inclusive

en-adj

inclusive (comparative more inclusive, superlative most inclusive)

more inclusive (comparative)
most inclusive (superlative)

From Middle French inclusif, from Medieval Latin inclūsīvus, from Latin inclūsus.

Wikipedia describes inclusive counting in Counting

The pronoun in "If you want, we could go back to my place for coffee" is an inclusive "we".

(linguistics) Of, or relating to the first-person plural pronoun when including the person being addressed.

inclusif

of, or relating to the first-person plural pronoun when including the person being addressed


stressed

stressed (comparative more stressed, superlative most stressed)

more stressed (comparative)
most stressed (superlative)


mora

From Latin mora (“duration of time, delay”).

Instead of syllables, Japanese is supported by mora. (Tokyo is To-o-kyo-o, a four-mora word.) The word Nihongo consists of four morae, ni-ho-n-go, pronounced with four rhythmical units of sound.

2011, Senko K. Maynard, Learning Japanese for Real, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 32:

(phonology) A unit of syllable weight used in phonology, by which stress, foot structure, or timing of utterance is determined in some languages (e.g. Japanese).


perfective

(grammar) Of, or relative to, the perfect tense or perfective aspect.

даскана́лы

related to the perfect tense or perfective aspect


comitative

From Latin comitātum (“that which is accompanied”).

der

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case that is used in some languages to indicate accompaniment.


adessive

(grammar) of or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates adjacent location

adessiu

grammar: of a case indicating adjacent location


adessive

(grammar) the adessive case, or a word in that case.


abessive

From Latin abesse (“to be absent”), infinitive of absum, from ab- (“away”) + sum (“be”, verb).
* See absent.

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case used in some languages to indicate absence.


abessive

(grammar) The abessive case, or a word in this case.


essive

From New Latin casus essīvus (from Latin esse), coined in New Latin by Rasmus Rask.

(grammar) of, or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates existence in a state or capacity.

(grammar, Indo-European linguistics) designating being in a state as opposed to entering into a state.


essive

(grammar) the essive case, or a word in that case.


illative

From Late Latin illātīvus (“illative”), from Latin illātus, perfect passive participle of inferō (“carry or bring into somewhere; bury; conclude”), from in + ferō (“bear, carry; suffer”).

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates motion towards or into something.


illative

(grammar) A word or phrase that expresses an inference (such as for or therefore).

(grammar) The illative case, or a word in that case.


allative

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates motion towards a place.


allative

(grammar) The allative case, or a word in that case.


inessive

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates the state of being in or inside a location.


inessive

(grammar) The inessive case, or a word in that case.


voiced

(phonetics) Sounded with vibration of the vocal cords. For example, the phone [z] is voiced, while [s] is unvoiced.

مَجْهُور

sounded with vibration of the vocal cords


aoristic

(grammar) Of, or relating to the aorist aspect.


contact language

en-noun

contact language (plural contact languages)

The main contact languages providing Western words in Arabic today are English and French.

(linguistics) A language that influences another, especially because it is understood by a relevant portion of the speech community.


collocation

collocation (countable and uncountable, plural collocations)

1605. Learned borrowing from Latin collocātiō (“a putting together”). By surface analysis, col- (“together”) + location. The technical sense in linguistics was established in 1951, although it may actually be earlier.

surf

Little and few are also incomplete negatives; note the frequent collocation with no: there is little or no danger.

1917, Otto Jespersen, Negation in English and Other Languages, Copenhagen: A.F. Høst, page 39:

[subtitle] One thousand English words and their pronunciation, together with information concerning the several meanings of each word, its inflections and derivatives, and the collocations and phrases into which it enters.

1938, H.E. Palmer, A Grammar of English Words, Longmans, Green:

I propose to bring forward as a technical term, meaning by ‘collocation’, and to apply the test of ‘collocability’.

1951, John Rupert Firth, Papers in linguistics, 1934–1951, Oxford University Press, page 194:

Collocations of a given word are statements of the habitual or customary places of that word in a collocational order but not in any other contextual order and emphatically not in grammatical order

1968, John Rupert Firth, Frank Robert Palmer, Selected Papers of J.R. Firth, 1952-1959, Longmans, page 181:

The problem here was the translation of "period" by German "Periode". In describing the symptoms we may say that in connection with "Schlaf" the German word "Phase" would have been a better collocation.

1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training the Translator, Benjamins Translation Library, page 17:

It is not entirely clear who was the first linguist to use the term collocation in the sense of a recurrent, relatively fixed word combination. Among the first linguists to base a theory of meaning on the notion of “meaning by collocation” is J.R. Firth (1957) who is commonly credited with systematically introducing the concept of collocation into linguistic theory.

2004, Sabine Bartsch, Structural and Functional Properties of Collocations in English: A Corpus Study of Lexical and Pragmatic Constraints on Lexical Co-Occurrence, Gunter Narr Verlag, page 30:

[p 56] The term collocation refers to the characteristic co-occurrence patterns of words, i.e., which words typically co-occur in corpus data (see Units A10.2 and C1). Collocates can be lexical words or grammatical words. Collocations are identified using a statistical approach. Three statistical formulae are most commonly used in corpus linguistics to identify significant collocations: the M1 (mutual information), t and z scores.
[p 159] In lexical studies collocation and semantic prosody/preference can only be quantified reliably on the basis of corpus data.

2006, Tony McEnery, Richard Xiao, Yukio Tono, Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book, Taylor & Francis:

(linguistics, translation studies) A sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance (i.e., the statistically significant placement of particular words in a language), often representing an established name for, or idiomatic way of conveying, a particular semantic concept.

բառակապակցություն

(linguistics) combination of word occurring more frequently than by chance


reflective

en-adj

reflective (comparative more reflective, superlative most reflective)

more reflective (comparative)
most reflective (superlative)


chereme

From Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + -eme, by analogy with phoneme.

(linguistics) A basic unit of a sign language; equivalent to a phoneme.


raising

en-noun

raising (countable and uncountable, plural raisings)

Inherited from Middle English reysynge; equivalent to raise + -ing.

(linguistics) The movement of an argument from an embedded or subordinate clause to a matrix or main clause.

(linguistics, phonetics) A sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes higher or raised, meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated or positioned closer to the roof of the mouth than before.


modal verb

Although at first glance combinations of two modal verbs might seem to be cases of grammatical distortion, their use is scientifically recognised.

2019, Irina S. Lebedeva, Svetlana N. Orlova, “Semantics and pragmatics of the double modal ‘might could’”, in Training, Language and Culture, volume 3, number 2, →DOI:

(grammar) A verb whose primary function is to express grammatical mood.


aorist

From Ancient Greek ἀόριστος (aóristos, “unbounded”).

der

(grammar) A verb paradigm found in certain languages, usually an unmarked form or one that expresses the perfective or aorist aspect.

(grammar) A particular verb in the aorist.


aorist

the aorist stem of a verb

(grammar) Of or pertaining to a verb in the aorist aspect.


medially

laterally

antonym(s) of “near or along the midline”

laterally

antonym(s) of “nearer or toward the midline”

(linguistics) Inside a word; neither initially nor finally.


metalanguage

en-noun

metalanguage (countable and uncountable, plural metalanguages)

In order to talk or theorise about phenomena, one inevitably uses a language that is in effect a metalanguage, a special instance of language that allows the theorist to stand back and describe what is happening.

2005, Michael Cronin, edited by Martha Tennent and Benjamins Translation Library, Training for the New Millennium: Pedagogies for translation and interpreting, page 255:

(linguistics, translation studies, critical theory) Any language or vocabulary of terms used to describe or analyze a language or linguistic process.

programming language
programming language

(computing) Any similar language used to define a programming language


transitivity

transitivity (countable and uncountable, plural transitivities)

From French transitivité.
Morphologically transitive + -ity

There are 3 cardinal degrees of transitivity of any one verb: intransitive, monotransitive and ditransitive.

(grammar) The degree in which any one verb can take/govern objects.

təsirlilik

the degree in which a verb can govern objects


Provençal

/ˌpɹɒvɑːnˈsɑːl/

/ˌpɹɒvənˈsɑːl/

/ˌpɹɒvɒnˈsɑːl/

From Middle French provenceal, provençal, from Latin prōvinciālis.

(broadly, dated in linguistics) The language spoken in Provence; Occitan.


Albanology

The study of Albanian language, culture and history.


baby talk

Meronym: babble word

[...] while not a super-goof like some of the female goofs I'd met, she was quite goofy enough to be going on with. Her whole aspect was that of a girl who at the drop of a hat would start talking baby talk.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter III, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

(linguistics) The form of speech used by adults in talking to very young children.

haur hizkera

form of speech used when talking to babies

Meronyms: babble word, goo goo ga ga

(linguistics) The pre-language, and subsequent developing language, used by small children, incorporating crying, cooing, and babbling in sequence before the acquisition of adult language capabilities.


top line

(linguistics) The line connecting individual letters in Devanagari.


marker

marker interface → marker interface pattern

Someone or something used to mark a position or amount, particularly

(linguistics) A free or bound morpheme indicating a grammatical function.

discourse marker
discourse marker#English

(linguistics) Short for discourse marker.


modal

en-adj

modal (comparative more modal, superlative most modal)

more modal (comparative)
most modal (superlative)

From Middle French modal, from Medieval Latin modālis (“pertaining to a mode”), from Latin modus (“mode”); equivalent to mode + -al. Compare to French, Spanish, and Portuguese modal and Italian modale.

der

(grammar) Of, relating to, or describing the mood of a clause.

modaal

of, relating to, or describing the mood of a clause


modal

(linguistics) A modal form, notably a modal auxiliary.

Using the same type of distributional criterion, we could argue that only a Verb (in its base form) can occur in the position marked — in (23) below to complete the sentence:
(23) They/it can —
[...]
Conversely, the only type of word which could be used to begin a three-word sentence such as (25) below:
(25) — I be frank?
is a Modal: cf. [...]

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar: A First Course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 61:


unfaithful

en-adj

unfaithful (comparative more unfaithful, superlative most unfaithful)

more unfaithful (comparative)
most unfaithful (superlative)

From Middle English unfeithful, equivalent to un- + faithful.

(translation studies) Not faithfully rendering the meaning of the source language; incorrect.


combining form

Common in English, where in some putative compounds, such as autocrat or technocrat, both members would be combining forms.

2007, P. H. Matthews, “combining form”, in The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics, 2nd edition, Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 63–64:

(grammar) A type of word part; a bound morpheme; used in combination with a word, a different combining form, or an affix to form a new word.

(szó)összetétel elő- vagy utótagjaként élő alak


Received Pronunciation

Commonly attributed to Alexander John Ellis but already used earlier.

The form of pronunciation of the English language traditionally spoken by the educated classes of the south-east of England, considered to be a standard (see received) and used as such in the pronunciation schemes of most British dictionaries. Abbreviation: RP

Alexander John Ellis
John Walker (lexicographer)


solidification

en-noun

solidification (countable and uncountable, plural solidifications)

From French solidification, or from solid + -ification.

(grammar) The tendency to transform an open compound into a closed compound (solid compound).


conjoin

en-verb

conjoin (third-person singular simple present conjoins, present participle conjoining, simple past and past participle conjoined)

conjoins (present singular third-person)
conjoining (participle present)
conjoined (participle past)
conjoined (past)

/kənˈd͡ʒɔɪn/

From Old French conjoindre, from Latin coniungo, from con- (“together”) + iungo (“join”). Equivalent to con- + join.

(transitive, grammar) To join as coordinate elements, often with a coordinating conjunction, such as coordinate clauses.


conjoin

/kənˈd͡ʒɔɪn/

Et is the general coordinator that can be used for all types of coordination, both clauses and constituents, regardless of the semantic relation between the conjoins.

2021, Harm Pinkster, The Oxford Latin Syntax, volumes 2, The Complex Sentence and Discourse, →ISBN, page 621:

(grammar) One of the words or phrases that are coordinated by a conjunction.


coherence

en-noun

coherence (countable and uncountable, plural coherences)

From Middle French coherence, from Latin cohaerentia.
Morphologically cohere + -ence.

Coordinate term: cohesion

(linguistics, translation studies) A semantic relationship between different parts of the same text.


puttee

Coordinate term: putter

[…] for example, Gleitman (1990:30), in support of her claim for universal alignments of syntax and semantics, argues for the universal naturalness of three arguments for 'put' verbs (a putter, a puttee, and a location).

2012, Anetta Kopecka, Bhuvana Narasimhan, Events of Putting and Taking: A Crosslinguistic Perspective, page 55:

(grammar) Something that is put somewhere; the object of the action of putting.


target language

target language (plural target languages)

(linguistics) The language a learner is attempting to acquire.

(translation studies) The language into which a translation is done.


source language

source language (plural source languages)

(linguistics, translation studies) The language from which a translation is done.


thematise

en-verb

thematise (third-person singular simple present thematises, present participle thematising, simple past and past participle thematised)

thematises (present singular third-person)
thematising (participle present)
thematised (participle past)
thematised (past)

From the stem of Ancient Greek θέμα (théma, “theme”) + -ise.

(linguistics) Convert a sentence or a part of it into a theme

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(linguistics, Indo-European studies) Modify a word or stem by adding a thematic vowel.


solidify

solidify (third-person singular simple present solidifies, present participle solidifying, simple past and past participle solidified)

solidifies (present singular third-person)
solidifying (participle present)
solidified (participle past)
solidified (past)

[səˈlɪɾəˌfaɪ]

/səˈlɪdəˌfɑɪ/

[səˈlɪɾəˌfɑɪ]

/səˈlɪdˌfɑɪ/

[səˈlɪɾˌfɑɪ]

(grammar, transitive) To transform an open compound into a closed compound (solid compound).


û

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the GOOSE vowel, as in the word "rude".

+ r

(lexicography) An element of the digraph ûr, a dictionary transcription for the NURSE vowel


code-switching

As with many bilingual families, it was normal to observe frequent code-switching at our dinner table.

In addition, our combined syntax-function approach sheds new light on a syntactic analysis of code-switching.

1997, Miwa Nishimura, Japanese/English Code-switching, P. Lang, page 36:

2008, Elena Gluth, Code-switching: grammatical, pragmatic and psycholinguistic aspects, Bod Third Party Titles:

2009, Barbara E. Bullock, Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, Cambridge University Press:

(linguistics) The phenomenon or practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties.


quatrain

Example:

Awake! for Morning in the Bowl of Night,

Has flung the Stone that puts the stars to flight:

And Lo! the Hunter of the East has caught

The Sultan's Turret in a Noose of light.

The menu card was designed by Mr. Arthur Hacker, and further enriched by some charming verses in Omarian quatrains from Mr. Le Gallienne, who read them to a sympathetic audience.

1894 December 26, The Sketch, London, page 396, column 1:


doublet

From Middle English doublet, a borrowing from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et.

zeke

(historical in English) a man’s waistcoat

(linguistics) One of two or more different words in a language derived from the same etymological root but having different phonological forms (e.g., toucher and toquer in French or shade and shadow in English).

szóhasadás

the process that creates them, which is more commonly used


synchronic

/sɪŋˈkɹɑnɪk/

/sɪŋˈkɹɒnɪk/

By surface analysis, syn- + chron- + -ic; historically, see synchronous § Etymology.

surf

The three texts that contain a more modern selection of lexis, Sengupta, Nihalani et al, and Mahal, being entirely synchronic, also suffer from a lack of historical perspective.

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 300:

(linguistics) Relating to the study of a language at only one point in its history.

համաժամանակյա

relating to the study of a language at only one point in its history


construe

en-verb

construe (third-person singular simple present construes, present participle construing, simple past and past participle construed)

construes (present singular third-person)
construing (participle present)
construed (participle past)
construed (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-عُثمان (Middle river exports)-construe.wav

From Middle English construen, from Late Latin construo, construere (“to relate grammatically”), from Latin construo (“pile together”); doublet of construct.

der

Thus, in a sentence such as:
 (113) John considers [_S Fred to be too sure of himself]
 the italicised Reflexive himself can only be construed with Fred, not with John: this follows from our assumption that non-subject Reflexives must have an antecedent within their own S. Notice, however, that in a sentence such as:
 (114) John seems to me [_S — to have perjured himself]
 himself must be construed with John.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 8, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 436:

(grammar, transitive) To analyze the grammatical structure of a clause or sentence; to parse.

(grammar, ergative) To admit of grammatical analysis.


valency

en-noun

valency (countable and uncountable, plural valencies)

From Late Latin valentia and Latin valentia (“bodily strength; health; vigour”) + English -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state). Valentia is derived from valēns (“healthy, strong, vigorous”) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns); while valēns is the present active participle of valeō (“to be healthy, sound, or well; to be strong; to have influence or power, etc.”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; powerful, strong”).
Sense 1 (“combining capacity of an atom”) and sense 3 (“number of arguments a verb can have”) are possibly from valence + -y.

der

(countable, linguistics) Alternative form of valence (“the number of arguments that a verb can have, including its subject, ranging from zero to three or, less commonly, four”)


apical

(phonetics, phonology, of a sound) Produced with the tip of the tongue.

apical

phonetics: produced with the tip of the tongue


apical

(phonetics) A sound produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue.


objecthood

(philosophy, grammar) The condition of being an object.


clipping

en-noun

clipping (countable and uncountable, plural clippings)

(uncountable, linguistics) A process of word formation involving shortening by removal of syllables, often terminal ones.

The word "ad" is a clipping of "advertisement".

> --Lia
An unusual clipping! -or is it not short for Julia?

2007 December 11, Peter T. Daniels, “Bushman clicks and tsks”, in sci.lang (Usenet), message-ID <b992264e-0708-4570-b54d-4ecc43586865@t1g2000pra.googlegroups.com>:

(countable, linguistics) A short form (of a longer word) created by removing syllables, often terminal ones.


sonorant

(phonetics) A speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; the generic term of vowel, approximant, nasal consonant, etc.


obstruent

Learned borrowing from Latin obstruēns, obstruentis.

lbor

Lehmann (1998:77) and Steever (1998: 14, 16) considered āytam an allophone of Tamil /y/ before obstruents, but there is no real evidence for this assumption.

2003, Bhadiraju Krishnamurti, The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN:

(phonetics) A consonant sound formed by obstructing the airway, causing turbulence; a plosive, fricative, or affricate.


Turkism

en-noun

Turkism (countable and uncountable, plural Turkisms)

From Turk + -ism. Compare earlier Turcism.

(linguistics) A Turkish word, or a Turkish-derived word, used in a language not related to Turkish.


impostor

From Middle French imposteur, respelled in the Latin manner; ultimately from Latin impositor, agent form of Latin imponere (“to impose”).

Interestingly, Wang shows that Chinese allows the appearance of an indexical pronoun alongside the imposter, as in (31).

2014, Daniel Kaufman, “The Syntax of Indonesian Imposters”, in Chris Collins, editor, Cross-Linguistic Studies of Imposters and Pronominal Agreement, →ISBN, page 105:

One possibility is that mothers of HR [higher-risk] infants frequently use non-pronoun forms in place of pronouns, as in the impostor uses noted above.

2018, Angela Xiaoxue He, Rhiannon Luyster, Sudha Arunachalam, “Personal pronoun usage in maternal input to infants at high vs. low risk for autism spectrum disorder”, in First Language, volume 38, number 5, →DOI:

(linguistics) A term referenced in an unusual grammatical person.


catalectic

From Latin catalecticus, from Ancient Greek καταληκτικός (katalēktikós, “leaving off, incomplete”) from κατά (katá, “down, wholly”) + ληκτικός (lēktikós, “causing to stop”).

uder

καταληκτικός

(prosody) (said of a line with incomplete meter) lacking a syllable at the end or ending with an incomplete foot.


anacoluthon

en-noun

anacoluthon (plural anacolutha or anacoluthons)

anacolutha (plural)
anacoluthons (plural)

/ænəkəˈluːθɒn/

From Late Latin anacolūthon, from Ancient Greek ἀνακόλουθον (anakólouthon, “without sequence, anomalous [of inflections or grammatical constructions]”), from ἀ(ν)- (a(n)-, “un-”) + ἀκόλουθος (akólouthos, “following”). Compare English non sequitur, from an analogous Latin phrase, denoting a different but related concept.

der

without sequence, anomalous 􂀿of inflections or grammatical constructions􂁀

Another species of anacoluthon is when, after the sentence is begun with a participle, the construction passes over into a finite verb, where we should naturally expect the participial construction to be continued.

1835, Moses Stuart, A Treatise on the Syntax of the New Testament Dialect: With an Appendix, Containing a Dissertation on the Greek Article, Edinburgh: T. Clarke, →OCLC, page 249:

(grammar) A sentence or clause that is grammatically inconsistent, especially with respect to the type of clausal or phrasal complement for the initial clause.


anacrusis

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀνάκρουσις (anákrousis, “pushing up”), from ἀνακρούω (anakroúō, “I push up”), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + κρούω (kroúō, “I strike”).

uder

(prosody) An unstressed syllable at the start of a verse.

anacrusi

(prosody) an unstressed syllable at the start of a verse


phrasal verb

In 'The police told the driver to pull over', 'pull over' is a phrasal verb.

(linguistics) A two-word verb, consisting of a verb and a "small" adverb or particle, that has an idiomatic meaning not easily predictable from the individual parts.

Thus, it would seem that as far as GAPPING is concerned, the whole expression put off is somehow treated as a single 'compound Verb'. But this is the very intuition which we encapsulated in analysis (125) (b), by giving the sequence [put off] the status of a single V constituent (i.e. by analysing it as a Phrasal Verb). Thus, facts about GAPPING lend yet further support to analysis (125).

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 98:

(linguistics, more loosely) A phrase, consisting of a verb and either or both of a preposition or adverb, that has idiomatic meaning.

verbo seguito da preposizione o avverbio


pleonastic

en-adj

pleonastic (comparative more pleonastic, superlative most pleonastic)

more pleonastic (comparative)
most pleonastic (superlative)

A second class of Subject Expressions in English are so-called pleonastic pronouns such as it and there in sentences like:
 (104) (a) It is raining/It is a long way to Dallas/Itʼs time to leave/It is obvious that youʼre right
 (104) (b) There must have been some mistake/There walked into the room the most beautiful woman I had ever encountered
 These Pronouns are called ‘pleonasticʼ (which means ‘redundantʼ) in traditional grammar because (in their ‘pleonasticʼ use, but not in other uses) they are felt to be (in some vague intuitive sense) ‘semantically emptyʼ, and thus cannot have their reference questioned (cf. ^✽What is raining? ^✽Where must have been some mistake?).

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 6, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 319:

1988 [Hutchinson Educational], Anna Laura Lepschy, Giulio C. Lepschy, The Italian Language Today, 2nd Edition, Reprinted 1992, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 107,
In these sentences finchè may be followed by a non which is called ‘pleonastic’ and does not negate the predicate in the subordinate clause: Ugo aspetta finchè non lo chiamano 'Ugo is waiting until they call him'. When the main clause is negative one must always use the pleonastic non after finchè in the subordinate clause: Ugo non si muove finchè non lo chiamano 'Ugo is not moving until they call him'.

Before undertaking to show the connection which this papyrus seems to establish between an apparently historical king of the IId dynasty and the hero of a romance of the XIXth (an interval of two or three thousand years), I will give an English version of Dr. Brugsch's German translation, condensing somewhat its more pleonastic passages, but preserving its genuine Egyptian features.

1869, J. P. Lesley, “Notes on Some of the Historical and Mythological Features of the D'Orbiney Papers”, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 10: January 1865-December 1868, American Philosophical Society, page 543:

1974, Olgierd Wojtasiewicz (translator), Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Pragmatic Logic, [1965, Logika Pragmatyczna], D. Reidel Publishing Company, PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, page 44,
A characteristic intension of a term unambiguously describes the extension of that term. But a characteristic intension of a term may be pleonastic, i.e., it may contain more properties than it is necessary to define the extension of that term. For instance, the intension of the term "square" consisting of the properties "planeness, quadrilaterality, rectangularity, equilaterality, being inscribable in a circle" would be pleonastic since it would include more properties than it is necessary to describe the extension of the term "square". […] The complete intension always is characteristic and pleonastic. It is the most pleonastic of all those intensions which are characteristic of a given set of objects.

To sum up, it may be said that the prediction of loss is borne out by the facts in Latvian and its dialects: the highly marked pleonastic morphology is no longer part of the system.[…]However, within the Lithuanian dialect cluster, pleonastic morphology is still a long way from collapsing altogether.

2010, Thomas Stolz, “Pleonastic morphology dies hard”, in Franz Rainer, Wolfgang U. Dressler, Dieter Kastovsky, Hans Christian Luschützky, editors, Variation and Change in Morphology, page 241:

(linguistics) Characterised by the use of redundant words or an excessive number of words.

плеанасты́чны

characterised by redundancy or the use of an excess number of words

perissological

characterised by redundancy or use of an excessive number of words


informant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-informant.wav

The only material the linguist has to begin with are the informant's grammatical utterances in the target language pronounced arbitrarily in a natural or assigned communicative situation or stimulated artificially by the investigator.

1977, A. E. Kibrik, The methodology of field investigations in linguistics:

The informant learns his language by formal training and, more importantly, by constant exposure to its use. He cannot repeat to the linguist what he has never seen or heard.

2003, Sergei Nirenburg, H. L. Somers, Yorick Wilks, Readings in machine translation, page 116:

(linguistics) A native speaker who acts as a linguistic reference for a language being studied. The informant demonstrates native pronunciation, provides grammaticality judgments regarding linguistic well-formedness, and may also explain cultural references and other important contextual information.

informantti

lingustics: native speaker who acts as a reference


occlusion

en-noun

occlusion (countable and uncountable, plural occlusions)

Borrowed from Late Latin occlūsiō, occlūsiōnis (“occluding, obstruction”), from the Classical Latin occlūdō (“I shut up or close up; I restrain”), from ob + claudō (“I shut or close”).

der

(phonetics) A closure within the vocal tract that produces an oral stop or nasal stop.


regimen

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪ.mən/

Learned borrowing from Latin regimen (“guidance, direction, government, rule”). Doublet of regime.

lbor

(3.) Verbs admit two kinds of regimen: the direct regimen and the indirect regimen. (4.) The direct regimen, or immediate object … (5.) The indirect regimen, or remote object [....]

The Popular Educator. A Complete Encyclopaedia of Elementary, Advanced, and Technical Education. New and Revised Edition. Volume III., page 394 (Lessions in French.---LVIII. § 42.---Of Verbs)

Active verbs express an action which an agent, called the nominative or subject, performs on an object or regimen, without the help of a preposition: as,--- Pierre aime Sophie, Peter loves Sophia. [...] Of the Object or Regimen of Verbs.

1828, J. V. Douville, The Speaking French Grammar, forming a series of sixty explanatory lessons, with colloquial essays, 3rd edition, London, page 84 & 315:

15. A verb is active in French when it expresses that an agent called nominative, or subject, performs an action on an object, or regimen, without the help of a preposition---as, Jean frappe Joseph, John strikes Joseph, &c.

1831, A. Bolmar, “A Book of the French Verbs, Wherein the Model Verbs, and Several of the Most Difficult Are Conjugated Affirmatively, Negatively, Interrogatively, an Negatively and Interrogatively.”, in A Book of the French Verbs, Wherein the Model Verbs, and Several of the Most Difficult Are Conjugated Affirmatively, Negatively, Interrogatively, an Negatively and Interrogatively. A New Edition, Philadelphia, published 1854, page 2:

Pronouns may be nominatives, and of the direct or indirect regimen.

1847, M. Josse, A Grammar of the Spanish Language with Practical Exercises. First Part, page 51:

(grammar) A syntactical relation between words, as when one depends on another and is regulated by it in respect to case or mood; government.


purposive

en-adj

purposive (comparative more purposive, superlative most purposive)

more purposive (comparative)
most purposive (superlative)

From purpose + -ive. Compare purpositive.

Many scholars suggest that […] the increase in the use of the to-infinitive in Middle English took place at the expense of the bare infinitive (i.e. an infinitive without the marker to). […] due to the loss of verbal inflections, it became difficult to distinguish the infinitival form from other verbal forms. As a result […] to began to function as a mere marker of the infinitive, losing its original ‘purposive’ sense […]

2004, Olga Fischer et al., chapter 7, in The Syntax of Early English, Cambridge University Press, page 212:

(grammar) Of a clause or conjunction: expressing purpose.


purposive

This purposive was described by speakers as referring to the action which can be observed at the moment of speech; this is why it is termed ‘visual’.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “16 - Mood and modality”, in A Grammar of Tariana, from Northwest Amazonia, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 393:

(grammar) A mood indicating a purpose of the course of activity expressed by the verb.


hypostasis

en-noun

hypostasis (countable and uncountable, plural hypostases or hypostaseis)

hypostases (plural)
hypostaseis (plural)

From Ecclesiastical Latin hypostasis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (hupóstasis, “sediment, foundation; substance, existence, essence”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + στάσις (stásis, “standing”). Morphologically hypo- + -stasis.

bor

(philosophy) The underlying reality or substance of something.

(linguistics) A relationship between a name and a known quantity, as a cultural personification (i.e. objectification with personality) of an entity or quality.


assimilation

en-noun

assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural assimilations)

/əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin assimilatio. By surface analysis, assimilate + -ion.

Hence, rather than being the result of mishearing and assimilation, the application of Hobson-Jobson to the Muharram was intentionally disparaging.

2014, James Lambert, “A Much Tortured Expression: A New Look At `Hobson-Jobson'”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 27, number 1, page 59:

(phonology) A sound change process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary), so that a change of phoneme occurs.


cognomen

cognomen (plural cognomens or cognomina)

From Latin cognōmen, from con- (“with”) + nōmen (“name; family name”).

af

Julius Caesar's actual name was Gaius Iulius Caesar. Gaius was his praenomen or forename, Iulius his nomen or surname, and Caesar his cognomen, denoting which part of the Iulius family he belonged to.

Roman tradition suggests that he might also have had the cognomen Octavian to indicate his biological family.

2007, David Potter, chapter 1, in The Emperors of Rome, page 36:

"Five hundred years or more afterwards, the family migrated to Rome under circumstances of which no trace remains, and here, probably with the idea of preserving the idea of vengeance which we find set out in the name of Tisisthenes, they appear to have pretty regularly assumed the cognomen of Vindex, or Avenger."

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

(historical) A personal epithet or clan name added to the given name and family name of Ancient Romans.

Cognomen

the third part of the name of a citizen of ancient Rome

In this by-place of nature, there abode, in a remote period of American history, that is to say, some thirty years since, a worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane; who sojourned, or, as he expressed it, "tarried," in Sleepy Hollow[…]. The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person.

1820, Washington Irving, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, published 1864:

Her husband was evidently a sensible man, and he might have given his wife a little more sense than she could have derived from her downright father and her silly mother-in-law, who were really as great a pair of noodles as ever were exhibited in the pages of a modern novel, under the cognomen of "amiable rustics."

1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XVIII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 237:

(literary or humorous) Synonym of nickname, any epithet used similar to the Roman cognomina.

What's in a name? Well, to the Dragons, it would seem rather a lot, as they've tonight committed their cash to personalised products and to the man with the most famous cognomen in confectionery. I'll leave you to look that one up.

2018 December 23, Dragons' Den, spoken by Evan Davis:

(literary or humorous, uncommon) Synonym of surname, a family name.


binominal

(grammar) A construct involving two nouns or two names.


suction stop

(linguistics) A voice stop in the formation of which air behind the articulation is rarefied with consequent inrush of air when articulation is broken.


excrescence

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-excrescence.wav

From Middle English, early 15th century, in sense “(action of) growing out (of something else)”. Borrowed from Latin excrescentia (“abnormal growths”), from excrescentem, from excrēscere, from ex- (“out”) (English ex-) + crēscere (“to grow”) (English crescent). Sense of “abnormal growth” from 1570s, from earlier excrescency (1540s in this sense).

(phonetics) The epenthesis of a consonant, e.g., warmth as [ˈwɔrmpθ] (adding a [p] between [m] and [θ]), or -t (Etymology 2).


ē

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FLEECE vowel


toneless

en-adj

toneless (comparative more toneless, superlative most toneless)

more toneless (comparative)
most toneless (superlative)

(linguistics) Lacking tone or pitch, have the neutral tone.


vta

(grammar) Initialism of verb transitive animate.


truncation

en-noun

truncation (countable and uncountable, plural truncations)

From Late Latin truncātiō, from Latin truncāre, past participle truncātus (“to cut off”). See truncate.

(linguistics) The act of truncating or shortening (for example, words are shortened to form blend words or portmanteaus).


prepositional phrase

prepositional phrase (plural prepositional phrases)

(grammar) A phrase containing both a preposition and its object or complement; may be used as an adjunct or a modifier.

կապային կառույց

phrase containing both a preposition and its complement


DM

Distributed Morphology
w:Distributed Morphology

(linguistics) Initialism of Distributed Morphology.


relative clause

relative clause (plural relative clauses)

(grammar) A subordinate clause that modifies or gives further information about a noun or sometimes whole statement; in English, may be introduced by a relative pronoun (sometimes optional) such as that, which or who.

連体修飾節

れんたいしゅうしょくせつ

относи́тельное прида́точное предложе́ние


acrolect

From acro- (“tip; peak”) + -lect, coined by William Alexander Stewart in 1965.

coin

In one dimension change is directed toward the acrolect, the “typical” change in the creole continuum.

1994, Michael Montgomery, The Crucible of Carolina, University of Georgia Press, →ISBN, page 60:

At the other end of the continuum is the most standard speech, the acrolect. In between is a gradient of forms with many successive levels, the mesolects.

2013, Allan Bell, The Guidebook to Sociolinguistics, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 83:

(sociolinguistics) The variety of speech that is considered most suitable for formal occasions (typically using only standard forms).

acrolecte

variety of speech that is considered the standard form


prosody

en-noun

prosody (countable and uncountable, plural prosodies)

From Middle French prosodie, from Latin prosōdia, from Ancient Greek προσῳδία (prosōidía, “song sung to music; pronunciation of syllable”), from πρός (prós, “to”) + ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”).

der

An accurate acquaintance with the Prosody and Metres of the Greek Language is so necessary an accompaniment of true scholarship, that any attempt to advocate its claims to the notice of the student would be entirely superfluous.

1838, Charles Anthon, A System of Greek Prosody and Metre, Harper & Brothers, page v:

The aim of this book is to answer the question WHAT DID GREEK PROSODY SOUND LIKE? The study of prosody stands at the intersection of a number of quite disparate disciplines, as illustrated in the diagram overleaf.

1994, A. M. Devine, Laurence D. Stephens, The Prosody of Greek Speech, Oxford University Press, page v:

2007, Jackson T. Gandour, Neural substrates underlying the perception of linguistic prosody, Tomas Riad, Carlos Gussenhoven (editors), Tones and Tunes, Volume 2: Experimental Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, De Gruyter (Mouton de Gruyter), page 3,
Brain imaging data shows us moreover that we have to go beyond linguistic units themselves to gain a full understanding of how prosody is processed in the brain.

(linguistics) The study of rhythm, intonation, stress, and related attributes in speech.

прозодия

linguistics: study of rhythm and other attributes in speech

But the system of prosody in Samson plainly forbids extrametrical syllables in the midst of the line, and there is certainly no other example.

1894, Robert Bridges, Milton's Prosody, Oxford University Press, page 30:

(poetry) The study of poetic meter; the patterns of sounds and rhythms in verse.


prepositional article

en-noun

prepositional article (plural prepositional articles)

(grammar) In some languages, such as French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, a contraction of a preposition and an article, e.g. au in French (a contraction of à and le).


acuted

(linguistics, possessional) Of a written word: exhibiting acute accent.

I do not suppose the Greeks altered the letters in exactly the same way, but rather that their acuted οί inclined toward the modern sound, or that the Ο was attenuated or altogether lost in it. The diphthong in unaccented syllables probably resembled the acuted rather than the circumflex; for before an enclitic it can only assume the acute accent.

1866, C[harles] B[agot] Cayley, “IX.—On the Verification of Homeric Accentuation.”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, London, Berlin: Published for the [Philological] Society by Asher & Co., […], →OCLC, page 77:

(linguistics) Of a pronounced word: exhibiting a language-specific type of pitch accent or tone characterized by an acute accent mark in the respective language transcription or orthography.


articulated

(grammar, linguistics) Qualified by an article


unproductive

en-adj

unproductive (comparative more unproductive, superlative most unproductive)

more unproductive (comparative)
most unproductive (superlative)

(linguistics, of affixes, mechanisms of word formation, etc) No longer used to produce new words (see examples).

mechanisms of word formation; etc; mechanisms of word formation; etc


notional

notional (comparative more notional, superlative most notional)

more notional (comparative)
most notional (superlative)

(linguistics) Having descriptive value as opposed to a syntactic category.


fractional

In English, most ordinals double as fractionals — "third", "fourth", and so on — with the exception of "second", whose corresponding fractional is "half".

(grammar) An expression of a fractional number.


vti

(grammar) Initialism of verb transitive inanimate.


stipulative definition

en-noun

stipulative definition (plural stipulative definitions)

(semantics) A definition in which a new or extant term is given a new meaning for the purposes of argument or discussion in a given context.


bleaching

bleaching (countable and uncountable, plural bleachings)

/ˈbliːt͡ʃɪŋ/

Coordinate term: desemanticization

Grammaticalization is often associated with 'semantic bleaching', and this 'bleaching' is the result of reanalysis […] But there is no evidence that the bleaching of the meaning of do played any role in the causation of this sequence of events.

2000, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Language Form and Language Function, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 249:

In the development of the prepositional phrase, which did not exist in PIE, one can see a grammaticalization based on a double bleaching. […] Many of these combinations are achieved by lexical bleaching of the grammatical element and grammatical bleaching of the lexical element, as in the prepositional phrases in (11).
(11) French English
 en auto by car

2009, Vit Bubenik, John Hewson, Sarah Rose, Grammatical Change in Indo-European Languages: Papers presented at the workshop on Indo-European Linguistics at the XVIIIth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Montreal, 2007, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:

(linguistics) The loss or removal of part of the (semantic, grammatical, etc) content or a word or morpheme.


addressing

addressing (usually uncountable, plural addressings)

Just as a social inferior should not adopt a domineering structure of words and addressings, so a social superior must manage to inject just the right degree of condescension into his or her locutions

2010, R. S. Perinbanayagam, Discursive acts: language, signs, and selves, page 118:

(linguistics) A mode, manner, or form of direct speech to an audience.


harmonic

en-adj

harmonic (comparative more harmonic, superlative most harmonic)

more harmonic (comparative)
most harmonic (superlative)

From Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós), from ἁρμονία (harmonía, “harmony”).

(phonology) Exhibiting or applying constraints on what vowels (e.g. front/back vowels only) may be found near each other and sometimes in the entire word.

magánhangzó-harmónia terén illeszkedő

phonology: exhibiting or applying vowel constraints in a word

A person is harmonic with respect to members of his own generation and with respect to members of all even-numbered generations counting away from his own (e.g., his grandparents' generation, his grandchildren's generation, etc.).

1966, Kenneth Hale, Kinship Reflections in Syntax: Some Australian languages:

(Australianist linguistics) Of or relating to a generation an even number of generations distant from a particular person.


honorific

/ˌɒnəˈɹɪfɪk/

/ˌɑːnəˈɹɪfɪk/

Coordinate term: humilific

(linguistics) A word or word form expressing the speaker's respect for the hearer or the referent.


grapheme

From Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō, “write”) + -eme. Doublet of -gram.

The term for a letter or combination of letters which represents a particular sound is a “grapheme”. Languages like Italian and Serbo-Croatian have very simple “grapheme–phoneme conversion” rules.

[1987, David Caplan, Neurolinguistics and Linguistic Aphasiology: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 234:

In terms of specific graphemes, Table 2.5 identifies the most frequent inconsistent phoneme-to-grapheme patterns.

2019, Flavia Belpoliti, Encarna Bermejo, Spanish Heritage Learners' Emerging Literacy: Empirical Research and Classroom Practice, Routledge, →ISBN:

(linguistics) In alphabetic writing, the shortest group of letters composing a phoneme.


periphrastic

periphrastic (comparative more periphrastic, superlative most periphrastic)

more periphrastic (comparative)
most periphrastic (superlative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek περιφραστικός (periphrastikós), from περίφρασις (períphrasis, “periphrasis”).

der

περιφραστικός

“The daughter of the man” may be used as a periphrastic synonym for “the man’s daughter”.

описателен

grammar: characterized by periphrase or circumlocution


juncture

/ˈd͡ʒʌŋk.tʃə(ɹ)/

/ˈd͡ʒʌŋk.t͡ʃɚ/

/ˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃɚ/

Inherited from Middle English juncture, from Latin iūnctūra. Doublet of jointure.

(linguistics) The manner of moving (transition) or mode of relationship between two consecutive sounds; a suprasegmental phonemic cue, by which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sounds that have different meanings.

předěl

manner of transition between two consecutive sounds


non-past

In the phrases ‘I am running tomorrow’ and ‘I am running now,’ the main verb is in the non-past tense.

(grammar, of the tense) Of a tense, not pertaining to the past; in particular, applicable to both the present and the future.


nomino-

(grammar) Pertaining to the nominative case.


nominoaccusative

(grammar) Of or pertaining to both the nominative and accusative cases at once, capable of conveying either the subject or direct object of the verb.


inchoative

Borrowed from Latin inchoātīvus, formed by metathesis from incohātīvus, from incohō (“to begin”). Compare French inchoatif.

The inchoative (inceptive) aspect of a verb expresses the beginning of an action. Example: He is beginning to crawl.

1974, Floyd L. Moreland, Rita M. Fleischer, Latin: An Intensive Course, University of California Press, page 12:

(grammar) Aspectually indicating that a state is about to be entered or is in the process of being entered.

inchoatief

grammar: aspectually indicating that an action is to begin

(grammar) Inflected in or relating to the inchoative aspect.


approximant

From Latin approximāns. In the phonetics sense first used by Peter Ladefoged, the mathematical concept is attributed to Paul Halmos.

(phonetics) A consonant sound made by slightly narrowing the vocal tract, while still allowing a smooth flow of air. Liquids and glides are approximants.

ձայնորդ

consonant made by slightly narrowing the vocal tract


oligosynthetic

en-adj

oligosynthetic (comparative more oligosynthetic, superlative most oligosynthetic)

more oligosynthetic (comparative)
most oligosynthetic (superlative)

Talking of which, the grammar of oligosynthetic languages is not always particularly well explained – the designers sometimes seem to have been too focused on the vocabulary.

2021 April 10, Simon Davies, “Conlang Excursions 4: Saying a Lot with a Little”, in ESF Connected:

(linguistics, of a language) Using a relatively small number of morphemes which combine synthetically to form compound words.


heteroclitic

heteroclitic (comparative more heteroclitic, superlative most heteroclitic)

more heteroclitic (comparative)
most heteroclitic (superlative)

(linguistics) In particular, in Indo-European studies: signifying a stem which alternates between more than one form when declined for grammatical case. Examples of heteroclitic noun stems in Proto-Indo-European include *wod-r/n- "water" (nominoaccusative *wódr; genitive *udnés; locative *udén) and *yékʷ-r/n- "liver" (nominoaccusative *yékʷr, genitive *ikʷnés).


triadic

The notion that one is doing a worthwhile job and the interpretation of just what kinds of intervention are possible are key in the issues of triadic interpreting...

2008, Candace Séguinot, edited by John Kearns, Translator and Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates, Continuum International Publishing Group, page 13:

(translation studies) Being or relating to interpreting that involves three parties, i.e. the two clients and the interpreter.


aequalis

Learned borrowing from Latin aequālis (“equal”). Doublet of equal and egal.

lbor

(grammar) The case conveying an equality with another noun, equivalent to “like” or “as” in English. This case is used in some languages like Inuktitut.


typology

en-noun

typology (countable and uncountable, plural typologies)

(linguistics) Classification of languages according to their linguistic trait (as opposed to ancestrality like Romance languages).


phonemic

We've finished our phonemic analysis and we're ready to move on to morphology.

Tone is phonemic in Chinese.

(linguistics) Relating to a difference between sounds that can change the meaning of words in a language.

fonemàtic

relating to a difference between sounds that can change the meaning of words in a language

Spanish orthography is highly phonemic: you can tell exactly how the words sound just by looking at how they are spelled.

(linguistics, of an orthography [writing system]) Corresponding precisely and consistently with the sounds of the phonemes.


Konglish

He stands back and witnesses with awe the language’s myriad offshoots, like Manglish (Malay and English) and Konglish (English in South Korea).

2010 May 25, Dwight Garner, “English as a Juggernaut Conquers the World With Glee and an OMG”, in New York Times:

(derogatory) Any of various varieties of Korean English having distinctive lexis, syntax and phonology.


lexis

lexis (countable and uncountable, plural lexises or lexes or lexeis)

lexises (plural)
lexes (plural)
lexeis (plural)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek λέξις (léxis, “speech, word”).

lbor

Thus, alongside current lexis, words and senses now obsolete find a place in a dictionary on historical principles.

2018, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, volume 37, page 249:

(linguistics) The set of all words and phrases in a language; any unified subset of words from a particular language.


coronal

en-adj

coronal (comparative more coronal, superlative most coronal)

more coronal (comparative)
most coronal (superlative)

From Middle English coronal, from Anglo-Norman coronal, from Latin corōnālis (“related to a crown”), from corōna (“crown”).

(phonetics) Relating to a sound made with the tip or blade of the tongue.


coronal

This structurally accounts for a number of phenomena that treat coronals asymetrically with respect to other places of articulation.

2011, Mirco Ghini, Asymmetries in the Phonology of Miogliola, page 34:

(phonetics) A consonant produced with the tip or blade of the tongue.

coronaal

consonant produced with tip or blade of tongue


atonic

atonic (comparative more atonic, superlative most atonic)

more atonic (comparative)
most atonic (superlative)

Some syllables are distinguished by an absence of tone; they are said to be atonic or to have a neutral tone.

1984, John DeFrancis, The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy (nonfiction), University of Hawaii Press, page 45:


atonic

Coordinate term: subtonic

(phonetics, dated) A sound with lack of tone or vocality.


superstrate

However influential Sanskrit and Pāli were, then, linguistically both were limited to a “superstrate” role here: nowhere did they replace the native tongues of Southeast Asia.

2014, Colin Renfrew, Paul Bahn, The Cambridge World Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN:

(linguistics) Alternative form of superstratum


semanteme

Toong Cheong spoke more rapidly now, and urgency and embarrassment reduced his speech to essential semantemes.

1956, Anthony Burgess, Time for a Tiger (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 53:

(linguistics) an indivisible unit of meaning.


softened

softened (comparative more softened, superlative most softened)

more softened (comparative)
most softened (superlative)


sentential

(linguistics, law, philosophy) Relating to a sentence.


retract

en-verb

retract (third-person singular simple present retracts, present participle retracting, simple past and past participle retracted)

retracts (present singular third-person)
retracting (participle present)
retracted (participle past)
retracted (past)

From Late Middle English retracten, retract (“to absorb, draw in”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + trahō (“to drag, pull; to extract, withdraw”) (apparently ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to drag, pull (?)”), a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). Doublet of retreat.

der

(phonetics) To pronounce (a sound, especially a vowel) farther to the back of the vocal tract.

後移

to pronounce (a sound, especially a vowel) farther to the back of the vocal tract


lambdacism

en-noun

lambdacism (countable and uncountable, plural lambdacisms)

Borrowed from Latin lambdacismus. By surface analysis lambda + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme).

q

(phonology) A pronunciation shift whereby /l/ or other closely related phonemes are substituted for other sounds (typically /r/), as Sally for Sarah or Molly for Mary.


rhotacism

en-noun

rhotacism (countable and uncountable, plural rhotacisms)

From New Latin rhōtacismus, from Ancient Greek *ῥωτακισμός (*rhōtakismós), from ῥωτακίζω (rhōtakízō, “to incorrectly use rho”), from ῥῶ (rhô, “rho (the Greek equivalent of r)”) in analogy with ἰωτακίζω (iōtakízō, “to incorrectly use iota”); this in turn from ἰῶτα (iôta) in analogy with ἀττικίζω (attikízō, “talk like an Athenian”). By surface analysis rho + -tacism.

der

(countable, phonology) A linguistic phenomenon in which a consonant changes into an R, such as Latin flos becoming florem in the accusative case; rhotacization.


separable affix

en-noun

separable affix (plural separable affixes)

(linguistics) An affix that can be detached from the word it attaches to in several instances.


separable verb

(linguistics) A verb that is composed of a stem and a separable affix, which can be detached from the stem in several verb forms.


percept

Borrowed from Latin perceptum, neuter of perceptus (“perceived”), past participle of percipiō (“to perceive”); see perceive.

I see an inkstand on the table: that is a percept. Moving my head, I get a different percept of the inkstand.

1901, Charles Sanders Peirce, Grammar of Science:

So far as in that world it is a stable feature, holds ink, marks paper and obeys the guidance of a hand, it is a physical pen. [...] So far as it is instable, on the contrary, coming and going with the movements of my eyes, altering with what I call my fancy, continuous with subsequent experiences of its ‘having been’ (in the past tense), it is the percept of a pen in my mind.

1905, William James, “How Two Minds Can Know One Thing”, in Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods:

Socrates remarks that when he is well he finds wine sweet, but when ill, sour. Here it is a change in the percipient that causes the change in the percept.

1946, Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy:

(philosophy, psychology, linguistics) A perceived object as it exists in the mind of someone perceiving it; the mental impression that is the result of perceiving something.


illeism

illeism (countable and uncountable, plural illeisms)

From Latin ille (“that man; he”) + -ism, modelled on egoism.

[…] "[I]lleism with a difference" occurs when a character, speaking in the first person, refers to himself by name (not simply by a pronoun, which is illeism proper). [William] Sh[akespeare] makes significant use of the device in only four "middle plays." […] This sort of illeism enriches the dramatic context […]

2002, Lewis Walker, comp., “General Works (Items 0067–1154)”, in Shakespeare and the Classical Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography 1961–1991, New York, N.Y., London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 300:

In origin, the device of ‘illeism’ is a joint legacy to Elizabethan drama of the native English medieval stage tradition and of the Senecan translations, and one already used before [William] Shakespeare by [Thomas] Kyd, [George] Peele, and [Christopher] Marlowe. Also, this ‘illeism’ was a mannerism of the historical Julius Caesar as in evidence in his Commentaries; […]

2005, S. Viswanathan, “‘Illeism with a Difference’ in Certain Middle Plays”, in Exploring Shakespeare: The Dynamics of Playmaking, New Delhi: Orient Longman, →ISBN, page 5, footnote 12:

[F]or some reason, illeism is especially attractive to professional sports players. The award for the best display of illeism has to go to baseball player Rickey Henderson, who left this message on his manager's voice-mail: "Kevin, this is Rickey, calling on behalf of Rickey" (quoted in Sports Illustrated).

2007, Anu Garg, “Words to Describe People: Insults”, in The Dord, the Diglot, and an Avocado or Two: The Hidden Lives and Strange Origins of Words, New York, N.Y.: Plume Book, →ISBN:

It seems likely that Isabella's 'how she treads the air' is the kind of illeism that Franciscus uses later in this scene at l[ine] 216: 'He handles him like a feather. Hey!' […] It should be noticed that some editors are confused by Franciscus's illeism as well, and give his line to Lollio.

2007, Douglas Bruster, “The Changeling [1653; by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley]”, in Gary Taylor, John Lavagnino, editors, Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture: A Companion to the Collected Works, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, annotation of Act IV, scene iii, line 107, page 1100, column 2:

(often linguistics) The practice of (excessively) referring to oneself in the third person.

Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Dodd, Mead and Company
Farnese collection
Julius Caesar

第三人称自称

practice of (excessively) referring to oneself in the second person


macaronic

/ˌmækəˈɹɑnɪk/

From New Latin, 1517 coinage, macaronicus, from Italian (Neapolitan dialect) maccarone (“coarse dumpling”).

(linguistic morphology) A word consisting of a mix of words of two or more languages.

Such a word that mixes Latin morphemes with non-Latin ones.


checked

(phonology) Of syllables, having a coda.


interrogative pronoun

interrogative pronoun (plural interrogative pronouns)

What did you say?

Who said that?

To whom was that said?

Which student said that?

Whose question was that?

(grammar) A pronoun used in a question. In English, the five interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and whose (also used as relative pronouns). These require no antecedent.


analytic

en-adj

analytic (comparative more analytic, superlative most analytic)

more analytic (comparative)
most analytic (superlative)

/ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/

From Ancient Greek ἀναλυτικός (analutikós).

(linguistics) Of a language, having a grammar principally dependent on the arrangement of uninflected words within sentences to indicate meaning. Compare synthetic.


semantic network

en-noun

semantic network (plural semantic networks)

The lists capture related concepts, lexico-grammar, and semantic networks (e.g. hyponyms, synonyms, antonyms).

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 110:

(linguistics) A graph whose vertices represent concepts and edges represent semantic relations, such as synonymy—having very similar meaning, hyponymy—being a subclass, or meronymy—being a part of a whole.


polygraph

/ˈpɒliɡɹɑːf/

(linguistics) A group of letters that represent a single phoneme.


articular

From Latin articularis. English article + -ar.

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical article.


pragmatics

(linguistics, translation studies) The study of the use of language in a social context.

պրագմատիկա

study of the use of the language in a social context


preaspiration

/ˌpɹiːˌæspəˈɹeɪʃən/

(phonetics) A period of voiceless breathing that precedes some consonants in some languages—a sort of mirror-image of aspiration.


past continuous

(grammar) A tense used to describe actions and states continued in the past.


homological

From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, homo- + logical.

(grammar) Of an adjective, describing itself.


homophonic

(linguistics) Having the same sound; being homophones.


genetically

en-adv

genetically (comparative more genetically, superlative most genetically)

more genetically (comparative)
most genetically (superlative)

From genetic + -ally or genetical + -ly.

German and Danish are genetically related.

(linguistics) By being members of the same linguistic family.


glosso-

From Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssa, “tongue; language”) + -o-.

af

glossolalia

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to language or speech.


proparoxytone

/pɹəʊpəˈɹɒksɪtəʊn/

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek προπᾰροξῠ́τονος (proparoxútonos).

lbor

προπᾰροξῠ́τονος

(linguistics, of a word) Having the stress or accent on the antepenultimate syllable.


proparoxytone

/pɹəʊpəˈɹɒksɪtəʊn/

προπᾰροξῠ́τονος


cohesive

From Latin cohaesus, past participle of cohaereō, + -ive.

The fourth of this group of cohesives is the anaphoric, same UT.

1988, Michael R. Walrod, Normative Discourse and Persuasion: An Analysis of Gaʹdang ...:

(linguistics) A device used to establish cohesion within a text


vocalize

en-verb

vocalize (third-person singular simple present vocalizes, present participle vocalizing, simple past and past participle vocalized)

vocalizes (present singular third-person)
vocalizing (participle present)
vocalized (participle past)
vocalized (past)

In Hong Kong English, /l/ may be vocalized at the end of a syllable.

(linguistics) To turn a consonant into a vowel.

magánhangzóvá alakít

linguistics: to turn a consonant into a vowel

(linguistics, dated) To make a sound voiced rather than voiceless.

zöngésít

(dated in English) linguistics: to make a sound voiced rather than voiceless

(linguistics) To add vowel points to a consonantal script (e.g. niqqud in Hebrew)

pontokat kiteszi

linguistics: to add vowel points to a consonantal script (e.g. niqqud in Hebrew)


sluice

From Middle English sluse, alteration of scluse, from Anglo-Norman escluse (“sluice, floodgate”), from Late Latin exclusa (“extrusion, gate”), from Latin exclūsus, form of exclūdō (“I shut out, I exclude”) (English exclude). Cognate to Dutch sluis.

der

(linguistics) An instance of wh-stranding ellipsis, or sluicing.


sluice

en-verb

sluice (third-person singular simple present sluices, present participle sluicing, simple past and past participle sluiced)

sluices (present singular third-person)
sluicing (participle present)
sluiced (participle past)
sluiced (past)

(linguistics) To elide the complement in a coordinated wh-question. See sluicing.


syncope

en-noun

syncope (countable and uncountable, plural syncopes)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”).

lbor

Coordinate term: apocope

[…]; on the contrary, all syllables subject in the same way to elision, apocope, syncope, and slurring must have the same degree of stress (i.e. they must be alike unaccented) whether preceded by short or by long root-syllables.

1910, Jakob Schipper, A History of English Versification:

(linguistics, phonology, prosody) The elision or loss of a sound from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable.


PAN

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Proto-Austronesian.


dieretic

en-adj

dieretic (comparative more dieretic, superlative most dieretic)

more dieretic (comparative)
most dieretic (superlative)

/daɪəˈɹɛtɪk/

The word create is dieretic, whereas creature is synaeretic.


postpositive

(grammar, of an adjective or other modifier) Placed after the word modified, either immediately after, as in two men abreast, or as part of a complement, as in those two men are bad.


p-word

(phonology) prosodic word, phonological word.

(grammar) A preposition or adverb that no longer performs a prepositional or adverbial function including particles in phrasal verbs, quasi-modal verbs, and determiner phrases and infinitive markers.


Indic

Via Latin indicus from Ancient Greek ἰνδικός (indikós), from Ἰνδία (Indía). Doublet of indigo.

1986, Margie J. Cunningham O'Bryan, The History and Development of the Verbal System of Early Middle Indic:

Second, it is the only group that directly attests to a period of common development between two branches of the Indo-European family, namely, Indic and Iranian.

1983, Philip Baldi, An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages, SIU Press, →ISBN, page 51:

Similar transfers in Indic are fewer in number owing to the early loss of the aor.: for example, the pres. cayate 'notices' (aoristic root ci-, PIE *kʷey) is in origin the subj. of root aorist ácet, and displaces the earlier redup. Pres cikéṣi (AV), imperf. áciket (RV).

2008 November 13, Andrew L Sihler, New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

(linguistics) A branch of the Indo-European family of languages comprising Sanskrit and its modern descendants such as Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi.


emotive

emotive (comparative more emotive, superlative most emotive)

more emotive (comparative)
most emotive (superlative)


emotive

(grammar) A word or construct that expresses an emotion.


matronymic

/ˌmætɹəˈnɪmɪk/

From Latin māter (“mother”) + -onym + -ic.

Of, relating to, or derived from the given name of one's mother.

By extension; of, relating to, or derived from the given name of a female ancestor.


matronymic

/ˌmætɹəˈnɪmɪk/

A surname or byname acquired from the given name of one's mother.

By extension, a surname or byname acquired from the given name from a female ancestor.


anomalism

en-noun

anomalism (countable and uncountable, plural anomalisms)

(linguistics) the theory that language was arbitrary in its origin, or without any natural analogy between names and the things named.


nominal clause

(grammar) A clause that is used as a subject or object.


bound state

(grammar) In Berber languages, a marked form of a noun, varying in usage cases per specific language but chiefly characterized by its being used for untopicalized subjects of sentences – default word order being VSO.


spondaic

From Latin spondaicus, spondiacus, from Ancient Greek σπονδειακός (spondeiakós, “(music) used at a libation”).

der

(poetry) Having or relating to spondees.


hypallage

en-noun

hypallage (countable and uncountable, plural hypallages)

From Latin hypallage, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ὑπαλλαγή (hupallagḗ), from ὑπό (hupó, “hypo-”) + ἀλλάσσειν (allássein, “to exchange”).

(rhetoric, grammar) A construction in which a modifier with meaning associated with one word appears grammatically applied to another, often used as a literary device.


enjambment

enjambment (countable and uncountable, plural enjambments)

A technique in poetry whereby a sentence is carried over to the next line without pause.


punctual

en-adj

punctual (comparative more punctual, superlative most punctual)

more punctual (comparative)
most punctual (superlative)

/ˈpʌŋt͡ʃuəl/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin pūnctuālis (“relating to a point”), from Late Latin pūnctus (“point”) + -ālis (adjective suffix).

bor+

(linguistics) Expressing momentary action that has no duration

punktuaalinen

linguistics: expressing momentary action


retracted

My guess is that he substitutes a schwa sound for the retracted r in final position.

1987, Rex Burns, Suicide Season, Viking, →ISBN, page 109:

(phonetics, of a sound) Pronounced further back in the vocal tract.

hátrébb képzett

(phonetics) pronounced further back in the vocal tract


antimetabole

en-noun

antimetabole (countable and uncountable, plural antimetaboles)

From Ancient Greek ἀντιμεταβολή (antimetabolḗ). By surface analysis, anti- (“opposite”) + Ancient Greek μετᾰβολή (metabolḗ, “transformation”).

der

ἀντιμεταβολή

surf

grc:μετᾰβολή

Antimetabole at effect will strain,
And words and terms revers'd employ again.

1835, L[arret] Langley, A Manual of the Figures of Rhetoric, […], Doncaster: Printed by C. White, Baxter-Gate, →OCLC, page 90:

"Mankind must put an end to war or else war will put an end to mankind." Many other instances may be found in kind. As one reserves fine china for the most special occasions and in only the most select company, so Kennedy used his beloved antimetabole.

2008, Michael E Eidenmuller, Great Speeches For Better Speaking, page 92:

(rhetoric) The technique of repeating a phrase while reversing the order of certain elements or its grammatical structure, as a form of juxtaposition.


denominative

From Late Latin dēnōminātīvus, a calque of Ancient Greek παρώνυμος (parṓnumos, “derivative”). It originally had the meaning “derived”, but in its grammatical sense, it has developed the meaning “from a noun”, perhaps a reinterpretation of the Latin morphemes that it consists of: the preposition dē (“from”) and the stem of nōmen (“name, noun”).

der

(grammar) Deriving from a noun, or from an adjective, such as the verb destruct from the noun destruction.


nonstop

Some of these consonants are stops, some are non-stops (continuants, see 11.2); some are voiced, others voiceless. It doesn't therefore look as if these consonants can have anything in common.

2009, Christopher McCully, The Sound Structure of English: An Introduction (Cambridge Introductions to the English Language), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 182:

(linguistics) A linguistic sound that is not a stop; a continuant.


cretic

From Latin creticus, "of Crete, Cretan", from Latin Creta, "Crete".


ach-laut

From German Ach-Laut, ach-Laut, from ach (which has this sound) + Laut (“sound”).

The guttural phoneme /x/ (the voiceless velar fricative) of the German language, the sound of the letters ch in German coming immediately after a, o and u (central and back vowels), also found in other languages.


trochaic

Either via the French trochaïque or directly from its etymon, the Latin trochaicus, from the Ancient Greek τροχαικός (trokhaikós), from τροχαῖος (trokhaîos), whence trochee.

Therefore, in precisely these languages a mechanism could be maintained which preserves the contrast between stressed and unstressed syllables in the trochaic word structure pattern (see 42.3.1) by weakening the onset of a longer or weightier unstressed syllable.

2022, Marianne Bakró-Nagy, “Consonant gradation”, in Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, Elena Skribnik, editors, The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 861:

Composed of or relating to trochees, feet of one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.

trokæisk

referring to poetry composed of trochees


demonstrative determiner

en-noun

demonstrative determiner (plural demonstrative determiners)

In the sentence "I like this music", the word "this" is a demonstrative determiner.

(grammar) a determiner used to demonstrate the identity of the thing referenced by the following noun; in English, they include this, these, that and those


possessive determiner

possessive determiner (plural possessive determiners)

(grammar) A determiner used to demonstrate the possession of the object referenced by the following noun; in English, they include my, his, her, our, your, its and their.


couplet

From French couplet, from couple + -et. Doublet of cabaletta.

5th Street is one-way west only and 6th Street is one-way east only. Together, they form a couplet in Downtown Los Angeles.

A pair of one-way streets which carry opposing directions of traffic through gridded urban areas.


quantifier

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 4. Unsubstantiality

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 78. Generality

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 100. Plurality

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 101. Zero

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 102. Multitude

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 103. Fewness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 105. Infinity

(grammar) A word, such as all or many, that expresses the quantity of a related noun.

量词

a word, such as all or many, that expresses a quantity


xenia

From New Latin xenia, from Ancient Greek ξενίᾱ (xeníā, “hospitality”).

der

(classical studies) The concept of hospitality to strangers.


fossilized

A fossil word in a language is a word which has fallen out of use except for in set phrases: e.g. the English word fro, used only in to and fro. A fossilized bound morpheme (e.g. a fossilized affix) is one which was once able to derive words, but which now only exists as a fixed component of words: e.g. the English abstract noun–forming suffix -th.

(linguistics) Having become a fossil; no longer productive.


soft c

In English, the "c" sound in "cent", "central" and "circuit" as distinct from the hard c in "cat" and "cabin".

In Italian, the "c" sound in "certo" as distinct from the "c" sound in "caffè".

(phonology) In many languages, a letter "c" which is not pronounced as a velar stop (/k/, like English "k") but as a sibilant (/s/, like English "s") or an affricative (/tʃ/, like English "ch").


hard c

(phonetics) The "c" sound pronounced /k/, as in "cat" and "cabin", as distinct from the soft c, pronounced /s/, in "cent", "center" and "circuit".


parataxis

en-noun

parataxis (usually uncountable, plural parataxes)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek παράταξις (parátaxis, “placement side by side”), from παρα- (para-) + τάξις (táxis, “arrangement”); equivalent to para- + taxis.

lbor

(grammar) Speech or writing in which clauses or phrases are placed together without being separated by conjunctions, for example "I came; I saw; I conquered".


terza rima

en-noun

terza rima (usually uncountable, plural terze rime)

/ˌtɛːtsə ˈɹiːmə/

Borrowed from Italian terza rima (literally “third rhyme”).

bor

In attempting to make the ‘Divina Commedia’ better known to English readers, it might have been held only a fitting mark of deference to my original to reproduce it, if practicable, in the metre of the poet's own choice. But on the appearance of my ‘Inferno,’ its Terza Rima was denounced as the one ‘deleterious ingredient’ which corrupted the version throughout, […]

1865, Dante Alighieri, “preface”, in John Dayman, transl., The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri: Translated in Terza Rima by John Dayman, page viii:

(poetry) An arrangement of triplets, generally in iambic pentameter in English, with rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc.

тэрцы́на

arrangement of triplets rhyming aba bcb cdc


soft g

(phonology) The "g" sound pronounced /dʒ/ as in "gem", "giraffe" and "generation" (or sometimes or /ʒ/ as in "genre"), as distinct from the hard g of "get" and "give".


hard g

Hard g at last found his cap and again became Hard G, after which the fight was renewed.

1882, H.M. Dickson, The Elocutionist..., p. 41

(phonetics) The plosive /g/ sound in "get", "log" and "give" as distinct from the soft g in "gem", "giraffe", "lodge" and "generation".


cutthroat

en-noun

cutthroat (countable and uncountable, plural cutthroats)

Children go through a phase of compound acquisition in which they invent cutthroats spontaneously before dropping the habit again.

2015 May 22, Stan Carey, “The Kick-butt World of Cutthroat Compounds”, in Slate Lexicon Valley:

cutthroat compound
cutthroat compound#English

(linguistics) Short for cutthroat compound (“an agentive-instrumental verb-noun compound word”).


curative

(grammar) of a verb, conveying the meaning "the agent makes a patient do something"


prohibitive

From Middle English prohibitif, prohibityve, from Medieval Latin prohibitīvus, from prohibit-, past-participle stem of Latin prohibēre.


attested

en-adj

attested (comparative more attested, superlative most attested)

more attested (comparative)
most attested (superlative)

The word "slæpwerig" (sleep-weary) is attested in the Exeter Book in the form "slæpwerigne".

A term should be included if it's likely that someone would run across it and want to know what it means. This in turn leads to the somewhat more formal guideline of including a term if it is attested and idiomatic.

2010, Alexander Humez, Nicholas Humez, Rob Flynn, Short Cuts: A Guide to Oaths, Ring Tones, Ransom Notes, Famous Last Words, and Other Forms of Minimalist Communication, Oxford University Press US, →ISBN, page 33:

(linguistics) Of words or languages, proven to have existed by records.

վկայված

in linguistics: of words or languages, proven to have existed by records


irrealis

Learned borrowing from New Latin irreālis (“intangible, immaterial”), from Latin in- (“un-: not”) + reālis (“real, material, composed of physical things”), from res (“thing”) + -ālis (“-al: forming adjectives”). Doublet of irreal.

lbor

(grammar, of a verb) inflected to indicate that an act or state of being is not a fact.


irrealis

[…] then it would make sense to view Australian past irrealises as TAM forms combining a modal stative predicate (conveying e.g. a capacity, expectation, or desire state) with a past imperfective content.

2023, Kasia M. Jaszczolt, Understanding Human Time, page 170:


stricture

en-noun

stricture (countable and uncountable, plural strictures)

/ˈstɹɪkt͡ʃə/

/ˈstɹɪkt͡ʃəɹ/

Borrowed from Late Latin strictūra, from Latin strictus.

(linguistics) The degree of contact, in consonants.

supistuma

(linguistics) the degree of contact, in consonants


orthographically

Although it is possible to represent this phonetic distinction orthographically, such representation is not emically realized.

natural languages
natural language#English

(linguistics) Regarding or relating to orthography (the way in which languages, usually natural languages, are written).

stylings that are orthographically valid (acceptable), albeit not preferable

For example, in Mathematics, the SVL includes find and set, which are not as orthographically complex as other entries such as quadrilateral or trigonometric, and furthermore commonly occur outside mathematics.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 109:

(linguistics) According to standardized or formally accepted orthography: using proper spelling, and (more strictly) proper spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and italics.


independent clause

independent clause (plural independent clauses)

(grammar) A clause that can stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; contains at least a subject and a verb.


run-on sentence

run-on sentence (plural run-on sentences)

So called because the sentence runs on beyond the point where it should end.

coordinating conjunction
coordinating conjunction

(grammar) A written sentence that inappropriately joins two (or more) independent clauses into a single sentence, often with only a comma as separator (comma splice), which should be rendered either as separate sentences or as clauses joined more appropriately (such as by a semicolon or by a comma and coordinating conjunction).


interrogative

/ˌɪn.təˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/ˌɪn.təˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

[ˌɪn.təˈɹɑ.ɡə.ɾɪv]

/ˌɪn.təˈɹɔɡ.ə.tɪv/

[ˌɪn.təˈɹɔɡ.ə.ɾɪv]

The regular place of the interrogative word, of whatever kind, is at the beginning of the sentence, or as near it as possible.

1877, William Dwight Whitney, Essentials of English Grammar for the Use of Schools, §470:

(grammar) Asking or denoting a question: as, an interrogative phrase, pronoun, or point.


interrogative

/ˌɪn.təˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/ˌɪn.təˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

[ˌɪn.təˈɹɑ.ɡə.ɾɪv]

/ˌɪn.təˈɹɔɡ.ə.tɪv/

[ˌɪn.təˈɹɔɡ.ə.ɾɪv]

(grammar) A word (pronoun, pronominal adjective, or adverb) implying interrogation, or used for asking a question: why, who, when, etc.


octosyllabic

If you hum or whistle the rhythm of the common English metres,— of the decasyllabic quatrain, or the octosyllabic with alternate sexisyllabic, or other rhythms, […]

1872, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Poetry and Imagination:


orismology

From Ancient Greek ὁρισμός (horismós, “definition”) + -logy.

af

(rare, lexicography) The explanation of technical terms.

In the Terminology, or what, to avoid the barbarism of a word compounded of Latin and Greek, they would beg to call the Orismology of the science, they have endeavoured to introduce throughout a greater degree of precision and concinnity—dividing it into general and partial Orismology; […]

1815, William Kirby, William Spence, “Preface”, in An Introduction to Entomology: Or Elements of the Natural History of Insects: with Plates, 3rd edition, volume 1, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, published 1818, page xii:

(rare, lexicography) Technical terms collectively; terminology.


cohortative

(grammar, of a verb) Inflected to express plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose, or consequence.


demonstrative

en-adj

demonstrative (comparative more demonstrative, superlative most demonstrative)

more demonstrative (comparative)
most demonstrative (superlative)

From Middle English demonstratif, from Middle French démonstratif; equivalent to demonstrate + -ive.

(grammar) that specifies the thing or person referred to


demonstrative

demonstrative adjective
demonstrative adjective

(grammar) A demonstrative word
A demonstrative adjective.

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

(grammar) A demonstrative word
A demonstrative pronoun.


jussive

en-noun

jussive (usually uncountable, plural jussives)

From Latin jussus, perfect participle of jubeō (variant of iubeō), 'to order, command'. Related to Latin iūs, 'law, order'.

For example, in the Aaronide blessing, only two of the six verbs are formally jussives, yet all have the same volitional sense.

1990, Bruce K. Waltke, Michael Patrick O′Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax, page 566:

As far as the jussive goes — ignoring the very few occurrences of this in first person — it can be noted that most of the second-person jussives are in negative commands.

2003, Robert E. Longacre, Joseph: A Story of Divine Providence: A Text Theoretical and Textlinguistic Analysis of Genesis 37 and 39-48, 2nd edition, footnote, page 121:

If, on the other hand, reference is made purely to the root, we would expect all frequentative jussives to appear with a front element, producing *mɨt′ət′ɨs instead of mɨt′ət′ɨs (19d).

2003, Sharon Rose, “The formation of Ethiopian Semitic internal reduplication”, in Joseph Shimron, editor, Language Processing and Acquisition in Languages of Semitic, Root-Based, Morphology, page 90:

The jussive and cohortative usually convey more indirect, or more subtle, expressions of volition than the imperative does.

2006, Robert Ray Ellis, Learning to Read Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar, page 174:

(grammar, uncountable and countable) The jussive mood, a verb inflection used to indicate a command, permission or agreement with a request; an instance of a verb so inflected.

(Arabic grammar) A verbal mood of vague or miscellaneous senses, occurring after some particles and in conditional clauses.


subtitle

Coordinate term: intertitle

Careful viewers have long observed that in the movies, one can not only watch but read cigarettes like subtitles — translating the action on the screen into another language which the camera registers but rarely foregrounds, a part of the thickness of the medium which is almost never brought into focus. […] The cigarette in the scene serves as a subtext, a mute caption or subtitle, sometimes accompanying, sometimes contradicting or diverting the explicit premise of the action or the open meaning of signs.

1995, Richard Klein, “Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime, Paperback edition, Durham: Duke University Press, published 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:

(cinematography, television) Textual versions of the dialogue in films (and similar media such as television or video games), usually displayed at the bottom of the screen.


paraphrastic

en-adj

paraphrastic (comparative more paraphrastic, superlative most paraphrastic)

more paraphrastic (comparative)
most paraphrastic (superlative)

(grammar) Of a Latin conjugation: composed of the verb sum with participial forms of the verbs conjugated (as in e.g. amaturus sum).


implicature

/ɪmˈplɪkət͡ʃə/

/ɪmˈplɪkət͡ʃɚ/

Coined by British philosopher Paul Grice before or in 1967.

coinage

(pragmatics) An implied meaning that does not semantically entail.


bacchius

So called because used in hymns to Bacchus.

(prosody) A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short.


bacchic

en-adj

bacchic (comparative more bacchic, superlative most bacchic)

more bacchic (comparative)
most bacchic (superlative)


hypotaxis

en-noun

hypotaxis (countable and uncountable, plural hypotaxes)

(grammar) Syntactic subordination of one clause or construction to another.


vocable

From French vocable or Latin vocābulum, from Latin vocō (“I call”).

Without words and almost with the seriousness of asylum nurses they at once set upon an unsavoury-looking matron who began to cry out Mediterranean vocables of distress.

1974, Anthony Burgess, The Clockwork Testament:

At first the man puzzled; then he smiled. He pronounced a string of uncouth vocables.

1925, John Buchan, The House of the Four Winds:

(linguistics) A word or utterance, especially with reference to its form rather than its meaning.


vocable

a vocable marker


tautomorphemic

(linguistics) Occurring in the same morpheme; not separated by a morpheme boundary.


metonym

Calling a government a "city hall" is using a metonym.

...to say that "New York was thrown into a state of great excitement," when we mean the inhabitants of New York, is technically to use the metonym of putting "the container for the thing contained."

1891 September 20, William Minto, “Practical talks on writing English”, in Theodor Flood, editor, The Chautauquan, volume 13, →OCLC, pages 279–280:

She not only outlines the devastating effects of seferberlik but also highlights the changing meaning of this term - as it acquired a civilian dimension in its Arabic rendition (safar barlik) - and its potency as a metonym for the war as a whole.

2014 November, Melanie Schulze Tanielian, “Feeding the city: The Beirut Municipality and the politics of food during World War I”, in International Journal of Middle East Studies, volume 46, number 4, →JSTOR, pages 737–758:

(grammar) A word that names an object from a single characteristic of it or of a closely related object; a word used in metonymy.


linguistically

en-adv

linguistically (comparative more linguistically, superlative most linguistically)

more linguistically (comparative)
most linguistically (superlative)

From linguistical + -ly or from linguistic + -ally.


shifting

(linguistics) The phenomenon by which two or more constituents appearing on the same side of their common head exchange positions to obtain non-canonical order.


anankastic

en-adj

anankastic (comparative more anankastic, superlative most anankastic)

more anankastic (comparative)
most anankastic (superlative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀναγκαστικός (anankastikós), from ἀναγκάζω (anankázō, “to force, to compel”).

bor

ἀναγκαστικός

(linguistics) Imperative, as in the anankastic conditional.


guttural

en-adj

guttural (comparative more guttural, superlative most guttural)

more guttural (comparative)
most guttural (superlative)

From Middle French guttural, from New Latin gutturālis, from Latin guttur (“throat”) + -ālis.

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonetics) having a place of articulation towards the back of the mouth; in modern use, uvular, pharyngeal, or glottal; in earlier or non-technical use, also including velar.

гърлен

phonetics: articulated at the back of the mouth


nonstandard

nonstandard (comparative more nonstandard, superlative most nonstandard)

more nonstandard (comparative)
most nonstandard (superlative)

The resulting sequence of covert wh-pronoun + Complementiser has an overt counterpart in nonstandard varieties of English, as the following example (recorded from a BBC radio programme) illustrates:
 (91) England put themselves in a position [whereby that they took a lot of credit for tonightʼs game] (Ron Greenwood, BBC radio 4)

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 9, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 486:

(linguistics) Not conforming to the standard variety, or to the language as used by the majority of its speakers.


linkage

en-noun

linkage (countable and uncountable, plural linkages)

Genetic linkage
Linkage (linguistics)
Linkage (mechanical)
Linkage (policy)
linkage

(linguistics) A set of definitely related languages for which no proto-language can be derived, typically a group of languages within a family that have formed a sprachbund.


headless

From Middle English heedles, hevedles, from Old English hēafodlēas (“headless”), equivalent to head + -less. Cognate with Dutch hoofdloos (“headless”), Danish hovedløs (“headless”), Swedish huvudlös (“headless”), Icelandic höfuðlaus (“headless”).

(linguistics, of a phrase or compound) Not having a head morpheme or word.


proto-language

proto-language (countable and uncountable, plural proto-languages)

(linguistics) A language which is reconstructed by examining similarities in existing languages in order to deduce the form and aspects of a common ancestor language that is no longer known.

(linguistics) The early utterances produced by an infant before it acquires a true language.


complex sentence

complex sentence (plural complex sentences)

(grammar) A sentence that contains an independent clause as well as one or more dependent clauses, such as a relative clause, an adverbial clause, or a noun clause.

複句

sentence containing one independent clause and a dependent clause

Sentences are either simple or complex. […] A complex sentence consists of two or more members, as, “Alexander, when he had conquered the world, is said to have wept, because there were not other worlds to subdue.” […] When a member of a complex sentence is simple, it is called indifferently a member, or a clause; as, “I have called; but ye have refused.”

1830, Alexander Crombie, Etymology and Syntax of the English Language, page 226:

Complex sentences are traditionally divided into two basic types: (i) sentences including co-ordinate clauses, and (ii) sentences including subordinate clauses.

2004, Holger Diessel, The Acquisition of Complex Sentences, page 42:

A sentence consisting of more than one clause is said to be complex. […] There are many ways of combining clauses to form a complex sentence. Coordinate constructions represent the special case of symmetry, parallelism, and coequality among the component clauses. More typically, these properties are lacking by virtue of one clause being subordinated to another.

2008, Ronald W. Langacker, Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction, pages 406, 412:

(linguistics) A sentence that contains multiple clauses, whether independent (coordinated) or dependent (subordinated); compound or complex sentence.


inceptive

en-adj

inceptive (comparative more inceptive, superlative most inceptive)

more inceptive (comparative)
most inceptive (superlative)

Borrowed from French inceptif, from the Latin inceptīvus, from incipiō (“I begin”).

The inceptive aspect is often translated into English as "to start [doing something]".

(grammar) Aspectually inflected to show that the action is beginning.


syncretize

en-verb

syncretize (third-person singular simple present syncretizes, present participle syncretizing, simple past and past participle syncretized)

syncretizes (present singular third-person)
syncretizing (participle present)
syncretized (participle past)
syncretized (past)

(linguistics) To merge different inflexional forms.


grammarian

/ɡɹəˈmɛəɹɪən/

Inherited from Middle English gramarien, form Middle French gramarien, gramairien.


allo-

From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), from Proto-Hellenic *áľľos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (English else).

allophony is variation in the phonetic realizations of a phoneme, allocher is any of two or more alternative hand signs for a chereme in a sign language, allograph is a variant form of a letter (or other grapheme)

(linguistics) Alternative, variant in form.

Variety, heterogeneity.
Alternative, variant in form.


monomorphemic

Coordinate term: polymorphemic

(linguistics) Consisting of only one morpheme; not divisible into smaller parts.


guna

en-noun

guna (countable and uncountable, plural gunas)

(Sanskrit linguistics) A lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, u, by prefixing an a element.


biradical

A word or root in a Semitic language which consists of two consonants in its root formula.


troponym

‘Stroll’ is a troponym of ‘walk’, since it involves a slow and relaxed sort of walking.

(grammar) A verb that indicates more precisely the manner of doing something by replacing a verb of a more generalized meaning.


syncopate

en-verb

syncopate (third-person singular simple present syncopates, present participle syncopating, simple past and past participle syncopated)

syncopates (present singular third-person)
syncopating (participle present)
syncopated (participle past)
syncopated (past)

From Medieval Latin syncopātus, past participle of syncopō, from Late Latin syncopa, from Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “cut”).

(transitive, linguistics, phonology) to omit a vocalic or consonantal sound or a syllable from a word; to use syncope