount of pleasurable experience per unit mass.

2016, Olle Häggström, Here Be Dragons, page 122:

The Machine Intelligence Research Institute's Buck Shlegeris recently recounted a conversation where “someone said that after the Singularity, if there was a magic button that would turn all of humanity into homogenous goop optimized for happiness (aka hedonium), they'd press it.[…]”

2020, Brian Christian, “Uncertainty”, in The Alignment Problem, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, →ISBN:

(philosophy of artificial intelligence, rare) Matter arranged in a way that produces pleasure or happiness as efficiently as possible, as might be encouraged by philosophical hedonism.


Hopfield network

Hopfield network (plural Hopfield networks)

Popularised by John Hopfield in 1982 (but described earlier by Little in 1974).

recurrent neural network
recurrent neural network

A kind of recurrent neural network, providing a model for understanding human memory.


GAN

GAN (countable and uncountable, plural GANs)

The GAN we look at in the next exercise is a vanilla GAN with convolution.

2020, Micheal Lanham, Practical AI on the Google Cloud Platform, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN, page 248:

generative adversarial network
generative adversarial network#English

(machine learning) Acronym of generative adversarial network.


SARMO

(military, robotics, artificial intelligence) Abbreviation of sense and react to military objects.; A technology methodology for automated weapons response


weak artificial intelligence

weak artificial intelligence (countable and uncountable, plural weak artificial intelligences)

(artificial intelligence) An artificial intelligence only capable of solving one specific problem or set of problems.


full artificial intelligence

full artificial intelligence (uncountable)

(computing) Synonym of artificial general intelligence


narrow artificial intelligence

narrow artificial intelligence (countable and uncountable, plural narrow artificial intelligences)

narrow artificial intelligences (plural)

weak artificial intelligence
weak artificial intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence) Synonym of weak artificial intelligence


strong artificial intelligence

strong artificial intelligence (plural strong artificial intelligences)

strong artificial intelligences (plural)

artificial general intelligence
artificial general intelligence#English


narrow AI

In the years since, my team has used them to help develop features on Pixel phones for specific “narrow AI” functions, such as face unlocking, image recognition, speech recognition and language translation.

2022 June 9, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, “Artificial neural networks are making strides towards consciousness, according to Blaise Agüera y Arcas”, in The Economist, →ISSN:

narrow artificial intelligence
narrow artificial intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence) Abbreviation of narrow artificial intelligence.


general intelligent action

general intelligent action (countable and uncountable, plural general intelligent actions)


LSTM

LSTM (countable and uncountable, plural LSTMs)

In 2015, Google announced it had managed to improve the error rate of its voice recognition software by almost 50% using LSTM. It is the system that powers Amazon’s Alexa, and Apple announced last year that is using LSTM to improve the iPhone.

2017 April 18, Philip Oltermann, “Jürgen Schmidhuber on the robot future: ‘They will pay as much attention to us as we do to ants'”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2021-07-30:

long short-term memory
w:long short-term memory

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of long short-term memory.


generative adversarial network

generative adversarial network (plural generative adversarial networks)

generative adversarial networks (plural)

(machine learning) A system used in machine learning, consisting of two neural networks, one of which generates candidate solutions to a problem while the other evaluates and accepts or rejects them.


image matting

(machine learning) Extraction of an object in the foreground of an image from its background.


affective computing

In fact, some HCI designers advocate the use of AFEA as a means of helping users better understand their emotions and individual psyches, suggesting that “affective computing” applications can be used for emotional and expressive self-assessment.

2011, Kelly A. Gates, Our Biometric Future, NYU Press, →ISBN, page 185:

(artificial intelligence) The study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects.


swarm intelligence

swarm intelligence (countable and uncountable, plural swarm intelligences)

Introduced by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems.

(artificial intelligence) The collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, whether natural or artificial.


economic cybernetics

(economics, cybernetics, Marxism, Keynesianism) A scientific field in which cybernetic approaches are applied to economics to facilitate dialogue between microsystems and macrosystems, and not only.


self-attention

(machine learning) A form of attention (machine learning method) where input sequence is compared with itself, i.e. the keys and queries are the same.


federated learning

(artificial intelligence) A machine learning technique that trains an algorithm across multiple decentralized edge devices or servers holding local data samples, without exchanging them.


closed loop

A feedback loop, especially when found in:

(cybernetics) A closed-loop transfer function.


graduate student descent

Modeled on gradient descent. Attributed to David A. McAllester.

Phrase of the day, "Graduate Student Descent." Optimization through graduate student tweaking.

[2011 April 6, Kat Scott, Twitter, archived from the original on 2022-07-04:

[…] people without real-world experience often ignore systematic approaches to hyperparameter tuning in favor of manual, gut-feeling approach. The most popular method is arguably 'Graduate Student Descent (GSD) […]

2019, Chip Huyen, “Design a machine learning system”, in Chip Huyen [personal website], retrieved 2021-09-27:

Instead of hypothesis-forming based on theory, extensive research on previous studies and/or reflection against the existing domain knowledge, grad student descent […] is applied.

2019 April 17, Oguzhan Gencoglu with Mark van Gils, Esin Guldogan, Chamin Morikawa, Mehmet Süzen, Mathias Gruber, Jussi Leinonen, and Heikki Huttunen, “HARK Side of Deep Learning - From Grad Student Descent to Automated Machine Learning”, in arXiv, page 2:

(machine learning, humorous) The process of choosing hyperparameters manually and in an ad-hoc manner, typical of work assigned to a graduate student.


language model

Although unigram language models are simple, they clearly make unrealistic assumptions about word occurrences in text.

2022 [2009], Chengxiang Zhai, Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 9:

(machine learning) A machine learning model that assigns probabilities to sequences of characters or words, and/or is capable of generating plausible subsequent text from a given prompt.


teleozetic

en-adj

teleozetic (comparative more teleozetic, superlative most teleozetic)

more teleozetic (comparative)
most teleozetic (superlative)

(very rare, cybernetics) Selecting goals for itself.


concept drift

en-noun

concept drift (countable and uncountable, plural concept drifts)

Concept refers to the hidden relationship between the inputs and outputs of the model.

Regarding collection usage, frecency metrics are employed, combining frequency and recency, to effectively capture concept drift and temporal trends.

2010, Mounia Lalmas et al., editors, Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries […] , Springer, →ISBN, page 544:

Concept drift is an important issue to be considered in data stream mining. In a real environment, the data distribution is constantly changing, and the model needs to be continuously updated to adapt to the new environment.

2020, Zhiwen Yu et al., editors, Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing […] , Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 115:

(statistics, machine learning) The tendency of a statistical model to become less and less accurate over time in real-world conditions.


HLAI

HLAI (countable and uncountable, plural HLAIs)

On the other hand, if HLAI leads machines to automate rather than augment human labor, it creates the risk of concentrating wealth and power. And with that concentration comes the peril of being trapped in an equilibrium where those without power have no way to improve their outcomes, a situation I call the Turing Trap.

2022 January 12, Erik Brynjolfsson, “The Turing Trap: The Promise & Peril of Human-Like Artificial Intelligence”, in Stanford Digital Economy Lab:

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of human-like artificial intelligence.


no free lunch theorem

Derives from the phrase there's no such thing as a free lunch.

(artificial intelligence, computing) A theorem that implies that no single machine learning algorithm is universally the best-performing algorithm for all problems.


cybermind

(science fiction) A computer system capable of conscious thought; a computerized mind, or artificial intelligence.


L.L.M.

(machine learning) Alternative form of LLM (“large language model”)


large language model

large language model (plural large language models)

GPT-3 belongs to a category of deep learning known as a large language model, a complex neural net that has been trained on a titanic data set of text: in GPT-3’s case, roughly 700 gigabytes of data drawn from across the web, including Wikipedia, supplemented with a large collection of text from digitized books. GPT-3 is the most celebrated of the large language models, and the most publicly available, but Google, Meta (formerly known as Facebook) and DeepMind have all developed their own L.L.M.s in recent years.

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

GPT-2 is a large language model with 1.5 billion parameters, trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages scraped from the internet.

2023, Mohak Agarwal, Generative AI for Entrepreneurs in a Hurry, Notion Press, →ISBN:

Less charitable observers (like this columnist) see two alternative interpretations. One is that it’s an attempt to consolidate OpenAI’s lead over the rest of the industry in large language models (LLMs), because history suggests that regulation often enhances dominance.

2023 May 20, John Naughton, “When the tech boys start asking for new regulations, you know something’s up”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(machine learning) A type of neural network specialized in language, typically including billions of parameters.


multi-armed bandit

multi-armed bandit (plural multi-armed bandits)

From one-armed bandit, by analogy with a gambler at a row of slot machines who has to decide how best to play them.

(probability theory, machine learning) An algorithm that allocates a fixed limited set of resources between competing alternative choices so as to maximize the expected gain, when each choice's properties are only partially known at the time of allocation, and may become better understood as time passes or allocations are made.


FNN

(artificial intelligence, computer science) Abbreviation of Feedforward Neural Network.


zero-shot

zero-shot object detection ― detection of objects not in training data

zero-shot translation ― translation between two languages without bilingual data

Ask yourself if there is a way to get a zero-shot solution. If you think that you need external examples to prime the model for your use case, think really hard.

2022, Sandra Kublik, Shubham Saboo, GPT-3, O'Reilly, →ISBN, page 20:

No additional prompts for getting the responses were used, i.e. the data was created with a basic prompt in a zero-shot scenario.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 4:

(machine learning, attributive) Relating to zero-shot learning; performing without specialized training data.


NLG

NLG (countable and uncountable, plural NLGs)

Coordinate term: NLU

natural language generation
w:natural language generation

(uncountable, artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural language generation.


NLI

natural-language interpretation
w:natural-language understanding

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural-language interpretation.


NMT

NMT (countable and uncountable, plural NMTs)

Such wonderful guidance assists models in specific tasks such as NMT, which is a many-to-many task.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

neural machine translation
w:neural machine translation

(machine learning) Initialism of neural machine translation.


NLU

NLU (countable and uncountable, plural NLUs)

Coordinate term: NLG

natural-language understanding
w:natural-language understanding

(uncountable, artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural-language understanding.


inpaint

en-verb

inpaint (third-person singular simple present inpaints, present participle inpainting, simple past and past participle inpainted)

inpaints (present singular third-person)
inpainting (participle present)
inpainted (participle past)
inpainted (past)

The philosophy behind Bayesian inpainting is quite simple and intuitive (see Figure 1): the way we human inpainters inpaint an incomplete picture mostly relies on two factors— […]

2012, Tony F. Chan, Yunqing Huang, Tao Tang, Recent Progress in Computational and Applied PDES, page 75:

To reconstruct missing or damaged portions of images by interpolation of surrounding areas.


one-shot learning

(machine learning) An object categorization problem, mainly in computer vision, involving the classification of objects based on one, or only a few, examples.


few-shot learning

(machine learning) An object categorization problem, mainly in computer vision, involving the classification of objects based on only a few examples.


zero-shot learning

(machine learning) A problem setup in machine learning, where, at test time, a learner observes samples from classes that were not observed during training and attempts to predict the class that they belong to, typically based on auxiliary information.


teachable agent

en-noun

teachable agent (plural teachable agents)

An artificial intelligence used at a university that simulates a pupil or learner, to help promote students' understanding of metacognitive skills.


pattern recognition

The recognition of patterns and regularities in raw data.


random neural network

random neural network (plural random neural networks)

(machine learning) A mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals.


recursive neural network

recursive neural network (plural recursive neural networks)

(artificial intelligence) A kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structured input, to produce a structured prediction over variable-size input structures.