superplural

A natural question that arises is whether the step from the singular to the plural can be iterated. Are there terms that stand to ordinary plural terms the way ordinary plural terms stand to singular terms? Let's call such terms superplural. A superplural term would thus, loosely speaking, refer to several ‘pluralities’ at once, much as an ordinary plural term refers to several objects at once. Further, let's call a predicate superplural if it can be predicated of superplural terms.

2008, Øystein Linnebo, David Nicolas, “Superplurals in English”, in Analysis, volume 68, number 3, Oxford University Press, pages 186 of 186–197:

As indicated previously, with Rayo (2002, 2006) and Williamson (2003), we hold that absolute unrestricted quantification is genuinely possible. Therefore, we do not follow McKay and Yi. Rayo (2006) develops and alternative that allows for absolutely unrestricted quantification. It consists in using languages that contain not only plural terms, but also terms that are “superplural”, “super-superplural”, etc. […] in order to specify the truth-conditions of sentences containing mass nouns and plurals, we will need to be able to refer to several “pluralities”. We will do so using superplural terms.

2008, David Nicolas, “Mass Nouns and Plural Logic”, in Linguistics and Philosophy, volume 31, number 2, Springer, pages 225 of 211–244:

The considerations presented in this paper generalize, and should therefore support the view that the truthmaking predicate can take plural predicates of any order (possibly including infinite order), that is, not just superplural arguments, but also super-superplural arguments, and so on. It should also be noted that they also support the view that the truth-making predicate takes plural predicates of 'mixed order'. For instance, what makes (Aristotle exists and Socrates resembles Plato) true is Aristotle together with Socrates and Plato together. ‘Aristotle together with Socrates and Plato together’ (or 'Aristotle and (Socrates and Plato)') would be a superplural expression of 'mixed order', since it is obtained combining a singular and a first-order plural expression. I am indebted to Øystein Linnebo for alerting me to the points in this footnote.

2013, Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra, “Resemblance Nominalism, Conjunctions and Truthmakers”, in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, volume 113, Oxford University Press, pages 30 footnote 10 of 21–38:

We can avoid total immersion, however, by confining ourselves to the phenomena that are expressible in our mother tongue. Everyone knows that it is not adequate to the apparatus of superplural quantification, since it has no superplural forms of pronouns or common nouns, no ‘theys’ and ‘thems’ to follow ‘they’ and ‘them’, and no ‘thingss’ or ‘mens’ to follow ‘things’ and ‘men’.

2016, Alex Oliver, Timothy Smiley, “8.4 Superplurals”, in Plural Logic. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 138:

Barngarla has singualar, dual, plural and what I call superplural. Consider the following: mína ‘eye’, mínalbili ‘two eyes’, mínarri ‘eyes’ and mínailyarranha ‘heaps of eyes’.

2020, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Revivalistics. From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 227:

(grammar and ontology) A number that is even more plural than another plural.


ᵺ

(lexicography) Used in some American dictionaries for the sound /ð/, contrasting with ⟨th⟩ for /θ/.


apicopostalveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the alveolar ridge.


apicopalatal

en-adj

apicopalatal (comparative more apicopalatal, superlative most apicopalatal)

more apicopalatal (comparative)
most apicopalatal (superlative)

Labialized apicopalatal trill : The production of this sound is identical to that of […] except that the lips are rounded during the articulation ...

1984, G. Devi Prasada Sastry, Mishmi Phonetic Reader:

[…] the apicopalatal ("retroflex") consonants require a difficult maneuvering of the apex in their ...

1997, Zia Rauf, Phonology of Delhi Urdu:

(4) The /r/ in the word-medial /ri/ in the Tokyo dialect corresponds to the apicopalatal fricative.

2013, Takesi Sibata, Sociolinguistics in Japanese Contexts, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 52:

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the palate.


apicoprepalatal

apicoprepalatal (comparative more apicoprepalatal, superlative most apicoprepalatal)

more apicoprepalatal (comparative)
most apicoprepalatal (superlative)

Voiced apicoprepalatal or dorsoprepalatal assibilated fricative, similar to English […]

1968, Melvyn C. Resnick, The Coordination and Tabulation of Phonological Data in American Spanish Dialectology:

[…] rather indicates a (retroflex) apicoprepalatal nasal. But Firth himself calls the place of articulation "the hard palate", which strictly […]

[…] but the difference between the apicoprepalatal and the domed lateral diaphone (9.231) is not.

1994, Herbert Pilch, Manual of English Phonetics:

[…] as for the Japanese ingressive apicoprepalatal fricative approximant or […]

2002, Fernando Poyatos, Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 2: Paralanguage, kinesics, silence, personal and environmental interaction, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 162:

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against a spot just to the front of the palate.


functional load

en-noun

functional load (countable and uncountable, plural functional loads)

The difference between voiced and voiceless TH in English bears a low functional load.

The term functional load is customarily used in linguistics to describe the extent and degree of contrast between linguistic units, usually phonemes. In its simplest expression, functional load is a measure of the number of minimal pairs which can be found for a given opposition. More generally, in phonology, it is a measure of the work which two phonemes (or a distinctive feature) do in keeping utterances apart—in other words, a gauge of the frequency with which two phonemes contrast in all possible environments.

1967, Robert D. King, “Functional Load and Sound Change”, in Language, volume 43, number 4, page 831:

Collectively, (3) to (8) provide evidence for the reconstruction of morpheme- and root-initial *g, albeit with quite a low functional load.

1992, Malcolm D. Ross, “The Sound of Proto-Austronesian: An Outsider's View of the Formosan Evidence”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 31, number 1, page 34:

Following the adverbial-only stage, verbal morphology appears. At first it is not used systematically, and learners continue to rely on time-adverbials. As the use of tense morphology increases, the functional load of the adverbials decreases and the actual ratio of time adverbials to finite verbs may also decrease.

1999, Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, “FROM MORPHEME STUDIES TO TEMPORAL SEMANTICS: Tense-Aspect Research in SLA”, in Studies in Second Language Acquisition, volume 23, number 3, page 351:

(linguistics) A measure of how much a difference between phonemes disambiguates between different words.


Etchemin

(linguistics) An extinct language of the Algonquian language family, spoken in early colonial times on the coast of Maine.


speech way

Virginia speech ways rapidly created their own local variations in such number and variety that by the nineteenth century the birthplace of a native could be located within a few miles by subtle distinctions in the way that he sounded a and r.

1991, David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, page 263:

In this manner the speech ways of this social class conformed to those of London to a considerable extent.

2006, Geoffrey Forward, Pro Speech, page 39:

(linguistics) A mode or manner of speaking (e.g. accent, lect, dialect, etc.).


oikoclitic

From Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) + clitic.

In the oblique, the vowel of the oikoclitic singular masculine marker has been assimilated to the vowel of the Greek-derived nominative markers.

2006, Viktor Elšík, Yaron Matras, “Early Romani”, in Markedness and Language Change: The Romani Sample (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology; 32), Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 72:

Although there are some similarities between oikoclitic and xenoclitic classes - perhaps most noticeably the constant plural oblique -en (though with a variant -jen restricted to the oikoclitic classes), an inflection that is clearly indigenous - there are also striking differences.

2008, Bernard Comrie, “Inflectional morphology and language contact, with special reference to mixed languages”, in Monika Rothweiler, Juliane House, Peter Siemund, editors, Language Contact and Contact Languages (Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism), John Benjamins, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 20:

In the oikoclitic compartment, there are two distinct classes of vocalic and zero adjectives.

2017, Michael Beníšek, Eastern Uzh varieties of North Central Romani, Charles University, page 7:

(Romani linguistics) Having an inflection and stress pattern characteristic of pre-European vocabulary.


xenoclitic

The plural oblique of xenoclitic classes was not distinct from that of oikoclitic classes in ER.

2006, Viktor Elšík, Yaron Matras, “Early Romani”, in Markedness and Language Change: The Romani Sample (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology; 32), Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, →LCCN, pages 72–73:

Oikoclitic participles are based on the perfective stem of verbs, while xenoclitic participles are marked by a special participial suffix.

2017, Michael Beníšek, Eastern Uzh varieties of North Central Romani, Charles University, page 100:

(Romani linguistics) Having an inflection and stress pattern characteristic of European vocabulary.


copy pronoun

resumptive pronoun
resumptive pronoun#English


chillu

There are five chillus currently in use: ൺ (ṇ), ൻ (ṉ), ർ (ṟ), ൽ (l) and ൾ (ḷ). There are also four archaic ones: ൿ (k), ൔ (m), ൕ (y) and ൖ (ḻ).

(grammar) A type of letter used in Malayalam which does not have an inherent vowel, used to represent a pure consonant without the use of a virama.


text simplification

text simplification (countable and uncountable, plural text simplifications)

natural language processing
natural language processing

(linguistics, computer science) An operation used in natural language processing to modify, enhance, classify or otherwise process an existing corpus of human-readable text.


Elymian

The chance find of a dump at Segesta has yielded more Elymian inscriptions (mostly single words, inscribed in Greek letters on potsherds) than all other sites combined.

2005, Irad Malkin, Mediterranean Paradigms and Classical Antiquity, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 49:

(linguistics) An extinct, undeciphered and unclassified language spoken by the Elymians.


phi-feature

(linguistics, generative grammar) A grammatical feature that is usually exhibited in predicate-argument agreement, such as person, number, or gender.

trait-phi

grammatical feature such as person or number


literary present

(grammar) The present tense as used by convention to describe events in fictional works, such as when explaining the plot of a book or film.

(grammar) The present tense as used to describe an action of speaking or writing that lives on through written works or record.


continuous tense

continuous tense (plural continuous tenses)

present perfect continuous
present perfect continuous

past perfect continuous
past perfect continuous

future perfect continuous
future perfect continuous

(grammar) A verb tense expressing ongoing action; in English, any of the tenses formed with the present participle, namely present continuous ("I am dreaming"), past continuous ("I was dreaming"), present perfect continuous ("I have been dreaming"), past perfect continuous ("I had been dreaming"), future continuous ("I will be dreaming") or future perfect continuous ("I will have been dreaming").


interjectional phrase

interjectional phrase (plural interjectional phrases)

(grammar) A phrase that functions syntactically as an interjection.


conjunctional phrase

conjunctional phrase (plural conjunctional phrases)

(grammar) A phrase that functions syntactically as a conjunction.


pronominal phrase

pronominal phrase (plural pronominal phrases)

(grammar) A phrase that functions syntactically as a pronoun.


Uspanteca

(linguistics, obsolete) The dialect of a small tribe of central Guatemala.


nomen vicis

From Latin nomen vicis (literally “noun of instance”).

der

The noun “a jump” is a nomen vicis because it means a single instance of “jumping”.

(linguistics) a noun denoting a single accomplishment of an action (rather than the action as such)


velal

(Kaaf) or velal (k), pronounced very far back in the throat […]

1866, Walter Gregor, The Dialect of Banffshire, page 18:


syllable weight

en-noun

syllable weight (plural syllable weights)

(phonology) Property of syllables related to quantity.


twin speech

(linguistics) A form of autonomous language, using nicknames, gestures, abbreviations, or terminology that only identical twins can use and understand.


phono-semantic matching

phono-semantic matching (usually uncountable, plural phono-semantic matchings)

(linguistics) The borrowing of a word into one language from another which completely or partially preserves both the original sound and meaning but does so via substitution of etymons.

vierassanaa äänteellisesti ja merkityksellisesti jäljittelevä uudismuodoste


hodiernal tense

hodiernal tense (plural hodiernal tenses)

(grammar) Referring to events of today, in an absolute tense, or of the day under consideration, in a relative tense.


relative tense

(grammar) A grammatical expression of time reference relative to a different point in time, at the moment being considered in the context.


absolute tense

(grammar) The grammatical expression of time reference relative to now, the exact moment of speaking.


panlectal

(linguistics) Concerning all variants of a language.


monolectal

(linguistics) Concerning a single variant of a language.


polylectal

(linguistics) Concerning multiple language variants.


T&I

(translation studies) Initialism of translation and interpreting.


petitive

Among the general petitive structures we may mention the following: […]

2000, James A. Matisoff, Blessings, Curses, Hopes, and Fears, page 23:


unaspirated h

(linguistics, phonetics) non-aspiration, pronunciation of a glottal consonant


little v

(linguistics) A functional category that introduces the external argument of a predicate as its specifier.


global etymology

global etymology (plural global etymologies)

(linguistics) A proposed monogenetic word origin; a Proto-Human reconstructed word.


grammatical gender

grammatical gender (countable and uncountable, plural grammatical genders)

(grammar) The grammatically prescribed gender of a noun, which does not necessarily correspond with the referent’s attributes such as biological sex.


A-movement

(linguistics) A movement to an argument position, such as a subject or object position.


absentative

(grammar) A form of a noun or pronoun indicating that its referent is absent or dead.


nonabsentative

(grammar) Not being or relating to the absentative; indicating the presence of something.


anticipatory it

anticipatory it (plural anticipatory its)

(grammar) The pronoun "it" used as a placeholder for a delayed subject, or, less commonly, object.


weather it

(grammar) A dummy it that is used to talk about the weather, sometimes extended to similar uses with other topics.


dummy it

(grammar) The pronoun "it" used without any referent, serving only to satisfy rules of syntax.


Atsina

(linguistics) The ancestral language of the Gros Ventre people of Montana


OLD

Oxford Latin Dictionary
w:Oxford Latin Dictionary

(publishing, linguistics) Initialism of Oxford Latin Dictionary.


OLD

(Internet) Abbreviation of online dating.


TLL

Thesaurus Linguae Latinae
w:Thesaurus Linguae Latinae

(linguistics) Initialism of Thesaurus Linguae Latinae.


advanced tongue root

advanced tongue root (plural advanced tongue roots)

Coordinate term: retracted tongue root

(linguistics, phonetics) An articulation that involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel.

arrel de la llengua avançat

an articulation that involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel


sententialism

Sententialism does not entail that only verbal creatures can enjoy a mental language. Neither does it presuppose that an intelligent creature's language of thought must be its language of communication, […]

1989, J. Christopher Maloney, The Mundane Matter of the Mental Language, page 111:

Thinking, according to sententialism, may then be like quoting. To quote an English sentence is to issue, in a certain way, a token of a given English sentence type: […]

2015, Richard John Kosciejew, The Pursuing Presence of Facts:

(semantics) The theory that cognition is based on and can be represented as sentences in mentalese.


propositionalism

Coordinate term: intensionalism

The usual way to defend propositionalism is to say that ascriptions of intentional states by intensional transitives can be analysed to reveal covert material which shows their true propositional attitude structure.

2013, Tim Crane, The Objects of Thought, page 108:

The basic tenet of propositionalism is that every mental intentional attitude, every thought, pro-attitude, belief, desire, perception, adoration, resentment, contemplation, etc. is a fundamentally proposition-involving attitude.

2018, Alex Grzankowski, Michelle Montague, Non-Propositional Intentionality, page 3:

(semantics) The view all intentionality is propositional; the belief that there can be no meaning without a proposition.


intensionalism

Coordinate term: propositionalism

The first step in showing the irrelevance of Mates's problem is to separate Frege's intensionalism from intensionalism per se .

1986, Ernest LePore, Truth and Interpretation, page 62:

Intensionalism in modern logic and linguistics begins in the way he demonstrated the point. For as "the Morning Star" and "the Evening Star" have different senses—i.e., objective linguistic content—so do statements.

1999, William C. Dowling, The Senses of the Text, page 47:

It is sometimes supposed that extensional propositions—in particular Russellian propositions, which are adopted in some neo-Millian views about proper names—are incompatible with intensionalism and presuppositionalism.

2004, Jerrold J. Katz, Sense, Reference, and Philosophy, page 115:

(semantics) The belief that language acquires meaning from thought or belief, which is fundamentally non-linguistic, and that propositions are therefore independent of language.


postclitic

(linguistics) an unemphatic word stressed as part of the preceding word


Huasteca Nahuatl

(linguistics) a Nahuan language spoken in the region of La Huasteca in Mexico


self-repair

self-repair (countable and uncountable, plural self-repairs)

(linguistics) A speaker's spontaneous, unprompted correction of their own mistake.


buccalize

en-verb

buccalize (third-person singular simple present buccalizes, present participle buccalizing, simple past and past participle buccalized)

buccalizes (present singular third-person)
buccalizing (participle present)
buccalized (participle past)
buccalized (past)


Old Malay

(linguistics) The oldest attested form of Malay language.

(linguistics) The ancestor of Malay language (all form and dialects), spoken in Sumatra from about 1,000 BCE.


Sirenik

Transliteration of Sirenik Сиӷы́ных (Siǧýnyh), from сиӷы́ных (siǧýnyh, “horn”), from Proto-Eskimo *ciʀunǝʀ.

transliteration

(linguistics) An extinct Eskimo-Aleut language.


obs.

(linguistics) Alternative form of obs (“obsolete”).


folk linguistics

In light of the findings from early research in social psychology, research in folk linguistics has also examined the social characteristics that non-experts associate with regional linguistic variation.

2014, Susan Tamasi, Lamont Antieau, Language and Linguistic Diversity in the US, Routledge, →ISBN, page 56:

Beliefs held by speakers about their language or language more generally; the study of these beliefs.


manner adverb

(grammar) An adverb that describes the process, manner, or direction of an action.


locative adverb

en-noun

locative adverb (plural locative adverbs)

(grammar) A type of adverb that refers to a location or to a combination of a location and a relation to that location.


apostrophation

apostrophation (countable and uncountable, plural apostrophations)

In some cases, however, the apostrophation failed of its purpose, if its purpose were indeed the reduction of redundant syllables: […]

1928, Johannes C. Andersen, The Laws of Verse, page 110:

Words are run together by apostrophation in lines 21, 24, 35, 44, 57, 58, 79, 83, 84, 102, and 103, producing such cumbrous (and then conventional) specimens as o’ th’, in ’s, i’ th’, and t’ hang.

1956, ed. Edward Niles Hooker, H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., The Works of John Dryden, Volume I: Poems, 1649-1680, page 174:

The post-generator performs orthogonal operations on the target language, like contractions and apostrophations.

2015 March, Siddhartha Ghosh, Aditi Ghotikar, and Soujanya Chaturvedula, “Natural Language Processing: A Machine Translation System for Indian Languages” in International Journal of Combined Research & Development (IJCRD), volume 4, issue 3, page 64

(rare) The omission of parts of a word by means of an apostrophe (punctuation mark), contraction.


Emesal

(linguistics) A notable variety or sociolect of the Sumerian language.


Emegir

(linguistics) The standard variety of the Sumerian language.


left periphery

left periphery (plural left peripheries)

Four kinds of elements typically occurring in the left periphery will be taken into account: interrogative and relative pronouns, topics and focalized elements.

1997, Luigi Rizzi, “The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery”, in Liliane Haegeman, editor, Elements of Grammar: Handbook in Generative Syntax, Dordrecht: Springer, →ISBN, page 281:

The polar-question particle sheds useful light on the syntax of the BH [Biblical Hebrew] left periphery. [...] With an overt Force head and the obligatory movement of the finite verb to the Topic head, the structure of the left periphery becomes more visible.

2017, Elizabeth Cowper, Vincent DeCaen, “Biblical Hebrew: A formal perspective on the left periphery”, in Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, volume 38, page 14:

(grammar) The part of a syntactic tree above the inflectional phrase(s) (expressing tense, aspect, and/or mood), where topic, focus, illocutionary force, etc. are expressed.


Proto-Pama-Nyungan

(linguistics) The hypothetical common ancestor of the Pama-Nyungan languages.


prop vowel

(linguistics) A vowel added at the end of a word in certain languages, often resulting from a sound change where vowels at the ends of words were deleted.


neo-Gricean

en-adj

neo-Gricean (comparative more neo-Gricean, superlative most neo-Gricean)

more neo-Gricean (comparative)
most neo-Gricean (superlative)

(linguistics) Of or relating to various additions and modifications to Paul Grice's pragmatics by other linguists.


topolectology

en-noun

topolectology (usually uncountable, plural topolectologies)


commafucker

Calque of Finnish pilkunnussija, equivalent to comma + fucker.

I'm not a big fan of government-binding syntactic theory in its extremes, but I still don't see why Chomsky is filed under prescriptivism. He is not a prescriptivist, or even a lousy commafucker (that last phrase courtesy of Fred Landman, formerly of Cornell University).

1998 May 3, H Gilmer, “spring haiku (any haiku lovers here?)”, in rec.arts.poems (Usenet), retrieved 2022-02-04:

There are far worse beings hanging around here, commafuckers whose souls are like dark paperclips - not a glint of hope for salvation.

2001 August 11, Martijn Benders, “Devil Worship, a Christian view”, in alt.arts.poetry.comments (Usenet), retrieved 2022-02-04:

As a colleague commafucker though I would say that it's often better to restrain yourself :-)

2002 November 1, Maja, “depression”, in rec.arts.tv.uk.eastenders (Usenet), retrieved 2022-02-04:

(Internet slang, vulgar, derogatory) A person who is pedantic about grammar.


eventivizer

(grammar) A construct that forms an eventive.


MWU

VT was supported by MWU’s start-up funds.

2020, Dominik D. Kaltenbach, Dinesh Jaishankar, Meng Hao, Jacob C. Beer, Michael V. Volin, Umesh R. Desai, Vaibhav Tiwari, “Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development”, in Shibashish Giri, Chandravanu Dash, editors, Epigenetic Approaches in Drug Discovery, Development and Treatment, Frontiers Media, page 35:

Add to this list my longtime friend Lori Kemper, DO, who later became an MWU dean and who also did and does mentor me still.

2021, Karen J. Nichols, Physician Leadership: The 11 Skills Every Doctor Needs to be an Effective Leader, Wiley, →ISBN, page 212:

Since 2016, she has been a full-time assistant clinical professor of Shelter Medicine at MWU, teaching multiple classes but primarily third-year electives in shelter medicine and veterinary forensics and fourth-year shelter medicine rotations.

2021, “Editors”, in Jason H. Byrd, Patricia Norris, Nancy Bradley-Siemens, editors, Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences, CRC Press:


pejorativization

(linguistics) The process by which a term gains a more negative connotation over time.


hypermonosyllable

From hyper- + monosyllable; coined by the poet Robert Bridges.

(prosody) A word of multiple syllables, such as "power", when presented (e.g. in poetry) as having only one syllable.


hypergrammatical

en-adj

hypergrammatical (comparative more hypergrammatical, superlative most hypergrammatical)

more hypergrammatical (comparative)
most hypergrammatical (superlative)

(grammar) Employing or relating to hypercorrect grammar.


(lexicography) Used to mark digraphs such as the consonants ⟨c͜h, n͡g, s͜h, t͜h, z͜h⟩ for IPA /t͡ʃ, ŋ, ʃ, θ, ʒ/, ⟨ᴋ͜ʜ⟩ for Scottish /x/, or the rhotic vowels ⟨a͡r, e͡r⟩ for IPA /ɑɹ, ɜɹ/.


Zangskari

(linguistics) An endangered Tibetic language, mostly spoken in Zanskar.


MED

As frequent users of the MED well know, of course, the MED history of ‘misledinge’ only appears inverted if we look at dates of composition, since it is in fact manuscript date that dictates the order of quotation under any of the semantic subdivisions in any MED entry.

2001, Christopher Cannon, “The Unchangeable Word: The Dating of Manuscripts and the History of English”, in A. J. Minnis, editor, Middle English Poetry: Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of Derek Pearsall (York Manuscripts Conferences: Proceedings Series), York Medieval Press, →ISBN, page 2:

Make a list of the lexical (that is open-class words) in the passage, and use the OED and/or MED online to find other citations elsewhere in ME texts.

2002, Simon Horobin, Jeremy Smith, An Introduction to Middle English, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 85:

The MED evidence gives the impression that non-impersonal verbs of Pleasure/enjoyment other than lŏven cannot be strictly distinguished from the impersonal counterparts, apart from the presence or absence of impersonal use.

2015, Ayumi Miura, Middle English Verbs of Emotion and Impersonal Constructions: Verb Meaning and Syntax in Diachrony (Oxford Studies in the History of English), Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 194:

Middle English Dictionary
w:Middle English Dictionary

Initialism of Middle English Dictionary.


accidental gap

(linguistics) A potential word, word sense, morpheme, or other form that does not exist in some language despite the fact that it would be permissible by the grammatical rules of that language.


paraliptic

(linguistics) Of or relating to paralipsis.


garden-path

en-verb

garden-path (third-person singular simple present garden-paths, present participle garden-pathing, simple past and past participle garden-pathed)

garden-paths (present singular third-person)
garden-pathing (participle present)
garden-pathed (participle past)
garden-pathed (past)

Therefore, a sentence with an initial gap, such as Who asked Meg to persuade Jill to inform Ted that Bob had spoken to Tom?, would garden path an active parser just as often as (17) would, and both sentences would be considerably more troublesome to an active parser than to a passive one.

1978, Janet Dean Fodor, “Parsing Strategies and Constraints on Transformations”, in Linguistic Inquiry, volume 9, number 3, →JSTOR, page 443:

We anticipated that the reader would be garden-pathed immediately on encountering the disambiguating verb of a sentence like (3).

1998, Simon P. Liversedge, Kevin B. Paterson, Martin J. Pickering, “Eye Movements and Measures of Reading Time”, in Geoffrey Underwood, editor, Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 66:

Specifically, if the parsing model incorporates a property that permits delay, why doesn't this property insure that the parser will never be garden-pathed?

1991, Paul Gorrell, “Subcategorization and Sentence Processing”, in Robert C. Berwick, Steven P. Abney, Carol Tenny, editors, Principle-based Parsing: Computation and Psycholinguistics, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 284:

‘Mitty’ owes much of its interest to violating this rule in its opening pages, deliberately ‘garden-pathing’ the reader into mistaking Mitty’s fantasy world for his actual world (as, apparently, Mitty himself is inclined to do).

2004 [2016], Alan Richardson, “Studies in Literature and Cognition: A Field Map”, in Alan Richardson, Ellen Spolsky, editors, The Work of Fiction: Cognition, Culture, and Complexity, Abingdon: Routledge, →ISBN, page 16:

Additionally, the GP sentences were read significantly more slowly than correspondingly NGP controls, as showed in Fig. 2, below, since these BP complex structures are parsed by following Late Closure and thus garden pathed the subjects (see Ribeiro, 2005).

2012, Antonio João Carvalho Ribeiro, “Good-enough comprehension of Brazilian Portuguese garden-path sentences”, in Giuseppe Mininni, Amelia Manuti, editors, Applied Psycholinguistics: Positive effects and ethical perspectives, volume 1, Milan: FrancoAngeli, →ISBN, page 399:

The participants were more easily garden pathed to the interpretation of The teachers as the doer (or agent) of “taught,” which led them to make the judgment that the sentence beginning with The teachers did not make sense.

2021, Megumi Hamada, Learning Words from Reading: A Cognitive Model of Word-Meaning Inference, London: Bloomsbury Academic, →ISBN, page 89:

garden path sentence
garden path sentence

(linguistics) To mislead with a garden path sentence.


stress accent

(phonology) A method or application of realizing phonological prominence of a segment phonetically by loudness or duration.


dehnstufe

From German Dehnstufe, from dehnen (“to stretch”) + Stufe (“step”).

(Indo-European linguistics) The lengthened grade that appears in words of a certain root group, or stem group, in the course of vocalic variations.


dentalize

dentalize (third-person singular simple present dentalizes, present participle dentalizing, simple past and past participle dentalized)

dentalizes (present singular third-person)
dentalizing (participle present)
dentalized (participle past)
dentalized (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To make (a speech sound) dental.


interdentalize

interdentalize (third-person singular simple present interdentalizes, present participle interdentalizing, simple past and past participle interdentalized)

interdentalizes (present singular third-person)
interdentalizing (participle present)
interdentalized (participle past)
interdentalized (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To make (a speech sound) interdental.


aspectology

(linguistics) An area of semantics concerned with verbal aspect.


Nusu

(linguistics) a Loloish language spoken by the Nu people of China


syntacticocentric

en-adjective

syntacticocentric (comparative more syntacticocentric, superlative most syntacticocentric)

more syntacticocentric (comparative)
most syntacticocentric (superlative)

RRG comes in between formalist theories which hold the syntacticocentric view of grammar and extreme functionalist theories (e.g. Hopper (1987)) which attempt to reduce grammar into discourse; RRG is a monostratal theory which views syntax as an independent level of representation that may be fully understood with reference to semantics and discourse-pragmatics.

2000, Wataru Nakamura, “Formalizing Functionalism: A Schematization-Based Linking Theory”, in English Linguistics, volume 17, number 2, →DOI, page 539:

The less syntacticocentric view would claim that syntax generates shifted and non-shifted DP objects, and at PF, shifted light DPs are ruled out, because of prosodic constraints.

2008, João Costa, Nancy C. Kula, “Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu”, in Cécile De Cat, Katherine Demuth, editors, The Bantu-Romance Connection: A comparative investigation of verbal agreement, DPs, and information structure, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, →ISBN, page 296:

The complexity of VP in syntacticocentric approaches typically arises from the syntacticization of the linguistically relevant semantic predicate decompositions.

2012, Jaume Mateu, “Structure of the Verb Phrase”, in José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, Erin O'Rourke, editors, The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 334:

(linguistics) Focused on the syntactic component of grammar.


amredita

Bborrowed from Sanskrit आम्रेडित (āmreḍita) meaning repetition.

(Sanskrit grammar) A compound consisting of the same word repeated with the first occurrence accented, used to express repetitiveness or distributivity.


possessional adjective

en-noun

possessional adjective (plural possessional adjectives)

(grammar) An adjective indicating that a noun is in possession of, or has the quality of, some other noun; usually formed in English by the affixation of the suffix -ed, -ful, -y, -ous, -able, -ual, -ish, -ar or -esque, or the suffixoid -like, to the noun being possessed.


privative adjective

privative adjective (plural privative adjectives)

That's fake news.
(literally, “That is not news.”)

Isn't that a toy sword?
(literally, “That is not a genuine sword.”)

(grammar) An adjective indicating that a noun refers to an object that is not of the class which that noun ordinarily refers to.

finger + -less → fingerless

hope + -less → hopeless

heart + -less → heartless

sugar + -free → sugar-free

(grammar) An adjective indicating that a noun lacks some other noun, or a quality of that noun; usually formed in English by the affixation of the suffix -less or suffixoid -free to the noun that is absent.


cardinal vowel

The term was coined by the British phoneticians Daniel Jones in the early 20th century.

(phonetics) a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low.

Daniel Jones (phonetician)
cardinal vowel

samogłoska kardynalna

any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth


Namuyi

(linguistics) A poorly attested Tibeto-Burman and more specifically Naic language of Sichuan and Tibet.


Naic

(linguistics) A group of Sino-Tibetan languages that include Naxi, Na, Shixing, and Namuyi.


Shixing

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

(linguistics) A poorly-attested Qiangic language of Sichuan and the Tibet Autonomous Region.


Laze

(linguistics) A language of the Naish subbranch of the Naic group of languages, spoken in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County western Sichuan, China.


antiphonetic

en-adj

antiphonetic (comparative more antiphonetic, superlative most antiphonetic)

more antiphonetic (comparative)
most antiphonetic (superlative)

The writer is not responsible for the antiphonetic spelling of this and many other colonial names of places.

1880, Edward Ellis Morris, Cassell's Picturesque Australasia, volume 4, page 264:

English spelling, although unphonetic and antiphonetic, was inherited from our ancestors and has served magnificently in the glorious past. The weak spot in English spelling, however, can be easily healed with the global alphabet.

1945, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations, Global Alphabet: Hearing Before the Committee..., page 69:

(linguistics) Going against the rules of phonetics; not spelled according to the sound.


Babine-Witsuwitʼen

(linguistics) An Athabaskan language spoken in British Columbia Interior.


comparatival

(grammar) Expressing or relating to a comparison.


Coahuiltecan

(linguistics, historical) Belonging to a proposed Native American language family associated with these people.


cryptogrammar

en-noun

cryptogrammar (countable and uncountable, plural cryptogrammars)

(grammar) The hidden or non-obvious aspects of the grammar of a language.


subdeletion

subdeletion (countable and uncountable, plural subdeletions)


iteration mark

(linguistics) A punctuation mark or character used as a substitute for a repeated word or character; depending on the language, it may be considered informal, or only for use in handwritten text.


L.L.M.

(machine learning) Alternative form of LLM (“large language model”)


large language model

large language model (plural large language models)

GPT-3 belongs to a category of deep learning known as a large language model, a complex neural net that has been trained on a titanic data set of text: in GPT-3’s case, roughly 700 gigabytes of data drawn from across the web, including Wikipedia, supplemented with a large collection of text from digitized books. GPT-3 is the most celebrated of the large language models, and the most publicly available, but Google, Meta (formerly known as Facebook) and DeepMind have all developed their own L.L.M.s in recent years.

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

GPT-2 is a large language model with 1.5 billion parameters, trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages scraped from the internet.

2023, Mohak Agarwal, Generative AI for Entrepreneurs in a Hurry, Notion Press, →ISBN:

Less charitable observers (like this columnist) see two alternative interpretations. One is that it’s an attempt to consolidate OpenAI’s lead over the rest of the industry in large language models (LLMs), because history suggests that regulation often enhances dominance.

2023 May 20, John Naughton, “When the tech boys start asking for new regulations, you know something’s up”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(machine learning) A type of neural network specialized in language, typically including billions of parameters.


Maranao

From Maranao Mëranaw (“people of the lake”).

(linguistics) An Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people.


married name

The name a person (especially, in many cultures, a woman) takes upon marriage


languist

Many European languages are very close to each other. You can see many similarities between English and German. I also found similarities between kurdish and Polish, Rusian, French and even english. If I knew more European languages I would find more common things. A languist can figure out this very easily. I am not proud for What I am telling you but I just write the realities. here I only concern about realities and science. But you only concern about how to degrade kurdish. You are an idiot unti science.

1999 April 16, ala...@my-dejanews.com, “Questions about Kemal Atatürk?”, in soc.culture.kurdish (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-28:

hi ! i'm neal's kat !
i'm an excellent languist.

2001 October 8, Neal's Cat, “Final Post from MarsRules”, in alt.prophecies.nostradamus (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-28:

Somehow I do not believe that knowing Hmong culture or language is a prerequisite to being a scholar or learned person. Of course, I would expect a Hmong languist to speak Hmong at the level of expertise required at his level of training. However, I would not apply the same to a Hmong mathematician, physicist, doctor, or any professional whose area of expertise is unrelated to Hmong culture or language.

2005 October 15, me, “The Truth about Hmong Culture.”, in soc.culture.hmong (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-28:

(non-native speakers' English) Misconstruction of linguist.


sci.langer

Not everyone here is a veteran sci.langer; certain topics will resurface again and again at the instigation of newbies (or even old timers). Believe me, I feel the pain of those self same veterans who must compell themselves to slog through yet another long thread on Esperanto or protoGreek or whatever.

1999 February 4, Padraic Brown, “Criticisms of Esperanto in sci.lang”, in sci.lang (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-28:

Javi is a sci.langer; I don't recognize the other name, sorry.
You've commented on the Jerry subthread?

2004 January 22, Peter T. Daniels, “raisin secs”, in alt.usage.english (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-28:

Yusuf is basically a sci.langer, but he comes here from time to time.)

2013 April 1, Athel Cornish-Bowden, “The Quran...A Book You Can Believe In”, in alt.usage.english (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-28:

(Internet slang) A participant in the Usenet newsgroup sci.lang.


Ventureño

(linguistics) A member of the extinct Chumashan languages, previously spoken by the Chumash people.


Ineseño

(linguistics) A closely related dialect of the Barbareño language.


Barbareño

(linguistics) One of the Chumashan languages, spoken in the area of Santa Barbara, California.


Chumashan

(linguistics) An extinct family of languages that were spoken on the southern California coast by the Native American Chumash people.


coordinate clause

coordinate clause (plural coordinate clauses)

(grammar) A clause that can stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence and contains at least a subject and a verb.

pennlavarenn

grammar: clause that can stand alone syntactically


hard r

Rhineland Germans have a soft, back "r," while those in eastern and southern Germany use an alveodental "r," due (one supposes) to the respective influence of the French on the one hand and Slavs or Italians on the other. The "hard r" is said to carry better in an auditorium or on the radio, so performers from the Rhineland must learn to deliver those "theatrical r's."

1999 March 7, David Mannix, “The Theater Season; Stage Speech”, in The New York Times, page sec. 2 p. 4:

His broad "a's" and hard "r's" forever marked him as a son of the Midwest.

2001 October 8, Marilyn Berger, “Herblock, Cartoonist Who Humbled Mighty, Is Dead at 91”, in The New York Times:

There is both a soft r and a hard r, the latter usually spelled ŕ (ŕege – king).

2002, Kenneth Katzner, Kirk Miller, “Basque”, in The Languages of the World, 3rd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 58:

In Blood on the Tracks, Dylan has his r's mostly on half-articulation. Medial and terminal r's are appropriately turned off in the bluesy “Meet Me in the Morning,” but the songs of this album have more hard r's than we've heard in a long time, including some words where we might expect to find the “r” missing: “weather,” “horses,” “heart,” “boxcar door,” “apart,” “anymore."

2010 April 8, David Pichaske, Song of the North Country: A Midwest Framework to the Songs of Bob Dylan, A&C Black, →ISBN, page 99:

‘Make sure you hit the hard R’s.’ He was obsessed with R’s. I’m like, OK, arrrre you sure?

2022 January 28, Dave Itzkoff, “Watch the Throne: How Joel Coen Came to Make ‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’”, in The New York Times, page AR16:

(phonetics, phonology, informal) A rhotic sound which is emphatic or strongly enunciated; in English accents especially a postvocalic consonantal r, as distinguished from its absence in a nonrhotic accent or from an R-coloured vowel.


tautophrase

(grammar) A phrase or sentence that repeats an idea in the same words.

Wiktionary's collection of English tautophrase entries


cryptotypical

(linguistics) Of or relating to a cryptotype.


VPM

(phonetics) Initialism of voice, place, manner (of a vowel).


Southern Daly

Australian Aboriginal
Australian Aboriginal

(linguistics) A proposed family of two distantly related Australian Aboriginal languages.


PVM

(phonetics) Initialism of place, voice, manner (of a vowel).


applosive

Our recent fiber-optic studies on applosives (unreleased plosives) in the word-final position in Fukienese, a dialect of southern China, revealed interesting findings on larygeneal adjustment (Iwata et al., 1979).

1983, Peter F. MacNeilage, editor, The Production of Speech, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:

(phonology) An unreleased plosive, denoted ◌̚ in the IPA.


deaffricate

en-verb

deaffricate (third-person singular simple present deaffricates, present participle deaffricating, simple past and past participle deaffricated)

deaffricates (present singular third-person)
deaffricating (participle present)
deaffricated (participle past)
deaffricated (past)

(phonetics, intransitive) To undergo deaffrication.


word sketch

(linguistics) An automatically generated, corpus-derived summary of a word's grammatical and collocational behaviour.


hetericism

(linguistics, obsolete) Heteric spelling.


topicalizer

(grammar) A word or construct that serves to topicalize.


phraseologism

From phraseology + -ism. Compare German Phraseologismus, Russian фразеологи́зм (frazeologízm).

cog

фразеологи́зм

It would be utter nonsense – as has been claimed at times – that^([sic]) phraseologisms in discourse are absolutely fixed. Nothing is further from the truth, as a large percentage of contextualised references show.

2010, Anita Naciscione, Stylistic Use of Phraseological Units in Discourse, page 4:

(linguistics) A fixed expression within a language, regarded as a phraseological unit.


ba construction

A grammatical construction in Mandarin Chinese, SUBJ-把-OBJ-VERB, or any analogous constructions in other Chinese lects.


subjectlessly

en-adv

subjectlessly (comparative more subjectlessly, superlative most subjectlessly)

more subjectlessly (comparative)
most subjectlessly (superlative)


conjunctionless

en-adj

conjunctionless (comparative more conjunctionless, superlative most conjunctionless)

more conjunctionless (comparative)
most conjunctionless (superlative)


directive case

Mongolian is a language that uses the directive case.

(grammar) Case used to express motion towards a location; generally indicated in English by down to, up to, toward, headed for etc. in combination with the objective case.

чиглэхийн тийн ялгал

case used to express motion towards a location


mid-central

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately halfway between an open and a close vowel and approximately halfway between a front and a back vowel.


Papantla Totonac

(linguistics) A Native American language spoken in central Mexico, in the state of Veracruz around the city of Papantla.


Mandombe

(linguistics, writing system) A script intended for writing African languages such as Kikongo, as well as the four national languages of the Congo.


monotransitive verb

en-noun

monotransitive verb (plural monotransitive verbs)

(grammar) A transitive verb that takes only a direct object.


supradialect

(linguistics) A dialectological category between the levels of language and dialect.


Woolseyism

This is now a well-known meme, along with other 'Woolseyisms.' But one serious gamer took it upon himself to re-translate the entire text of Final Fantasy VII from scratch.

2019, Rachael Hutchinson, Japanese Culture Through Videogames:

(video games) In video game texts, a translation or substituted phrase characteristic of Ted Woolsey, American game translator and producer.


re-etymologize

en-verb

re-etymologize (third-person singular simple present re-etymologizes, present participle re-etymologizing, simple past and past participle re-etymologized)

re-etymologizes (present singular third-person)
re-etymologizing (participle present)
re-etymologized (participle past)
re-etymologized (past)

Back-formation from re-etymologization; re- + etymologize.

(linguistics) To modify a word's phonological form in accordance with a reanalysis.


re-etymologization

en-noun

re-etymologization (countable and uncountable, plural re-etymologizations)

(linguistics) Modification of a word's phonological form in accordance with a reanalysis.


Birgid

(linguistics) An extinct Nubian language that was spoken in western Sudan.


Kenzi

(linguistics) A Nubian language of Egypt.


learnedism

→ Scots: learnedism

From learned + -ism. Compare learned borrowing.

Katharevousa τὸ πλοῖον and the demotic learnedism τὸ πλοῖο mean 'ship' in general. Demotic πλοῖο is stylistically more elevated than its synonym τὸ καράβι.

1975 November 20, Kostas Kazazis, “Greek Reactions to an Ancient Greek Primer for Turks”, in Modern Philology, volume 73, number 2, The University of Chicago Press, →DOI, page 164:

Furthermore, περ is productive in the Italiot texts, presumably as a learnedism rather than a popular survival.

1998 July 15, Nick Nicholas, “το ανερ and ο οποιοs: Untangling Medieval Greek Relativisation”, in Themes in Greek Linguistics, volume II, The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 294:

I also hear clearly his adoption of a perspective indexed by his use of anthropological terms (for example, he repeatedly uses the word boribot, “context,” a true learnedism, in his current conversations[…]

2020 May 18, Michael Herzfeld, “Whose Rights to Which Past? Archeologists, Anthropologists, and the Ethics and Aesthetics of Heritage in the Global Hierarchy of Value”, in David Shankland, editor, Archaeology and Anthropology: Past, Present and Future, Routledge, →ISBN, page 59:

(especially linguistics of Greek) A word acquired through formal education rather than through childhood language acquisition.


depidginization

(linguistics) The process of depidginizing.


depidginize

en-verb

depidginize (third-person singular simple present depidginizes, present participle depidginizing, simple past and past participle depidginized)

depidginizes (present singular third-person)
depidginizing (participle present)
depidginized (participle past)
depidginized (past)

(intransitive, linguistics) Of a pidgin language, to become the native language of a population.


Mandobo Bawah

(linguistics) A Papuan language spoken on the Lower Mandobo River.


Jaffna Tamil

From Jaffna (borrowed from Tamil யாழ்ப்பாணம் (yāḻppāṇam)) and Tamil (borrowed from Tamil தமிழ் (tamiḻ)).

bor+

a Tamil dialect native to Jaffna and is the primary dialect used in northern Sri Lanka.


Miami-Illinois

(linguistics) An indigenous Algonquian language spoken in the United States, primarily in Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, western Ohio and adjacent areas along the Mississippi River.


ergonym

/ˈɜː(ɹ)ɡənɪm/

A name for an organized association of people.


chrematonym

From chremato- + -onym from Ancient Greek χρῆμα (khrêma) and ὄνυμα (ónuma).

A name for an economic good, product name.


bangorrhea

Blend of bang + diarrhea, with bang as an alternate name for an exclamation point and diarrhea as an uncontrolled flow.

Martha Brockenbrough, MSN Encarta columnist
Checking in with a bad case of ‘bangorrhea’ — the official ‘grammedical’ term for exclamation-point overdose — is Kanye West. In a single blog post, West used 188 exclamation points. At least we think it was 188. We tried counting and the ordeal made our eyeballs twitch.

(linguistics) The overuse of exclamation points in a failed attempt to make words seem more exciting.


pseudo-acronym

Pakistan-based handlers of proscribed terror outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) has been using the pseudo-acronym TRF to take responsibility for the terror strikes in Jammu and Kashmir aimed at maintaining "plausible deniability and evade Law Enforcement Agencies".

2021 September 21, “LeT using pseudo-acronym TRF for terror acts in J&K to maintain 'plausible deniability'”, in The Times of India:

(linguistics) A term that is seemingly an acronym or other abbreviation, but does not stand for anything.


super-token

Another useful technique is to incorporate ‘super-tokens’ directly into the top of the token file so that they are readily found when needed; for example, writing an abstract or reporting preliminary results.

2006, Sali A. Tagliamonte, Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

In this corpus, the best example of a super token can be seen in the following excerpt (1), where an educated female speaker in her mid-twenties, who is recounting a recent trip to Sweden, switches between a palatal lateral and a palatal fricative in the middle of a noun phrase

2010, Panayiotis A. Pappas, “A new sociolinguistic variable in Cypriot Greek”, in Angela Ralli, Brian D. Joseph, Mark Janse, Athanasios Karasimos, editors, Research on Greek Dialects: Institutions and Projects, →ISSN:

The following super token was extracted from one of the informants who participated in the sociolinguistic interview for this research.

2017, Luis Alberto Mendez, “The variant [ʃ] in the Spanish of Ciudad Juárez”, in Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics, volume 6, number 1, →DOI, page 244:

Example (48) presents a supertoken where a Solonese signer uses SUDAH:4 and SUDAH:1 in consecutive clauses; these clauses have the same meaning, and hence are semantically equivalent (there are other examples where a variant form occurs in both pre-predicate and post-predicate slots without apparent difference in meaning, although more research is needed on this).

2019, Nick Palfreyman, Variation in Indonesian Sign Language: A Typological and Sociolinguistic Analysis, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, page 143:

sociolinguistic variable
sociolinguistic variable

(sociolinguistics) An instance of the same speaker/signer using two or more variants of a sociolinguistic variable in the same section of discourse.


sociolinguistic variable

en-noun

sociolinguistic variable (plural sociolinguistic variables)

(sociolinguistics) A feature, either lexical or phonetical, that is correlated with extralingual factors such as the setting, speaker, addressee etc.


zetacism

From zeta + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme).

q

In the Lettish language, which partakes altogether of a more modern character, the zetacism seizes the dentals, gutterals ^([sic]), sibilants and liquids […]

1860, Leonhard Tafel, Latin Pronunciation and the Latin Alphabet, page 161:

Alternately, it was proposed that the reverse processes of sigmatism (the reverse of lambdacism) and zetacism (the reverse of rhotacism) may more accurately describe the alternations seen.

1997, Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics, volumes 19-21, page 63:

(linguistics) A sound change converting a consonant into /z/, the voiced alveolar sibilant.

(linguistics) The lack of a sound change in a language when languages in the same family undergo rhotacism.


defaultist

A defaultist believes that the default interpretation of the phrase "some eels are fish" is the pragmatic interpretation "some, but not all, eels are fish".

Hence, there can be little doubt that Levinson is a strong defaultist.

2010, Bart Geurts, Quantity Implicatures, page 87:

For Experiment 8, the defaultists could make a similar argument about the absence of an SI-cancellation effect that I made about the absence of an SI-calculation effect.

2010, Arjen Zondervan, Scalar Implicatures Or Focus: An Experimental Approach, page 191:

There is, however, no true conflict between defaultists and contextualists.

2018, Rita Finkbeiner, Ulrike Freywald, Exact Repetition in Grammar and Discourse:

(pragmatics) One who believes that scalar implicatures arise from a default association with a word, rather than arising from contextual inference.


mirror theory

(linguistics) A particular approach to the architecture of the language organ, based on the principle that the syntactic relation 'X complement of Y' is identical to an inverse-order morphological relation 'X specifier of Y'.


spelling reform

(grammar, linguistics) A deliberate, often authoritatively sanctioned or mandated change to spelling rules.


absolute comparative

en-noun

absolute comparative (plural absolute comparatives)

In a large number of languages (Tok Pisin among them), however, absolute positives may function as absolute comparatives. Considerations such as these are needed to understand Tok Pisin degrees of comparison.

1995, John W. M. Verhaar, Toward a Reference Grammar of Tok Pisin, page 255:

higher education
higher education#English

(grammar) The use of a comparative to indicate a relatively high degree of some quality, without explicitly making a comparison, as in "higher education".


Karao

(linguistics) An Austronesian language of northern Luzon, Philippines.


V-bar

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the verb in a constructed sentence.


N-bar

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the noun in a constructed sentence.


I-bar

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the inflectional in a constructed sentence.


P-bar

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the preposition in a constructed sentence.


PEMT

PEMT (countable and uncountable, plural PEMTs)

machine translation
machine translation#English

(translation studies) Initialism of post-edited machine translation.


language island

language island (plural language islands)

(linguistics) An enclave where a language is physically isolated from similar languages.


inhabitative

(grammar) demonym (name for inhabitant of a place)


palatality

(phonetics) The quality of being a palatal sound (a sound articulated at the hard palate).


velarity

(phonetics) The quality of being a velar sound (a sound articulated at the velum or soft palate).


Anguthimri

(linguistics) An extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia.


Proto-Yukaghir

(linguistics) The theoretical protolanguage which is the common ancestor of the Yukaghir languages.


Prakritism

/ˈpɹɑːkɹɪtɪzəm/

/ˈpɹɑkɹɪtɪzəm/

From Prakrit + -ism; compare Prakritic, Prakritize.

¹ This constant use of sabbai in Chand may be nothing more than a Prakritism for the nom. pl. of Skr. sarvve.

1872, John Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India, volumes II: The Noun and Pronoun, Trübner and Co., page 25:

With this chapter we once more enter definitely into the sphere of Prakritism. In a considerable number of cases the variations seem to be, in fact, strictly Prakritic.

1930, Maurice Bloomfield, Franklin Edgerton, “XIV: Vocalic Liquids and Other Vowels”, in Vedic Variants: A Study of the Variant Readings in the Repeated Mantras of the Veda, volume II: Phonetics, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, page 295:

Dukūla appears to be the name of a particular kind of textile and a yarn […] Some think that the term is a Prakritism for dvikūla, that is, a cloth with two borders. This is, however, unlikely, because of the use of the term for a kind of yarn.

2020 January 2, Patrick Olivelle, “Long-distance trade in ancient India: Evidence from Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra”, in The Indian Economic and Social History Review, volume 57, number 1, SAGE, →DOI, page 39:

A (usually Sanskrit) word borrowed from a Prakrit, especially one showing the characteristic phonological developments separating the Prakrits from Sanskrit.


verb of motion

For instance, dictionaries provide rather different definitions of the sense of the verb whistle found in the context The bullet whistled through the air. They seem unsure whether to treat this sense as involving a verb of sound or a verb of motion.

1993, Beth Levin, English Verb Classes and Alternations, page 15:

(grammar) A verb that describes movement on the part of the subject.


arthrously

(grammar) In an arthrous manner; with an accompanying article.


Gaurian

(linguistics, historical) Of or relating to the Aryan languages of India that derive from Sanskrit.


Sinensian

From Latin Sinensis (“Chinese”) + -ian, from Sinae (“Southern Chinese; Southern China”) + -ensis (“-ese”), from Ancient Greek.

(archaic, rare) Synonym of Sinitic, of or related to the family of Chinese languages.


Proto-Koreanic

From proto- + Koreanic. Compare Proto-Japonic, Proto-Indo-European, etc.

(linguistics) A hypothetical proto-language from which Korean, Jeju, Baekje, and all the other Koreanic languages and varieties later emerged.

proto-coréen

hypothetical prehistoric ancestor language


Proto-Koreanic

(linguistics) Of or relating to the Proto-Koreanic language.


tonic accent

(phonetics) The syllable in a word which receives the most stress in an intonation unit.


prosodic unit

(phonetics) A segment of speech that occurs within a single prosodic contour.


maximative

(linguistics) A form of adjective which expresses an upper bound.


maximative

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to a maximative.


Kagayanen

(linguistics) An Austronesian language spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines.


Middle Tamil

a Dravidian language which was spoken in the southern part of India between circa 700 CE - 1400 CE; the ancestor of Old Malayalam and present-day Tamil languages.


Old Malayalam

a Dravidian language attested in inscriptions found in present-day Kerala, India; dated between circa 800 CE - 1200 CE; the ancestor of Middle Malayalam and ultimately the modern Malayalam language.


Old Tamil

a Dravidian language which was spoken in the southern part of India between circa 600 BCE - 300 CE; the ancestor of Middle Tamil and present-day Tamil languages.


Middle Malayalam

a Dravidian language which was spoken in the southern part of India in present-day Kerala between circa 1200 CE - 1400 CE; the ancestor of the modern Malayalam language


univocability

(linguistics) The existence of a one-to-one correspondence between signs and grammatical functions.


homonymophobia

From homonym + -o- + -phobia. Compare German Homonymophobie and Dutch hononymievrees.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:homonymophobia.

(linguistics) The tendency of speakers of a language to choose a different word in order to avoid a homonym that threatens to cause confusion.


communalect

Probably from communa(l) + -lect (suffix denoting a language variety).

suffix

The purpose of a six-week field trip in Ontario, Canada, and New York State was to employ the "test the informant" method, utilizing magnetic recording machinery, in determining the intelligibility relationships among seven Iroquois communalects: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, Tuscarora, and Cherokee; […]

1957 January, Harold Hickerson, Glen D. Turner, Nancy P. Hickerson, “Testing Procedures for Estimating Transfer of Information among Iroquois Dialects and Languages”, in C[harles] F[rederick] Voegelin, editor, International Journal of American Linguistics, volume XVIII, number 1, Chicago, Ill.: […] Indiana University under the auspices of Linguistic Society of America, American Anthropological Association with the cooperation of Joint Committee on American Native Languages, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, paragraph 0.2, page 1, column 2:

No one knows exactly how many Fijian communalects there are, but it is certain that the total number runs into the hundreds. Fijians have names for many of them, particularly where the communalect coincides with the speech of a single village, island or tikina, […]

1971, Andrew Pawley, Timoci Sayaba, “Fijian Dialect Divisions: Eastern and Western Fijian”, in The Journal of the Polynesian Society, volume 80, number 4, Auckland: Polynesian Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-01-28, pages 407–408:

Geographically contiguous communalects are often arranged into dialect chains, so that adjacent communalects share much in common, but communalects at either end of the chain may be quite different.

2018, Ethan E. Cochrane, “Ancient Fiji: Melting Pot of the Pacific”, in Ethan E. Cochrane, Terry L. Hunt, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 200:

(linguistics) Especially in Pacific linguistics: the lect (linguistic variety) spoken by a particular speech community.

yhteisön kieli

lect (linguistic variety) spoken by a particular community


fractional number

en-noun

fractional number (plural fractional numbers)

In English, most ordinal numbers double as fractional numbers — "third", "fourth", and so on — with the exception of "second", whose corresponding fractional number is "half".

(grammar) A word that expresses one or more of a specific number of parts of a whole.


anaphonesis

/ˌænəˈfɑnəsɪs/

Borrowed from Italian anafonesi (“anaphonesis”), from ana- (“up”) + Ancient Greek φώνησις (phṓnēsis, “sound”).

af

Forms without anaphonesis (i.e. forms like conseglio, someglio, ponto, onghia) surround Florence on all sides. The loss of i in descending diphthongs (preite becoming prete) takes place about half-way through the century.

1966, Bruno Miglorini, edited by T. Gwynfor Griffith, The Italian Language, Faber & Faber, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 70:

As far as anaphonesis of i is concerned, the Florentine form is introduced in 'vermeglo' > 'vermiglio' (C), but there is no change to the tonic e of 'strense', or to the pretonic e of 'vencendo' (both in N).

1986, Brian Richardson, “An Editor of Vernacular Texts in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Lucio Paolo Rosello”, in Anna Laura Lepschy, John F. Took, Dennis E. Rhodes, editors, Book Production and Letters in the Western European Renaissance: Essays in Honour of Conor Fahy, London: Modern Humanities Research Association, page 256:

The absence of anaphonesis in some parole bandiera […] was clearly used in order to identify the origin of the speakers: it is said that in the sixteenth century, during the Guerra di Siena (‘war of Siena’), the inhabitants of Siena were identified and consequently slain by Florentine troops on the basis of the fact that they called a particular fish tenca ‘tench’ rather than tinca.³

2018 November 15, Silvia Calamai, “The phonetics of Italian anaphonesis: Between production and perception”, in Juana Gil, Mark Gibson, editors, Romance Phonetics and Phonology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 52:

(phonology) The raising of /e/, /o/ to /i/, /u/ before certain consonantal environments, mainly [ŋ] and /ʎ/, occurring originally in some Tuscan dialects, and thus in Standard Italian.


nonprojection

(chiefly grammar) Absence of projection.


Jespersen's cycle

Described in 1917 by linguist Otto Jespersen, and named after him in Swedish linguist Östen Dahl's 1979 article Typology of Sentence Negation.

historical linguistics
historical linguistics

(linguistics) A process in historical linguistics by which negation is expressed first by a simple preverbal marker, then by a discontinuous marker (with elements both before and after the verb, as in the French ne...pas) and in some cases through subsequent loss of the original preverbal marker, and so on.


femin.

(grammar) Abbreviation of feminine (word or form of the feminine grammatical gender).


constructed script

en-noun

constructed script (plural constructed scripts)

(writing, linguistics) A new writing system specifically created by an individual or group, rather than having evolved as part of a language or culture as a natural script.


suffigation

(linguistics, rare) Synonym of suffixation


relational adjective

relational adjective (plural relational adjectives)

In some languages, a noun cannot modify another noun by being placed right next to it (like an adjective); for such languages a noun might have a corresponding relational adjective (obtained from the noun by some morphological adjustment) which can modify another noun. For example, in the English expression architectural heritage, "architectural" does not refer to a property or quality; it expresses a relationship to the corresponding noun "architecture". For languages which do allow direct adjective-like modification of a noun by another noun, they might have relational adjectives anyway, for example, due to borrowing them from the former type of languages.

(grammar) An adjective that defines a relation and not a qualification.


iotate

en-verb

iotate (third-person singular simple present iotates, present participle iotating, simple past and past participle iotated)

iotates (present singular third-person)
iotating (participle present)
iotated (participle past)
iotated (past)


orphan initialism

en-noun

orphan initialism (plural orphan initialisms)

(linguistics) An existing acronym which has been redefined as a nonacronymous name, severing its link to its previous meaning.


Rhenish fan

Calque of German Rheinischer Fächer. So called because all or most of the isoglosses collapse in Hesse and fan out to the west.

(linguistics) A set of isoglosses in West Central German showing how the effect of the High German consonant shift gradually decreases towards the north-west (i.e. towards Low Franconian and Low Saxon)


hearably

On high sat the President imploring order, with his long hands put together as in prayer, and his lips visibly but not hearably speaking. At intervals he grasped his bell and swung it up and down with vigor, adding its keen clamor to the storm weltering there below.

1898 March 20, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], “Stirring Times in Austria”, in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, volume XCVI, number DLXXIV, New York: Harper and Brothers, page 534:

By contrast, in (50), a hearably complete answer to a question that could have been referring to a similar information gap is continuation-receipted.

1984, John Heritage, “A change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement”, in J. Maxwell Atkinson, John Heritage, editors, Structures of Social Action, New York: Cambridge University Press:

Case studies of three problematic NNS/NS calls from a collection of emergency service calls were conducted using a conversation analytic approach. These calls were selected from publicly available recordings which were made by callers who were hearably NNS of English.

2022 April 18, Angela Cora Garcia, “Interactional challenges for non-native speakers of English in emergency telephone calls”, in Journal of Pragmatics, volume 193, Elsevier, →DOI, pages 222–234:

(formal, especially sociology or sociolinguistics) Audibly, auditorily; discernable through hearing.


unrounded vowel

unrounded vowel (plural unrounded vowels)

(phonetics) A vowel that is pronounced with the lips relaxed.


bindee

[S]upposing the NP has raised in (18), the potential bindees are the clitic and the trace of the focalized NP, neither of which qualifies as a syntactic variable.

1999, Georges Rebuschi, Laurice Tuller, The Grammar of Focus, page 290:

(grammar) A language element that is grammatically bound.


wh-island

Extraction of a non-argument XP from a wh-island typically gives rise to strong deviance […]

2011, Gereon Müller, Constraints on Displacement: A Phase-based Approach:

(grammar) An island (phrase from which a wh-word cannot be extracted) created by an embedded sentence that is a dependent clause introduced by a wh-word.


zero suffix

Coordinate term: zero prefix

(linguistic morphology) A suffix which is a null morpheme, used in models of linguistic analysis to represent the lack of a suffix where one might otherwise be expected (for example, as one of several inflections that a stem can take, or the reduction of a historically vocalised suffix to the point that it is inaudible).


null suffix

Coordinate term: null prefix


semiclause

(grammar) A partial clause; part of a clause.


zero prefix

Coordinate term: zero suffix

(linguistic morphology) A prefix which is a null morpheme, used in models of linguistic analysis to represent the lack of a prefix where one might otherwise be expected (for example, as one of several inflections that a stem can take, or the reduction of a historically vocalised prefix to the point that it is inaudible).

representation of the zero prefix in linguistics


standard theory

transformational grammar
transformational grammar

(grammar) The original Chomskyan model of generative grammar, based around two different representations of a sentence (deep structure and surface structure) linked by transformational grammar.


null prefix

Coordinate term: null suffix

(linguistic morphology) Synonym of zero prefix


monolaryngealism

(Indo-European linguistics) A school of thought that argues that that the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European is sufficient with only one laryngeal consonant.


suffricate

(phonetics, phonology) A consonant that begins as a fricative and ends as a plosive.


trilaryngealism

(Indo-European linguistics) A school of thought that argues that that the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European requires three laryngeal consonants, usually marked as , , and .


homoglossia

On the one hand, the literary use of Spanish is a mark of resistance to the American notion of a literary homoglossia (to use Bakhtin's term), in particular to the Anglocentrism of the East Coast literary establishment.

1999, Paul Beekman Taylor, “Bronzing the Face of American English: The Double Tongue of Chicano Literature”, in Ton Hoenselaars, Marius Buning, editors, English Literature and the Other Languages, BRILL, page 256:

Discussion of the intertextual relationship in terms of homoglossia emphasizes the lack of stratification and the resultant amplifying effect without obfuscating differences between the content of the texts.

2013, Anna Kathryn Grau, “Hearing Voices: Heteroglossia, Homoglossia, and the Old French Monet”, in Musica Disciplina, volume 58, →JSTOR, page 81:

This is, undoubtedly, the hierarchically superior discourse—the critics soon detected it—in the dense interdiscourse of a kind of images whose apparent realistic homoglossia transmits a rich and varied critical heterology.

2021, Manuel González de Ávila, “On Narrative Hypersign and Feminine Imaginary: Audrey Flack's Photorealism”, in Popular Inquiry, volume 1, page 136:

(sociology, linguistics) The presence of a single linguistic variety, style of discourse, or point of view, as in a literary work.


Sprechbund

From German Sprechbund (literally “speech bond”).

bor

(linguistics) A shared way of speaking that goes beyond language boundaries, such as the use of rhyme in hip-hop.


synizetic

en-adj

synizetic (comparative more synizetic, superlative most synizetic)

more synizetic (comparative)
most synizetic (superlative)

(grammar, biology, rare) Resulting from synizesis.


oblique stem

(grammar, linguistics) A third declension found in the grammars of Latin and Ancient Greek.


double-oblique

Even less common is the double-oblique type, found in certain Pamir languages (Payne 1980), Kashmiri and Pashto (Bubenik 1989b).

1998, Vit Bubenik, A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan, page 224:

The historical origin of the double-oblique system can be easily reconstructed: the transitive past with its characteristic double-oblique form as shown in (53) was originally ergative, with an oblique A and an absolutive O.

2002, N.E. Collinge, An Encyclopedia of Language:

(grammar, rare) Aligning the agent and object in nonergative tenses but aligning the subject and object in ergative tenses.


stem mutation

en-noun

stem mutation (countable and uncountable, plural stem mutations)

(phonetics) A change in a linguistic stem implying a grammatical or lexical modification.


LVC

(linguistics) Initialism of language variation and change.


quadrilabial

en-adj

quadrilabial (comparative more quadrilabial, superlative most quadrilabial)

more quadrilabial (comparative)
most quadrilabial (superlative)

From quadri- + labial, modelled on bilabial.

(phonetics, humorous) Articulated with two pairs of lips (i.e. involving mouth-to-mouth contact between two people).


Runyakitara

Borrowed from Nyankole, Rukiga, Nyoro, and Tooro Orunyakitara, from oru- (class 11 prefix for languages) + -nya- (“belonging to”) + Kitara.

af

(linguistics) A standardized language comprised of Nyoro (Runyoro), Kiga (also Chiga or Rukiga), Nkore (Runyankole), and Tooro (Rutooro), mostly spoken in Uganda.


lateral fricative

en-noun

lateral fricative (plural lateral fricatives)

(phonetics) A fricative pronounced by directing the airstream around the sides of the tongue.


Chinesism

From Chinese + -ism (“a feature in a language”).

af

(rare or archaic) A phrase or idiom peculiar to China or Chinese people.


Conyo

From Spanish coño (“cunt”). Compare Spanish acuñar (a- + cuño + -ar), Tagalog Konyo.

(Philippines, linguistics) a colloquial variety of Philippine English usually spoken by upper-class Anglophone Filipinos incorporating some Tagalog lexis


Ashtadhyayi

Borrowed from Sanskrit अष्टाध्यायी (aṣṭādhyāyī, literally “eight-chaptered”).

bor+

A grammatical treatise codifying what came to be known as Sanskrit, one of the first works on descriptive linguistics, generative linguistics, or linguistics altogether.


Panini

Aṣṭādhyāyī Aṣṭādhyāyī

An ancient Indian grammarian known for codifying what came to be known as the Sanskrit language in his work the Aṣṭādhyāyī.


inflectional morphology

(grammar, linguistics) The study of the various processes, including vowel change and affixation, that distinguish word formations in certain grammatical categories.


inflectional phrase

en-noun

inflectional phrase (plural inflectional phrases)

(grammar, X-bar theory) A functional phrase that contains inflectional properties, such as tense and agreement, and whereby the sentence can be treated consisting of a head, complement and specifier.


semipronominal

(grammar) Having only some of the traits of pronouns.


nounself pronoun

nounself pronoun (plural nounself pronouns)

According to [Judith] Butler, identity is tied to gender, and we perceive each other through the lens of gender (1999:22). This makes the gender binary with only its two choices very limiting. Nounself pronouns can be seen as an attempt to break free from this.

2016, Ehm Hjorth Miltersen, “Nounself pronouns: 3rd person personal pronouns as identity expression”, in Journal of Language Works, volume 1, number 1, page 48:

Nounself pronouns are when you adapt a noun of your choosing into a pronoun to create a wide variety of very personal and descriptive pronouns.

2021, Erin Ekins, Queerly Autistic The Ultimate Guide For LGBTQIA+ Teens On The Spectrum, page 105:

This suggests that neopronouns in general and nounself pronouns in particular are used to express something very individual about the selector.

2022, Katrina Callaway, "From Ey to Ze: Gender-Neutral Pronouns as Pronominal Change", dissertation submitted the University of Georgia, page 67

third-person singular
third-person singular

(linguistics) A type of third-person singular neopronoun constructed (often as an in-group identifier or nonce word) from a referent noun.


linking element

linking element (plural linking elements)

Many compounds require a linking element or interfix between the parts. Common interfixes are -s, -es, -n, -en, -e.

1995, Christopher Beedham, German Linguistics: An Introduction

(linguistics) An element of morphological analysis, usually carrying no meaning, used to connect words or stems to form compounds.


x-word

To change a statement into a question that can be answered “yes” or “no,” one must place an X-word (one of twenty-three auxiliaries or modals) at the beginning of the sentence.

1969, Jacqueline Griffin, “Remedial Composition at an Open-Door College”, in College Composition and Communication, volume 20, number 5, →JSTOR, page 361:

The only five x-words that offer any choice of verb form are am, is, are, was and were, and this very limited choice represents the important difference between active and passive voice, for example is eating versus is eaten.

1977, Linda Ann Kunz, “X-word Grammar: Offspring of Sector Analysis”, in Journal of Basic Writing, volume 1, number 3, →JSTOR, page 68:

Past time X-words are did, had, was, were; […]

2018, Sue Livingston et al., “Effect of X-Word Grammar and Traditional Grammar Instruction on Grammatical Accuracy”, in English Language Teaching, volume 11, number 3, →DOI, page 121:

(grammar) One of a group of fundamental English auxiliary or modal verb forms.


Missouri French

(linguistics) An almost extinct variety of the French language spoken in the upper Mississippi River Valley in the Midwestern United States, particularly in eastern Missouri.


empty morph

An empty morph is an interfix if it fulfills all of the following three conditions (Dressier, 1985f).

2004, Francis Katamba, Morphology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, →ISBN, page 187:

(linguistic morphology) A morph with a surface phonetic realization but no meaning, as contrasted with a zero morph, which has a meaning but no phonetic realization.


independent possessive

independent possessive (plural independent possessives)

independent genitive
independent genitive#English

(grammar) Synonym of independent genitive.


independent genitive

independent genitive (plural independent genitives)

(grammar) A grammatical construction in which a noun or pronoun in the genitive or possessive case is used independently of the noun which it possesses.


substantive genitive

substantive genitive (plural substantive genitives)


reflexive possessive

reflexive possessive (plural reflexive possessives)

(grammar) An auxiliary grammatical construction in which the object of a clause is stated to be in the possession of the subject; usually as way to clarify, specify or emphasize the overall meaning of the statement.


double declension

double declension (plural double declensions)

(linguistics) The process of declining a noun twice to form a compound grammatical case form; sometimes found in agglutinative languages.


associative plural

associative plural (plural associative plurals)

Coordinate term: additive plural

(grammar) A form of plural — typically used with a name, title or kinship term — which collectively refers to all those people associated with the referent (within the given frame of reference).


cohort plural

associative plural
associative plural#English

(grammar) Synonym of associative plural.


additive plural

additive plural (plural additive plurals)

Coordinate term: associative plural

(grammar) A form of plural in which the referent is a collection of those items to which the stem itself refers (within a given frame of reference).


CRification

Whereas, in a community endowed with a language that lacks CRification, as I refer to the interaction brought about by a CR, the emergent divergence among language users is so high that the language eventually dies out.

2011, Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, Paul Portner, Semantics, volume 1, page 861:

The basic desideratum to which the data and previous work leads us is essentially this: a protocol in which an utterance event triggers either an update of the DGB if conditions enable grounding to occur, otherwise CRification takes place.

2012, Jonathan Ginzburg, The Interactive Stance, page 147:

(linguistics) The generation of a clarification request.


nonverb

Where no ambiguity has resulted, the terms (i.e., "verb," "nonverb," "noun," "adjective," etc.) applied to these classes have been used to refer to forms consisting of anything from a stem (single, nonaffix morpheme) to a sequence of several morphemes, whether or not the form in question constituted a word.

1960, Alfred Louis Kroeber, George William Grace, The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño, University of California Press, page 57:


proprietive

Mongolian has a proprietive derivational suffix.

(grammar) Of or relating to possession or being endowed of.


Early Assamese

From early + Assamese, compare Early Modern English.

(linguistics) A language, the predecessor to modern Assamese, spoken from the 14th to the 16th century.


headless genitive

headless genitive (plural headless genitives)


outcar

Coined by American philosopher Eli Hirsch in 1982 in The Concept of Identity, formed by out- + car.

coinage

(metaphysics, linguistics) A car completely outside of any garage, or the portion of a car that is not inside a garage.


incar

Coined by American philosopher Eli Hirsch in 1982 in The Concept of Identity, formed by in- + car.

This is not to deny that we might initially be sceptical of the existence of objects like the outcars and incars entertained by Eli Hirsch, objects that grow and shrink as a car leaves its garage. But we don’t think it ridiculous that there are objects that grow and shrink as large rocks move underwater […] It seems clear that none but the most insular metaphysician should countenance islands while repudiating incars.

2006, John Hawthorne, Metaphysical Essays, →ISBN, page vii:

For example, incars are things ordinary folks have never dreamed of.

2015, Thomas Satting, The Double Lives of Objects: An Essay in the Metaphysics of the Ordinary World, →ISBN, page 25:

It is natural to claim that there are no such things as incars and outcars. We cannot just stipulate such things as incars and outcars into existence.

2017, André Gallois, The Metaphysics of Identity, →ISBN, page 177:

A thinks that werewolves exist; B doesn’t; A thinks incars and outcars exist, but not cars; B thinks vice versa; A thinks ordinary objects exist, but not mereological sums of them; B thinks both exist.

2020, Jody Azzouni, “Defending the Existence of Ordinary Existence Questions and Debates”, in Ricki Bliss, J.T.M. Miller, editors, The Routledge Handbook of Metametaphysics, →ISBN:

These reflections help us with some other purportedly absurd objects that Eklund mentions in order to embarrass the neo-Fregean, such as incars and xhearts/xlivers.

2020, Richard Gaskin, Language and World: A Defence of Linguistic Idealism, →ISBN:

(metaphysics, linguistics) A car completely inside of a garage, or the portion of a car that is inside a garage.


abtemporal

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical aspect which expresses an action which started before the primary action of a statement, and which is still ongoing.


immediative

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical aspect which expresses a secondary action which occurs immediately before the primary action of a statement.


Dibabawon Manobo

From Dibabawon (“a Philippines tribal group”) + Manobo (“a language family”).

com

(linguistics) A dialect of Agusan, a Manobo language of northeastern Mindanao in the Philippines.


contemporal

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical aspect which expresses that a secondary action occurs (and is completed) immediately before the primary action of the statement.


nom d'artiste

From French nom d’artiste (literally “artist's name”).

bor

On March 11, 2021, all of one year ago, Mike Winkelmann, whose nom d’artiste is Beeple, sold a collage of computer illustrations for $69 million simply because that collage came attached to a digital certificate called an NFT.

2022 March 3, Blake Gopnik, “One Year After Beeple, the NFT Has Changed Artists. Has It Changed Art?”, in The New York Times:


BCMS

(linguistics) Initialism of Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian treated commonly (Serbo-Croatian)


labiouvular

(phonetics) Co-articulated at the uvula and the lips.


romlang

There are now so many Romance conlangs that anyone who works on his own has to ask himself, "Do we really need another Romance conlang?" He should only carry on if he has a brilliant idea of his own, and as we shall see below, there is not much room for that in romlangs.

2018 October 3, Jörg Rhiemeier, “A Farewell to Romlangs”, in Jörg Rhiemeier's Conlang Pages:

constructed language
constructed language

(linguistics, conlanging) A constructed language created as a hypothetical descendant of Latin.


altlang

(linguistics, conlanging) A constructed language created as an alternate history of a real language.


な-adjective

/nɑː ˈæd͡ʒɪktɪv/

Coordinate term: い-adjective

Because そう is a な-adjective, its negative form is そうじゃない, except that そうにない should be used for verbs.

2014 January 1, Yukiko Abe Hatasa, Kazumi Hatasa, Seiichi Makino, Nakama 1: Japanese Communication Culture Context, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 370:

(Japanese grammar) An adjective that necessitates the copula な (-na) if followed by a noun.

na-adjektiivi

adjective that necessitates the copula な if followed by a noun


locativize

en-verb

locativize (third-person singular simple present locativizes, present participle locativizing, simple past and past participle locativized)

locativizes (present singular third-person)
locativizing (participle present)
locativized (participle past)
locativized (past)

[…] (the Ateso prefix o- locativizes the noun).

1959, Anthropological Linguistics, page 375:

-co is a morpheme that, taking the place of the absolutive nominal suffix, locativizes noun stems.

1988, Linguistic Change & Contact: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation, page 138:

As in the Deictic Pronoun Locative Construction, in the Definite Reference Locative Construction, the verbal stem is locativized by the encliticization of the Locative Marker onto the verbal stem.

1991, Lawrence Richard Morgan, A Description of the Kutenai Language, page 454:

Again there are two acceptable ways of locativizing a class 5 nominal.

1997, Studies in African Linguistics, page 186:

Normally, these nouns would be locativized by means of the locative suffix -ng, but it would seem that some uneasiness exists regarding the use of this suffix to locativize neologisms, specifically terms, regardless of whether these are loanwords/adoptives from English or Afrikaans, or existing Northern Sotho words (the semantic content of which has been adapted to designate new concepts).

In most Bantu languages many nouns can be locativized by recategorizing them in a locative class.

2008, Derek Nurse, Tense and Aspect in Bantu, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289:

Nouns belonging to Classes 1, la, 2, 2a and 6 (signifying people) are locativized by replacing the initial vowel of the noun with the locative prefix ku-, for example: […]

2010, Arnett Wilkes, Nikolias Nkosi, Complete Zulu, Teach Yourself, published 2014, →ISBN:

(grammar) To convert to a locative form.


quatral

We are familiar with the singular and plural from English, and with the dual from Greek, but in a few languages, particularly in parts of Oceania, we meet, in addition to the singular, dual and plural, a trial, a quatral, or both.

1928, Anthropological Quarterly, volumes 1-10, page 20:


quadrual

The trial is rare everywhere in the world, except in Melanesia and Polynesia. The most complicated number system with a five-fold division, including a quadrual (four), is reported for Marshalese in the Pacific but does not occur at all in Africa.

1977, Edgar A. Gregersen, Language in Africa: An Introductory Survey, page 62:


untrill

untrill (third-person singular simple present untrills, present participle untrilling, simple past and past participle untrilled)

untrills (present singular third-person)
untrilling (participle present)
untrilled (participle past)
untrilled (past)

Even in such a language as German some one must have begun to make his [r] into a back sound, and to untrill it, and it was only gradually that the change spread through whole communities.

1994, Dugald Stewart, Comparativist Controversies, volumes 1-2, page 28:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the trill from.


cranberry word

From or by analogy with cranberry morpheme.

Likewise, cranberry words like the underlined words in hediye jawa ‘to be bored to death’ and keMce jawa ‘to go wrong (said of plans)’ were cited by P. Dasgupta (1980: 99–101) as evidence for a base-generated V V analysis of the compound verb construction.

2012, Probal Dasgupta, “Rephrasing the question of complex predicates in Bangla: A biaxial approach”, in Rajendra Singh, Shishir Bhattacharja, editors, Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics: 2012, →ISBN, page 10:

Here it will not do to say that the non-head is related to raiser by pragmatic inferences, since such compounds are possible even for speakers for whom hackle is a cranberry word not usable outside the idiom chunk.

2013, Andrew McIntyre, “English particle verbs are complex heads: Evidence from nominalization”, in Holden Härtl, editor, Interfaces of Morphology, →ISBN, page 53:

The cranberry word in this idiom is kelaħ, which has no known literal meaning.

2019, Livnat Herzig Sheinfux et al., “Verbal multiword expressions: Idiomaticity and flexibility”, in Yannick Parmentier, Jakub Waszczuk, editors, Representation and parsing of multiword expressions: Current trends, →ISBN, page 45:

(linguistics) A word used only in certain fixed phrases or idioms, with a meaning that is otherwise opaque; often a fossil word.

(13d) exhibits the same suffix as the two adjectives that precede it in the list, though the root is otherwise unattested; it is a Greek “cranberry word.”

2013, Don Ringe, Joseph F. Eska, Historical Linguistics: Toward a Twenty-First Century Reintegration, →ISBN, page 118:

The bound morphs cran-, mul- and huckle- occur only in these forms in the entire language. […] The knotty issues raised by cranberry words are of wider relevance. There are many other situations where the zeal with which the linguist identifies morphemes has to be tempered.

2018, Francis Katamba, “Morphology: Word Structure”, in Jonathan Culpeper et al., editors, English Language: Description, Variation and Context, →ISBN, page 58:

However, such problem cases also appear in morphology, in so-called cranberry''' words, where the morphemic status of cran- is far from settled.

2019, Réka Benczes, Rhyme over Reason: Phonological Motivation in English, →ISBN, page 84:

(linguistics) A word that contains a cranberry morpheme.


quasiconverb

(linguistics) A verb form which functions as a converb, but is constructed differently.


deuterotonic

Coordinate term: prototonic

(phonetics) Accented on the second syllable.


prototonic

Coordinate term: deuterotonic

(phonetics) Accented on the first syllable.


polyplural

(linguistics, of a noun class) Containing plurals of nouns in distinct noun classes.


formal equivalence

Coined by American linguist Eugene Nida.

Coordinate term: dynamic equivalence

Nida made a distinction between two kinds of equivalence in translation: formal equivalence, where the order of the words and their standard or common meanings correspond closely to the syntax and vocabulary of the source; […]

2011, David Bellos, chapter 15, in Is that a Fish in Your Ear?:

(translation studies) An approach to translation centered on preserving formal features (such as vocabulary or syntax) of the source in the translated text; word-for-word equivalence.


dynamic equivalence

Coordinate term: formal equivalence

Nida made a distinction between two kinds of equivalence in translation: formal equivalence, where the order of the words and their standard or common meanings correspond closely to the syntax and vocabulary of the source; and dynamic equivalence (later renamed functional equivalence), where the translator substitutes for source-text expressions other ways of saying things with roughly the same force in the culture of the receiving society.

The second method of translation is dynamic equivalence (aka functional equivalence). With this method, the translator considers the meaning behind the original text and attempts to convey this meaning to the reader of the target language. The goal is to produce the same effect on the modern readers that the original readers experienced.

2019, Longy O. Anyanwu, The Color of God in the Crossroads of War, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, page 17:

(translation studies) An approach to translation centered on reproducing an equivalent effect on readers of the translated text.


functional equivalence

dynamic equivalence
dynamic equivalence#English

(translation studies) Synonym of dynamic equivalence


ram's horns

(linguistics) The IPA letter ɤ, which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel.


feminine caesura

en-noun

feminine caesura (plural feminine caesuras or feminine caesurae)

feminine caesuras (plural)
feminine caesurae (plural)

Coordinate term: masculine caesura

(prosody) A caesura following an unstressed syllable.


masculine caesura

masculine caesura (plural masculine caesuras or masculine caesurae)

masculine caesuras (plural)
masculine caesurae (plural)

Coordinate term: feminine caesura

Where the main caesura is not followed by bucolic caesura, lines with feminine caesura differ from lines with masculine caesura in two respects: […]

1978, Denys Page, Rufinus: The Epigrams of Rufinus, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 29:

(prosody) A caesura following a stressed syllable.


Gruppenflexion

Borrowed from German Gruppenflexion (“group inflection”).

bor+

(grammar, rare) The practice, for example in Tibetan and Tocharian, of inflecting noun phrases with case by only inflecting the last word of the noun phrase with said case.


lexicophonology

Although regional variation in Negro-dialect lexicophonology should not be severe enough to require extensive modification of standard-English word spellings in Negro-dialect reading materials, there may be a few cases in which dialect pronunciations will be too deviant […]

1969, Joan C. Baratz-Snowden, Roger W. Shuy, Teaching Black Children to Read, page 217:

I would like to think that it is in these areas—lexicosemantics, lexicophonology, the study of anomias, the developmental characteristics of the lexicon, and the biological characterizations of the association cortex—that a neurobiology of language and artificial intelligence models will emerge to fill the existing gap between language and the brain.

2012, Michael Arbib, Neural Models of Language Processes, page 66:

(linguistics) The adaptation of word forms to reflect pronunciation.


wh-in-situ

Coined by American linguist Joseph Aoun in 1981.

(linguistics) The occurrence of a wh-word in its typical syntactic position when forming a wh-question.


sigmation

(grammar) The process of sigmating; addition of a sigma.


Kongish

(linguistics) A basilectal variety of Hong Kong English, incorporating features of Cantonese grammar and lexis.


substantize

en-verb

substantize (third-person singular simple present substantizes, present participle substantizing, simple past and past participle substantized)

substantizes (present singular third-person)
substantizing (participle present)
substantized (participle past)
substantized (past)

(transitive, grammar) Synonym of substantivise


weak pronoun

(linguistics) A pronoun of one syllable which is dependent on another word and cannot be used on its own.