faucalized

en-adj

faucalized (comparative more faucalized, superlative most faucalized)

more faucalized (comparative)
most faucalized (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with vertical expansion of the pharyngeal cavity due to the lowering of the larynx with respect to the pharynx.


pied-piping

Coined by John Robert Ross in reference to the Pied Piper of Hamelin, mythical figure who lured rats (and children) by playing his flute.

(linguistics) A phenomenon of syntax whereby a focused expression takes an entire encompassing phrase with it when it is "moved".


dativization

(grammar) Conversion into a dative form.


intransitivization

(grammar) Conversion to an intransitive form.


transitivization

(grammar) Conversion to a transitive form.


dativizable

(grammar) Capable of being used in a dative form.


dativize

en-verb

dativize (third-person singular simple present dativizes, present participle dativizing, simple past and past participle dativized)

dativizes (present singular third-person)
dativizing (participle present)
dativized (participle past)
dativized (past)

For example, very little can be concluded from the simple failure of a child to dativize a novel verb, because the failure may be attributable to a number of sources[…]

1999, Lise Menn, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Methods for Studying Language Production, page 104:

(transitive, grammar) To convert to a dative form.

(intransitive, grammar) To be converted into a dative form.


dialecticism

Numerous dialecticisms introduced into the poem reflect the phonetic, morphological, and syntactic differences between dialect and standard language. The dialect pronunciation is rendered in such words as “wideriski cysarz,”...

1983, Nina Kolesnikoff, Bruno Jasienski: His Evolution from Futurism to Socialist Realism, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, →ISBN, page 69:

extent of replicating faithfully such features as archaisms, dialecticisms, different language registers and levels of formality. Most translations, of course, are amalgams of these different translational types, ...

2013, M. B. Behbudi, Colin Turner, The Quran: A New Interpretation: In English with Arabic Text, Routledge, →ISBN:

A few dialecticisms used by both the author and the characters were replaced by the 1962 editors of Collected Works in the stories that were not included in the 1956 editions. On balance, the early stories have retained proportionately more original dialecticisms [...]. In my very conservative estimate, well over two hundred corrections affecting dialectal words were made.

2017, Herman Ermolaev, Mikhail Sholokhov and His Art, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 147:

(linguistics) A dialectal word or phrase (especially if borrowed into another dialect or into 'standard' language).


governee

(grammar) A constituent of a phrase that is governed by another.


supplementive clause

en-noun

supplementive clause (plural supplementive clauses)

(grammar) An adverbial participle or verbless clause lacking a subordinator.


counterbleed

en-verb

counterbleed (third-person singular simple present counterbleeds, present participle counterbleeding, simple past and past participle counterbled)

counterbleeds (present singular third-person)
counterbleeding (participle present)
counterbled (participle past)
counterbled (past)

(phonology, of a phonological rule) To fail to bleed.


counterfeed

counterfeed (third-person singular simple present counterfeeds, present participle counterfeeding, simple past and past participle counterfed)

counterfeeds (present singular third-person)
counterfeeding (participle present)
counterfed (participle past)
counterfed (past)

(phonology, of a phonological rule) To fail to feed.


Proto-Algic

(linguistics) The theoretical, second-level proto-language of the Algic languages, spoken about 7000 years ago: the ancestor of Proto-Algonquian, Yurok, and Wiyot.


diaphoneme

The transcription /oː‖əʊ‖oʊ/ or {oː} represents the diaphoneme descended from the ancestral Old English phoneme /oː/, which is preserved in Irish English as [oː] but has become [əʊ] in Received Pronunciation and as [oʊ] in General American.

The series with the long a as a point of departure…today has the diaphoneme /o‖u/, and to be exhaustive the diaphoneme should be rendered /o‖u‖au‖oi/, for in western Yiddish there are also the articulations /šlaufn/ and /šloifn/ (sleep). From the point of departure of long e (Early Vowel E₂) Yiddish arrived at the diaphoneme /ei‖ai/, for example in veynik (little) (cf. MHG wênic). In groys (big; Early Vowel O₂) (cf. MHG groȥ), Yiddish has the diaphoneme /ei‖oi/; with the variant of Samogitia–Latvia (7.35), the symbolization will become still more complicated: /ei‖øu‖oi‖ou/.

1980, S. Noble & J.A. Fishman (trr.), M. Weinrich (auth.), P. Glasser (ed.), History of the Yiddish Language II (2008), ch. vii, pp. 467f.

(phonology) An abstract phonological unit that represents collectively the dialectal variants of a phoneme.

diafoneem

abstract phonological unit denoting all the dialectal variations of a phoneme


pseudopassive

Consider the English pseudo-passive in (4). (4) This bed has not been slept in for many years

1991, Reineke Bok-Bennema, Case and Agreement in Inuit, Berlin: Foris, →ISBN, page 97:

(grammar) A construction where the object of a preposition has been promoted to the role of subject, as in The problem was talked about.

Consider now the pseudo-passive, Er werd gefloten "There was whistling." Here, just as in the true passive, the morphology asserts high participant not focussed.

1976, Robert Kirsner, “On the subjectless 'pseudo-passive' in Standard Dutch and the semantics of background agents”, in Charles N. Li, editor, Subject and Topic, New York: Academic Press, →OCLC, page 391:

(grammar) A construction that removes the subject from an intransitive verb, as in the Dutch sentence Er wordt gefloten ("[Someone] whistled").


pseudopassive

A kind of ‘pseudo-passive’ construction is possible, though, with intransitive verbs having a prepositional phrase complement.

1971, Manindra K. Verma, The Structure of the Noun Phrase in English and Hindi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, →OCLC, page 157:

(grammar) Of or related to the pseudopassive.


lexifier

A great deal of linguistic evidence reveals that creole creators transformed the lexifier in a fashion unexplainable as just hybridization, but well known from studies of pidginization and second-language acquisition.

2018, John H. McWhorter, The Creole Debate, Cambridge University Press, page 9:

(linguistics, lexicography) The language of a pidgin or creole that serves as the basis for most of its vocabulary.


velar pinch

(phonetics) The "pinch" that occurs between the second and third formants of vowels immediately before and after velar stops.


adjectivization

en-noun

adjectivization (countable and uncountable, plural adjectivizations)

(grammar) The process or result of adjectivizing; conversion into an adjective.


anaptyctic

(phonology) Of or pertaining to anaptyxis; of a vowel having been inserted into a word.


protowriting

(linguistics) Meaningless writing-like patterns drawn by children who cannot yet write.


Romanistics

(linguistics) The study of Romance languages.


sociophonetics

(linguistics) A branch of linguistics studying sociolinguistic aspects of speech sounds; the interaction between sociolinguistics and phonetics.


sociophonology

sociophonology (countable and uncountable, plural sociophonologies)

(linguistics, uncountable) A branch of linguistics studying sociolinguistic aspects of phonology; the interaction between sociolinguistics and phonology.

(linguistics, countable) A specific sociophonological system.


caressive

en-adj

caressive (comparative more caressive, superlative most caressive)

more caressive (comparative)
most caressive (superlative)

All diminutives eaſily acquire a careſſive character, as animula, ocellus, &c. the Greeks even called their diminutives ὐποκρισικα; and the ſofter form, lin, rather than kin, would moſt naturally be ſo appropriated.

1801 September 1, Canakin [pseudonym], “Desultory Comments on Mason’s Supplement to Johnson’s Dictionary”, in The Monthly Magazine, or British Register, volume XII, part II, number 77, London: Printed for Richard Phillips, […], →OCLC, page 98, column 1:

Russian diminutives are of two kinds: caressive and contemptuous; ex. домъ, a house, до́микъ, a pretty little house, домѝшко, a miserable hut.

1827, James Heard, A Practical Grammar of the Russian Language, St. Petersburg: Printed for the author, and sold by Sleunine, and by Boosey and Sons London, →OCLC, § 69, page 66:

Ling (a termination inherited from the Anglo-Saxons,) is either a diminutive, as little, or descriptive of family, as kind. Hence we have darling, (or dearling,) firstling, foundling, gosling, &c. Some of these have a caressive signification, by recalling to our minds the simplicity of childhood.

1830, David Booth, “Introduction”, in An Analytical Dictionary of the English Language; … In Two Volumes, volume I, London: Printed and published by J. and C. Adlard, […], →OCLC, page xliii:

Caressive forms and endearments, which are used when addressing someone in an affectionate way, are frequently formed by attaching -kAy to words conveying precious or valued things: (6) a. altın-kay-ım / gold-dim-1pos / 'my precious'

2015, Fatma Şahan Güney, “Eurasia [Tatar]”, in Nicola Grandi, Lívia Körtvélyessy, editors, Edinburgh Handbook of Evaluative Morphology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, part II, page 312:

(linguistics) Of a diminutive: indicating affection or endearment.

hellittely-

of a diminutive: indicating affection or endearment


caressive

[W]e, like the ancient Mexicans and many another lower race, have terms of praise and endearment,—"a jewel of a babe," and the like,—legions of caressives and diminutives in the use of which some of the Low German dialects are more lavish even than Lowland Scotch.

1896, Alexander Francis Chamberlain, “The Name Child”, in The Child and Childhood in Folk-thought: (The Child in Primitive Culture), New York, N.Y., London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 88:

An interesting characteristic of the following extracts is the abundance of diminutives also termed “caressives” in Greek. -άκι, -ίτσα and -ούλα here are derivational suffixes for indexing the diminutive and their use indicates affection, endearment and solidarity serving thus as markers of informal positive politeness[…].

2010, Mariza Georgalou, “Pathfinding Discourses of Self in Social Network Sites”, in Rotimi Taiwo, editor, Handbook of Research on Discourse Behavior and Digital Communication: Language Structures and Social Interaction: Language Structures and Social Interaction, volume I, Hershey, Pa.: Information Science Reference, →ISBN, section 1 (Discursive Behavior and Social Interaction), page 51, column 1:

One another suffix used as a caressive and appellative is -(l)y. Like -kAy, it is attached to kinship terms, generally to the ones expressing closer relationships.

(linguistics) A type of diminutive indicating affection or endearment.


medialect

(linguistics) A variant form of language spread by the press, radio, TV etc.


accreditive

(grammar) A speech act that gives permission or approval.


ambisyllabic

(phonology, of a consonant) Acting simultaneously as the coda of one syllable and the onset of the following syllable.

ambissilábico

acting simultaneously as the coda of one syllable and the onset of the following syllable


allotone

(phonetics) Any of the pitch allophones of a pitch phoneme.


retransitivize

en-verb

retransitivize (third-person singular simple present retransitivizes, present participle retransitivizing, simple past and past participle retransitivized)

retransitivizes (present singular third-person)
retransitivizing (participle present)
retransitivized (participle past)
retransitivized (past)


transitivize

transitivize (third-person singular simple present transitivizes, present participle transitivizing, simple past and past participle transitivized)

transitivizes (present singular third-person)
transitivizing (participle present)
transitivized (participle past)
transitivized (past)

(linguistics, transitive) To make transitive.

(linguistics, intransitive) To become transitive.


relexicalize

relexicalize (third-person singular simple present relexicalizes, present participle relexicalizing, simple past and past participle relexicalized)

relexicalizes (present singular third-person)
relexicalizing (participle present)
relexicalized (participle past)
relexicalized (past)

For example, in British newspapers, […] the process of telling someone off or reprimanding them is relexicalized as 'rap'. To criticize strongly is to 'blast' or 'slam', and to investigate is to 'probe'.

2013, Michael Higgins, Angela Smith, The Language of Journalism: A Multi-genre Perspective, page 71:

(transitive, linguistics) To change the lexicon of; to use different words for.

to relexicalize a word

(transitive, linguistics) To borrow or adopt back into a lexicon.


OPt

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Old Portuguese.


tritransitive

(grammar) Of or relating to a class of verbs which take three objects.


Cowgill's law

Named after Indo-Europeanist Warren Cowgill.

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies) A law of sound change, stating that a former /o/ vowel in Proto-Greek becomes /u/ between a resonant (/r/, /l/, /m/, /n/) and a labial consonant (including labiovelars), in either order.

(Indo-European studies) A law of sound change, stating that a Proto-Indo-European laryngeal /h₃/, and possibly /h₂/, turns into /k/ when directly preceded by a sonorant and followed by /w/.


diastratic

a diastratic usage label

According to Hausmann (1977, Ch. 8), lexically relevant units can receive — typically by means of labels or usage notes — any or all of the following types of diasystematic marking: diachronic (e.g. archaic, neologism); diatopic (e.g. American English for elevator 'lift', British English for loo); diaintegrative for foreign borrowings used in English (e.g. German for Weltanschauung); diastratic (e.g. informal for loo, formal for perambulator); diaconnotative (e.g. from Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (W9), often used disparagingly for dyke); diatechnical (e.g. law for tort, anatomy for clavicle; diafrequential (e.g. rare); dianormative (e.g. substandard for ain't).

1991, “Lexicography”, in Kirsten Malmkjær, editor, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 295, column 2:

The eschewing of Grantha letters despite their widespread use in modern Tamil, and the unnecessary diastratic and dianormative labelling of many common items as 'non-standard', echo traditional views that the language needs to be 'protected' against the innovations of ordinary everyday speech.

2000, Gregory James, Colporuḷ: A History of Tamil Dictionaries, Chennai: Cre-A, →ISBN, page 266:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language varies across social, cultural or educational factors.


Sino-Xenic

From Sino- + xeno- + -ic, from Late Latin Sīnae (“the Chinese”) + Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “foreign”); coined by American linguist Samuel Martin in 1953.

coin

Japanese: 歴史 (れきし, rekishi)
Jeju: 역ᄉᆞ(歷史) (yeoksaw)
Korean: 역사(歷史) (yeoksa) (South Korea), 력사(歷史) (ryeoksa) (North Korea)
Vietnamese: lịch sử (歷史)

Example: the Chinese term 歷史／历史 (lìshǐ, “history”) has the following Sino-Xenic descendants

(linguistics) Related to pronunciations for reading Chinese in Japan, Korea and Vietnam, originating in medieval times and the source of large-scale borrowings of Chinese words into Japonic, Koreanic and Vietnamese languages, none of which are genetically related to Chinese (excluding Sinitic topolects).

漢字詞

related to Chinese readings in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese borrowings from medieval Chinese


zoonym

ln favour of their special relations with the front-Asian civilization there speaks not only the term knjiga but the zoonym opica as well.

1997, Serbian Literary Magazine, page 19:

In a study of considerable interest, he claimed to find a correlation between the offensive use of an anima's name and its position in the cultural taxonomy: it is not so much the animal's negative characteristics as its position with respect to humans that determines the choice of zoonym for an insult.

2014, Cristiana Franco, Shameless: The Canine and the Feminine in Ancient Greece, page 11:

By contrast, the zoonym mockingbird denotes the bird species Mimus polyglottus, a bird which imitates the cries or the notes of other birds, and lives in southern North America, Central America […]

2014, Nachum Dershowitz, Language, Culture, Computation: Computing for the Humanities, Law, and Narratives, page 202:

(linguistics) The common name for a (species of) animal


bisemous

(linguistics) Having two meanings or interpretations.


daughter out

en-verb

daughter out (third-person singular simple present daughters out, present participle daughtering out, simple past and past participle daughtered out)

daughters out (present singular third-person)
daughtering out (participle present)
daughtered out (participle past)
daughtered out (past)

To expire due to having only females surviving the death of the last male in a line. (of a surname or of heritable property in a patrilineal naming or inheritance system)


monocentric

(linguistics, of a language) Having only one formally standardized version.


languoid

Blend of language + -oid, coined by linguist Jeff Good and chief technology officer Calvin Hendryx-Parker in 2006.

And more recently, the terms languoid and doculect have been proposed (Cysouw and Good 2013) where languoid is any 'language-like object' and doculect is 'a linguistic variety as it is documented in a given resource' (p. 342). This term is ...

2015, Keith Allan, The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics, Routledge, →ISBN, page 391:

(linguistics) Synonym of lect: a language, variety of a language, or group of languages.


complementize

complementize (third-person singular simple present complementizes, present participle complementizing, simple past and past participle complementized)

complementizes (present singular third-person)
complementizing (participle present)
complementized (participle past)
complementized (past)

(transitive, grammar) To convert into a complement.


apicoalveolar

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.

apicoalveolar

articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge


comparative method

en-noun

comparative method (plural not attested)

(linguistics) A technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with a common ancestor.


Ekoid

(linguistics) Of or relating to a cluster of dialects spoken principally in southeastern Nigeria and adjacent regions of Cameroon.


T-form

V-form

antonym(s) of “informal second-person pronoun”

From the first letter of the second-person singular pronoun in Romance languages; ultimately from Latin tu and Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Shifting his feet and still perplexed, he then asked me if I was a faculty researcher, using again the informal T-form.

1996, Marco Jacquemet, Credibility in Court:

In the Erzin dialect, children address their parents with the V-form; to use the T-form would show a lack of respect for parents.

Typically, the informal pronominal address term (T-form) is the original second-person pronoun (Latin tu; Germanic du) and the polite or formal V-form is a plural form.

2012, Marcel Bax, Dániel Z. Kádár, Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness:

(linguistics) A second-person pronoun used in informal situations, to address friends, family, and sometimes inferiors.


V-form

T-form

antonym(s) of “formal second-person pronoun”

From the first letter of the second-person plural pronoun in Romance languages; ultimately from Latin vos.

But cross-linguistically one finds that plural pronouns are predominant for the V-form. Again, there may well be a universal here that a plural address implies respect and that the singular pronoun implies a personal, i.e. intimate type of address.

2003, Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas H. Jucker, editors, Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems:

... in March 2010 Ikea's Swiss website in German, French and Italian used the V-form except when addressing prospective job applicants.

2014, Challenging the Monolingual Mindset:

(linguistics) A second-person pronoun used in formal situations, to address unfamiliar people and superiors.


subjective case

subjective case (plural subjective cases)

(grammar) The form of a noun or pronoun used as the subject of a finite verb. In the active_voice this is the agent, in the passive_voice the subject is the receiver of the action. In both cases the subject is the thing subjected to what is said about it, it is the “topic of the statement”.


predicative adverbial

predicative adverbial (plural predicative adverbials)

(grammar) An adverbial that is congruent with the subject of the sentence, present for example in Finnish.


zero-marking

(linguistics, of a language) Tending to have no grammatical marks on either the dependents or modifiers or the heads or nuclei showing the relationship between different constituents of a phrase.


accusativus cum infinitivo

accusativus cum infinitivo (usually uncountable, plural accusativi cum infinitivis)

Learned borrowing from Latin accūsātīvus cum īnfīnītīvō (literally “accusative [case] with infinitive [mood]”).

lbor

accusative 􂀿case􂁀 with infinitive 􂀿mood􂁀

A historico-typological analysis of Greek and Latin infinitival structures, and that of Greek and Latin accusativi cum infinitivis, and nominativi cum infinitivis does not only mean the clearer understanding of the syntactical system of the languages concerned, but it can also elucidate the emergence and the development of these structures.

1972, Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae: Sectio Classica, volume I, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, page 9:

Thus we must differentiate between the accusativi cum infinitivis after the two groups of verbs already on account of this, although this has not been thought necessary by anybody so far.

In all these occurrences, after the clause ἔδοξεν tῲ dήμῳ (lʿ m ṣdnm tm), we find a nominal clause without a verbal subject; in these instances the accusativi cum infinitivis which give the detailed content of the decree are to be seen […]

1982, Haiim B. Rosén, East and West: Selected Writings in Linguistics, part one: General and Indo-European Linguistics, Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag (10) (13), page 427

Not only are all the verbs in the infinitive, since these sentences are, from a syntactical point of view, accusativi cum infinitivis, but also the continuation of the sentence comes in the words ʿ ṭrt ḥrṣ after a long parenthesis; both of these constructions are completely foreign to the nature of Semitic paratactic syntax.

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

(grammar) A syntactic construction, very common in Classical Latin, in which the subject of a subordinate clause is declined for the accusative case and the verb is conjugated for the infinitive mood, used chiefly to express indirect statements.

þolfall með nafnhætti

accusative–infinitive construction used to express indirect statements


thematic role

(grammar) A function of the arguments of a verb, which maps them bijectively to a set (which depends lexically on the verb) called the “theta grid”.


theta role

Such an analysis would provide a natural way of accounting for the fact that (inter alia) transitive Objects and their ergative Subject counterparts are assigned the same theta-roles, and hence are subject to the same Selection Restrictions. For example, in (160) below:
 (160) (a) John might drown the kittens/his wife/??his goldfish/?!his frying-pan/!his birth
 (160) (b) The kittens/his wife/??his goldfish/?!his frying-pan/!his birth might drown
 the italicised transitive Object in (160) (a) has the same theta role ( = that of THEME or PATIENT (i.e. victim!) of drown) as the italicised ergative Subject in (160) (b), and accordingly is subject to the same Selection Restrictions.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 8, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 447:

transformational grammar
transformational grammar

(grammar, especially transformational grammar) Abbreviation of thematic role.


lamino-

(linguistics) articulated with the blade of the tongue


tajwid

Arabic تَجْوِيد (tajwīd), literally "elocution".

(Islam, phonology) The rules governing pronunciation during recitation of the Qur'an.


allomorphy

(linguistics) Quality of being an allomorph.


comparand

From Latin comparandum; By surface analysis, compare + -and.

(linguistics, computing) A thing to which something is compared.


ruki

From the sounds (r, u̯, K, i̯) which triggered the change. The law is stated as a mnemonic rule because the word руки (ruki) means “hands” in Russian.

(phonology) A sound change that took place in the satem branches of the Indo-European language family, and according to which an original *s changed to *š after the consonants *r, *k, *g, *gʰ and the semi-vowels *w (*u̯) and *y (*i̯).


overaccommodation

(sociolinguistics) excessive convergence; the situation where a speaker is overaccommodative


overaccommodative

en-adj

overaccommodative (comparative more overaccommodative, superlative most overaccommodative)

more overaccommodative (comparative)
most overaccommodative (superlative)


koinëisation

en-noun

koinëisation (usually uncountable, plural koinëisations)

/ˌkɔɪneɪaɪˈzeɪʃən/

This is a reasonable interpretation of Hull (1968, 1974). This author later made it clear that the koinêization process may have continued during the early period of colonization (Hull 1994).

1994?, Yves-Charles Morin, “The Origin and Development of the Pronunciation of French in Québec” in The Origins and Development of Emigrant Languages: Proceedings from the Second Rasmus Rask Colloquium, Odense University, November 1994, eds. Hans Frede Nielsen and Lene Schøsler, Odense University Press (1996), page 266, endnote 4

What one sees here is the cumulative effect of repeated koineizations.

1998, Donald N. Tuten, Koineization in Medieval Spanish, University of Wisconsin–Madison, page 340

2002, Paul Kerswill, “Koinëization and accommodation”, in Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Blackwell, editors, Handbook of Language Variation and Change, pages 669–702:

The central argument is that the language contact situations in which early forms of English were involved represent koinëisation and new dialect (or variety) formation rather than creole formation.

2011, Richard J. Watts, Language Myths and the History of English, Oxford Scholarship Online, chapter 4: “The construction of a modern myth: Middle English as a creole”, chapter abstract

(linguistics) The process whereby a lect develops into a koine, or an instance of this.


phonomime

(linguistics) A word or phrase that mimics a sound.


psychomime

(linguistics) A word or phrase that depicts a certain psychological state or bodily feeling.


endoclitic

There are also a number of examples of endoclitics (also known as 'mesoclisis') whereby clitics appear followed by affixes.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “2: Typological parameters for the study of clitics, with special reference to Tariana”, in R. M. W. Dixon, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, editors, Word: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, page 44:

2004, Craig Kopris, Rapid MT Experience in an LCTL (Pashto), Robert E. Frederking, Kathryn B. Taylor (editors), Machine Translation: From Real Users to Research: 6th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, Springer, LNAI 3265, page 130,
Other syntactic complexities of Pashto include endoclitics and frequent discontinuous constituents.

The category of word-internal clitics (endoclitics) in Udi, a Caucasian language, is analysed in Harris (2002).

2012, Geert Booij, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology, page 186:

(linguistics) A mesoclitic; a clitic inserted inside a word.


Atticistic

en-adj

Atticistic (comparative more Atticistic, superlative most Atticistic)

more Atticistic (comparative)
most Atticistic (superlative)

The New Testament is, in the main, devoid of Atticistic traits.

(linguistics) related to the Attic style of grammar, syntax, etc


despective

(linguistics) A disparaging/derogatory word or form of a word; a word or form indicative of the speaker's tendency to look down on the referent.


OUk.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Old Ukrainian.


OES

(linguistics) Initialism of Old East Slavic.


MUk.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Middle Ukrainian.


IE.

(Indo-European studies) Alternative form of IE


SovUk.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Soviet Ukrainian.


PS.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Proto-Slavic.


BS.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Balto-Slavic.


postmedial

[…] and PA *naːwal(a)w- and Y noːʔrep- 'following one behind the other' 055 (where PA adds postmedial *-(a)w, and Yurok the intransitive final -ep).

1994, Studies in Native American Languages:

The medial suffix, ...kon..., carries the meaning "day": e.g., n'ka-nîšokonin I'll be away two days (and nights). […] The suffix also occurs with a postmedial extension, ...ak: e.g., nîšokonakisiw niski-pîsim it is the second day of April […] literally, the goose moon is in a state (...si-) of day two.

(linguistics) Located after the medial element.


prelocution

On the Prelocutionary Act in Speech Events，https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103820/http://www.tronest.cn/Article.asp?id=1371565

2013, 张结根, 言前行为的实施原则和语用解释力, pages （1）71-74

(linguistics) a mental planning act before a verbal locution in a speech act


creolist

A linguist who studies creole languages.


ezafe

Etymology tree
Arabic إِضَافَة (ʔiḍāfa)bor.
Iranian Persian اِضافِه (ezâfe)bor.
English ezafe
Borrowed from Iranian Persian اِضافِه (ezâfe), from Classical Persian اِضَافَه (izāfa), from Arabic إِضَافَة (ʔiḍāfa). Doublet of idafa.

der

Arabic إِضَافَة (ʔiḍāfa)

ʾiḍāfa ʾiḍāfa

A grammatical particle found in some Iranian and Iranian-influenced languages which links two words together; it consists of the unstressed vowel -e / -ye (Persian, Bengali, Hindi-Urdu), -i / -yi (Classical Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, Ottoman Turkish), or -ı (Ottoman Turkish) between the words it connects, and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition "of", similar to but not to be confused with Arabic ʾiḍāfa.


heritage language

en-noun

heritage language (plural heritage languages)

Spanish is considered a heritage language in the United States.

(linguistics) One's former native language, lost during childhood or early adulthood, or underdeveloped in favor of a more dominant majority language.


fanqie

/fɑːnˈt͡ʃjɛ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 反切 (fǎnqiè).

(Chinese phonetics) In traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation.

反切

method of indicating pronunciation of a character


Okanagan

Okanagan (countable and uncountable, plural Okanagans)

(linguistics, uncountable) A Salish language which arose among the indigenous peoples of the southern Interior Plateau region based primarily in the Okanagan River Basin and the Columbia River Basin.


OHD

(linguistics, initialism, obsolete) Initialism of Old High Dutch.


pronouncing dictionary

pronouncing dictionary (plural pronouncing dictionaries)

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

A dictionary that provides pronunciation of words, usually in the International Phonetic Alphabet.


loanblend

A compound word or expression consisting of both native and foreign elements; a partial calque.

osittainen käännöslaina

expression of native and foreign elements


syndesis

syndesis (usually uncountable, plural syndeses)

Initially in cytology from German Syndesis, coined by Valentin Häcker in 1904 from Ancient Greek σύνδεσις (súndesis, “binding, joining”), from συνδεῖν (sundeîn, “to join, to bind”) + -σῐς (-sis, “-sis: forming nouns”), from σῠν- (sun-, “together”) + δεῖν (deîn, “to bind, to tie”). Equivalent to syn- + -desis.

der

(grammar, rhetoric) Synonym of syndeton, the use of conjunctions or syndetic constructions.


learned borrowing

en-noun

learned borrowing (plural learned borrowings)

(linguistics) A word or other linguistic form borrowed from one language into another on purpose instead of through normal language contact, especially one from a classical language.

اقْتِرَاضٌ غَيْرُ عَفْوِيٍّ

word borrowed from a classical language into a modern language


realizational

(linguistics) Of or relating to a form of morphology that focuses on the word form rather than segments of the word, and denies that morphemes are signs (form-content pairs). Instead, inflections are stem modifications which serve as exponents of morphological feature sets.


degrammaticalization

degrammaticalization (countable and uncountable, plural degrammaticalizations)

(linguistics) The process of language change by which a morpheme (grammeme) is strengthened to become a content word, or otherwise have more lexical content.


degrammaticalize

en-verb

degrammaticalize (third-person singular simple present degrammaticalizes, present participle degrammaticalizing, simple past and past participle degrammaticalized)

degrammaticalizes (present singular third-person)
degrammaticalizing (participle present)
degrammaticalized (participle past)
degrammaticalized (past)

Using diachronic evidence from Swedish, I will show that inflectional endings may be maintained as “less cumulative” inflections, or even degrammaticalize into a derivational suffix or a clitic.

2002, Ilse Wischer, Gabriele Diewald, New Reflections on Grammaticalization, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 45:

[…] try to provide empirical evidence for the thesis that inflectional affixes can degrammaticalize into a derivational suffix or a clitic.

2004, Pragmatics: Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association:

(linguistics, transitive) To cause (an inflectional ending, etc) to undergo degrammaticalization.


prehead

(phonetics) The group of unstressed syllables preceding the head (if present) or nucleus (if there is no head).


esthesic

(semiotics) Relating to the reconstruction by the receiver of a message created by a sender


nom de clavier

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-nom de clavier.wav

Coined in English from French nom (“name”) + de (“of”) + clavier (“keyboard”), by analogy with nom de plume.

Then we have people who use a nom de clavier, but whose real names are known to many of us.

2002 September 18, Padraig Breathnach, “Re: Introducing myself”, in alt.usage.english (Usenet):

So is Whet Moser simply a nom de clavier? There seems to be a real Marooner by that name (different bio from Mo's).

2003 April 21, Michael Dix, “Re: Sox fans just bloodthirsty?”, in chi.general (Usenet):

In fact, Dejagoogle finds 27 hits with me posting under that nom de clavier between November 2001 and December 2002.

2004 February 20, Bob Cunningham, “Re: The business of America is Halliburton”, in alt.usage.english (Usenet):

(Internet, humorous) A pseudonym used in online communications; a handle.


Anglo-Frisian brightening

(phonology) A sound change in the early Anglo-Frisian languages in which the vowel /ɑ/ was fronted to /æ/.


seriative

(grammar) Of or relating to the verb subaspect that denotes one after another, an interconnected series of successive separate and distinct actions.


seriative

(grammar) A verb subaspect that denotes one after another, an interconnected series of successive separate and distinct actions.


High Germany

From its higher elevation than Low Germany.

(dated, linguistics) those areas where High German is traditionally spoken, i.e. central Germany, southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, Alsace, Luxembourg, eastern Belgium, and south-eastern Limburg (Netherlands); at various historic times including different, often wider, territories.


saturative

/sæˈtjʊəɹətɪv/

/sæˈt͡ʃʊɹətɪv/

/ˈsæt͡ʃəɹətɪv/

(grammar, in languages such as Russian) That is brought to full satisfaction


propositionize

propositionize (third-person singular simple present propositionizes, present participle propositionizing, simple past and past participle propositionized)

propositionizes (present singular third-person)
propositionizing (participle present)
propositionized (participle past)
propositionized (past)

(intransitive, linguistics) To formulate a proposition.


semantic loan

(linguistics) A process of borrowing semantic meaning from another language, where the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to include another meaning its existing translation has in the lending language.


acrodynamic

(linguistics, Indo-European, of root nominals) Having the accent on the root in the strong cases and on the ending in the weak cases.


prepausal

In the simple past and hesternal past (57b), there is an added H on the final vowel (which spreads leftward, when prepausal) and causes deletion of preceding Hs.

2014, David Odden, Bantu Phonology, page 27:


glottalling

(phonetics) The use of the glottal plosive in place of a sound, typically /t/.


tonologically

All of them influence tonologically the preceding noun in the same way: the qualified noun bears the A tonomorpheme.

1972, African Abstracts: A Quarterly Review of Ethnographic, Social, and Linguistic Studies Appearing in Current Periodicals, volume 13, London: Oxford University Press, →OCLC, page 192:

[T]he fact that a lexically specifiable subgroup of etyma from within the whole group of *creaky phonation etyma split off tonologically is not surprising by itself, but rather the fact that the tonological outcome of such a development is one of blurred and opaque relationships within the resulting tone pattern.

1987, Alfons Weidert, “Evidence for PTB *Creaky Phonation = T/G/Th *A-tone”, in Tibeto-Burman Tonology: A Comparative Account (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series IV, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 54), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 303:

In some cases, tenses keep this tone contrast, in others these tones are neutralized by either assigning tones to non-toned verb stems or by deleting tones, making all types of verb stems look the same tonologically speaking.

2004, Alexandre Kimenyi, “Kinyarwanda (Bantu)”, in Geert [E.] Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan, Stavros Skopeteas, editors, Morphologie: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Flexion und Wortbildung [Morphology: An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation], volume 2, Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 1533:

Derivative suffixes marked by an asterisk are tonologically flexible; they do not take a fixed tone but rather vary in their tonal behaviour in accordance with the tonal pattern of the verb stem.

2013, “Morphology”, in Rainer Vossen, editor, The Khoesan Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 212:

(linguistics) In a tonological manner; with respect to tone.


tonological

/ˌtəʊnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/

[W]e shall instead propose that stød be tonological in nature, i.e. we shall assume that it belongs in the gesture which is a ‘domicile’ for prosodic or extra-segmental units.

1989, Jørgen Staun, “On the Representation of Stød”, in John Anderson, Jacques Durand, editors, Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications, →ISBN, page 182:

However, I think that on a tonological level the Indus Kohistani and the Shina accent systems are very similar.

2005, Claus Peter Zoller, “Technical Aspects of the Dictionary”, in A Grammar and Dictionary of Indus Kohistani (Trends in Linguistics, Documentation; 21-1), volume I (Dictionary), Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 23:

[I]t can be seen that tonological awareness remains inferior to phonological awareness in the primary/lower secondary educated groups of adults. This changes however with tertiary education; tonological awareness improves dramatically to the same level as phonological awareness.

2007, Denis Burnham, Karen Mattock, “The Perception of Tones and Phones”, in Ocke-Schwen Bohn, Murray J. Munro, editors, Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 273:

Songs in a tonal language like Yoruba depend on tonological patterning for their beauty and euphony.

2015, Niyi Oladeji, “Language as Tranquilizer: A Phonostylistic Study of Some Yoruba Lullabies”, in Paul Tench, editor, Studies in Systemic Phonology (Bloomsbury Academic Collections, Linguistics, Open Linguistics), London: Bloomsbury Academic, →ISBN, page 200:

(linguistics) Of or relating to tonology.


tonology

en-noun

tonology (countable and uncountable, plural tonologies)

In practice, the deciphering of complex verbal tonology is done in reverse: to arrive at the lexical and morphological tones, one typically has to factor out the postlexical tone rules. Since nominal tonology is usually more transparent, it can be used as a guide to unravel the tonology of verbs.

2004, Larry M. Hyman, Knut J. Olawsky, “Dagbani Verb Tonology”, in Chege Githiora, Heather Littlefield, Victor Manfredi, editors, Kinyĩra Njĩra! – Step Firmly on the Pathway (Trends in African Linguistics; 6), Trenton, N.J., Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, →ISBN, page 97:

(linguistics, uncountable) The study of tone in human languages.

Anomalies such as those found in the comparative tonology of these three language divisions indicate antecedent morphological or morphosyntactic features that would otherwise have gone unnoticed by the historical analyst.

1987, Alfons Weidert, “Introductory Remarks”, in Tibeto-Burman Tonology: A Comparative Account (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series IV, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 54), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 5:

This thesis represents a beginning rather than an ending. Specifically, it is an attempt to explore the tonology of Venda (more correctly, Tshiveṉdá), a Bantu language spoken in the Zoutpansberg district of the Northern Transvaal in South Africa as well as in parts of Zimbabwe.

1992, Farida Cassimjee, “Introduction”, in Jorge Hankamer, editor, An Autosegmental Analysis of Venda Tonology (Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics), New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, Inc., →ISBN, page 3:

In the introduction to this paper, it was stated that the asymmetric tonology of Yorùbá in no way marked the language out as unique. To help set the language in a wider context, some aspects of the tonology of two related languages are now described. One of these, like Yorùbá, has three surface tone heights, while the other has four. It is shown that the tonologies of these languages are also consistent with the hypothesis that 'Low Tone', in West Africa, is not [L].

2005, Phil Harrison, “Tone and Dependency in Yorùbá”, in Philip Carr, Jacques Durand, Colin J. Ewen, editors, Headhood, Elements, Specification and Contrastivity: Phonological Papers in Honour of John Anderson (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series IV, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 259), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 158:

The present study aims to characterise the Colognian rise-fall with respect to its tonology as well as its conversational functions.

2006, Pia Bergmann, “Regional Variation in Intonation: Nuclear Rising-Falling Contours in Cologne German”, in Frans Hinskens, editor, Language Variation – European Perspectives: Selected Papers from the Third International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 3), Amsterdam, June 2005, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 25:

(linguistics, countable) The system of rules governing tones in a particular language.


pentamoraic

(phonology, uncommon) Having five morae.


trisyllabicity

(linguistics) The property of having three syllables.


quadrimoraicity

(linguistics) The property of having four morae.


bimoraicity

(phonology) The property of having two morae.


decasyllabicity

From deca- + syllabicity or decasyllabic + -ity.

(rare, linguistics) The property of having ten syllables.


quadrimoraic

A syllabic trochee template is simply unable to account for the requirement that p-forms are maximally quadrimoraic.

1997, Mary Ellen Scullen, French prosodic morphology: a unified account, page 204:

The 'letter' thus corresponds with a mora, and the nouns in question could be termed quadrimoraic.

1998, Robert R. Ratcliffe, The Broken Plural Problem in Arabic and Comparative Semitic: Allomorphy and analogy in non-concatenative morphology:

According to Kubozono (2006: 1147—1150), this is the case for 96% of accented trimoraic gairaigo and 70% of accented quadrimoraic gairaigo.

2011, Mark Irwin, Loanwords in Japanese, page 128:


monomoraicity

Let us assume that the reduplicative template is specified as "syllable", with the understanding that a template expands maximally in association (in this case, into a heavy syllable) unless it carries a specific restriction (e.g. to monomoraicity).

1986, Ralf-Armin Mester, Studies in tier structure, page 203:

(phonology) The property of having one mora.


trimoraicity

(linguistics) The property of having three morae.


tridecasyllabic

In line length, whereas other translators shortened, Tu preferred to fill out, often replacing the alexandrine with a tridecasyllabic line […]

2012, Gloria Bien, Baudelaire in China: A Study in Literary Reception, page 59:

(rare) Having thirteen syllables, or thirteen syllables per line.


undecasyllabic

The subdivision forms octave stanzas of the Italian form, undecasyllabic triple measure, in feminine rhyme, of triple alternating lines, with a finishing couplet.

1886, Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of Central America. 1886-1887, page 61:

(linguistics, poetry) Having eleven syllables.


dimoraic

This is amply demonstrated through the application of tone rules such as Final High Tone Retraction, which deletes a high tone on the final vowel of a word and reassociates it with the second mora of a dimoraic (long) penultimate syllable.

1997, AD Mtenje, “The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi”, in Anthropological Linguistics, volume 39, number 1, page 170:

The analyses indicate that MHE vowel durations correspond to NE durations for the dimoraic (long) vowels, but correspond to the Spanish‐accented vowels of L2E for the monomoraic (short) vowels.

2009, K Konopka, “Vowel duration in Mexican heritage English”, in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, volume 125, page 2757:

The root is then associated with an H, regardless of its original tonal specification, and this H is realized as a high tone over monomoraic syllables and as a falling tone over dimoraic syllables.

2018, I Monich, “Distribution of falling tones in Mabaan”, in From Sounds to Structures: Beyond the Veil of Maya:

(linguistics, uncommon) Having two morae.


nonasyllabic

Most of the trisyllabic words in nonasyllabic lines are monomorphemic.

2004, A. Teeuw, A merry senhor in the Malay world: four texts of the Syair Sinyor Kosta:


requestive

en-adj

requestive (comparative more requestive, superlative most requestive)

more requestive (comparative)
most requestive (superlative)

(linguistics) Of, pertaining to, or for the purpose of making requests.


requestive

(pragmatics) A speech act that solicits actions or information.


intraspeaker

(linguistics) Within a single speaker of a language.


interspeaker

(linguistics) Between speakers of a language.


triptotic

(linguistics) behaving like a triptote, i.e. having or exhibiting only three different cases


diptotic

(linguistics) behaving like a diptote, i.e. having or exhibiting only two different cases


underaccommodative

underaccommodative (comparative more underaccommodative, superlative most underaccommodative)

more underaccommodative (comparative)
most underaccommodative (superlative)


underaccommodation

Friendships with members of a younger cohort may also be marked by underaccomodation, a linguistic phenomenon in which older adults engage in egocentric topic selection during conversation.

2003, Charles M Dorn, John O. Greene, Brant Raney Burleson, Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills, →ISBN, page 665:

(sociolinguistics) Insufficient convergence; the situation where a speaker is underaccommodative.


Fennistic

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the study of Finnic languages.

fennistinen

of or pertaining to the study of Finnic languages


Ob-Ugric

(linguistics) A subgroup of languages in the Uralic language family, including Khanty and Mansi.


upglide

Assuming that upglides signal tentativeness, interpersonal meaning and doubt, stereotypical belief would expect women to favour upglides rather than downglides.

2011, Britta Mondorf, Gender Differences in English Syntax, page 56:


sigmatic

From the name of the letter s in Greek, Ancient Greek σῖγμᾰ (sîgma) (stem σῑ́γμᾰτ- (sī́gmat-)) + -ic.

The sigmatic perfect, which continues the old sigmatic aorist, occurs in Latin but not in the Sabellic languages.

2009, Gabriël Bakkum, The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 years of scholarship, Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA, →ISBN, page 157:

(linguistics) Having the consonant s added to the root in order to form a tense or case stem.


bilingual dictionary

en-noun

bilingual dictionary (plural bilingual dictionaries)

translation dictionary
translation dictionary

A translation dictionary in two languages.


gsg

(grammar) Abbreviation of genitive singular.


componence

(linguistics) The composition of a grammatical structure in terms of the components it contains, without regard to their arrangement.


final clause

(linguistics) A dependent adverbial clause expressing purpose.


postfinal

a postfinal consonant

(linguistics) After an item or unit regarded as final.


perispome

(Ancient Greek grammar, of a word) Having a perispomene on the last syllable.


perispome

(Ancient Greek grammar) A word with a perispomene on its last syllable; a perispomenon.


perispome

en-verb

perispome (third-person singular simple present perispomes, present participle perispoming, simple past and past participle perispomed)

perispomes (present singular third-person)
perispoming (participle present)
perispomed (participle past)
perispomed (past)

(transitive, Ancient Greek grammar) To place a perispomene on the last syllable of (a word).


nanosyntax

(linguistics) An approach to syntax in which the terminal nodes of syntactic parse trees may be reduced to units smaller than a morpheme.


ID/LP

(linguistics) Initialism of immediate dominance/linear precedence: applied to a form of grammar that maintains separate rule sets in these two areas which (unlike in a traditional phrase structure grammar) need not be processed simultaneously.


unmarkedness

the unmarkedness of a form of language

(linguistics) The quality of being unmarked (not standing out as unusual).


flexionless

[S]ome scholars have inclined to the view that the mixing of Scandinavian dialects and those of the Anglo-Saxons produced a kind of creolized (flexionless) English as the two sets of people sought to understand each other by ignoring inflexions[.]

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 2:


common gender

en-noun

common gender (countable and uncountable, plural common genders)

There are two genders: common gender (genus commune, abbreviated: com.) and neuter (genus neutrum, abbreviated: neut.). The common gender combines the masculine and feminine of other Indo-European languages into one.

2011, Theo van den Hout, The Elements of Hittite, page 16:

(linguistics) A grammatical gender in some languages, formed by the historical merging of masculine and feminine genders.

(grammar) In some languages (e.g. Latin, Lithuanian), a gender applied to a noun that can be either masculine or feminine.

genus commune

gender applied to a noun that is either masculine or feminine in grammatically gendered languages


soundlore

From sound + lore. Perhaps calqued from German Lautlehre (“phonology”, literally “sound-lore”).

The present opportunity has been used to enlarge and improve several departments of the Grammar, especially those of Soundlore and Derivation, and to bring out somewhat more prominently than before the leading facts of Comparative Philology, […]

1875, Notes on Books, Longmans, Green and co:

Since this volume contains a careful analysis and complete survey of what has been hitherto written on soundlore, the author would deserve the gratitude of all learners if his work were to be looked upon […]

1893, Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art:

I must reiterate excuse if I have seemed heedless or impertinent in my refusal seriously to consider works on prosody which are based upon "sound-lore."

1910, George Saintsbury, A history of English prosody from the twelfth century to the present day:

It may be, as he says, that these groups are not so generally studied as Greek, Teutonic and Latin, but they often (especially Lithuanian) supply forms which are of the greatest value for deciding difficult points of Aryan sound-lore.

1969, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger, Asian Review:

(dated, phonology) The study of sounds; phonology.


ʾiḍāfa

Transliteration of Arabic إضافَة (ʔiḍāfa). Doublet of ezafe.

translit

The possessive or genitive construction in Arabic

إِضَافَة

the possessive or genitive construction in Arabic


unvoice

en-verb

unvoice (third-person singular simple present unvoices, present participle unvoicing, simple past and past participle unvoiced)

unvoices (present singular third-person)
unvoicing (participle present)
unvoiced (participle past)
unvoiced (past)


demorification

(phonology) The process of becoming or making something nonmoraic; the process of losing or causing to lose a mora.


demorify

demorify (third-person singular simple present demorifies, present participle demorifying, simple past and past participle demorified)

demorifies (present singular third-person)
demorifying (participle present)
demorified (participle past)
demorified (past)

If the moraic trochee is maintained, it is necessary to say that refooting applies once footing has demorified the lengthening coda consonants.

2011, Mirco Ghini, Asymmetries in the Phonology of Miogliola, page 134:

(phonology) To make nonmoraic; to remove a mora from something.


Arawakan

(linguistics) Of or relating to a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America and migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas.


phonetise

phonetise (third-person singular simple present phonetises, present participle phonetising, simple past and past participle phonetised)

phonetises (present singular third-person)
phonetising (participle present)
phonetised (participle past)
phonetised (past)

(transitive, linguistics) To represent by phonetic signs.


extraprosodicity

(phonology) The property of being extraprosodic.


extraprosodic

(phonology) Not affected, or affected only to a limited degree, by prosody.


Arebica

(linguistics) A Bosniak variant of the Perso-Arabic script, once used to write the Bosnian dialect of Serbo-Croatian.


skerping

(phonetics) In the Faroese language, the phenomenon where back vowels are fronted before [kv], and certain diphthongs are monophthongized before [tʃː].


yod dropping

(phonology) The elision of the sound [j] in English phonology following other consonantal sounds within the same syllable in certain contexts.


creoloid

(linguistics) A language that resembles a creole but did not go through the pidgin stage.


hiatic

(linguistics) Of or relating to a hiatus (break between two vowels).


xiehouyu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 歇後語／歇后语 (xiēhòuyǔ).

All that is necessary for a successful hsieh hou yü is that the characters of which it is composed should have a well known, invariable order. This being presupposed, mere arbitrary sounds in which the characters have no meaning at all, are quite as good as any others. Thus the sounds, chʽih pu leng teng (吃不楞登) represent the noise of beating on a drum, or anything similar, like our ‘rub-a-dub-dub.’ Hence the hsieh hou yü: ‘Light the Ch’ih-pu-leng,’ i.e, teng, Lamp. 點上了吃不楞[燈]

[1914, Arthur H. Smith, “Puns and Other Linguistic Diversions.”, in Proverbs and Common Sayings from the Chinese, New and Revised edition, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, pages 248-249:

a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

(linguistics) A kind of Chinese proverb consisting of two elements: the former segment presents a novel scenario while the latter provides the rationale thereof. One would often only state the first part, expecting the listener to know the second. Compare English "a stitch in time (saves nine)" or "a bird in the hand (is worth two in the bush)".


zorch

zorch (third-person singular simple present zorches, present participle zorching, simple past and past participle zorched)

zorches (present singular third-person)
zorching (participle present)
zorched (participle past)
zorched (past)

I was well on my way to zorching my GPA as a sophomore and becoming quite the computer hacker when Luis my mentor took me aside. He told me that my grades werent up to snuff when I told him I was getting C's in Spanish (that was my best subject that month).

1990 November 30, Jim Burnes, “"ZOG"?”, in alt.conspiracy (Usenet):

Assuming you are willing to live with the consequences, which include obliterating everything within a hundred kilometers of your launch site, dumping a hundred tons of fallout into the stratosphere, and zorching every piece of electronics sight^([sic]).

2002 April 3, John Schilling, “Interstellar Flight Today”, in rec.arts.sf.science (Usenet):

[…] I probably just wasn't inserting the memory DIMM correctly, not that it was intrinsically unseatable; I zorched the motherboard myself when trying to remove disk drives […]

2002 May 20, Timothy A. McDaniel, “ConJose planning”, in rec.arts.sf.fandom (Usenet):

But if you're doing disk-to-disk backup you want at least two backup disks, since it's kind of a nightmare if your good disk zorches right in the middle of the backup, giving you a zorched backup disk as well.

2003 May 7, Alan Winston - SSRL Admin Cmptg Mgr, “AKICIF: Browser bafflement”, in rec.arts.sf.fandom (Usenet):

Zorching the economy so badly we still haven't dug out two years after he's gone ..

2011 July 15, Curt, “First Rule of Liberalism”, in seattle.politics (Usenet):

(intransitive, transitive, slang) To destroy or ruin, especially by electronic means.


complementary distribution

en-noun

complementary distribution (plural complementary distributions)

(phonetics) The distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments such that one never appears in the same phonetic context as the other.


crudeform

From crude (“pertaining to the uninflected stem of a word”) + form.

compound

(grammar, rare) Alternative form of crude form


crude form

crude (“pertaining to the uninflected stem of a word”) + form

(grammar, rare) the uninflected form or stem of a word


zu-infinitive

abgeben → abzugeben

vorbereiten → vorzubereiten

(grammar) a German infinitive form created by adding or infixing the particle zu and used in subordinate clauses


exonormativity

At present there is no up-to-date history of Indian English from a lexicographical perspective, although, a historical dictionary of Indian English would be able to present a clear picture of diachronic change and hence contribute to the question of endo- versus exonormativity.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 113:

(linguistics) The quality of being exonormative.


endonormativity

The presence of stability has implications for the question of endonormativity in the case of Indian English.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 112:

(linguistics) The quality of being endonormative.


washback

(linguistics) The way that tests affect how learners acquire and use a language.


monograde

(grammar) Belonging to a certain conjugation class of verbs in Old Japanese.


substratist

(linguistics) One who believes that creoles take their structure from their substrate languages.


mesolectal

I prepared the three Matched Guise samples myself, controlling the forms carefully to represent basilectal, mesolectal, and acrolectal levels of usage

1985, Nessa Wolfson, Joan Manes, Language of Inequality, →ISBN, page 158:


sentoid

(linguistics) A sentence-like chunk of language.


wanna contraction

en-noun

wanna contraction (plural wanna contractions)

From wanna (nominalised usage) + contraction.

(linguistics) A style of contraction (such as want to into wanna, or going to into gonna) that may or may not be possible depending on the sense of to.


substratism

(linguistics) The theory that creoles take their structure from their substrate languages.


binyan

From Hebrew בניין / בִּנְיָן (binyan, “building, construction”).

he-m

In Semitic languages, a kind of word stem into which vowels and affixes can be slotted, typically consisting of three letters.

وَزْن

in Semitic languages, a kind of word stem into which vowels and affixes can be slotted


linking r

(phonetics) An "r" that is pronounced only because it is closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound, as in water ice, in non-rhotic varieties of English.


movable nu

(grammar) The letter nu placed on the end of some grammatical forms in Attic or Ionic Greek, to avoid two vowels in a row (hiatus) or to create a long syllable in poetic meter.


asynartetic

en-adj

asynartetic (comparative more asynartetic, superlative most asynartetic)

more asynartetic (comparative)
most asynartetic (superlative)

/əˌsɪnɑːˈtɛtɪk/

(prosody) Having or containing two different types of metre


construct state

en-noun

construct state (plural construct states)

Coordinate term: governed state

(grammar) A noun form associated especially with Afroasiatic languages, but occurring also in Iranian and others; used in construing a nominal with another, particularly for the object of a genitive.

إِضَافَة

a noun form, associated with the genitive


segregationalist

(linguistics) One who believes that linguistic signs have meaning independent of the context of their use in communication.


segregationalist

In other words, the “'language myth' myth” produces a history of linguistics that is as segregationalist — if not more so — than the linguistics it is purporting to describe.

1997, George Wolf, Nigel Love, Linguistics Inside Out: Roy Harris and his critics, →ISBN, page 40:

According to the orthodox segregationalist view, the essential difference between reading the words 'Open the door' and hearing the words 'Open the door' is that the reader has learnt a set of audiographic correlations […]

2014, Redefining Linguistics, →ISBN, page 41:

(linguistics) Characteristic of segregationalism.


isosyllabism

From isosyllabic + -ism, from iso- + syllabic.

(linguistics, poetry) the use of isosyllabic verse


segregationalism

The point of criticism under scrutiny squares with a possible reading of Roy Harris (e.g. 1996); every attempt to posit an abstract language amounts to 'segregationalism', isolating verbal language from other phenomena with which it may turn out to have essential links.

2004, Per Linell, The Written Language Bias in Linguistics, →ISBN:

Segregationalism, as opposed to an integrationist view of communication and the linguistic sign, separates or hypostasizes as a separable entity a linguistic sign, which leads an independent existence, has an ontic place independent of the actual and contextual circumstances of the particular act of communication, where "context" is understood as the relevant and salient perceptions of the communicants at a given moment in an act of communication.

2005, Nils Langer, Winifred Davies, Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages, →ISBN, page 191:

The essence of segregationalism lies in its initial assumption that a clear, generally valid line of demarcation can be drawn between linguistic and non-linguistic phenomena and in the consequent attempt to identify and systematise a realm of properly and purely linguistic structures and meanings independently of the actual situated practices of communicative interchange in their empirical complexity.

2009, Michael Huspek, Oppositional Discourses and Democracies, →ISBN, page 32:

(linguistics) The stance that linguistic signs act (or approach acting) as fixed codes with invariant pairings of form and meaning.


prephonetic

(linguistics) Prior to a phonetic stage.


semiphonetic

(linguistics) Of or relating to a developmental stage in which the language user has only a limited grasp of phonetic aspects.


semantic-pragmatic disorder

(linguistics) An impairment in comprehending pragmatic aspects of language.


arithmography

(linguistics) The encoding of words as numbers


isosyllabicity

From isosyllabic + -ity, from iso- + syllabic.


anisosyllabism

From anisosyllabic + -ism, from an- + iso- + syllabic.

(linguistics, poetry) the use of anisosyllabic verse


premedial

(chiefly biology, but also linguistics) Antemedial; located before the middle.


anisosyllabic

From aniso- + syllabic or an- + iso- + syllabic.

(linguistics, poetry) of or pertaining to metrical systems in which syllables are of differing lengths

anisosillabico

of meters with syllables of differing length


isosyllabic

(linguistics, poetry) of or pertaining to metrical systems in which syllables are of equal length

isosyllabique

of meters with syllables of equal length


heptasemic

From heptaseme (“a line containing seven morae or units of time”) + -ic.

suffix

(ancient prosody) containing seven morae or units of time.


heptaseme

From Ancient Greek ἑπτᾰ́σημος (heptásēmos, “of seven marks”) compare semeion.

der

(ancient prosody, rare) a unit of seven morae or units of time.


autology

en-noun

autology (countable and uncountable, plural autologies)

/ɔːˈtɒləd͡ʒɪ/

Holly, the noun for the thorny-leaved shrub of the holiday season requires two Vs. While we righteously call holy the divine autology of spelling, we should compassionately refrain from calling holey (containing holes) an infernal autology.

1984, J. Frank Summers, Wholly, holey, holy: an adult American spelling book:

Autology, the reflexive "naming" or "mention" of an expression, differs qualitatively from other modes of reference in which expressions are "used." This, however, does not mean that autology is marginalized as a form of "metalinguistic" discourse, restricted to language about language. Autology is unique to language: it is not found in nonhuman semiotic systems.

1998, Earl R. Anderson, A Grammar of Iconism, →ISBN, page 25:

Because autology doesn't genuinely apply to meanings, it cannot function in the intensional treatment of words.

1998, Garvin Rampersad, The end of existence: membership and metaphysics, →ISBN, page 72:

(grammar) The property of a word or phrase which describes itself.


diaphasia

From dia- + Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “utterance”) + -ia.

af

(linguistics) The variation in a language across degrees of formality.


loaded language

(idiomatic, linguistics) Language using words, set phrases or idioms that have strong positive or negative connotations beyond their ordinary definitions.


milieu control

This may be called milieu control. The Chinese Communist prison is probably the most thoroughly controlled and manipulated group environment that has ever existed.

1962, DeVere Edwin Pentony, China, The Emerging Red Giant: Communist Foreign Policies, Chandler Pub. Co., →OCLC, page 237:

The milieu control exerted over the broader social environment of Communist China, while considerably less intense, is in its own way unrivalled in its combination of extensiveness and depth; it is, in fact, one of the distinguishing features of Chinese Communist practice.

1969, John M. Phelan, Communications Control: Readings in the Motives and Structures of Censorship, Sheed and Ward, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 20:

Although milieu control is more obvious in the situation of a prisoner whose environment is forced on him, spiritual purgation often begins with a similar structuring of a person's physical environment.

1994, Kevin Fauteux, The Recovery of Self: Regression and Redemption in Religious Experience, Paulist Press, →ISBN, page 26:

The first is that of total milieu control — control of all information exchange and imagery in an environment that seeks to extend itself to internal controls of every kind.

2000, Paul Kevin Wapner, Lester Edwin J. Ruiz, Richard A. Falk, Principled World Politics: The Challenge of Normative International Relations, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 233:

A reliable system of indoctrination requires nearly total 'milieu control' in which the indoctrinatee has few or no alternate sources of information and values.

2006, Frank Kemp Salter, On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity, and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration, Transaction Publishers, →ISBN, page 199:

The totalist administrators 'look upon milieu control as a just and necessary policy, one which need not be kept secret.' The assumption of 'omniscience' and 'ultimate truth' leads these administrators to consider it 'their duty to create an environment containing no more and no less than this 'truth.

2009, Barend Christoffel Labuschagne, Reinhard W. Sonnenschmidt, Religion, Politics and Law, Brill, →ISBN, page 399:

'Milieu Control' involves the control of daily schedule including food intake, sleep, information and time and space for critical reflection.

2010, John Paul Healy, Yearning to Belong, Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN, page 40:

This kind of 'milieu control' can be brought about through coercion, but at its most successful it convinces individuals that they are acting autonomously — as is the case for the ex-POW Sergeant Raymond Shaw in The Manchurian Candidate. The result is that milieu control disrupts the 'balance between self and the outside world', resulting in 'a profound threat to [the individual's] personal autonomy'.

2012, Adam Piette, Mark Rawlinson, The Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-century British and American War Literature, Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, page 301:

This kind of 'milieu control' can be brought about through coercion, Lifton believed, but at its most successful it convinces the subject that he or she is acting spontaneously rather than being directed by values that are alien to the self.

2013, Martin Halliwell, Therapeutic Revolutions: Medicine, Psychiatry, and American Culture, 1945-1970, Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, page 102:

In applying Erikson's totalism concept to the Thought Reform experiences of his subjects, Lifton famously identified eight 'themes' of the totalistic milieu: Milieu Control, i.e., monopoly of the spatial and informational environment.

2013, Jeffrey Kaplan, Millennial Violence: Past, Present and Future, Routledge, →ISBN, page 213:

Such accounts are consistent with what Lifton described as 'milieu control', a key aspect of ideological totalism. As Lifton postulated it, this is primarily the use of techniques to dominate the person's contact with the outside world but also their communication with themselves.

2013, Dennis Tourish, The Dark Side of Transformational Leadership: A Critical Perspective, Routledge, →ISBN, page 149:

A second way in which milieu control is affects group members is linked to groups' conscious efforts in that regard. That is, the groups maintain milieu control especially by way of labeling recalcitrant members as 'subjective' or 'objective agent.' The former term is used for those who are thought to have harmed the organization by their mistakes or failures in groups' operations.

2014, Kamil Yilmaz, Disengaging from Terrorism – Global Lessons from the Turkish Penitents, Routledge, →ISBN, page 121:

(idiomatic, linguistics) tactics that control environment and human communication through the use of peer pressure and group language.


Judeo-Provençal

(linguistics) Any of various dialects once spoken by the Jews of Provence


substratophilia

(linguistics) Enthusiastic support for substratism.


substratophile

(linguistics) A proponent of substratism.


substratophobe

(linguistics) One who rejects substratism.


substratophobia

(linguistics) Vehement opposition to substratism.


non-reflexive

In grammar, some verbs can be both reflexive and non-reflexive.


partitive dative

en-noun

partitive dative (countable and uncountable, plural partitive datives)

(grammar, uncountable) the dative case which represents the whole or set of which the head of a partitive phrase is a portion or subset

(grammar, countable) a use or instance of such a dative case


partitive ablative

partitive ablative (countable and uncountable, plural partitive ablatives)

(grammar, uncountable) The ablative case which represents the whole or set of which the head of a partitive phrase is a portion or subset.

(grammar, countable) A use or instance of such an ablative case.


zero copula

(linguistics) The joining of the subject to the predicate without using a copula, as in "the more the merrier".


semicopula

(linguistics) A word having a similar function to a copula, such as feel or seem in English.


double copula

(grammar) The use of two successive copulas when only one is necessary, as in "My point is, is that..."


codeswitch

en-verb

codeswitch (third-person singular simple present codeswitches, present participle codeswitching, simple past and past participle codeswitched)

codeswitches (present singular third-person)
codeswitching (participle present)
codeswitched (participle past)
codeswitched (past)


code switch

code switch (third-person singular simple present code switches, present participle code switching, simple past and past participle code switched)

code switches (present singular third-person)
code switching (participle present)
code switched (participle past)
code switched (past)


code-switch

code-switch (third-person singular simple present code-switches, present participle code-switching, simple past and past participle code-switched)

code-switches (present singular third-person)
code-switching (participle present)
code-switched (participle past)
code-switched (past)

To change the dialect or register in which one speaks a language.


foreignization

(translation studies) The act of foreignizing a text.


cotext

en-noun

cotext (countable and uncountable, plural cotexts)

(linguistics) Words that surround a node or another word; the linguistic environment of a word.


corpus linguistics

ESP, using the tools of corpus linguistics, has advanced the methodologies for investigating discipline-specific language, yet there has been little cross-fertilization so far with disciplinary literacy in secondary education.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Position vectors, homologous chromosomes and gamma rays: Promoting disciplinary literacy through Secondary Phrase Lists”, in English for Specific Purposes, →DOI, page 2:

(computing, linguistics) A branch of linguistics that studies large samples (corpora) of real-world text, usually with the aid of computer software.

korpuslinguistiek

a branch of linguistics that studies large samples


optimality theory

(linguistics) A linguistic model proposing that the observed forms of language arise from the interaction between conflicting constraints.


suprasegment

(linguistics) Any suprasegmental feature of language.


basilectalization

(linguistics) The process of basilectalizing, becoming a basilect.


basilectalize

en-verb

basilectalize (third-person singular simple present basilectalizes, present participle basilectalizing, simple past and past participle basilectalized)

basilectalizes (present singular third-person)
basilectalizing (participle present)
basilectalized (participle past)
basilectalized (past)

(linguistics) To diverge from the standard form of a language and become a basilect.


IFID

(linguistics) Initialism of illocutionary force indicating device: an element or aspect of language indicating that an utterance is made with a certain illocutionary force, or else that it constitutes the performance of a certain illocutionary act.


monolinguist

(linguistics) One who speaks only a single language.


potential mood

(grammar) The grammatical mood expressing possibility and potential.


matrix language

en-noun

matrix language (plural matrix languages)

Because, in that case, most of the text is in English, we can say that the matrix language (ML) of the message is English and that the embedded language (EL) is Spanish.

2005 December 20, David Luna, Dawn Lerman, Lauren A. Peracchio, “Structural Constraints in Code-Switched Advertising”, in Journal of Consumer Research, volume 32, number 3, →DOI:

(linguistics) The dominant language in code-switching, into which elements of a secondary language are embedded, as opposed to the embedded language.


logogen

Hence if a “t” letter is identified in the input, the activation levels of all logogens that correspond to words containing a “t” will increase.

2013, Trevor A. Harley, The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory, page 195:

(linguistics) A unit of word recognition, encapsulating a variety of properties about a given word, such as its appearance, sound, and meaning.


logatome

(linguistics) A short pseudoword, typically of a single syllable.


creologenic

en-adj

creologenic (comparative more creologenic, superlative most creologenic)

more creologenic (comparative)
most creologenic (superlative)

(linguistics, rare) Relating to, or fostering, the formation of a creole.


pidginogenic

pidginogenic (comparative more pidginogenic, superlative most pidginogenic)

more pidginogenic (comparative)
most pidginogenic (superlative)

As shown by Gillian Sankoff, when the SLA context is also a genuine pidginogenic social context (i.e. tertiary hybridization) and when pidgin exists for a long time before creolization takes place, then the innovations will be consistent and regular in the pidgin and will be phonologically refined in the creole.

1979, Kenneth C. Hill, The genesis of language, page 61:

(linguistics, rare) Relating to, or fostering, the formation of a pidgin.


prepidgin

An earlier prepidgin or jargon, which is quite variable in structure, may later become a stable pidgin, which has developed its own lexical and grammatical norms.

2010, Robert B. Kaplan, The Oxford Handbook of Applied Linguistics, page 383:

(linguistics) An early mixture of languages capable of developing into a pidgin.


similect

Coined by Anna Mauranen in a 2012 paper, from similar + -lect, modelled on dialect, etc.

We cannot simply equate the L1-based lects with dialects, but could speak of them instead as ‘similects’, because they arise in parallel, not in mutual interaction. In short, there is no community of similect speakers. Similects do not develop new features or new discourse practices in the same way that language communities do — in interaction, from one linguistic generation to another.

2012, Anna Mauranen, Exploring ELF: Academic English Shaped by Non-native Speakers, page 29:

(linguistics) A variety of a language spoken by people who have a different first language, with features transferred from the first language in parallel by individual speakers rather than by a cohesive group.


lexicase

Blend of lexical + case or Blend of lexicon + case.

(chiefly attributive, linguistics) A form of dependency grammar incorporating elements of case grammar and focusing on the lexicon.


nativelike

nativelike (comparative more nativelike, superlative most nativelike)

more nativelike (comparative)
most nativelike (superlative)

nativelike proficiency

(linguistics) Characteristic of a native speaker.


dependency grammar

en-noun

dependency grammar (countable and uncountable, plural dependency grammars)

(grammar) Any of a class of grammars based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the constituency relation), in which words are interconnected by directed links, and the (finite) verb is regarded as the centre of clause structure.


affixive

(linguistics) Forming words through the addition of an affix

affissivo

forming words through the addition of an affix


psychotypology

(linguistics) The way in which a language learner perceives differences and similarities between languages, affecting the learner's communication in those languages.


multicompetence

multicompetence (countable and uncountable, plural multicompetences)

(linguistics) The unified language competence of a person who can communicate in more than one language.


positive transfer

positive transfer (usually uncountable, plural positive transfers)

(linguistics) The successful use by a language learner of a construct from the learner's source language in the target language, such that the resulting utterance in the target language is correct.


negative transfer

negative transfer (usually uncountable, plural negative transfers)

(linguistics) The unsuccessful use by a language learner of a construct from the learner's source language in the target language, such that the resulting utterance in the target language is incorrect.


aftersound

1881, Louis Lucien Bonaparte, “The simple sounds of all the living Slavonic languages compared with those of the principal Neo-Latin and Germano-Scandinavian Tongues,” Transactions of the Philological Society, 1880-1881, p. 377,
In English I cannot hear the sound of Italian o chiuso, but only that of (o 5) followed by an aftersound, as in home, or without this aftersound, as in more.

They [gu and qu] were not groups formed of a guttural stop and the semi-vowel v, but guttural stops with a labial aftersound; the latter receiving a very much weaker articulation than the semi-vowel v.

1910, Max Niedermann, Outlines of Latin Phonetics, London: Routledge, page 46:

(phonetics, obsolete) A weaker sound that immediately follows a more salient one, such as the second, less prominent vowel sound in a falling diphthong.


anataxis

From ana- (“again”) + taxis (“arrangment of parts”), by analogy with syntaxis. There appears to be no relation to Ancient Greek ἀνάταξις (anátaxis, “financial estimate, assessment”).

cog

(linguistics) difference in ordering between consecutive syntactic layers


happy vowel

From its appearance at the end of the word happy.

A vowel in spoken English that falls between /iː/ and /ɪ/ and may be represented by /i/.


broken plural

Calque of Arabic جَمْع مُكَسَّر (jamʕ mukassar).

calque

جَمْع مُكَسَّر

مَكَاتِب مكاتب#Arabic

مَكْتَب مكتب#Arabic

An irregular plural formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels inside the singular form, found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic languages such as Berber. An example in Arabic is مَكَاتِب (makātib, “desks”), the plural form of مَكْتَب (maktab, “desk”).

جَمْع تَكْسِير

in Arabic and other languages, irregular plural formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels


R-expression

(grammar) A referential expression, such as "John" or "the dog": one that, unlike pronouns and anaphora, independently refers to, i.e., picks out, an entity in the world.


accentology

(linguistics) The systematic analysis of word or phrase stress.


MTE

Multicultural Toronto English
Multicultural Toronto English#English

(linguistics) Initialism of Multicultural Toronto English.


stress mark

(phonetics) A written mark to show which part of a word should be stressed.


Homeric Greek

(linguistics, classics) a dialect of Ancient Greek used by Homer in the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns consisting primarily of the Ionian and Aeolic Greek dialects


mixoglossia

From mixo- (“mixed”) + -glossia (“tongue, language”). Compare idioglossia, macroglossia.

confix

(linguistics) the mixing of several languages in multilingual societies


argotic

(rare, linguistics) Of or belonging to argot.


glossematics

A structuralist linguistic theory that defines the glosseme as the most basic unit of language.


glosseme

From gloss- + -eme, coined by Louis Hjelmslev and Hans Jørgen Uldall in the 1930s.

We can now for a moment leave Hjelmslev's own conception of such a system—based upon glossematic formal definitions—and ask: to which degree can this system of glossemes be defended from a general phonological or phonetic point of view?

2022, B. Elan Dresher, Harry van der Hulst, editors, The Oxford History of Phonology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 341:

The smallest irreducible unit of both the content and expression planes of language; the basic unit of language in the theory of glossematics.


simultaneous interpreting

Coordinate term: consecutive interpreting

(translation studies) A type of oral translation from one language into another which is produced at the same time as a person is speaking.


consecutive interpreting

Coordinate term: simultaneous interpreting

(translation studies) A type of oral translation from one language into another which is produced after a person has finished speaking and typically with the aid of notetaking.


ottava rima

en-noun

ottava rima (usually uncountable, plural ottave rime)

/ɒˌtɑːvə ˈɹiːmə/

/oʊˌtɑvə ˈɹimə/

Borrowed from Italian ottava rima (literally “eighth rhyme”).

bor

(poetry) An arrangement of stanzas of eight lines in heroic verse, with three rhymes, the first six lines rhyming alternately and the last two forming a couplet (ab ab ab cc).

օկտավ

arrangement of stanzas of eight lines rhyming ab ab ab cc


macrosegment

(linguistics) A portion of a spoken utterance between two pauses.


ill-formed

en-adj

ill-formed (comparative more ill-formed, superlative most ill-formed)

more ill-formed (comparative)
most ill-formed (superlative)

(linguistics, computing) Not well-formed.


prehodiernal

(grammar) Relating to past time earlier than today.


crastinal

From Latin crāstinus (“of or belonging to tomorrow”), from crās (“tomorrow”).

der

(grammar, rare) Relating to tomorrow, the following day.


indirective

(grammar) Relating to a construct in some languages that indicates whether there is evidence for a given statement, without specifying the source of knowledge (i.e. whether it is from hearsay, inference, or perception).


reportative

(grammar) Of or relating to such a construct.


massifier

Blend of mass + classifier, or massify + -er.

(linguistics) A kind of classifier that results in a mass noun rather than singling out a discrete unit.


variationism

(linguistics) The sociolinguistic study of variation in usage among speakers of the same language.


axionym

(linguistics) A word, such as heroism or cowardice, that carries a value judgement


adverbial accusative

en-noun

adverbial accusative (plural adverbial accusatives)

(linguistics) In some languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, German, Arabic, the use of a noun or adjective in the accusative case as an adverb.

adverbiale accusativus

noun or adjective used in the accusative case as an adverb


fricated

en-adj

fricated (comparative more fricated, superlative most fricated)

more fricated (comparative)
most fricated (superlative)


noun of place

Calque of Arabic اِسْم مَكَان (ism makān)

calque

اِسْم مَكَان

In Arabic and other Semitic languages, a noun formed from a root and expressing the sense of "place of X".

اِسْمُ ٱلْمَكَانِ

noun meaning “place of x” corresponding to a given verb or other part of speech


outrounded

an outrounded vowel


inrounded

an inrounded vowel


varisyllabic

(linguistics) Having a variable number of syllables, depending on pronunciation or analysis.


inrounding

(phonology) A phonetic feature found in Swedish, a form of rounding where the lips are protruded and kept relatively close together.


active participle

en-noun

active participle (plural active participles)

(grammar) A participle indicating an ongoing or completed action or state in the active voice, where a noun modified by the participle is taken to represent the agent of the action denoted by the verb.


passive participle

passive participle (plural passive participles)

(grammar) A participle indicating an ongoing or completed action or state in the passive voice, where a noun modified by the participle is taken to represent the patient of the action denoted by the verb.

اِسْم مَفْعُول m (ism mafʕūl, literally “name of the thing that is done”)


outrounding

(phonology) A phonetic feature found in Swedish, a form of rounding where the lips are protruded and kept relatively far apart.


phraseme

(linguistics) An utterance, consisting of multiple words or morphemes, at least one of whose components is selectionally constrained or restricted by linguistic convention such that it is not freely chosen.


onglide

From on- + glide. Compare Middle English ongliden (“to glide over”).

cog

(linguistics) A phase while the articulators are moving into position to produce a new speech sound.

(linguistics) The first, weaker part of a complex vowel, such as a diphthong, as the /j/ sound of the /juː/ in English few.


offglide

(linguistics) A phase while the articulators are moving away from their position in articulating a speech sound.

(linguistics) The final, weaker part of a complex vowel, such as a diphthong, as the /ɪ/ sound of the /ɔɪ/ in English boy.


exonorm

And for Fijian - to maintain the Old High Fijian exonorm, which has been the variety most frequently seen in print and uttered by officialdom, or to build on the indigenous Standard Fijian.

1984, George Bertram Milner, David George Arms, Paul A. Geraghty, Duivosavosa: Fiji's languages, their use and their future, page 59:

If native or primary anglophones living in Israel travel to an English-speaking country or if they are talking or writing to anglophones unfamiliar with English as used here, they must revert to an exonorm, something which is not always easy.

1989, David L. Gold, Jewish Linguistic Studies, page 72:

The advantage in being able to do this lies in the creation and maintenance of an endonorm rather than blindly insisting on an exonorm.

1997, Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu, English in Ghana, page 32:

(linguistics) A standard language forged by non-native speakers.


final obstruent devoicing

en-noun

final obstruent devoicing (usually uncountable, plural final obstruent devoicings)

(linguistics) The feature of a language of only allowing voiceless consonants before a pausa.

sananloppuisten obstruenttien soinnillisuuden menetys


anthropolinguistic

(linguistics) Relating to anthropolinguistics.


metatalk

(linguistics, education) Talk, especially involving academic analysis, about speaking or talking; verbal metadiscourse.


rhinoglottophilia

From rhino- + glotto- + -philia. Coined by American linguist James Matisoff in 1975 in a paper titled "Rhinoglottophilia: The Mysterious Connection between Nasality and Glottality".

coin

(linguistics) The connection between laryngeal (glottal) and nasal articulations.


ENL

(linguistics) Initialism of English as a native language.


improper noun

(grammar) noun that describes something general (rather than that which is purely unique)


description word

en-noun

description word (plural description words)

They learn not just nouns, but description words (adjectives), action words (verbs), and others.

2006, Tanya Remer Altmann, The Wonder Years: Helping Your Baby and Young Child Successfully Negotiate Major Developmental Milestones (e-book edition without page numbers)

Adjectives, or description words, are another way to turn a standard role or activity into something special.

2010, Julie Gray, Get That Job With The Right CV: Teach Yourself, Hodder Education (part of Hachette UK), in the series Teach Yourself (e-book edition without page numbers)

Both can be used interchangeably but Palá cannot be used with adjectives (description words)

2010, Paul Werny, English Filipino Work book, 2nd edition, Median press, p.99

It includes vocabulary related to home, people, action words, description words, pronouns, prepositions, and question words.

2011/2015, Joan N. Kaderavek, Language Disorders in Children: Fundamental Concepts of Assessment and Intervention. Second Edition, Pearson, p.222

Adjective: description word that modifies a noun

2013, Alison Amend, Adam Robinson, Cracking the SAT Literature Subject Test, 2013-2014 Edition, Princeton Review, page 43:


lexicosyntax

(linguistics) lexis and syntax considered together


transformationalist

(linguistics) A linguist who favours transformational grammars.


transformationalism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-transformationalism.wav

For quite different reasons neither Chomsky nor Lakoff has offered good evidence for considering the Port-Royal Grammar to be an early essay in transformationalism, but the evidence they do offer raises many interesting questions about the interpretation of the Grammar (and the Logic) specifically, about the history of thought about language, and, more surprisingly, about the fundamental concepts of twentieth-century transformational grammar.

1975, Antoine Arnauld, Claude Lancelot, General and rational grammar : the Port-Royal grammar, →ISBN, page 188:

Thus one might speak here of syntactic transformationalism on the one hand and semantic transformationalism on the other.

1978, Studies in Language - Volumes 1-2, page 447:

It is certainly true that unconstrained transformationalism is incompatible with the basic fact that words constitute special morphological units that are distinct from phrases and sentences.

1991, Heizō Nakajima, Trends in Linguistics: State-of-the-art Reports - Volume 16, →ISBN, page 169:

(linguistics) Adherence to transformational grammars.


minority language

minority language (plural minority languages)

(sociolinguistics) A language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory.


triglossia

(linguistics) The coexistence of three closely related native languages or dialects among a certain population.


triglossic

(linguistics) Of or relating to triglossia.


self-standing

From self- + standing. Compare Dutch zelfstandig (“independent”), German selbstständig (“independent, self-reliant”).

cog

a self-standing word

(grammar) Lacking affixes; being a stem.


nota augens

From New Latin nota augēns, from nota (“mark, sign; critical mark or remark; note”) + augēns (“increasing, augmenting”). Coined by Zeuss in his Grammatica Celtica.

(Celtic linguistics) An Old Irish pronominal clitic added to the end of an accentual unit containing a pronoun, now more commonly called emphatic suffixes.

(Celtic linguistics) A Welsh reduplicated or conjunctive pronoun (appearing in modern Welsh as minnau, tithau, yntau, hithau, ninnau, chwithau, and hwythau).


synchronist

(linguistics) One who takes a synchronic approach.


diachronist

(linguistics) One who takes a diachronic approach.


rephonologization

(phonology) Synonym of transphonologization


tone terracing

A graph of the change in pitch over time of a particular tone resembles a terrace.

(phonetics) A form of downdrift in which the high or mid tones, but not the low tone, shift downward in pitch after certain other tones. The result is that a tone may be realized at a certain pitch over a short stretch of speech, shifts downward and then continues at its new level, then shifts downward again, until the end of the prosodic contour is reached, at which point the pitch resets.


floating tone

(phonology) A morpheme or element of a morpheme that contains no consonants or vowels, but only tone. It cannot be pronounced by itself, but affects the tones of neighbouring morphemes.

(phonology) A phonemic tone which is not associated to a syllable and is only pronounced in its effect on neighboring tones, such as by causing downstep.


neo-purism

(linguistics) A modern linguistic movement, based on purism, that accepts neologisms if they conform to established patterns


postalveolarization

(phonology) A sound change whereby a sound becomes postalveolar.


depharyngealization

(phonetics) A sound change that removes the pharyngeal component of a sound.


cacuminalization

(phonology) A sound change whereby a sound becomes cacuminal, or pronounced with a retroflexed tongue.


ephelcystic

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐφελκυστικός (ephelkustikós).

lbor

ἐφελκυστικός

(grammar) Being or relating to the movable nu.


phonophoric

The graphic component in a character that plays a phonetic role is called phonophoric, and the one that plays a semantic role is called signific.

2016, Haeree Park, The Writing System of Scribe Zhou: Evidence from Late Pre-imperial Chinese Manuscripts and Inscriptions (5th-3rd Centuries BCE):

(linguistics) Sound-bearing; said of certain characters in otherwise ideographic languages.


MHG

Middle High German
Middle High German#English

(linguistics) Initialism of Middle High German.


noun substantive

en-noun

noun substantive (plural nouns substantive)

From Middle English noun substantyf, a calque of Latin nōmen substantīvum.

Q. What is a Noun? A. The Name of a Thing. Q. How many Sorts of Nouns are there? [...] A. A Noun Substantive, and a Noun Adjective.

1753, Thomas Martin, An Explanation of the Accidence and Grammar To the End of the Syntax in which The Grounds of each Rule in the Syntax are laid down in the plainest Manner. Compiled By way of Question and Answer, For the Use of Schools., London, page 1:

A Noun is a word which serves to name and distinguish some thing; [...]. There are two sorts of nouns; one is called a noun substantive, and the other a noun adjective.

1786, Signor Veneroni, The Complete Italian Master; Containing The best and easiest Rules for attaining that Language, London, page 6:

(grammar, obsolete) A word that can be used to refer to a person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality, or idea; one of the basic parts of speech in many languages, including English.