present participial

en-adj

present participial (comparative more present participial, superlative most present participial)

more present participial (comparative)
most present participial (superlative)

Coordinate term: past participial

The preſent participial termination Ende is, in modern Engliſh, always converted to ing.

1805, J[ohn] Horne Tooke, Επεα Πτεροεντα [Epea Pteroenta]. Or, The Diversions of Purley., part II, London: […] [F]or the Author, at J. Johnson’s, […], page 215:

L. uoluntās, free will. Formed, with suffix -tās, from a present participial stem *uolunt-, a variant of uolent-, from uolens, willing, from uolo, I will; infin. uelle.

1910, Walter W[illiam] Skeat, “VOLUNTARY”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, new (4th) revised and enlarged edition, Oxford, Oxon: At the Clarendon Press, page 695, column 2:

Furthermore, numerous dangling modifiers in present participial phrases dominate the textual landscape of Lundy Martin’s poetry, rendering the text’s grammar of suffering as an ongoing present of spatio-temporal, both abstract and visceral, arrangements of bodies which are marked or boxed racially and genderwise, and at the same time become entangled in a proprioceptive approximation towards negativity and non-identity.

2017, Marius Henderson, “‘Here is the trash heap, nothing there except a muted wailing’:' Dithering in Negativity and the Failure to Move On”, in Katharina Motyl, Regina Schober, editors, The Failed Individual: Amid Exclusion, Resistance, and the Pleasure of Non-Conformity, Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, →ISBN, section III (Failure as Resistance/Failure as Pleasure), page 233:

(grammar) Of or relating to the present participle.


Imperial Aramaic

Designated imperial for the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Achaemenid Empires.

𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀

chronolect of Aramaic (745–330 BC) used by the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Achaemenid Empires

(broad sense: sociolinguistics) The chronolect of the Aramaic language (mid-8th century–late 4th century BCE), intermediate between Old Aramaic and Middle Aramaic, that was used as a language of public life and administration in the late Neo-Assyrian Empire (from the reign of King Tiglath-Pileser III [r. 745–727 BCE] onward), the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the Achaemenid Empire, until the latter’s conquest by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE.


split ergativity

(grammar) The property of languages in which some constructions use ergative syntax and morphology, but others show another pattern, usually nominative–accusative.


thorn cluster

(linguistics) One of three consonant clusters historically believed by some scholars to have existed in Proto-Indo-European, all of which ended with the IPA sound θ (then often symbolized as þ).

(linguistics) Any of the reconstructed consonant clusters that have replaced the original thorn clusters in modern scholarship, which typically no longer contain the IPA /θ/.


nonaffixed

The Manelis and Tharp ( 1977 ) investigation failed to find a difference between affixed and nonaffixed words in either direction, a result that favored the independent entries hypothesis over either version of the decompositional hypothesis.

1980, Status Report on Speech Research - Issues 63-64, page 246:

Other nonaffixed polysyllabic words (words of more than one syllable with neither a prefix nor a suffix) are generally stressed initially also, when they are of Germanic origin.

1986, Wilbur A. Benware, Phonetics and Phonology of Modern German, page 103:

The grammatical status of the final cluster (e.g., comparisons of nonaffixed "guest" with suffixed "crossed" ) as well as phonetic environment (e.g., consonant versus vowel context immediately following the cluster as in "A dog chased my cat yesterday" vs. "A dog chased a cat yesterday") were variables of interest.

1996, Alan G. Kamhi, Karen E. Pollock, Joyce L. Harris, Communication Development and Disorders in African American Children, page 317:

(linguistics) Having no affixes; composed of a single morpheme.


intramorphemic

intramorphemic (comparative more intramorphemic, superlative most intramorphemic)

more intramorphemic (comparative)
most intramorphemic (superlative)

(linguistics) Occurring within a morpheme.


personal dative

en-noun

personal dative (plural personal datives)

There are certain general observations which can be made about this construction, which will be referred to here as the “personal dative,” although its exact distribution is somewhat difficult to pin down. […] Personal datives are restricted to animate referents.

1976 June, Waft Wolfram, Donna Christian, Appalachian Speech, Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 122:

Southern American English
Southern American English

(grammar) A grammatical construction emphasizing subject involvement, associated with Southern American English, consisting of a pronoun that occurs immediately after a verb and is coreferential with the subject.


Ostensibly coined by Stephen Krashen in his Explorations in Language Acquisition and Use in 2003; but possibly earlier. Originally, referred to a subsequent word (the 1) added to an existing vocabulary of i words, i.e. the i+1th word learned by the learner.

Our SRS provides automatic i+1 sentence cards for optimal study.

(linguistics, of a sentence) Containing only a single word unknown to the listener or reader.


When enough comprehensible input is provided, i+1 is present.

(linguistics) The existence of only one word unknown to the reader or listener of a sentence.


spelling reformer

spelling reformer (plural spelling reformers)

(grammar, linguistics) A person or authoritative body that carries out spelling reform.


defining relative clause

defining relative clause (plural defining relative clauses)

restrictive relative clause
restrictive relative clause#English

(grammar) Synonym of restrictive relative clause.


non-restrictive relative clause

non-restrictive relative clause (plural non-restrictive relative clauses)

non-restrictive relative clauses (plural)

restrictive relative clause
restrictive relative clause

(grammar) A relative clause, usually set off by a comma or commas, that provides additional information about the person or thing referred to, or about a statement that has been made, as opposed to information that is essential to specifying or identifying who or what is meant; contrasted with restrictive relative clause.


non-defining relative clause

non-defining relative clause (plural non-defining relative clauses)

non-restrictive relative clause
non-restrictive relative clause#English

(grammar) Synonym of non-restrictive relative clause.


restrictive relative clause

restrictive relative clause (plural restrictive relative clauses)

non-restrictive relative clause
non-restrictive relative clause

(grammar) A relative clause that provides information essential to describing or identifying the person or thing that is meant, contrasted with non-restrictive relative clause.


chokanye

Borrowed from Russian чо́канье (čókanʹje).

bor+

Coordinate term: tsokanye

(linguistics) A shift in some Slavic languages and dialects that causes /ts/ to merge into /tʃ/.


tsokanye

Borrowed from Russian цо́канье (cókanʹje).

Coordinate term: chokanye

(linguistics) A shift in some Slavic languages and dialects that causes /tʃ/ to merge into /ts/.


etymythology

Blend of etymology + mythology. Though the term is modernly believed to be coined by linguist Laurence R. Horn in 2004, there are linguistic uses that go back to 1969 by Sean Valentine Golden.

coin

The basic element which transforms names and placenames into narratives or narrative details is the pun. I call this process etymythology. and I show how James Joyce's knowledge of Irish onomastic and toponomastic tales, and his interest in the process which created them, was bolstered by his early study of the developing science of etymology, […] to the point where etymythology as poetics became one of Joyce's own methods of composition, an element of his own poetics.

1976, Sean Valentine Golden, Bygmythster Finnegan: Etymology As Poetics In the Works of James Joyce, University of Connecticut:

There are two specific kinds of etymythology that continually recur. One argues that a given word has been created as an acronym, from the initial letters of a phrase. This is a common suggestion, for words as widely differentiated as cop, ‘Constable On Patrol’, FUCK, supposedly ‘Fornication Under Consent of the King’, POSH, ‘Port Out, Starboard Home’ (from sailing-ship days), or TIP, money given to a waiter ‘To Insure Promptness’.

2005, Michael Quinion, Port Out, Starboard Home: The Fascinating Stories We Tell About the words We Use, Penguin Books Limited, page 8:

Many Israelis are certain that he is ‘Dr Horse’ since Israeli סוּס sus means ‘horse’. I have heard an etymythology that this arises from the prevalence of animals in Dr Seuss’s stories. This ‘misunderstanding’ might correspond to Haugen’s general claim with regard to borrowing, that “every speaker attempts to reproduce previously learned linguistic patterns in an effort to cope with new linguistic situations’ (1950:212).

2006, Tope Omoniyi, Joshua A. Fishman, editors, Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 245:

The Internet is simply a far more efficient etymythology tool than its predecessors.

2008, Bill Brohaugh, Everything You Know About English Is Wrong, Sourcebooks, page 68:

Clearly a favourable factor, for the quality of the etymythology about Tokyo, is that in the Hebrew Bible there is indeed a place-name derived from the Hebrew verb תָּקַע taká.

2014, Ghil‘ad Zuckermann, editor, Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, page 277:

The linguistic analysis of etymythology should not restrict itself to Derivational Only Popular Etymology (DOPE), i.e. cases of mistaken derivation, because etymythology often results in a new sense/lexical item such as phono-semantic matches (see Zuckermann 2003).

2020, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press, page 105:

A false etymology that has become widely disseminated and thus is commonly accepted as true; a folk etymology.


time clause

(grammar) An adverbial clause indicating an event that will occur at a certain time.


Solombala English

(linguistics, historical) A pidgin, derived from both English and Russian, that was spoken in the port of Solombala in the city of Arkhangelsk, Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries.


time frequency adverbial

en-noun

time frequency adverbial (plural time frequency adverbials)

Coordinate term: time adverbial

(grammar) A word or phrase indicating the definite or indefinite frequency or iteration of a moment of time in a constructed sentence.


aspectualize

en-verb

aspectualize (third-person singular simple present aspectualizes, present participle aspectualizing, simple past and past participle aspectualized)

aspectualizes (present singular third-person)
aspectualizing (participle present)
aspectualized (participle past)
aspectualized (past)

Thus while there is a tendency towards nativization and regularization of these borrowed verbs, by the creation of perfective forms that thereby assimilate the verb to the predominant native pattern of an imperfective and a matching, prefixed, perfective formation, so that we can generalize that speakers tend to aspectualize formally borrowed verbs, no 100 % true generalization can be made over all speakers nor over all borrowed verbs.

1997, Proceedings from the Main Session of the Chicago Linguistic Society, volume 33, page 206:

Start and serves purely to aspectualize the verb of the second conjunct, much as ginan 'begin' in Old English as noted by.

2002, Joan L. Bybee, Michael Noonan, Complex Sentences in Grammar and Discourse, page 152:

The same holds for aspect languages such as Gothic, Old English, Old High German, or Finnish, where case is used to aspectualize verbs (partitive vs. genitive).

2008, Werner Abraham, Elisabeth Leiss, Modality Aspect Interfaces, page 32:

(grammar) To impart a particular aspect to a verb.


languistics

A modification of linguistics. Coined by linguist Nelson H. Brooks in 1960 (see quotation below).

coinage

This new field of activity—once it is clearly marked out and acknowledged—will need to be identified by a new name. We propose to call it languistics, and to call the person who is trained in this field a languist. […] Languistics will continue to find in words the present state and past history of their form and meaning, and in language the manner in which it operates and changes.

1960, Nelson H. Brooks, Language and Language Learning: Theory and Practice, New York, N.Y., San Diego, C.A.: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., pages 174–176:

To be a science, languistics will have to break with much of the past, to develop its own theory and to apply it according to its own principles and procedures.

1982, Hector Hammerly, Synthesis in Second Language Teaching: An Introduction to Languistics (Series in Linguistics; 1), Blaine, W.A., North Burnaby, B.C.: Second Language Publications, →ISBN, page 22:

In this second volume in his series on languistics, Hammerly proposes make explicit the theory that was implicitly stated in volume 1, Synthesis in Second Language Teaching: An Introduction to Languistics.

1987 December, H. Jay Siskin, “Textbooks, CAI Software, and Methodology”, in The French Review, volume 61, number 2, Champaign, I.L.: American Association of Teachers of French, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 327:

(linguistics) A proposed subfield of linguistics which focuses on language learning.


Proto-Nakh

(linguistics) A hypothetical or reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Nakh languages are descended.


Vainakh

(linguistics) A dialect continuum consisting of the Chechen and Ingush languages, spoken mainly in the Russian republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia.


place-manner-time

Coordinate term: time-manner-place

(grammar, syntax, linguistics) A sentence structure that defines the order of adpositional phrases and adverbs in a sentence.


coding time

en-noun

coding time (countable and uncountable, plural coding times)

Coordinate term: receiving time

(linguistics, semantics) The moment in time of an utterance or the writing of a message.


speech time

speech time (countable and uncountable, plural speech times)

(linguistics, semantics) The time of an utterance of a sentence relative to the tense that is interpreted.


humilific

Coordinate term: honorific

(linguistics) A word or word form expressing the speaker's higher status relative to the hearer or the referent.


receiving time

receiving time (countable and uncountable, plural receiving times)

Coordinate term: coding time

(linguistics, semantics) The moment in time in which a receiver hears or reads a message.


reference time

reference time (countable and uncountable, plural reference times)

(linguistics, semantics) The moment in time in which the speaker is using as the imagined or explicit reference point for an utterance.


single time

(prosody, obsolete) A syllable, considered as a metrical unit or unit of time.

(prosody, obsolete) A metrical unit equivalent to the duration of a short syllable.


diatopically

en-adv

diatopically (comparative more diatopically, superlative most diatopically)

more diatopically (comparative)
most diatopically (superlative)

First, a large-scale corpus of material is needed, both diachronically and diatopically arrayed and allowing in its organization and compilation for the identification of correlations with phenomena traditionally treated as extralinguistic, e.g. genre, script, etc.

1999, Simon Horobin, Jeremy Smith, “A Database of Middle English Spelling”, in Literary and Linguistic Computing, volume 14, number 3, page 360:

. Concerning the spirantization of /b/, /d/ and /g/, it should be noted that it shows a much more restricted diffusion throughout the region diatopically.

2013, Simonetta Montemagni, Martijn Wieling, Bob de Jonge, John Nerbonne, “Synchronic patterns of Tuscan phonetic variation and diachronic change: Evidence from a dialectometric study”, in Literary and Linguistic Computing, volume 28, number 1, page 159:

If we know that nature is deeply culturalized and culture deeply naturalized (as Morin has maintained since the 1950s and the ontological turn in anthropology has been discussing since the 1990s), building our semiotic theory of the face on the basis of the common sense dichotomy between nature and culture would prevent us from truly comprehending the axiologies and ideologies of the face spread diachronically and diatopically.

2022 September, Massimo Roberto Beato, “From Mask to Flesh and Back: A Semiotic Analysis of the Actor's Face Between Theatre and Cinema.”, in Topoi: An International Review of Philosophy, volume 41, number 4, page 756:

(chiefly phonetics) Occurring over or changing with space; geographically.


language script

en-noun

language script (plural language scripts)

(linguistics) Synonym of script (“A system of writing adapted to a particular language or set of languages”)


attributive verb

attributive verb (plural attributive verbs)

attributive adjective
attributive adjective

(grammar) A verb that modifies (expresses an attribute of) a noun in the manner of an attributive adjective, rather than express an independent idea as a predicate.


nominal state

Coordinate term: pronominal state

(grammar) In the Coptic language, the form preceding a nominal complement.


pronominal state

pronominal state (plural pronominal states)

Coordinate term: nominal state

(grammar) In the Coptic language, the form preceding a pronominal complement.


governed state

(grammar) In the Akkadian language, the basic form of a noun or pronoun, including the suffix for the case, in which it is linked to a verb, indicating the relationship between the two.


double dative

(grammar) The combination of a dative of reference with a dative of purpose.


portmanteau agreement

(grammar) The situation where a single morpheme encodes features from multiple arguments.


ᴄʜ

(lexicography) Used for the /t͡ʃ/ sound.


comprehensible input

(linguistics) Linguistic material that a language learner is able to understand at their current level.


lezh

(rare, phonetics) The phonetic symbol ɮ.


aneponymous

From Latin aneponymus under influence from eponymous, from an- (“un-: not, lacking”) + eponymus (“surnamed, distinguished by a epithet”). Equivalent to an- + eponymous.

William of Conches's Dragmaticon was initially published credited to the author "William Aneponymous", since the editor didn't know which of the many Guillaumes writing about philosophy at the time in France was responsible for the work.

It has been suggested that perhaps the author was the monk Gregory Aneponymous.

2010, Katerina Ierodiakonou et al., “Early Byzantine Philosophy”, in The Cambridge History of Philosophy in Late Antiquity, volume II, page 862:


tree model

historical linguistics
historical linguistics

(historical linguistics) A model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, with the assumption that each language has evolved from a single parent language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family.


language branch

language branch (plural language branches)

(linguistics) A subcategory within a language family, which groups together languages that share a common ancestor more recent than the proto-language of the language family.


direct-inverse marking

(grammar) An inflectional category encoding the relative animacy of the agent and the patient of a transitive verb. If the patient has higher animacy of the two, this is expressed using the inverse form of the verb; otherwise, the verb appears in direct form.


stress timing

(linguistics, phonetics) A type of isochrony in a language such that syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is a fairly constant amount of time between consecutive stressed syllables.


syllable timing

(linguistics, phonetics) A type of isochrony in a language in which the duration of each syllable is roughly equivalent.


neoterm

The process by which a neoterm becomes transformed into a simple neologism in the general language is called determinologization, and occurs when there is a context shift in which the term undergoes a loss of its specialized nature.

2024 March, Jeffrey Brent Frazier, A Corpus-Based Theory and Lexicographic Process for the Inclusion of Neologisms, Archaisms and Foreign Loanwords in Lexicons of Q'eqchi' Mayan (thesis), Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University, archived from the original on 2024-06-12, page 37:

(linguistics) A newly coined scientific or technical term.


dictionarize

en-verb

dictionarize (third-person singular simple present dictionarizes, present participle dictionarizing, simple past and past participle dictionarized)

dictionarizes (present singular third-person)
dictionarizing (participle present)
dictionarized (participle past)
dictionarized (past)

The word dictionarize has been dictionarized on Wiktionary.

Our starting point will be data obtained by the Antenas Neológicas Network! (https://www.upf.edu/web/antenas), whose representation in three different lexicographic tools will be analyzed with the purpose of identifying problems in the methodology used to dictionarize — that is, how and what words were selected to be included in dictionaries and how they were represented in their entries — neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic (sources and corpora of analysis, selection criteria, types of definition, among other aspects).

2022, Andreína Adelstein, Victoria de los Ángeles Boschiroli, “Spanish neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic: Changing criteria for their inclusion and representation in dictionaries”, in Annette Klosa-Kückelhaus, Ilan Kernerman, editors, Lexicography of Coronavirus-Related Neologisms (Lexicographica; 163), Berlin: De Gruyter, page 94:

(transitive) To add (something) to a dictionary.


diaintegrative

a diaintegrative usage label

According to Hausmann (1977, Ch. 8), lexically relevant units can receive — typically by means of labels or usage notes — any or all of the following types of diasystematic marking: diachronic (e.g. archaic, neologism); diatopic (e.g. American English for elevator 'lift', British English for loo); diaintegrative for foreign borrowings used in English (e.g. German for Weltanschauung); diastratic (e.g. informal for loo, formal for perambulator); diaconnotative (e.g. from Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (W9), often used disparagingly for dyke); diatechnical (e.g. law for tort, anatomy for clavicle; diafrequential (e.g. rare); dianormative (e.g. substandard for ain't).

1991, “Lexicography”, in Kirsten Malmkjær, editor, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 295, column 2:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which multiple languages are integrated with one another.


diasystematic

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language is used across different fields and contexts.


diafrequential

a diafrequential usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a term's frequency may vary across different contexts and situations.


dianormative

a dianormative usage label

The eschewing of Grantha letters despite their widespread use in modern Tamil, and the unnecessary diastratic and dianormative labelling of many common items as 'non-standard', echo traditional views that the language needs to be 'protected' against the innovations of ordinary everyday speech.

2000, Gregory James, Colporuḷ: A History of Tamil Dictionaries, Chennai: Cre-A, →ISBN, page 266:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a term's perceived correctness may vary across different contexts and situations.


diaconnotative

a diaconnotative usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a particular term may have different connotations in different situations.


diatechnical

a diatechnical usage label

In order to apply linguistic and semiotic analysis to conquering the territory of the new media, it is suggested that the sociolinguistic model be integrated with a fifth axis of variation, the diatechnical axis.

2015, Domenico Fiormonte, Teresa Numerico, Francesca Tomasi, translated by Desmond Schmidt and Christopher Ferguson, The Digital Humanist: A Critical Inquiry, New York, N.Y.: Punctum Books, page 112:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to how language is used across particular technical fields.


expletive infixation

en-noun

expletive infixation (countable and uncountable, plural expletive infixations)

(linguistics) The insertion of expressive, often vulgar or obscene, expletives into words, usually in colloquial or slang speech or the resulting expression; tmesis.


Hokaglish

a colloquial multilingual variety of the English language that trilingually or bilingually incorporates Hokkien and Tagalog lexis (akin to Conyo)


Bislish

(Philippines, linguistics) an informal bilingual variety of the Cebuano language that incorporates English lexis

(Philippines, linguistics, by extension) an informal bilingual variety of any Visayan language, such as Hiligaynon, etc, that incorporates English lexis


antipassivized

an antipassivized verb

antipassive voice
antipassive voice#Noun

(linguistics) That has been converted into the antipassive voice.


antipassivization

antipassivization (countable and uncountable, plural antipassivizations)

What are the conditions for zero-detransitivisations and kha-antipassivisations?

2014, Narayan Prasad Sharma, Morphosyntax of Puma, a Tibeto‐Burman language of Nepal (thesis), London: University of London, archived from the original on 2024-05-10, page 69:

(linguistics) The process by which a clause, word, etc. is converted into the antipassive voice.


antipassivize

en-verb

antipassivize (third-person singular simple present antipassivizes, present participle antipassivizing, simple past and past participle antipassivized)

antipassivizes (present singular third-person)
antipassivizing (participle present)
antipassivized (participle past)
antipassivized (past)

If we wish to form an agentive participle, we must first antipassivize the verb (the antipassive suffix being -ŋay).

1985, Avery Andrews, “The major functions of the noun phrase”, in Timothy Shopen, editor, Language Typology and Syntactic Description, volume I: Clause Structure, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire […]: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 153:

(transitive, linguistics) To convert (a clause, word, etc.) into the antipassive voice.


Swardspeak

(Philippines, linguistics) A form of Taglish gayspeak slang in Tagalog used by homosexual people in the Philippines, with elements from English, Spanish, Japanese, Hokkien, and other popular languages and pop culture icons.


centumize

centumize (third-person singular simple present centumizes, present participle centumizing, simple past and past participle centumized)

centumizes (present singular third-person)
centumizing (participle present)
centumized (participle past)
centumized (past)

The linguists generally proceed from a centum mother language of the “Indo-Europeans”, from which the satəm dialects have de[s]cended. Some indications speak, however, in favour of the reciprocal phonetic changes, i.e. a satəm original form, centumized later.

2001, Iahanshah Derakhshani, “Some Earliest Traces of the Aryan”, in Iran and the Caucasus, volume 5, →DOI, page 9:

[footnote:] For instance, if one reconstructs satəmization, the merger of *K and *Kʷ, as an innovation that defines a clade (approx. Thraco-Armeno-Daco-Albano-Balto-Slavo-Indo-Iranian), then the other remaining Indo-European branches must independently undergo centumization as they branch off at higher nodes. Each of these individually centumizing higher clades (Anatolian, Tocharian, Italo-Celtic, and Germanic) represents undesirable homoplastic innovations.

2022 December 14, John Clayton, “Labiovelar loss and the rounding of syllabic liquids in Indo-Iranian”, in Indo-European Linguistics, →DOI, page 46:

However, it is questionable whether we could distinguish even the centumized or satemized consonants from the Late Proto-Indo-European consonants through the Uralic filter: […]

2023, Jaakko Häkkinen, “On locating Proto-Uralic”, in Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, number 68, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 52:

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies) To convert a palatovelar to a plain velar in a centum language.


inverse number

One example of inverse number in the proto-language is how the first declension featured a singular suffix -i and a plural suffix -u, meanwhile the second declension had a singular suffix -u and a plural suffix -i.

Nowadays, only the nothern dialect retains inverse number.

(linguistics) Describes a morphophonological relationship between two grammatical number categories X and Y and two declension classes A and B such that the X form in A is to the Y form in A as the Y form in B is to the X form in B.


lengthened grade

en-noun

lengthened grade (plural lengthened grades)

(Indo-European linguistics) In Proto-Indo-European linguistics, an ablaut form of a root characterized by syllables with long vowels.


closant

Coined by British physician John Antony Michael Martin in 1981 (see quotation).

coined

Coordinate term: vocant

At an earlier stage still, during the first few months of life, the vowel-like and consonant-like sounds are usually so far removed from normal speech that even this convention is misleading. We will label these sounds vocants and closants and their transcription will be enclosed within double square brackets e.g. bə.

[1981, J[ohn] A[ntony] M[ichael] Martin, “Vocal Behaviour and the Origins of Speech” (chapter 4), in Voice, Speech, and Language in the Child: Development and Disorder (Disorders of Human Communication; 4), Wien [Vienna]: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 56–57:

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the PP is an early developmental indicator of increasing phonetic diversity. It was hypothesized that the PP's estimation of increased use of different places of closant and vocant articulation would describe the growth of phonetic diversity early in life.

1992, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, Volume 6, Taylor & Francis, page 320:

These syllables consist of a closant (consonant-like element) and a vocant (vowel-like element) with a closant - vocant or vocant - closant transition that has a duration that commonly occurs in natural spoken languages (generally < 120 ms).

1995, William P. Smotherman, editor, Developmental Psychobiology, Volume 28, John Wiley & Sons, page 5:

2003, Journal of the Indian Statistical Association, Volumes 41-42, Indian Statistical Association, page 342,
At both the ages, children are found to produce more closant-vocant and vocant - closant utterances than closant - closant and vocant - vocant.

(linguistics, phonology) A consonant-like sound such as uttered by a preverbal infant.


neuter voice

en-noun

neuter voice (usually uncountable, plural neuter voices)

He uſes the word UNUM, in the neuter voice; which does not belong to a ſingle peſson, but to an (u) unity of perſons.

1785, George Travis, Letters to Edward Gibbon, Esq - Author of the History of the Decline, and Fall, of the Roman Empire, page 71:

These likewise terminate in ся, and without the particle they are not used. They have the meaning of verbs of either the active or neuter voice.

1882, Ardalīon Ivanov, A. Ivánoff's Russian Grammar (16th Ed.-145th Thousand), page 53:

Such verbs really have no voice, but for convenience we may say they are in the neuter voice.

1898, Missouri School Journal - Volume 15, page 150:

We have the Neuter Voice, or Passive of the Intransitive, also āchia (20/16, 20/25), jāiā (for jāiă?: 16/14), mohia (51/23); ho=bhūyate (12/29).

1953, Dāmodaranaṇḍita, Uktivyaktiprakaraṇa, page 58:

... the neuter voice, we have in verbs of adjectival nature the distinction of inchoative and static forms, such as "to be yellow (static, descriptive)" and "to become yellow (inchoative)"

1965, American Anthropological Association, et. al. (contributors), International Journal of American Linguistics - Volumes 7-8, page 124:

... the laughter, a voice without gender, without inflection, a neuter voice: "I wish I may, I wish I might.

1973, Mercury Press (publisher), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Volume 45, page 95:

It is the narrative voice, a neuter voice that speaks the work from that place-less place in which the work is silent.

1981, Maurice Blanchot, The gaze of Orpheus, and other literary essays, page 141:

"I am receiving a communications signal," the aerospace truck told Sinead and the XTs, using a stiff neuter voice now that Silvercup's essence had been withdrawn from it.

1994, Jack McKinney, The Black Hole Travel Agency Book 4: Hostile Takeover, page 170:

Historically reflexive verbs expressing neuter voice consists of three members - active voice - neuter voice - passive voice.

1998, Latviešu valodas institūta žurnals (publisher), Linguistica lettica, Volumes 3-4, page 162:

For instance, while the Hebrew of the Old Testament has only masculine and feminine voice, the New Testament Greek has a neuter voice as well.

2000, Mark B. Fenton, Business Education and Training - A Value-Laden Process on the Threshold of the Millennium, page 283:

Yet no sooner is the neuter voice heard than it blends listlessly into background sound, a murmur clueless about things. The neuter voice is too reticent, too timid—too unjust—to be audible.

2016, David Appelbaum, In His Voice: Maurice Blanchot's Affair with the Neuter, page 26:

(grammar, uncommon) A voice which is neither active nor passive (nor middle voice); the voice assigned to a copulative verb.


lexical middle voice

Coordinate term: syntactic middle voice

(grammar) An instance of the middle voice that results from a verb inherently conveying a middle voice meaning without the need for any additional grammatical markers, such as die.


syntactic middle voice

Coordinate term: lexical middle voice

(grammar) A form of a middle voice in which the sentence construction requires an adverbial adjunct of some kind.


cutthroat compound

cutthroat compound (plural cutthroat compounds)

Coined by editor and linguist Brianne Hughes in 2015, as cutthroat is an example of the class of compound words. Compare cranberry morpheme, eggcorn, Hobson-Jobson, mondegreen.

coin

Cutthroat compounds name things or people by describing what they do. A cutthroat cuts throats, a telltale tells tales, a wagtail wags its tail, a killjoy kills joy

2015 May 22, Stan Carey, “The Kick-butt World of Cutthroat Compounds”, in Slate Lexicon Valley:

When did it become common for linguists describing a class of words to use a particular(ly good) example to refer to the class as a whole? (e.g. "eggcorn," "cutthroat compound" quite recently

[2015 May 31, D-AW [David-Antoine Williams], “Eggcorn makes it into Merriam-Webster”, in Language Log, archived from the original on 2024-05-15, comment:

many early English cutthroat compounds were French loanwords, which were then translated and played with, creating variations and semantic clumps.

2017 February 7, Brianne Hughes, “What are Cutthroat Compounds?”, in Encyclopedia Briannica, archived from the original on 2023-10-01:

There aren’t a lot of cutthroat compounds in common use these days — only about 30, depending on your definition of common. Probably the most well-used one is breakfast, that meal that breaks the fast begun (presumably) after dinner the previous night.

2023 May 12, Andy Hollanbeck, “In a Word: Cutthroat Language”, in Saturday Evening Post:

(linguistics) A compound word formed of a transitive verb and a noun, an (usually exocentric) agentive-instrumental verb-noun compound.


umlautable

The umlautable vowels in German are a, o, u, and au.

In western Old Dutch, only short vowels were umlautable.

(phonetics, of a vowel or diphthong) capable of being affected by umlaut


wave model

(historical linguistics) A model of language change in which an innovation gradually spreads outward from its region of origin.


Pherecr.

πολύτῡρος, ον, with much cheese, Pherecr. Περσ. 1. 7.

1883, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, edited by Henry Drisler, A Greek–English Lexicon, seventh edition, New York: Harper & Brothers, page 1251/1, s.v. πολύτῡρος:

(bibliography and lexicography) Abbreviation of Pherecrates.

Phérécr.

abbreviation of (the equivalent of) Pherecrates


Pherecratean

/ˌfɛɹɪkɹəˈtiːən/

From Latin Pherecratēus, by-form of Pherecratīus, from Ancient Greek Φερεκρᾰ́τειος (Pherekráteios), from Φερεκρᾰ́της (Pherekrátēs, “Pherecrates”), the name of the metre’s inventor.

der

Φερεκρᾰ́τειος

Pherecratean verses are sometimes combined in systems: but much more frequent are Glyconic systems closing with a Pherecratean.

(Ancient Greek and Latin prosody, of a logaoedic metre or verse) Consisting of three prosodic feet, normally a spondee, dactyl, and spondee (or trochee), but admitting of some variations.

Φερεκρᾰ́τειος

consisting of three feet, spondee–dactyl–spondee or spondee–dactyl–trochee


Pherecratean

/ˌfɛɹɪkɹəˈtiːən/

Φερεκρᾰ́τειος

(Ancient Greek and Latin prosody) A Pherecratean metre.

(Ancient Greek and Latin prosody) A Pherecratean verse.


sound-symbolic

(linguistics, phonology) characterized by sound symbolism

"Bouba" and "Kiki" are sound-symbolic labels, not directly imitating any actual sound but nonetheless carrying strong intrinsic associations with roundness and pointiness, respectively.

(more specifically) (of a unit of sound or meaning such as a word, morpheme, phoneme, syllable, etc.) composed of speech sounds that are not arbitrary but also not overtly onomatopoeic


PTCP

(linguistics) Abbreviation of participle.


past active participle

en-noun

past active participle (plural past active participles)

Coordinate term: present active participle

(grammar) A participle that describes an action that has been completed in the past.


present active participle

present active participle (plural present active participles)

Coordinate term: past active participle

(grammar) A participle that expresses an action that occurs at the same moment as the action of the main verb, regardless of the of tense the main verb.


nonpalatalization

nonpalatalization (countable and uncountable, plural nonpalatalizations)

The presence or absence of the palatalization is marked by the following vowels (or by one of two special letters, ъ, the 'hard sign', denoting the nonpalatalization, and ь, the soft sign noting the palletization).

2012, Martin Neef, Anneke Neijt, Richard Sproat, The Relation of Writing to Spoken Language, page 59:

(phonology, uncountable) The state or quality of not being palatalized, of not pronouncing a sound with the tongue against the palate of the mouth.

(phonology, countable) An instance of pronunciation in which a sound is nonpalatalized.


recursive compound word

recursive compound word (plural recursive compound words)

From recursive + compound word (which itself, being a compound word, is autological), making the word recursive compound word autological too.

The recursive compound word "chocolate teapot" is composed of "chocolate" and "teapot" which itself is also a compound word composed of "tea" and "pot".

A structure of recursive compound words has not been discussed by many researchers in the generative linguistics. In compounding, recursion can be defined that a compound noun freely becomes the base of another compound noun (Namiki 1988).

2008 October 20, Makiko Mukai, “Recursive compounds”, in Word Structure, volume 1, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 178-198:

(linguistics) Compound word composed of at least one other compound word.


central determiner

central determiner (plural central determiners)

(grammar) A word that modifies a head noun in a middle position.


null determiner

null determiner (plural null determiners)

(grammar) A grammatical constituent that appears with certain types of nouns, such as bare plurals and mass nouns.


Venetan

A group of related Romance dialects indigenous to Veneto


developmental psycholinguistics

(linguistics, psychology) A branch of psycholinguistics that studies the acquisition of language in children.


preproparoxytone

/̩pɹeɪpɹəʊpəˈɹɒksɪtəʊn/

(linguistics, of a word) Having the stress or accent on the preantepenultimate syllable.


preproparoxytone

/̩pɹeɪpɹəʊpəˈɹɒksɪtəʊn/


cuckoo theory

Coordinate term: bow-wow theory

A speculative theory that human language originated from the imitation of animal vocalisations.


pussy blend

What's your favorite pussy blend?

2022 May 4, @WooHooLad, Twitter, archived from the original on 2024-08-20:

Canadian Linguistic Association
w:Canadian Linguistic Association

(linguistics) A compound word characterised by blending with the word pussy, subsequently analysed as use of the suffix -ussy.


nonclause

The corpus was searched for clauses and nonclauses that illustrated the relevant property.

prepositional phrase
prepositional phrase

(linguistics, education) An utterance that is nonclausal, such as a noun phrase, prepositional phrase, or interjection.

The corpus was searched for nonclause examples of the relevant property.


(lexicography) equivalent to ⟨~⟩, but indicates that in the derivation the headword changes from lowercase to uppercase.


Cetacea, ⸟n (that is, cetacean)

(lexicography) equivalent to ⟨~⟩, but indicates that in the derivation the headword changes from uppercase to lowercase.


Middle Czech

(linguistics, history) A historical form of the Czech language, spoken from about 1500 AD to 1775 AD.


Old Slovak

(linguistics, history) A historical form of the Slovak language, spoken between the 11th and 18th centuries.


fractomorpheme

Borrowed from French fractomorphème, itself coined by French linguist Jean Tournier. By surface analysis, fracto- + morpheme.

In sum, "pussy blends" are more likely to fall into the category of secreted affixation, in which case -ussy would have become, however ephemerally, a fractomorpheme (cf. Watergate > -gate).

2018, Michael Dow, “A corpus study of phonological factors in novel English blends”, in Proceedings of the 2018 annual conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Ottawa: Canadian Linguistic Association, archived from the original on 2024-01-17, page 13:

(linguistics) A productive morpheme (one which readily forms new words) which originates as a shortened form of another word.


monocase

Coordinate term: bicameral

American and European programmers are often surprised to discover that not all locales use a two-case alphabet. Eastern languages (e.g., Japanese and Chinese) based on ideograms are monocase; while Middle Eastern languages can have four or more cases.

1996, David A. Schmitt, “Using Locale Information and Unicode” (chapter 8), in Extending the MFC Library: Add Useful Reusable Features to the Microsoft Foundation Class Library, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Developers Press, →ISBN, page 163:

Dine 1 is a ‘monocase’ font that consists of a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters. It was designed that way to provide each letter character with a distinct shape without compromising any meaning associated with that shape.

2012, Robert Hillier, “The Design and Development of the Sylexiad Typeface”, in Nicola Brunswick, editor, Supporting Dyslexic Adults in Higher Education and the Workplace, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 189:

(linguistics, typography) Of a script or typeface: having only one case, making no distinction between upper and lower case.


Euroversal

The basis for the Euroversals in this section is Table 15, which lists those sixteen interclausal relations for which more than 80% of all those European languages which predominantly or exclusively make us of adverbial subordinators as defined in this study possess at least one (multi-word, one-word, or even monomorphemic) adverbial subordinator which can express the given relation as its exclusive or (one of its) primary meaning(s).

2011 May 9, Johan van der Auwera, Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology [EALT]), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 539:

(linguistics) A characteristic shared among most or all European languages.


CPH

critical period hypothesis
w:critical period hypothesis

(linguistics) Initialism of critical period hypothesis.


suppletivism

suppletivism (usually uncountable, plural suppletivisms)

(grammar, uncountable) The use of a suppletive form.


diamesic

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language varies across forms of communication.


Daijirin

Daijirin (canonical)
the Daijirin (canonical)

Borrowed from Japanese 大辞林(だいじりん) (Daijirin, literally “Great Forest of Words”).

ja-r

Although synonyms, tasogare and kawatare, the Daijirin informs us, took up a popular pseudodivision of labor: tasogare came to refer to the evening phenomenon and kawatare came to refer to its morning counterpart.

2000 January 17, Gerald Figal, Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan (Asia-Pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society), Duke University Press, →ISBN, page 223:

Relatively recent dictionaries such as Sanseedoo gendai kokugo jiten (first published in 1988), Daijirin (1988), and Daijisen (1995) have included usage labels and supplemental notes from their first editions.[…]Daijirin’s notes concerning usage were also eliminated from its second edition, demonstrating that some revisions represent changes for the worse.

2004 October 28, Janet S. Shibamoto Smith, Shigeko Okamoto, Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People (Studies in Language and Gender), Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 175:

More recently, websites such as Yahoo and Infoseek have begun to provide free Web dictionary services, in which major unabridged monolingual dictionaries such as Dai jirin^([sic]) (大辞林 233 000 entries) and Dai jisen^([sic]) (大辞泉 220 000 entries) can be accessed via the Web.

2005 November 24, Keith Brown, Ronald E. Asher, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 9676:

A comprehensive single-volume Japanese dictionary edited by Akira Matsumura and first published in 1988 by Sanseidō.


fricativization

en-noun

fricativization (countable and uncountable, plural fricativizations)

From fricative + -ization or fricativize + -ation.

(phonology, uncountable) The state or quality of being fricativized.

(phonology, countable) An instance of pronunciation in which a sound is fricativized.


contactive

Thus the proposed definition explains why the suffixes -aa and -vaa sometimes fail to signal the contrast between contactive and non-contactive causation.

1982, George Melville Bolling, Bernard Bloch, Language - Volume 58, page 827:

This causation may be principally of two kinds, "distant" and "contactive".

2002, Masayoshi Shibatani, The Grammar of Causation and Interpersonal Manipulation, page 11:

More generally, semantically absolutive normally marks an entity as participating as a whole in the situation identified by the verb, though not necessarily contactive, involving location.

2006, John M. Anderson, Modern Grammars of Case, page 131:

In series, re and direct object òè 'leg' join gbe to express contactive 'kick.'

2016, Ronald P. Schaefer, Francis O. Egbokhare, A Grammar of Emai, page 631:

(linguistics, syntax) Implying direct or physical contact.

Contactive language resembles ritual language in its formulistic character ( " How are you," "What's new?" etc. ) but differs in its tone and purpose.

1972, Henry F. Beechhold, John L. Behling, The Science of Language and the Art of Teaching, page 27:

Slightly more complex than impulsive patterns are contactive patterns. Contactive patterns are most frequently used when we are attempting to initiate "contact" or gain the attention of another person.

1983, John R. Bittner, Each Other: An Introduction to Interpersonal Communication, page 122:

It is argued that the feature [contactive] differentiates invitations from other text types.

1991, Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, page 1214:

Similarly, overviews of the evening's program or of the program for the following day should be understood as part of the contactive dimension.

1994, Jürgen E. Müller, Towards a Pragmatics of the Audiovisual: Theory and History, page 115:

(linguistics, of a speech act) Serving to initiate contact; introductory.


chain drill

(linguistics, education) A classroom technique in which one student asks another a question, who answers and in turn asks the same question to yet another student, continuing until the whole class has both asked and answered.


ambonym

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ambonym.wav

Coined by Etymology Nerd and Human1011, from ambi- + -onym.

(neologism, linguistics) A word that functions as a synonym and antonym of the same word, depending on the context.


semi-palindrome

From the prefix "semi-" meaning "half" and "palindrome," indicating a partial or variant form of a palindrome.

(linguistics) A word or phrase that forms a different word or phrase when its letters are reversed.

(linguistics) A word or phrase in which a small portion is palindromic, while the rest is not.


male as norm

(grammar, feminism) The principle that holds that grammatical and lexical devices such as the use of the feminine suffix -ess and the use of man to mean human, strengthen the perceptions that the male category is the norm, and that corresponding female categories are thus less important.


stress deafness

(linguistics, phonology) An inconsistent perception or processing of phonological stress by a speaker of a fixed stress language.


emphaticize

en-verb

emphaticize (third-person singular simple present emphaticizes, present participle emphaticizing, simple past and past participle emphaticized)

emphaticizes (present singular third-person)
emphaticizing (participle present)
emphaticized (participle past)
emphaticized (past)


deemphaticize

deemphaticize (third-person singular simple present deemphaticizes, present participle deemphaticizing, simple past and past participle deemphaticized)

deemphaticizes (present singular third-person)
deemphaticizing (participle present)
deemphaticized (participle past)
deemphaticized (past)

In addition Standard Arabic words may be subjected to other general Nigerian Arabic phonological processes. For example, voiced consonants are devoiced prepausally, and some urban speakers may deemphaticize emphatic consonants. The form lafis < *lafð̥ thus arises via (8h), with devoicing and deemphaticizing of z̥.

2000, Jonathan Owens, “Loanwords in Nigerian Arabic: a quantitative approach”, in Arabic as a Minority Language (Contributions to the Sociology of Language; 83), New York · Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, page 284 of 259–345:

Undoubtedly, with this many phonologically alien consonants for an English learner of Arabic the accent is expected to be quite distinct. Unfortunately, in addition to the segmental phonological accent there will certainly be a persistent phonetic accent that runs throughout the whole words in which some of those posterior consonants occur, especially the emphatics [sˤص dˤ ض tˤ ط ðˤ ظ]. To demonstrate, consider the word <صَبَرَ> [̯sˤɑbɑrɑ] (became patient) which is fully emphaticized throughout under the influence of the emphatic [sˤ]. If the learner of Arabic fails to properly articulate this emphatic, he will not only transform the whole word semantically to mean <سَبَرَ> [̯sabara] (probed), but will also phonetically deemphaticize the word to sound impressionistically very different from <صَبَرَ>.

2014, Edward Y. Odisho, “Some Primary Sources of Accent Generation in the Pronunciation of Arabic by Native Speakers of English”, in Mediterranean Language Review, volume 21, →DOI, page 96 of 91–104:

(phonology) To render not emphatic any more.


business English

(linguistics) A type of English used in business contexts, such as banking, commerce, finance, international trade, insurance, etc.


discourse analyst

en-noun

discourse analyst (plural discourse analysts)

(linguistics) An expert or student of discourse analysis


unstrandable

en-adj

unstrandable (comparative more unstrandable, superlative most unstrandable)

more unstrandable (comparative)
most unstrandable (superlative)

Unstrandable function words include the determiners and quantifiers that introduce nominal constituents, and the complementisers that introduce clauses.

2016, Andrew Radford, Analysing English Sentences, second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 143:

(grammar) Not able to be left without an complement adjacent to it.


strandable

strandable (comparative more strandable, superlative most strandable)

more strandable (comparative)
most strandable (superlative)

My proposed analysis, therefore, makes an interesting prediction in these cases, namely, that the prepositions which are not strandable under regular wh-movement become strandable under sluicing.

2010, Yosuke Sato, “P-stranding under sluicing at the syntax–phonology interface”, in Minimalist Interfaces: Evidence from Indonesian and Javanese, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 85:

(grammar) Able to be left without an complement adjacent to it.


word sound

Browning has been called unmusical, and, judged by common rules, I suppose his verse lacks melody; but for me, there is always in it a sort of spiritual harmony, which overrules the mere word-sound, and renders him one of the most musical of poets.

1852, Grace Greenwood, Greenwood Leaves, A Collection of Sketches and Letters, page 293:

Word sound is musical. It is characterized by the two leading essentials of a musical sound, rhythm and melody, while yet the other elements, time and quality of sound, are not excluded.

1873, I.N. Carleton, W.B. Dwight (editors), The Connecticut School Journal, page 9:

Now we know that it is the faculty of recalling the word-picture, aided by remembering the word-sound, which makes the good speller.

1880, Mrs. R.R. Bird, “On Spelling”, in American Primary Teacher, volume 4, page 5:

Hence, whatever may be the sense in which the word sound may be used, there is no doubt of the fact that it is caused by the vibrations of the sounding body.

1917, Atul Chandra Datta, A Text-Book of Sound, page 1:

Many people are able to imagine word-sounds with greater delicacy and discrimination than they can utter them.

1925, I.A. Richards, Principles of Literay Criticism, page 119:

(linguistics, phonology, uncommon) A particular essence or quality evoked by a spoken word.