coinage

coinage (countable and uncountable, plural coinages)

Inherited from Middle English coynage, from Old French coignage, from coignier.

Caution needs to be exercised in regards to claims of coinage as the data contained a number of examples of writers professing the invention of a term that had actually been in existence for many years.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 13:

(uncountable, lexicography) The creation of new words, neologizing.

As for Nash his chief aim seems to have been to vilify ; he by no means troubled himself about consistency. In Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem we find more strange expressious than he could have got out of all Harvey’s works, of which the following may serve as samples : callichrimate, Works, IV, 51 ; investurings, 72; sacrificatory, 76; delinquishment, 78; succoursuers, 116 ; intercessionate, 156 ; deplorement, 30. There are also a great number of derivatives in -ize, which are worth particular mention, e. g., unmortalize, 70 ; carionized, 75 ; oblivionize, 79 ; anatomize, 109 ; and many others. Of these some were in good use at the time, but others are obviously new coinages. There was some comment upon these particular derivatives on the appearance of the first edition of Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem, and in the second edition Nash commented upon the matter.

1903, Edward E. Hale, Jr., “Ideas on Rhetoric in the Sixteenth Century”, in Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, volume XVIII, number 3, Modern Language Association of America, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 441–442:

Most importantly perhaps, it is evident that the impression of archaicity which any reader will experience on reading The Lord of the Rings is partly due to three simple lexical causes: the “overuse” of words borrowed from nineteenth-century fiction (e.g. yonder, journey [v], topmost), the avoidance of words associated with the modern world and the comparatively dense use of new coinages, unusual grammatical patterns, rare or obsolescent words.

2021, Thomas Kullmann and Dirk Siepmann, Tolkien as a Literary Artist: Exploring Rhetoric, Language and Style in The Lord of the Rings, Palgrave-Macmillan 2021

(countable, lexicography) Something which has been made or invented, especially a coined word; a neologism.


AHD

Initialism of American Heritage Dictionary.


historical

en-adj

historical (comparative more historical, superlative most historical)

more historical (comparative)
most historical (superlative)

From Latin historicus (“historical”) + -al (forming adjectives denoting of or relating to).

suf

The historical present is often treated as a principal tense, but there are exceptions and sometimes both constructions appear in the same passage.

2010, Gerd Haverling, “Actionality, tense, and viewpoint”, in New Perspectives on Historical Latin Syntax, page 363:

Of, concerning, or in accordance with the past generally.

(grammar) One of various tenses or moods used to tell about past events, historic (tense).


code

en-noun

code (countable and uncountable, plural codes)

desctree

→ Hindi: कूट (kūṭ)
→ Sanskrit: कूट (kūṭa)

→ Japanese: コード (kōdo)

From Middle English code (“system of law”), from Old French code (“system of law”), from Latin cōdex, later form of caudex (“the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.”). Doublet of codex.

(linguistics) A particular lect or language variety.


lexeme

From Latin lexis, from Ancient Greek λέξις (léxis, “word”) + -eme, a suffix indicating a fundamental unit in some aspect of linguistic structure. Extracted from phoneme, from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma, “sound”), from φωνέω (phōnéō, “to sound”), from φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).

لِكْسِيم

linguistics: unit of vocabulary, set of different forms of the same lemma

A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant, jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music, and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in English.

2003, David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 118:

In a typical lexicalist approach (e.g. Koontz-Garboden 2006), the unmarked lexeme is taken as lexically listed, even if its meaning (as it often does) includes templatic entailments, and the derivational morphology is taken to operate on the underived form to yield the derived form. This is the case not only morphologically, but also semantically.

2014 September 25, Rochelle Lieber, Pavol Stekauer, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology, page 347:

multi-word expression
multi-word expression

(linguistics) A lexical item corresponding to the set of all words (or of all multi-word expressions) that are semantically related through inflection of a particular shared basic form.

(strictly) The abstract minimum unit of language or meaning that underlies such a set.

(loosely) The set itself; a lexemic family.

(loosely) The word-form chosen to represent such a set or family.


lexical

From Latin lexis, from Ancient Greek λέξις (léxis, “word”) + -al.

So, it seems clear that the idiosyncratic restrictions relating to the range of
 complements which a Preposition does or does not permit are directly analo-
 gous to the parallel restrictions which hold in the case of Verbs. The restric-
tions concerned are not categorial in nature (i.e. they are not associated with
 every single item belonging to a given category): on the contrary, they are
 lexical in nature (that is to say, they are properties of individual lexical items,
 so that different words belonging to the same category permit a different range
 of complements).

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 137:

(linguistics) Concerning the vocabulary, words, sentences or morphemes of a language.

(linguistics) Concerning lexicography or a lexicon or dictionary.

a lexical verb

(linguistics) Denoting a content word as opposed to a function word.


real

UK

US

From Middle English real, from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Doublet of realis.

der

(grammar) One of the three genders that the common gender can be separated into in the Scandinavian languages.


prestige

From French prestige (“illusion, fascination, enchantment, prestige”), from Latin praestīgium (“a delusion, an illusion”). Despite the phonetic similarities and the old meaning of “delusion, illusion, trick”, the word has a different root than prestidigitator (“conjurer”) and prestidigitation.

der

Furthermore there is in each area a well recognized standard, known by a single name, which although often linguistically distinct from local dialects, has served as the prestige form for some time.

1971, John Gumperz, “Formal and informal standards in Hindi regional language area”, in Language in Social Groups, Stanford: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 48:

The 3rd person plural -ą ending is phonetically [ow̃] or [om], depending on the dialect. However, [ow̃] is the prestige form.

1981, Jerzy Rubach, Cyclic Phonology and Palatalization in Polish and English, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, →OCLC, page 57:

(sociolinguistics, of a linguistic form) Regarded as relatively prestigious; often, considered the standard language or language variety, or a part of such a variety.


proper

en-adj

proper (comparative more proper, superlative most proper)

more proper (comparative)
most proper (superlative)

From Middle English propre, from Anglo-Norman proper, propre, Old French propre (French: propre), from Latin proprius.

(grammar) Used to designate a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are usually written with an initial capital letter.

собствен

grammar: designating a particular person, place or thing


creole

See Creole. Attested in English to refer to language from the 18th century.

There are three orders of people: those who were alive when the French possessed the island: they understand the good French; those who were born in the heat of the Revolution, and who have arrived at maturity without instruction, these speak only Creole[…]

From the point of view of syntactic analysis, I have shown how transformational theory may be applied to the syntax of a Creole language.

1966, Beryl Loftman Bailey, Jamaican Creole Syntax, page 144:

(linguistics) A language formed from two or more languages which has developed from a pidgin to become a first language.


tableau

Unadapted borrowing from French tableau, from Old French tablel (“a surface which is used primarily for painting”).

der

(linguistics, optimality theory) A table that shows constraint violations of a list of candidates given an input and a constraint ranking.


defunct

en-adj

defunct (comparative more defunct, superlative most defunct)

more defunct (comparative)
most defunct (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin dēfunctus, past participle of dēfungor (“to finish, discharge”).

When a language dies members of the culture of which that language was once a part may attempt to hold on to their linguistic heritage, if not by the use of the defunct language itself, at least by the preservation of its script.

2007, J. N. Adams, “The Republic: inscriptions”, in The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC - AD 600, Cambridge University Press, page 105:

(linguistics) (of a language) No longer spoken.


corpus

en-noun

corpus (plural corpora or corpuses or corpusses or (proscribed) corpi)

corpora (plural)
corpuses (plural)
corpusses (plural)
corpi (plural proscribed)

Borrowed from Latin corpus (“body”). Doublet of corpse, corps, and riff.

Text corpora are being used in most current lexicographic projects. Applied linguistic research is another field where text corpora are welcome as an inexhaustible source of empirical information, a polygon for testing various linguistic tools – spell-checkers, OCRs, machine translation systems, NLP systems, etc.

2007, Mihail Mihailov, Hannu Tommola, “Compiling Parallel Text Corpora: Towards Automation of Routine Procedures”, in Wolfgang Teubert, editor, Text Corpora and Multilingual Lexicography (Benjamins Current Topics; 8), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 60:

Comparable corpora are made up of texts in different languages that may be related in various ways, but are not translations of each other. They may have nothing in common at all, or be on the same subject, of the same genre, or from the same chronological period, etc.

2008, Anabel Borja, “Corpora for Translators in Spain. The CDJ-GITRAD Corpus and the GENITT Project.”, in Gunilla [M.] Anderman, Margaret Rogers, editors, Incorporating Corpora: The Linguist and the Translator, Clevedon, North Somerset: Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, page 248:

The Lancaster/IBM Spoken English Corpus began in September 1984 as part of a research project into the automatic assignment of intonation […] The original design of the corpus was determined by the need to provide data for research into speech synthesis. As a result, unlike most other corpora currently being used in the computational linguistics field, the SEC exists in several forms. […] However, whatever the original motivation for compiling a corpus, it quickly becomes an object of interest in its own right. New users find it valuable for applications for which it was not designed.

2013, “Introduction”, in Gerry Knowles, Briony Williams, L[ita] Taylor, editors, A Corpus of Formal British English Speech: The Lancaster/IBM Spoken English Corpus, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 1:

A corpus approach is a useful methodology for observing, describing and interpreting the stylistic features of language in literary and non-literary texts.

2014, Giuseppina Balossi, “Corpus Approaches to the Study of Language and Literature”, in A Corpus Linguistic Approach to Literary Language and Characterization: Virginia Woolf's The Waves (Linguistic Approaches to Literature; 18), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 41:

Today, computer databases and corpora infinitely increase the ease of this type of research, but the collecting process remains essentially the same.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 4:

(specifically, linguistics) Such a collection in form of an electronic database used for linguistic analyses.


synthesis

synthesis (countable and uncountable, plural syntheses)

From Latin synthesis, from Ancient Greek σύνθεσις (súnthesis, “a putting together; composition”), from συντίθημι (suntíthēmi, “put together, combine”), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “set, place”). Doublet of sandhi.

der

(grammar) The uniting of ideas into a sentence.


ellipsis

en-noun

ellipsis (countable and uncountable, plural ellipses)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ellipsis, from Ancient Greek ἔλλειψις (élleipsis, “omission”). Doublet of ellipse.

der

(grammar, rhetoric) The omission of a word or phrase that can be inferred from the context.


type

→ Japanese: タイプ

→ Korean: 타입 (taip)

From Middle English type (“symbol, figure, emblem”), from Latin typus, from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), from τύπτω (túptō, “I strike, beat”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-. Related to stupid, stupefy and stop.

tyyppiyksilö

biology: individual representative of its taxonomic group

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012 March 20, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 128:

This type of plane can handle rough weather more easily than that type of plane.

A grouping based on shared characteristics; a class.


lex

(linguistics) A specific inflected form of a word; compare lexeme.


form

en-noun

form (countable and uncountable, plural forms)

→ Korean: 폼 (pom)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: form

From Middle English forme (“shape, figure, manner, bench, frame, seat, condition, agreement, etc.”), borrowed from Old French forme, from Latin fōrma (“shape, figure, image, outline, plan, mold, frame, case, etc., manner, sort, kind, etc.”).
The now dated UK school sense ("division grouping school students") is derived from public school nomenclature, which was later used by state schools. It is sometimes said to be from the sense of "bench", where students of certain ages would sit together, though this is disputed, or alternatively from the sense of "established method of expression or practice".

der

imitation is the sincerest form of flattery

participial forms;  verb forms

(grammar) A grouping of words which maintain grammatical context in different usages; the particular shape or structure of a word or part of speech.


form

en-verb

form (third-person singular simple present forms, present participle forming, simple past and past participle formed)

forms (present singular third-person)
forming (participle present)
formed (participle past)
formed (past)
form (infinitive)

By adding "-ness", you can form a noun from an adjective.

(transitive, linguistics) To create (a word) by inflection or derivation.


thesis

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Johann Gottlieb Fichte

From Late Middle English thesis (“lowering of the voice”) and also borrowed directly from its etymon Latin thesis (“proposition, thesis; lowering of the voice”), from Ancient Greek θέσῐς (thésis, “arrangement, placement, setting; conclusion, position, thesis; lowering of the voice”), from τῐ́θημῐ (títhēmi, “to place, put, set; to put down in writing; to consider as, regard”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to place, put”)) + -σῐς (-sis, suffix forming abstract nouns or nouns of action, process, or result). The English word is a doublet of deed.
Sense 1.1 (“proposition or statement supported by arguments”) is adopted from antithesis. Sense 1.4 (“initial stage of reasoning”) was first used by the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), and later applied to the dialectical method of his countryman, the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831).
The plural form theses is borrowed from Latin thesēs, from Ancient Greek θέσεις (théseis).

der

(music, prosody, originally) The action of lowering the hand or bringing down the foot when indicating a rhythm; hence, an accented part of a measure of music or verse indicated by this action; an ictus, a stress.

(music, prosody, with a reversal of meaning) A depression of the voice when pronouncing a syllables of a word; hence, the unstressed part of the metrical foot of a verse upon which such a depression falls, or an unaccented musical note.


hypothesis

/hɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/

/həˈpɒθɪsɪs/

Recorded since 1596, from Middle French hypothese, from Late Latin hypothesis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόθεσις (hupóthesis, “base, basis of an argument, supposition”, literally “a placing under”), itself from ὑποτίθημι (hupotíthēmi, “I set before, suggest”), from ὑπό (hupó, “below”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I put, place”).

(grammar) The antecedent of a conditional statement.


obviate

From Latin obviāre (“to block, to hinder”).


obviate

Colville has a rich deictic system with forms which distinguish, for example, between source and location, with each possibility characterized as proximate and obviate as well (Mattina, 1973).

1995, Michael Darnell, “Preverbal nominals in Colville-Okanagan”, in Pamela Downing, Michael P. Noonan, editors, Word Order in Discourse, page 91:

The renovated system involved an obviate-proximate pronominal alternation (yu- vs. mu- respectively in Tolowa; see Bommelyn 1997), with the pronouns coming most likely out of the deictic pronoun system.

1999, Edgar C. Polomé, Carol F. Justus, Winfred Philipp Lehmann, Language Change and Typological Variation: Language change and phonology, page 115:

This use of the obviate deictic category—that, there, those—contrasts sharply with the use of the proximate in the body of the narrative— this, here, these.

2009, Nikolas Coupland, Adam Jaworski, Sociolinguistics: The sociolinguistics of culture, page 410:


surd

Borrowed from Latin surdus (“deaf”); in mathematical sense, "deaf to reason", i.e. irrational.


surd

en-adj

surd (comparative more surd, superlative most surd)

more surd (comparative)
most surd (superlative)


series

en-noun

series (plural series or (obsolete) serieses)

series (plural)
serieses (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: シリーズ (shirīzu)

→ Korean: 시리즈 (sirijeu)

→ Burmese: စီးရီး (ci:ri:)

Attested from the 1610s; borrowed from Latin seriēs, from serere (“to join together, bind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Related to desert, insert, sermon, and sorcerer.

مُتَسَلْسِلَة

in analysis: sum of the terms of a sequence

(phonology) A set of consonants that share a particular phonetic or phonological feature.


focus

en-noun

focus (countable and uncountable, plural foci or focuses or focusses)

foci (plural)
focuses (plural)
focusses (plural)

Borrowed from Latin focus (“hearth, fireplace”); see there for more. Doublet of fuel.
Kepler introduced the term into mathematics and the sciences in describing elliptical orbits of planets (quote from Nicholas Mee) :
"One of the interesting properties of an ellipse is that if there were a light bulb at one focus, then all the light that it emits would reflect off the ellipse and converge at the other focus. This is why Kepler originally used the name focus for these points."

bor+

(linguistics) The most important word or phrase in a sentence or passage, or the one that imparts information.


distinctive

en-adj

distinctive (comparative more distinctive, superlative most distinctive)

more distinctive (comparative)
most distinctive (superlative)

From Latin distinctus, perfect passive participle of distinguere (“to push apart, to divide”), + -ive (forming adjectives signifying relation or tendency to). Cognate with French distinctif and Medieval Latin distinctivus.

These are the main distinctive accents, and by stopping at them... the reader will do justice to the sense.

1874, Andrew Bruce Davidson, Introductory Hebrew Grammar, page 27:

(Hebrew grammar, of accents) Used to separate clauses in place of stops.

fərqli

distinguishing — see also distinguishing

Normally we symbolize only phonemes (distinctive features) so far as we can determine them.

1927, L. Bloomfield et al., Language, number 3, page 129:

(linguistics, of sounds) Distinguishing a particular sense of word.


distinctive

A distinctive of less power than Zakeph is Ṭiphḥâ.


front

front (comparative further front, superlative furthest front)

further front (comparative)
furthest front (superlative)

From Middle English front, frunt, frount, from Old French front, frunt, from Latin frōns, frontem (“forehead”). Doublet of frons.

The English word dress has a front vowel in most dialects.

(comparable, phonetics) Pronounced with the highest part of the body of the tongue toward the front of the mouth, near the hard palate (most often describing a vowel).

etu-

phonetics: pronounced toward the front of the mouth


front

en-verb

front (third-person singular simple present fronts, present participle fronting, simple past and past participle fronted)

fronts (present singular third-person)
fronting (participle present)
fronted (participle past)
fronted (past)

The velar plosives are often fronted through the influence of a following front vowel, and retracted through the influence of a following back vowel.

2005, Paul Skandera, Peter Burleigh, A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology, page 48:

(phonetics, transitive, intransitive) To pronounce with the tongue in a front position.

[…] in the clause, only the adjective may be fronted; but if both a past participle and a verbal particle are present, either may be fronted. Topicalization, in which maximal projections are fronted to express pragmatics such as contrast, emphasis, ...

2001, Arthur J. Holmer, Jan-Olof Svantesson, Åke Viberg, Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics:

A problem facing any syntactic analysis of hyperbaton is that nonconstituent strings are fronted […] In cases where the adjective is fronted with the determiner, the determiner is not doubled […]

2010, George Melville Bolling, Bernard Bloch, Language:

(linguistics, transitive) To move (a word or clause) to the start of a sentence (or series of adjectives, etc).


schwa

Borrowed from German Schwa, from Hebrew שווא / שְׁוָא (shva, šəwā, “(mark mostly indicating absence of a vowel sound)”), borrowed from Classical Syriac ܫ̈ܘܰܝܳܐ (š'wayyā, literally “even, equal”), in Syriac a term for a sign consisting of two vertical dots used to separate parts of a sentence. Doublet of shva.

der

The participle has also, owing to the accent, the lightest possible forms; but here there was no reduplication, and so in class I. the "schwa" took the form e before single mutes or fricatives, and elsewhere o.

1882, B. W. Wells, “The Ablaut in English”, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, page 67:

However, word-final unstressed schwa is deleted even by the speakers from South Albania, though to different degrees and dependant on the speech style[…]

2006 April 27, Sylvia Moosmüller, Theodor Granser, “The spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on an analysis of vowels”, in Language Variation and Change, volume 18, number 2, Cambridge University Press, →DOI:

(phonetics) An indeterminate central vowel sound as the "a" in "about", represented as /ə/ in IPA.


schwa

en-verb

schwa (third-person singular simple present schwas, present participle schwaing, simple past and past participle schwaed)

schwas (present singular third-person)
schwaing (participle present)
schwaed (participle past)
schwaed (past)

(phonetics, of a vowel sound, rare) To be reduced to schwa.


IP

en-noun

IP (countable and uncountable, plural IPs)

inflectional phrase
inflectional phrase#English

(grammar, X-bar theory) Initialism of inflectional phrase.


pattern

From earlier patten, paterne, from Middle English patron (“patron; example”), from Old French patron, from Medieval Latin patrōnus (“patron”). Doublet of padrone, patron, and Patronus.

skemo

intelligible arrangement which has a mathematical, geometric, statistical etc. relationship

(linguistics) An intelligible arrangement in a given area of language.


mood

The mood most frequently encountered in English is the indicative, of which the mood in this sentence is an example.

(grammar) A verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality.


abstract noun

(grammar) A noun that denotes an idea, emotion, feeling, quality, generalization, representation or other abstract or intangible concept, as opposed to a concrete item, or a physical object.


attraction

en-noun

attraction (countable and uncountable, plural attractions)

[əˈtɹækʃ(ɪ̈)n]

[əˈt͡ʃɹækʃ(ɪ̈)n]

From Middle English attraccioun, from Old French attraction, from Latin attractio from past participle of attrahō (= ad + trahō), equivalent to attract + -ion.

(linguistics) An error in language production that incorrectly extends a feature from one word in a sentence to another, e.g. when a verb agrees with a noun other than its subject.


alternative

From Middle French alternatif, from Medieval Latin alternātīvus (“alternating”), from the participle stem of Latin alternō (“interchange, alternate”). Compare alternate.

der

alternative conjunctions like or

Relating to a choice between two or more possibilities.

(linguistics) Presenting two or more alternatives.

választó

(linguistics) presenting two or more alternatives


glottal stop

(phonetics) A plosive sound articulated with the glottis.


countable

[ˈkʰãʊ̯̃n.(ɾ)ə.bɫ̩]

From Middle English countable, equivalent to count (“to enumerate”) + -able.

可數

math: having a bijection with a subset of the natural numbers

finite

In these extracts the word abuse is used in the sense of ‘an individual piece of invective’ or ‘an abusive comment’ and is clearly a countable noun.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 112:

(grammar, of a noun) Freely usable with the indefinite article and with numbers.

مَعْدُود

grammar: freely used with numbers and the definite article


countable

[ˈkʰãʊ̯̃n.(ɾ)ə.bɫ̩]


glottal

Her Malay was the Malay of the Staate of Lanchap [...] and she spoke it fierily, with crisp glottal checks, with much bubbling reduplication.

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 256:

(phonetics) Articulated with the glottis.


glottal

(linguistics) A sound made with the glottis


non-rhotic

/nɒnˈɹəʊtɪk/

In a non-rhotic accent, the word 'sort' can be pronounced like the word 'sought'.

Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation

Of an accent, most often one of English: not pronouncing the written letter "r" unless it is followed by a vowel, as in Received Pronunciation, most other accents of England, the Boston accent, traditional NYC English, many accents of southern Louisiana, Australian English, etc.


speaker

From Middle English speker, spekere, an alteration (with change of suffix) of Old English speca, spreca (“speaker”), from Proto-Germanic *sprekô (“speaker”), equivalent to speak + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Spreeker (“speaker”), West Frisian sprekker (“speaker”), Dutch spreker (“speaker”), German Low German Spreker (“speaker”), German Sprecher (“speaker”).

puhuja

linguistics: producer of a given utterance

The speaker spelled out the words to be communicated, letter by letter, while the reader's hand read the speaker's message. In its original form the hand alphabet assumed that both speaker and reader could already speak and spell the words ...

2002, Merlin Donald, A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness, W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, page 242:

(especially in linguistics) The producer of a given utterance, whether speech or text.

Popular culture often incorrectly attributes quotes from the speakers of poems or songs to the authors thereof, as when "I took the one less traveled by" is attributed to Robert Frost rather than to the speaker in Frost's "The Road Not Taken".

(poetry) The literary character uttering the lyrics of a poem or song, as opposed to the author writing the words of that character.


rhotic

[ˈɹəʊ̯.tʰɪk]

Back-formation from rhotacism, coined in 1968 by John C. Wells.

Rhotic speech is common in Ireland, Scotland, much of the United States, Canada, West Country England, and many parts of the north and west of England.

Rhotic (or r-ful) dialects are linguistic relics in England, as shown in Map 7-5. Nonrhotic or r-less dialects have been displacing them since the seventeenth century. Among the linguistically most conservative population in England, represented by the NORMs of the SED, both rhotic and nonrhotic dialects are found throughout the country. The fact that the rhotic dialects are relics is indicated on Map 7-5 not by the predominance of nonrhotic dialects, but by the discontinuity of the regions where rhotic dialects are found. A century or so earlier, they covered even more of the country, and the three regions probably formed part of a continuous network.

1998, J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 94:

Except for the Southland area, New Zealand English today is non-rhotic (Wells, 1982: 606). Australian, Tristanian and Port Stanley Falkland Islands English are also non-rhotic, as is South African English (except for some people who are native Afrikaans speakers – Wells 1982: 617). This has often been erroneously ascribed (for instance, in Trudgill, 1986a) to the fact that most of England was non-rhotic at the time of the main immigration to New Zealand. It is now obvious that this is not correct at all: of the eighty-four Mobile Unit speakers analysed, an astonishing 92% are rhotic to some degree.

2004, Peter Trudgill, New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes, Oxford University Press, page 68:

2009, Ingrid Rosenfelder, Rhoticity in educated Jamaican English, Thomas Hoffmann, Licia Siebers, World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects: Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference, John Benjamins Publishing Company,
Contrary to “traditional” descriptions in the literature, Jamaican English cannot be characterized as predominantly rhotic, exhibiting an overall degree of rhoticity of approximately 20 per cent.

(linguistics, of an English accent) That allows the phoneme /ɹ/ even when not followed by a vowel, as in bar (/bɑːɹ/) and bard or barred (/bɑːɹd/); (of an English speaker) who speaks with such an accent.

In the IPA, a rhotic vowel (aka R-coloured vowel, retroflex vowel, vocalic r or rhotacised vowel) is indicated by the affixing of a hook diacritic ( ˞ ) to the right of the regular symbol for the vowel. The rhotic consonants are /r/, /ɾ/, /ɹ/, /ɻ/, /ʀ/, /ʁ/, /ɽ/ and /ɺ/.

What is normally understood by the term "trill" is a rhotic consonant of the type seen in the Spanish word perro 'dog', or the usual pronunciation of the phoneme /r/ in Parisian French.

2007, Robert Blust, “22: The prenasalised trills of Manus”, in Jeff Siegel, John Dominic Lynch, Diana Eades, editors, Language Description, History and Development, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 297:

The rhotic tokens were analyzed as /r/-ful on both occasions. In addition, the researcher conducting the acoustic analysis of F₃ also held the impression that all analyzed tokens were rhotic. Some tokens were highly constricted and others were more weakly rhotic.

2012, Jennifer Hay, Alhana Clendon, “(Non)-Rhoticity: Lessons from New Zealand English”, in Terttu Nevalainen, Elizabeth Closs Traugott, editors, The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, Oxford University Press, page 765:

The articulatory description of rhotic diphthongs and triphthongs involves the onglide vowel followed by the rhotic or r-colored offglide.

2018, Kathy J. Jakielski, Christina E. Gildersleeve-Neumann, Phonetic Science for Clinical Practice, Plural Publishing, page 83:

(linguistics, phonetics, of a phoneme) Having a sound quality associated with the letter R; having the sound of any of certain IPA symbols, including /ɹ/, /ɻ/, /ɚ/, /ɝ/ and /r/.


rhotic

[ˈɹəʊ̯.tʰɪk]

It is well known that the phonetic realization of rhotics varies considerably from language to language, even from dialect to dialect. Rhotics can be realized as flaps, taps, trills (uvular, coronal or bilabial), or as assibilated or fricative variants.

1997, Eulàlia Bonet, Joan Mascarò, “On the representation of contrasting rhotics”, in Fernando Martínez-Gil, Alfonso Morales-Front, editors, Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, page 103:

2012, Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza, 5: The Phonemes of Spanish, José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, Erin O'Rourke (editors), The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics, John Wiley & Sons (Wiley-Blackwell), page 100,
Spanish also has two rhotics, a tap /ɾ/(vibrante simple) and a trill /r/(vibrante múltiple).

Phonetic transcription of rhotics differs depending on whether the rhotic is a steady-state or dynamic vowel.

(phonetics) A rhotic consonant or rhotic vowel (R-coloured vowel).


dependent

From Middle English dependaunt, dependent, from Middle French dependant (present participle of dependre (“to depend”)) and Latin dēpendēns (present participle of dēpendeō (“to depend”)). By surface analysis, depend + -ent.

(grammar) An element in phrase or clause structure that is not the head. Includes complements, modifiers and determiners.

(grammar) The aorist subjunctive or subjunctive perfective: a form of a verb not used independently but preceded by a particle to form the negative or a tense form. Found in Greek and in the Gaelic languages.


Audio (US)

(linguistics) Abbreviation of noun animate.


mode

From Old French mode (masculine), from Latin modus (“measure, due measure, rhythm, melody”). Doublet of modus.

(grammar) A verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality.


actively

en-adv

actively (comparative more actively, superlative most actively)

more actively (comparative)
most actively (superlative)

From late Middle English actyvely; equivalent to active + -ly.

a word used actively

(grammar) In the active form; not passive.


speech

en-noun

speech (countable and uncountable, plural speeches)

From Middle English speche, from Old English spǣċ, sprǣċ (“speech, discourse, language”), from Proto-West Germanic *sprāku (“speech, language”), from Proto-Indo-European *spereg-, *spreg- (“to make a sound”). Cognate with Dutch spraak (“speech”), German Sprache (“language, speech”). More at speak.

inh

(grammar) An utterance that is quoted; see direct speech, reported speech


token

From Middle English token, taken, from Old English tācn (“sign”), from Proto-West Germanic *taikn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną, from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, teach”) with Germanic *k rather than *h by Kluge's law.
The verb is from Middle English toknen, from Old English tācnian. Cognate with German Zeichen, Dutch teken and Danish tegn.

der

that and a token will get you on the subway

(grammar) A lexeme; a basic, grammatically indivisible unit of a language such as a keyword, operator or identifier.


ghost

en-noun

ghost (countable and uncountable, plural ghosts)

→ Japanese: ゴースト (gōsuto)

Inherited from Middle English gost, from Old English gāst (which was the word for “spirit” as well as “ghost”; the original sense survives in Modern English Holy Ghost), from Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysdos, derived from *ǵʰéysd- (“anger, agitation”).
The ⟨h⟩ in the spelling appears in the Prologue to William Caxton's Royal Book, printed in 1484, in a reference to the ‘Holy Ghoost’, likely introduced by Caxton's assistant, Wynkyn de Worde, as a result of Flemish influence, where it was spelled gheest at the time. Doublet of geist.

彁 is a ghost character from the Japanese JIS X 0208 character set.

(attributive, linguistics, computing) A formerly nonexistent character that was at some point mistakenly encoded into a character set standard, which might have since become used opportunistically for some genuine purpose.


final

→ Japanese: ファイナル (fainaru)

→ Swahili: fainali

From Middle English final, fynal, fynall, from Old French final, from Latin fīnālis (“of or relating to the end or to boundaries”), from fīnis (“end”); see fine. Replaced native English endly (“final”).

der

(phonology) The final part of a syllable, the combination of medial and rime in phonetics and phonology.


final

en-adj

final (comparative more final, superlative most final)

more final (comparative)
most final (superlative)

(grammar) Expressing purpose; as in the term final clause.

Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language, he expressed the important words by an initial, a medial, or a final consonant, and made scratches for all the words between; his clerks, however, understood him very well.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

(linguistics) Word-final; occurring at the end of a word.

fina

linguistics: occurring at the end of a word


liaison

en-noun

liaison (countable and uncountable, plural liaisons)

Borrowed from French liaison (“binding”), from Latin ligātiō (stem ligātiōn-; whence the English doublet ligation), derived from ligō (“I bind”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”).

bor+

(phonology) Fusion of two consecutive words and the manner in which this occurs.

(phonology) The pronunciation of a normally silent final consonant when the next word begins with a vowel.


indefinite

en-adj

indefinite (comparative more indefinite, superlative most indefinite)

more indefinite (comparative)
most indefinite (superlative)

From Late Latin indēfīnītus.
Morphologically in- + definite.

the indefinite article

(linguistics) Designating an unspecified or unidentified person or thing or group of persons or things

نَكِرَة

(linguistics) designating an unspecified or unidentified person or thing


indefinite

(grammar) A word or phrase that designates an unspecified or unidentified person or thing or group of persons or things.


gradation

en-noun

gradation (countable and uncountable, plural gradations)

/ɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

/ɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

/ˌɡɹeɪˈdeɪʃən/

Borrowed from French gradation. By surface analysis, Blend of grade + -ation.


calque

From French calque (“calque”, literally “copy, tracing”), from calquer (“to copy, trace”) (whence also calk), itself borrowed from Italian calcare, from Latin calcāre (“to tread”). Doublet of calcate and calcation.

bor

David S. Powers, professor of Islamic history and law at Cornell, says he thinks that the word as used today is in the nature of what linguists call a calque, a borrowing from another language in literal translation […]

2005 March 27, William Safire, “Kifaya!”, in The New York Times Magazine:

Those phrases, translated from Spanish, are known as calques.

2023 July 26, Patricia Mazzei, “‘Get Down’ From the Car. ‘Make’ the Line. Is Miami English a Dialect?”, in The New York Times:

(linguistics, translation studies) A word or phrase in a language formed by word-for-word or morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word in another language.

leenvertaling

word formed by word-for-word translation of a word in another language


calque

en-verb

calque (third-person singular simple present calques, present participle calquing, simple past and past participle calqued)

calques (present singular third-person)
calquing (participle present)
calqued (participle past)
calqued (past)

Terms like "cloud computing" have been calqued into multiple languages, making it easier for global audiences to grasp complex technological concepts. […] For example, translating Shakespeare's works into other languages often involves calquing phrases to maintain the rhythm and metaphorical richness of the original.

2024 July 6, Soumaya Amine Al Salti, “Calque Examples in Translating: Impacts on Linguistic Diversity”, in Soumaya Salti:

(linguistics, translation studies, transitive) To adopt (a word or phrase) from one language to another by semantic translation of its parts.

բառապատճենել

adopt a word by translation of its parts


ren

Learned borrowing from Egyptian rn, r:n-A2

For the Ren did not belong to the man, but came out of the Celestial Waters to enter an infant in the hour of his birth and might not stir again until it was time to go back.

(Egyptian mythology) One’s name, as part of the soul in ancient Egyptian mythology.


definite

en-adj

definite (comparative more definite, superlative most definite)

more definite (comparative)
most definite (superlative)

From Latin dēfīnītus, past participle of dēfīniō, whence also English define.

the definite article

(linguistics) Designating an identified or immediately identifiable person or thing, or group of persons or things

مَعْرِفَة

(linguistics) designating an identified or immediately identifiable person or thing


definite

(grammar) A word or phrase that designates a specified or identified person or entity.


advanced

advanced (comparative more advanced or further advanced, superlative most advanced or furthest advanced)

more advanced (comparative)
further advanced (comparative)
most advanced (superlative)
furthest advanced (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract.

előrébb képzett

phonetics: pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract


comparable

comparable (comparative more comparable, superlative most comparable)

more comparable (comparative)
most comparable (superlative)

From Middle English comparable, from Middle French comparable, from Latin comparābilis. By surface analysis, compare + -able.

"Big" is a comparable adjective, since it can take the forms "bigger" and "biggest"; but "unique" is not comparable, except in disputed, but common, usage.

(grammar) Said of an adjective that has comparative and superlative forms.


alternation

en-noun

alternation (countable and uncountable, plural alternations)

Latin alternatio; compare French alternation.
Morphologically alternate + -ion

dative alternation; locative alternation

(linguistics) A pattern by which more than one construct is possible, as with "Alice cooked Bob dinner" and "Alice cooked dinner for Bob".


amplify

en-verb

amplify (third-person singular simple present amplifies, present participle amplifying, simple past and past participle amplified)

amplifies (present singular third-person)
amplifying (participle present)
amplified (participle past)
amplified (past)

From Middle English amplifiyen, from Old French amplifier, from Latin amplificare (“to enlarge”), from amplus (“large”) + facere (“to make”). See ample , equivalent to ample + -ify.

serial time-encoded amplified microscopy

(translation studies) To add content that is not present in the source text to the target text, usually to improve the fluency of the translation.


active

en-adj

active (comparative more active, superlative most active)

more active (comparative)
most active (superlative)

Albanian: aktiv

From Middle English actyf, from Old French actif, from Latin activus, from agere (“to do, to act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti.
Morphologically act + -ive.

Applied to a form of the verb; — opposed to passive. See active voice.

Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive.

Applied to all verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence or state.


pulse

From Late Middle English pulse, Middle English pous, pouse (“regular beat of arteries, pulse; heartbeat; place on the body where a pulse is detectable; beat (of a musical instrument); energy, vitality”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman puls, pous, pus, and Middle French pouls, poulz, pous [and other forms], Old French pous, pulz (“regular beat of arteries; place on the body where a pulse is detectable”) (modern French pouls), and from their etymon Latin pulsus (“beat, impulse, pulse, stroke; regular beat of arteries or the heart”), from pellō (“to drive, impel, propel, push; to banish, eject, expel; to set in motion; to strike”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to beat, strike; to drive; to push, thrust”)) + -sus (a variant of -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs)).

nb...

pouce, pounce, pouns, pounse, pousse, pouz, puls

der

(music, prosody) The beat or tactus of a piece of music or verse; also, a repeated sequence of such beats.


compare

en-verb

compare (third-person singular simple present compares, present participle comparing, simple past and past participle compared)

compares (present singular third-person)
comparing (participle present)
compared (participle past)
compared (past)
compare (infinitive)

From Middle English comparen, from Old French comparer, from Latin comparare (“to prepare, procure”), from compar (“like or equal to another”), from com- + par (“equal”). Displaced native Old English metan (“to compare,” also “to measure”).

We compare "good" as "good", "better", "best".

degrees of comparison
degrees of comparison

(transitive, grammar) To form the three degrees of comparison of (an adjective).

спрягам

to form the three degrees of comparison of


intensive

en-adj

intensive (comparative more intensive, superlative most intensive)

more intensive (comparative)
most intensive (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English intensive (“fervent, great, intense”), borrowed from Old French intensif, intensive (modern French intensif) + Middle English -ive (suffix meaning ‘of the nature of, relating to’ forming adjectives), equivalent to intense + -ive. Intensif is from Medieval Latin intēnsīvus, from Latin intēnsus (“attentive; eager, intent; intensive”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘doing; related to doing’); and intēnsus is the perfect passive participle of intendō (“to stretch out, strain”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘to, towards’) + tendō (“to extend, stretch, stretch out”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to extend, stretch”)). Doublet of intend.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

напрегнат

using something with intensity; requiring a great amount of something — see also demanding

an intensive verb or preposition

Ariſtophanes deriueth it [the word asp] from Alpha, an intenſiue Particle, and Spizo vvhich ſignifieth to extend; either by reaſon of his ſharpe-ſhrill hiſſing, or for the length of his body.

1608, Edward Topsell, “Of Aspes”, in The Historie of Serpents. Or, The Second Booke of Liuing Creatures: […], London: […] William Jaggard, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

Making something more intense; intensifying.

(linguistics) Of a word: serving to give emphasis or force.

korostava

of a word: serving to give emphasis or force


intensive

A thing which makes something more intense; specifically (linguistics), a form of a word with a more forceful or stronger sense than the root on which it is built.


pidgin

en-noun

pidgin (countable and uncountable, plural pidgins)

From pidgin English, from a Chinese Pidgin English pronunciation of English business during trade in the Far East. All attestations of pidgin from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean “business; an action, occupation, or affair” (the earliest being from 1807). Other suggested derivations include:
* Hebrew פִּדְיוֹן (pidyón, “exchange; trade; redemption”)
* Chinese pronunciation of Portuguese ocupação (“occupation; business”)
* South Seas pronunciation of beach
* Portuguese baixo (“low”)

der

‘I didnʼt know you can speak pidgin,’ he said and laughed.

2019, Chigozie Obioma, An Orchestra of Minorities, Abacus (2019), page 79:

(linguistics) An amalgamation of two disparate languages, used by two populations having no common language as a lingua franca to communicate with each other, lacking formalized grammar and having a small, utilitarian vocabulary and no native speakers.

փիջին

amalgamation of two languages having no native speakers


agree

en-verb

agree (third-person singular simple present agrees, present participle agreeing, simple past and past participle agreed)

agrees (present singular third-person)
agreeing (participle present)
agreed (participle past)
agreed (past)

From Middle English agreen, from Old French agreer (“to accept or receive kindly”), from a gré (“favorably”), from Latin ad (“to”) + gratum (“pleasing”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to welcome, greet, praise”).

der

Coordinate term: govern

In Romanian, all articles, adjectives, and pronouns agree in gender, number and case with the noun they refer to.

(intransitive, grammar) To correspond to (another word) in a grammatical category, such as gender, number, case, or person.

komunztatu

grammar: to correspond in gender, number, case, person, etc.


agent

From Latin agēns, present active participle of agere (“to drive, lead, conduct, manage, perform, do”).

A verb is typically described as active when its subject is the agent or actor. By contrast, a verb is said to be passive when the subject does not perform the action, but is the patient, target, or undergoer of the action.

2009, Tarsee Li, The Verbal System of the Aramaic of Daniel: An Explanation in the Context of Grammaticalization, page 58:

(grammar) The participant of a situation that carries out the action in this situation, e.g. "the boy" in the sentences "The boy kicked the ball" and "The ball was kicked by the boy".

agent

grammar: performer of the action in a sentence


homophonous

"Cot" and "caught" are homophonous in some American accents, as are "there" and "they're".

(phonetics, semantics) Having the same pronunciation.

homofon (not infrequently spelled homofón)

azonos kiejtésű, de eltérő jelentésű (és gyakran eltérő alakú)


height

en-noun

height (countable and uncountable, plural heights)

From Middle English heighte, heiȝþe, from Old English hēahþu, hēhþo, hīehþu (“height”), Proto-West Germanic *hauhiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hauhiþō (compare *hauhaz). Equivalent to high + -th.
Cognates
See also Saterland Frisian Höchte, Hööchte (“height”), West Frisian hichte (“height”), Dutch hoogte (“height”), Middle High German hœhede, hœhte (“height”), Old Norse and Old Norse hæð (“height”) (compare Swedish höjd, Norwegian høyde), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauhiþa, “height”).

(phonetics) A quality of vowels, indicating the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth; in practice, the first formant, associated with the height of the tongue.

nyelvállás

phonetics: a quality of vowels, indicating the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth; in practice, the first formant


centum

Learned borrowing from Latin centum (“hundred”), attested at least since 1890s. Its use in linguistics is due to it being a canonical example of a word retaining an original velar stop, as opposed to Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 (satəm). Doublet of hundred and satem.

lbor

Table 10.1 shows the relative chronology of centum and satem entries to the west. Along each trajectory, centum languages precede satem languages, and the frontier languages, thos most clearly showing peripheral type shift, are centum.

2003, Johanna Nichols, Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses:

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies) Referring to an Indo-European language that did not produce sibilants from a series of Proto-Indo-European palatovelar stops.


register

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tə/

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tɚ/

From Medieval Latin registrum, from Late Latin regesta (“list, items recorded”), from Latin regerō (“to record, to carry back”), from re- + gerō (“to carry, bear”). Compare Latin registoria (“a treasurer”). Some senses influenced by association with unrelated Latin regō (“to rule”).

der

We rewrote certain communications templates to use a more formal register.

It seems equally clear that the ‘Complement + Prepositionʼ order illustrated in (172) (a) is likewise highly marked, and hence subject to heavy restrictions on its use. And sure enough, this does indeed seem to be the case: for one thing, forms such as thereafter, herein, whereby are stylistically highly marked (e.g. they are only used in particular registers such as legal language).

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 5, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 275:

While e-memos are less formal than the memos discussed [above], they still need to be professional in appearance and in register, that is, in the level of formality.

2021, Laurel Currie Oates, Anne Enquist, Jeremy Francis, chapter 19, in The Legal Writing Handbook: Analysis, Research, and Writing (8th Edition), Wolters Kluwer, page 278:

(linguistics) A style of a language used in a particular context.

語域

linguistics: style of a language used in a particular context


animation

en-noun

animation (countable and uncountable, plural animations)

→ Hindi: एनिमेशन (enimeśan)

→ Japanese: アニメーション (animēshon)

→ Korean: 애니메이션 (aenimeisyeon)

→ Thai: แอนิเมชัน (ɛɛ-ní-mee-chan)

From Latin animatio, from animare, equivalent to animate + -ion.

animeddiad

a single act of amimation or the result of animation

"The constraints are not so hard and fast that exceptional sentences do not occur. In particular animation and disanimation can temporarily suspend the system."

1992, Samuel E. Martin, A Reference Grammar of Korean, page 291:

(linguistics) conversion from the inanimate to animate grammatical category


agent noun

The agent noun "cutter" means a person who cuts, or a thing that is made to or is able to cut something.

(grammar) A noun that denotes an agent (human or nonhuman) that performs the action denoted by the verb from which the noun is derived, such as "rider" derived from "to ride", or "cutter" derived from "to cut".


initialism

/ɪˈnɪʃəlɪzəm/

The BBC is an initialism for the British Broadcasting Corporation.

(linguistics) A term formed from the initial letters of several words or parts of words, which is itself pronounced letter by letter.

The next most frequent source language was English, with neologistic compounds accounting for 15 etymologies, with 9 other English-based terms from a variety of word formation processes such as initialism and semantic extension.

2015, James Lambert, “Lexicography as a teaching tool: A Hong Kong case study”, in Lan Li, Jamie McKeown, Liming Liu, editors, Dictionaries and corpora: Innovations in reference science. Proceedings of ASIALEX 2015 Hong Kong, Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, page 146:

(linguistics) The process of forming words or terms using initial letters of other words.


IO

IO (countable and uncountable, plural IOs)

(grammar) Initialism of indirect object.


syncopated

en-adj

syncopated (comparative more syncopated, superlative most syncopated)

more syncopated (comparative)
most syncopated (superlative)

(grammar) of a word, shortened by syncope


syncopation

en-noun

syncopation (usually uncountable, plural syncopations)

From syncopate + -ion. The phonological sense was first attested in English in the 1530's, the musical sense in the 1590's.

(linguistics, phonology) The contraction of a word by means of loss or omission of sounds or syllables in the middle thereof.


p.pr.

present participle
present participle#English

(grammar) Abbreviation of present participle.


ancestor

From Middle English ancestre, auncestre, ancessour; the first forms from Old French ancestre (modern French ancêtre), from the Latin nominative antecessor (“one who goes before”); the last form from Old French ancessor, from Latin antecessōrem, accusative of antecessor, from antecēdō (“to go before”) + -tor (“-er”), from ante- (“before”) + cēdō (“to go”). See cede, and compare with antecessor.

suffix

(linguistics) A word or phrase which serves as the origin of a term in another language.


trace

From Middle English trace, traas, from Old French trace (“an outline, track, trace”), from the verb (see below).

der

[S]upposing the NP has raised in (18), the potential bindees are the clitic and the trace of the focalized NP, neither of which qualifies as a syntactic variable.

1999, Georges Rebuschi, Laurice Tuller, The Grammar of Focus, page 290:

(grammar) An empty category occupying a position in the syntactic structure from which something has been moved, used to explain constructions such as wh-movement and the passive.


p.p.

Alternative forms: p. p., pp.

(grammar) Initialism of past participle.


descriptive

en-adj

descriptive (comparative more descriptive, superlative most descriptive)

more descriptive (comparative)
most descriptive (superlative)

From Latin dēscriptīvus (“containing a full description”).

der

(grammar) Of an adjective, stating an attribute of the associated noun (as heavy in the heavy dictionary).

(linguistics) Describing the structure, grammar, vocabulary and actual use of a language.

тодорхойлсон

хэлний шинжлэл


descriptive

(grammar) An adjective (or other descriptive word)


tone

From Middle English ton, tone, from Latin tonus (“sound, tone”) (possibly through Old French ton), from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “strain, tension, pitch”), from τείνω (teínō, “I stretch”). Doublet of tune, ton, tonos, and tonus.

en:in language, the pitch of a word_s sound that distinguishes meaning

(language, linguistics) The pitch of a word's sound that distinguishes a difference in meaning, as for example in Chinese.

نَغْمَة

pitch of a word that distinguishes a difference in meaning


root

en-noun

root (countable and uncountable, plural roots)

From Middle English rote, root, roote (“the underground part of a plant”), from late Old English rōt, from Old Norse rót (Icelandic rót), from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”); Doublet of wort, radish, and radix.

the love of money is the root of all evil

Coordinate term: stem

In ſo moche that if any verbe be of the thyꝛde coniugation / I ſet out all his rotes and tenſes[…]

1530 July 18, Iohan Palſgrave, “The Introduction”, in Leſclarciſſement de la langue francoyſe […] , London: Richard Pynſon, Iohan Haukyns, →OCLC, page 32; reprinted as Lesclarcissement de la langue françoyse, Genève: Slatkine Reprints, 1972:

A considerable number of derived nominals, especially thematic nouns, also exhibited o-grade roots.

2006, Donald Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 12:

(linguistic morphology) The primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Inflectional stems often derive from roots.

جَذْر

linguistic morphology: primary lexical unit of a word

(linguistics) A word from which another word or words are derived.

أَصْل

philology: word from which another word or words are derived


membership

en-verb

membership (third-person singular simple present memberships, present participle membershipping, simple past and past participle membershipped)

memberships (present singular third-person)
membershipping (participle present)
membershipped (participle past)
membershipped (past)

Whatever the topic of the conversation the speaker must ‘membership’ his listener, put him into one of two or more mutually exclusive boxes. Each time a topic changes the listener must be re-membershipped, and during a conversation the same person may be membershipped as a doctor, a rugby player, a liberal, a gardener, a bridge player.

1975 April, Malcolm Coulthard, “Discourse Analysis in English – A Short Review of the Literature”, in Language Teaching, volume 8, number 2, →DOI, page 83:

(transitive, sociolinguistics) To classify (someone) as belonging to a certain group or community.


description

en-noun

description (countable and uncountable, plural descriptions)

From Middle English descripcioun, from Old French description and its etymon, Latin dēscrīptiō, noun of action of dēscrībō (“I describe”).

(linguistics) The act or practice of recording and describing actual language usage in a given speech community, as opposed to prescription, i.e. laying down norms of language usage.

kuvailu

linguistics: act or practice of recording and describing actual language usage

(linguistics) A descriptive linguistic survey.

kuvaileva tutkimus

linguistics: descriptive linguistic survey


inversion

inversion (countable and uncountable, plural inversions)

/ɪnˈvɜː.ʃən/

Inversion takes place in the sentence 'Is she here?' — 'is', the predicate, is before 'she', the subject. (with an auxiliary verb)

Inversion takes place in the sentence 'Never have I done that.' — 'have', the predicate, is before 'I', the subject, due to 'never' being the first word of the sentence. (for the purpose of emphasis)

Question formation involves the phenomenon commonly known as subject-auxiliary inversion, a change in word order in which the auxiliary moves in front of the subject.
(a) Here we shall describe this phenomenon in terms of movement of the element under INFL into COMP position.
(b) According to this analysis, what looks like an exchanging of positions between the subject and auxiliary (or INFL element, in GB terms) is actually the movement of the INFL element past the subject position into COMP.
(c) INFL-to-COMP movement seems to be triggered by the presence of the [+WH] feature in COMP.

2007/08, abergs, “INFL-to-COMP movement”, in English Language and Linguistics Online, archived from the original on 2018-01-08:

(grammar) Deviation from standard word order by putting the predicate before the subject. It takes place in questions with auxiliary verbs and in normal, affirmative clauses beginning with a negative particle, for the purpose of emphasis.

շրջադասություն

deviation from standard word order by putting the predicate before the subject, in questions with auxiliary verbs and for the purpose of emphasis


declination

declination (countable and uncountable, plural declinations)

From Middle English declinacioun, borrowed from Middle French declination, from Latin declinatio. Doublet of declension.


first-person plural

first-person plural (plural first-person plurals)

"Are" is the first-person plural of the verb "to be".

(grammar) The plural of the first-person form of a verb or pronoun, which in some languages can either be inclusive ("you and I") or exclusive ("them and I"). In other languages, there is no distinction.


monoid

(prosody) Containing only one kind of metrical foot.


first-person singular

first-person singular (plural first-person singulars)

"Am" is the first-person singular of the verb "to be".

(grammar) The form of a verb used with the pronoun I (or its equivalent in other languages).

(grammar) The pronoun I (or its equivalent in other languages).


triliteral

From tri- (“three”) + Latin litera (“letter”) + -al.

A word root in an Afroasiatic language that consists of three letters.


second-person singular

second-person singular (plural second-person singulars)

The second-person singular of "to be" is "art" or "are".

(grammar) The form of a verb used with the pronouns thou and you (singular), or their equivalents in other languages.

(grammar) The pronouns thou and you (singular), or their equivalents in other languages.

possessive adjective
possessive adjective

(grammar) The possessive adjectives thy and your (singular), or their equivalents in other languages.


third-person plural

third-person plural (plural third-person plurals)

"Are" is the third-person plural of the verb "to be".

(grammar) The form of a verb used (in English and other languages) with plural nouns and with the pronoun they (or its equivalents in other languages).

(grammar) The pronoun they (or its equivalents in other languages).


second-person plural

second-person plural (plural second-person plurals)

第二人稱複數

the linguistic category referring to multiple people being addressed by the speaker of an utterance

"Are" is the second-person plural of the verb "to be".

(grammar) The form of a verb used with the pronouns you (plural), y'all, you guys, etc., or their equivalents in other languages.

(grammar) The pronouns you (plural), y'all, you guys, youse, yinz, etc., or their equivalents in other languages.

(grammar) The possessive adjectives your (addressing a plural audience), y'all's, you guys', etc., or their equivalents in other languages.


metasyntactic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-metasyntactic.wav

Metasyntactic values, in the sense I'm using here, are descriptive of syntax, as for example the nonterminals of a Chomsky grammar.

(linguistics, computing) Used in describing syntax; relating to metasyntax.


third-person singular

third-person singular (plural third-person singulars)

"Is" is the third-person singular of "to be".

(grammar) The form of a verb used (in English and other languages) with singular nouns and with the pronouns he, she, it and one (or their equivalents in other languages).


second person

second person (countable and uncountable, plural second persons)

“Are” is the second person of “to be”.

“Hast” is the second person singular of the German verb “haben”.

“Habt” is the second person plural of the German verb “haben”.

(grammar) The form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is the audience. In English, the second person is used with the pronouns thou and you. In many languages the singular, applying to one person, and plural, applying to several people, are distinct.

veta e dytë

the form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is the audience


first person

first person (countable and uncountable, plural first persons)

Calque of Latin prīma persōna, itself a calque of Ancient Greek πρῶτον πρόσωπον (prôton prósōpon).

der

πρῶτον πρόσωπον

"Am" is the first person singular of "to be".

All hanar have two names. The Face Name is known to the world; the Soul Name is kept for use among close friends and relations. Hanar never refer to themselves in the first person in conversation with someone they know on a Face Name basis. To do so is considered egotistical, so instead they refer to themselves as "this one", or the impersonal "it".

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Hanar Codex entry:

(grammar) Forms of pronouns or verbs used for the speaker or writer of the sentence in which they occur.

veta e parë

the form of a pronoun verb used when the subject of a sentence is making the statement

ឧត្តមបុរិសៈ

ʼŏttâmôbŏrĭsaʼ


third person

en-noun

third person (countable and uncountable, plural third persons)

In English, the third person consists of pronouns such as he, she, it, and they, verbs such as is and has, and most nouns.

“Yes,” said Dr Fairbairn. “Very. And then there’s the interesting question of those who use the third person about themselves.”
“Oh,” said Irene, vaguely. It occurred to her that she used the third person on occasion when talking to Bertie. She said things such as: “Mummy is watching, Bertie. Mummy is watching Bertie very closely.” That was using the third person, was it not? In fact, it was a double use of the third person; first (I, mother figure) became third, as did second (you, son). What did this reveal about Irene? she asked herself. No, deliberate play; what does that reveal about me?

2006, Alexander McCall Smith, Love Over Scotland, Random House Digital, published 2007, →ISBN, pages 243–4:

(linguistics, with "the") The words, word-forms, and grammatical structures, taken collectively, that are normally used of people or things other than the speaker or the audience.

“Is” is the third-person singular of “to be”.

(grammar) the form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is not the audience or the one making the statement. In English, pronouns used with the third person include he, she, it, one, they, and who.


inverse

Recorded since 1440, from Latin inversus, the past participle of invertere (“to invert”), itself from in- (“in, on”) + vertere (“to turn”).

(linguistics, Kiowa-Tanoan) A grammatical number marking that indicates the opposite grammatical number (or numbers) of the default number specification of noun class.


conjugate

en-verb

conjugate (third-person singular simple present conjugates, present participle conjugating, simple past and past participle conjugated)

conjugates (present singular third-person)
conjugating (participle present)
conjugated (participle past)
conjugated (past)

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

From the participle stem of Latin coniugō (“to yoke together”), from con- (“with”) + iugō (“to join”).

In English, the verb 'to be' is conjugated as follows: 'I am', 'you are', 'he/she/it is', 'we are', 'you are', 'they are'.

(grammar, transitive) To inflect (a verb) for each person, in order, for one or more tenses; to list or recite its principal parts.


conjugate

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

17th c, John Bramhall,
We have learned in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed.

(grammar) A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in meaning.


conjugate

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

(grammar) Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; said of words.


conjugation

en-noun

conjugation (countable and uncountable, plural conjugations)

/ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin coniugātiō (“combining, connecting; conjugation”), from coniugō (“join, unite together”). Equivalent to conjugate + -ion.

bor

In ſo moche that if any verbe be of the thyꝛde coniugation / I ſet out all his rotes and tenſes[…]

(grammar) In some languages, one of several classifications of verbs according to what inflections they take.

تَصْرِيف

in some languages, one of several classifications of verbs

(grammar) The act or process of conjugating a verb.

Meronym: principal parts

(grammar) The product of that act: the conjugated forms of a verb, collected into a list or recitation.


passive

en-adj

passive (comparative more passive, superlative most passive)

more passive (comparative)
most passive (superlative)

From Middle English passyf, passyve, from Middle French, French passif, from Latin passivus (“serving to express the suffering of an action; in late Latin literally capable of suffering or feeling”), from passus, past participle of pati (“to suffer”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hurt”); compare patient.


passive

(grammar) A form of a verb that is in the passive voice.


serial

/ˈsɪə.ɹɪ.əl/

Formed as series + -al, on model of Latin seriālis, from seriēs + -ālis. Cognate to Italian seriale. First use appears c. 1823. See cite below.

(grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical aspect relating to an action that is habitual and ongoing.


coda

Borrowed from Italian coda (literally “tail”), from Latin cauda. Doublet of queue.

Holonyms: rime, syllable

The word “salts” has three consonants — /l/, /t/, and /s/ — in its coda, whereas the word “glee” has no coda at all.

(phonology) The optional final sound of a syllable or word, occurring after its nucleus and usually composed of one or more consonants.


defective

en-adj

defective (comparative more defective, superlative most defective)

more defective (comparative)
most defective (superlative)

From Middle English defectif, defective, from Old French defectif, from Late Latin dēfectīvus.

(grammar, of a lexeme, especially a verb) Lacking some forms; e.g., having only one tense or being usable only in the third person.


theme

-iːmi (for the sense dealing with the Byzantine empire only)

From Middle English teme, from Old French teme, tesme (French thème), from Latin thema, from Ancient Greek θέμα (théma), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “I put, place”), reduplicative from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do”) (whence also English do). Doublet of thema.

Theme

computing: collection of color schemes, sounds, artwork etc.

en:thematic relation of noun phrase to verb

(linguistics) Thematic relation of a noun phrase to a verb.

government and binding
government and binding

(linguistics) Theta role in generative grammar and government and binding theory.

þema

linguistics: theta role in generative grammar and government and binding theory

(linguistics) Topic, what is generally being talked about.

aihe

linguistics: topic, what is generally being talked about


expressive

en-adj

expressive (comparative more expressive, superlative most expressive)

more expressive (comparative)
most expressive (superlative)

These adults performed significantly more poorly than a group of 28 control adults on all measures of articulation and expressive and receptive language.

2008, Louise Cummings, Clinical Linguistics, page 270:

This volume provides a detailed account of the syntax of expressive language, that is, utterances that express, rather than describe, the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.

2019, Daniel Gutzmann, The Grammar of Expressivity:

(linguistics) Conveying the speaker's emotions and/or attitudes, in addition to the denotative or literal meaning.


expressive

Consider the case of expressives, where no prior knowledge of the speaker’s attitudes are required to interpret the utterance. In (43) ["That jerk Alexa keeps making me look bad"], Steve does not need to know (and in fact has no prior knowledge of) anything relating to Siri’s attitudes towards Alexa to interpret that Siri has a negative attitude about Alexa. It is the expressive that jerk that implies the negative attitude.

2017, Tammi Leann Stout, An investigation of projection and temporal reference in Kaqchikel (dissertation for the University of Texas at Austin)

(linguistics) Any word or phrase that expresses (that the speaker, writer, or signer has) a certain attitude toward or information about the referent.

Cross-linguistically 'expressives' are more commonly termed 'ideophones' [...] Expressives are often cited as a distinctive shared feature of the Austroasiatic language family (Diffloth and Zide 1992; Osada 1992 (Mundari); Svantesson 1983 (Kammu)). [...] I do not make a distinction between expressives and ideophones. [...] I distinguish expressives from onomatopoeic forms, although the two probably overlap.

2004, Nicole Kruspe, A Grammar of Semelai, →ISBN, page 396:

A native metalinguistic term toongl-toojl covers most of these, capturing a range of phenomena associated with alliterative, sound symbolic, and poetic expression. This chapter describes expressive structures under the headings ideophones, onomatopoeia, four-syllable rhyming expressions, echo formation, and interjections.
12.1 Ideophones
The term ideophone is roughly equivalent to the term expressive, as well as other terms mimetic and psychomime.

2007, N. J. Enfield, A Grammar of Lao, →ISBN, page 299:

The term 'expressive' was suggested by Diffloth (1976:263–264) and adopted by Emeneau (1980:7) in the South Asian context in the following:
‘(E)xpressive’ is the most inclusive term for a form class with semantic symbolism and distinct morphosyntactic properties; ‘ideophones’ are a subclass in which the symbolism is phonological; ‘onomaptoetics’ are ideophones in which the reference of the symbolism is acoustic (i.e. imitative of sounds). Since the ideophones may have reference not only to sounds, but to any other objects of sense, including internal feelings as well as external perceptions (sight, taste, smell, etc.), and since the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian items already examined have this very wide type of reference, the broadest term ‘expressives’ seems appropriate.

2015, The Munda Languages, Gregory D. S. Anderson, →ISBN, page 139:

I examine the valency of expressives, a class of ideophones in Mundari, comparing their behaviors as predicates to those of reduplicated verb forms.

2017, Sam Gray, Classifications of Mundari Expressives and Other Reduplicated Structures (thesis)

(linguistics, more narrowly) A word or phrase, belonging to a distinct word class or having distinct morphosyntactic properties, with semantic symbolism (for example, an onomatopoeia), variously considered either a synonym, a hypernym or a hyponym of ideophone.


Glagolitic alphabet

(linguistics) The Glagolitic writing system, the oldest known Slavonic alphabet.


transformational rule

en-noun

transformational rule (plural transformational rules)

(grammar) A rule that takes an input and changes it in some restricted way to result in a surface structure.


finite

en-adj

finite (comparative more finite, superlative most finite)

more finite (comparative)
most finite (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English fynyte, finit, from Latin fīnītus, perfect passive participle of fīniō (“I finish; I terminate”), from fīnis (“boundary”). The word displaced Old English ġeendodlīċ.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

The "goes" in "he goes" is a finite form of a verb, the third-person singular.

(grammar, as opposed to infinite or nonfinite) Limited by (i.e. inflected for) person or number.


punctuation

en-noun

punctuation (countable and uncountable, plural punctuations)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin punctuātiō (“a marking with points, a writing, agreement”), from punctuō (“to mark with points, settle”). Morphologically, punctuate + -ion.

bor

an extensive list of such marks at Thesaurus:punctuation mark


felicitous

en-adj

felicitous (comparative more felicitous, superlative most felicitous)

more felicitous (comparative)
most felicitous (superlative)

This sentence is grammatical; it is just not felicitous.

The aim of this paper is to compare rst [rhetorical structure theory], sdrt [segmented discourse representation theory] and discourse dependency dags [directed acyclic graphs] with respect to the following question: do these formalisms allow the representation of all the discourse structures which correspond to felicitous discourses and exclude those which correspond to infelicitous discourses?

2008, Laurence Danlos, “Strong Generative Capacity of rst, sdrt and discourse dependency dags”, in Anton Benz, Peter Kühnlein, editors, Constraints in Discourse (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series; 172), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, part II (Comparing Frameworks), page 70:

(linguistics) Of a sentence or utterance: semantically and pragmatically coherent; fitting in the context.

gepast

(linguistics) semantically and pragmatically coherent


determiner

Definite articles and indefinite articles are types of determiners.

(grammar) A member of a class of words functioning in a noun phrase to identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it.

In the sentence "Many people voted for him." the word many is a determiner. .

(grammar) A dependent function in a noun phrase that marks it as definite or indefinite. This function is usually filled by words in the determinative class but may be filled by other elements such as a genitive pronoun.

predeterminer

word class): article (a/an, the), demonstrative determiner (this, that, these, those), possessive determiner, cardinal number (three, 50), quantifier (most, any, much, each


drop

en-verb

drop (third-person singular simple present drops, present participle dropping, simple past and past participle dropped or (archaic) dropt)

drops (present singular third-person)
dropping (participle present)
dropped (participle past)
dropped (past)
dropt (archaic participle past)
dropt (archaic past)

From Middle English droppen, dropen (“to fall in drops, drip or trickle down; to scatter, sprinkle; to be covered with a liquid; to give off moisture; of an object: to drop, fall; of a living being: to fall to the ground”) [and other forms], from Old English dropian, droppian (“to drop”), from dropa (“a drop”) (see further at etymology 1) + -ian (suffix forming verbs from adjectives and nouns).

спадам

to decrease, diminish, or lessen in condition, degree, value, etc.

laskea

to move to a lower position; to allow to hang downwards — see also lower

laskea

to lower (a sound, a voice, etc.) in pitch or volume

Cockneys drop their aitches.

(transitive, linguistics) To fail to write, or (especially) to pronounce (a syllable, letter, etc.).

пропускам

to fail to write or pronounce (a syllable, letter, etc.)


rhyme

en-noun

rhyme (countable and uncountable, plural rhymes)

From Middle English rim, rime, ryme (“identical letters or sounds in words from the vowel in their stressed syllables to their ends; measure, meter, rhythm; song, verse, etc., with rhyming lines”), from Anglo-Norman rime, ryme (“identical letters or sounds in words from the vowel in their stressed syllables to their ends; song, verse, etc., with rhyming lines”) (modern French rime); further etymology uncertain, possibly either:
* from Latin rhythmus (“rhythm”), from Ancient Greek ῥῠθμός (rhuthmós, “measured motion, rhythm; regular, repeating motion, vibration”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow; a stream”); or
* borrowed from Frankish *rīm (“number, order, sequence, series, row of identical things”) (whence Old English rīm (“number, enumeration, series”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to arrange; to count”) and *h₂er- (“to fit, put together; to fix; to slot”).
cognates
* Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”)
* Dutch rijm (“rhyme”)
* Middle Low German rīm (“rhyme”)
* Old Frisian rīm (“number, amount, tale”)
* Old High German rīm (“series, row, number”) (modern German Reim (“rhyme”))
* Old Irish rīm (“number”)
* Old Norse rím (“calculation, calendar”) (Icelandic rím (“rhyme”), Norwegian rim (“rhyme”), Swedish rim (“rhyme”))
* Welsh rhif (“number”)

cog

Meronyms: nucleus, coda

(linguistics) The second part of a syllable, from the vowel on, as opposed to the onset.


family name

Yeah, we named her Mildred. It's an old family name. Don't worry, though. She also has four middle names to choose from.

(uncommon) A given name common within a family or given because of another family member.


infinite

en-adj

infinite (comparative more infinite, superlative most infinite)

more infinite (comparative)
most infinite (superlative)

From Middle English infinite, from Old French infinit and Latin infīnītus, from in- (“not”) + fīnis (“end”) + the perfect passive participle ending -itus. Doublet of infinito. Displaced native Old English unġeendodlīċ.

(grammar) Not limited by person or number.

неопределен

grammar: not limited by person or number


Vulgar Latin

(linguistics, historical) The Latin language as spoken by the Roman people, as opposed to Classical Latin as written in formal literature. Developed into Proto-Romance and descendant languages in the Early Middle Ages.


plurale tantum

From Latin plūrāle tantum (“plural as such; plural only”), from plūrāle + tantum.

bor

(grammar) A noun (either in certain of its senses or in all its senses) that does not generally have a singular form.

mravlobit ricxvši mdgomi arsebiti saxelebi

მრავლობით რიცხვში მდგომი არსებითი სახელები


felicity

en-noun

felicity (countable and uncountable, plural felicities)

From Middle English felicite (“bliss, happiness, joy; delight, pleasure; a source of happiness; good fortune; prosperity; well-being; of a planet: in an influential position”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French felicité (modern French félicité (“bliss, happiness; felicity”)), from Latin fēlīcitātem, the accusative singular of fēlīcitās (“fertility, fruitfulness; happiness, felicity; good fortune; success”), from fēlix (“happy; blessed, fortunate, lucky; fertile, fruitful; prosperous; auspicious, favourable”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to nurse, suckle”)) + -itās (a variant of -tās (suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being)).

nb...

felicitee, felicyte, felycite, felycitee, felycyte

der

The quotation was rendered with felicity.

(uncountable, semiotics) Reproduction of a sign with fidelity.


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

Why has our grammar broken down at this point? It is not difficult to see why. For, we have failed to make any provision for the fact that only some Verbs in English (i.e. Verbs like those italicized in (5) (a), traditionally called Transitive Verbs) subcategorize ( = ‘takeʼ) an immediately following NP Complement, whereas others (such as those italicised in (5) (b), traditionally referred to as Intransitive Verbs) do not.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 340:

(grammar, linguistics) A word or group of words that completes a grammatical construction in the predicate and that describes or is identified with the subject or object.

عُمْدَة

word or group of words completing the predicate, identified with the subject or object

predikatiivi

completing the predicate but not being the object

grammatically required argument, actant) kötelező bővítmény


augmentative

From Middle English augmentatif, from Middle French augmentatif, from Late Latin augmentāt-, stem of augmentāre.

(grammar) A form of word that expresses large size, intensity, or seniority

augmentatiu

a form of word that expresses large size, intensity, or seniority


rime

en-noun

rime (countable and uncountable, plural rimes)

A variant of rhyme (noun and verb), from Middle English rim, rime, ryme (“identical sound in words from the vowel in their stressed syllables to their ends; measure, meter, rhythm; song, verse, etc., with rhyming lines”, noun), and Middle English rimen, rymen, rim, rime (“to recite or write verse; to sing songs; to tell a story in verse; to fit into verse; (figurative) to agree, make sense”, verb): see further at rhyme.

(linguistics) The second part of a syllable, from the vowel on (as opposed to the onset”).


umlaut

Borrowed from German Umlaut in the 19ᵗʰ century, from um- or um (“around, re-, trans-”) + Laut (“sound”), from Old High German hlūt. More at umb, loud.

In fits of concealed despair that went unnoticed even by those close enough to touch, Julien cursed the language of umlauts, eszetts, and gerunds.

1997, Matthew Piepenburg, Time and the Maiden, →ISBN, page 62:

A tittle is more or less the same thing (the dot over an i, for instance), except that it can be traced back to Medieval Latin for a little mark over or under a letter, such as an accent ague or a cedilla. I don't know whether an umlaut is one or two tittles. Maybe it's a jot and a tittle side by side.

2008, Roy Blount, Alphabet juice: the energies, gists, and spirits of letters:

(linguistics) An assimilatory process whereby a vowel is pronounced more like a following vocoid that is separated by one or more consonants.

(linguistics) The umlaut process (as above) that occurred historically in Germanic languages whereby back vowels became front vowels when followed by syllable containing a front vocoid (e.g. Germanic lūsiz > Old English lȳs(i) > Modern English lice).


umlaut

en-verb

umlaut (third-person singular simple present umlauts, present participle umlauting, simple past and past participle umlauted)

umlauts (present singular third-person)
umlauting (participle present)
umlauted (participle past)
umlauted (past)

an umlauting vowel

These, together with (some) Romansh lects, belong to our West Rhaetian; the /ȫ/ also supported by two lects from the Ticino which by our criteria are NWIt, and by the partially umlauting lects of Lombardy which together with (some) Engadine lects belong to our East Rhaetian.

1980, Frederick B. Agard, The Genealogy of the French Language, published in Contributions to historical linguistics, →ISBN, page 222:

(linguistics, transitive) To modify (a word) so that an umlaut is required in it.


PIE

(linguistics, anthropology, etc.) Initialism of Proto-Indo-European.


PIE

Pan Island Expressway
w:Pan Island Expressway

(Singapore, in road signs) Initialism of Pan Island Expressway.


fortis

Learned borrowing from Latin fortis (“strong”). Doublet of fort and forte.

lbor

All vowels, whether short or complex, are relatively shorter when followed by a fortis consonant and relatively longer when followed by a lenis one or, for those where this is possible, when no consonant follows (in free or unchecked syllables).

2004, Stephan Gramley, Michael Pätzold, A Survey of Modern English, Routledge, →ISBN, page 80:

(phonetics, of a consonant) Strongly articulated, hence voiceless.


object

From Old French object, from Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”), from obiectus, perfect passive participle of obiciō (“I throw against”), from ob- (“against”) + iaciō (“I throw”), as a calque of Ancient Greek ἀντικείμενον (antikeímenon). Doublet of objet.

der

ἀντικείμενον

massive astronomical compact halo object

massive astrophysical compact halo object

prepositional phrase
prepositional phrase#English

(grammar) The noun phrase which is an internal complement of a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. In a verb phrase with a transitive action verb, it is typically the receiver of the action.


trill

From Middle English trillen, from Italian trillo, trillare. Compare German trillern, Norwegian trille, Swedish trilla.

(phonetics) A type of consonantal sound that is produced by vibrations of the tongue against the place of articulation: for example, Spanish ⟨rr⟩, /r/.


nomen

From Latin nōmen (“name”), a clipping of nōmen gentīle (“family name”). Doublet of name and noun.

Greeks and other provincials who gained Roman citizenship kept their Greek names as cognomens, to which they added Roman nomens and praenomens—usually those of the ones to whom they owed their citizenship.

1990, Richard N. Longenecker, Galatians (Word Biblical Commentary; 41), Zondervan, →ISBN, page 2:

(historical) The family name of an Ancient Roman, designating their gens.


cognate

Borrowed from Latin cognātus (“related by blood”), from com- + gnātus (“born”). Doublet of connate and cognatus.

(linguistics) Descended from the same source lexemes (same etymons) of an ancestor language.

ազգակից

descended from the same attested source lexeme of an ancestor language


cognate

(linguistics) A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or judged to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word.

kognaat

word derived from the same roots as a given word


baritone

From Italian baritono, from Ancient Greek βαρύτονος (barútonos), from βαρύς (barús, “heavy”) + τόνος (tónos, “tone”). Doublet of baryton and barytone.

(linguistics) Alternative form of barytone.


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(lexicography, not comparable) Of or pertaining to the root of a word.

詞根的

linguistics: pertaining to the root of a word

(phonology, phonetics, not comparable, of a sound) Produced using the root of the tongue.


radical

radicale

ring theory: ideal of elements of a ring sharing a certain given property

The boy recognised the Chinese characters, though the calligraphy looked a bit strange, as if drawn by someone who had seen them and copied them out radical by radical without knowing what they meant.

2022, R. F. Kuang, Babel, HarperVoyager, page 9:

en:linguistics: portion of a character that provides an indication of its meaning

(linguistics) In logographic writing systems such as the Chinese writing system, the portion of a character (if any) that provides an indication of its meaning, as opposed to phonetic.

корен

(linguistics) In Celtic languages, the basic, underlying form of an initial consonant which can be further mutated under the Celtic initial consonant mutations.

(linguistics) In Semitic languages, any one of the set of consonants (typically three) that make up a root.

词根

linguistics: any one of the set of consonants that make up a root


incipient

Borrowed from Latin incipiēns, present participle of incipiō (“begin”).

(grammar) A verb tense of the Hebrew language.


patient

From Middle English pacient, from Middle French patient, from Old French pacient, from Latin patiens, present participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate, hurt”).

The subject of a passive verb is usually a patient.

The number of a first or second person participant is generally marked for both agent and patient in all aspects.

1982, Paul J. Hopper, Tense-aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics, →ISBN:

Since we have argued that the absolutive argument in Dyirbal is the grammatical subject of its clause, we must conclude that in the antipassive construction the agent replaces the patient as grammatical subject.

2004, Paul Kroeger, Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach, →ISBN, page 292:

on the receiving end
on the receiving end

(linguistics, grammar) The noun or noun phrase that is semantically on the receiving end of a verb's action.


aggregation

en-noun

aggregation (countable and uncountable, plural aggregations)

/æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/

From Latin aggregātiō, from aggregō (“aggregate”).

(linguistics) A component of natural language generation that entails combining syntactic elements.


clavis

From Latin clāvis (“a key”). Doublet of clef.

Homer, with a clavis, I have had possession of some years.

1784 July 12, William Cowper, “To the Rev. William Unwin.”, in Robert Southey, editor, The Works of William Cowper, with a Life of the Author, volume 5, published 1836, page 54:


agglutination

agglutination (countable and uncountable, plural agglutinations)

Multiple origins. The oldest usage, in relation to tissues adhering or healing in medical contexts, appears in the 16th century, from French agglutination. The linguistic sense derived from this usage during the early 19th century. The sense of gluing or cementing objects together in other contexts is from New Latin agglutinatio, from Latin agglūtinō (“glue; fasten to”) + -iō (a suffix used to form nouns). Compare Spanish aglutinación (“uniting; (linguistic) agglutination”), French agglutiner (“to paste together”, verb), and German Agglutination (“(linguistic) agglutination”) and Agglutinierung (“(biological) adhering, clumping”).

cog

(linguistics) Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See agglutinative.

aglutinació

combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning


simplex

en-noun

simplex (plural simplexes or simplices or simplicia)

simplexes (plural)
simplices (plural)
simplicia (plural)

Henri Poincaré
Pieter Hendrik Schoute
Simplex (disambiguation)
simplex

From Latin simplex (“simple”).
In the mathematical sense, apparently first used (in German) in 1902, Pieter Hendrik Schoute, Mehrdimensionale Geometrie, where Schoute first suggests the term Simplicissimum, but then from the next page decides to use simplex "for short". In his pioneering works on algebraic topology, Henri Poincaré had previously introduced the concept, but not the actual term simplex.

“Weak” is a simplex. Its derivative “to weaken” is not.

The only indication that 139. is a simplex is the sentence intonation and the absence of a break between the verb and the subject.

1978, Helga Harries-Delisle, “Contrastive Emphasis and Cleft Sentences”, in Universals of Human Language, edited by Joseph H. Greenberg, →ISBN, page 460:

(linguistics) A monomorphemic word, one that is not compound and contains no derivational affixes (inflectional affixes are usually not counted)


novel

Borrowed from Latin novella, feminine of novellus.

The normal and natural relationship of emperor and churchman was summed up by Justinian in one of his novels […]

1979, Jeffrey Richards, The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752, page 15:

(classical studies, historical) A new legal constitution in ancient Rome.


paleologism

From paleo- + -logism, from Ancient Greek: παλαιός (palaiós, “old”) in combination with λόγος (lógos, “word”).

Another is the paleologism of pars pro toto in which a part of an organ or function can symbolize the whole organ or concept; eg, the stomach may be the locus of difficulty with a patient with a history of frustrated dependency needs because of its association with the process of being fed and loved by the mother.

1964, Charles William Wahl, New Dimensions in Psychosomatic Medicine, page 41:

Levinas seems to be offering new words or newly burnished words for old, those apparent semantic neologisms are more like pre-semantic paleologisms.

1995, John Llewelyn, Emmanuel Levinas: The Genealogy of Ethics, →ISBN, page 163:

The word trust is in no way a neologism. On the contrary, it is a kind of paleologism, a primitive signifier, "a word from a barbarian time."

2006, Philippe Roger as, translated by Sharon Bowman, The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism, →ISBN, page 252:

A word or phrase that was coined in the distant past, often now obscured, or if recently used: possibly having a definition or implication different from that of any earlier usage.

paleologisme

phrase that was coined in the past and now obsolete