textuality

textuality (countable and uncountable, plural textualities)

(literature, linguistics) The attributes that distinguish a text as an object of study.


sbd.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of somebody.


s.o.

Coordinate term: s.t.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of someone.


adverbial genitive

en-noun

adverbial genitive (plural adverbial genitives)

(grammar) A noun declined in the genitive case that functions as an adverb.


hendecasyllable

Borrowed from Latin hendecasyllabus, from Ancient Greek ἑνδεκασύλλαβος (hendekasúllabos); equivalent to hendeca- + syllable.

der

ἑνδεκασύλλαβος

(chiefly prosody) A line, verse, or word that comprises eleven syllables.


pseudolinguistic

Having some qualities similar to language, but not quite amounting to language in the narrow sense; quasilinguistic.


raised point

(grammar) · (the Greek punctuation mark used in place of a semicolon in English).


Brit.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of British English.


StE

Standard English
Standard English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Standard English.


deletee

(linguistics, rare) A word or clause that is deleted.


dehyphenation

(linguistics, rare) The removal of a hyphen or hyphens.


completive

(grammar) A construction denoting completion.


imperfectivization

en-noun

imperfectivization (usually uncountable, plural imperfectivizations)

(linguistics) The creation of imperfective verb forms from perfective verb stems.


perfectivization

(grammar) The process of forming a perfective verb from the imperfective verbal stem.


coarticulate

en-verb

coarticulate (third-person singular simple present coarticulates, present participle coarticulating, simple past and past participle coarticulated)

coarticulates (present singular third-person)
coarticulating (participle present)
coarticulated (participle past)
coarticulated (past)

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonology) To assimilate the place of articulation of one speech sound to that of an adjacent speech sound.

(phonetics) To articulate a speech sound at two different places of articulation simultaneously, as in the labiovelar approximant [[[w]]].


topolect

Combination of topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”). Attested since the 1960s, but rare until its introduction by sinologist Victor Mair in 1991 to distinguish Chinese 方言 (fāngyán) from English dialect.

confix

Coordinate term: see sociolect § Coordinate terms

We can then establish and name further categories by means of the word "group" and the prefix "sub-", thus obtaining SUBDIALECT ("Untermundart") between topolect and dialect, DIALECT GROUP ("Mundartengruppe") between dialect and language, SUBFAMILY ("Unterfamilie") between language and family,

1964, University of South Florida Language Quarterly, 2, page iii:

The degree to which Yahudic lects differ from coterritorial non-Jewish lects varies spatially, chronologically, stylistically, and idiolectically (for this reason it is important to study each Yahudic topolect together with its coterritorial Arabic topolect if it has one).

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region.

方言

speech-form or lect of a particular place

Imminent Chinese linguist Zhou Youguang has said that everyone’s mother tongue is a topolect, whereas China’s standard spoken language has long been the “teacher tongue.”

2007, Samuel Cole, “Learning Putonghua as an adult: a study of four Hong Kong teachers' experiences”, in The University of Hong Kong (Thesis), archived from the original on 2018-06-02:

(linguistics) A regional variety of Chinese; especially a lect other than Standard Mandarin.


root word

A prefix in an English word derived from Greek or Latin.


colligable

en-adj

colligable (comparative more colligable, superlative most colligable)

more colligable (comparative)
most colligable (superlative)

(linguistics) Capable of forming a colligation


colligability

(linguistics) The ability to group together to form a colligation.


prodrop

(linguistics, of a language) In which certain classes of pronoun may be omitted when they can be inferred.


collocable

(linguistics) Able to become part of a collocation


variadic

/vɛəɹiˈædɪk/

C's printf is one of the most widely used variadic functions.

There are some functions and predicates which we tend to think of as being able to take any number of parameters – of being of variable arity or variadic.

1983, Alan Bundy, The Computer Modelling of Mathematical Reasoning, Academic Press, page 48:

The variadic functions that increase the valence of the input relation through the addition of a circumstance to the set of its argument-roles can be represented by means of an operator (or rather, a family of operators) ‘Circ’.

2004, François Récanati, Literal Meaning, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 109:

However, the real max procedure of Scheme is a variadic procedure, which means that it accepts any positive number of arguments: ¶ (max 5 1 3 8 9 7 2 6 4) => 9

2006, Nils M. Holm, Sketchy LISP: An Introduction to Functional Programming in Scheme, 2nd edition, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 53:

(programming, mathematics, linguistics) Taking a variable number of arguments; especially, taking arbitrarily many arguments.

prinimajuščij peremennoje čisló parametrov

принимающий переменное число́ параметров


mimation

From Arabic مِيم (mīm) (the Arabic letter corresponding to M) + -ation, after nunation.

The addition of an -m suffix to the vocalic case markers (/a/, /i/ and /u/) in Semitic languages, especially Akkadian.


transitive animate

(of a verb in an Algonquian language) Belonging to the class of transitive verbs that take animate direct objects.


transcreation

en-noun

transcreation (countable and uncountable, plural transcreations)

(translation studies) An adaptation of a creative work into another language or culture.


devoice

en-verb

devoice (third-person singular simple present devoices, present participle devoicing, simple past and past participle devoiced)

devoices (present singular third-person)
devoicing (participle present)
devoiced (participle past)
devoiced (past)

Lastly, as shown in the consonant table above, h- causes any following consonant to be devoiced[.]

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 15:

(transitive, phonetics) To pronounce a sound with little or no vibration of the vocal cords, especially a sound that is normally pronounced with such vibration (i.e. a voiced sound).

verstimmlosen

to pronounce a sound with little vibration of the vocal cords


nonlabial

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a labial.


devoicing

en-noun

devoicing (countable and uncountable, plural devoicings)

final obstruent devoicing

(phonetics) The process by which a sound is devoiced.


finite verb

(grammar) A verb inflected for person and tense that can stand on its own as a complete sentence.


word order

word order (countable and uncountable, plural word orders)

The ordering of the syntactic constituents of a language.


amphibological

en-adj

amphibological (comparative more amphibological, superlative most amphibological)

more amphibological (comparative)
most amphibological (superlative)


Proto-Finnic

(linguistics, uncountable) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of the Finnic (Baltic-Finnic) languages. Usually written with the UPA transcription system.


non-finite verb

en-noun

non-finite verb (plural non-finite verbs)

(grammar) A verb form that lacks a subject, is not inflected by tense, aspect, mood, number, gender or person and cannot serve as a predicate.


N.A.

numerary adjunct
numerary adjunct#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of numerary adjunct.


nonsubordinating

nonsubordinating conjunctions


comparative superlative

comparative superlative (plural comparative superlatives)

(grammar) In Spanish: the superlative form of an adjective when it is used in a grammatically comparative situation.


nameword

From name + word. Compare Dutch naamwoord (“nameword, noun (sensu lato)”) and German Namenwort.


direct speech

(grammar, narratology) the writing of speech, using the exact words of the speaker, usually between quotation marks


ISV

en-noun

ISV (countable and uncountable, plural ISVs)

international scientific vocabulary
w:international scientific vocabulary

(linguistics, lexicography) Initialism of international scientific vocabulary.


confixative

en-adj

confixative (comparative more confixative, superlative most confixative)

more confixative (comparative)
most confixative (superlative)

(linguistics) Characterized by the fixing together of elements.


unigram

(linguistics) An n-gram consisting of a single item from a sequence.

einstæða

linguistics: an n-gram consisting of a single item from a sequence


fusional

(linguistics, of a language) Tending to overlay many morphemes in a manner that can be difficult to segment.


iotation

en-noun

iotation (usually uncountable, plural iotations)

/aɪəʊˈteɪʃən/

From Ancient Greek ἰῶτα (iôta) + English -tion.

History of Proto-Slavic#Iotation
Iotation

(linguistics) A specific occurrence of palatalization that occurred in the Proto-Slavic language, in which a consonant combined with the palatal approximant /j/ to form a palatalized consonant.

A form of iotation in the Serbo-Croatian language: s (/s/) + j (/ʲ/) = sj (/sʲ/), which is then superseded into ś (/ɕ/)

(linguistics) Any similar process occurring in a later Slavic language or elsewhere.

ётава́нне

process occurring in Slavic languages or elsewhere


full infinitive

full infinitive (plural full infinitives)

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to, or the equivalent in other Germanic languages, e.g. a Swedish infinitive introduced by 'att', or a Norwegian Bokmål infinitive introduced by 'å'.


to-infinitive

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to.


North Germanic

(linguistics) A branch of the Germanic language family which comprises Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish


archiphonemic

en-adj

archiphonemic (comparative more archiphonemic, superlative most archiphonemic)

more archiphonemic (comparative)
most archiphonemic (superlative)

(phonology) Of or pertaining to an archiphoneme.


EAfrE

(linguistics) Abbreviation of East African English.


IrishE

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Irish English.


AustralE

Australian English
Australian English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Australian English.


WelshE

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Welsh English.


SAfrE

South African English
South African English#English

(linguistics) Acronym of South African English.


SEAsianE

(linguistics) Abbreviation of South-East Asian English.


NEngE

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Northern England English.


WAfreE

(linguistics) Abbreviation of West African English.


NZE

(linguistics) Initialism of New Zealand English.


ScotE

Quite a number of EE urban and rural dialects, educated English speech, IrE, and ScotE cannot be ruled out.

1990, Jerold A. Edmondson, Crawford Feagin, Peter Mühlhäusler, Development and diversity: language variation across time and space:

But NZE allegedly resembles ScotE in taking the avoidance one step further: will is used instead of shall with first-person pronouns .in questions to express offers or suggestions as in Will I close the window?

1998, Marianne Hundt, New Zealand English Grammar – Fact or Fiction?: A corpus-based study in Morphosyntactic Variation, →ISBN:

Like ScotE, IrE has certain word stress patterns that differ from RP (in -ise verbs, for example), but there are few categorical differences and a great deal of variability.

2013, Gunnel Melchers, Philip Shaw, World Englishes, →ISBN, page 77:

Scottish English
Scottish English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Scottish English.


IndE

whereas IndE speakers will be more likely to use the structure

2006 July 6, Joybrato Mukherjee, Sebastian Hoffmann, “Describing verb-complementational profiles of New Englishes”, in English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English, volume 27, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 147–173:

as well as constructions that are unique to IndE

2012, Claudia Lange, The syntax of spoken Indian English (Varieties of English around the world), Amsterdam Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, →ISBN:

Vernacular IndE and Standard Indian English

2020 December 31, Rakesh M. Bhatt, “Indian English: syntax”, in A Handbook of Varieties of English, De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 2208–2222:

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Indian English.


bigram

bigram model

Durrant (2009), for example, developed a list of 1000 academic two-word bigrams, of which 763 were lexical words combined with function words.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Position vectors, homologous chromosomes and gamma rays: Promoting disciplinary literacy through Secondary Phrase Lists”, in English for Specific Purposes, →DOI, page 2:

(linguistics, often attributive) An n-gram consisting of two items from a sequence.


foreignize

en-verb

foreignize (third-person singular simple present foreignizes, present participle foreignizing, simple past and past participle foreignized)

foreignizes (present singular third-person)
foreignizing (participle present)
foreignized (participle past)
foreignized (past)

(transitive, translation studies) To keep foreign elements in a story that might be unfamiliar to readers of the translated text.


countification

1969, The Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian-English Contrastive Project
With some mass and abstract nouns, "countification" is accompanied by a shift of meaning: paper (SC papir) vs. a paper (SC novine, dokument)...

The use of A with GRAIN gives the class membership of the item and illustrates the "countification" of mass nouns, with the deletion of the understood "type(s) of."

1995, Marilyn Martin, “Article question redux”, in bit.listserv.tesl-l (Usenet):

The countification of e-mail mirrors some other recent developments in tech-talk.

2010 May 24, Ben Zimmer, New York Times:

(rare, linguistics) The conversion of a noncountable noun to a countable noun form.


pseudo-linguistics

From pseudo- + linguistics. First attested 1962 (OED).
Modelled on the earlier adjective pseudolinguistic (as in "pseudolinguistic science", attested 1915).

Roy Medvedev deals with the less known but even odder pseudo-linguistics of Nikolai Marr.

Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 2 May 2004, R7

Work purporting to fall under the scholarly field of linguistics but falling short of its standards; linguistic pseudo-scholarship.


nouniness

(linguistics) the state, of a word or lexical item, of being a noun


phonocentrism

en-noun

phonocentrism (usually uncountable, plural phonocentrisms)

In other words, social Darwinism was inextricably connected to phoneticism or, more precisely, what would a century later be criticized as "phonocentrism" - an understanding of language that gives primacy to spoken language as a spontaneous expression of the human mind, thus reducing written language to the status of mere representation of spoken sounds.

2015, Minae Mizumura, translated by Mari Yoshihara and Juliet Winters Carpenter, The Fall of Language in the Age of English, Columbia University Press., page 124:

The idea that sounds and speech are inherently superior to (or more natural than) written language.


antidictionary

From anti- (“opposite of, reverse”, prefix) + dictionary.

prefix

An antidictionary method is based on an inverse kind of knowledge. Such a method maintains an antidictionary with strings that do not appear in the input. Using the antidictionary, the encoder can often predict the next data symbol […]

2010, David Salomon, Giovanni Motta, Handbook of Data Compression, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 430:

computational linguistics
computational linguistics

(computational linguistics) The set of all words of minimal length that never appear in a particular string.


localizer

(computing, translation studies) A person who localizes (adapts a product for use in a particular country or region, or adapts translated text to fit a local culture).


s-mobile

(Indo-European linguistics) A phenomenon where a Proto-Indo-European root begins with an *s- which is sometimes but not always present in the daughter languages.


daughter language

en-noun

daughter language (plural daughter languages)

Probably a calque of German Tochtersprache.

English is a daughter language of Old English.

French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese are daughter languages of Latin.

(linguistics) A language which genetically descends from an earlier parent language.

դուստր լեզու

language which genetically descends from earlier, parent language


ortho

ortho (countable and uncountable, plural orthos)

(countable, linguistics) Clipping of orthography.


eventive

The word 'breakfast' is an eventive object in "she's having a breakfast".


eventive

(grammar) A word or construct that denotes an event.


gradience

gradience (usually uncountable, plural gradiences)

(linguistics) The absence of a clear boundary, or the presence of a continuous spectrum of meaning, between two words or categories.


occasionalism

occasionalism (countable and uncountable, plural occasionalisms)

This measure stems from the observation that productive morphological rules are likely to produce occasionalisms, whereas unproductive rules are not likely to do so. Occasionalisms are thus particularly important for determining productivity.

2010, Martin Haspelmath, Andrea D. Sims, Understanding Morphology, second edition, page 130:


workly

en-adj

workly (comparative more workly, superlative most workly)

more workly (comparative)
most workly (superlative)

From Middle English *workly, *werklich, from Old English *weorclīċ (“suitable for work”) (attested in unweorclīċ), equivalent to work + -ly. Compare Scots warkly (“diligent, industrious”), West Frisian werklik (“real, actual”), Dutch werkelijk (“real, actual, factual, effective”), German wirklich (“real, actual, true, substantial”), Hunsrik werklich, Swedish verklig (“real, actual, true”).

gloss

attested in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">unweorclīċ</i>

cog

workly nature

(philosophy, art, linguistics) Of, pertaining to, or performing some action or work; performative.


hesitator

(linguistics) A word, such as "er" or "um", expressing hesitation on the part of the speaker.


Richard Snary

A pun involving the name Dick (short for Richard) and the Early Modern English pronunciation of dictionary as /ˈdɪksnæːrɪ/, /ˈdɪksnɛːrɪ/ (see dixnary, dixery).

Talke not to me of Dick snary, nor Richard-snary; I care not how little I come neare them.

1627, William Hawkins, Apollo Shroving, Composed for the Schollars of the Free-schoole of Hadleigh in Suffolke:

A country lad, having been reproved for calling persons by their Christian names, being sent by his master to borrow a dictionary, thought to show his breeding by asking for a Richard Snary.

1796, Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue:

I still didn’t see anything in it but the meaningless sort of humor that used to make richardsnary the thieves’ word for dictionary.

(rhyming slang, humorous, archaic) A dictionary.


incorporative

en-adj

incorporative (comparative more incorporative, superlative most incorporative)

more incorporative (comparative)
most incorporative (superlative)


substem

Similarly, Polish (Dancygier 2000) uses three interacting substems to express spatial information […]

2007, Dirk Geeraerts, H. Cuyckens, The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics:


subjectless

“We’re here to help you” versus “Were here to help you” makes no sense; a subjectless, past-tense message — as in, “The doctors were here to help you, but now they’re gone” — has scarcely appeared in the history of the universe.

2007 July 15, Ann Hodgman, “Children’s Books”, in New York Times:

(grammar) Lacking a grammatical subject.


retranslate

en-verb

retranslate (third-person singular simple present retranslates, present participle retranslating, simple past and past participle retranslated)

retranslates (present singular third-person)
retranslating (participle present)
retranslated (participle past)
retranslated (past)

Unfortunately, after re-translating the society's transcription of the Coptic text, I have found that the actual meaning is vastly different. While National Geographic's translation supported the provocative interpretation of Judas as a hero, a more careful reading makes clear that Judas is not only no hero, he is a demon.

2007 December 2, April D. DeConick, “What the Gospel of Judas really says”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-11-23, Essay:

(transitive) To translate again or anew.


interpretant

(semiotics) The effect of a sign on someone who reads or comprehends it


decreolize

decreolize (third-person singular simple present decreolizes, present participle decreolizing, simple past and past participle decreolized)

decreolizes (present singular third-person)
decreolizing (participle present)
decreolized (participle past)
decreolized (past)

(linguistics) To modify a creole language by removing creole elements and replacing them with standard language forms.


decasyllabic

an English sonnet written in decasyllabics


selbri

A selbri together with its associated sumti (if any) forms a bridi (“sentence/predication”). A selbri without any sumti is called an observative bridi (“sentence/predication”).

(Lojban grammar) A word acting like a predicate, which is immediately preceded by one sumti (“argument”), x₁, and usually followed by one or more sumti (“arguments”): x₂, x₃... up to no further than x₅. It is analogous to a verb in natural languages (non-constructed languages).


contrafactive

(linguistics) Describing a verb whose object clause is taken to be false.


holophrasis

en-noun

holophrasis (countable and uncountable, plural holophrases)

From English holo- and Latin phrasis or Greek φράσις (phrásis).

(linguistics) The use of a single word to convey a complex idea.


adstratum

(linguistics) Any language having elements that are responsible for change in neighbouring languages


Proto-Mon-Khmer

(linguistics, uncountable) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of the Mon-Khmer language group, which includes Khmer and Vietnamese.


Proto-Vietic

The unattested, reconstructed common ancestor of the Vietic languages, including Vietnamese and Mường.


variationist

(linguistics) A person who studies variation in usage among speakers of the same language


variationist

The central ideas of variationist sociolinguistics are that an understanding of language requires an understanding of variable as well as categorical processes, and that the variation witnessed at all levels of language is not random.

2013, Robert Bayley, “Variationist sociolinguistics”, in Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, Ceil Lucas, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 11:

(linguistics) Focused on synchronic or historical variation in the forms of language used


rankshift

en-verb

rankshift (third-person singular simple present rankshifts, present participle rankshifting, simple past and past participle rankshifted)

rankshifts (present singular third-person)
rankshifting (participle present)
rankshifted (participle past)
rankshifted (past)

(linguistics) To use a phrase as a subunit of a longer one


Vietic

(linguistics) A subfamily of the Mon-Khmer languages that includes Vietnamese and Mường.

(linguistics) The Proto-Vietic language, the hypothetical last common ancestor of all Vietic languages.


Vietic

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the Vietic language family.

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the ancestral Vietic language.


submodify

submodify (third-person singular simple present submodifies, present participle submodifying, simple past and past participle submodifyied)

submodifies (present singular third-person)
submodifying (participle present)
submodifyied (participle past)
submodifyied (past)


postpose

postpose (third-person singular simple present postposes, present participle postposing, simple past and past participle postposed)

postposes (present singular third-person)
postposing (participle present)
postposed (participle past)
postposed (past)

From French postposer. See post- and pose.

(grammar, transitive) To place (a word or phrase) after another in a sentence, especially in order to modify it


graphone

(linguistics) A combination of grapheme and phoneme.


sublanguage

the sublanguage of weather bulletins

We define sublanguage here as the particular language used in a body of texts dealing with a circumscribed subject area (often reports or articles on a technical speciality or science subfield), in which the authors share a common vocabulary and common habits of word usage.

1982, Richard Kittredge, John Lehrberger, editors, Sublanguage: Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 27:

Sublanguages are usually taken from science and technology domains and are restricted to a particular topic.

1995, Douglas Biber, Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 16:

(linguistics) A language restricted to a specific context, such as a particular subject area.


dentilingual

(linguistics, of a sound) Produced with the tongue touching the teeth.


dentilingual

(linguistics, rare) A sound produced with the tongue touching the teeth.


laminal

en-adj

laminal (comparative more laminal, superlative most laminal)

more laminal (comparative)
most laminal (superlative)

From Latin lāmina (“thin sheet of material”).

(phonetics, of a sound) Produced with the blade of the tongue


antispast

(prosody) A metrical foot composed of an iambus and a trochee

antispasti

a metrical foot composed of an iambus and a trochee


locute

en-verb

locute (third-person singular simple present locutes, present participle locuting, simple past and past participle locuted)

locutes (present singular third-person)
locuting (participle present)
locuted (participle past)
locuted (past)

Back-formation from locution. The first sense could also be directly derived from Latin locut-, perfect active participial stem of loquor (“talk, speak”).

The translator locutes propositions, but illocutes nothing at all.

2011, David Braun, “Implicating Questions”, in Mind and Language, volume 26, pages 574–595:

By contrast, for Grice, one who for instance speaks ironically makes as if to illocute, rather than making as if to locute.

2020, The Oxford Handbook of Assertion, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 367:

(philosophy, pragmatics, intransitive or transitive with the utterance as object) To utter a meaningful sentence; to perform a locutionary act.


deglottalize

deglottalize (third-person singular simple present deglottalizes, present participle deglottalizing, simple past and past participle deglottalized)

deglottalizes (present singular third-person)
deglottalizing (participle present)
deglottalized (participle past)
deglottalized (past)

(transitive, phonology) To change the pronunciation of, so that it is no longer glottal.


lexicosyntactic pattern

en-noun

lexicosyntactic pattern (plural lexicosyntactic patterns)

(linguistics) A string-matching pattern based on text tokens and syntactic structure.


lexicosyntactic

(linguistics) Pertaining to the grammatical properties of individual words, or more particularly to subclasses of words.


septenarius

(prosody) A verse having seven metrical feet.


attriter

Attriters often experience lexical access problems, i.e. a discrepancy between what they would like to say, their communicative intention, and what they still know how to say in their L1. (Q52147493 (Q52147493) (2004) First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Methodological Issues, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 196)

(linguistics) One who has lost certain abilities in a language by learning and using a different language.


garbage in, garbage out

Officials explained that the quality of the computer's work depends on the quality of the data fed into it. Neil Hoke, administrative assistant to Stewart, quoted an adage of computer men: "Garbage in, garbage out."

1963 April 1, Raymond Crowley, “Robot Tax Collector Seeks Indications of 'Fudging'”, in Times Daily, Alabama, USA, retrieved 2010-07-26:

The old caveat "GIGO"—garbage in, garbage out—is as valid in architectural design as in any other computer-aided activity.

2008, Roger K. Lewis, "'In Architectural Design, Brains and Talent Trump the Best Software," Washington Post, 19 July (retrieved 26 July 2010)

information technology
information technology

(computing, information technology, translation studies) If input data are not complete, accurate, and timely, then the resulting output is unreliable and of no useful value.

eiserchómena dedoména exerchómena dedoména

εισερχόμενα δεδομένα εξερχόμενα δεδομένα

му́сор на вхо́де — му́сор на вы́ходе (músor na vxóde — músor na výxode)

ask a silly question, get a silly answer


thingly

en-adj

thingly (comparative more thingly, superlative most thingly)

more thingly (comparative)
most thingly (superlative)

From Middle English thingli, þingly; equivalent to thing + -ly. For sense development, compare Latin reālis.

All works have this thingly character.

2009, Donald Preziosi, The art of art history: a critical anthology:

(philosophy, art, linguistics) Pertaining to the substance of a work, separate from what is conveyed; material, substantive.


frustrative

The frustrative marked with the clitic -tha indicates that the action was 'frustrated', that it has failed already or is bound to fail; or that the success of an action is not yet certain.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “16 - Mood and modality”, in A Grammar of Tariana, from Northwest Amazonia, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 381 seqq.:

(grammar) A mood indicating frustration.


dark l

Coordinate term: clear l

Occasionally one meets with people in the South of England who do not differentiate between clear l's and dark l's to the extent mentioned in the preceding paragraphs.

1956, Daniel Jones, The Pronunciation of English, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 91:

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonology) A consonantal sound, the velarized alveolar lateral approximant, represented by ⟨ɫ⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet.


affixational

(grammar) Of or pertaining to affixation


anarthrously

(grammar) In an anarthrous manner; without an accompanying article.


alveolarization

en-noun

alveolarization (usually uncountable, plural alveolarizations)

From alveolar + -ization or alveolarize + -ation.

(phonology) The conversion (over time) to alveolar sounds of sounds with another place of articulation (palatal, labial, etc.)

alveolarização

change of place of articulation into alveolar


subjunct

(grammar) An adverb that expresses a condition


postmodify

en-verb

postmodify (third-person singular simple present postmodifies, present participle postmodifying, simple past and past participle postmodified)

postmodifies (present singular third-person)
postmodifying (participle present)
postmodified (participle past)
postmodified (past)

postmodifying phrase

postmodifying clause

(grammar) To modify or qualify the previous word or phrase.


wordfinal

a wordfinal consonant cluster

(linguistics) Occurring at the end of a word.


anagrammatically

en-adv

anagrammatically (comparative more anagrammatically, superlative most anagrammatically)

more anagrammatically (comparative)
most anagrammatically (superlative)

From anagrammatic + -ally or anagrammatical + -ly.

Now the words "Oh, Walter Hawkins, Esquire," makes anagrammatically, "W.H., who likes rare antiques!" exactly his idiosyncrasy as a man and a collector.

1886, Martin Farquhar Tupper, My Life as an Author:

The monster in this case is a reptilian, vomit- and blood-spewing thing in a glass tank that’s more reminiscent of “Alien” than of the dime-store concoctions on “Doctor Who,” the show from which “Torchwood” was anagrammatically spun off.

2009 July 18, Mike Hale, “Gay Heroes and a Reptilian Monster, From the BBC”, in New York Times:


depictive

(grammar) A grammatical construction that indicates the state of a noun in relation to the action of a verb.


prefixation

First attested in 1889; formed as prefix + -ation.

(linguistics) The adding of a prefix to a word.


downdrift

(phonetics) A lowering (over time) of the pitch of the tones of a tonal language.


exessive

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates the transition away from a state.


exessive

(grammar) The exessive case, or a word in that case.


exessive case

(grammar) a form of declension that indicates a change away from a state; the Estonian language and some dialects of Finnish have such a case

eksessiivi

noun case used to indicate a change away from a state


inflective

(grammar) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection.


patrial

From Latin patria (“fatherland, country”). The United Kingdom sense was first introduced by the Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77).

(grammar, Latin, of a noun) Derived from the name of a country, and designating an inhabitant of the country; gentile.


delexical

en-adj

delexical (comparative more delexical, superlative most delexical)

more delexical (comparative)
most delexical (superlative)

The verb "take" is delexical in the phrase "take a shower".

(grammar, of a verb) That has little or no meaning by itself.


coreferential

To take an example from Chomsky (Knowledge (1986), p. 8), any native speaker of English knows that them can be interpreted as being coreferential to (i.e. referring to the same set of individuals as) the men in (5) (a) below, but not in (5) (b):
(5) (a) I wonder who the men expected to see them
 (b) The men expected to see them

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, page 6:

(chiefly grammar) Exhibiting coreference; referring to the same thing.


coreference

en-noun

coreference (countable and uncountable, plural coreferences)

If we use subscript letters to indicate coreference (so that two NPs
 with the same subscript refer to the same entity, whereas two NPs with differ-
 ent subscripts refer to different entities), then we can say that (19) is ambigu-
 ous as between the two interpretations represented in (20) below:
 (20) (i) The menᵢ will shoot the arrowsⱼ at each otherⱼ
 (ii) The menᵢ will shoot the arrowsⱼ at each otherᵢ

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 119:

(grammar) The relationship between multiple terms that have a common referent.

coreferència

grammar: the relationship between multiple terms that have a common referent


Wiktionary

→ Esperanto: Vikivortaro (calque)

→ Finnish: Wikisanakirja (calque)

desc

→ Greek: Βικιλεξικό (Vikilexikó) (calque)

וִיקִימִלּוֹן

→ Hebrew: וִיקִימִלּוֹן (vikimilón) (calque)

→ Irish: Vicífhoclóir (calque)

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛ(ə)ɹi/

/ˈwɪkt͡ʃəˌnɛ(ə)ɹi/

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛɹi/

The site was brought online in English on December 12, 2002; on March 29, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in over 200 languages now exist, and more than 100 have more than 100 definitions.

2008, Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, Ben Yates, “Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It, San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN, page 430:

A particular version of this dictionary project, written in a certain language, such as the English-language Wiktionary (often known simply as the English Wiktionary).

Wikiwoordeboek

the collaborative project; a particular version of this project written in a certain language

Wikizziunariu m (italianized spelling adopted for the relative project)


formator

(semiotics) A symbol that indicates a relationship between designators.


endoglossic

(linguistics) Describing an indigenous language that is the main or the official language of a region or country


exoglossic

(linguistics) Describing a non-indigenous language that is the main or the official language of a region or country


prenasalize

en-verb

prenasalize (third-person singular simple present prenasalizes, present participle prenasalizing, simple past and past participle prenasalized)

prenasalizes (present singular third-person)
prenasalizing (participle present)
prenasalized (participle past)
prenasalized (past)

(phonology, transitive) To convert to, or render as, a prenasal.


velar nasal

(phonetics) A nasal consonant voiced as the sound of "ng" in English "sing", represented with ŋ in the IPA phonetic alphabet.


inflector

These modulants are inflectors of roots to allow them to serve as descriptors, and modulation is desirable because the root form may be retrieved without the modulant when making a generic search.

1956, Don D. Andrews, Simon M. Newman, Storage and Retrieval of Contents of Technical Literature, page 5:

The inflectors of English are relatively few in number, so each has quite a high frequency of occurrence.

1987, Whitney French Bolton, David Crystal, The English Language, page 82:

This is an observation I make in Jefferies (1990) in connection with certain allomorphs of the copulative, 'possessive' and some of the adverbialising prefixes in Shona, where, again, these inflectors depend on 'their' stems for vowel shape and how their underlying high tones are realised.

1998, Zambezia - Volumes 25-27, page 14:

(linguistics) An affix that inflects the base form of a word.


adfix

(linguistics) A type of affix that is attached to the outside of a stem (an existing word), to form a new word. The adfix category branches into prefixes (ones which appear before the stem) and suffixes (ones which appear after the stem).

词缀 (cízhuì) (no equivalent exists; lit. "affix")


tasis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τάσις (tásis, “stretching, tension, intensity”).

bor

(prosody) Extending the sound of an utterance for the pleasure of saying or hearing it.


semon

From sem- as in semantic and semiotics, from Ancient Greek σημεῖον (sēmeîon, “sign”), + -on.

(linguistics) A unit of semiology or semantics.


West Germanic

(linguistics) The branch of the Germanic language family consisting of English, Frisian languages, Dutch, Afrikaans, Low Saxon languages, German, and Yiddish, and their immediate predecessors.


resyllabify

en-verb

resyllabify (third-person singular simple present resyllabifies, present participle resyllabifying, simple past and past participle resyllabified)

resyllabifies (present singular third-person)
resyllabifying (participle present)
resyllabified (participle past)
resyllabified (past)

(transitive, linguistics) To divide into syllables in a new, different way.


resyllabification

en-noun

resyllabification (usually uncountable, plural resyllabifications)

/ˌɹiːsɪˌlæbɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonology) The process or result of resyllabifying.


X-bar theory

X signifies an arbitrary lexical category; certain structures are represented by this letter and an overbar.

(linguistics) A theory that posits a common syntactic structure for different lexical categories. Each phrase (XP) is the projection of a head (X) and may optionally include a specifier (sister of X-bar, daughter of XP), adjuncts (sister and daughter of X-bar) and complements (sister of X, daughter of X-bar).


arthrous

From Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”) + -ous.

uder

We have concluded that Paul does not distinguish between the arthrous and anarthrous use of nomos.

1989, Brice L. Martin, Christ and the Law in Paul, Brill Archive, →ISBN, page 68:

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or being the use of a term together with a grammatical article.


denasalize

en-verb

denasalize (third-person singular simple present denasalizes, present participle denasalizing, simple past and past participle denasalized)

denasalizes (present singular third-person)
denasalizing (participle present)
denasalized (participle past)
denasalized (past)

Thus, whining is nasalized, a bad cold denasalizes speech.

1974, Indian Linguistics, volumes 35-36, page 223:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the nasal airflow of what is usually a nasal stop or nasal vowel.


Tibeto-Burman

(linguistics) Of the Tibeto-Burman languages, one of the subgroups of the Sino-Tibetan language family.


free indirect speech

(linguistics, grammar, semantics) A style of indirect speech which imitates direct speech, and converted to third person.


TTR

/ˌtiː ˌtiː ˈɑː/

type-token ratio
type-token ratio#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of type-token ratio.


Nilo-Saharan

(linguistics) A theoretical major language family spoken mostly along the Nile river and in large parts of the Sahara.


Yukaghir

Borrowed from Russian юкагир (jukagir). The part yuka- may derive from Southern Yukaghir йуукэ (jūke, “far, distant”) or juk (“small”), if not from a word from some other language, because the most common endonyms used by Yukaghirs are Southern Yukaghir одул (odul) and Northern Yukaghir вадул (wadul). The suffix -ghir is likely from Evenki -гир (-gir), which is a very common ending in names of Evenki, Even and Orochon tribes.

der

(linguistics) A language family consisting of two closely related languages spoken in Siberia.


monosemous

Having only one meaning or interpretation.


suffixhood

(grammar) The state, condition, or qualification of being a suffix.


zeroable

(computing, linguistics) Capable of being zeroed.


prefixhood

Thus, in OT, the prefixhood of in- is achieved through a constraint on output well-formedness, rather than being specified lexically.

2007, Paul V. De Lacy, The Cambridge handbook of phonology, page 459:

(grammar) The state, condition, or qualification of being a prefix.


Niger-Kordofanian

Coined in the 1960s, from the then-valid classification of this language family in the two sub-branches Niger-Congo and Kordofanian, which is today considered obsolete.


acteme

A realisation of an acteme is called an act, and is the content of one semantically homogeneous verse series.

1970, Fritz Kramer, Literature among the Cuna Indians:

(psychology, semiotics) A unit of behavior.


Yoda

The character was introduced in Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. Perhaps from Sanskrit योद्धा (yoddhā, “warrior”).

You translated the words correctly, but the sentences are very Yoda-like. Perhaps you should review your grammar.

(grammar) Used to describe odd or eccentric word order, as typified by Yoda in lines such as, "Into exile I must go. Failed I have."


as in

That's B as in boy.

(idiomatic, conjunctive) In the sense of.


Standard Habbie

en-noun

Standard Habbie (usually uncountable, plural Standard Habbies)

After the poet Habbie Simpson (1550-1620).

(prosody) A Scottish verse form with six-line stanzas rhyming AAABAB, with tetrameter A lines and dimeter B lines.


cellar door

From Middle English celer door, celer dore.

(linguistics, phonology) In phonaesthetics, a quintessential example of an inherently pleasant-sounding phrase irrespective of its meaning.


ī

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the PRICE vowel


ū

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the USE vowel; also an orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as having that value, as in the word "tune".

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel


M-W

(linguistics) Initialism of Merriam-Webster.


Northeast Caucasian

A language family spoken primarily in the eastern part of the Caucasus mountains.

severovýchodokavkazské jazyky

a language family spoken in Northeast Caucasus


prosecutive case

prosecutive case (plural prosecutive cases)

They are not compared in the usual sense of the word, but the comparative and superlative are sometimes expressed by using the ablative or prosecutive case, sometimes by using specific participles, and sometimes by adding a diminutive or argumentative, as the case may be.

1971, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 24, Ireland:

(grammar) A special form of the prolative case used to describe movement along a surface or way.


unicase

The Malayalam script is unicase.

(linguistics, of a script) Having only one case, without the distinction of upper and lower case.


intentive

en-adj

intentive (comparative more intentive, superlative most intentive)

more intentive (comparative)
most intentive (superlative)

From Middle English ententif, borrowed from Old French ententif, from Late Latin intentīvus (“intensive”), from Latin intendō (“I intend, I attend”).


RAS syndrome

Coined by science magazine New Scientist in 2001.

coinage

(lexicography, humorous) Redundant acronym syndrome syndrome, a tautology in which one or more words that make up an acronym or initialism are used redundantly in conjunction with said abbreviation.


predicative case

en-noun

predicative case (plural predicative cases)

Hjelmslev also notes that in Tabassaran, a Daghestan language of the Caucasus, a language with a very large case system (see section 5.6), there is a predicative case marked by -u-, -ä- or -ö-.

The conclusion could be formulated as follows: in Common Baltic, there was probably a certain marginal use of the instrumental as a marked predicative case alongside the nominative.

2004, William R. Schmalstieg, Philip Baldi, Pietro U. Dini, Studies in Baltic and Indo-European linguistics, page 88:

Even Arie deJong's revision of Volapük addded a predicative case.

2005, "Paul Bartlett" (username), "New (?) conlang", in alt.language.artificial, Usenet

predicative nominative
predicative nominative

predicative adjective
predicative adjective

(grammar) A term that may sometimes be used to describe the case marking a predicative nominative (a noun that renames the subject often following a linking verb), or for the adjective that agrees with it (predicative adjective).


PSM

PSM (countable and uncountable, plural PSMs)

phono-semantic matching
phono-semantic matching#English

(linguistics) Initialism of phono-semantic matching.


X-bar

Pronunciation of its text representation: a letter X with overbar.

For example, the fact that give must occur as the leftmost constituent of the V-bar containing it follows from two conditions. The first is a putatively universal linearisation (i.e. word-order) principle proposed by Stowell (1981, p. 68) which we might call the PERIPHERY PRINCIPLE: this can be outlined informally as in (33) below:
 (33) PERIPHERY PRINCIPLE
 (33) The head term of a Phrase appears at the periphery of X-bar
 What (33) says is that the Head must be the leftmost or rightmost immediate constituent of X-bar.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 350:

(grammar, X-bar theory) A phrase, or, equivalently, a node in a syntax tree, which consists either of: (1) an adjunct and another X-bar phrase, (2) a head, X, and an optional complement, or (3) a conjunction sandwiched between two other X-bars. The X is a "pro-letter" which can be substituted by letters such as N for noun, V for verb, P for preposition, I for inflectional, etc.


idioticon

idioticon (plural idiotica or idioticons)

/ˌɪdɪˈəʊtɪk(ə)n/

LL-Q1860_(eng)-I learned some phrases-idioticon.wav

PIE word
 *swé
Borrowed from German Idiotikon, Idioticon (archaic), from Late Latin idioticon (chiefly in the titles of works), from Ancient Greek ἰδιωτικόν (idiōtikón), the neuter singular of ἰδιωτικός (idiōtikós, “pertaining to or for a person not engaged in public affairs; private; amateurish”), from ῐ̓δῐώτης (idiṓtēs, “person not engaged in public affairs; amateur, layperson; ignorant person, idiot”) + -ῐκός (-ikós, suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or pertaining to’). ῐ̓δῐώτης is derived from ῐ̓́δῐος (ídios, “private (as opposed to public); distinct, separate; peculiar, specific”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self (reflexive pronoun)”) + -ώτης (-ṓtēs, suffix forming nouns referring to types of persons). The English word is cognate with Dutch idioticon.
The plural form idiotica is derived from German Idiotika, Latin idiotica, and Ancient Greek ἰδιωτῐκᾰ́ (idiōtiká).

der

IDIO′TICON. (Gr[eek]) A word of frequent use in Germany, signifying a dictionary confined to a particular dialect, or containing words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country.

[1842, “IDIO′TICON”, in W[illiam] T[homas] Brande, assisted by Joseph Cauvin, editors, A Dictionary of Science, Literature, & Art: […], London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 585, column 1:

There exist in Germany several valuable Idiotica.

1854, “Idioticon”, in Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth and T. G. Bradford, editors, Encyclopædia Americana. […], new edition, volume VI, Philadelphia, Pa.: Blanchard and Lea, →OCLC, page 534, column 1:

"Wische," says the Westerwald Idioticon, "expresses a quick movement connected with a whizzing or swishing sound."

1865, Hensleigh Wedgwood, “To Wipe”, in A Dictionary of English Etymology, volume III, part II, London: N[icholas] Trübner & Co., →OCLC, page 502:

This gentleman [Titus Tobler] certainly made a greater name by his work on Palestine than by that on the language of his native land; nevertheless this book marks a great advance in the scientific treatment of an Idioticon, particularly through the more accurate specification of the actual sounds and forms of the popular idiom.

1878 May 17, Henry Sweet, “VII.—Seventh Annual Address of the President, to the Philological Society, Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Friday, 17th May, 1878”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume XXIV, part II, London: Published for the [Philological] Society by Trübner & Co., […]; Strasbourg: Karl I. Trübner, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 420:

The ideal [Taco H.] de Beer had in mind, was an "idioticon", which he probably visualized as a dictionary comprising all the Netherlandic dialects. Idiotica were the first results also of Flemish dialectological activities.

1954, C[oenraad] B[ernardus] van Haeringen, “Dialectology”, in Netherlandic Language Research: Men and Works in the Study of Dutch, Leiden: E[vert] J[an] Brill, →OCLC, page 72:

[T]he Flemings, anxious that the dictionary would turn out to be too 'Hollandic', started collecting their own regional words for a general Flemish idioticon.

1992, Anton M. Hagen, “Dutch Dialectology: The National and International Perspective”, in Jan Noordegraaf, Kees Versteegh, Konrad Koerner, editors, The History of Linguistics in the Low Countries (Studies in the History of the Language Sciences; 64), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 1.3 (From the 18th Century till 1876), page 332:

In Western dialectology, dialect dictionaries as a phenomenon are especially widespread in the German (and, for that matter, in the Dutch) language area, where we find a deeply rooted tradition dating back to the so-called idioticons of earlier centuries.

1998, Hendrik Boeschoten, “On Dialect Dictionaries”, in Lars Johansen et al., editors, The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994 (Turcologica; 32), Wiesbaden, Hesse: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 575:

While there was a solid tradition of idioticons by that time, dialect lexicography on the other hand only developed into a more scholarly activity by the end of the century [...].

2019, Gjisbert Rutten, “The Folklorisation of Non-standard Language”, in Language Planning as Nation Building: Ideology, Policy and Implementation in the Netherlands, 1750–1850 (Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics; 9), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →DOI, →ISBN, part III (Discipline Formation), page 212:

A dictionary of a specific dialect, or of the words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country; a glossary.


Galician-Portuguese

The common ancestor of these languages, spoken in the Middle Ages, also called Old Portuguese.


feminine rhyme

en-noun

feminine rhyme (countable and uncountable, plural feminine rhymes)

She even composes a poem in honour of her school — seven stanzas so limp with feminine rhymes as to be almost boneless.

2002, Michel Faber, The Crimson Petal and the White, Canongate Books (2010), page 557:

A disyllabic rhyme that occurs on an unaccented final syllable (a feminine ending).


weak verb

Calque of German schwaches Verb, equivalent to weak + verb.

A Weak Verb adds d, ed, or t, to the Present Tense, to make the Past Tense; as, invite, invited; betray, betrayed; step, stept.

1866, William Francis Collier, A Grammar of the English Language, with a Sketch of its History, etc., Edinburgh: Thomas Laurie, →OCLC, page 36:

(grammar) One of a class of Germanic verbs which use a dental affix appended to the stem to indicate tense; a Germanic weak verb.

zwak werkwoord

grammar: Germanic verb which uses dental affix to indicate tense

Three basic root consonant classes exist: the strong verb, roots with weak initial root consonant (I-weak verbs), roots with weak final consonants (III-weak verbs), and a composite class...

2009, Charles Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 177:

(grammar, linguistics) A member of a "weak" class in a language with two or more verb classes.

Storage clearly is assumed for irregular verb forms. But what about regular or weak verb forms?

1998, Katrin Linder, “Overgeneralization revisited: the case of German past participles”, in Ray Fabri, Albert Ortmann, Teresa Parodi, editors, Models of inflection, Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, page 161:

(grammar) A verb the conjugation of which is regular.


strong verb

Calque of German starkes Verb, equivalent to strong + verb.

CONJUGATION OF THE STRONG VERB "TO TAKE" (Commonly called Irregular.) [...] Present, Take. Past, Took. Perf. Part. Taken.

1850, William Chauncey Fowler, English Grammar: The English Language in Its Elements and Forms, New York: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 280:

(grammar) Any of a class of Germanic verbs which use ablaut as opposed to a dental affix to indicate tense.

(grammar) Any of a subset of English irregular verbs which lack the addition of a dental affix to indicate the simple past and past participle tenses.

(grammar, linguistics) A member of a "strong" class in a language with two or more verb classes.


semantics-free

en-adj

semantics-free (comparative more semantics-free, superlative most semantics-free)

more semantics-free (comparative)
most semantics-free (superlative)

However, most of DHT systems focus strictly on handling semantics-free, large-granularity requests for objects by identifier (typically a name). They are limited to caching, pre-fetching, or pushing of content at the object level

2004, Weixiong Rao with Hui Song and Fanyuan Ma, “Querying XML data over DHT System using XPeer”, in Hai Jin, editor, Grid and cooperative computing: GCC 2004, page 559:

They all try to demonstrate that language is more than just the assembling of context-free words using semantics-free rules

2007, Wolfgang Teubert, Text corpora and multilingual lexicography, page 131:

To date, such research has been impossible, since corpora have for the most part been annotated at a relatively shallow (semantics-free) level, forcing NLP researchers to choose between shallow approaches and hand-crafted approaches,

2009, Hans Christian Boas, Multilingual FrameNets in computational lexicography, page 292:

(linguistics, computing) Having no semantic content.


bound form

(linguistics) a unit of language that can only be used as part of a word, not as a word on its own (such as the English suffix -ly).


labiality

en-noun

labiality (usually uncountable, plural labialities)

(phonetics) The quality of being a labial sound (a sound produced with the labia).


v.t.

(grammar) Initialism of verb transitive or transitive verb (often appears in dual language dictionaries)


exhortative

en-adj

exhortative (comparative more exhortative, superlative most exhortative)

more exhortative (comparative)
most exhortative (superlative)

/ɛɡˈzɔːtətɪv/

From late Middle English exhortatyf, from Latin exhortātīvus, from exhortātus + -ivus. By surface analysis, exhort + -ative.

In sections (5.2.7-10.) three special prohibitive moods were identified and described: negative imperative, negative exhortative and monitory.

1994, Hein van der Voort, A grammar of Kwaza, Mouton de Gruyzer, page 528:

(grammar, not comparable) Inflected hortative verb form that a speaker uses to avidly encourage a listener.


semispeaker

(linguistics) A person with limited understanding of a particular language.


ADS

(linguistics) Initialism of adult-directed speech.


diaphonic

(phonology) Of or pertaining to diaphones.


objective clause

en-noun

objective clause (plural objective clauses)

When both subjects are different, an objective clause is often changed for an infinitive with a subject; ...

1852, L. T. Covell, Covell's Digest of English Grammar:

Though opposite in intentional content, for instance, the object of hope and the object of fear are encoded in the same way: both are expressed by an objective clause.

2004, Michele Prandi, The Building Blocks of Meaning:

(grammar) A clause that takes place of the direct object of a verb.


intj

Welcome ... a. received with gladness, pleasing—intj. used to a new comer—v. a. to receive with kindness

1810, John Walker, A critical pronouncing dictionary, and expositor of the English language:

ái chài intj: Well, well!

2007, Phan Văn Giưỡng, Tuttle Compact Vietnamese Dictionary, page 3:


contoid

(linguistics) A phonetic consonant, as opposed to a phonological one.


verb-object

verb-object compound, such as "chīfàn" in Putonghua


possessum

possessum (plural possessa or possessums)

Turning now to the animacy of the possessum, this is on the face of it less promising as a predictor.

2013, Kersti Börjars, David Denison, Alan Scott, Morphosyntactic Categories and the Expression of Possession:

(linguistics) Something which is possessed.


statal

All (pre-nominal) participial modifiers in Hindi have a statal meaning whether or not they involve a statal verb (something like “in the state of sleeping / having slept / running / eating / having been washed”, etc.).

1971, Manindra K. Verma, The Structure of the Noun Phrase in English and Hindi, page 160:

(linguistics) Pertaining to a word or word form (such as a passive verb or a modifier) or other linguistic element that denotes a state rather than an action or process.


Mandobo Atas

(linguistics) A Papuan language spoken on the Upper Mandobo River.


affixoid

(linguistics) A regular word that also works as an affix


translation dictionary

translation dictionary (plural translation dictionaries)

A dictionary that provides translations between two or more languages.


anisomorphism

anisomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural anisomorphisms)

These well-known examples of the ‘imperfect matching’ or anisomorphism of languages do not really support the conclusion that translation is impossible.

2011, David Bellos, Is That a Fish in Your Ear?, Penguin, published 2012, page 82:

translation dictionary
translation dictionary

(linguistics, lexicography) The absence of an exact correspondence between words etc. in two different languages; the differences between two given languages that create mismatches in a translation dictionary.


momentane

From Latin momentaneus. Doublet of momentaneous.

(grammar) In Finnish and Navajo, a verb aspect indicating that an occurrence is sudden and short-lived.


dicolon

(prosody) A verse or period consisting of two cola or members.


phrasal typology

(linguistics) The study of phrasal verbs, idioms, and hyphenated nouns and adjectives (and of rhetorical and literary terminology) and how they are categorized or typed.


ECM

ECM (countable and uncountable, plural ECMs)

exceptional case-marking
exceptional case-marking#English

(grammar) Initialism of exceptional case-marking.


nominativus pendens

From Latin nominativus (“nominative case”) + pendens (“hanging, waiting”).

(grammar) A noun phrase, introduced as if the subject of a sentence, that is not actually used as such.


dial.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of dialectal.


nominative absolute

nominative absolute (plural nominatives absolute or nominative absolutes)

nominatives absolute (plural)
nominative absolutes (plural)

(grammar) A grammatically independent element of a sentence conveying additional circumstances; present:

in English; realized as a noun phrase and a participle or adjective

accusative absolute
accusative absolute#English

genitive absolute
genitive absolute#English

in Ancient Greek, less frequent than the accusative absolute which is less frequent than the genitive absolute


interj.

(lexicography, grammar) Alternative form of interj


prep.

prep. phrase

(grammar) Abbreviation of prepositional.


subst.

B. Substt. // 1. infernum, i, n., the depths of the earth: ex inferno audiri, Jul. Obseq. 105 al. — // 2. infernus, i, m., hell (eccl. Lat.), Ambros. in Psa. 48, §§ 22, 24; Vulg. Job, 17, 13; id. Psa. 9, 18. — // 3. inferni, ōrum, m., the shades below: “Theseus infernis, superis testatur Achilles,” Prop. 2, 1, 37; 2, 28, 49. — // 4. inferna, ōrum, n. // a. The lower parts of the body, the abdomen, Plin. 25, 5, 21, § 51.

1879, Charlton Thomas Lewis and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, “infernus” B–B.4.a

subst.

abbreviation of substantive or its equivalent


fem.

(grammar) Abbreviation of feminine (word or form of the feminine grammatical gender).


cataphor

cataphor (countable and uncountable, plural cataphors or cataphora)

From Latin cataphora (“a coma”), from Ancient Greek καταφορά (kataphorá, “a bringing down, a lethargic attack”).

uder

Yet, all psycholinguistic studies, syntax processing, logic based grammars, poetry parsing and even formal parser construction, indicate that resolving anaphor is much easier than cataphor; we therefore collect an additional code point for any cataphor.

1990, Golumbic, Martin Charles, Advances in artificial intelligence : natural language and knowledge-based systems:

It was hypothesized that the cataphor this would signal that a concept is likely to be mentioned again in the following story and that therefore the this-cataphor results in a higher activation.

2001, Text representation : linguistic and psycholinguistic aspects:

Here, the cataphor she refers to Susan. It is quite common to use the term “antecedent” also for an expression to which a cataphor refers.

2015, Anaphora Resolution and Text Retrieval - A Linguistic Analysis of Hypertexts:

(linguistics) The use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence.


pertingent

en-adj

pertingent (comparative more pertingent, superlative most pertingent)

more pertingent (comparative)
most pertingent (superlative)

The -C column applies to suffixes that consist of a lone consonant such as pertingent -t and locative -xʼ, but plural -xʼ is excluded due to morphosemantic cooccurrence constraints.

2024 January 22, James A. Crippen, Tlingitology Seminar Notes: Background and Morphology, University of British Columbia:

(linguistics) touching; having direct contact with


full deckism

After such phrases as "not playing with a full deck" and "a few cards short of a deck", + -ism.

The next time you need to make this point try using a "full deckism." Full deckisms are euphemisms for saying that people are stupid or illogical — that they're "not playing with a full deck."

1996, Malcolm L. Kushner, Successful Presentations for Dummies, page 332:

A currently popular pattern of insult humor is the "Full Deckism," named from the cliche, "He's not playing with a full deck."

2000, Alleen Pace Nilsen, Don Lee Fred Nilsen, Encyclopedia of 20th-century American Humor, page 244:

(linguistics) A word or phrase used to euphemistically refer to another person's being crazy or deranged.


clusivity

Back-formation from inclusivity and exclusivity.

(linguistic morphology) The distinction between the exclusive first-person plural pronoun ("we, excluding you") and the inclusive first-person plural pronoun ("we, including you") in some languages.


natural language processing

en-noun

natural language processing (uncountable)

A field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, especially computational analysis and processing of large amounts of natural language data.

自然語言處理

field concerning interaction with computers using natural languages

traitement automatique du langage naturel


antiptosis

antiptosis (countable and uncountable, plural antiptoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀντίπτωσις (antíptōsis).

As a vocative form, deus is a clear violation of established norms. The grammarians occasionally encountered apparent examples of such vocatives in the texts they taught, and they explained them either by invoking the figure of antiptosis, in which the “correct” case is replaced by another, or by appeal to the concept of euphonia.

1997 April, John Rauk, “The Vocative of Deus and Its Problems”, in Classical Philology, volume XCII, № 2, page 143:

(grammar, rhetoric) Substitution of one grammatical case for another.

antiptosi

substitution of one grammatical case for another


formans

Borrowed from German Formans, from Latin elementum fōrmāns (“forming element”), with fōrmāns being the present participle of fōrmō (“to shape; to form; to fashion”). Doublet of formant.

der

These facts then clearly evidence such elements as enclitical particles which exercise certain morphological and/or syntactical functions, but which have not yet developed into actual suffixes obliged to conform to sound-harmony and the general accentuation pattern. Some elements of this type are the formantia of the cas. compar. in -däg, and the cas. aequat. (prosecut., mensurat., terminat.) in -ča/-čä in the nominal category, and the formans of the negative aspect in -ma-/-mä- in the verbal category.

1968, Karl H. Menges, The Turkic Languages and Peoples, page 157:

In Cowgill’s […] convincing opinion the basic formans of this PIE mediopassive was an -o(-) originally added to endings identical with those of the perfect (minus -e where applicable;[…]), which only had a single set of endings undifferentiated as to active/middle in PIE.

2006, Kim McCone, The Origins and Development of the Insular Celtic Verbal Complex, page 136:

After the selection of an onomasiological base and an onomasiological mark on the semantic level of the word-formation process, the speaker selects a word-formation base and a formans from an inventory of productive word-formation categories, classes, and subtypes on the formal level.

2011, Joachim Grzega, “Compounding from an Onomasiological Perspective” (chapter 11), in The Oxford Handbook of Compounding, page 221:

(linguistic morphology) Synonym of formative (“language unit, typically a morph, that has a morphological function”).


dithematic

/ˌdaɪθəˈmætɪk/

(linguistics) Consisting of two stems or themes, usually of given names.


empty morpheme

(linguistic morphology) A purely formal morpheme with no semantic content.


neonism

en-noun

neonism (countable and uncountable, plural neonisms)

Formed irregularly from the Ancient Greek νέον (néon) (neon: neuter singular form of νέος (néos), neos, “new”) + the English -ism; compare the closely related neo- and neon, as well as the earlier synonym neologism.

Now, it will not be denied that in the present day two great sources of the modification of our language are native slang and American neonism.

1883, S. Mullen, The Melbourne Review, volume 8, page 204:

Blurb is a neonism, a modern manufactured word which appears in only the most recent dictionaries.

1948, Johnson O'Connor, English Vocabulary Builder, volume 2:

(rare, linguistics) A word or phrase which has recently been coined; a new word or phrase, a neologism.


phonologize

en-verb

phonologize (third-person singular simple present phonologizes, present participle phonologizing, simple past and past participle phonologized)

phonologizes (present singular third-person)
phonologizing (participle present)
phonologized (participle past)
phonologized (past)

/fəˈnɒləˌd͡ʒaɪz/

(phonetics) To shift to a phonemic status by developing a phonetic feature.


phonologization

en-noun

phonologization (countable and uncountable, plural phonologizations)

/fəˌnɒləd͡ʒaɪˈzeɪʃən/

(phonetics) The development of a phonetic feature into a phonemic one.


nonaffix

Where no ambiguity has resulted, the terms (i.e., "verb," "nonverb," "noun," "adjective," etc.) applied to these classes have been used to refer to forms consisting of anything from a stem (single, nonaffix morpheme) to a sequence of several morphemes, whether or not the form in question constituted a word.

1960, Alfred Louis Kroeber, George William Grace, The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño, University of California Press, page 57:

In the extension of the affix Y to nonaffixes, the invented spelling is clearly more “phonetic” than standard spelling; it does not maintain the morphophonemic distinctions that are important in adult spelling.

1975, Charles Read, Children’s Categorization of Speech Sounds in English, National Council of Teachers of English, →ISBN, page 34, →ISBN:

(linguistics) A morpheme that is not an affix.


Pontic

From Latin ponticus, from Ancient Greek Ποντῐκός (Pontikós), from Πόντος (Póntos, “Black Sea, Pontus”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic: forming adjectives”). Equivalent to Pontus + -ic. Doublet of bonduc and bundook.

(linguistics) Of or relating to Pontic Greek, the dialect of Greek that developed in Pontus and is now spoken chiefly in rural northern Greece.


Vasconic

(linguistics) A language family spoken in the northern Pyrenees.


Hamito-Semitic

From Hamite + -o- + Semitic or Hamito- + Semitic.


semantic shift

(linguistics) A change in the meaning of a word over time.


intradirective verb

intradirective verb (plural intradirective verbs)

In "I walked to the store", the verb 'walk' is intradirective, as the person undergoing the action is myself; in "I walked the dog" I no longer undergo the action, and the verb is transitive.

(grammar) An intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action, as in verbs of motion such as walk, go, fly.


labile verb

The verb 'break' is labile because it can be used both transitively: I broke the window, and intransitively: the window broke, and in either case the object undergoing the action of breakage is the window.

(grammar) A transitive verb, such as break, burn, boil, open, start, change, or assimilate, which may be used intransitively with the object of the action as the subject.


Northwest Germanic

(linguistics) The branch of the Germanic language family consisting of the North Germanic and West Germanic languages combined. This includes all modern Germanic languages, and all ancient Germanic languages except for East Germanic (which includes primarily Gothic).


deaffrication

deaffrication (countable and uncountable, plural deaffrications)

/diːæfɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonetics) The reverse process of affrication; the process of turning an affricate into a plosive or a fricative.


debuccalization

debuccalization (usually uncountable, plural debuccalizations)

From de- (“from, off”) + buccal (“pertaining to the mouth”) + -ization. Literally meaning “removal from the mouth”.

confix

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonology) A sound change in which a consonant loses its original place of articulation and becomes [h] or [ʔ].


fortition

en-noun

fortition (countable and uncountable, plural fortitions)

1988, Sylvia Moosmüller, Sociophonology, Peter Auer, Aldo di Luzio (editors), Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, page 76,
The two process types following from these assumptions, lenition processes, aiming at articulatory ease at the expense of perception, and fortition processes, resulting in articulatory difficulty in favor of better perception, were further modified by Dressler & Drachman (1977), as lenitions need not necessarily impede perception; similarly fortitions need not necessarily result in articulatory difficulty.

In order to distinguish between the two kinds of voiceless final stops the terms 'final devoicing' and 'fortition after sonorants' are used here. Although fortition after sonorants is quite well attested for present-day contact English and in general Irish English, the significance of fent, spent, trent in terms of interference is slight as fortition after /n/ is common in mainland varieties of Middle English as well. Especially in late Middle English many instances of a preterite in /d/ after /n/ changing to /t/ with simultaneous loss of the preterite ending are recorded.

2007, Raymond Hickey, Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms, page 62:

Donegan (1985: 37–38) offers the following description of fortitions and lenitions. Fortitions are listener-oriented processes, which increase phonetic properties of phonemes. They strengthen the properties of an individual segment by emphasizing certain phonetic features, sometimes at the expense of other features within the segment.

2009, Anna Balas, “Why can Poles perceive Sprite but not Coca-Cola? A Natural Phonological account”, in Paul Boersma, Silke Hamann, editors, Phonology in Perception, Phonology & Phonetics: 15, page 37:

2011, Matthew Gordon, 39: Stress: Phonotactic and Phonetic Evidence, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume II: Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology, page 924,
Typically, stressed syllables trigger qualitative fortition and/or lengthening, whereas unstressed syllables are associated with lenition and/or shortening.

(phonetics, phonology) A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis.

erősödés

phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis


perlative

(grammar) Describes a case, in very few inflected languages, that expresses movement through or along a referent noun, as "along" in "they travelled along the river".


do-support

As we can see, ‘do-support’ is a frequently used construction in Modern English, that has no equal construction in German. We chose the topic of ‘do-support’ for our study since “[...]^([sic]) do-support is one of the main stumbling blocks”[…]

2018, Janina Madlener, The Phenomenon of “do-support”: Problems of German Learners of English in a Linguistic Perspective, GRIN Verlag, →ISBN, page 1:

(linguistics) The use of the auxiliary verb "do" in negative or interrogative English sentences that do not contain other auxiliaries.


crossplay

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-crossplay.wav

Although in all three events the requests were performed in front of and for the benefit of the student audience as intended bystanders, the crossplay observed in the guest-student episode was absent from the guest-teacher interactions.

2008, Yumiko Tateytama, Gabrielle Kasper, “Talking with a Classroom Guest”, in Eva Alcon Soler, Alicia Martinez-Flor, editors, Investigating Pragmatics in Foreign Language Learning, Teaching and Testing, Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, page 63:

(linguistics) Subordinate communication between participants in a conversation.


small clause

(grammar) A minimal predicate structure that possesses arguments and predicates but no tense: small clauses usually occur within the context of full clauses and may act as the direct object of the verb.

smásetning

minimal predicate structures that possess arguments and predicates but no tense


gerund-participle

The gerund-participle ¶ Traditionally (for example, in the grammar of Latin), a gerund is a verb-form that is functionally similar to a noun, whereas a participle is one that is functionally similar to an adjective.

2005, Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar:

THE TERM 'GERUND-PARTICIPLE' used in the title of this paper is adopted from Huddleston and Pullum (2002:80), who see no reason to give priority to one or the other of the traditional terms used to refer to the verbal uses of the English -ing form illustrated in (1):

2005, Patrick J. Duffley, The English gerund-participle in cognitive grammar:

The intralinguistic analysis carried out on our sample has revealed that, on average, the English gerund-participle is frequently used to realize circumstance adverbials, which may express a great variety of semantic roles.

2009, Frank Boers, Jeroen Darquennes, Koen Kerremans, Multilingualism and Applied Comparative Linguistics:

Therefore I was happy when Geoffrey Pullum and Rodney Huddleston, in the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, presented a clear and compelling argument that "A distinction between gerund and present participle can't be sustained" (pp. 80-83 and 1220-1222). They therefore use the merged category "gerund-participle".

2010, Mark Liberman, “Gerunds vs. participles”, in Language Log:

This amounted to 176 occurrences of the gerund-participle and 49 of the to-infinitive, an interesting statistic in itself, as it confirms the more noun-like character of the gerund-participle, ...

2014, Patrick Duffley, Reclaiming Control as a Semantic and Pragmatic Phenomenon:

(grammar) The form of an English verb that ends in -ing and can function as a noun, an adjective, or a progressive verb.


Cushite

From Cush + -ite, coined in the 1820s. In the early 19th century, the term referred to the tan to dark-skinned people of the Horn of Africa (synonymous with Herodotus' Ethiopians) in general. The technical linguistic sense is due to Friedrich Müller (1876).

Similarly, in the Hamitic area, the Berber languages of the north-west are clearly distinguished from Ful, and these, again, from the Nilotic languages, which, in their turn, are quite distinct from the “Cushite” languages in the east (i.e. Somali, Galla, Saho, Bedauye, etc.).

1915, Carl Meinhof, translated by A. Werner, An Introduction to the Study of African Languages, London: J. M. Dent & Sons, page 150:

The numerous Cushite languages of East Africa make up another branch of Afroasiatic and can be separated for convenience into five subgroups—northern, central, eastern, western, and southern. […] The northern branch of Cushite consists of a number of closely related dialects of which Bedauye, the best known, may be taken as representative.

1990, [Joseph H. Greenberg], “Internal a- Plurals in Afroasiatic (Hamito-Semitic) (1955)”, in Keith Denning, Suzanne Kemmer, editors, On Language: Selected Writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 401:

In the second language category are Cushite speakers. Cushite is a subdivison of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Cushite speakers live in areas stretching from the coast of the Red Sea across the Horn of Africa.

1995, David M. Helgren, Robert J. Sager, World Geography Today, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, →ISBN, page 454:

(linguistics) The Cushitic subfamily of languages.


c-command

A shortened form of "constituent command." The term may also have been chosen so as to eliminate confusion in speech with the similar notion kommand.

Given the key assumption of Trace Theory that a moved constituent leaves behind a coindexed trace, we might formulate the relevant principle that transformations cannot downgrade constituents in terms of an equivalent condition that a moved constituent cannot occupy a lower position than any of its traces. This principle might be stated more formally as in (85) below
 (85) C-COMMAND CONDITION
 (85) A moved constituent must c-command ( = constituent-command)
 (85) each of its traces at S-structure (X c-commands Y just in case the
 (85) first branching node dominating X dominates Y, and neither X
 (85) nor Y dominates the other)

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 10, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 564:

(syntax) The relationship between a node in a parse tree and its sibling nodes (usually meaning the children of the first branching node that dominates the node) and all the sibling nodes' children.


denotatum

(linguistics, philosophy) Something that is denoted; a referent.


Lyman's law

After Benjamin Smith Lyman (1835–1920), American mining engineer and amateur linguist.

(linguistics) A linguistic rule stating that rendaku does not occur if the second element of the compound contains a voiced obstruent in any position, e.g. yama + kaji produces yamakaji (mountain fire), not *yamagaji.


subcategorization

subcategorization (countable and uncountable, plural subcategorizations)

It seems a simple enough matter to extract a general principle of subcategorisation out of (81), along the lines of:
 (82) SUBCATEGORISATION PRINCIPLE
 (82) Any lexical item of category X will be subcategorised with respect
 (82) to the range of idiosyncratic Complements (i.e. sister constituents)
 (82) which it permits within the (minimal) X-bar containing it
 The subcategorisation frame for X will simply be an unordered list of the sets of categories which X permits as its Complements: we assume that the relative ordering of X and its Complements will be determined by independent principles (e.g. the HEAD FIRST PRINCIPLE).

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 365:

(grammar) The practice of specifying what types of complements a word may take when that word acts as the head of a phrase of a certain category; this specification restricts the wordʼs category, making it smaller, hence a “subcategory” of the wordʼs category.


masdar

Borrowed from Arabic مَصْدَر (maṣdar, “source”).

მასდარი მასდარი

(linguistics, chiefly grammar) Arabic verbal noun, also used in Georgian grammar (მასდარი)


featural

As a featural alphabet, Hangeul bears some similarities with scientifically created writing systems invented centuries later, such as the Visible Speech system invented by Alexander Melville Bell.

2015, Robert Koehler et al., Hangeul: Korea's Unique Alphabet, Seoul Selection:

Because of its systematic categorization of sounds, with corresponding graphic interpretation, some linguists have come to consider han'gŭl a "featural" system.

1997, Young-Key Kim-Renaud, The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure, University of Hawai'i Press, page 184:

The same author also cites Pitman's shorthand as an example of a ‘featural’ writing system .

1995, Roy Harris, Signs of Writing, Psychology Press, page 58:

(linguistics) A writing system whose symbols encode phonological features of the sounds that they correspond to.


acrostatic

The Proto-Indo-European word for ‘night’ was acrostatic: nominative singular *nókʷ-t-s, genitive *nékʷ-t-s.

(linguistics) In Proto-Indo-European athematic nominals, having a specific pattern of ablaut in which the accent is placed on the root syllable in all cases.


imprecative

(grammar) A grammatical mood, found in some languages, used for curses (in the sense of wishing harm) and marked by a different set of affixes than the optative mood, which is used for wishes in general.


imprecative

(grammar) Pertaining to the imprecative mood.


quirky subject

(grammar) A subject in a grammatical case other than the nominative (used with certain verbs in some languages, e.g. Icelandic).


antiunification

(linguistics) The most specific term in a language that describes the terms in some given set.


second language

second language (plural second languages)

My second languages are Italian and German.

Vocabulary is a vital component of educational success in both first and second language contexts.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 105:

A language that is spoken by someone but is not their mother tongue.

第二語言

language spoken other than the mother tongue


digraphia

From Ancient Greek διγραφία (digraphía), δι- (di-, “twice”) + -γραφία (-graphía, “writing”), modeled on diglossia.

affix

The concurrent use of two scripts for the same spoken language.


open-mid

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately one-third of the way between an open and a close vowel


close-mid

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately two-thirds of the way between an open and a close vowel

semitancat

pronounced between a close and a mid vowel


short vowel

In languages that distinguish vowel length, a vowel which is normally pronounced shorter than a long vowel.


-erize

en-verb

-erize (verb-forming suffix, third-person singular simple present -erizes, present participle -erizing, simple past and past participle -erized)

-erizes (present singular third-person)
-erizing (participle present)
-erized (participle past)
-erized (past)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:-erize.

(linguistics) To add r-coloring; to take on an r-colored vowel; to exhibit or undergo erhua.


roundedness

en-noun

roundedness (usually uncountable, plural roundednesses)

ajakkerekítés

phonetics: the quality of a sound, especially a vowel, of being rounded or unrounded

(phonetics) The quality of a sound, especially a vowel, of being rounded or unrounded.


erhua

(Chinese phonetics) A phonological process that adds rhotic sounds to syllables in some lects of Chinese.


erization

/ˌɜːɹəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

/ˌɜːɹaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

Calque of Chinese 兒化／儿化 (érhuà). By surface analysis, er + -ization.


supersign

Coordinate term: subsign


subsign

Coordinate term: supersign


R-coloured vowel

R-coloured vowel (plural R-coloured vowels)

[ɚ] is an R-coloured vowel; its non-rhotacised form is [ə].

Words such as start, better, and turn, for example, are likely to be pronounced with a lengthened vowel instead of the r-coloured vowel. While this type of substitution may simply sound like a quaint accent, it may also cause[…]

2019 December 9, Graeme Ching, Teaching English: A Practical Guide for Language Teachers, Canadian Scholars, →ISBN, page 231:

(phonology) A vowel modified so that the frequency of its third formant is lowered.


similative case

similative case (plural similative cases)

(grammar) A noun case used to indicate likeness, resemblance, or similarity. In English, this is usually expressed by the phrase is similar to or is like or looks like, as in "That bird looks like a robin." Languages that use the similative case include Old Turkic.

ئوخشاتما كېلىش

case used to indicate similarity or likeness


light verb

(linguistics) A semantically incomplete verb which qualifies as a predicate only in combination with a predicative complement, usually a noun.


MWE

multi-word expression
multi-word expression#English

(linguistics) Initialism of multi-word expression.


plosion

plosion (countable and uncountable, plural plosions)

In Russian, nasal plosion is confined to cases where both the plosive and the nasal consonant have the same primary articulation. In English, however, nasal plosion occurs also in such groups as kn, tm (as in Hackney ['haekni], utmost [ˈʌtmoʊst]).

1923, Michael V. Trofimov, Daniel Jones, The pronunciation of Russian:

Plosive consonants are sometimes not fully articulated ; under certain conditions they may be reduced to stops only, without plosions. This generally happens in English when a plosive is immediately followed by another plosive.

1956, Daniel Jones, The pronunciation of English, page 121:

To avoid too much air escape at the moment of plosion, the tongue-tip is placed lightly on the alveolar ridge, the less muscular pressure the better.

1998, Michael McCallion, The voice book: for everyone who wants to make the most of their voice:

(phonetics) Pronunciation of a consonant that is characterised by completely blocking the flow of air through the mouth.


interdialectal

interdialectal variation


prothetic

(linguistics) of, relating to, or involving prothesis

(phonology, of an instance of a phoneme) attached to the beginning of a word


AdvP

adverbial phrase
adverbial phrase#English

(grammar) Abbreviation of adverbial phrase.


AdjP

(grammar) Abbreviation of adjective phrase.


intergenetic

Intra- and intergenetic language contact led to intermediate stages of simplification of the system (Luwo, Thuri) without necessarily involving fundamental typological changes.

(linguistics) Pertaining to multiple languages with different roots.


quinqueliteral

(linguistics) A sequence of five letters.


Keigo

(Japanese linguistics) honorific language used when addressing superiors.


subjectivization

subjectivization (countable and uncountable, plural subjectivizations)

(grammar) The act or process of subjectivizing; the process of change by which words develop a subjective in place of or alongside an objective sense.


Chadic

Central African Republic
Central African Republic

(linguistics) A branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken across northern Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic and Cameroon.


Chadic

en-adj

Chadic (comparative more Chadic, superlative most Chadic)

more Chadic (comparative)
most Chadic (superlative)

Hausa is the most widely spoken Chadic language.

(linguistics) Belonging or relating to the Chadic language family.

تْشَادِيّ

belonging or relating to the Chadic language family


hesternal

From Latin hesternus (“of or pertaining to yesterday; yesterday’s”) + English -al (suffix forming adjectives).

der

[A]t laſt, this happy fellow, on a high / Bed laid, and dawbed over with thick ointments, / Extends his rigid heels towards the door; but him / The heſternal Romans, with cover'd head, ſuſtained.

1795, Aulus Persius Flaccus, “Satire III”, in M[artin] Madan, transl., A New and Literal Translation of the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus, Dublin: […] John Exshaw, […], →OCLC, page 93:

But notwithstanding my cupidity for such dainties, I have that happy adaptation of taste which can banquet, with delight, upon hesternal offals; can nibble ignominious radishes, or masticate superannuated mutton.

1813, Eaton Stannard Barrett, “Letter X”, in The Heroine, or Adventures of a Fair Romance Reader, … In Three Volumes, volume I, London: […] Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 118–119:

I will keep no further journal of that same hesternal torch‐light; and, to prevent me from returning, like a dog, to the vomit of memory, I tear out the remaining leaves of this volume, and write, in Ipecacuanha,—'that the Bourbons are restored!!!' 'Hang up philosophy.'

1814 April 19, Lord Byron [George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron], “Journal, 1814”, in Thomas Moore, editor, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: […] In Two Volumes, volume I, London: John Murray, […], published 1830, →OCLC, page 514:

I rose by candle-light, and consumed, in the intensest application, the hours which every other individual of our party wasted in enervating slumbers, from the hesternal dissipation or debauch.

1828, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter XX, in Pelham; or, The Adventures of a Gentleman. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 196:

The hesternal or 'yesterday', tense differs from the hodiernal in having a tone on the subject prefix.

[1965], “A Learner’s Synopsis of Kirundi Structure”, in Earl W[ilson] Stevick, editor, Kirundi: Basic Course […], Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, →OCLC, page xxxii:

We use the following meaning labels to characterize remoteness distinctions: [...] Hesternal past: the situation occurred yesterday, or on the day preceding the speech event. / Pre-hesternal past: the situation occurred before yesterday.

1994, Joan [Lea] Bybee, Revere [Dale] Perkins, William Pagliuca, “Anterior, Perfective, and Related Senses”, in The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, section 3.16 (Degrees of Remoteness), page 98:

Now that it is clear that hodiernal past, hesternal past and remote past are purely temporal categories, it must be established how exactly they divide the timeline. The difference between hodiernal and hesternal past is rigid and is based on objective grounds, i.e. on actual time rather than perceived temporal distance. The hodiernal past is used only for situations that occurred on the same day as the temporal reference point. The choice between hesternal past and remote past is more subjective. No temporal cut-off point between them can be established.

2008, Mark L. O. Van de Velde, “Tense, Aspect, Mood and Negation”, in A Grammar of Eton (Mouton Grammar Library; 46), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.1.1 (Tense), page 234:

In apparently all tonal Bantu languages, the tonal system is augmented by tone patterns associated with certain grammatical categories, especially verb tenses, which are usually realized as the positioning of additional tones in some position in the stem. These are referred to as melodic H patterns. [...] In the simple past and hesternal past (58b) [in Kerewe], H is added to the final vowel, and that H causes deletion of preceding Hs.

2015 December, David Odden, “Bantu Phonology”, in Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →DOI, archived from the original on 2020-06-26, section 4.3 (Melodic Tones):

(archaic or literary, rare outside grammar) Of or pertaining to yesterday.


Jin

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 晉／晋 (Jìn), adopted as the name of a river in Shanxi in antiquity. As a Zhou state, from the renaming of the marchland Tang (唐) by its second marquis Ji Xie when he relocated to the Jin River c. 1000 BC. As a surname, principally from the Zhou state and its region in China. As an empire and dynastic name, from Sima Yan's status as prince of Jin under the preceding Wei Empire. As a river in Fujian, named for the empire, which settled its banks with colonizers from China's Central Plains. As a dialect, from 晉語／晋语 (Jìnyǔ), from the region of the former Zhou state.

zh-l

晉語／晋语 (Jìnyǔ)

(linguistics) A Chinese dialect family (code cjy) spoken by about 45 million people in Shanxi and adjacent provinces.


spirantize

en-verb

spirantize (third-person singular simple present spirantizes, present participle spirantizing, simple past and past participle spirantized)

spirantizes (present singular third-person)
spirantizing (participle present)
spirantized (participle past)
spirantized (past)

(phonetics) To change (a consonant) to a spirant sound.


begadkefat

Constructed from the consonants involved: ב (b), ג (g), ד (d), כ (k), פ (p (f)), and ת (t). Compare Hebrew בֶּגֶ״ד כֶּפֶ״ת (béged kéfet), the Hebrew mnemonic.

cog

בֶּגֶ״ד כֶּפֶ״ת

Hebrew בֶּגֶ״ד כֶּפֶ״ת (béged kéfet)

(linguistics) A phenomenon of spirantization affecting most plosive consonants of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic when they are preceded by a vowel and not geminated; also any similar case of spirantization of postvocalic plosives in other languages, such as Berber.


wh-movement

en-noun

wh-movement (countable and uncountable, plural wh-movements)

Most English interrogative words start with wh-, for example, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, etc. (though how is an exception).

(syntax) a syntactic phenomenon found in many languages around the world, in which interrogative words (sometimes called wh-words) or phrases show a special word order. Unlike ordinary phrases, such wh-words appear at the beginning of an interrogative clause.

疑問詞移位

special order in interrogative sentences


modificative

(grammar) That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause.


negativize

en-verb

negativize (third-person singular simple present negativizes, present participle negativizing, simple past and past participle negativized)

negativizes (present singular third-person)
negativizing (participle present)
negativized (participle past)
negativized (past)

It is possible to negativize dame and say dame zya nai 'it isn't no-good', to deny dame' da; but you can not negativize ikenai, so that instead of *ikenaku nai you will say wa'ruku nai 'it isn't bad'.

2004, Samuel Elmo Martin, A reference grammar of Japanese, page 80:


etymologization

en-noun

etymologization (usually uncountable, plural etymologizations)

(linguistics) The process or action of etymologizing.


nisba

-i

English suffix derived from Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy)

ـِيَّة ية#Arabic

An Arabic derivational adjective formed with the suffix ـِيّ m (-iyy) / ـِيَّة f (-iyya), or the equivalent construction in another Semitic (or other Afroasiatic) language.


predicand

For example, in They appear uneasy, the property of being uneasy is predicated of (the referent of) they, which is therefore the predicand.

(semantics) The referent of the phrase of which another constituent (the predicate) is predicated.


nomen regens

From Latin nōmen regēns (“governing noun”).

(grammar) The first of the two nouns in status constructus, which occurs in a phonetically abbreviated state. For example, in Hebrew, the word "queen" standing alone is malka מלכה. When the word is possessed, as in "Queen of Sheba" (literally "Sheba's Queen"), it becomes malkat šəba מלכת שבא, in which malkat is the construct state (possessed) form and malka is the absolute (unpossessed) form. Thus, the possessed noun in the construct state (Queen) is the nomen regens (governing noun), and the possessor noun, often in the genitive case (Sheba's), is the nomen rectum (governed noun).


nomen rectum

From Latin nōmen rectum (“governed noun”).

(grammar) The second of the two nouns in status constructus, which occurs in its phonetically full form or status absolutus.


nonsubject

(chiefly grammar) That which is not a subject.


nom de Web

Friedberg — whose nom de Web is StinkE — is an 18-year-old, hip hop-loving Hiero fan who started his site in August, 1995 as a tribute to his favorite crew.

1996, Vibe, volume 4, numbers 7-10, page 378:

On the same day, Barista of Bloomfield Avenue, the nom de Web of Debbie Galant, who lives in a suburban town in New Jersey and is one of the most esteemed "hyperlocal bloggers" in the country, led with a picture from her recent vacation in the Berkshires.

2006, The New Yorker, volume 82, numbers 20-28, page 48:

We are smitten with Nemo Wolfe. That's the charming nom de Web of Mercantile Library executive director Albert Pyle (our own Dr. Know) when he posts on their delightfully omnivorous blog.

2009 December, Cincinnati Magazine, page 93:

(informal) A pseudonym used when publishing on the World Wide Web.