abscissa

en-noun

abscissa (plural abscissas or abscissae or abscissæ)

abscissas (plural)
abscissae (plural)
abscissæ (plural)

By ellipsis from Latin [linea] abscissa, feminine of abscissus, perfect passive participle of abscindō (“cut off”). See abscind.

Coordinate term: ordinate

The point (3,2) has 3 as its abscissa and 2 as its ordinate.

(geometry) The first of the two terms by which a point is referred to, in a system of fixed rectilinear coordinate (Cartesian coordinate) axes.

Coordinate term: ordinate

(geometry) The horizontal line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the abscissa (sense above) is shown.


accidental

en-adj

accidental (comparative more accidental, superlative most accidental)

more accidental (comparative)
most accidental (superlative)

From Middle English accidental, from Anglo-Norman accidentel, Middle French accidentel, accidental, and their source, Late Latin accidēntālis; corresponding to accident + -al.

(geometry) Being a double point with two distinct tangent planes in 4-dimensional projective space.


lens

en-noun

lens (plural lenses or (obsolete) lens or (rare) lentes)

lenses (plural)
lens (obsolete plural)
lentes (plural rare)

→ Bengali: লেন্স (lenś)

→ Turkish: lens

Borrowed from Latin lēns (“lentil”), with Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of “lens”, a semantic loan from Arabic عَدْسَة (ʕadsa, “lentil; optic lens”).

semantic loan

(geometry) A convex shape bounded by two circular arcs, joined at their endpoints, the corresponding concave shape being a lune.

lens

geometry: convex shape bounded by two circular arcs


pencil

Tok Pisin: pensil

→ Bole: pensur

→ Central Dusun: pinsil

→ Central Melanau: pisil

→ Dhivehi: ފަންސުރު (fan̊suru)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: بِنْسِل (pinsil, binsil) (obsolete)

→ Hausa: fensir

→ Hindi: पेंसिल (pensil), पेन्सिल (pensil)

→ Iban: pinsil

→ Indonesian: pènsil

→ Maguindanao: pinsil

or via Tok Pisin <i class="Latn mention" lang="tpi">pensil</i>

→ Maia: pensil (or via Tok Pisin pensil)

→ Malay: pensel

→ Malayalam: പെൻസിൽ (peṉsil)

→ Marshallese: pinjeļ

→ Pennsylvania German: Bensil

→ Scottish Gaelic: peansail

→ Swahili: penseli

→ Swazi: ípénseli

→ Tagalog: pensil

→ Tausug: pinsil

→ Telugu: పెన్సిలు (pensilu)

→ Welsh: pensil, pensel

→ Xhosa: ípénsile

→ Yoruba: pẹ́ńsù

From Anglo-Norman and Old French pincil (see the variant pincel, which gave rise to Modern French pinceau (“paintbrush”)), from Latin pēnicillum, diminutive of pēniculus (“brush”), itself a diminutive of pēnis (“tail; penis”). Not related to pen.

When, by the pencil becoming oblique to the surface, the vergency produced on the pencil becomes changed, the primary and secondary focal points, V and H, separate […]

1863, The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal:

Let l and m be two hyperparallel lines. All the transversals to l and m that form congruent corresponding angles with l and m lie in a pencil.

2012, G. E. Martin, The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane, page 357:

(geometry) A family of geometric objects with a common property, such as the set of lines that pass through a given point in a projective plane.


point

→ Cantonese: point

→ Indonesian: poin

→ Japanese: ポイント (pointo)

→ Korean: 포인트 (pointeu)

From Middle English poynt, from Old French point m (“dot; minute amount”), from Latin pūnctum (“a hole punched in; a point, puncture”), substantive use of pūnctus m, perfect passive participle of pungō (“I prick, punch”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ- (“prick, punch”)); alternatively, from Old French pointe f (“sharp tip”), from Latin pūncta f (past participle). Displaced native Middle English ord (“point”), from Old English ord (“point”). Doublet of pointe, punctum, punt, and punto.

kärki

position at the front or vanguard of an advancing force

decimal point

not used when reading decimal fractions aloud

(mathematics, sciences) A zero-dimensional mathematical object representing a location in one or more dimensions; something considered to have position but no magnitude or direction.


translationary

(geometry) Pertaining to the shifting of coordinate axes.


absolute

First attested around 1380. From Middle English absolut, from Middle French absolut, from Latin absolūtus (“unconditional; unfettered; completed”), perfect passive participle of absolvō (“loosen, set free, complete”), from ab (“away”) + solvo (“to loose”). Influenced in part by Old French absolu. Compare absolve.

der

(geometry) In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity.


derivative

/dɪˈɹɪvətɪv/

From Middle French dérivatif, from Latin dērīvātus, perfect passive participle of dērīvō (“to derive”). Related to derive; by surface analysis, derive + -ative.

The derivative of x² is 2x; if f(x)#x3D;x², then f'(x)#x3D;2x

(calculus) One of the two fundamental objects of study in calculus (the other being integration), which quantifies the rate of change, tangency, and other qualities arising from the local behavior of a function.

(Of a function of a single variable f(x)) The derived function of f(x): the function giving the instantaneous rate of change of f; equivalently, the function giving the slope of the line tangent to the graph of f. Written f'(x) or (df)/(dx) in Leibniz's notation, ̇f(x) in Newton's notation (the latter used particularly when the independent variable is time).


hexahedron

en-noun

hexahedron (plural hexahedrons or hexahedra)

(geometry) A polyhedron with six faces. The regular hexahedron is the cube, and is one of the Platonic solids.


trapezoid

/ˈtɹæpəzɔɪd/

From Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”) + -oid (“resembling”).

der

There was a trapezoid of light on his shoulder, some bright fragment torn from a greater plane.

2023, Brandon Taylor, The Late Americans, Jonathan Cape, page 178:

(geometry, US, Canada) A (convex) quadrilateral with two (non-adjacent) parallel sides.

trapezium

convex quadrilateral with two non-adjacent parallel sides

(geometry, British, Australia, New Zealand) A convex quadrilateral with no sides parallel.

irregular quadrilateral

convex quadrilateral with no parallel sides

(anatomy) The trapezoid bone of the wrist.


tetrahedron

en-noun

tetrahedron (plural tetrahedrons or tetrahedra)

tetrahedrons (plural)
tetrahedra (plural)

From Ancient Greek τετράεδρον (tetráedron, “triangle-based pyramid”), from τετράεδρος (tetráedros), from τετράς (tetrás, “four”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”). By surface analysis, tetra- + -hedron.

uder

(geometry) A polyhedron with four faces; the regular tetrahedron, the faces of which are equal equilateral triangles, is one of the Platonic solids.


polygon

From Ancient Greek πολύγωνον (polúgōnon), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”).

(geometry) A plane figure bounded by edges that are all straight lines.

(geometry) The boundary of such a figure.

(geometry, more generally) A figure comprising vertices and (not necessarily straight) edges, alternatingly.

(geometry) Such a figure and its interior, taken as a whole.


hemisphere

/ˈhɛmɪsfɪəɹ/

From Latin hemisphaerium, from Ancient Greek ἡμισφαίριον (hēmisphaírion), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “half”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”). Equivalent to hemi- + sphere. Displaced native Old English healftrendel (literally “half-sphere”).

ncog

(geometry) Any half-sphere, formed by a plane intersecting the center of a sphere. .


map

Shortening or back-formation of Middle English mappemounde, mapemounde (“world map”), from Old French mapamonde, from Medieval Latin mappa mundī, compound of Latin mappa (“napkin, cloth”) and mundus (“world”). See mop for more on the first component. Doublet of mop, nape, and nappe.

Let f be a map from ℝ to ℝ

(mathematics) A function, especially a function satisfying a certain property (e.g. continuity, linearity, etc.; see Usage notes).


apple

Tok Pisin: apel

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">apples</i>

→ Abenaki: aples (< apples)

→ Arikara: ápos (< apples)

→ Assamese: আপেল (apel)

→ Bengali: আপেল (apel)

→ Dhivehi: އާފަލު (āfalu)

→ East Futuna: apo

→ Fijian: yapolo

→ Fiji Hindi: aapul

→ Finnish: äpyli

→ Malay: epal (Malaysia)

→ Malayalam: ആപ്പിൾ (āppiḷ)

→ Maori: āporo

→ Marshallese: abōļ

→ Sinhalese: ඇපල් (æpal)

→ Sotho: apole

→ Tamil: ஆப்பிள் (āppiḷ)

→ Telugu: ఆపిల్ (āpil)

desc

→ Thai: แอปเปิล (ɛ́p-bpə̂n)

→ Thai: แอปเปิล (ɛ́p-bpə̂n)

→ Tokelauan: apu

→ Yurok: 'erplers (< apples)

PIE word
 *h₂ébōl
From Middle English appel, from Old English æppel (“apple, fruit in general, ball”), from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz (“apple”) (compare Scots aipple, West Frisian apel, Dutch appel, German Apfel, Swedish äpple, Danish æble), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple”) (compare Welsh afal, Irish úll, Lithuanian óbuolỹs, Russian я́блоко (jábloko), possibly Ancient Greek ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”)).

inh

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

Coordinate term: lemon

surface of revolution
surface of revolution

(geometry) The surface of revolution of a circular arc of angle greater than 180° rotated about the straight line passing through the arc’s two endpoints.


perpendicular

en-adj

perpendicular (comparative more perpendicular, superlative most perpendicular)

more perpendicular (comparative)
most perpendicular (superlative)

Derived from Middle French perpendiculaire, from Old French perpendiculer, from Latin perpendiculum (“plumb line”).

der+

In most houses, the walls are perpendicular to the floor.

A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place. Applying a force tangential to the knob is essentially equivalent to applying one perpendicular to a radial line defining the lever.

2012 March 5, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, pages 112–3:

(geometry) At or forming a right angle (to something).


perpendicular

(geometry) A line or plane that is perpendicular to another.


star

Sranan Tongo: stari
Aukan: sitali

→ Finnish: stara

→ French: star

→ German: Star

→ Italian: star

→ Swahili: staa

From Middle English sterre, from Old English steorra (“star”), from Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternô, *sternǭ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). Doublet of aster, stella, étoile, and estoile.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots starn, ster, North Frisian steer, West Frisian stjer, Saterland Frisian Stiern, Dutch ster, Luxembourgish Stär, German Stern, Yiddish שטערן (shtern), Vilamovian śtaom, Swedish stjärna, Norwegian stjerne, Icelandic stjarna, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō), Spanish estrella, Portuguese estrela, Italian stella, Romanian stea, Occitan estela, Venetian stéła, Sicilian stidda, Sardinian isteddu, Mirandese streilha, Walloon sitoele, Romansch staila, Megleno-Romanian steau̯ă, Istriot stila, Istro-Romanian ste, Latin stēlla, Greek αστέρι (astéri), Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr), Old Armenian աստղ (astł), Persian ستاره (setâre), Tajik ситора (sitora), Pashto ستوری (storay), Mazanderani اساره (ëssâre), Northern Kurdish stêr, Central Kurdish ئەستێرە (estêre), Zazaki astare, Ossetian стъалы (st’aly), Hindi तारा (tārā), Urdu تارا (tārā), Punjabi ਤਾਰਾ (tārā), Gujarati તારો (tāro), Sanskrit तारा (tārā).

аеҵǝа

a celestial body appearing as a point of light on the clear night sky, whose position is relatively fixed with respect to each other

(astronomy) A spheroid of plasma with sufficient gravity to fuse hydrogen or heavier elements into heavier elements still. Depending on context the Sun may or may not be included.

نَجْم

(astronomy) a luminous celestial body made of plasma

(geometry) A concave polygon with regular, pointy protrusions and indentations, usually with four, five, or six points.

single point of failure
single point of failure

(networking) A network topology with multiple computers individually merging to one central switch, thus free of risk of collisions. A single point of failure can occur if the switch experiences corruption.


triangle

/ˈtɹaɪəŋɡəl/

/ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/

/ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English triangle, from Old French triangle, from Latin triangulum, noun use of adjective triangulus (“three-cornered, having three angles”), from trēs (“three”) + angulus (“corner, angle”), equivalent to tri- + angle.

The wedge-shaped character was the triangle, the archaic Paleolithic sign of the vulva; the pubic triangle was at the end of the phallic stylus.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 22:

(geometry) A polygon with three sides and three angles.

percussion instrument
percussion instrument

(music) A percussion instrument made by forming a metal rod into a triangular shape which is open at one angle. It is suspended from a string and hit with a metal bar to make a resonant sound.

A draughtsman's square in the form of a right-angled triangle.

After turning on the triangle at Jeumont, we set off light engine back to Aulnoye.

1961 March, ""Balmore"", “Driving and firing modern French steam locomotives”, in Trains Illustrated, page 147:

(rail transport) A triangular formation of railway tracks, with a curve on at least one side.


cube

From Old French cube, from Latin cubus, from Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos).

(geometry) A regular polyhedron having six identical square faces.

kubus

geometry: polyhedron having of six identical square faces

(computing) A data structure consisting of a three-dimensional array; a data cube

A Rubik's cube style puzzle, not necessarily in the shape of a cube


cube

en-verb

cube (third-person singular simple present cubes, present participle cubing, simple past and past participle cubed)

cubes (present singular third-person)
cubing (participle present)
cubed (participle past)
cubed (past)

(transitive) To form into the shape of a cube.

He likes to cube now and then.


skew

en-adj

skew (not generally comparable, comparative skewer or more skew, superlative skewest or most skew)

skewer (comparative)
more skew (comparative)
skewest (superlative)
most skew (superlative)

The verb is derived from Middle English skeuen, skewe, skewen (“to run at an angle or obliquely; to escape”), from Old Northern French escuer [and other forms], variants of Old French eschuer, eschever, eschiver (“to escape, flee; to avoid”) (modern French esquiver (“to dodge (a blow), duck; to elude, evade; to slip away; to sidestep”)), from Frankish *skiuhan (“to dread; to avoid, shun”), from Proto-Germanic *skiuhijaną (“to frighten”). The English word is cognate with Catalan esquiu (“evasive, shy”), Danish skæv (“crooked, slanting; skew, wry”) (> Norwegian Bokmål skjev), Dutch scheef (“crooked, slanting”), Norwegian skeiv (“crooked, lopsided; oblique, slanting; distorted”), Saterland Frisian skeeuw (“aslant, slanting; oblique; awry”), and is a doublet of eschew.
The adjective and adverb are probably derived from the verb and/or from askew, and the noun is derived from either the adjective or the verb.

cog

Through the given point there are two lines one of which is parallel to one of the given skew lines, while the other is parallel to the other of the given skew lines. These two "parallels" determine a plane, and the only plane, that is parallel to both the given skew lines.

1963, [George David] Birkhoff, [Ralph] Beatley, Basic Geometry: Answer Book, [New York, N.Y.]: Chelsea Publishing Company, →OCLC:

(not comparable, geometry) Of two lines in three-dimensional space: neither intersecting nor parallel.

vino

of two lines in three-dimensional space: neither intersecting nor parallel


compass

From Middle English compas (“a circle, circuit, limit, form, a mathematical instrument”), from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus (“a circle, a circuit”), from Latin com- (“together”) + passus (“a pace, step, later a pass, way, route”); see pass, pace.

der

[H]ow many Seas to our fore-fathers impaſſable, for want of the Compaſſe?

1625, [Samuel] Purchas, “Of the Improvement of Nauigation in Later Times, […]”, in Purchas His Pilgrimes. […], 1st part, London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, 2nd book, § I, page 2:

1689/1690, John Locke, On improvement of understanding
He that … first discovered the use of the compass … did more for the propagation of knowledge … than those who built workhouses.

a glance at his compass would have shown him that a northerly course instead of an easterly could not be right

1890, Wilhelm Westhofen, The Forth Bridge:

A magnetic or electronic device used to determine the cardinal directions (usually magnetic or true north).

kompas

instrument to determine cardinal directions


dual

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin dualis (“two”), from duo (“two”) + adjective suffix -alis.

The octahedron is the dual of the cube.

(geometry) Of a regular polyhedron with V vertices and F faces, the regular polyhedron having F vertices and V faces.


quadrant

From Middle English quadrant, from Old French cadran, quadrant and its etymon Latin quadrāns, -antis (“fourth part of something, quarter”). Doublet of quadrans.

(geometry) One fourth of a circle or disc; a sector with an angle of 90°.


irregular

en-adj

irregular (comparative more irregular, superlative most irregular)

more irregular (comparative)
most irregular (superlative)

/ɪˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə/

/ɪˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/

From Middle English irreguler, from Old French irreguler, from Medieval Latin or Late Latin irrēgulāris, from in- + regularis, equivalent to ir- + regular.

(geometry, of a polygon) not regular; having sides that are not equal or angles that are not equal

(geometry, of a polyhedron) whose faces are not all regular polygons (or are not equally inclined to each other)


ordinate

Borrowed from Latin ordino, ordinatus. Doublet of ordain.

(geometry) The second of the two terms by which a point is referred to, in a system of fixed rectilinear coordinate (Cartesian coordinate) axes.

(geometry) The vertical line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the ordinate (sense above) is shown.


quadrilateral

Learned borrowing from Latin quadrilaterus.


argument

en-noun

argument (countable and uncountable, plural arguments)

From Middle English argument, from Anglo-Norman and Old French arguement, from Latin argūmentum (“argument (for a position); evidence, proof; point, theme; thesis, topic; plot (in theatre)”), from arguere + -mentum (suffix indicating the instrument, medium, or result of something). Arguere is the present active infinitive of arguō (“to argue, assert, declare; to make clear, prove, show; to accuse, charge with, reprove; to blame, censure; to denounce as false”), either ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“silver, white; glittering”), or from Hittite [script needed] (arkuwā(i)-, “to make a plea, state one’s case”). The English word is analysable as argue + -ment. Doublet of argumentum.
Displaced native Old English racu and ġeflit.

der

/ˈɑːɡjʊmənt/

/ˈɑɹɡjʊmənt/

argument

fact or statement used to support a proposition; a reason

وَسِيط

variable that is being passed to a function

(countable, mathematics)
The independent variable of a function.

A parameter at a function call; an actual parameter, as opposed to a formal parameter.

[I]n vttering the ſtuffe ye receiued of the one, in declaring the order ye tooke with the other, ye ſhall neuer lacke, neither matter, nor maner, what to write, nor how to write in this kinde of Argument.

1570, Margaret Ascham, “To the Honorable Sir William Cecill Knight, Principall Secretarie to the Quenes Most Excellent Maiestie”, in Roger Ascham, edited by Margaret Ascham, The Scholemaster: Or Plaine and Perfite Way of Teaching Children, to Vnderstand, Write, and Speake, the Latin Tong, […], London: […] John Daye, […], →OCLC:

Belike this ſhow imports the argument of the play.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

This show is perhaps the subject of the play.

O know ſweet loue I alwaies write of you,
 And you and loue are ſtill my argument: […]

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 76”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

[N]earer view / Briſtl'd with upright beams innumerable / Of rigid Spears, and Helmets throng'd, and Shields / Various, with boaſtful Argument portraid, / The banded Powers of Satan haſting on / With furious expedition; […]

1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 81–86:

The abstract, or argument of the piece, is shortly as follows.

1844, Francis Jeffrey, “Sardanapalus, a Tragedy. The Two Foscari, a Tragedy. Cain, a Mystery. By Lord Byron. 8vo. pp. 440. Murray, London: 1822. [book review]”, in Contributions to the Edinburgh Review. […], 2nd edition, volume II, London: […] [Andrew Spottiswoode] for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, part III (Poetry), page 357:

The subject matter of an artistic representation, discourse, or writing; a theme or topic.


action

en-noun

action (countable and uncountable, plural actions)

→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)

→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)

→ German: Action

→ Irish: aicsean

→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)

→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)

→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)

→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

From Middle English accion, from Old French aucion, acciun, from Latin āctiō(n) (“act of doing or making”), from āctus + action suffix -iō(n), perfect passive participle of agere (“do, act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti; see also act, active. By surface analysis, act + -ion.

der

Pressing a piano key causes the action of the hammer on the string.

The way in which a mechanical device acts when used; especially a firearm.

pump-action shotgun

(firearms) The way in which cartridges are loaded, locked, and extracted from the mechanism.


angle

From Middle English angle, angul, angule, borrowed from Middle French angle, from Latin angulus, anglus (“corner, remote area”). Cognate with Old High German ancha (“nape of the neck”), Middle High German anke (“joint of the foot, nape of neck”). Doublet of angulus and ankle.

cog

the angle between lines A and B

(geometry) A figure formed by two rays which start from a common point (a plane angle) or by three planes that intersect (a solid angle).

The angle between lines A and B is π/4 radians, or 45 degrees.

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(geometry) The measure of such a figure. In the case of a plane angle, this is the ratio (or proportional to the ratio) of the arc length to the radius of a section of a circle cut by the two rays, centered at their common point. In the case of a solid angle, this is the ratio of the surface area to the square of the radius of the section of a sphere.


pi

en-noun

pi (countable and uncountable, plural pis)

From Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *pay- (“mouth”). Doublet of pe. Its mathematical use apparently stems from its use as the first letter in περιφέρεια (periphéreia, “periphery; circumference”) and was first cited in 1706 in the Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos by William Jones.

(mathematics) An irrational and transcendental constant representing the ratio of the circumference of a Euclidean circle to its diameter; approximately 3.14159265358979323846264338327950; usually written π.


scalene triangle

scalene triangle (plural scalene triangles)

(geometry) A triangle having each of its three sides of different lengths.


regular

en-adj

regular (comparative more regular, superlative most regular)

more regular (comparative)
most regular (superlative)

/ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə/

/ˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/

[ˈɹɛɡ.jɪ̈.lɚ]

From Middle English reguler, from Anglo-Norman reguler, Middle French reguler, regulier, and their source, Latin rēgulāris (“continuing rules for guidance”), from rēgula (“rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“move in a straight line”).

der

(geometry, of a polygon) Both equilateral and equiangular; having all sides of the same length, and all (corresponding) angles of the same size

مُنْتَظِمٌ

of a polygon: having all sides and corresponding angles equal

(geometry, of a polyhedron) Whose faces are all congruent regular polygons, equally inclined to each other.

правилен

of a polyhedron: whose faces are all congruent regular polygons

(algebraic geometry, not comparable, of a scheme) Such that the local ring at every point is regular.


project

en-verb

project (third-person singular simple present projects, present participle projecting, simple past and past participle projected)

projects (present singular third-person)
projecting (participle present)
projected (participle past)
projected (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/

From Latin prōiectus, perfect passive participle of prōiciō (“throw forth, extend; expel”).

(geometry) To draw straight lines from a fixed point through every point of any body or figure, and let these fall upon a surface so as to form the points of a new figure.


pyramidal

At one point was an isolated pyramidal rock, crowned by a great tree, which appeared to be separated by a cleft from the main crag.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

Below is the deep abyss of the Lauterbrunnen valley, and at its head a stately semi-circle of mountains, with the pyramidal Lauterbrunnen Breithorn as the centre-piece.

1960 December, Voyageur, “The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated, page 752:

Among its attractive features were decorative, tile-hung Italianate towers with pyramidal roofs.

2023 March 22, Dr Joseph Brennan, “Grand buildings on the list... and lost: Greenock Princes Pier”, in RAIL, number 979, page 52:

(geometry) Pyramid-shaped.
(crystallography) Tetragonal.


square

→ Welsh: sgwâr

From Middle English square, sqware, squyre; from Old French esquarre, esquerre, (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus (compare English quad and quadra). Doublet of squad and squadra.
Displaced fēowerecge (fēower nominative + ecg accusative, as in "four-edged").

I took refuge in the square form and exhibited a picture which consisted of nothing more than a black square on a white field.

1927, Kazimir Malevich, The Non-Objective World:

(geometry) A polygon with four sides of equal length and four right angles; an equilateral rectangle; a regular quadrilateral.

(roofing) A unit used in measuring roof area equivalent to 100 square feet (9.29 m²) of roof area. The materials for roofing jobs are often billed by the square in the United States.


square

square (third-person singular simple present squares, present participle squaring, simple past and past participle squared)

squares (present singular third-person)
squaring (participle present)
squared (participle past)
squared (past)

подравнявам

to adjust so as to align with or place at a right angle

jalustaa poikittain

nautical: to place at right angles with the keel

square the circle

(transitive, geometry) To draw, with a pair of compasses and a straightedge only, a square with the same area as.

neliöidä

geometry: to draw a square with same area as something else

(transitive, geometry) To tile (completely fill) with squares.


pyramoid

(geometry) Alternative form of pyramidoid


pyramidoid

/pɪˈɹæmɪdɔɪd/

(geometry) A solid resembling a pyramid.


ray

From Middle English raye, rayȝe, from Old French raie, from Latin raia, of uncertain origin. Compare Middle English reyhhe, reihe, reȝge (“ray, skate”), from Old English reohhe (“ray”).

A marine fish with a flat body, large wing-like fins, and a whip-like tail.


lemon

desc

→ Kashubian: lemòna (Canada, United States)

Cream Lemon
Lemon
Lemon (color)
Lemon (geometry)

Inherited from Middle English lymon, from Old French lymon (“citrus”), from Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn) or Persian لیمون (limon), from Persian لیمو (limu), from Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *limaw or Munda. Likely doublet of lime.
The fandom sense is named after the erotic anime series Cream Lemon.

Coordinate term: apple

(geometry) The surface of revolution of a circular arc of angle less than 180° rotated about the straight line passing through the arc’s two endpoints.


rose

en-noun

rose (countable and uncountable, plural roses)

→ Marshallese: rooj

→ Tokelauan: loha

From Middle English rose, roose, from Old English rōse, but with its vowel influenced by Old French rose, both from Latin rosa. The Latin is of uncertain origin, but likely via Oscan from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”) (Aeolic ϝρόδον (wródon)), from Old Persian *vr̥dah (“flower”) (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀- (var^əδa-), Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, late Middle Persian [Term?] (gwl /gul/), Persian گل (gol, “rose, flower”), and Middle Iranian borrowings including Old Armenian վարդ (vard, “rose”), Aramaic וַרְדָּא (wardā) / ܘܪܕܐ (wardā), Arabic وَرْدَة (warda), Hebrew וֶרֶד (wéreḏ)), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰos (“sweetbriar”) (compare Old English word (“thornbush”), Latin rubus (“bramble”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”)). Possibly ultimately a derivation from a verb for "to grow" only attested in Indo-Iranian (*Hwardʰ-, compare Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati), with relatives in Avestan).

(mathematics) Any of various flower-like polar graphs of sinusoids or their squares.


path

From Middle English path, peth, from Old English pæþ (“path, track”), from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz (“path”) (compare West Frisian paad, Dutch pad, German Pfad), Ancient Greek πατέω (patéō) / πάτος (pátos), from Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (panta, “way”), 𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬀 (paθa, genitive), Old Persian [script needed] (pathi-)), from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs (compare Sanskrit पन्था (panthā), पथ (patha)), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from *pent- (“path”) (compare English find). Doublet of panth.

(paganism) A Pagan tradition, for example witchcraft, Wicca, druidism, Heathenry.

(topology) A continuous map f from the unit interval I=[0,1] to a topological space X.


dimension

(geometry) The number of independent coordinates needed to specify uniquely the location of a point in a space; also, any of such independent coordinates.


leg

→ Finnish: legi

→ Hungarian: leg

From Middle English leg, legge, from Old Norse leggr (“leg, calf, bone of the arm or leg, hollow tube, stalk”), from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz, *lagwijaz (“leg, thigh”) (see it for more).
Cognate with Scots leg (“leg”), Icelandic leggur (“leg, limb”), Norwegian Bokmål legg (“leg”), Norwegian Nynorsk legg (“leg”), Swedish lägg (“leg, shank, shaft”), Danish læg (“leg”), Lombardic lagi (“thigh, shank, leg”), Latin lacertus (“limb, arm”), Persian لنگ (leng). Upon borrowing, mostly displaced the native Old English term sċanca (Modern English shank).

der

piss on someone's leg and tell them it's raining

(geometry) One of the two sides of a right triangle that is not the hypotenuse.

(geometry) One of the two equal sides of an isosceles triangle.

(geometry) One of the branches of a hyperbola or other curve which extend outward indefinitely.


right

en-adj

right (comparative further right or more right or righter, superlative furthest right or most right or rightmost or rightest)

further right (comparative)
more right (comparative)
righter (comparative)
furthest right (superlative)
most right (superlative)
rightmost (superlative)
rightest (superlative)

→ Spanish: right

→ Welsh: reit

From Middle English right, from Old English riht (“right,” also the word for “straight” and “direct”), from Proto-Germanic *rehtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵtós (“having moved in a straight line”), from *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”). An Indo-European past participle, it became a Germanic adjective which has been used also as a noun since the common Germanic period. Cognate with West Frisian rjocht, Dutch recht, German recht and Recht, Swedish rätt and rät, Danish ret, Norwegian Bokmål rett, Norwegian Nynorsk rett, Yiddish רעכט (rekht) and Icelandic rétt. The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ὀρεκτός (orektós) and Latin rēctus; Albanian drejt was borrowed from Latin.

inh

the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing

even a stopped clock is right twice a day

have one's head screwed on the right way

The kitchen counter formed a right angle with the back wall.

(geometry) Of an angle, having a size of 90 degrees, or one quarter of a complete rotation; the angle between two perpendicular lines.

a right triangle   a right prism   a right cone

(geometry) Of a geometric figure, incorporating a right angle between edges, faces, axes, etc.

перпендикулярен

geometry: incorporating a right angle between edges, faces, axes, etc.


face

→ Danish: fjæs

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fjes

Norwegian Nynorsk: fjes

→ Swedish: fejs, fjäs

→ Wu: 番斯 (¹fe-sy)

From Middle English face, from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs (“form, appearance”). Doublet of facies. Displaced native Middle English onlete (“face, countenance, appearance”), anleth (“face”), from Old English anwlite, andwlita, compare German Antlitz; Old English ansīen (“face”), Middle English neb (“face, nose”) (from Old English nebb), Middle English ler, leor, leer (“face, cheek, countenance”) (from Old English hlēor), and non-native Middle English vis (“face, appearance, look”) (from Old French vis) and Middle English chere (“face”) from Old French chere.

noncog

talk to the hand 'cause the face ain't listening

A cube has six faces, each of which is a square.

facet

different specialised meaning in mathematical use

(geometry) Any of the flat bounding surfaces of a polyhedron; more generally, any of the bounding pieces of a polytope of any dimension.

kant

geometry: bounding surface of a polyhedron


tooth

Wales (usually), Midlands (especially Birmingham)

From Middle English tothe, toth, tooth, from Old English tōþ (“tooth”), from Proto-West Germanic *tanþ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþs (“tooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Related to tusk. Doublet of dent, dens, tind, and tine.
Cognates:
Cognate with Scots tuth, tuith (“tooth”), North Frisian toth, tos (“tooth”), Dutch tand (“tooth”), German Zahn (“tooth”), Danish tand (“tooth”), Swedish tand (“tooth”), Norwegian tann (“tooth”), Icelandic tönn (“tooth”), Welsh dant (“tooth”), Latin dēns (“tooth”), Lithuanian dantìs (“tooth”), Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús)/ὀδών (odṓn, “tooth”), Armenian ատամ (atam), Persian دندان (dandân), Sanskrit दत् (dát), दन्त (danta, “tooth”).

(algebraic geometry) An irreducible component of a comb that intersects the handle in exactly one point, that point being distinct from the unique point of intersection for any other tooth of the comb.


foot

en-noun

foot (plural feet or (UK colloquial, unit of measure) foot)

→ Assamese: ফুট (phut)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feet</i>

→ Japanese: フット (futto), フート (fūto); フィート (fīto) (from feet)

→ Russian: фут (fut)

Sranan Tongo: futu

Aukan: futu

Saramaccan: fútu

→ Swahili: futi

→ Thai: ฟุต (fút)

Tok Pisin: fut, put

→ Urdu: فٹ (fuṭ)

→ Phalura: fuṭ

From Middle English fot, fote, foot, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of pes, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

doublet

not touch something with a ten-foot pole

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

(geometry) The point of intersection of one line with another that is perpendicular to it.


tore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(geometry) The surface described by the circumference of a circle revolving about a straight line in its own plane.


complex

en-adj

complex (comparative complexer or more complex, superlative complexest or most complex)

complexer (comparative)
more complex (comparative)
complexest (superlative)
most complex (superlative)

From French complexe, from Latin complexus, past participle of complector (“I entwine, encircle, compass, infold”), from com- (“together”) and plectere (“to weave, braid”). May be analyzed as com- + -plex. See complect. Doublet of complexus.

(geometry) A curve, polygon or other figure that crosses or intersects itself.


curve

Attested since the 1690s, from Latin curvus (“bent, curved”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, curve, turn”) + *-wós. Doublet of curb, shrink, carcer, and cancer.

doublet

a curve line

a curve surface

(obsolete) Bent without angles; crooked; curved.


curve

(analytic geometry) A continuous map from a one-dimensional space to a multidimensional space.

(geometry) A one-dimensional figure of non-zero length; the graph of a continuous map from a one-dimensional space.

(algebraic geometry) An algebraic curve; a polynomial relation of the planar coordinates.


altitude

en-noun

altitude (countable and uncountable, plural altitudes)

From Middle English, borrowed from Latin altitūdō (“height”), from altus (“high”).

The perpendicular height of a triangle is known as its altitude.

(geometry) The distance measured perpendicularly from a figure's vertex to the opposite side of the vertex.


cell

From Middle English celle, selle, from Old English cell (attested in inflected forms), from Latin cella (“chamber, small room, compartment”), later reinforced by Old French cel, sele, Old French cele. ultimately from Proto-Italic *kelnā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of cella and hall.

der

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

(geometry) A three-dimensional facet of a polytope.

포

geometry: a three-dimensional facet of a polytope


circle

Pitcairn-Norfolk: sirkil

From Middle English circle, cercle, from Old French cercle and Latin circulus, diminutive of Latin circus (“circle, circus”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring”), related to Old English hring (“ring”). Compare also Old English ċircul (“circle, zodiac”), which came from the same Latin source.

دَائِرَة

geometry: set of all points in a plane within a radius

The set of all points (x, y) such that (x − 1)² + y² = r² is a circle of radius r around the point (1, 0).

(geometry) A two-dimensional geometric figure, a line, consisting of the set of all those points in a plane that are equally distant from a given point (center).

аикәагьежь

geometry: set of points that are equally distant from a center

Cut a circle out of that sheet of metal.

Any shape, curve or arrangement of objects that approximates to or resembles the geometric figures.

Any thin three-dimensional equivalent of the geometric figures.

շրջան

thin three-dimensional equivalent of these geometric figures

The crank moves in a circle.

A curve that more or less forms part or all of a circle.

շրջան

curve approximating part or all of a circle

Children, please join hands and form a circle.


spread

en-noun

spread (countable and uncountable, plural spreads)

From Middle English spreden, from Old English sprǣdan (“to spread, expand”), from Proto-Germanic *spraidijaną (“to spread”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per- (“to strew, sow, sprinkle”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian spreede (“to spread”), West Frisian spriede (“to spread”), North Frisian spriedjen (“to spread”), Dutch spreiden (“to spread”), Low German spreden (“to spread”), German spreiten (“to spread, spread out”), Norwegian spre, spreie (“to spread, disseminate”), Swedish sprida (“to spread”), Latin spernō, spargō, Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō), Persian سپردن (sepordan, “to deposit”), English spurn.

cog

(geometry) An unlimited expanse of discontinuous points.


apex

Borrowed from Latin apex (“point, tip, summit”).

The highest or the greatest part of something, especially forming a point.

(geometry) The highest point in a plane or solid figure, relative to a base line or plane.


distribution

en-noun

distribution (countable and uncountable, plural distributions)

From Old French, from Latin distributio, from distribuere 'to distribute', itself from dis- 'apart' + tribuere 'to' (from tribus).

probability distribution
probability distribution

(mathematics, statistics) A probability distribution; the set of relative likelihoods that a variable will have a value in a given interval.

تَوْزِيع

statistics: set of relative likelihoods — see also probability distribution

differential geometry
differential geometry

(mathematics, differential geometry) A subset of the tangent bundle of a manifold that satisfies certain properties; used to construct the notions of integrability and foliation of a manifold.


shape

shape (countable and uncountable, plural shapes)

From Middle English shap, schape, from Old English ġesceap (“shape, form, created being, creature, creation, dispensation, fate, condition, sex, gender, genitalia”), from Proto-West Germanic *ga- + *skap, from Proto-Germanic *ga- + *skapą (“shape, nature, condition”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to split, cut”). Cognate with Middle Dutch schap (“form”), Middle High German geschaf (“creature”), Icelandic skap (“state, condition, temper, mood”).
The verb is from Middle English shapen, schapen, from Old English scieppan (“to shape, form, make, create, assign, arrange, destine, order, adjudge”), from Proto-Germanic *skapjaną (“to create”), from the noun. Cognate with Dutch scheppen, German schaffen, Swedish skapa (“create, make”), Norwegian Bokmål skape (“create”). Doublet of -ship.

inh

programming language
programming language

(programming) In the Hack programming language, a group of data fields each of which has a name and a data type.


branch

From Middle English branche, braunche, bronche, from Old French branche, branke, from Late Latin branca (“footprint”, later also “paw, claw”) (whence Middle High German pranke, German Pranke (“paw”)), of unknown origin.
Perhaps of Celtic origin, from a hypothetical Gaulish *vranca, from Proto-Indo-European *wrónk-eh₂. If so, then Indo-European cognates include Old Norse rá, vró (“angle, corner”), and possibly Lithuanian rankà (“hand”), Old Church Slavonic рѫка (rǫka, “hand”), Albanian rangë (“yardwork”).
The verb is from Middle English braunchen, from the noun.

unk

unknown

fall out of the ugly tree and hit every branch

the highest branch is not the safest roost

the branches of a hyperbola

(geometry) One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance.

haara

geometry: one of the portions of a curve that extends to infinity


right angle

(geometry) Half of the angle formed by a single straight line, equivalent to 90 degrees.


body

en-noun

body (countable and uncountable, plural bodies)

From Middle English bodi, bodiȝ, from Old English bodiġ (“body, trunk, chest, torso, height, stature”), from Proto-West Germanic *bodag (“body, trunk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”). Cognate with Old High German botah (whence Swabian Bottich (“body, torso”)).

der

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

(geometry) A three-dimensional object, such as a cube or cone.


hedgehog

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɒɡ/

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɔɡ/

From Middle English heyghoge; equivalent to hedge + hog. Eclipsed non-native Middle English yrchoun, irchoun (“hedgehog”), from Old French hirchoun, herichon (“hedgehog”); and Middle English il, from Old English īl, iġil (“hedgehog”).

(differential geometry) A type of plane curve; see Hedgehog (geometry).


comb

From Middle English comb, from Old English camb (“comb”), from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz (“comb”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth”), a doublet of cam. The verb is derived from the noun and displaced the older verb kemb.
Cognates
Compare Saterland Frisian Koum, Swedish/Dutch kam, Norwegian kam, German Kamm); also Tocharian B keme, Lithuanian žam̃bas (“sharp edge”), Old Church Slavonic зѫбъ (zǫbŭ), Albanian dhëmb, Ancient Greek γομφίος (gomphíos, “backtooth, molar”), Sanskrit जम्भ (jambha)).

cog

(algebraic geometry) A connected and reduced curve with irreducible components consisting of a smooth subcurve (called the handle) and one or more additional irreducible components (called teeth) that each intersect the handle in a single point that is unequal to the unique point of intersection for any of the other teeth.


base

en-noun

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

(geometry) The lowest side of a triangle or other polygon, or the lowest face of a cone, pyramid or other polyhedron laid flat.

భూమి

త్రిభుజం వైశాల్యం = అర*భూమి*ఎత్తు


round

From Middle English round, rounde, from Old Northern French roünt, rund, Old French ront, runt, reont ( > French rond), from both Late Latin retundus and the original Latin rotundus. The noun developed partly from the adjective and partly from the corresponding French noun rond. Doublet of rotund.

раздаване

card games: moment from the deal until the players are finished with the cards

A Cave[…],
Where light and darkness in perpetual round
Lodge and dislodge by turns.

1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


volume

volume (countable and uncountable, plural volumes)

From Middle English volume, from Old French volume, from Latin volūmen (“book, roll”), from volvō (“roll, turn about”).

The room is 9×12×8, so its volume is 864 cubic feet.

The proper products can improve your hair's volume.

Volatiles of kecap manis and its raw materials were extracted using Likens-Nickerson apparatus with diethyl ether as the extraction solvent. The extracts were then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated using a rotary evaporator followed by flushing using nitrogen until the volume was about 0.5 ml.

1997, A. J. Taylor, D. S. Mothram, editors, Flavour Science: Recent Developments, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 63:

A three-dimensional measure of space that comprises a length, a width and a height. It is measured in units of cubic centimeters in metric, cubic inches or cubic feet in English measurement.

(obsolete) A roll or scroll, which was the form of ancient books.

сви́тък

The volume of ticket sales decreased this week.

ծավալ

synonym for quantity — see also quantity

(computing) An accessible storage area with a single file system, typically resident on a single partition of a hard disk.

том

computing: accessible storage area with a single file system

(key muscle growth stimuli) Coordinate terms: mechanical tension, frequency

(bodybuilding) The total of weight worked by a muscle in one training session, the weight of every single repetition summed up.


x-axis

independent variable
independent variable

(analytic geometry) The axis on a graph that is usually drawn left to right and usually shows the range of values of an independent variable.


solid

From Middle English solid, from the adjective, Middle French solide, or Latin solidum. Doublet of solidum.

(geometry) A three-dimensional figure (as opposed to a surface, an area, or a curve).


flat

en-adj

flat (comparative flatter, superlative flattest)

flatter (comparative)
flattest (superlative)

bumpy

antonym(s) of “having no variations in altitude”

→ Portuguese: flat

From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”). Doublet of plat and pleyt.
The noun is from Middle English flat (“level piece of ground, flat edge of a weapon”), from the adjective.
The algebraic sense was coined by Serre in a 1956 paper, originally as French plat.

inh

(algebraic geometry, scheme theory, of a morphism of schemes) Such that the induced map on every stalk is flat (as a map of rings).


flat

(geometry) A subset of n-dimensional space that is congruent to a Euclidean space of lower dimension.


orbit

en-noun

orbit (countable and uncountable, plural orbits)

Inherited from Middle English orbite, orbita, from Latin orbita (“course, track, impression, mark”).

គន្លង

kɔɔkŭənlɔɔng

The curved path of one object around a point or another body.

(astronomy) An elliptical movement of an object about a celestial object or Lagrange point, especially a periodic elliptical revolution.

The Moon's orbit around the Earth takes nearly one month to complete.

One complete circuit round an orbited body.

(uncountable) The state of moving in an orbit.

(mathematics) A collection of points related by the evolution function of a dynamical system.

(geometry, group theory) The subset of elements of a set X to which a given element can be moved by members of a specified group of transformations that act on X.


hyperbola

en-noun

hyperbola (plural hyperbolas or hyperbolae or hyperbolæ)

hyperbolas (plural)
hyperbolae (plural)
hyperbolæ (plural)

From Ancient Greek ὑπερβολή (huperbolḗ). Doublet of hyperbole.

(geometry) A conic section formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane that intersects the base of the cone and is not tangent to the cone. The function y(x) = 1/x draws a hyperbola.


space

space (countable and uncountable, plural spaces)

From Middle English space, from Anglo-Norman space, variant of espace, espas et al., and spaze, variant of espace, from Latin spatium, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peh₂- (“to stretch, to pull”).

boşluq

gap between written characters, lines etc.

ala

figuratively: field, area, or sphere of activity or endeavour — see also area, domain, field, sector, sphere

Fully Automated Luxury Queer Space Communism

(heading) A bounded or specific extent, physical or otherwise.

(geometry) A set of points, each of which is uniquely specified by a number (the dimensionality) of coordinates.


handle

desctree

→ Japanese: ハンドル (handoru)
→ Hokkien: 捍多路 (hăn-tó͘-luh)
→ Sakizaya: handulu

From Middle English handel, handle, from Old English handle (“a handle”), from handlian (“to handle, feel, deal with, discuss”). See verb below. Cognate with Danish handel (“a handle”).

(algebraic geometry) The smooth, irreducible subcurve of a comb which connects to each of the other components in exactly one point.


wedge

en-noun

wedge (countable and uncountable, plural wedges)

From Middle English wegge (“wedge”), from Old English weċġ (“wedge”), from Proto-West Germanic *wagi, from Proto-Germanic *wagjaz.

(geometry) A five-sided polyhedron with a rectangular base, two rectangular or trapezoidal sides meeting in an edge, and two triangular ends.


similarity

similarity (countable and uncountable, plural similarities)

From French similarité.
Morphologically similar + -ity

(geometry) A transformation (of a Euclidean space) that preserves angles and the ratios of distances


cylinder

→ Japanese: シリンダー (shirindā)

→ Korean: 실린더 (sillindeo)

From Middle French chilindre, cylindre, from Latin cylindrus, from Ancient Greek κύλινδρος (kúlindros), from κυλίνδω (kulíndō) "I roll or wallow" (intransitive). Doublet of calander and calender.

When the two-dimensional curve is a circle, the cylinder is called a circular cylinder. When the axis is perpendicular to the plane of the curve, the cylinder is called a right cylinder. In non-mathematical usage, both right and circular are usually implied.

(geometry) A surface created by projecting a closed two-dimensional curve along an axis intersecting the plane of the curve.

(geometry) A solid figure bounded by a cylinder and two parallel planes intersecting the cylinder.


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink.
cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

(geometry) A planar geometrical figure included between two concentric circles.


heart

heart (countable and uncountable, plural hearts)

Torres Strait Creole: at

→ Bengali: হার্ট (harṭ)

→ Cantonese: heart

→ Cebuano: Heart

→ Irish: hart

→ Japanese: ハート (hāto); ハツ (hatsu) (from hearts)

→ Korean: 하트 (hateu)

→ Tagalog: Heart

PIE word
 *ḱḗr
From Middle English herte, from Old English heorte (“heart”), from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”). Doublet of cardia; see also core.
Most of the modern figurative senses (such as passion or compassion, spirit, inmost feelings, especially love, affection, and courage) were present in Old English. However, the meaning “center” dates from the early 14th century.
The verb sense “to love” is from the 1977 I ❤ NY advertising campaign.

the way to a man's heart is through his stomach

I know almost every Beatles song by heart.

(obsolete, except in the phrase "by heart") Memory.

"Aw. Thank you." The Cherub kissed the air between them and sent a small cluster of tiny red hearts at her.

1998, Pat Cadigan, Tea From an Empty Cup, page 106:

A conventional shape or symbol used to represent the heart, love, or emotion: ♥.

(cartomancy) The twenty-fourth Lenormand card.


heart

en-verb

heart (third-person singular simple present hearts, present participle hearting, simple past and past participle hearted)

hearts (present singular third-person)
hearting (participle present)
hearted (participle past)
hearted (past)

We're but the sum of all our terrors until we heart the dove.

2001 April 6, Michael Baldwin, “The Heart Has Its Reasons”, in Commonweal:

2006, Susan Reinhardt, Bulldog doesn't have to rely on the kindness of strangers to draw attention, Citizen-Times.com
I guess at this point we were supposed to feel elated she'd come to her senses and decided she hearts dogs after all.

The further we delve into this "story", the more convinced we become of one thing: We heart the Goss.

2008 January 30, “Cheese in our time: Blur and Oasis to end feud with a Stilton”, in The Guardian, London:

2008 July 25, "The Media Hearts Obama?", On The Media, National Public Radio

Lots of people say they love their hometown, but no one hearts NY quite like Milton Glaser.

2019 July 4, John Leland, “Why This Famous Graphic Designer, at 90, Still ♥s NY”, in New York Times:

(transitive, humorous, informal) To be fond of. Often bracketed or abbreviated with a heart symbol.


aberrancy

en-noun

aberrancy (countable and uncountable, plural aberrancies)

(geometry) The deviation of a curve from circular form.


box

box (plural boxes or (nonstandard, computing, humorous) boxen)

boxes (plural)
boxen (humorous nonstandard plural)

Tok Pisin: bokis

→ Afrikaans: boks

→ Bengali: বাক্স (bakśo)

→ Bulgarian: бокс (boks)

→ Crimean Tatar: boks

→ Danish: boks

→ Dutch: box m

→ Faroese: boks

→ French: box m

→ German: Box f

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बकस m (bakas), बक्सा m (baksā)

Urdu: بکس m (baks, bakas)

→ Icelandic: box n

→ Indonesian: boks

→ Irish: bosca m

→ Italian: box m

→ Japanese: ボックス (bokkusu)

→ Korean: 박스 (bakseu)

→ Maori: pāka

→ Marwari: बकस (baks, bakas)

→ Nepali: बाकस (bākas)

→ Norman: bosc m

→ Norwegian: boks m

→ Pashto: بکس (baks)

→ Persian: باکس (bâks)

→ Polish: boks m

→ Portuguese: box m

→ Russian: бокс m (boks)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bogsa m, bocsa

→ Spanish: box m

→ Swedish: box c

→ Welsh: bocs

From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish hjulbössa (“wheel-box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

rasia

compartment or receptacle for receiving items

ramme

rectangular border around an image, text, etc.

ruutu

small area on a document for a tick mark

tofu

empty box displayed by some computer systems in place of a character not supported by available fonts

(geometry, by extension) A rectangular object in any number of dimensions.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(geometry) The area enclosed between two concentric perimeters.

rengas

geometry: area enclosed between two concentric perimeters


content

en-noun

content (countable and uncountable, plural contents)

desctree

→ Russian: контент (kontent)
→ Armenian: կոնտենտ (kontent)

From Middle English content (plural contentes, contence), from Latin contentus, past participle of continēre (“to hold in, contain”), as Etymology 1, above. English apparently developed a substantive form of the adjective, which is not mirrored in Romance languages.

(mathematics) The n-dimensional space contained by an n-dimensional polytope (called volume in the case of a polyhedron and area in the case of a polygon); length, area or volume, generalized to an arbitrary number of dimensions.

inhoud

mathematics: space contained by a polytope


butterfly

From Middle English buterflie, butturflye, boterflye, from Old English buterflēoge, equivalent to butter + fly. Cognate with Dutch botervlieg, German Butterfliege (“butterfly”). The name may have originally been applied to butterflies of a yellowish color, and/or reflected a belief that butterflies ate milk and butter (compare German Molkendieb (“butterfly”, literally “whey-thief”) and Low German Botterlicker (“butterfly”, literally “butter-licker”)), or that they excreted a butter-like substance (compare Dutch boterschijte (“butterfly”, literally “butter-shitter”)). Compare also German Schmetterling from Schmetten (“cream”), German Low German Bottervögel (“butterfly”, literally “butter-fowl”). More at butter, fly.
An alternate theory suggests that the first element may have originally been Old English butor- (“beater”), a mutation of bēatan (“to beat”), but this would not explain the cognates in other languages or the other names formed with milk products.
Superseded non-native Middle English papilion (“butterfly”) borrowed from Old French papillon (“butterfly”).

cog

Any of several plane curves that look like a butterfly; see Butterfly curve (transcendental) and Butterfly curve (algebraic).


generation

en-noun

generation (countable and uncountable, plural generations)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/

Inherited from Middle English generacioun, from Anglo-Norman generacioun, Middle French generacion, and their source, Latin generātiō, from generāre, present active infinitive of generō (“to beget, generate”). Compare generate.

inh+

the generation of a line or curve

(geometry) The formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, as a line, a surface, a solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical law, of a point or a magnitude, by the motion of a point, of a surface by a line, a sphere by a semicircle, etc.


group

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”). In the sense of group theory coined (in French, as groupe) by Évariste Galois.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.

der

(geometry, archaic) An effective divisor on a curve.


essential

en-adj

essential (comparative more essential, superlative most essential)

more essential (comparative)
most essential (superlative)

From Late Latin essentiālis, from Latin essentia (“being, essence”).

complementary region
complementary region

(geometry) Such that each complementary region is irreducible, the boundary of each complementary region is incompressible by disks and monogons in the complementary region, and no leaf is a sphere or a torus bounding a solid torus in the manifold.


trigonometry

en-noun

trigonometry (countable and uncountable, plural trigonometries)

/ˌtɹɪɡəˈnɒmətɹi/

PIE word
 *tréyes
From 1610s, from New Latin trigōnometria, from Ancient Greek τρίγωνον (trígōnon, “triangle”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”), equivalent to trigono- + -metry.

EtymOnLine

Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “trigonometry”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

Trigonometry emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BCE from applications of geometry to astronomy; the Greeks focused on the calculation of chords, while mathematicians in India created the earliest known tables of values for trigonometric functions such as sine.

Historically, trigonometry has been applied in areas such as geodesy, surveying, celestial mechanics and navigation.

Trigonometry was originally the science which treated only of the sides and angles of plane and spherical triangles; but it has been recently extended so as to include the analytic treatment of all theorems involving the consideration of angular magnitudes.

1892, Edward Albert Bowser, A Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, D. C. Heath & Co., page 1:

In fact, the earliest practical uses of trigonometry were in the fields of astronomy and hence navigation.

2013, Paul Abbott, Hugh Neill, Trigonometry: A Complete Introduction, Hachette, unnumbered page:

The properties of these new trigonometries and identities flowing from the definitions are then developed.
The trigonometries derived from these generalizations will be jointly termed "The Fractional Trigonometry."

2016, Carl F. Lorenzo, Tom T. Hartley, The Fractional Trigonometry, Wiley, page 8:

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

right-angled triangle
right-angled triangle

trigonometric function
trigonometric function

(geometry, mathematical analysis) The branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and angles of (in particular) right-angled triangles, as represented by the trigonometric functions, and with calculations based on said relationships.


quaternion

From Middle English quaternioun, from Late Latin quaterniō, from quaternī (“four each”) + -iō, from quater (“four times”). Doublet of kern.
The mathematics sense was coined by Irish mathematician and astronomer William Rowan Hamilton in 1843.

coin

The right-hand side of the quaternion equation requires scalar multiplication and quaternion addition.

2004, David H. Eberly, 3D Game Engine Architecture: Engineering Real-Time Applications with Wild Magic:

(mathematics) A type of four-dimensional hypercomplex number consisting of a real part and three imaginary parts (real multiples of distinct, independent square roots of −1 denoted by i, j and k); commonly used in vector mathematics and as an alternative to matrix algebra in calculating the rotation of three-dimensional objects.


polyhedron

en-noun

polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons)

From New Latin polyedron, from Ancient Greek πολύεδρος (polúedros, “having many seats”), from πολυ- (polu-, “many”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”); compare French polyèdre. By surface analysis, poly- + -hedron.

der

List of uniform polyhedra on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Of the convex polyhedra with regular faces, the only ones that have tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral symmetry are the Platonic and Archimedean solids.

1966, Norman W. Johnson, “Convex Polyhedra with Regular Faces”, in Canadian Journal of Mathematics, volume XVIII, number I, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, page 181:

(geometry) A solid figure with many flat faces and straight edges.


cubic

From Middle French cubique, equivalent to cube + -ic.

On one recent day, officials said the fine dust concentration levels in Seoul rose above 130 micrograms per cubic meter.
Audio (US): (file)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)

cubic foot

(geometry) Used in the names of units of volume formed by multiplying a unit of length by itself twice.

(algebraic geometry) Of a class of polynomial of the form ax³+bx²+cx+d


quadratic

From French quadratique (1765), from Latin quadrātus + -ique (English -ic), form of quadrō (“I make square”), from quādrus (“square”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres (“four”), whence also Latin quartus (“fourth”).

(mathematics) Of a polynomial, equation or function, second-degree: involving the second power (square) of a variable but no higher powers, as ax²+bx+c.

քառակուսի

of a class of polynomial of the form y = ax² + bx + c


lune

What he worried about was any eventual convexity, a shrinking, it might be, of the planet itself to some palpable curvature of whatever he would be standing on, so that he would be left sticking out like a projected radius, unsheltered and reeling across the empty lunes of his tiny sphere.

(geometry) A concave figure formed by the intersection of the arcs of two circles on a plane, or on a sphere the intersection between two great semicircles.


linear

en-adj

linear (comparative more linear, superlative most linear)

more linear (comparative)
most linear (superlative)

From Latin līneāris, from līnea (“line”) + -āris (adjectival suffix), equivalent to line + -ar. Doublet of lineal.

lineêr

in mathematics, of first-degree polynomial

4x#x2B;5y#x2B;#x5C;frac#x7B;1#x7D;#x7B;2#x7D;z is a linear polynomial, but 4xy#x2B;#x5C;frac#x7B;1#x7D;#x7B;2#x7D;z and 4x#x2B;z² are not.

(mathematics) (of polynomials or polynomial equations)

(of a polynomial) Having degree less than one; that is, being of the form a_1x_1+a_2x_2+⋯+a_nx_n, where each x_i is a variable and each a_i is a coefficient. See also Linear polynomials on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

The graph of the linear equation y#x3D;ax#x2B;b is a straight line with slope a and y-intercept b

(of a polynomial equation) Involving only linear polynomials. See also Linear equation on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

The map f#x3A;#x5C;mathbb#x7B;R#x7D;³#x5C;to#x5C;mathbb#x7B;R#x7D;² taking (x,y,z)#x5C;mapsto(x#x2B;y#x2B;z,x-y#x2B;3z) is a linear map.

(of a function between vector spaces) An additive, homogeneous mapping; that is, a function f:V→W is linear if it distributes over vector addition (f( mathbf v+ mathbf w)=f( mathbf v)+f( mathbf w)) and respects scalar multiplication (f(c mathbf v)=cf( mathbf v)). If V and W are vector spaces over a field K, f may also be called a K-linear map. See also linear map on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Module homomorphism
w:Module homomorphism

(of a function over a module) A module homomorphism; that is, a group homomorphism that commutes with scalar multiplication. See also Module homomorphism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


linear

linear amplifier
linear amplifier#English

(radio slang) Ellipsis of linear amplifier..


graph

Clipping of graphic formula. From 1878; verb from 1889.

1969 [MIT Press], Thomas Walsh, Randell Magee (translators), I. M. Gelfand, E. G. Glagoleva, E. E. Shnol, Functions and Graphs, 2002, Dover, page 19,
Let us take any point of the first graph, for example, x=1/2,y=4/5, that is, the point M_1(1/2,4/5).

Graph of a function
w:Graph of a function

(mathematics) A set of points constituting a graphical representation of a real function; (formally) a set of tuples (x_1,x_2,…,x_m,y)∈ R ᵐ⁺¹, where y=f(x_1,x_2,…,x_m) for a given function f: R ᵐ→ R . See also Graph of a function on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


genus

en-noun

genus (plural genera or (both nonstandard) genuses or genusses)

genera (plural)
genuses (nonstandard plural)
genusses (nonstandard plural)

→ Malayalam: ജീനസ് (jīnasŭ)

→ Swahili: jenasi

→ Thai: สกุล (sà-gun) (semantic loan)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os
Latin genusbor.
English genus
Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignō (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender, genre, and kin.

genus

rank in a taxonomic classification between family and species

(topology, graph theory, algebraic geometry) A natural number representing any of several related measures of the complexity of a given manifold or graph.


sphere

From Middle English spere, from Old French sphere, from Late Latin sphēra, earlier Latin sphaera (“ball, globe, celestial sphere”), from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “ball, globe”), of unknown origin. Not related to superficially similar Persian سپهر (sepehr, “sky”) .

uder

(mathematics) A surface in three dimensions consisting of all points equidistant from a center. .

(geometry) The set of all points in three-dimensional Euclidean space (or n-dimensional space, in topology) that are a fixed distance from a fixed point .

sferë

mathematics: regular three-dimensional object


line

→ Scottish Gaelic: loidhne

From Middle English line, lyne, from Old English līne (“line, cable, rope, hawser, series, row, rule, direction”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).
Influenced in Middle English by Middle French ligne (“line”), from Latin linea. More at linen.
The oldest sense of the word is “rope, cord, thread”; from this the senses “path”, “continuous mark” were derived.

lyn

path through two or more points, threadlike mark

lyn

single horizontal row of text on a screen, printed paper, etc.

linja

measure of length, the main division of an inch or its local equivalent

A path through two or more points (compare ‘segment’); a continuous mark, including as made by a pen; any path, curved or straight.

(geometry) An infinitely extending one-dimensional figure that has no curvature; one that has length but not breadth or thickness.

lyn

geometry: infinite one-dimensional figure

(geometry, informal) A line segment; a continuous finite segment of such a figure.

отсе́чка

geometry: continuous finite segment of such a figure

(geography, 'the line' or 'equinoctial line') The equator.

Advertising rates, line contract, less than 500 agate lines, 12 cents per line; 1,000 to 2,000 lines, 7 cents; 5,000 to 10,000 lines, 5 cents.

1912, Miscellaneous Series, numbers 7-11, page 25:

(baseball, slang, 1800s, with "the") The batter's box.


decagram

(geometry) A regular ten-pointed star shape.


generatrix

en-noun

generatrix (plural generatrices or generatrixes)

generatrices (plural)
generatrixes (plural)

(geometry) A curve that, when rotated about an axis, produces a solid figure.

generatriu

a curve that, when rotated about an axis, produces a solid figure


generic

en-adj

generic (comparative more generic, superlative most generic)

more generic (comparative)
most generic (superlative)

gendered

antonym(s) of “neither masculine nor feminine”

From Middle French générique, from Latin genus (“genus, kind”) + -ic; thus morphologically parallel with, and a doublet of, general.

(geometry, of a point) Having coordinates that are algebraically independent over the base field.


spectrum

From Latin spectrum (“appearance, image, apparition”), from speciō (“look at, view”). Doublet of specter. See also scope.

bor

distinguished open sets
distinguished open sets

(commutative algebra, algebraic geometry) An abstract object in mathematics created from a commutative ring R and denoted operatorname Spec(R) or operatorname SpecR and said to be the spectrum of R; useful in the study of such rings for providing a geometric object which encodes many of the properties R, and in modern geometry for generalizing the notion of an algebraic variety to that of an affine scheme. Formally, the set of all prime ideals R equipped with the Zariski topology and augmented with a sheaf of rings called the structure sheaf, generated by the B-sheaf on the distinguished open sets D_f which assigns the localization of R at f to each set D_f, regarded as a ring of functions on D_f. See Spectrum of a ring on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


generator

/ˈdʒɛnəɹeɪtə(ɹ)/

From Latin, from past participle of genero (“beget, father”).

One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces.

(geometry) One of the lines of a ruled surface; more generally, an element of some family of linear spaces.


logarithm

/ˈlɑɡəɹ.ɹɪ.ðəm/

/ˈlɑɡ.ə.ɹɪðm/

/ˈlɑɡ.əɹ.ɹɪðm/

From New Latin logarithmus, term coined by Scottish mathematician John Napier from Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos, “word, reckoning”) and ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”); compare rational number, from analogous Latin.

der

For a currency which uses denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, etc., each jump in the base-10 logarithm from one denomination to the next higher is either 0.3010 or 0.3979.

(mathematics) For a number x, the power to which a given base number must be raised in order to obtain x. Written log _bx. For example, log ₁₀1000=3 because 10³=1000 and log ₂16=4 because 2⁴=16.

أَسِيس

The power to which a given base number must be raised in order to obtain a given number


homogeneous

From Medieval Latin homogeneus, from Ancient Greek ὁμογενής (homogenḗs, “of the same race, family or kind”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”) + γένος (génos, “kind”). Compare homo- (“same”) and -ous (adjectival suffix).

homogenous

may be considered incorrect; see usage note at §§ Usage notes

abstract algebra
abstract algebra#English

(geometry, of a space equipped with a group action) Informally: Everywhere the same, uniform, in the sense that any point can be moved to any other (via the group action) while respecting the structure of the space. Formally: Such that the group action is transitively and acts by automorphisms on the space (some authors also require that the action be faithful).

homogeneous coordinate
homogeneous coordinate

(geometry) Of or relating to homogeneous coordinates.


dodecahedron

en-noun

dodecahedron (plural dodecahedra or dodecahedrons)

dodecahedra (plural)
dodecahedrons (plural)

From Ancient Greek δωδεκάεδρον (dōdekáedron). Equivalent to dodeca- + -hedron.

1707, Thomas Blount, Glossographia Anglicana Nova: Or, A Dictionary, Interpreting Such Hard Words, D. Brown, heading DO–DO,
Dodecahedron, (Gr.) in Geometry, is a solid Figure of 12 Sides or Faces that are regular Pentagons, it is one of the Platonick or Regular Bodies.

(geometry) A polyhedron with twelve faces; the regular dodecahedron has regular pentagons as faces and is one of the Platonic solids.


cosine

From co- + sine, short for complementi sinus in Latin, meaning “sine of the complement”. Doublet of cosinus.

(trigonometry) In a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side adjacent to an acute angle to the length of the hypotenuse. Symbol: cos


icosahedron

icosahedron (plural icosahedra or icosahedrons)

icosahedra (plural)
icosahedrons (plural)

From Ancient Greek εἰκοσάεδρον (eikosáedron), from εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “face of a geometrical solid”). Equivalent to icosa- + -hedron.

(geometry) A polyhedron with twenty faces.

regular gyroelongated pentagonal bipyramid

(geometry, specifically) A regular icosahedron: one of the Platonic solids, all of whose faces are regular (equilateral) triangles


function

From Middle French function, from Old French fonction, from Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy”).

دَالَّة

mathematics: a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs

(mathematics) A relation in which each element of the domain is associated with exactly one element of the codomain.


complementary angle

en-noun

complementary angle (plural complementary angles)

Angle A is 40°, and its complementary angle, B, is 50°.

(geometry) An angle that, when added to another referenced angle, produces a right angle.


degree

From Middle English degre, borrowed from Old French degré (French: degré), itself from Latin gradus, with the prefix de-.

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 26. Degree

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 31. Greatness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

A right angle is a ninety-degree angle.

Most humans have a field of vision of almost 180 degrees.

(geometry) A unit of measurement of angle equal to ¹⁄₃₆₀ of a circle's circumference.


intersection

/ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/

/ˌɪntəɹˈsɛkʃən/

From Middle French intersection, from Latin intersectiō.

(geometry) The point or set of points common to two geometrical objects (such as the point where two lines meet or the line where two planes intersect).


torus

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

bor

A 4-variable Karnaugh map can be thought of, topologically, as being a torus.

(geometry) The standard representation of such a space in 3-dimensional Euclidean space: a surface or solid formed by rotating a closed curve, especially a circle, about a line which lies in the same plane but does not intersect it (e.g. like a ring doughnut).

(topology) A topological space which is a product of two circles.

(topology, in combination, n-torus, 4-torus, etc.) The product of the specified number of circles.

A ring-shaped object, especially a large ring-shaped chamber used in physical research.


rectangular

en-adj

rectangular (not generally comparable, comparative more rectangular, superlative most rectangular)

more rectangular (comparative)
most rectangular (superlative)

/ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjəlɚ/

/ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjʊlə/

Having axes that meet each other with right angles.

suorakulmainen

having axes that meet each other with right angles


operator

en-noun

operator (countable and uncountable, plural operators)

/ˈɒpəˌɹeɪtə/

/ˈɑpəˌɹeɪtɚ/

Borrowed from Latin operatōr, from operor (“work, labour”). Equivalent to operate + -or.

(mathematics) A function or other mapping that carries variables defined on a domain into another variable or set of variables in a defined range.


tangent

Borrowed from Latin tangentem, the accusative of tangēns (“touching”) (in the phrase līnea tangēns (“a touching line”)), the present participle of the verb tangō (“touch”, verb), from Proto-Italic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch”).
Cognate with Old English þaccian (“to touch lightly, pat, stroke”). More at thack, thwack.

cog

One feature of the body, which is constructed of pressed-steel members, is the contour of the sides. They are in the form of a continuous radius from the bottom side to the cant rail, and to enable flat glass windows to be fitted the side panels are pressed around the window opening, forming a tangent to the curved bodyside.

1951 May, “British Railways Standard Coaches”, in Railway Magazine, page 327:

(differential geometry) A straight line touching a curve at a single point without crossing it there.

(mathematics) A function of an angle that gives the ratio of the sine to the cosine, in either the real or complex numbers. Symbols: tan, tg.

I believe we went off onto a tangent when we started talking about monkeys on unicycles at his retirement party.

“Uncle Barnaby was always father and mother to me,” Benson broke in; then after a pause his mind flew off at a tangent. “Is old Hannah all right—in the will, I mean?”

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 1, in Well Tackled!:

2009: Stuart Heritage, Hecklerspray, Friday the 22ⁿᵈ of May in 2009 at 1 o’clock p.m., “Jon & Kate Latest: People You Don’t Know Do Crap You Don’t Care About”
Jon & Kate Plus 8 is a show based on two facts: (1) Jon and Kate Gosselin have eight children, and (2) the word ‘Kate’ rhymes with the word ‘eight’. One suspects that if Kate were ever to have another child, a shady network executive would urge her to put it in a binbag with a brick and drop it down a well. But this is just a horrifying tangent.

A topic nearly unrelated to the main topic, but having a point in common with it.


tangent

(geometry) Touching a curve at a single point but not crossing it at that point.

The collision occurred on a two-mile stretch of tangent track.

(rail transport, of track) Straight; not horizontally curved.


obtuse

en-adj

obtuse (comparative obtuser or more obtuse, superlative obtusest or most obtuse)

obtuser (comparative)
more obtuse (comparative)
obtusest (superlative)
most obtuse (superlative)

clear

antonym(s) of “deadened, muffled, muted”

pointed

antonym(s) of “now chiefly botany, zoology”

From Middle French obtus (“obtuse (geometry); narrow-minded, obtuse; boring, dull, lifeless”), from Latin obtūsus (“blunt, dull; obtuse”), past participle of obtundere, from obtundō (“to batter, beat, strike; to blunt, dull”), from ob- (“against”) (see ob-) + tundō (“to beat, strike; to bruise, crush, pound”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to hit; to push”)). More at obtund.

der

If you put foure Spleets in a Hiue, then cut their backes, where they must leane one against another, to square angles, such as be foure in a circle: if but three, cut them to obtuse angles, such as are three in a circle: (you may readily try them, before you put them in, by Moulds made iust to those formes) and so will they stand close and firme together.

1623, Charles Butler, “Of the Hiues, and the Dressing of Them”, in The Feminine Monarchie: or, The Historie of Bees: Shewing Their Admirable Nature, and Properties, Their Generation, and Colonies, Their Gouernment, Loyaltie, Art, Industrie, Enemies, Warres, Magnanimitie, &c. […], London, →OCLC, chapter 3, section 11, footnote c; republished Mytholmroyd, U.K.: Northern Bee Books, 1985:

More-over, as the Buildings Ambligon / May more receive then Mansions Oxigon / (Because th' acute, and the rect-Angles too, / Stride not so wide as obtuse Angles doe) / So doth the Circle in his Circuit span / More room then any other Figure can.

1641, “The Columnes. The Fourth Part of the Second Day of the II. Weeke”, in Alexander B. Grosart, editor, The Complete Works of Joshua Sylvester: For the First Time Collected and Edited […], Edinburgh Univ. Press, published 1880, page 156, lines 198–203:

Obtuse angles of the through crossing. — The system of the two obtuse-angled points is especially termed the dead-crossing. […] The point itself, less liable to damage than that of the crossing proper, on account of its obtuse form and its position relatively to the wheels, acts the same part towards the tapered portion of the cut rail, as the wing-rail does with respect to the acute-angle of the crossing.

1877, Ch[arles] Couche, “Special Points in the Permanent Way”, in James N. Shoolbred, transl., Permanent Way Rolling Stock and Technical Working of Railways. Followed by an Appendix on Works of Art, volume I, London: Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square; Paris: Dunod, 49, Quai des Augustins, →OCLC, § XIV (Rail-crossings), paragraph 258, page 316:

If he is standing close beside me I know that our separate axes of vision will meet at an acute angle in the centre of his object, and if we are further apart, at an obtuser angle.

1922, May Sinclair, “Space, Time and Other Consciousnesses”, in The New Idealism, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, section V, pages 255–256:

(now chiefly botany, zoology) Blunt; not sharp, pointed, or acute in form.

(geometry, specifically, of an angle) Larger than one, and smaller than two right angles, or more than 90° and less than 180°.

բութ

geometry: larger than 90° but less than 180°

Unless A lies in that part of a semi-infinite strip bounded by AB outside a semi-circle of diameter AB, the triangle is obtuse, so that the probability of getting an obtuse triangle is equal to 1.

2013, Edward J. Barbeau, “Probability and Statistics”, in More Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam (Spectrum Series), Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, →ISBN, page 128:

(geometry, by ellipsis) Obtuse-angled, having an obtuse angle.


pyramid

en-noun

pyramid (countable and uncountable, plural pyramids)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(geometry) A solid with triangular lateral faces and a polygonal (often square or rectangular) base.

piramidë

in geometry, a solid with triangular lateral faces and a polygonal base


acute

en-adj

acute (comparative acuter or more acute, superlative acutest or most acute)

acuter (comparative)
more acute (comparative)
acutest (superlative)
most acute (superlative)

From Late Middle English acute (“of a disease or fever: starting suddenly and lasting for a short time; of a humour: irritating, sharp”), from Latin acūta, from acūtus (“sharp, sharpened”), perfect passive participle of acuō (“to make pointed, sharpen, whet”), from acus (“needle, pin”). The word is cognate to ague (“acute, intermittent fever”).
As regards the noun, which is derived from the verb, compare Middle English acūte (“severe but short-lived fever; of blood: corrosiveness, sharpness; musical note of high pitch”).

cog

The teacher pointed out the acute angle.

Chlorophosphuret of nitrogen (at ordinary temperatures) is a solid crystalline body. […] The form of the crystals, as obtained by sublimation, is that of a rhomboid, of which the obtuse angle measures 131° or 132°, the acute 48° or 49°: the acute angle of this rhomboid, either at one or both ends, is often truncated, when of course the angle formed is about 114°: the hexagonal prism is also found.

1850 March 30, J[ohn] H[all] Gladstone, “On Chlorophosphuret of Nitrogen and Its Products of Decomposition”, in Henry Watts, editor, The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, volume III, number X, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […], published 1851, →OCLC, part I, page 138:

(geometry, of an angle) Less than 90 degrees.

حَادّ

(geometry) of an angle: less than 90 degrees

an acute triangle

In order to be an acute triangle, all three angles of a triangle must be less than 90°. These triangles can have very prickly personalities. So, if you want to create images of porcupines, rugged mountains, or narrow pine trees in your geometric design, you may best do it by using acute triangles[…]. The most commonly used acute triangle in quiltmaking is the equilateral triangle[…]. All three of its angles are 60°.

1997, Joen Wolfrom, “The Fascination of Shapes”, in The Visual Dance: Creating Spectacular Quilts, Lafayette, Calif.: C&T Publishing, →ISBN; republished Lafayette, Calif.: C&T Publishing, 2009, →ISBN, page 39:

(geometry, of a triangle) Having all three interior angles measuring less than 90 degrees.


rectangle

/ˈrɛktæŋɡl̩/

Borrowed from Middle French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin or Late Latin rectangulum (“right angle”), from Latin rectus (“right”) + angulus (“an angle”).

(geometry) Any quadrilateral having opposing sides parallel and four right angles.


sine

Borrowed from Latin sinus (“curve, bend; bosom”), a translation of Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “bosom”), a misidentification of the notation جيب (j-y-b), written without vowel diacritics, standing for Arabic جِيبَ (jība, “sine”), in turn from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “sine, chord, bowstring”) through the similar Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “sine, chord, life, existence”). Doublet of sinus.

der

(trigonometry, mathematics) In a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse.


steradian

International System of Units
International System of Units

(geometry) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of solid angle; the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere that has area r². Symbol: sr


radian

(geometry) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of plane angular measure of angle equal to the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of its circumference equal in length to the radius of the circle. Symbol: rad.


arrow

From Middle English arwe, from Old English earh (oblique form ēarw-), from Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Cognate with Faroese ørv (“arrow”), Icelandic ör (“arrow”), örvar (“arrows”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna, “dart”), Latin arcus (“bow”).


center

* Borrowed from Middle French centre, from Latin centrum, from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron), from κεντεῖν (kenteîn, “to prick, goad”). Doublet of centrum.
* (group theory): In the notation Z(G), the letter Z derives from the German Zentrum (“center”).

sentrum

point equidistant from all points on the perimeter of a circle

مَرْكَز

point in the interior of figure with mean coordinates

(geometry) The point on a line that is midway between the ends.

(geometry) The point in the interior of any figure of any number of dimensions that has as its coordinates the arithmetic mean of the coordinates of all points on the perimeter of the figure (or of all points in the interior for a center of volume).


analogy

en-noun

analogy (countable and uncountable, plural analogies)

/əˈnæləd͡ʒi/

From Latin analogia, from Ancient Greek ἀναλογίᾱ (analogíā), from ἀνα- (ana-) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).

(geometry) The proportion or the equality of ratios.


hexagon

From Latin hexagōnum, from Ancient Greek ἑξάγωνον (hexágōnon). By surface analysis, hexa- + -gon.

(geometry) A polygon with six sides and six angles.


cylindrical

en-adj

cylindrical (comparative more cylindrical, superlative most cylindrical)

more cylindrical (comparative)
most cylindrical (superlative)

From Latin cylindricus + -al. By surface analysis, cylinder + -ical.

(cartography) Describing a map projection in which meridians are mapped onto vertical lines and parallels of latitude onto horizontal lines.


plane

→ Irish: plána

From Latin plānum (“flat surface”), a noun use of the neuter of plānus (“plain”). The word was introduced in the 17th century to distinguish the geometrical senses from the other senses of plain. Doublet of llano, piano, and plain.

հարթություն

geometry: flat surface extending infinitely in all directions

Mirrors in the compartments have been canted out of the vertical plane to reduce reflections to the passengers when seated.

1979 August, Graham Burtenshaw, Michael S. Welch, “O.V.S. Bulleid's SR loco-hauled coaches - 1”, in Railway World, page 396:

(geometry) A flat surface extending infinitely in all directions (e.g. horizontal or vertical plane).

(anatomy) An imaginary plane which divides the body into two portions.


radius

Borrowed from Latin radius (“ray”). Doublet of ray.

Fatima claims to have visited all the bars within a five-mile radius of her Manhattan apartment.

(geometry) A line segment between any point of a circle or sphere and its center.

(geometry) The length of this line segment.

полупре́чник m (polupréčnik, literally “semidiameter”)


rhombus

Learned borrowing from Latin rhombus, from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “rhombus, spinning top”). Doublet of rhomb and rhumb.

romb

(geometry) A parallelogram having all sides of equal length.

The rhombus diamond, as one of the suits seen in a deck of playing cards ( or ).

The Greeks also used an instrument called a rhombus, or witches' wheel. As the wheel spun round, it was thought that influence was gained over certain people or circumstances.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 58:

In early Greek religion, an instrument whirled on the end of a string similar to a bullroarer.

the greedy Tuberon or Shark arm'd with a double row of venemous teeth pursues them, directed by a little Rhombus, Musculus or pilot-fish that scuds to and fro to bring intelligence [...].

1638, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, section I:

(zoology, now rare) Any of several flatfishes, including the brill and turbot, once considered part of the genus Rhombus, now in Scophthalmus.

(zoology, archaic) Snails, now in genus Conus or family Conidae.


octagon

From Latin octagōnon, octōgōnon (“octagon”), and from its etymon Ancient Greek ὀκτάγωνον (oktágōnon, “octagon”), probably from Koine Greek ὀκτάγωνος (oktágōnos, “having eight corners”) + -ον (-on, suffix forming nouns). ὀκτάγωνος is derived from ὀκτᾰ- (okta-, prefix meaning ‘eight’) (from ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw (“eight”)) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle; corner”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”)); analysable as octa- + -gon. The English word is cognate with Middle French octogone (modern French octogone), Italian octagono (obsolete), ottagono, Spanish octágono, octógono.
Sense 2 (“arena for mixed martial arts”) refers to its shape.

From the Circle deſcribe the Octagon, by taking half the Quadrant of the former for each Side of the latter. [...] [B]y conjoining theſe Points with ſtrait Lines agreeable to the Shape of the Octagon, the whole Work is completed.

1707, Andrea Pozzo, “The Ninety-second Fig. An Octangular Cupola.”, in John James, transl., Rules and Examples of Perspective Proper for Painters and Architects, etc. in English and Latin: […], London: […] Benj[amin] Motte [Sr.], […]; [s]old by John Sturt […], →OCLC:

In like manner it is demonſtrated that one angle of a regular hexagon will be equal to one right angle, and one third part of one right angle; one angle of a regular octagon equal to one right angle and half a right angle; [...]

1752, Euclid, “[Additions to the Fourth Book.] Prop[osition] VII. Probl[em]. To Describe any Regular Polygon upon a Given Right Line, Admitting the Division of a Given Arch of a Circle into any Number of Equal Parts.”, in E[dmund] Stone, transl., Euclid’s Elements of Geometry, the First Six, the Eleventh and Twelfth Books; […], London: […] Tho[mas] Payne, […], →OCLC, book IV, pages 199–200:

Bismuth is the most common of all native metallic substances. It is generally found either in cubes or octagons, or of a dendritical form, or else in thin laminæ investing the ores of other metals, particularly those of cobalt.

1808, William Nicholson, “Ores of Bismuth”, in A Dictionary of Practical and Theoretical Chemistry, […], London: […] Richard Phillips, […], →OCLC, column 2:

The font is an octagon, having at each angle a slender pillar with crockets and finials, and the sides are richly sculptured with angels and animals, the figures holding shields, with various devices; at each corner of the contracting part towards the pedestal, are cherubs heads with expanded wings; and the pedestal, which is an irregular octagon, is ornamented with four non-descript animals, scaled over their breasts; on a moulding round the bottom are several old characters, now illegible.

1810, [James Sargant Storer; John Grieg], “Worlingworth Church, Suffolk”, in Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet, Containing a Series of Elegant Views of the Most Interesting Objects of Curiosity in Great Britain. […], volume VII, London: […] W. Clarke, […], →OCLC:

The building [the Winter Garden conservatory, Kew Gardens] was to be of five parts—a centre, two small octagons, and two wings connected by the octagons with the centre. The centre and the two octagons were finished, and some expenditure must have been laid out on the wings, as the ground was dug out and foundations in concrete laid for the pillars.

1863 June 1, [Charles William] Selwyn, “Supply—Civil Service Estimates. Supply Considered in Committee.”, in Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, […] (House of Commons), volume CLXXI, London: Published by Cornelius Buck, at the office for “Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates,” […], →OCLC, columns 214–215:

China converted the hard octagons of the Turkoman rugs into circular scrolls or medallions, beautifying them meanwhile with floral character manifestly borrowed from the Persians and yet by no means Persian.

1922 October 28, Roy C. Bennett, “Rug Gift to National Press Club Typifies New China Industry”, in J[ohn] B[enjamin] Powell, editor, The Weekly Review, volume XXII, number 9, Shanghai: Millard Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 299, column 2:

(geometry, also attributively) A polygon with eight sides and eight angles.

oktogoon

(martial arts) Often in the form Octagon: the arena for mixed martial arts.


axis

Borrowed from Latin axis (“axle, axis”) in the 16th century.

A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place.

2012 March 5, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, pages 112–3:

The Earth rotates once a day on its axis

(geometry) An imaginary line around which an object spins (an axis of rotation) or is symmetrically arranged (an axis of symmetry).