language nest

From our viewpoint, getting a language nest established is essential. It is very difficult to remain motivated to use the target language on a regular basis if there is no circumstance that necessitates it.

2018, Leanne Hinton, The Routledge Handbook of Language Revitalization:

There are now language nests all over the world—Besides New Zealand and Hawai'i, there are language nests (and immersion preschools for endangered languages by other labels) in mainland United States (for example, the Esther Martinez fund of the Adminstration for Native Americans funded proposals for nine ongoing or planned language nests and other pre-school immersion programs in 2015.

2018, Kenneth L. Rehg, Lyle Campbell, The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages, page 447:

(linguistics) A language revitalisation programme in which children and non-native speakers acquire the endangered language through immersion in special-purpose locations called 'nests'.


imala

From Arabic إمالة (ʔimāla, “inclination”). The earliest form of the process, described by the Arab grammarians, was conditioned on the existence of an /i/ before or after the /a/ (somewhat similarly to Germanic umlaut). Hence the /a/ was said to “incline” towards the /i/. In most modern dialects, however, imala is a default development, only hindered by certain adjacent consonants (especially emphatics).

(phonetics) a sound change in Arabic by which the vowels /a/, /aː/ are fronted in certain phonetic environments (possibly creating new phonemes, notably in Maltese and to a lesser degree in some dialects)


MTM

(sociolinguistics, language planning) acronym of mother tongue medium; a medium in which the native language of the population is used, such as in education or in writing.


Koryo-mar

(linguistics) The Korean dialect spoken in Russia and Central Asia.


majhul

Borrowed from Classical Persian مَجْهُول (majhūl), from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl, “unknown”).

bor+

The New Persian [of Iran], as is well known, has confused in many words the majhūl (' unknown [to the Arabs]' =Persian sounds) vowels ē, ō with the ma'rūf ('known [to the Arabs]'=Arabic sounds) vowels ī, ū.
 The Judaeo-Persian and the Baluci, like the Indian pronunciation of New Persian, maintain clearly the original distinction between the majhūl and the ma'rūf vowels.

1902, Indo-Iranian phonology (Indo-Iranian Series), volume 2, United States: The Columbia University Press:

The majhul sounds o and e are still preserved in the Persian spoken by Afghans and Indians, but they are now unknown in Persia.

1919, D.C. Phillott, Higher Persian Grammar:

[Kabuli Persian] differs from [Tehrani Persian] in that it has retained the old majhul vowels e and o, which have merged with i and u in [Tehrani Persian]

1975, MMT Henderson, Diglossia in Kabul Persian Phonology:

Another process that has resulted in [u] in Iranian Persian is the change from the majhul /ō/, which is still preserved in Afghanistan.

2011 August 17, Corey Miller, edited by Wai Sum LEE, Eric ZEE, Proceedings Of The 17th International Congress Of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, →ISBN:

Literary Kurdish in Iraq, Persia, and the Soviet Union written in this script employs a circumflex accent placed above the letters to distinguish non-Persian sounds: with w and y to denote majhul vowels (ō, ē).

2006 December 15, Prods Oktor Skjærvø, “IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (3) Writing Systems”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume XIII, pages 366-370:

(linguistics) A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:

A vowel phoneme that does not have a phonemic equivalent in Classical Arabic.

[...] there are two kinds of Yā in Persian, namely, the Ma'rūf and the Majhūl. The Ma'rūf or known Yā is the Yā which occurs in such words as رقیب, تیر, شیر (milk), دید, پیل etc., while the Majhūl or Unknown Yā occurs in words such as خویش, تیز, شیر (lion), سپید etc.

1921, “The Unknown Yā in Persian”, in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, volumes 3-4, pages 86-87:

If the stem ends in either ی-ma'rūf (i) or ی-majhul (e), the letter ج is inserted, for the sake of euphony, between the stem and the termination: e.g., from پینا to drink, we have پینجیئے, پیجیو, and پیجییگا, from دینا we have دیجیئے, etc.

1910, R. C. Busher, A Complete Urdu Course Consisting of the Essentials of Grammar, Progressive Exercises, Readinglessons and Vocabularies, Longmans, Green and Co.:

Mârūf مَعروُف and majhul مَجھوُل, known and un-known. These Arabic terms are applied to the letters و wāo and ی ye. In Arabic the simple vowel sounds of these two letters are ū and ī, the sounds o and e are unknown in that language; so ū and ī are said to be mârūf, but o and e are majhūl. The majhūl sounds are sometimes called Âjamī or Persian.

1872, John Dowson, A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language:

Thirdly, to distinguish between the majhūl and ma'rūf sounds of و and ي, the following rule is observed. When و and ي follow a consonant, unmarked by a short vowel or jazm, they are understood to have the majhul sound, or that of ō and ê respectively, as in مور mōr, "an ant," and شیر shêr, "a lion." If, on the other hand, the consonant preceding و have the vowel ـُ, and that preceding ي the vowel ـِ, they have the ma'rūf sound, or that of u in rule and i in machine respectively, as in the words شُود šūd, "gain," and شِیر, shīr, "milk": and if the preceding consonant be marked with jazm, و and ي are consonants.

1844, Duncan Forbes, A grammar of the Persian language to which is added a selection of easy extracts for reading together with a copious vocabulary, Allen & Madden, page 15:

(by extension) The pronunciation, or reading, of a semivowel or other vocalic character as a vowel phoneme that is different from the one it typically corresponds to in Classical Arabic. Contrasted with ma'ruf.


tone-bearing unit

en-noun

tone-bearing unit (plural tone-bearing units)

(phonology) In autosegmental phonology, a segment, usually a syllable nucleus, which can be associated with a tone.


omnicomparativist

(comparative linguistics, derogatory) having a tendency to compare disparate elements of language (e.g. different forms, unrelated languages) in an attempt to establish parallels


episememe

(linguistics, tagmemics) The meaning expressed by a tagmeme.


denumerate

en-verb

denumerate (third-person singular simple present denumerates, present participle denumerating, simple past and past participle denumerated)

denumerates (present singular third-person)
denumerating (participle present)
denumerated (participle past)
denumerated (past)

Alternatively, mass and count nouns may be distinguished according to syntactic criteria. Count nouns may take an indefinite article (a car), may be pluralized (three cars), and take quantifiers that denumerate (many cars), whereas mass nouns cannot take an indefinite article (*a honey), cannot be pluralized (*three honey), and take only quantifiers that denumerate (much honey).

2007, Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology - Volume 61, page 23:

(linguistics) To indicate an unspecified number.


pre-fortis

This pre-fortis shortening is most obvious in stressed monosyllables (i.e. single-syllable words) and is termed pre-fortis clipping. […] Listen to these sets of English words. Notice how pre-fortis clipping shortens the vowels.

2013, Beverley Collins, Inger M. Mees, Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students:

(phonetics) Immediately preceding a fortis consonant.


augmentive

en-adj

augmentive (comparative more augmentive, superlative most augmentive)

more augmentive (comparative)
most augmentive (superlative)

Observe, that as ry is augmentive, it is not usual to give it a plural form, (for the plural termination is in a certain sense augmentive,)

1816, James Gilchrist, Philosophic Etymology: Or Rational Grammar, page 118:

As an opposite to dys, let en (ry) as an augmentive particle, as we have it in en-harmonia, en-telechia, and en-ergetic.

We, like the French, have not any vernacular augmentive affix of nouns: such words as village, salon, &c., were borrowed in the compound state from the Italians.

1824, James Gilchrist, The etymologic interpreter, page 195:

(linguistics) Changing the meaning to one that is a larger, more complete, or more elaborate version of the original sense.


augmentive

This coincidence between the numeral and the augmentive (for both are resolvable into the same etymon) has occasioned all my perplexity in deciding whether connectives ought to be resolved into augmentives, or augmentives into connectives; for, as we shall presently see, they are closely connected.

1816, james Gilchrist, Philosophic Etymology: Or Rational Grammar:

Marking the noun in agreement with the class associated with diminutives (or augmentives) instead of the agreement class it is ordinarily associated with indicates that a speaker is evaluating the referent as small (or large) with respect to a certain domain.

1992, Cynthia Robb Clamons, Gender in Oromo, page 108:

While it is clear that the augmentive involves the imposition of velar articulation on the segment, there was some variation in the actual realization of this articulation.

1993, UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics - Issue 84, page 162:

(linguistics) An augmentive affix; augmentative.


Talmyan

Talmyan (comparative more Talmyan, superlative most Talmyan)

more Talmyan (comparative)
most Talmyan (superlative)

The typology of the wAn languages established on the basis of the results given in table 1 clearly shows that the languages each have a characteristic tendency in one direction or the other, thus necessarily tolerating exceptional strategies when one tries to work within a strictly two-way Talmyan typology.

2005, Shuanfan Huang, Michael Tanangkingsing, “Reference to Motion Events in Six Western Austronesian Languages: Toward a Semantic Typology”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 44, number 2, page 330:

This difference between Danish and English supports the argument that there is a Talmyan window of attention effect in the compound: ‘skudsår’ has a window to the act and the result, gapping the instrument and the agent, whereas ‘gun wound’ has a window to the instrument and gaps the act and the agent.

2007, Peer F. Bundgaard, Svend Østergaard, Frederik Stjernfelt, “Meaning Construction in the Production and Interpretation of Compounds Is Schema-Driven: Conceptual Schemata and Cognitive Operations in Compound Constructions”, in Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, volume 39, number 1, pages 165–166:

Many languages that allow encoding possibilities ‘against’ their Talmyan type may in practice disprefer them as they are more complex than other available options.

2010, John Beavers, Beth Levin, Shiao Wei Tham, “The typology of motion expressions revisited”, in Journal of Linguistics, volume 46, page 335:

(linguistics) Relating or according to the linguist Leonard Talmy.


habitative

habitative (comparative more habitative, superlative most habitative)

more habitative (comparative)
most habitative (superlative)

It is highly worthy of note that Berber indicates the habitative, in all the derived stems, by a vocalism, more consistently even than Akkadian (exceptions to this rule are only seemingly so).

1981, Yoel L. Arbeitman, Allan R. Bomhard, Bono Homini Donum, page 712:

Another habitative term occurs in Castlethorpe, which was probably originally a simplex name from Old English throp, thought to denote a settlement initially dependent on a more important place.

1993, R. A. Croft, Dennis C. Mynard, Margaret Gelling, The Changing Landscape of Milton Keynes: Maps, page 47:

Taking this fact into account increases the density of known habitative names at Shapwick to 1 about every 185 acres.

2002, Nick Corcos, The affinities and antecedents of medieval settlement, page 163:

(linguistics) Indicating the types of structures, shelters, places of worship, or organization of homes in a community.


gramogram

From Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma, “written character, letter, that which is drawn”) + -gram.

der

A letter or sequence of letters which resemble the sound of a word when the names of the letters are spoken in sequence.


cryptolanguage

The history of cant lexicography has contributed in part to a widely held misconception about slang, namely, that slang is used as a secret language known only to the members of a select group: that slang is a crypto-language.

1996, James Lambert, The Macquarie Book of Slang, Sydney: Macquarie Library, page vii:


faucalize

en-verb

faucalize (third-person singular simple present faucalizes, present participle faucalizing, simple past and past participle faucalized)

faucalizes (present singular third-person)
faucalizing (participle present)
faucalized (participle past)
faucalized (past)

oropharyngeal isthmus
oropharyngeal isthmus

(phonetics) To simultaneously contract the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles, which have the effects of: vertically expanding and laterally constricting the pharyngeal cavity, of constricting the oropharyngeal isthmus, and of raising the pharynx relative to the larynx.


faucalization

en-adj

faucalization (comparative more faucalization, superlative most faucalization)

more faucalization (comparative)
most faucalization (superlative)

(phonetics) Simultaneous ontraction the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles, which has the effects of: vertically expanding and laterally constricting the pharyngeal cavity, of constricting the oropharyngeal isthmus, and of raising the pharynx relative to the larynx. Faucalization with vocalization produces Faucalized voice.


mixed conditional

en-noun

mixed conditional (plural mixed conditionals)

"If you had crashed the car, you might be in trouble" involves a mixed conditional.

(language education, grammar) Any of various conditional structures containing an "if" clause and a main clause and that is not the zero, first, second, or third conditional.


neutropassive

It will terrify linguists among ourselves to be told that this Slav language which the Germans despise as barbarous , which has scarcely any literature , and which is spoken by very few men of high education — possesses, in addition to our ordinary verbs, also verbs “neutropassive," "inchoative," "durative," "momentaneous," and "iterative"; an aorist, like greek, and a preterite aorist of its own; a subjunctive pluperfect, and in declension seven cases, including a "sociative" case, and a "locative."

1894, Henry William Wolff, Odd Bits of History, page 149:

The oldest example yet to emerge is a fragment in Venetian dialect, dating from the end of the Duecento; here the pupil focused on syntactical topics central to the secondary curriculum such as impersonal verbs, verbs of cost, deponent verbs, passive verbs with the ablative, neutropassive verbs, participles and comparatives.

2007, Robert Black, Humanism and Education in Medieval and Renaissance Italy, page 113:

The neutropassive extension, discussed above, is sometimes called the stative extension. This is because verbs in the neutropassive form often indicate states resulting from some action, rather than the action itself.

2014, Lutz Marten, Donovan Lee Mcgrath, Colloquial Swahili:

(grammar) The past perfect tense of a neuter (intransitive) verb which is formed by a passive participle.


linguistic ecology

(linguistics) The study of how languages interact with each other and the places in which they are spoken.


language ecology

language ecology (plural language ecologies)

linguistic ecology
linguistic ecology#English

(linguistics) Synonym of linguistic ecology


language transfer

language transfer (plural language transfers)


language replacement

language replacement (plural language replacements)


language assimilation

language assimilation (plural language assimilations)


language shift

(linguistics) the process whereby a speech community shifts to a different language


null morpheme

(linguistics) A morpheme that has no phonetic form. It is represented as the empty set symbol ∅.


oligoisolating

en-adj

oligoisolating (comparative more oligoisolating, superlative most oligoisolating)

more oligoisolating (comparative)
most oligoisolating (superlative)

(linguistics, of a language) Using a relatively small number of morphemes and having a lower morpheme-to-word ratio.


phonotax

en-noun

phonotax (countable and uncountable, plural phonotaxes)

A blend of phonotactics + syntax or phonology + syntax.

It is crucial for the phoneme structure of Finnish — traditionally /d/ has not been included in the Finnish phonotax, but it fulfils the criteria of a phoneme (Karlsson, 1983: 66-7).

1990, Jarmo Lainio, “Sweden Finnish — development or deterioration?”, in Durk Gorter, editor, Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages: Western and Eastern European papers, Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, page 31:

On the level of word-shape, the phonotax of a language is a first determinant of its style, but the pattern of distribution within that frame is perhaps of equal importance.

2009, Anders Stenström Beregond, “Phonotactic Preferences in the Root Repertories of "Qenya Lexicon" and "The Etymologies"”, in Arda Philology 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omentielva Tatya, Antwerp, 8-11 August 2007, Arda Society, →ISBN, page 99:

Finally, names more or less adapted to Greenlandic phonotax will show a few deviations from the declination paradigms: e.g. Suulut ought to become Suulutip in ergative like t-stems use, but will become Suulup.

2012, Karen Langgård, “Considerations about the impact of Danish on the morphology of Kalaallisut”, in Hitomi Otsuka, Cornelia Stroh, Aina Urdze, editors, More Morphologies: Contributions to the Festival of Languages, Bremen, 17 Sep to 7 Oct, 2009, Brockmeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 10:

(phonology, uncommon) The total sum of a language's phonological or phonotactic rules.


internal reconstruction

internal reconstruction (countable and uncountable, plural internal reconstructions)

(uncountable) A method of reconstructing an earlier form of a language using only evidence from that language, as opposed to the comparative method.


comeronym

The representation of positive maleness in Victorian narratives strongly connects the active and physical to either the superordinate face or its comeronyms eyes or mouth, wherein, according to the authors, can be detected evidence of the young hero's superior moral qualities to match his physical attractiveness.

2002, Murray Knowles, Kirsten Malmkjaer, “Traditional juvenile fiction”, in Language and Control in Children's Literature, Routledge, →ISBN:

(semantics) A word or phrase that shares a holonym with another word or phrase, naming a part of the same whole.


partonym

Furthermore, we infer that the kicking was done with one of Mary's feet, since we know that Mary is a human and humans have feet, or, to put it differently, the script MARY inherits the partonyms of its hyperonym HUMAN.

2001, Salvatore Attardo, “Semantic Analysis and Humor Analysis”, in Humorous Texts, Walter de Gruyter, published 2010, →ISBN, page 55:

A word or lexical item indicating that it is 'part-of' some whole. Thus, "leg" is a body partonym, and "root" a plant partonym. Thus, partonymy refers to the phenomenon of referring to parts of a whole through specialised terms.

2013, Roy Ellen, “Variation and Uniformity in the Construction of Biological Knowledge Across Cultures”, in Helaine Selin, editor, Nature Across Cultures, footnote 3, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 69:


hypersynonymy

(linguistics) The existence of a very large number of synonyms for a single concept.


positive polarity item

positive polarity item (plural positive polarity items)

(linguistics) A polarity item that only appears in an affirmative (positive) licensing context.


polarity item

(linguistics) A lexical item that can appear only in environments associated with a particular grammatical polarity.


NigE

Many NigE slang expressions have a short life, while others have more staying power, and some, like gist, described earlier, are perhaps colloquial rather than slang.

2019, David Jowitt, “Lexis and discourse”, in Nigerian English, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 137:

Nigerian English
Nigerian English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Nigerian English.


gerundize

en-verb

gerundize (third-person singular simple present gerundizes, present participle gerundizing, simple past and past participle gerundized)

gerundizes (present singular third-person)
gerundizing (participle present)
gerundized (participle past)
gerundized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To convert into a gerund.


gerundization

en-noun

gerundization (usually uncountable, plural gerundizations)


substantify

en-verb

substantify (third-person singular simple present substantifies, present participle substantifying, simple past and past participle substantified)

substantifies (present singular third-person)
substantifying (participle present)
substantified (participle past)
substantified (past)

They are, in fact, equivalent to the infinitive which some languages substantify directly (das Rennen, das Sprechen, le manger, le boire, le dormir).

1913, Arnold Ruge, Wilhelm Windelband, Josiah Royce, Logic - Volume 1, page 194:

Lexical items are more or less the accidental results of transformations which substantify, or 'incorporate', the trees referred to in (i), or constituent parts ('subtrees') of them, into entities which, for reasons of practical economy are labelled with single lexical items.

1974, John Mathieson Anderson, Charles Jones, Historical linguistics, page 381:

The definite article was used particularly to substantify pronouns, adjectives and adverbs, but appears always to have retained the quality of a demonstrative.

1981, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, A Functional Approach to Child Language:

Greimas narrates this process of producing meaning by describing the tendency of discourse to "substantify" relationships so that "whenever one opens one's mouth to speak of relationships, they transform themselves, as if by magic, into substantives.

1991, The New Orleans Review - Volume 18, page 71:

Note also that we can always use nominalization to substantify an insubstantial object. If we apply this procedure to the substrate/determination distinction, we find that a substrate may be the substantialization of a property, as in the classic shifts from “white” to “whiteness” or from “beautiful” to “beauty”.

2013, D. Fisette, Husserl's Logical Investigations Reconsidered, page 190:

(linguistics) To transform into or treat syntactically as a noun; to make into or use as a substantive.


linguistic landscape

en-noun

linguistic landscape (plural linguistic landscapes)

And although the Hong Kong linguistic landscape has Romanized Chinese, for example in business names, bilingual Chinese students had expressed to me on many occasions that they generally ignore English text, whether transliteration or translation.

2015, James Lambert, “Lexicography as a teaching tool: A Hong Kong case study”, in Lan Li, Jamie McKeown, Liming Liu, editors, Dictionaries and corpora: Innovations in reference science. Proceedings of ASIALEX 2015 Hong Kong, Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, page 147:

(linguistics) The totality of written language visible within a certain area.


phonemicity

Some people doubt the phonemicity of the English sound [ŋ], as in "singing".

Spanish orthography has high phonemicity: it corresponds precisely and consistently with the sounds of the phonemes.

(linguistics) The state or quality of being phonemic.


AII

(linguistics) Abbreviation of atavistic-idiosyncratic idiolect.


markedness constraint

markedness constraint (plural markedness constraints)

the lack of codas is a markedness constraint that English violates, but Samoan keeps intact all the time.

(phonology) In Optimality Theory, universal features that languages prefer to keep unviolated.


interordinational

(linguistics) Relating to interordinations


interordination

(linguistics) A reciprocal relationship between two terms


terminize

en-verb

terminize (third-person singular simple present terminizes, present participle terminizing, simple past and past participle terminized)

terminizes (present singular third-person)
terminizing (participle present)
terminized (participle past)
terminized (past)

This was terminized polarization of light.

1908, A Calendar of Invention and Discovery, page 23:

Hence , ushmā (or ushnatā) is an expressive equivalent for temperature. I do not know why the Central Hindi Directorate has terminized heat as ushmā, and temperature as tapa, thereby interchanging the cause and effect.

1965, Seminar on Technical and Scientific Translation, 15-17 April 1965:

To terminize this multi-ordinal system, we cannot apply any existing words. Limitations of present terminology were discussed at the beginning of this article. "Darwinism", or even "pan-Darwinism", for example, would connote fecundity, combat, genes, and other qualities.

On account of its inherent ambiguity (and the resulting inconsistency of its application) and negative associations, it is a label which it is hardly possible or useful to terminize.

1999, Linguistica Pragensia - Issue 2, page 28:


preparatory subject

en-noun

preparatory subject (plural preparatory subjects)


introductory subject

introductory subject (plural introductory subjects)


dummy subject

In the expression "It's raining", the word "it" is a dummy subject.

(grammar) A word (in English, it or there) used as the subject of a sentence when the real subject is placed after the main verb, or when the subject is indefinite.

loos onderwerp

grammatical subject carrying no meaning of its own


MVSL

Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language#English

(linguistics) Initialism of Martha's Vineyard Sign Language.


grammarise

en-verb

grammarise (third-person singular simple present grammarises, present participle grammarising, simple past and past participle grammarised)

grammarises (present singular third-person)
grammarising (participle present)
grammarised (participle past)
grammarised (past)

Is it possible to grammarise these words, vivisect them, to understand their Oriental allusion, and to escape their immediate and mortal application to ourselves?

1889, Joseph Parker, The People's Bible: Discourses Upon Holy Scripture:

This he did with no little grief, and so all attempt to lexiconise and grammarise the Hausa language was thrown back for many years, during which a knowledge of it would have been of material use in various British operations on the West Coast of Africa

1909, Sir Francis Galton, Memories of My Life, page 173:

Aspirations to 'grammarise' the comprehensives were again evident from the remarks of Education Committee members.

2017, David Crook, Ken Fogelman, Alan C. Kerckhoff, Going Comprehensive in England and Wales:


pref

Alternative form: pref.


rime dictionary

en-noun

rime dictionary (plural rime dictionaries)

A historical type of Chinese character dictionary that collates characters by rime and tone (pronunciation) rather than by radical. It does not necessarily provide definitions.


Proto-Tocharian

(linguistics) The reconstructed ancestor of the Tocharian languages.


ubhayapada

From the phrasal pseudo-word Sanskrit उभयपद (ubhayapada). (MW does not treat it as a word, but as the origin of the Sanskrit word उभयपदिन् (ubhayapadin).)

(grammar) Using forms from both the active and middle voices.


zero derive

en-verb

zero derive (third-person singular simple present zero derives, present participle zero deriving, simple past and past participle zero derived)

zero derives (present singular third-person)
zero deriving (participle present)
zero derived (participle past)
zero derived (past)

/ˌzɪəɹəʊ dəˈɹaɪv/

/ˌziɹəʊ dəˈɹaɪv/

A back-formation from zero derivation, as if zero + derive.

Table 2. Thirty adjective lexemes which zero-derive into verbs.

1986, Terence Odlin, “Markedness and the zero-derived denominal verb in English: synchronic, diachronic, and acquisition correlates”, in Fred Eckman, Edith A. Moravcsik, Jessica Wirth, editors, Markedness, →ISBN, page 160:

[…]assuming the presence of lexical classes in Kharia would force us to productively zero-derive verbs not from nouns but rather from entire NPs, i.e. not in the lexicon but in the syntax.

2013 August 29, John Peterson, “Parts of speech in Kharia: a formal account”, in Jan Rijkhoff, Eva van Lier, editors, Flexible Word Classes: Typological studies of underspecified parts of speech, →ISBN, page 144:

Some adjectives zero derive from adverbs, e.g. daily, down, faraway, far out, monthly, up, way out, well off (note that many derive from a pair of adverbs).

2014 February 3, Keith Allan, Linguistic Meaning (RLE Linguistics A: General Linguistics), →ISBN, Lexicon semantics, page 220:

(linguistics) To derive a word from another word (of a differing part of speech) without modification; to perform zero derivation.


upper boundary

en-noun

upper boundary (plural upper boundaries)

(linguistics) The most ancient time encompassed by a given period of time.


lower boundary

lower boundary (plural lower boundaries)

(linguistics) The most recent time encompassed by a given period of time.


fricatize

en-verb

fricatize (third-person singular simple present fricatizes, present participle fricatizing, simple past and past participle fricatized)

fricatizes (present singular third-person)
fricatizing (participle present)
fricatized (participle past)
fricatized (past)

We do not have any fricatized gutturals in English, but we have fricatized labials and dentals which we spell in very inconsistent ways. We sometimes fricatize the letter “p” by adding “h” to it.

1953, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature - Volume 10, page 73:

Thus Latin /k/ suffers voicing to OSp. /g/, which is then fricatized to [v] by about the thirteenth century (Lloyd 1987:327) (e.g. SĒCĀRE > segar "to reap" , where g => [y] , as in Modern Spanish).

2002, Ralph Penny, Ralph John Penny, A History of the Spanish Language, page 76:

An isogloss, running hundreds of miles from Kaliningrad to the Rhine Valley, separates those varieties that fricatize these stops from those that do not.

2009, Israel Sanz, The Diachrony of New Mexican Spanish, 1683-1926, page 44:


sequence of tenses

consecutio temporum
consecutio temporum#English

(grammar) Synonym of consecutio temporum


sulcalization

en-noun

sulcalization (usually uncountable, plural sulcalizations)

(phonetics) The pronunciation of a sound, typically a sibilant consonant, with a deep groove running along the back of the tongue that focuses the airstream on the teeth, producing a more intense sound.


CBOW

computational linguistics
computational linguistics

continuous bag of words
continuous bag of words#English

(computational linguistics) Initialism of continuous bag of words.


skip-gram

(computational linguistics) An n-gram in which component words need not be adjacent.


word vector

(computational linguistics) A vector of weights that represents a word in numerical form.


inherent vowel

(linguistics) In an abugida, the vowel sound (often a schwa in Brahmic scripts) appended by default to a consonant symbol lacking a vowel diacritic.


continuous bag of words

continuous bag of words (plural continuous bags of words)

(computational linguistics) A bag of words comprised of the words in the vicinity of a specific target.


schwa deletion

(linguistics) The phenomenon of the dropping of the orthographic inherent vowel in speech, in Indo-Aryan languages that use abugidas.


phatic communion

We believe that it is in this spoken world, where people engage in phatic communion and indulge in the give-and-take of interpersonal socialising and the negotiation of personality, identity, friendship and connection [...] that one can best get a view of language vitality.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 8:

(linguistics) Communication that takes place primarily for social purposes rather than for the exchange of vital information, such as small talk and social pleasantries.


chain shift

Many non-Antipodeans cannot readily distinguish Australian and New Zealand English, because the phonologies basically overlap with the exception of an upwards chain shift in the front vowels.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:

(linguistics, phonology) A phonological modification of a vowel system in which a change in a particular vowel causes other adjacent vowels to also change in order to avoid vowel mergers.


overt prestige

(sociolinguistics) Prestige acquired in a community by using a standard or formal language variety associated with power and status.


Friso-Saxon

From Frisia + Saxon, modelled after Anglo-Saxon.

(linguistics) Belonging to a group of West Germanic dialects found around the North Sea coast of the Netherlands and Germany, in an area historically known as Frisia.


loanshift

The situation in which a word changes or extends its meaning under the influence of another language.


ghost language

Of the 250 or so Aboriginal languages once spoken in Australia, two-thirds are extinct or moribund. Coastal languages were usually the first to go, with settlement patterns matching patterns of extinction. In Western Australia, the former of approximately 110 Aboriginal languages, 45 were presumed extinct, and another 30 were on the verge of extinction. Wajuk, the original language of Perth, was dead. Nyungar, the language of the southwestern tip of the continent, was gone. Mirning, the language of Eucla, had disappeared with barely a trace. Witjaari, once spoken north of Wajuk, was now a ghost language. And the list went on. I had come to a land of linguistic devastation.

2000, Juliette Blevins, Nhanda: An Aboriginal Language of Western Australia (Oceanic linguistics special publication; 30), Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page ix:


macrophylum

In Table 3, this is executed synchronically for languages from all parts of the world with the exception of the Indo-European macrophylum, the Uralic macrophylum, and Creole languages, which are considered separately, below.

Bellwood (2005) has examined the question from an archaeologist's point of View, noting that the Austroasiatic and Miao-Yao families, either singly or together as a macrophylum, may have developed out of the first rice-farming societies of the mid=Yángzi valley.

2008, Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, Roger Blench, Malcolm D. Ross ·, Past Human Migrations in East Asia:

Chamorro is an isolate within the Western Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian macrophylum.

2015, Matthew Baerman, The Oxford Handbook of Inflection, page 465:

(linguistics) A group of two or more related language phylums


oral vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is produced without nasalization.


question tag

(grammar) The "tag" at the end of a tag question


dynamic verb

Coordinate term: stative verb

(grammar) a verb which generally expresses an action or activity rather than a state.


stative verb

Coordinate term: dynamic verb

(grammar) A verb which generally expresses a state rather than an action or activity. Not normally found in a continuous inflection.


segolate

From segol + -ate. The second vowel is usually a segol.

(Hebrew linguistics) Having the shape CVCVC and penultimate stress.


segolate

(Hebrew linguistics) A word of this form.


standard of comparison

standard of comparison (plural standards of comparison)

(linguistics) That which something is compared to in a comparative construction.


boukólos rule

The rule is named after an example of such a dissimilation: the Ancient Greek βουκόλος (boukólos, “cowherd”), which is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-kólos, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *kʷól-os (“herder”).

bor

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

reconstructed language
reconstructed language

(linguistics, phonology, Indo-European studies) A rule of the Proto-Indo-European reconstructed language that states that a labiovelar stop (*kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ) dissimilates to an ordinary velar stop (*k, *g, *gʰ) next to the vowel *u or its corresponding glide *w.


-glossia

From the Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, “tongue”). Compare gloss-, glott-.

diglossia, heteroglossia, xenoglossia

(linguistics) Used to form nouns relating to language or speech.


heteroglossic

(sociology, linguistics) Of, relating to, or characterized by heteroglossia.


Sicilianism

en-noun

Sicilianism (countable and uncountable, plural Sicilianisms)

1900, J. Rendel Harris, Further Researches into the History of the Ferrar-Group, C. J. Clay and Sons, Cambridge University Press, page 76,
In proving or testing for Sicilianism or Ferrarism amongst the MSS. tabulated above, we must be to a large extent dependent upon fresh examinations and further collations. It is, however, interesting to note that in the case of some of the MSS. referred to, including the less accessible of them, the Ferrarism, or the Sicilianism, can be clearly made out.

1994, Frede Jensen (editor and translator), Tuscan Poetry of the Duecento: An Anthology, footnote, page 308,
12. dia: is Provençal or a Sicilianism: ogni dia (Notaio, v. 6: Cont I 61) 'every day'.

(linguistics) A word or phrase identified as being Sicilian (language or Italian dialect), as written in Sicily or by a Sicilian, or as expressive of Sicilian mentality or attitudes.


pitchmeter

This consisted, in essence, of a tape recorder for playing model utterances, a pitchmeter to extract, in real time, the fundamental frequency (pitch) of the model utterances and that of the student and a computer for comparing the output of the student with that of the model.

1976 August, E. F. James, “The Acquisition of Prosodic Features of Speech Using a Speech Visualizer”, in International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, volume 14, number 3, →DOI, page 227:

(phonetics) A device used for measuring the pitch of sounds or human voice.


dyscravia

(medicine, linguistics) A subtype of dysgraphia that is characterized by voicing substitution errors in writing.


deinterjectional

(grammar) Deriving from an interjection.


Out of India theory

(history, linguistics, Indo-European studies) The hypothesis that the Aryans are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages radiated out from a homeland in India into their present locations.


OIT

Out of India theory
Out of India theory#English

(history, linguistics, Indo-European studies) Initialism of Out of India theory.


simple tense

Present tense is a simple tense, even when used in complex ways, such as to describe past events.

Please use only simple tenses in titles when submitting articles to our publication.

(grammar) In English, the tense of a verb which is used specifically in the simple aspect--that is, the verb alone does not indicate whether the action is complete or habitual--and is usually used independently of any auxiliary verbs, with the known exceptions of 'will', 'shall', and 'would'.


ꜧ

(phonetics) A hypothetical or jocular phoneme in English, realized as [h] at the beginning of a syllable and as [ŋ] at the end of a syllable, so that e.g. hang would be transcribed /ˈꜧæꜧ/.


tonoexodus

(linguistics) A process in which a language loses tones.


wawation

عَمْرو عمرو#Arabic

(Arabic linguistics) The addition of a seemingly superfluous waw to the end of nouns, particularly names, in early Arabic, still found in the name عَمْرو (ʕamr).


Bororoan

(linguistics) Belonging to a Brazilian language family that includes Borôro and the extinct Umotína and Otuke.


delexicality

(linguistics) The condition or state of be delexical.


CMIA

Central Middle Indo-Aryan
Central Middle Indo-Aryan#English

(Indo-Aryan linguistics) Initialism of Central Middle Indo-Aryan.


asteronym

From Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”) + -onym.

In this work Mr. Quérard treats of all persons who have written in French, in all parts of Europe, and have disguised themselves under anagrams, asteronyms, cryptonyms, initials, literary names, pseudonyms, facetious or strange, etc.

1871 June, “Anonymous and Pseudonymous Authors and Works”, in The National Quarterly Review, volume 23, number 45, New York: Edward I. Sears, page 48:

(typography, rare) An asterism (⁂) or similar symbol which replaces the name of the author in a literary work.

astéronyme

asterism or similar symbol which replaces the name of the author in a literary work


sideform

Uncertain. Apparent etymologies include a learned borrowing from Norwegian sideform, a calque of German Nebenform, and a compound of side + form.

lbor

The old þina, g. s. of þu, = of-thee, has such sideforms as the oldest Swedish sina, gen. sing, of the reflective pronoun, and as the M. Goth. seina, […]

1866-7, George Stephens, “Dialects”, in The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England, volume 1, H. H. Thiele, page 50:

Whether sen, ten etc. are sometimes side-forms to se, te etc. after ne : nen, is a question that need not occupy us here.

1912, Emrik Slettengren, “Aphæresis in Romance and Latin loan-words”, in Contributions to the Study of Aphæretic Words in English, Lund: Berlingska Borktryckriet, page 159:

The normal treatment of ṛ is threefold: a, i, and u, or the side[-]forms ra, ri, and ru.

1965, Sumitra Mangesh Katre, Some Problems of Historical Linguistics in Indo-Aryan:

This word is from ON sætr, 'mountain pasture', or its sideform setr, 'a seat, residence', and it was used both in personal and place-names, in the homeland as well as in some of the Western settlements.

2007, North-western European Language Evolution, Odense University Press:

Swedish, Danish and Norwegian om derives from Old Swedish, Old Danish and Old Norwegian um respectively, and ultimately from äm, æm, em, which most likely were sideforms of ef […]

2016, Kasper Boye, Complementizer Semantics in European Languages, page 135:

(linguistics, rare) An alternative or variant form of a word or morpheme.


appellativization

en-noun

appellativization (countable and uncountable, plural appellativizations)

(linguistics) The process of a proper name becoming a common noun.

apelativizace

the process of a proper name becoming a common noun


autobenefactive

(grammar) Aspectually indicating that the agent of an action is its benefactor.


Italo-Romance

(linguistics) of or relating to the Romance lects spoken mainly in the Italian Peninsula, Sicily and Corsica


ephelcystic nu

From Ancient Greek νῦ ἐφελκυστικόν (nû ephelkustikón, literally “attractive nu; dragged-in nu; affixed nu”), from the letter νῦ (nû) + ἐφελκῠστῐκός (ephelkustikós, “attracted to; drawn towards”) from ἐφέλκυσις (ephélkusis, “attraction, pull; affixation”). Shortened from earlier ἐφελκυστικόν τοῦ νῦ (ephelkustikón toû nû, literally “pulling in nu; attracting nu”), transferring the epithet to the letter nu itself.

bor

νῦ ἐφελκυστικόν

(grammar, linguistics, phonology) Euphonic nu /ν/ (n). Consonant /ν/ affixed to vowel endings of some Ancient Greek grammatical forms to produce euphony: in prevocalic position, to avoid sounding two vowels in a row (hiatus), and prevent elision or fusion of vowels contracting into one sound (crasis). In preconsonantal coda position, /ν/ may be added to create a long syllable in poetic meter. Nu is also usually written before a pause at the end of a clause in prose or the end of a verse in poetry.

(grammar, linguistic morphology) Paragogic nu /ν/ (n), understood as an allomorph of certain Greek morphemic forms otherwise terminating in vowels /ε/ (e) or /ι/ (i), viz. third person verb and third declension dative plural noun forms, phonemically represented as -ε(ν) (-e(n)) and -ῐ(ν) (-i(n)). An early Attic–Ionic innovation, nu paragoge spread through the Hellenic world; inclusion or omission of /ν/ in ancient inscriptions is so variable and unpredictable as to suggest morphemes with and without /ν/ occurred in free variation, not bound to the prescriptive rules of phonetic harmony codified by later Byzantine grammarians.


polypersonal

(grammar) Involving more than one person.


Dyeus

Learned borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws. Doublet of Jove and Zeus.

learned borrowing

Varuna may be related to Οὐρανός, and the inversion of the rôles of this deity and Dyeus as between India and Greece may indicate an ancient rival of the Sky-Father.

1926, V. Gordon Childe, The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins, page 81:

But these myths are on the whole of purely Greek origin, where the original Dyeus was associated with the Sun- and the Moon-myths.[…]Thus among the I.E.s we first have Dyeus, the god of the sky, who was the god of the sum total of the phenomena observed in the sky, the original conception, however powerful, being as yet too confused to have any definiteness about it.

1933, Panjabrao Deshmukh, The Origin and Development of Religion in Vedic Literature, Oxford University Press, pages 93, 126:

ARYAN RELIGION, the religion of the Aryans who settled India and Iran in pre-Zoroastrian times evolved around a supreme sky god known as Dyeus, who was the Allfather of both gods and men and the consort of the Mother Earth.

1985, Roger Pearson, Anthropological Glossary, →ISBN, page 16:

Four or five thousand years ago (around 2500 b.c.) the Aryans, or Indo-Europeans, settled in Iran and India. Their supreme god was Dyeus (thence Zeus, deus, deity, and other words). Dyeus was the shining God of Sky, the giver of rain, the vanquisher of enemies with thunderbolts.

1990, Sophy Burnham, A Book of Angels: Reflections on Angels Past and Present, and True Stories of How They Touch Our Lives, Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 119:

“God” to the Aryans was male and took on many forms. Their major gods were connected to the sun, the most important were Agni, Indra, and Varunai. Their main god was Dyeus (Sky God).[…]Dyeus / The God of the Aryans.

2003, Constance Victoria Briggs, The Encyclopedia of God: An A-Z Guide to Thoughts, Ideas, and Beliefs about God, Hampton Roads Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 23, 68:

The PIE peoples had called their chief god by almost the same name: Dyeus. Like Zeus, Dyeus was a male god of sky and thunder. The Romans picked up on Dyeus too. The name “Jupiter” came from dyeu-pater, PIE for god-father. Later on, the Romans equated Jupiter with Zeus, a kind of double derivation from Dyeus.

2018, Michael Mayerfeld Bell, “Chapter 2: Nature Before Nature”, in City of the Good: Nature, Religion, and the Ancient Search for What Is Right, Princeton University Press, published 2020, →ISBN, page 19:

(linguistics, anthropology, mythology) The daylight-sky god in Proto-Indo-European mythology.


satellite-framed

(linguistics, syntax) Making use of satellite-framing.


verb-framed

(linguistics, syntax) Making use of verb-framing.


Talmian

en-adj

Talmian (comparative more Talmian, superlative most Talmian)

more Talmian (comparative)
most Talmian (superlative)

And one could add, in Talmian terms, that the star shadows are antagonistic – in so far as they as forms – are menacing (element) principles in virtue of the discontinual whirling.

1996, Hans-Erik Larsen, The Aesthetics of the Elements: Imaginary Morphologies in Texts and Paintings, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, →ISBN, page 93:

The Talmian typology of event types has provided us with an important tool for investigating lexicalization patterns and the arrangement of information into grammatical categories.

2005, Michael Noonan, “Spatial Reference in Chantyal”, in Yogendra Yadava, Govinda Bhattarai, Ram Raj Lohani, Balaram Prasain, Krishna Parajuli, editors, Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics, Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal, →ISBN, page 178:

The Talmian notion of conflation means that the lexical content of the verb refers not only to the motion itself as the main event, but also to a second co-event often indicating manner or cause of motion.

2018, Claudia Gerstner-Link, A Grammar of Kilmeri, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN:

(linguistics) Relating or according to the linguist Leonard Talmy.


by extension

(linguistics, semantics) In the broad sense; broadly


wug

Pseudoword, coined by American psycholinguist Jean Berko Gleason in the 1950s as a word that children taking the test would not have heard before.

coin

(linguistics) An imaginary creature resembling a bird, used in the Wug Test to investigate the acquisition of the plural form in English-speaking children.


IIr.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Indo-Iranian.


supervariety

(mathematics, linguistics) A variety having subordinate varieties; the parent of a subvariety.


humiliative

(grammar) Serving to lower one's own or another's status.


humiliative

(grammar) A construct that serves to lower one's own or another's status.


macroprosody

(linguistics) The macrodynamic behaviour of vowels in a particular language


reclamatory

Equivalent to reclaim (“return land to a suitable condition for use; claim back, repossess; return someone to a proper course of action, reform; cry out in opposition or contradiction”) + -atory. Compare exclamatory, declamatory.

For example, a reclamatory question (calling for a repetition) does not sort well with B + A; […]

1986, Dwight Bolinger, Dwight Le Merton Bolinger, Intonation and Its Parts: Melody in Spoken English, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 318:

The same is true of a question calling for a repetition (a reclamatory question) : (25) Are you OK? - Eh? (What? Am I what?) - Are you OK ? - Oh, sure, fine.

1998, Daniel Hirst, Albert Di Cristo, Intonation Systems: A Survey of Twenty Languages, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 50:

Nevertheless, reclamatory questions do not constitute a counterexample to my proposal, but rather provide evidence to strengthen it. They neatly differ from other repetitive interrogatives in a significant way: they are manifestly used to elicit […]

1998, Villy Rouchota, Andreas H. Jucker, Current Issues in Relevance Theory, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 183:

(grammar, of a question) Asking for repetition (and sometimes expressing doubt or confusion).


poststress

Coordinate term: prestress

Thus, the acute accent is typically characterized by an F₀-maximum in the prestress syllable and an F₀-minimum in the stressed syllable, while for the grave accent the corresponding F₀-maximum occurs in the stressed syllable and the F₀-minimum in the poststress syllable.

1996, Ann M. Peters, Sven Strömqvist, “The Role of Prosody in the Acquisition of Grammatical Morphemes”, in James L. Morgan, Katherine Demuth, editors, Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping From Speech To Grammar in Early Acquisition, New York, NY: Psychology Press, published 2014, →ISBN, page 217:

(linguistics) After a stress (emphasis placed on a syllable of a word).


semantic borrowing

en-noun

semantic borrowing (plural semantic borrowings)

the hypernym for loan meanings, also known as semantic loans, and loan formations.


loan creation

A compound word or expression serving to reflect a concept otherwise denoted by a loan word or an other term of formally imported elements not necessarily without using such elements but without any elements corresponding to that term perceived as imported.


loan coinage

Coordinate term: semantic loan

A new lexeme – by native means – for an importation, that latter is any word formally containing foreign elements.

lainasanan korvaava laina

no established term exists, rough equivalent


loan formation

loan translation
loan translation#English

this is the hypernym for loan rendering / loan rendition and loan translation, and optionally also for loan creation (usage varies)


loan meaning

From loan + meaning. Calque of German Lehnbedeutung.

(lexicography, linguistics) A meaning that has been borrowed from a word in another language, through a process of semantic loan.


loan rendering

Morover, Ibn Khaldûn’s particulary terminology, which he evolved with great pains for his “new science,” had to be preserved as far as possible; to some degree, it must have impressed his contemporary readers as unusual. Therefore, at least the outstanding terms. such as ʿumrân, ʿaṣabîyah, badâwah, were preserved in the translation by rather artificial loan renderings (“civilization,” “group spirit, “desert life or attitude”).

2005, Ibn Khaldûn, translated by Franz Rosenthal, edited by N. J. Dawood, here Bruce B. Lawrence, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History – Abridged Edition, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page XXX:

An inexact calque where at least one constituent isn't translated literally, in order to give readers of the target language a more accurate mental image.


postradical

(linguistics) Added to the root of a word


retriplication

retriplication (countable and uncountable, plural retriplications)

(linguistics) A reduplication in which the repeated element occurs three times.


polypersonalism

(grammar) The quality of being polypersonal.


corpus language

corpus language (plural corpus languages)

(linguistics) A language that has no living speakers, though a number of productions of its native speakers have been preserved in some way, usually in written records.


MLU

MLU (countable and uncountable, plural MLUs)

mean length of utterance
w:mean length of utterance

(linguistics) Initialism of mean length of utterance.


Iranian language

Iranian language (plural Iranian languages)

(linguistics) Any language descended from Proto-Iranian.


Iranic language

Iranic language (plural Iranic languages)

Iranian language
Iranian language#English

(linguistics) Synonym of Iranian language


substituend

Borrowed from Latin substituendus; compare substituendum.

Each substituend SN, it seems, would amount to the same thing as its corresponding UN in SOME not very strained context.

1972, John King-Farlow, W.N. Christensen, “Probability and the 'Will to Believe'”, in Logic, Identity, and Consistency, D. Reidel, →ISBN, page 177:

Note that a variable is a substituend of a variable only in a vacuous sense , and so we shall be ignoring them while speaking of the substituends of a given variable.

1998, Pranab Kumar Sen, Logic, Identity, and Consistency (Studies in Philosophical and Non-Standard Logic; II), Allied Publishers, →ISBN, page 134:

The pragmatic process of substitution requires some given context to provide an appropriate substituend for a metavariable projected by a pronoun.

2006 March 13, Lutz Martin, “Relative Clause Construal”, in The Dynamics of Language, Brill, →ISBN, page 85:

(logic, linguistics) A substitute; something that substitutes for another.

[…]but since the substitute y is not treated like the substituend vowel, the option will not prevail.

1989 [c. 450 BCE], Pāṇini, translated by Sumitra M. Katre, Aṣṭādhyāyī, page 22:

The substituend item bhis is one of the twenty-one case suffixes (sUP or vibhakti) introduced as a set in Pāṇ. 4.1.2.

1994, Pieter C. Verhagen, “Structure and Method”, in A History of Sanskrit Grammatical Literature in Tibet, volume II, Brill, page 227:

But those (same) meanings belong to the substitutes because of the rule accepted in the Bhāṣya that only that is a substitute which is capable of expressing the meaning of the substituend.

2012 December 6 [1979], Johannes Bronkhorst, Tradition and Argument in Classical Indian Linguistics, Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 98:

(linguistics) A substituendum; something to be substituted or replaced.


law dictionary

law dictionary (plural law dictionaries)

A dictionary designed to give information about terms used in the world of law.


secondary tense

secondary tense (plural secondary tenses)

(grammar) In Latin, the perfect, imperfect or pluperfect tense.

(grammar) In Greek, the aorist, imperfect or pluperfect tense.

(grammar) In English, the analytic distinction distinction between perfect and non-perfect verb phrases.


primary tense

(grammar) In Latin, the present or future tense.

(grammar) In Greek, the present, future or perfect tense.

(grammar) In English, inflectional tense: the synthetic distinction distinction between present and preterite.


nonneuter

(grammar) not neuter; masculine or feminine


proprialization

(linguistics) The process of a common noun becoming a proper name.

proprializace

the process when a common noun becomes a proper name


triactantial

1988, Julio Calvo Pérez, Perceptual and Topological Criteria in Linguistics Description, Publicacions de la Universitat de València
S- A Juan se le permite venir
F- On permet Jean de venir
E- John is allowed to come by
G- Johannes ist erlaubt vorbeizukommen
All of these expressions contain an explicit triactantial (3-place) performative to allow, […]

... are my proposed semantic classes of Georgian deponents, with examples of each type : TYPE I . base trivalent transitive, no relative DV
The first group comprises verbs of giving and communicating, that is, fundamentally triactantial verbs ...

2002, Winfried Boeder, Philologie, Typologie und Sprachstruktur: Festschrift für Winfried Boeder zum 65. Geburtstag, Peter Lang Pub Incorporated:

(grammar) Having three actants (such as subject, direct object, and indirect object),


Mistralian norm

(linguistics) An orthographic and oral norm for the Occitan language.


discipline-specific

en-adj

discipline-specific (comparative more discipline-specific, superlative most discipline-specific)

more discipline-specific (comparative)
most discipline-specific (superlative)

The extent of a general academic vocabulary has been questioned by previous research that has found vocabulary and lexical bundles vary so much by discipline that a discipline-specific approach to vocabulary instruction should be adopted.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Position vectors, homologous chromosomes and gamma rays: Promoting disciplinary literacy through Secondary Phrase Lists”, in English for Specific Purposes, →DOI, page 1:

(linguistics, education) Relating to, or forming part of, the typical language used in a particular field of study.


Hobson-Jobsonism

One final set of terms of interest are Hobson-Jobsonisms, that is, loanwords that have undergone phonetic assimilation through what is described as ‘striving after meaning’, a term introduced by Yule.

2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 31, number 4, →DOI, page 501:

(linguistics, countable) A word or phrase borrowed by one language from another and modified in pronunciation to fit the set of sounds the borrowing language typically uses.


grammatical category

en-noun

grammatical category (plural grammatical categories)

First, the AWL lacks part-of-speech information so does not allow users to see which vocabulary can be used for multiple grammatical categories nor which grammatical category is more frequent.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 107:


kinemic

(linguistics) Relating to a kineme or the field of kinemics.


kinemorphic

According to Birdwhistell, all cultures have characteristic kinemorphic constructions.

2013, Frances La Barre, On Moving and Being Moved:


retransitivization

retransitivization (countable and uncountable, plural retransitivizations)

(linguistics) The process of retransitivizing.


uncreolized

(linguistics) Of a language variety, that has not been subjected to creolization; having not arisen as or from a creole.


Speyer line

(linguistics) In German dialectology, an isogloss separating the Central German dialects to the north (which have a stop in words like Appel (“apple”)) from the Upper German dialects to the south (which have an affricate).


quotientive

"Once" is a quotientive adverb.

(grammar) Of an adverb: expressing how often, or how many times.


misetymologize

en-verb

misetymologize (third-person singular simple present misetymologizes, present participle misetymologizing, simple past and past participle misetymologized)

misetymologizes (present singular third-person)
misetymologizing (participle present)
misetymologized (participle past)
misetymologized (past)

Even professors of education in their textbooks on education usually misetymologize the word as being derived from the Latin educere, to draw out.

1978, The Individual and the Future of Organizations - Volumes 7-13, page 7:

(lexicography) To derive erroneously; to provide an incorrect etymology.


preformant

From pre- (prefix meaning ‘before; physically in front of’) + Latin fōrmāns (“fashioning, forming, shaping”) + -ant (suffix forming agent nouns from verbs), modelled after prefix. Fōrmāns is the present participle of fōrmō (“to fashion, form, format, shape”), from fōrma (“appearance, figure, form, shape; beauty; design, outline, plan; model, mould, pattern, stamp; (figuratively) kind, manner, sort”) (further etymology uncertain) + -ō (suffix forming first-conjugation verbs).

affix

pre-<pos:prefix meaning ‘before; physically in front of’>

-ant<pos:suffix forming agent nouns from verbs>

Verbs are declined through the persons by preformants and terminations, according to the following table, in which the blanks represent the radicals of a perfect verb.

1822, William Harris, “Verbs”, in Elements of the Chaldee Language, Intended as a Supplement to the Hebrew Grammars, and as a General Introduction to the Aramean Dialects, London: […] William Baynes and Son, […], →OCLC, page 14:

(archaic, rare) Chiefly in Semitic languages: Synonym of preformative (“a formative letter, syllable, etc., at the beginning of a word”)


aspective

Intermediate between aspective and inflectional prefixes are the cessatives, and the repetitive (-yi-).

1907, Publications of the American Ethnological Society, page 159:

When forming an aspective pair in which both verbs have the same meaning, prefixes perform a merely 'aspective' (grammatical) function, often losing their lexical meaning.

1962, Anna Hering Semeonoff, Russian syntax: being part III of A new Russian grammar, page 147:

Our problem is a critical analysis of the commonly accepted opinion that Slavonic languages—like Polish—being aspective tongues, differ in this respect from English, which is commonly supposed to belong to the non-aspective types of Germanic languages.

1968, English Teaching Forum - Volume 6, page 18:

Accordingly, in order to characterize sentences aspectively, and thereby to capture aspective properties of the events designated by these sentences, the following three aspective dimensions or parameters by necessity commend themselves:

2014, Jerzy Bańczerowski, Kyong-Geun Oh, “A Draft Proposal for a Theory of Aspect in Korean”, in Rocznik orientalisticzny, volume 67, number 1, page 44:

(linguistics) Pertaining to or supporting grammatical aspect.


dialect levelling

en-noun

dialect levelling (usually uncountable, plural dialect levellings)

(linguistics) the reduction of dialectal diversity within a language due to the propagation of a single prestige variety


affricativization

In the second half of the paper I extend the hierarchy in order to explain cases of lengthening and affricativization of obstruents in the environment of non-obstruent non-syllabics.

1973, Linguistic Society of America, Meeting Handbook - Volumes 48-50, page 50:

Palatalization and affricativization processes are reported for KU ( Franchetto 1995 ).

1999, Robert M. W. Dixon, R. M. W. Dixon, A. Iu Aikhenvald, The Amazonian Languages:

First, /t/ and /d/, when followed by /y/, were subject to affricativization, as in (58; Pardess 1990: 106).

1999, Peter R. Petrucci, Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian, page 79:

(linguistics) The process of making affricative.


affricatize

en-verb

affricatize (third-person singular simple present affricatizes, present participle affricatizing, simple past and past participle affricatized)

affricatizes (present singular third-person)
affricatizing (participle present)
affricatized (participle past)
affricatized (past)

Coleman(1995: 376) and Palmada (1995: 308–310) have pointed out that there is a cross-linguistic tendency for fronted velar stops to affricatize in the palatal region, and have both proposed a [palatal] → [continuant] implication to account for this dependency.

1999, Wen-Chao Li, A Diachronically-motivated Segmental Phonology of Mandarin Chinese:

The uvular stop forward shifted to become a velar stop (i.e., q>k) in many Mayan dialects, and the velar stop tended to affricatize (e.g., k>tʃ).

2004, Bede Fahey, Mayan: a Sino-Tibetan Language?: A Comparative Study, page 35:

The only information we can extract from Grzegorzewski (1916-1918) is, firstly, that [t] becomes palatalized before [i] and tends to affricatize into [ć], and, secondly, that the word halidi 'present, today's' [we note it in Grzegorzewski's transcription] was in his lifetime already being pronounced more like haligi (Grzegorzewski 1916–1918: 278).

2011, Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, page 81:

(linguistics, intransitive) To become affricative.


comparative illusion

en-noun

comparative illusion (plural comparative illusions)

(linguistics) A kind of comparative sentence that superficially seems acceptable but actually has no clear meaning. Example: "More people have been to Russia than I have."


culminativity

(linguistics) The property of having one main stress per word.


prepositive adjective

prepositive adjective (plural prepositive adjectives)

(grammar) An adjective that occurs on an antecedent basis within a noun phrase.


nominalized adjective

nominalized adjective (plural nominalized adjectives)

(grammar) An adjective that has undergone nominalization, and is thus used as a noun.


lexical verb

(grammar) A member of an open class of verbs typically expressing action, state, or other predicate meaning that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs.


postpositive adjective

postpositive adjective (plural postpositive adjectives)

In the sentence "She is beauty personified," the postpositive adjective is "personified".

The word "better" is a postpositive adjective in "I want something better".

In "This seems sufficient", "sufficient" is the postpositive adjective.

(grammar) An adjective that follows the noun or pronoun that it modifies.

adjetivo pospositivo

adjective that follows the word it modifies


primary stress

primary stress (plural primary stresses)

Coordinate term: secondary stress

(phonetics) The stronger of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word.


matrix clause

(grammar) A clause that has another (subordinate) clause embedded within it.


secondary stress

secondary stress (plural secondary stresses)

Coordinate term: primary stress

(phonetics) The weaker of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word.


parentheme

Modeled after the relationship of thesis to theme.

(arithmetic, linguistics) The expression inside a pair of parentheses.


multi-word expression

multi-word expression (plural multi-word expressions)

(linguistics) A lexeme-like unit made up of a sequence of two or more words that has properties that are not predictable from the properties of the individual words or their normal mode of combination, such as an idiom ("pay the piper"), a phrasal noun ("steam iron"), a phrasal preposition ("in front of"), or a phrasal verb ("buy off").


substantive verb

substantive verb (plural substantive verbs)

(linguistics) In the Goidelic languages, a copular verb meaning “to be” that is used with predicates that are prepositional phrases, adverbs, or adjectives, but not with predicates that are noun phrases: Old Irish at·tá, Irish bí (present tá), Scottish Gaelic bi (present tha), Manx bee (present ta).


perfect participle

perfect participle (plural perfect participles)

(grammar) A participle indicating a completed action or state:

a simple (one-word) participle, traditionally called the past participle, used together with an auxiliary verb to form a perfect tense, such as "eaten" in English or "gegangen" in German

a compound participle, e.g. "having eaten" in English or "ayant mangé" in French.


perfect auxiliary

perfect auxiliary (plural perfect auxiliaries)

(grammar) The auxiliary verb that is combined with a past participle to form a compound perfect tense: in English, the verb have; in French, German, and Danish either the equivalent of have or the equivalent of be, depending on the verb.


iconomatically

In an iconomatic manner: representing ideas by means of the picture of a homophone.


Belgicism

Belgicism (countable and uncountable, plural Belgicisms)

(linguistics) A Dutch word or phrase of Belgian origin, typically never or rarely present in the Dutch spoken in the Netherlands.

(linguistics) A French word or phrase of Belgian origin, typically never or rarely present in the French spoken in France.


Fraser script

Named after the missionary James O. Fraser, who developed the original script invented in 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw.

A unicameral script based on standard and rotated Latin letters and used to write the Lisu language.


juxtapositive

(grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical case expressing position beside something.


monorheme

(linguistics) A single word that functions as a phrase


multal

Finally, the wish to classify and subdivide into further subcategories at times leads the authors to use labels that border on jargon (e.g. multal and paucal groups of pronouns, p. 220).

The next section includes the study of the role of metonymy in the motivation of the lexical-semantic changes leading to the present-day multal quantifier sense of lot in the context of the quasi-determiner a lot of;

(linguistics) Expressing a large (but not maximal) quantity or degree.


metatony

(linguistics) A change in syllabic intonation, typically in Baltic and Slavonic languages


metaphonize

en-verb

metaphonize (third-person singular simple present metaphonizes, present participle metaphonizing, simple past and past participle metaphonized)

metaphonizes (present singular third-person)
metaphonizing (participle present)
metaphonized (participle past)
metaphonized (past)

(phonology, intransitive) To undergo metaphony.


metaphone

(linguistics) Either of two or more phonemes that have meaning when used together


direct question

en-noun

direct question (plural direct questions)

(grammar) A question asked in a direct way, for example How old are you?


indirect question

indirect question (plural indirect questions)

(grammar) A question asked in an indirect way; either as a statement, for example I'd like to know how much I would earn; or enclosed in another question, for example Could you tell me how much I would earn?


vocd

Abbreviation of vocabulary diversity. ‘vocd’ is the name of a computer program originally published in 2004 by Gerard McKee. The program calculates lexical diversity for use in psycholinguistic analysis, and the tool’s name is used somewhat interchangeably to describe the measure it provides.

The VOCD command was written by Gerard McKee of the Department of Computer Science, The University of Reading. [...] The complete description of VOCD can be found in: Malvern, D., Richards, B., Chipere, N., & Purán, P. (2004).

2000–2023, Brian MacWhinney, The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk, 3rd edition, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, →DOI, page 110:

A recently developed index of lexical diversity, voc'''D, uses repeated calculations of the type–token ratio (TTR) over a range of tokens to show how the TTR varies in relation to sample size. […] Owen and Leonard (2002) found that children with SLI between the ages of 3 and 7 had lower scores on voc'''D based on 100 utterances than age-matched, typically developing comparison children […]

2008, Eliza Carlson Lee, Leslie Rescorla, “The Use of Psychological State Words By Late Talkers at Ages 3, 4 and 5 Years”, in Applied Psycholinguistics, volume 29, →DOI, page 23:

A paired sample t-test was conducted and results indicated no significant differences between vocd scores for younger and older participants, t(29) = 1.154, p = .253.

2016, Stephen Kintz, Heather Harris Wright, “Semantic Knowledge Use in Discourse: Influence of Age”, in Discourse Processes, volume 54, →DOI, page 7:

To calculate a VOCD, words from a corpus are randomly sampled, in increasing sample sizes. The resultant curve relating sample size and type-token ratio is plotted, and a value is fit to a segment of that curve.

2018, Jessica L. Montag, Michael N. Jones, Linda B. Smith, “Quantity and Diversity: Simulating Early Word Learning Environments”, in Cognitive Science, volume 42, number 52, →DOI, page 380:

(corpus linguistics) A measure of the lexical diversity of a given corpus, determined by comparing the sizes of steadily larger random samples from the corpus against their respective type-token ratios.


Naukanski

(linguistics) A language that belongs to the Yup'ik group of Eskimo languages.


variphone

(linguistics) Any of a group of sounds that are used interchangeably in a language


syntacticosemantic

(linguistics) Relating to syntax and meaning.


corefer

en-verb

corefer (third-person singular simple present corefers, present participle coreferring, simple past and past participle coreferred)

corefers (present singular third-person)
coreferring (participle present)
coreferred (participle past)
coreferred (past)

(grammar) To exhibit coreference; to refer to the same thing.


phrasal noun

"Break-in" is the phrasal noun from "break in"

(grammar) A noun consisting of a verb followed by a particle or preposition; the substantive counterpart of a phrasal verb (in grammar schemas that use that concept), conveying gerundive meaning.

phrase

not to be confused; a phrase that functions much like a compound noun and has a [component] noun as its head


yodization

en-noun

yodization (countable and uncountable, plural yodizations)

(phonetics) The developed pronunciation of a yod, typically as the result of an adjacent sound change.


slifting

The rule of Slifting (described in Ross 1973) moves complement clauses and adjoins them to the left of the original embedding structure as a coordinate clause, leaving the rest of the structure as a tag.

1977, Alice Davison, Indirect Speech Acts: a Natural Class or not?:

(linguistics) The preposing of an embedded clause containing reported speech or beliefs.


hypercorrectism

hypercorrectism (countable and uncountable, plural hypercorrectisms)


islandhood

(grammar) The property of being an island phrase.


Naish

(linguistics) A low-level subgroup of Sino-Tibetan languages that include Naxi, Na, and Laze.


Istvaeonic

(linguistics) Of or relating to a group of prehistoric West Germanic dialects ancestral to Dutch and to the West Central German dialects.


pro-verb

Formed in English of pro- (“substituting for”) + verb.

“They herd cattle, and raise corn, just as we used to do”; i.e., to herd cattle and raise corn. Do is sometimes thus used as a sort of pro-verb to represent an active verb or a phrase.

1875, Simon Kerl, A Common School Grammar of the English Language, page 150:

The pro-verb do is like a pronoun; just as a pronoun replaces the entire NP, the pro-verb replaces an entire VP.

2000, Laurel Brinton, The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction, page 206:

(linguistics, grammar) A pro-form used to substitute for a verb or verb phrase.


partial calque

(linguistics) A compound word or expression consisting of both native and foreign elements; a loanblend.


headstroke

The distinguishing feature of Oriya letters is the curved headstroke instead of the straight horizontal headstroke of Devanagari, Bengali, and Gurmukhi.

2003, Richard Gillam, Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard:

(linguistics) In some language scripts, a line written over the letters of a word.


pronominalisation

pronominalisation (countable and uncountable, plural pronominalisations)

(grammar) The replacement of a noun by a pronoun

(grammar) The attachment of a pronoun to the end of a verb to indicate its subject or object


mislexicalize

en-verb

mislexicalize (third-person singular simple present mislexicalizes, present participle mislexicalizing, simple past and past participle mislexicalized)

mislexicalizes (present singular third-person)
mislexicalizing (participle present)
mislexicalized (participle past)
mislexicalized (past)

The question was raised whether or not P had also mislexicalized the name of the nonsense object, and on the following visit to his home, he was asked to look for the laǒshủ from among a group of toys on the floor and bring it over to me.

1977, Harold Victor Clumeck, Studies in the Acquisition of Mandarin Phonology, page 44:

Evidence such as this argues strongly against the hypothesis that children at this age mislexicalize determiner universal quantifiers as belonging to the same surface form syntactic category as adverbs (Roeper and de Villiers 1991), since adverbs in English cannot occur between a verb and a direct object NP.

For example , this fact is problematic for the hypothesis, suggested to me at one point by Ken Drozd, that the child may have simply mislexicalized the universal quantifier as denoting a biconditional rather than a condition

1995, William Churchill Houston Philip, Event Quantification in the Acquisition of Universal Quantification, page 27:

More generally: If a sentence S1 lexically presumes a sentence S2 and S2 is false, then S1 will be heard as deviant in a particular way, viz., as mislexicalized.

2015 November, William G. Lycan, “Slurs and lexical presumption”, in Language Sciences, volume 52:

(linguistics) To lexicalize incorrectly; to assign the wrong meaning to a word or group of words.


penthemimer

(prosody) A metrical unit equal to half of a pentameter


octonarian

(prosody) Composed of eight metrical feet


intransitivize

intransitivize (third-person singular simple present intransitivizes, present participle intransitivizing, simple past and past participle intransitivized)

intransitivizes (present singular third-person)
intransitivizing (participle present)
intransitivized (participle past)
intransitivized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To make intransitive.


shadow pronoun

Perlmutter proposes that all chopping rules are rules that leave a shadow pronoun subsequently deleted.

1980, Linguistic Inquiry - Volume 11, Issues 2-4, page 367:

Perlmutter (1972) proposes that all rules which move constituents over variables be considered "copying " rules. He further argues that if there is a rule which deletes the "shadow pronoun", i.e., the pronoun left behind by the copying rule, this Shadow Deletion rule will be sensitive to island constraints.

1980, Saadun Ismail Suaieh, Aspects of Arabic Relative Clauses, page 231:

Shadow pronouns are very frequent in spoken Scottish English but are also found in many varieties of informal English, for example in Ireland, England and the United States.

1989, James Milroy, Regional Variation in British English Syntax, page 46:

The crucial distinction is not subject clitic versus object clitic, but shadow pronoun versus free anaphor.

2004, Reineke Bok-Bennema, Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2002, page 164:

resumptive pronoun
resumptive pronoun#English


parent language

en-noun

parent language (plural parent languages)

Old English is the parent language of English and Scots.

(linguistics) A language from which a later language is derived.


semiword

(linguistics) The initial or final constituent of compounds that cannot occur outside the domain of compounds, i.e., they are not freely combinable with words or phrases into syntactic constituents, but can undergo coordination reduction in both directions.


heterically

(linguistics, obsolete) In a heteric manner.


bedouinize

en-verb

bedouinize (third-person singular simple present bedouinizes, present participle bedouinizing, simple past and past participle bedouinized)

bedouinizes (present singular third-person)
bedouinizing (participle present)
bedouinized (participle past)
bedouinized (past)

(transitive) To cause something to adopt bedouin characteristics.

(linguistics) To cause an Arabic dialect to adopt features traditionally typical of those dialects spoken by the bedouins.


duplifix

Note that reduplication of the root vowel in a duplifix can also be viewed as vowel harmony, see §2.3.

2017, Judith Aissen, Nora C. England, Roberto Zavala Maldonado, The Mayan Languages:

The initial C- of this duplifix copies the initial consonant of the lexical morpheme which happens to be /p/ so that the plural marker takes the shape puru-

2018, Aina Urdze, Non-Prototypical Reduplication:

According to Haspelmath and Sims (2010: 39) the Bikol case could be considered to be a duplifix.

2018, Rita Finkbeiner, Ulrike Freywald, Exact Repetition in Grammar and Discourse:

(linguistics) An affix which, when applied, incorporates some of the stem word it is modifying.


Kinnauri

(linguistics) A Sino-Tibetan dialect cluster centered on the Kinnaur district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.


Waiilatpuan

(linguistics) Belonging or relating to a certain proposed branch of the hypothetical Penutian phylum.


short illative

(grammar) In some languages, a shortened version of the illative case.


Aramaeogram

From Latin Aramaeus (“an Aramaean”) -o- + -gram.

(linguistics) The spelling of an Aramaic word employed as a logogram to represent another word in another language when writing this language, such as Middle Persian.


pure customer

(translation studies) In interpreting, a member of an examination panel who assesses a candidate's performance in the target language with an unbiased viewpoint, i.e. independently of the original speech (either because they have not listened to it, or because they do not understand the source language).


Karenic

(linguistics) Of or relating to a grouping of tonal languages spoken by the Karen people.


distributionalism

(linguistics) A general theory of language and a discovery procedure for establishing elements and structures of language based on observed usage.

distribuzionalismo

general theory of language based on observed usage


numerary adjunct

en-noun

numerary adjunct (plural numerary adjuncts)


retour interpreting

(translation studies) Interpreting carried out from one's A language to one's B language (A>B, as opposed to the more usual B>A direction).


C language

(translation studies) A language that a translator or interpreter knows passively only, i.e. from which they are able to translate or interpret into their active languages, but not the reverse.


B language

(translation studies) A translator's or interpreter's active language, i.e. in which they are fluent and into which they are able to translate or interpret from their other working languages, but which is not their mother tongue.


A language

(translation studies) A translator's or interpreter's mother tongue, i.e. their main active language, into which they are able to translate or interpret from their other working languages.


working language

working language (plural working languages)

(translation studies) Language that a translator or interpreter works with.

werktaal

language that a translator or interpreter works with


Elistic

From El + -istic, relative adjective to Elism.

In due time she conceived and bore a son who was given the Elistic name שְׁמוּאֵל (1 Sam 1:20), […]

1989, Choon-Leong Seow, Myth, Drama, and the Politics of David's Dance (Harvard Semitic Monograph; 46), Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, published 2018, →ISBN, page 30:

Some scholars adopting the Qenite hypothesis in its original or modified form, which supposes that the Qenites were the mediators of the Yahwistic cult to Israel, assume that Yhwh was a North Arabian storm god, a rival of the Canaanite Baal who gradually adopted Elistic qualities.

2001, Bob Becking, Meindert Dijkstra, Marjo Korpel, Karel Vriezen, Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel, London • New York: Sheffield Academic Press, →ISBN, page 94:

The Arabic tradition transmits a number of South Arabian elistic personal names of the type verb+<ʾīl>. […] In this paper, I look at the elistic names s²rḥʾl / s²rhbʾl and compare them with how they occur in non-Arabic sources. […] A similar elistic name is that of tawbīl, which corresponds to ṯwbʾl in the ESA corpora. […] If the hamza would have been retained when the South Arabian elistic names were borrowed into Arabic and lost at a later moment in time, one would expect […] In the North Arabian Arabic inscriptions written in Greek, elistic names in which the theophoric element occurs in post-vocalic position are consistently spelled with epsilon […] Conclusions […] That this vowel was originally long and was not the result of compensatory lengthening is further supported by the attestation of other South Arabian onomastics in Arabic, as well as by Greek transcriptions of South Arabian elistic names.

2021, Imar Y. Koutchoukali, “12: The quantity of the vowel <i> in the Sabaic word for God (ʾl): evidence from Arabic and Greek sources”, in George Hatke, Ronald Ruzicka, editors, South Arabian Long-Distance Trade in Antiquity. “Out of Arabia”, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN:

Containing reference to the Semitic god ʔil.


non-Pama-Nyungan

(linguistics) Of an Australian Aboriginal language or language family, not of the extensive Pama-Nyungan family.


conference interpreting

international organisation
international organisation

(translation studies) Interpreting carried out in formal settings (typically in simultaneous mode, in multilingual conferences taking place in international organisations).


Maringarr

Australian Aboriginal
Australian Aboriginal

(linguistics) A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken along the Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory.


Western Desert

Western Desert language
Western Desert language


conference interpreter

conference interpreter (plural conference interpreters)

(translation studies) Interpreter working in formal settings (typically in simultaneous mode, in multilingual conferences taking place in international organisations).


emphatic state

emphatic state (countable and uncountable, plural emphatic states)

(grammar) A noun and attributive adjective form, occurring in Aramaic and Old South Arabian and by minority reconstructed for Proto-Semitic, where the word spearheads what is perceived as an agglutinated determiner.


xenism

Borrowed from French xénisme, from Ancient Greek ξενισμός (xenismós, “strangeness, novelty”).

der

Coordinate term: borrowing

The first stage is when a word from one language is used in an utterance of another language in order to create a somewhat exotic effect. At this stage, the word is not a borrowing, but rather what they term a xenism. An example of a xenism used in an English sentence would be At the harbour, we went for a sail in a gulet, where gulet is the word for a type of Turkish sail boat, which has no real equivalent in English.

2013, Mari Jones, Ishtla Singh, Exploring Language Change, Taylor & Francis, published 2005, →ISBN, page 34:

My objective was to collect all loanwords, such that this work is as complete as possible, though some words may not be commonly used by speakers of a given language that seem to be pure Arabic xenisms (see Swahili hamsa ‘five’ < ḫamsa 841).

2020 November 30, Sergio Baldi, Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, page 5

A word used in utterances of a language but generally marked as foreign.


tone indicator

For one thing, it helps to shed light on the nature of the question mark and the exclamation point – the "tone indicators" – which I have not considered up to here.

1990, Geoffrey Nunberg, chapter 5, in The Linguistics of Punctuation, Cambridge University Press, page 65:

But what tone indicators lack in artfulness, they make up for in their bulletproof inability to be misinterpreted.

2020 December 9, Ezra Marcus, “Tone Is Hard to Grasp Online. Can Tone Indicators Help?”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2021-07-04:

(linguistics, chiefly Internet) A symbol conveying the tone or context of a message, often over the internet.


diffix

From French diffixe, equivalent to dis- + clipping of affix.

Since a transfix -∅-i- with a zero vowel […] is not to everyone’s liking, it may be advisable to use a special term for the Semitic vowel patterns, e.g., diffix, leaving transfix for other affixes that are both disrupted and disrupting.

2015, Joachim Mugdan, “Units of word formation”, in Susan Olsen, Franz Rainer, editors, Word-Formation. An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft; 40.1), De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 267:

(linguistics) A discontinuous affix, which occurs at more than one position in a word.


doubly transitive

Verbs that are doubly transitive, or that take a complement in the accusative in addition to a direct object, retain the accusative second object or complement in the passive voice.

1994, Wheeler M. Thackston, chapter 21, in An Introduction to Koranic and Classical Arabic: An Elementary Grammar of the Language, page 124:


G-form

Form I is the base, or ground, form of the verb and will be referred to henceforth as the "G-form," the Semitic designation, from Grundstamm (“base stem”)

1994, Wheeler M. Thackston, chapter 23, in An Introduction to Koranic and Classical Arabic: An Elementary Grammar of the Language, pages 139–140:

Koranic Arabic verbs don't occur only with -a-a- vowels — like kataba ‘he wrote’ — in the Pf-stems of their active G-forms: some transitive action verbs like šariba ‘drink’ and several stative and psychological verbs like ḥasiba ‘suppose’ have i as their second stem vowel, [...]

2007, Paolo Ramat, Elisa Roma, editors, Europe and the Mediterranean as Linguistic Areas: Convergencies from a historical and typological perspective, page 11:

The base form of a verb (as opposed to its extended verb forms), particularly in the Semitic languages


parting phrase

A standard formula to part from a conversation.

Abschiedssatz

which uses to mean non-idiomatic sentences, too

Abschiedswort n (possibly, but this idiomatically means a whole speech for somebody who quits)


intensive pronoun

en-noun

intensive pronoun (plural intensive pronouns)

(grammar) A pronoun used to emphasize some other nominal element in its clause:

To emphasize a preceding noun or another pronoun, as an adverbial adjunct

In apposition with a noun or pronoun, as an adnominal adjunct


closing form

Mr. Knudson. Well, as I pointed out to Mr. Bakes when we were speaking, they are in consecutive order, Senator. I could have very easily gotten all of the numbers in consecutive order and initiated one of these forms, closing forms, to begin the process through to close the case.

1975, Oversight of Civil Aeronautics Board Practices and Procedures: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session, volume 3, U.S. Government Printing Office, page 2347:

(US) A form in an authority filled to formally document the closing a case.

Holonym: closing document

They boast over 1700 merge variables for use in word processing in order to fully customize all necessary closing forms including deeds, affidavits, payoff letters etc.

2003, K. F. Boackle, Real Estate Closing Deskbook. A Lawyer's Reference Guide & State-by-state Summary, 2nd edition, American Bar Association, →ISBN, page 323:

(US) A form used to document an important legal transaction.

(programming) A method to end an implemented functionality.


variograph

I could not find a better solution than to produce comprehensive tables and to collect in them all relevant variographs for a single given term, including moreover some additional material — that way, the user of this book can hardly fail to see that the extractions of a term are due to variographies. […] let us further assume that the spelling of this name is līnū; so we go to section ‘L’, where we find, in the column of the unknown, another name, līqu; this tells us that there exists a variograph, caused by a clerical error which, in fact, could easily be worse. […] signs are ‘characters’ (aškāl) or ‘graphical forms’ (ṣuwar) which signify meaning; pronunciation and ‘linguistic verification’ (ḥaqīqā fī al-luġa) are independent of meaning and hence irrelevant for the ‘recognition of an unknown word’ (taʿarruf al-maǧhūl); different ‘manifestations’ (ḍurūb) of the same sign, each being an ‘image of the unknown’ (ṣūrat al-maǧhūl), are ‘variographs’ (iḫtilāfāt) of a fictitious core element; the latter reveals itself, and may as such be memorized, by lining up its ‘variographies’ (iḫtilāf kitābatihi) through a process of systematic ‘derivation’ (istinbāṭ) or ‘extraction’ (istiḫrāǧ) — in other words, an obscure graphical entity becomes an extrapolation of a prototype or virtual ideograph which, in turn, becomes actual by establishing its semantic correlate in the target language.

2011 June 27, Oliver Kahl, “The Pharmacological Tables of Rhazes”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, volume 56, number 2, →DOI, pages 376 and 398–399


graphogram

nowhere in Sanskrit literature do we find an individual’s name, never mind an astrologer’s name, which could have served even remotely as a base form for the Arabic graphograms. […] In the face of these findings, any attempt at explaining the Arabic graphograms must proceed from the premise of their validity and integrity or, in other words, from the presumed accuracy of their transmitted forms.

2019 August 23, Oliver Kahl, “A Note on ‘Arabic’ صنجهل”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, volume 64, number 2, →DOI, pages 606–607

Thus, Manfred Ullmann (after the Sanskritist Adolf Stenzler) wants to amend the Arabic graphograms […] the Indologist Ronald Emmerick has demonstrated that solely on the basis of the Arabic graphograms and the Arabic ‘loan-translation’ of the title, the underlying Sanskrit word can only be Siddhasāra;

2015, أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا الرازي (Rhazes), edited by Oliver Kahl, The Sanskrit, Syriac and Persian Sources in the Comprehensive Book of Rhazes (كتاب الحاوي) (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies; 93), Leiden: Brill, published 2015, →ISBN, page 24:

A written inkling of a name in a writing system incompletely rendering the phonological system of a language.


quadriradical

A word or root in a Semitic language which consists of four consonants in its root formula.


quadriconsonantal

A word or root (in particular in an Afroasiatic language) which consists of four consonants.


adjective pronoun

adjective pronoun (plural adjective pronouns)

(grammar) An adjective used as a pronoun, such as each, either, and neither, which relate to objects taken singly.


frequency list

(linguistics) A list of the most commonly used words, or phrases, in a particular language, corpus, etc.


co-hyponym

(semantics) Alternative form of cohyponym; Synonym of coordinate term


exponence

exponence (countable and uncountable, plural exponences)

(linguistics) The property of being an exponent (manifestation of a morphosyntactic property).


proximative

From proximate + -ive, by apparent analogy with obviative.