Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Named after two researchers, Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf, who observed that linguistic differences have consequences in human cognition and behavior.

(linguistics) The principle that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition.

Benjamin Lee Whorf
Edward Sapir
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說

principle that a language's structure affects its speakers' worldview or cognition


laryngealize

en-verb

laryngealize (third-person singular simple present laryngealizes, present participle laryngealizing, simple past and past participle laryngealized)

laryngealizes (present singular third-person)
laryngealizing (participle present)
laryngealized (participle past)
laryngealized (past)

(phonetics) To articulate as a laryngeal sound, to produce (a sound) through or with action of the larynx.

But creaky or laryngealized quality throughout whole stretches of very low-pitched speech characterize boredom, reluctance [etc.] Children typically laryngealize their voice for coaxing adults.

1993, Fernando Poyatos, Paralanguage, page 209:

(phonetics) To modify (a pronunciation or a sound) by constricting the larynx.


laryngealized

en-adj

laryngealized (comparative more laryngealized, superlative most laryngealized)

more laryngealized (comparative)
most laryngealized (superlative)

In these words, as in similar forms in related Chadic languages, laryngealized voicing is often audible in the adjacent vowels

1971, Peter Ladefoged, Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics, page 15:

It is well known that back vowels such as [ɑ] tend to be more laryngealized than front vowels such as [i] (local phenomenon).

2007, Anton Batliner, Richard Huber, “Speaker characteristics and emotion classification”, in Christian Müller, editor, Speaker Classification I, page 143:

(linguistics, phonetics) Pronounced with or through constriction or other action of the larynx; creaky.


hyperthetic

(linguistics) Exhibiting hyperthesis, long-distance metathesis


regressive assimilation

en-noun

regressive assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural regressive assimilations)

(phonetics, phonology) An assimilation whereby a sound becomes more like the following sound.


progressive assimilation

progressive assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural progressive assimilations)

(phonetics, phonology) An assimilation whereby a sound becomes more like the preceding sound.


thematic vowel

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(linguistic morphology, Indo-European studies) A vowel appended to the end of a root (with which it constitutes a stem), before the ending.


Piman

(linguistics) Belonging to a group of languages within the Uto-Aztecan family that are spoken by ethnic groups (including the Pima) from Arizona in the north to Durango, Mexico in the south.


sesquisyllable

From sesqui- (“one-and-a-half”) + syllable.

(linguistics) A prosodic word consisting of an unstressed “minor” syllable followed by a stressed “major” syllable.


sublect

(linguistics) A lect forming part of a larger lect.


morphoparadigm

In fact, however, each of these verbs belongs to a morphoparadigm—a conjugated verb pattern—that has flexibility of verbal meaning and can fluctuate between intransitive notions of entering into a state or condition or activity and transitive notions indicative of actions being performed upon the grammatical subject.

2003, C W. Conrad, Active, Middle, and Passive: Understanding Ancient Greek Voice, page 3:

Based on the syntactic roles of the verbal collocatives in Russian, we divide their morphoparadigms into the grammemes of participles, gerunds, and personal forms plus infinitives.

2004, Igor A. Bolshakov, “Getting One's First Million... Collocations”, in Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 5th International Conference, CICLing 2004; Seoul, Korea, February 2004; Proceedings, Springer-Verlag, page 232:

Fuck those Magdalene poofters! Godolphin Frost (imitating a plummy British academic) ‘One has to look no further to prove the supremacy of the Greeks than in the dissemination of particle complexities and the middle-passive morphoparadigm voice’

2013, Jeremy Johnson, “Better than Death”, in Jeremy Johnson: The Collected Plays Vol. 2, page 140:

(linguistics) a set of forms for the conjugation of a verb.


word class

These lists differentiated terms according to word class (that is, a word with both a noun and adjective definition counted as two separate items in the list).

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 297:

(linguistics) A linguistic form class whose members are words.

(linguistics) A linguistic form or structure class whose members are words.


registrogenesis

Eventually, the nonphonemic suprasegmental features became phonemic tonal distinctions as other sound changes occurred, such as loss of finals and changes in voicing of the initials. However, Haudricourt did not, at that time, have much access to information about the possible effects of phonation on Vietnamese tones and registrogenesis.

1995, M Alves, “Tonal features and the development of Vietnamese tones”, in Working Papers in Linguistics: Department of University of Hawaii at Manoa, volume 27:

These two evolutionary paths are strikingly illustrated by the different responses given by Chinese to two distinct waves of registrogenesis, the first time at the stage of Old Chinese, the second time at the stage of Late Middle Chinese.

2012, Thomas Stolz, Monosyllables: From Phonology to Typology, page 124:

(linguistics) The process in which a language that lacks pitch registers gains them.


bracketer

From bracket + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (occupational suffix).

(linguistics) A program or algorithm that breaks down natural language into certain grammatical components.


nominative determinism

A little-known aspect of pop sociology called nominative determinism intrigued Rory Honeyman for a very good reason. Except for a concatenation of historical accidents, he would have fallen under its purview himself.

2003, Paul Di Filippo, chapter 2, in Spondulix: A Romance of Hoboken, Open Road Integrated Media:

I need hardly add that he is a prime example of that scientific principle known as nominative determinism — being a man who uses telescopes, called I. Glass!

2010, Steve Ringwood, Astronomers Anonymous: Getting Help with the Puzzles and Pitfalls of Practical Astronomy, Springer, page ix:

Nominative determinism is usually applied to the idea that someone's name may influence their future. Would Usain Bolt have run as swiftly with the name “Usain Plod”?

2016, Caroline Barchelder, The Gender Conversation: Evangelical Perspectives on Gender, Scripture, and the Christian Life, Morling Press, page 218

(psychology, semantics) A supposed tendency for people to become active in subjects that relate or correspond to their names.


posthodiernal

As an example of a language which has an opposition between hodiernal and posthodiernal future, where the hodiernal future is distinct from the present tense(s), we may mention Aghem (Bantu, Hyman 1979).

1984, Brian Butterworth, Bernard Comrie, Östen Dahl, Explanations for Language Universals, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 113:

Posthodiernal na- does not appear in my narrative corpus outside of the quoted speech of characters.

2015, Doris L. Payne, Shahar Shirtz, Beyond Aspect: The expression of discourse functions in African languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 170:

Hodiernal future tense: I will love her sometime today.
Posthodiernal conditional perfect tense: I would have loved her sometime after today.
Hesternal past tense: I loved her early today.
Prehesternal past tense: I loved her earlier today.

2016, Joseph Cherian, Idiotic English and Idiomatic English: The Professional’s Guide to Using English Intelligently, Influentially, and Internationally, WestBow Press, →ISBN:

(grammar) Relating to future time later than today.


prehesternal

There are two past tenses, a hodiernal-hesternal tense used to refer to 'today' and 'yesterday', and a prehesternal tense used to refer to 'before yesterday', as in the following examples:

It refers specifically to yesterday past and, contrary to the hodiernal tense particle, can never be extended to prehesternal use. It can, in addition, occur concurrently with only the hesternal adverb, zààméǹg 'yesterday'. This particle must appear when hesternal reference is intended, with or without the adverb, zààméǹg 'yesterday'. The prehesternal verbal particle, dáá, is also quite specific in that it can never be used to mark hodiernal and hesternal tenses.

2018, Augustine Agwuele, Adams Bodomo, The Routledge Handbook of African Linguistics, Routledge, →ISBN:

In contrast, no instances of PP occurred in either the today or yesterday contexts, and prehesternal contexts are highly disfavored (.36). Although low in frequency, the prehesternal factor serves as evidence to argue that in Southern Arizona Spanish, situations are temporally anchored to past time reference points located with respect to utterance time. In this study, indeterminate contexts were determined on lack of temporal anchoring, which is left unspecified by the interlocutor ...

2018, Jonathan E. MacDonald, Contemporary Trends in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics: Selected papers from the Hispanic Linguistic Symposium 2015, John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 184:

(grammar) Relating to past time earlier than yesterday.


heterorganic

/ˌhɛtəɹɔːɹˈɡænɪk/

labial m and alveolar n are heterorganic consonants.

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonetics) Of consonants: having a different place of articulation.


monosyllabicization

(linguistics) The evolution towards monosyllabicity; monosyllabification.


monosyllabification

(linguistics) The evolution towards monosyllabicity; monosyllabicization.

(linguistics) The division of a word into single syllables; syllabification.


iconomatic

A clipping of earlier icononomatic, from a modern combination of Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “icon, image, likeness”) + ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic: forming adjectives”).

der

We have, so far as I am aware, no scientific term to express this manner of phonetic writing, and I propose for it therefore the adjective ikonomatic...

1886, Daniel Garrison Brinton, Essays of an Americanist, pages 207–8:

Iconomatic writing... occupies an intermediate position, standing in some sense in relation to both letter and picture writing.

1887 January 22, "Iconomatic Writing", Scientific American, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 56

The use of pictographs to represent their sounds, as in English rebuses using an eye to mean I or in Chinese phonetic transcription of foreign terms into characters.


wh-question

From the fact that many of the adverbs and pronouns that are used at the beginning of such sentences, such as what, when, which, who, and why, begin with wh.

In general each kind of Wh question calls for an answer which is an instance of a particular major sentence constituent.

1968 April, Roger Brown, “The Development of Wh Questions in Child Speech”, in Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, volume 7, number 2, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 280–281; quoted in Thomas E. Van Cantford, Beatrix T[ugendhut] Gardner, R. Allen Gardner, “Developmental Trends in Replies to Wh-questions by Children and Chimpanzees”, in R. Allen Gardner, Beatrix T. Gardner, and Thomas E. Van Cantford, editors, Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989, →ISBN, page 198:

To answer a wh-question, a person usually examines the items described by the <+WH> noun phrase and tests the truth of the sentence for each item.

1970 July 22, Sara Regina Murphy, “Relative Clauses and Wh-questions”, in Semantic Interpretation of Deep Structure for Natural-language Computer Input (AFCRL; 70-526; Special Reports no. 104), Bedford, Mass.: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, United States Air Force, →OCLC, page 22:

On the semantic level we understand as obligatory those modifications about which the speaker has an important information so that he must be able to answer a wh-question formed by the listener in the case that there is an ellipsis of the given member of the sentence on the syntactic level. The necessity to be able to answer a wh-question is thus a criterion distinguishing obligatory and optional modifications.

1980, Petr Piťha, “Case Frames of Nouns”, in D. J. van Alkemade et al., editors, Linguistic Studies Offered to Berthe Siertsema, Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, →ISBN, part I (Syntax and Semantics), page 91:

Note that one cannot describe such basic processes as yes–no question and WH-question formation, negation, or the use of emphatic particles in Sinhala without involving focusing, [...]

1985, James W. Gair, “Focused Sentences: Naturalization of a Calque”, in Barbara C. Lust, editor, Studies in South Asian Linguistics: Sinhala and Other South Asian Languages, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, published 1998, →ISBN, part IV (Change, Grammaticization, and Linguistic Area), page 168:

In the preceding chapters, I have tentatively adopted an analysis for yes-no and WH-questions (aside from multiple WH-questions, as in (1b′), which have not been taken up yet) on the following lines: [...] [T]he S of that structure has the same form as the deep structure of a corresponding declarative sentence, except that the structure underlying a WH-question such as (1b) has a WH-expression in place of one of the constituents that could occur in a corresponding declarative; [...]

1988, James D[avid] McCawley, “Interrogative Clauses”, in The Syntactic Phenomena of English, volume 2, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 464:

The language focus of our lesson were the wh-questions. To form them, a wh-question word needs to move to the clause-initial position: What will you buy? This is also the case in German: Was wirst du kaufen?

2015, Larissa Pöltl, “Task Cycle”, in Teaching Speaking. Wh-questions (Englisch 6. Klasse Gymnasium): Lesson Plan, Munich: GRIN Publishing, →ISBN, section 1.1 (Theoretical Background), pages 1–2:

One of the aspects particular to friend talk in Japanese is that the speech is in informal style, and while as in any other interactions there are style shifts, these are very limited and strategically accomplished. In informal style questions the ka question particle is omitted and interrogativity is mainly accomplished through intonation and Wh-question words.

2015, Lidia Tanaka, “Nourishing the Friendship: Questions in Friends’ Talk”, in Japanese Questions: Discourse, Context and Language, London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 125:

(chiefly linguistics) A question that is introduced by a wh-word (what, where, why, etc.) and cannot be answered by yes or no.


Germanic h

From Germanic + h, due to the prevalence of words with this letter originating from Germanic languages.

The Germanic h, on the other hand, was at one time a distinct phoneme in French, much the same as [h] in Modern English (Fouché, 580–581). In this study I first explain how the Germanic h came into the French language during the Germanic tribes’ invasions in the fifth century.

1994, Stephen P. Cutts, “The Germanic h in French”, in General Linguistics, volume 34, numbers 3–4, Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton, →ISSN, section 0.0 (Introduction), page 145:


preinitial

(phonetics) The part of a syllable that precedes the initial.


contact linguistics

(linguistics) The study of language contact


language contact

en-noun

language contact (plural language contacts)

(linguistics) The phenomenon in which speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other.


meet-meat merger

(phonology) The phonemic merger of the Early Modern English vowel /eː/ as in Middle English "meat" into the vowel /iː/ as in Middle English "meet".


adjuncthood

(grammar) The condition of being an adjunct.


h-dropping

In England, the most up-to-date research suggests that some 13th-century dialects were h-dropping, but by the time elocution experts came along in the 18th century, they were pointing out what a crime it is.

2013 November 4, Michael Rosen, “Why H is the most contentious letter in the alphabet”, in The Guardian:

(phonology) The omission of an /h/ sound normally present in a word, making the word "home" sound like "'ome", for example.


th-fronting

(phonology) The pronunciation of the sound /θ/ as /f/ and the sound /ð/ as /v/, making "north" sound like "norf" and "breathe" sound like "breave".


th-stopping

(phonology) The pronunciation of "th" like "t" or "d", making "think" sound like "tink" and "then" sound like "den".


t-glottalization

(phonology) The pronunciation of the phoneme /t/ as a glottal stop in certain positions.


l-vocalization

(phonology) A process by which an /l/ sound is replaced by a vowel or semivowel.


line-loin merger

The most frequently paraded example of apparent merger in English in the Labovian literature is the line—loin merger in Essex, England (see Labov, Yaeger, and Steiner 1972; Nunberg and Labov 1972; Nunberg 1980); the label stands for the coalescence of /oy/ and /ay/.

1991, Birch Moonwomon, Sound Change in San Francisco English, volume 1, page 57:

(phonology) The phonemic merger between the diphthongs /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ that occurs for speakers of Southern English English, Irish English, Newfoundland English, and Caribbean English making "line" and "loin" homophones.


nunate

en-verb

nunate (third-person singular simple present nunates, present participle nunating, simple past and past participle nunated)

nunates (present singular third-person)
nunating (participle present)
nunated (participle past)
nunated (past)

You can only nunate the name in the case of the nominative and the genitive,[…]

1995, Kees Versteegh, C. H. M. Versteegh, The Explanation of Linguistic Causes: Az-Za?????'s Theory of Grammar : Introduction, Translation, Commentary, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 169:

(grammar, transitive) To add nunation to (a word).


epistemicity

(linguistics) The property of being epistemic.


tetrasemic

From tetra- + Ancient Greek σημεῖον (sēmeîon, “sign”) + -ic.

(prosody) Equivalent to four short syllables, consisting of four moras as a dactyl, anapest, or spondee.


labioalveolar

(phonetics) Involving the lip and the alveolar ridge.


soramimi

Borrowed from Japanese 空耳 (soramimi, “lit. air ear; mishearing; deafness”).

bor

A homophonic translation of a song lyric, typically humorous; a mondegreen.


post-alveolar

(phonetics) Alternative spelling of postalveolar


participialization

(grammar) The process of participializing.


interdialect

(linguistics) A language variety that combines features of two or more dialects.


cyberpragmatic

(linguistics) Relating to cyberpragmatics.


cyberpragmatics

One exception is so-called cyberpragmatics, which takes relevance theory as the underlying theoretical framework and hence provides a truly pragmatic approach to communication on the Net.

2017, Anne Barron, The Routledge Handbook of Pragmatics, page 551:

(linguistics) The pragmatics of communication in cyberspace.


disyllabification

(linguistics) The evolution towards disyllabicity.


book word

The second, being a ‘book word,’ has quite an artificial pronunciation.

1871, Alexander John Ellis, On Early English Pronunciation, with Especial Reference to Shakspere ...:

Book words—words that are found most often in writing but are rarely spoken—change as well but in a somewhat different way. When the communal memory of a word's pronunciation has been lost, or when speakers who have never heard a book word pronounced attempt it, then spelling will play a key role in determining the new pronunciation.

2014, Dale F. Coye, Pronouncing Shakespeare's Words: A Guide from A to Zounds, →ISBN, page 7:

(linguistics) A word that is encountered in writing but not usually in speech, which people may therefore not know how to pronounce (correctly).

French loyal and légal are both from Latin lēgālis. While the former was inherited, the latter is a book word.

(linguistics) A word that is borrowed into a vernacular from a closely related literary language, thus being etymologically related to native vocabulary, but not showing regular sound changes.


sociolinguistically

en-adv

sociolinguistically (comparative more sociolinguistically, superlative most sociolinguistically)

more sociolinguistically (comparative)
most sociolinguistically (superlative)

/ˌsəʊʃjəʊlɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk(ə)li/


Szemerényi's law

Named after Hungarian linguist Oswald Szemerényi.

compensatory lengthening
compensatory lengthening

(phonology) A sound change and a synchronic phonological rule that operated during an early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language. The rule deleted coda fricatives *s or laryngeals *h₁, *h₂ or *h₃ (cover symbol *H), with compensatory lengthening occurring in a word-final position.


disfixation

en-noun

disfixation (usually uncountable, plural disfixations)

(linguistic morphology) Word-formation involving a disfix; subtracting a morpheme from a word.


counterexpectational

en-adj

counterexpectational (comparative more counterexpectational, superlative most counterexpectational)

more counterexpectational (comparative)
most counterexpectational (superlative)

For example, in Saramaccan, property items can be reduplicated to encode counterexpectational semantics.

2018, John H. McWhorter, The Creole Debate, Cambridge University Press, page 18:

(chiefly linguistics) That goes against expectations; unexpected.


paratone

(linguistics) A sequence of intonations used to convey information concerning sentence structure.


obligatorize

en-verb

obligatorize (third-person singular simple present obligatorizes, present participle obligatorizing, simple past and past participle obligatorized)

obligatorizes (present singular third-person)
obligatorizing (participle present)
obligatorized (participle past)
obligatorized (past)

At first blush, it would seem that phase theory is unlikely to offer a characterization of the extra conditions that regulate and obligatorize the placement of weak pronouns.

2006, Cedric Boeckx, Minimalist Essays, →ISBN, page 170:

(linguistics) To make (something) obligatory, or more obligatory.


monoargumental

(linguistics) Supporting only a single argument.


obligatorification

en-noun

obligatorification (countable and uncountable, plural obligatorifications)

Following Jakobson 1959 [1972] and Lehmann 1982 [1995], grammaticalization for most observers always entails obligatorification. As Jakobson memorably put it, languages differ not in what they can say, but in what they must: [...]

2011, John Haiman, Cambodian: Khmer, →ISBN, page 137:

Mandarin and Khmer and possibly other Southeast Asian languages may be characterized as resisting obligatorification of their meaningful morphology. Could this have anything to do with their penchant for decorative morphology?

2013, Jeffrey P. Williams, The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, →ISBN, page 79:

(linguistics) The act or process of, or an instance of, (something) becoming or being made (more) obligatory, especially as part of the process of grammaticalization.


morphemization

morphemization (countable and uncountable, plural morphemizations)

Bright (1957), in his Karok grammar (p. 39), cites an example of morphemization in progress. In Karok there is a general phonological rule that the initial consonant of a monosyllabic stem is geminated when in intervocalic position. However, in some themes the initial consonant of such a stem freely varies between being geminated and non-geminated. This variation is evidence of a wavering of the theme between polymorphemic and monomorphemic status.

1976, Margaret Langdon, Shirley Silver, Hokan studies: papers from the First Conference on Hokan Languages held in San Diego, California, April 23-25, 1970, de Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, page 194:

(linguistics) The act or process of, or an instance of, morphemizing (becoming, or causing something to become, a morpheme).


argumentality

(linguistics) The property of having one or more arguments; the syntactic connection between the verb of a clause and related phrases.


morphologize

en-verb

morphologize (third-person singular simple present morphologizes, present participle morphologizing, simple past and past participle morphologized)

morphologizes (present singular third-person)
morphologizing (participle present)
morphologized (participle past)
morphologized (past)

From morpholog(y), morpholog(ical) + -ize.

[…] and, moreover, it is subject to syntagmatic segmental processes which can morphologize the prosodic accent location (vowel lengthening as in the first three examples and rearticulation of the secondary stressed vowel as in the fourth).

1996, Bernhard Hurch, Richard A. Rhodes, Natural Phonology, →ISBN, page 85:

(transitive, intransitive, linguistic morphology) To become, or cause (e.g. a phonetic feature) to become, (re)interpreted morphologically.

In the word chlekʼwnts 'he broiled it (salmon)' which morphologizes as /č - lekʼʷ - ənts/ 'on - piece - 3.s.sub.3.s.obj.TRANS.-PAST', we have the processual 'pierce' as trajector, […]

1993, Roy H. Ogawa, Gary B. Palmer, “Langacker semantics for three Coeur d'Alene prefixes”, in Issues in Cognitive Linguistics: 1993, page 172:

(transitive, intransitive, linguistic morphology) To decompose into morphemes (as).


oblique subject

en-noun

oblique subject (plural oblique subjects)


Q-word

Cross-linguistically, a distinctive characteristic of this mood type is the presence of a question word (‘Q-word’) in the clause that queries missing information [...]

2018, The Routledge Handbook of African Linguistics, →ISBN, page 104:


nounship

(grammar) The quality of a word or phrase behaving as a noun.


inanimacy

inanimacy (usually uncountable, plural inanimacies)

(linguistics) In some languages, opposite of animacy, which affects grammatical features (it can modify verbs used with the noun, affect the noun's declension, etc.).


noncompositionality

However, no morphologist would argue that there is not a difference in degree of noncompositionality between that of goal kick and that of the hopelessly unparseable understand.

2018, John McWhorter, The Creole Debate, Cambridge, page 25:

(chiefly linguistics) Alternative form of non-compositionality.


labiovelarize

en-verb

labiovelarize (third-person singular simple present labiovelarizes, present participle labiovelarizing, simple past and past participle labiovelarized)

labiovelarizes (present singular third-person)
labiovelarizing (participle present)
labiovelarized (participle past)
labiovelarized (past)

[...] recently attempted to explain the origin of the Ukrainian form buty, etc., in another way, i.e., through the labiovelarizing influence of the l closing the syllable (resulting from the non- palatalized l).

1979, Ivan Zilynsʹkyĭ, A Phonetic Description of the Ukrainian Language, page 175:

It is usually defined as a process whereby front vowels consonantalize (palatalize) to the semivowel /j/ when followed by certain other vowels [...] or whereby back vowels consonantalize (labiovelarize) to the semivowel /w/ [...]

2006, Casper Jan Hendrik Krüger, R.S. Pretorius, Introduction to the morphology of Setswana, →ISBN:

(phonetics) To become, or cause to become, labiovelar.


consonantalize

consonantalize (third-person singular simple present consonantalizes, present participle consonantalizing, simple past and past participle consonantalized)

consonantalizes (present singular third-person)
consonantalizing (participle present)
consonantalized (participle past)
consonantalized (past)

(phonetics) To become, or cause to become, (more) consonantal.


wasla

هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ
همزة الوصل#Arabic

أَلِفُ الْوَصْلِ
ألف الوصل#Arabic

هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ
همزة الوصل#Arabic

(linguistics) A diacritic added to the Arabic letter alif ا to form ٱ, also called "hamzatu l-waṣli" - هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ (hamzatu l-waṣli) or "alifu l-waṣli" - أَلِفُ الْوَصْلِ (ʔalifu l-waṣli). It denotes elision and is seldom used in practice in fully vocalised Arabic texts, only to highlight that the alif is silent هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ (hamzatu l-waṣli) = هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ (hamzatu l-waṣli)

وَصْلَة

an Arabic diacritic denoting elision of the alif


sufformative

This sufformative draws the accent to itself, causing reduction of the preceding vowel to šᵉwâ.

2000, Edwin C. Hostetter, An Elementary Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, page 69:

(grammar) In Biblical Hebrew, an inflectional ending or suffix.


ditrochean

As has been said above, the quadrisyllable is hard to pronounce without giving to the ear a ditrochean sound.

1951, AH Ashcroft, “Vergil's Hexameter Line”, in Greece and Rome, volumes 20-22, page 110:

Among adjectival forms, "dactylic" is dactylic in one pronunciation and " ditrochean" (why not "ditrochaic" ?) is ditrochean.

1976, Albert Ross Eckler, Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics:

(linguistics) Consisting of two trochees.


mesodic

(prosody) Relating to a system of different form intervening between a strophe and its antistrophe.


semeion

From Ancient Greek σημεῖον (sēmeîon, “a mark”).

bor

(prosody) A unit of time, a division of a foot; a mora.


microprosody

(linguistics) The microdynamic behaviour of vowels in a particular language


paulo-post-future

(grammar, archaic) The future perfect tense.


intrative

-pura is an intrative suffix in the Quechua language.

(grammar, rare) Of or relating to a grammatical case with the sense "among" or "amidst".


abundantial

To the line succeeded the creation of motion in the proportion of the number three, as is indicated by the name of the number in basque, i-r-u, which signifies literally of lineal movement abundance ; it is composed of the modulation i, before explained, of the note of motion r, and of the abundantial letter u.

1829, Juan Bautista de Erro y Azpiroz with George William Erving, The alphabet of the primitive language of Spain:

The -udo type first became rare in prose; but as a qualifier (referring especially to persons), it maintained a certain vitality, probably supported by the (denominal) abundantial -udo adjectives (e.g., barbudo 'heavily bearded").

1970, Emanuel S. Georges, Jerry Russell Craddock, Yakov Malkiel, Studies in Romance Nouns Extracted from Past Participles, →ISBN:

The latter meaning is by no means marginal and often edges itself into central position; thus, wordy seldom maans 'verbal, pertaining to or consistig of words', signifying normally 'verbose, characterized by or given to the use of many, or too many, words', an abundantial semantic streak even more clearly predominant in the abstract wordiness.

1977, Paul J. Hopper, Studies in Descriptive and Historical Linguistics, →ISBN:

(linguistics) Expressing the idea of abundance.


absolutival

(grammar) Of or relating to the absolutive grammatical case.


satellite-framing

(linguistics, syntax) The use of a satellite to indicate a path of motion, a change of state, or grammatical aspect. For example, the use of "over" in "trip over".


satellite-framing

(linguistics, syntax) Making use of satellite-framing.


verb-framing

(linguistics, syntax) Encoding a path of motion, a change of state, or grammatical aspect in the main verb, as opposed to using a satellite to supply this information. For example "ascend" as opposed to "climb up" or "descend" as opposed to "climb down".


verb-framing

(linguistics, syntax) Making use of verb-framing.


dummy pronoun

(grammar) A pronoun used to fulfill a syntactic role rather than one with a specific referent. For example, the "it" in "It's raining".


pronominalization

en-noun

pronominalization (countable and uncountable, plural pronominalizations)

(grammar) The process of pronominalizing.


pronominalizer

Colloquial Malay also uses yang as a relativizer and (pro)nominalizer, but also accepts punya as a pronominalizer (e.g. (Yang) mahal punya untuk abang “The expensive one is for elder brother”).

2004, Olga Fischer, Up and down the Cline: The Nature of Grammaticalization, page 165:

(grammar) A word or construct that pronominalizes.


neol.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of neologism.


glottogonic

/ˌɡlɒtəˈɡɒnɪk/

/ˌɡlɑtəˈɡɒnɪk/

/ˌɡlɔtɘˈɡɔnɘk/

Indirectly, this echoes the Neogrammarians, who, upon rejection of the glottogonic separation of stages of language held by their predecessors (cf. 4.10., 5.) affirmed that in the IE languages, "die Schöpfung neuen Stoffes niemals ganz aufgehört hat" ["the development of new grammatical material had never stopped"](Paul 1920 [1898], 175).

1993, Joachim Jacobs, editor, Syntax: an international handbook of contemporary research, page 1141:

There are now quite a few glottogonic theories, some of which are also concerned with the origin of words as, for example, the one that argues that original words are connected with phonosymbolism, […]

1995, Werner Winter, editor, On Languages and Language […] , Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 19:

Johannes Schmidt was later to argue that it was a natural step for the generation of scholars following Schleicher to discard the glottogonic reconstructions.

2001, Sylvain Auroux, editor, History of the Language Sciences, page 1237:

The glottogonic view was perhaps the principal difference between the Neogrammarians and their predecessors.

2007, Prof. Lyle Campbell, Glossary of Historical Linguistics, page 72:

Related to the origin or primordial development of language; related to glottogony.


illabial

Lazicius identifies the second part of this interjection with the long high open phoneme y· (as occurring in fy· 'grass'). This interpretation is certainly incorrect since this interjectional ɯ is illabial, whereas y is rounded.

1952, John Lotz, “Vowel Frequency in Hungarian”, in WORD, volume 8, number 3, published 2015, →DOI, page 227:

More refined analyses show that there are differences in the misperception of certain vowels between children and adults. For example, illabial /e:/ tends to be confused with labial /0:/ in adults' perception...

2001, Charles W. Kreidler, editor, Phonology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, Volume 6, page 142:

Newer studies do not offer any solution to the problem. They are even less informative in that they usually just mention the existence of rare labial variants and the quantitative predominance of illabial ones.

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 552:

(linguistics, uncommon) Not labial; unrounded or unlabialized.


illabiality

From il- + labiality or illabial + -ity.

/ɪ/ shares narrowness and illabiality with /i/, but, on the other hand, backness and illabiality with /a/: two traits, that is, in each case.

1991, Marcel Erdal, Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, Volumes 1-2, page 18:

It is significant to note that the illabiality is also reflected in early Christian borrowings such as Fi. pappi ‘priest’ < Sl. păpŭ (trad. popъ); cf. as well as in the unstressed position Fi. Raamattu ‘Bible’ < Sl. grāmătā (trad. gramota).

2007, Juhani Nuorluoto, “The Interchangeability of the Graphemes <o> and <ъ> in Old Russian Birchbark Documents: A Graphical Effect or a Reflection of Sound Change in Progress?”, in Slavica Helsingiensia, volume 32, pages 184–185:

An exception in the context of the generally accepted original illabiality of +lık is L. Johanson and his 1979 study "Die westoghusische Labialharmonie" (here cited after his volume of reprints: Johanson 1991: 26-70).

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 553:

(phonetics) The state or condition of being illabial or unrounded.


dissective

en-adj

dissective (comparative more dissective, superlative most dissective)

more dissective (comparative)
most dissective (superlative)

(grammar) Referring to a number of individual or separate things rather than a mass (e.g. snowflakes rather than snow).


tadbhava

Borrowed from Sanskrit तद्भव (tadbhava).

However, beyond lexis, the Macmillan range includes other adaptations, such as IPA encoding which reflects Indian English pronunciation, and etymologies that distinguish between "tatsama" and "tadbhava" terms, based on McGregor (1992).

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 298:

(lexicography) A word inherited from Old Indo-Aryan through a Prakrit used in a modern Indo-Aryan language.


semi-tatsama

It will be interesting to note how persistent is the Prakritic or MIA. system of phonetics in NIA., in giving a tadbhava look to recently introduced tatsama words, in pronunciation, and turning them into semi-tatsamas going very close to tadbhavas, actually existing or possible,—although the spelling would scorn to note it:[…]

1926, Suniti Kumar Chatterji, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, page 200:

Initial v can also go back to Pkt. v, arisen either from Skr. vr in vaṇ (vraṇa-) and the semi-tatsama vaḍvat (vrata-)...

1970, J. Bloch, Formation of the Marathi Language, page 160:

In New Indo-Aryan currency the tadbhava and semitatsama forms of yakṣa and yakṣiṉī have come to mean demon and demoness, goblin or malevolent spirits of some kind.

1972, Jacob Ensink, Peter Gaeffke, editors, India Maior: Congratulatory Volume Presented to J. Gonda, page 194:

The tripartite scheme of tadhbava, semi-tatsama, and tatsama accounts for the majority of the words encountered in the texts included in this book; but loans from Persian and from Arabic (through Persian) are also commonplace, especially in texts which are not self-consciously based on Sanskrit models.

2001, Rupert Snell, The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader, page 4:

semi-learned borrowing
semi-learned borrowing

(lexicography, Indo-Aryan linguistics) A semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit.

অর্ধতৎসম

a word borrowed from Sanskrit earlier in an Indo-Aryan language's history and having since underwent change


cliticize

en-verb

cliticize (third-person singular simple present cliticizes, present participle cliticizing, simple past and past participle cliticized)

cliticizes (present singular third-person)
cliticizing (participle present)
cliticized (participle past)
cliticized (past)

(transitive, intransitive, grammar) To make or become clitic.


accusative absolute

en-noun

accusative absolute (plural accusatives absolute or accusative absolutes)

accusatives absolute (plural)
accusative absolutes (plural)

genitive absolute
genitive absolute#English

nominative absolute
nominative absolute#English

(grammar) an independent phrase in a sentence conveying additional circumstances in the accusative case; present:

in Ancient Greek, less frequent than the genitive absolute but more than the nominative absolute

Middle High German
Middle High German#English


locative absolute

locative absolute (plural locatives absolute or locative absolutes)

locatives absolute (plural)
locative absolutes (plural)

(grammar) an independent phrase in a sentence conveying additional circumstances in the locative case; present:


dative absolute

dative absolute (plural datives absolute or dative absolutes)

datives absolute (plural)
dative absolutes (plural)

(grammar) an independent phrase in a sentence conveying additional circumstances in the dative case; present:

it has been continued by Modern English but at some point became the nominative absolute

in Middle Dutch less frequently than the genitive absolute

Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic#English

in Old East Slavic and due to Old Church Slavonic influence in Russian as late as the 18th century


genitive absolute

genitive absolute (plural genitives absolute or genitive absolutes)

genitives absolute (plural)
genitive absolutes (plural)

accusative absolute
accusative absolute#English

(grammar) an independent phrase in a sentence conveying additional circumstances in the genitive case; present in many Indo-European languages, such as:

in Ancient Greek, more frequent than the accusative absolute and the nominative absolute

locative absolute
locative absolute#English

in Sanskrit later to the locative absolute

in Middle Dutch, early modern Dutch and (vestigially) modern Dutch


Modistae

(grammar, historical) The members of a school of grammarian philosophy known as modism or speculative grammar, active in northern France, Germany, England, and Denmark in the 13th and 14th centuries. They believed in a tripartite theory of "modes" of meaning in language, relating to being, understanding, and signifying.


elegiac pentameter

(poetry) A poetic metre of six dactylic feet, the third and sixth shortened to a single long syllable.


paradigm leveling

paradigm leveling (countable and uncountable, plural paradigm levelings)

(linguistics, linguistic morphology) Regularisation of a paradigm, alignment of irregular forms on regular forms; replacement of irregular forms by regular forms in an inflection.


text type

When you write your article, select a text type which suits your purpose.

(countable) A type of written text, such as descriptive, narrative, expository or argumentative.


hypocognition

/ˌhaɪpəʊkɒɡˈnɪʃn̩/

Coined from hypo- + cognition by Robert Levy.

(psychology, linguistics) Inability to discuss or process a concept because of lacking a word for it.


gunate

en-verb

gunate (third-person singular simple present gunates, present participle gunating, simple past and past participle gunated)

gunates (present singular third-person)
gunating (participle present)
gunated (participle past)
gunated (past)

From Sanskrit गुण (guṇá, “quality”) + -ate.

(Sanskrit linguistics, transitive) To lengthen the simple vowel a, i, u, or ṛ by prefixing an a element.


prejacent

Multiple origins. Borrowed from Middle French prejacent (“previously existing”) during the sixteenth century. Also attested in twelfth century British sources, from post-classical Latin praeiacens (“situated before”).

bor

The subject of the prejacent and its exclusive must be one and the same (I grant that), but the subject of the prejacent ‘every man is a man’ is just ‘man’

1979 [c. 1499], Norman Kretzman, Logica Magna, translation of original by Pauli Veneti, pages 27–29:

I have suggested elsewhere (Horn 1992: 182-83) that this case requires an invocation of the notion of explicature or pragmatic enrichment […] so that the prejacent, while not constituting part of the linguistic meaning contributed by only, enters into the determination of what is said and hence into the enriched propositional content.

1997, Laurence Horn, “Negative polarity and the dynamics of vertical inference”, in Danielle Forget, Paul Hirschbühler, France Martineau, María Luisa Rivero, editors, Negation and Polarity, page 176:

(philosophy, logic, linguistics) A proposition laid out previously; a proposition from which another proposition is inferred.


voluntative

(grammar) A grammatical construct expressing a wish to do something, similar in meaning to let's in English.


subsective

en-adj

subsective (comparative more subsective, superlative most subsective)

more subsective (comparative)
most subsective (superlative)

But, as a matter of a fact, this syllogism failure can be a problem for any analysis that deals with languages that allow subsective predicates to occur as predicates inside RCs.

2002, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics - Volumes 42-43, page 84:

Since the nouns were controlled for both length and frequency, one might want to interpret this finding as indicative that adjective-noun phrases are harder to understand when there is no subsective bias.

2003, University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, page 108:

[12] reaches the conclusion that privative adjectives are subsective based on work done by other researchers (e.g., see, [11]) on the "Noun Phrase-split phenomena" in Polish, which reveals the absence of the privative adjective class in Polish.

2005, N. Abdullah, R.A. Frost, “Adjectives: A Uniform Semantic Approach”, in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, →ISBN, page 332:

It is then claimed that a flexible word class is not a merger of some rigid word classes, but constitutes a proper category in its own right in that category membership can be described in terms of subsective and intersective gradience.

2010, Umberto Ansaldo, Jan Don, Roland Pfau, Parts of Speech: Empirical and theoretical advances, →ISBN, page 227:

(linguistics) Having the property that when used to modify a noun, it denotes a subset of the all possible denotations of the noun, but does not modify any other meanings of the entity that the noun denotes. For example "habitual" in the phrase "habitual liar" is subsective. If the liar is also a woman, the fact that she is a habitual liar does not imply that she is a "habitual woman".


surface analysis

en-noun

surface analysis (countable and uncountable, plural surface analyses)

From surface (“outward appearance”) + analysis.

Class guessers for the Xerox tagger assign potential POS [part-of-speech] tags to unknown words according to a surface analysis of the word form. In addition to the common practice of mapping POS tags according to the words' suffixes, this implementation makes use of the case of the initial letter of a word, which is highly significant for POS assignment in German.

2013, S. Armstrong, Kenneth W. Church, Pierre Isabelle, Sandra Manzi, Evelyne Tzoukermann, David Yarowsky, Natural Language Processing Using Very Large Corpora, →ISBN:

(linguistics) Any synchronically valid analysis of a word's morphology regardless of whether it represents its diachronic etymology, that is, its historical origin.


armchair linguistics

Etymology based on the perceived image of a linguist sitting in an armchair and pondering about language phenomena rather than carrying out field work. Compare armchair general, etc.

Armchair linguistics does not have a good name in some linguistics circles. A caricature of the armchair linguist is something like this. He sits in a deep soft comfortable armchair, with his eyes closed and his hands clasped behind his head. Once in a while he opens his eyes, sits up abruptly shouting, "Wow, what a neat fact!", grabs his pencil, and writes something down. Then he paces around for a few hours in the excitement of having come still closer to knowing what language is really like.

1991, Charles J. Fillmore, ““Corpus Linguistics” or “Computer-aided armchair linguistics””, in Werner Winter, editor, Directions in Corpus Linguistics: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82, Stockholm, 4-8 August 1991, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 35:

(linguistics, informal) Any linguistic enterprise employing introspection rather than empirical methods, such as elicitation.

диванная лингвистика

linguistics not based on empirical methods


Dawei

Borrowed from Burmese ထားဝယ် (hta:wai), ultimately from Mon ထဝဲ (literally “to sit cross-legged”).

der

(linguistics) A dialect of Burmese spoken there.


tetrakis legomenon

en-noun

tetrakis legomenon (plural tetrakis legomena)

From Ancient Greek τετράκις λεγόμενον (tetrákis legómenon, “(something) said only four times”), from τετράκις (tetrákis, “four times”) and λεγόμενον (legómenon), passive participle of λέγω (légō).

bor

τετράκις λεγόμενον

(rare, linguistics) A word occurring only four times in a given corpus.


voicening

Alteration of voicing, probably by analogy to lengthening.

In spite of its preservation of intervocalic surd stops and of s, Wkh. follows the other Pamir languages in the voicening of the groups ft and xt.

1929, Georg Morgenstierne, Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, volume 2, page 465:

Moreover, the claim of a voicening reflex of Altaic /-1 2-/ in Japanese would have to be defended against contrary evidence (e.g., hakani) and against Japanese word-internal voicening as a means of lexical diversification.

1981, Monumenta Nipponica: Studies on Japanese Culture, Past and Present:

Northern dialects tend toward intervocalic voicening of s (e.g., bala-zı [childPOSS.3.SG] 'his/her child' instead of bala-sı [child-POSS.3.SG]), a feature typical of the South Siberian Turkic languages.

2010, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, page 612:

Sonorants do not normally precede voiceless obstruents within a morpheme due to the historical process of voicening (see 4.2.5).

2011, Irina Nikolaeva, A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir, page 35:

(rare, nonstandard, phonetics, linguistics) Voicing (“process by which a phoneme becomes voiced”).


buccalization

Although buccalization of nasal vowels is the phenomenon most often observed, nasalization of oral vowels is not uncommon.

1975, Eric H. Lenneberg, Elizabeth Lenneberg, Foundations of language development: a multidisciplinary approach:

(phonetics) The process of a speech sound becoming buccal.


ideophonetics

(linguistics) The representation of ideas by sounds


ODO

Oxford Dictionaries Online
w:Oxford Dictionaries Online

(linguistics) Initialism of Oxford Dictionaries Online.


subjectival

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the subject of a sentence.


objectival

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the object of a sentence.


predicatival

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the predicate of a sentence.


Archaic Egyptian

Early Dynastic Period
Early Dynastic Period

(linguistics, history) The Egyptian language as written and spoken during the Early Dynastic Period, before the time of the earliest attested complete sentences.

Earlier Egyptian

Middle Egyptian [Late Middle Egyptian, Neo-Middle Egyptian]


Earlier Egyptian

Late Middle Egyptian
Late Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by a relatively synthetic typology, including Archaic Egyptian, Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian, Late Middle Egyptian, and Neo-Middle Egyptian, and contrasted against Later Egyptian.


Later Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by a relatively analytic typology, including Medio-Late Egyptian, Late Egyptian, Demotic, and Coptic, and contrasted against Earlier Egyptian.


Medio-Late Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by Late Egyptian sentence structure but mostly Middle Egyptian orthography with occasional Middle Egyptian syntactical elements.


Classical Egyptian

(linguistics, history) Middle Egyptian, sometimes also including Old Egyptian


Neo-Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The form of Middle Egyptian archaizingly used as a literary language after the vernacular language had changed into Late Egyptian, and later Demotic and Coptic.


Late Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by Middle Egyptian sentence structure and orthography but occasional use of Late Egyptian vocabulary and forms.

Neo-Middle Egyptian
Neo-Middle Egyptian#English

(linguistics, history) Synonym of Neo-Middle Egyptian


xenolinguist

(linguistics, science fiction) One who studies the languages spoken by extraterrestrials.


Proto-Nilo-Saharan

(linguistics) The theoretical protolanguage which is the common ancestor of the Nilo-Saharan languages.


transphonologization

en-noun

transphonologization (countable and uncountable, plural transphonologizations)

/ˌtɹænsfəˌnɒləd͡ʒaɪˈzeɪʃən/

(phonology) A type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature.


schoolscape

Studies have narrowed the territorial focus to signage used in specific cities, townships, suburbs, precincts, etc., in the grounds of schools, called ‘schoolscapes’, in shopping centres, and other localised areas.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 2:

(linguistics, sociology) The linguistic setting of a school or education institution, especially the visual language in terms of signage.


Demotic

(linguistics) The demotic Egyptian language, spoken from c. 650 BCE to 400 BCE.


honorification

(linguistics) Modification to use an honorific


multiplicative number

multiplicative number (plural multiplicative numbers)

(grammar) A numeral that expresses how many times some event happens.


submorphemic

(grammar) At a lower level than that of morphemes


submorpheme

(grammar) A unit of language smaller than a morpheme.


fis phenomenon

From an incident reported in 1960 by J. Berko and R. Brown. A child referred to his inflatable plastic fish as a fis, but rejected adults' statements that used the same mispronunciation.

(linguistics) The observation that a child's perception of phonemes occurs earlier than the ability to produce them.


intercomprehension

intercomprehension (usually uncountable, plural intercomprehensions)

(linguistics) The ability to comprehend each other in spite of speaking different languages.


target-like

(linguistics) Of a linguistic feature produced by a language learner: like that linguistic feature as it occurs in the target language.


archaeographist

/ɑːkiːˈɒɡɹəfɪst/

(linguistics) A person who specializes in archaeography, the study of antique writings


proper article

(grammar) An article that indicates proper nouns.


hypocorrect

en-adj

hypocorrect (comparative more hypocorrect, superlative most hypocorrect)

more hypocorrect (comparative)
most hypocorrect (superlative)

They produce hypocorrect forms in an effort to speak nonstandard black English.

1988, Linguistic Society of America, Meeting Handbook, page 5:

Despite being second dialect learners, hypocorrect speakers are reinforcing linguistic divergence.

1999, John Baugh, Out of the Mouths of Slaves, →ISBN:

This example also shows the combination of a hypocorrect construction with a “high” stylistic figure, that is, paronomasia (or figura etymologica—mafʿūl muțlaq).

2013, Jonathan Owens, The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, →ISBN, page 180:

(grammar) Not completely correct; nonstandard.


adverbial particle

en-noun

adverbial particle (plural adverbial particles)

In the phrasal verbs 'set up', 'throw away', 'shut down', 'carry out' and 'take over', the words 'up', 'away', 'down', 'out' and 'over' are the adverbial particles.

The sentence 'He turns on everyone he meets' has very different meanings depending on whether the word 'on' is parsed as a preposition (i.e. turn on as "to attack or criticise suddenly") or as an adverbial particle (i.e. turn on as "arouse").

(linguistics) The adverbial component of a phrasal verb; a word, typically a short one, which functions as an adverb accompanying and qualifying the verb component of a phrasal verb.


gerundival

The whole is concluded by the addition of the noun suffix gna, which itself carries a gerundival force.

1941, Journal of the Polynesian Society - Volume 50, page 10:

Nominal declensions, verbal case endings, gerundival constructions, in short, the full range of grammatical alterations—for which Sanskrit has a particular genius and meticulous order—announce language itself as a field of alterity.

2014, Dan Lusthaus, Buddhist Phenomenology, →ISBN:

The process of 'gerundival attraction' is a sort of conjuring trick whereby a gerund is turned into a gerundive.

2017, John Taylor, Latin Beyond GCSE, →ISBN, page 76:

(grammar) Pertaining to the gerundive form of a word.


verb form

(grammar) A specific instance or form of a verb, as opposed to the entire verb taken in the abstract.


subgrammatical

en-adj

subgrammatical (comparative more subgrammatical, superlative most subgrammatical)

more subgrammatical (comparative)
most subgrammatical (superlative)

Using substandard grammar; less than grammatically correct.


hypotext

Such a practice (which is autosonic, by the way) could be viewed as a “mega-editing” process; but I would like to draw a distinction between plunderphonics and edited versions, because the former clearly aim to denature the hypotext.

2007, Allan F. Moore, Critical Essays in Popular Musicology, Routledge:

For example, what is the significance of changing the 'Pride'‚ to 'Bride', in Gurinder Chadha's film adaptation? Genette defines 'hypertextuality' as a hypertext's relation to its hypotext and instances of this are approaches to Austen that reflect […]

2010, Deborah Cartmell, Screen Adaptations: Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice: A close study of the relationship between text and film, A&C Black, →ISBN:

Citation is as much a recognition of, and tribute to, a source as it is a new version, but Gérard Genette's study of palimpsests is critical here, especially in his view that a new hypertext alters, expands, and extends the old one, the hypotext.

2014, Gordon E. Slethaug, Adaptation Theory and Criticism: Postmodern Literature and Cinema in the USA, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, →ISBN, page 192:

(semiotics) An earlier text which serves as the source of a subsequent piece of literature.


junctive

For junction, translation shifts are calculated in two steps because there is no straightforward equivalence between Chinese and English junctives.

2014, Maeve Olohan, Myriam Salama-Carr, Science in Translation, page 356:

The junctive is not part of either of the two nuclei that it joins together. Just as the mortar that binds two bricks is not part of either, or as the coupling that unites two railcars appears external to both, a junctive remains outside of the two nuclei it unites.

2015, Lucien Tesnière, Elements of Structural Syntax, page 329:

(grammar) An element of syntax that serves as a junction.


LAD

language acquisition device
w:language acquisition device

(linguistics) Initialism of language acquisition device.


postilion sentence

en-noun

postilion sentence (plural postilion sentences)

Refers to the phrase "My postillion has been struck by lightning," said to be an example of the unusual terms found in some 19th- and early 20th-century phrasebooks.

As good as the peccadillo sentence is, it is not on a par with the postilion sentence. Nothing is. That sentence is cast in golden moonshine and should never be disturbed.

1990, Jack Matthews, Memoirs of a Bookman, Ohio University Press, page 115:

To test whether a candidate sentence is a postilion sentence, all we have to do is try to identify the context(s) in which it would be used. If we have difficulty finding a plausible context, then we have such a sentence.

1995, David Crystal, “Postilion Sentences”, in Journal of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, volume 5, page 15:

In the practice sentence, C emulates P’s model and provides another model or postilion sentence.

2004, Margaret M. Leahy, “Therapy Talk: Analyzing Therapeutic Discourse”, in Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in School, volume 35, page 77:

(linguistics) A phrase that is linguistically correct, but of no realistically practical use.


standard dialect

standard dialect (plural standard dialects)

standard language
standard language#English

(sociolinguistics) Synonym of standard language

standaarddialek

variety of language regarded as most "correct", widely accepted, or neutral — see also standard language


standard variety

standard variety (plural standard varieties)


transphonologize

en-verb

transphonologize (third-person singular simple present transphonologizes, present participle transphonologizing, simple past and past participle transphonologized)

transphonologizes (present singular third-person)
transphonologizing (participle present)
transphonologized (participle past)
transphonologized (past)

(linguistics) To undergo transphonologization.


back-spelling

For example, in D and w, e is a possible reflex for OE y: (29) cysan, presumably a back-spelling for cesen < ceosen, and (40) hylle, a back-spelling for helle.

1996, Eric Gerald Stanley, “Late Copies of Anglo-Saxon Charters”, in Studies in English Language & Literature: "doubt Wisely" : Papers in Honour of E.G. Stanley, page 55:

Another very important type is hypercorrect or inverse spelling (Rückschreibung, backspelling). Here a segment that has been lost or altered is spelled in the 'wrong' environment, suggesting that the writer knows that some words have it by convention, but not precisely which.

1997, Roger Lass, Historical Linguistics and Language Change, page 63:

The absence of the epenthetic consonant in ⲖⲈⲬⲞⲨⲬⲞⲨⲘⲈⲢⲈ lekhukhumere seems to reflect a phenomenon of backspelling.

2016, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Phillips, Jonathan Riley-Smith, “Languages in Contact in the Latin East”, in Crusades, volume 1, page 173:

A specific spelling of a word representing a phonetic feature never present in it, but was present in other words in the same phonetic environment (and was later lost), or the practice of making such spellings.


reverse spelling

en-noun

reverse spelling (countable and uncountable, plural reverse spellings)

/ɹɪˈvɝs ˌspɛlɪŋ/

The loss of ȝ between a front vowel and t, which Wyld finds in the middle of the fifteenth century but assigns to an earlier date,³⁵ is shown by both rhyme and spelling in knyght:whight (white) 562-63. The reverse spelling occurs again in whiȝte 566.

1947, The University of Michigan Contributions in Modern Philology, volumes 1-10, page 9:

[…]several cases of reverse spelling of ae for /ē/, especially in accented syllable^([sic]), however, do show that a close pronunciation of the e from ae was possible, and the Romance languages do posit a close /ē/ for some words.

1977, Stephen William Omeltchenko, A Quantitative and Comparative Study of the Vocalism of the Latin Inscriptions of North Africa, Britain, Dalmatia, and the Balkans, page 399:

Beside ninety-odd correct ea spellings, Belfour IX has twelve plainly monophthongized and one reverse spelling, with a penumbra of phonetically special cases.

1992, Folia Linguistica Historica: Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae, volume 11, numbers 1-2, page 77:

A specific spelling of a word representing a phonetic feature never present in it, but present in other words in the same phonetic environment (and later lost); an inverse spelling.


dentilabialization

(phonetics) The process of dentilabializing.


dentilabialize

en-verb

dentilabialize (third-person singular simple present dentilabializes, present participle dentilabializing, simple past and past participle dentilabialized)

dentilabializes (present singular third-person)
dentilabializing (participle present)
dentilabialized (participle past)
dentilabialized (past)

(phonetics) Of Middle Chinese initial consonants /p/, /pʰ/, /b/, and /m/: to develop into /f/, /fʰ/, /v/, and /ʋ/ (or further into /f/, /w/, etc).


precategorial

(grammar) Not assigned a part of speech.


precategorial

(grammar) A word or phrase that is not assigned a part of speech.


Katuic

(linguistics) Belonging to a certain branch of the Austroasiatic languages.


ordinal numeral

en-noun

ordinal numeral (plural ordinal numerals)

(grammar) A word used to represent an ordinal number.

řadová číslovka

grammar: word used to represent a cardinal number


AAE

African-American English
w:African-American English


reciprocalize

en-verb

reciprocalize (third-person singular simple present reciprocalizes, present participle reciprocalizing, simple past and past participle reciprocalized)

reciprocalizes (present singular third-person)
reciprocalizing (participle present)
reciprocalized (participle past)
reciprocalized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To make reciprocal.


reflexivizer

(grammar) That which makes something reflexive.


reciprocalizer

(grammar) That which makes something reciprocal.


reciprocalization

en-noun

reciprocalization (usually uncountable, plural reciprocalizations)

Depending on where reciprocalization applies (syntax vs. lexicon), the relevant reciprocal verbs are claimed to exhibit specific properties, in particular: (i) syntactic reciprocals are fully productive whereas lexical reciprocals have only limited productivity; […]

2008, Ekkehard König, Volker Gast, Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations:

(grammar) The process of reciprocalizing.


Menzerath's law

(linguistics) A rule according to which the increase of a linguistic construct results in a decrease of its constituents, and vice versa: for example, the more clauses appear in a sentence, the shorter those clauses are.


partial object

(grammar) In some languages, e.g. in Finnish, an object that indicates incomplete action, as opposed to total object that indicates completed action.


total object

(grammar) In some languages, e.g. in Finnish, an object that indicates completed action, as opposed to partial object that indicates incomplete action.


Traditional Egyptian

The principal concern of those who are interested in the texts of this period is the varying, and with time increasing, extent of the deviation of their language from Traditional Egyptian.

2002, László Török, The Image of the Ordered World in Ancient Nubian Art: The Construction of the Kushite Mind, 800 BC—300 AD, page 331:

Monumental texts, in particular, tend to be composed in a more elevated and traditional register termed “Neo-Middle Egyptian” or “Traditional Egyptian (égyptien de tradition).” Biographical texts participate in this linguistic proliferation in complex ways, from the formal texts of Bakenkhons (no. 2), composed in “Traditional Egyptian,” to the mix of registers, from Middle Egyptian to Late Egyptian, in the biography of Samut (no. 11a; see 4.3).

2007, Elizabeth Frood, Biographical Texts from Ramessid Egypt, page 16:

Traditional Egyptian I (Dynamics) [article title]

2016, Pascal Vernus, “Traditional Egyptian I (Dynamics)”, in Julie Stauder-Porchet, Andréas Stauder, Willeke Wendrich, editors, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, page 1:

For more than a millennium, Traditional Egyptian coexisted with the various stages of Later Egyptian (see below) in a situation of diglossia, maintaining the linguistic structures of the classical language, but displaying, especially in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, an expansion of its graphic inventory.

2017, Antonio Loprieno, Matthias Müller, Sami Uljas, Non-Verbal Predication in Ancient Egyptian, page 2:

(linguistics, history) Synonym of Neo-Middle Egyptian


glottography

glottography (countable and uncountable, plural glottographies)

It would be necessary for the decoder to have some understanding of the specific oral language and cultural codes used by the tlacuilo; this is especially true for understanding combinations of semasiographies and glottographies.

2008, Maarten E.R.G.N. Jansen, Maarten Evert Reinoud Gerard Nicolaas Jansen, Laura N. K. van Broekhoven, Escritura de Nuu Dzaui, page 74:

(linguistics) A writing system where written symbols correspond to speech.


allogenism

We also document, as a key feature of SMS communication, hybrid forms of language use that blur the boundaries between what we commonly call languages (e.g. homographs, mixed spellings or allogenisms), and we suggest that these possibly indicate that SMS communication has become one site where the tension between localized and globalized social practices is played out.

2012 January, Étienne Morel et al., “SMS communication as plurilingual communication: Hybrid language use as a challenge for classical code-switching categories”, in Lingvisticæ Investigationes, volume 35, number 2, →DOI, pages 260–288:

Allogenisms can be defined as lexical constructions made in one language using material from another language, and as such may be considered as a subclass of false loans. […] However, it turns out they are more extensively dealt with in unconventional sources, such as Wiktionary, and that they appear to occur more frequently in more marginal lexical fields such as brand names, film titles and slogans.

[2015, John Humbley, “Allogenisms: The major category of "true" false loans”, in Cristiano Furiassi, Henrik Gottlieb, Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe:

Notable is the fact that soft has become the base for an allogenism, the verb a resofta ('to reinstall', 'to jailbreak').

2019, Marinela Burada, “Localization in Technospeak”, in Marinela Burada et al., Languages in Action: Exploring Communication Strategies and Mechanisms:

(linguistics, rare) A pseudo-loan, or sometimes specifically a lexical construction (term or phrase) made using elements from another language, but which does not exist in that language.

allogénisme

lexical construction using elements from a language but which does not exist in that language


word family

Furthermore, the current study goes beyond previous wordlist development by contributing accompanying pedagogical lists containing word associations (i.e. collocations) and word families.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 106:

(linguistics, lexicography, language teaching) A set of etymologically related words consisting of a single word with its inflections and derivations, such as walk, walked, walks, walking, walkings, walker, walkers, walkies, walkable, walkathon.


type-token ratio

type-token ratio (plural type-token ratios)

We identify vocabulary richness by using a well-established measure of textual, lexical diversity (MTLD) which is often used in the field of automated essay grading. It takes into account the number of unique words but unlike the best-known measure of lexical diversity, the type-token ratio (TTR), it is not as sensitive to the difference in the length of the texts.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 5:

(corpus linguistics) The ratio of the number of different words (types) occurring in a text or corpus to the overall number of words (tokens) in the same text or corpus.


homoform

(linguistics) One of two or more etymologically and semantically unrelated words with the same orthographical form (spelling), or phonetic form (pronunciation); a homonym, homograph, or homophone.


trisemic

From triseme (“a group of three morae or units of time”) + -ic.

af

triseme<t:a group of three morae or units of time>


nominify

en-verb

nominify (third-person singular simple present nominifies, present participle nominifying, simple past and past participle nominified)

nominifies (present singular third-person)
nominifying (participle present)
nominified (participle past)
nominified (past)

In English we tend to nominify— that is, to turn verbs and adjectives into nouns (the first version of this sentence began, "There is a tendency in English...").

1969, Allan Danzig, Edith Schor, Thesis: Rhetoric of the Essay, page 310:

I think Shakespeare verbified a great many nouns, and nominified (if that's a word!) quite a few verbs too.

2002 January 3, Norm DePloom, “{ASSD} Pseudo-Victorian Porn & MS Word Don't Mix”, in alt.sex.stories.d (Usenet):

Especially since "Sequel" would be more appropriately nominified as "Squeal".

2010 April 3, Richard Bos, “Helldesk ticket of the month”, in alt.sysadmin.recovery (Usenet):

English has been verbifying nouns for ever, (and nominifying verbs too for good measure).

2018 March 21, Kimberley Lear, “What are the origins of the UK vs. US word differences ‘acclimatise’ vs. ‘acclimate’ and ‘burgled’ vs. ‘burglarised’?”, in Quora:


prefigation

Despite this, however, the OHG Benedictine Rule can be used to illustrate Streitberg's definition of perfective aspect in Germanic by means of prefigation […]

1974, JEGP, Journal of English and Germanic Philology:

A common structure of Swedish verbs is to have a stem with fairly broad meaning and a set of prefigated forms with a narrower, lexicalized meaning. This prefigation of verbs is productive only to a very small extent, […]

1990, Papers from the Institute of Linguistics, University of Stockholm:

For such perfectivization by means of lexical prefigation, see the productive prefixal paradigms in Modern Russian, […]

1999, Werner Abraham, Leonid Kulikov, Tense-Aspect, Transitivity and Causativity: Essays in honour of Vladimir Nedjalkov, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 265:

(linguistics, rare) Synonym of prefixation


thematicize

thematicize (third-person singular simple present thematicizes, present participle thematicizing, simple past and past participle thematicized)

thematicizes (present singular third-person)
thematicizing (participle present)
thematicized (participle past)
thematicized (past)

If, on the other hand, /T/ stands under the N or NP marked as GOAL/TARGET/VICTIM, the transduction protocol will thematicize the DO noun, in our case Caesar, and the rest of the lexo-tactics, independently learned and remembered by the speakers, will adjust the verb as Aux + Tense + V + Past Participle and the original Agent/Subject of the race will show up as by + N in sentence final position.

1993, Ádám Makkai, Ecolinguistics: towards a new paradigm for the science of language?, →ISBN:

However, there is a normal unmarked order, and other word orders thematicize or topicalize.

2001, Jane Garry, Carl R. Galvez Rubino, Facts about the World's Languages, →ISBN, page 124:

Celtic tended to thematicize athematic verbs and to generalize a single grade of ablaut, usually the zero grade of the plural:...

2017 -, Mate Kapović, Anna Giacalone Ramat, Paolo Ramat, The Indo-European Languages, →ISBN:

(linguistics) To insert a thematic vowel.

As late PIE evolved and split into dialects, many of the old root nouns and consonant-stems were thematicized.

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies, usually passive voice or intransitive) To change from an athematic type into a thematic one


consonanthood

However, since timing tiers lack the information of consonanthood and vowelhood in other syllable theories, consonanthood and vowelhood must be defined in different ways depending on phonological theories.

1997, Hyeon-Kwan Cho, A Phonological Analysis of Consonantal Assimilations and Consonant-vowel Interactions, page 159:

The physiological identity of syllabic consonants on the other hand, their consonanthood, is left unrecorded.

2012, Tobias Scheer, What is CVCV and why should it be?, page 300:

(linguistics, phonology) The property of being a consonant


prenoun

(grammar) A particle which precedes a noun, typically used in the Algonquin languages.


synaphea

From Ancient Greek συνάπτω (sunáptō, “to join together”).

der

(prosody) The metrical continuity between one colon and another.

(prosody) Mutual connection of all the verses in a system, so that they are scanned as one verse, as in anapaestics.

(prosody) Elision or synalepha, at the end of a line, of the final vowel of a dactylic hexameter before the initial vowel of the next.


tensification

(phonology) The process by which a consonant becomes tense, as in Korean.


colometry

(linguistics) analysis or division of a rhythmical period into cola


hreb

Named for linguist that proposed the unit, Luděk Hřebíček.

(linguistics) an analytical unit making up the set of all entities of a text referring to the same object in reality or the same object in the text.


Edited English

(linguistics) Standard English in written form


glottogram

From glotto + -gram. The second sense was borrowed from Japanese グロットグラム (gurottoguramu).

bor+

(linguistics) A table showing dialectal features correlated with age and location.


heteric

(linguistics, obsolete) Involving idiosyncratic rules of spelling, rather than phonetic spelling.


synanagram

Blend of synonym + anagram, or from synonymous anagram.

(linguistics) An anagram that is also a synonym (or near-synonym); a synonymous anagram.


triseme

(prosody) Consisting of three semeia; trisemic.


triseme

(prosody) A group of three semeia, or moras.


impersonal passive

en-noun

impersonal passive (plural impersonal passives)

(grammar) A construction that removes the subject from an intransitive verb, as in the Dutch sentence Er wordt gefloten ("[Someone] whistled"). Also known as pseudopassive.


constantive

There are different kinds of speech acts. The two that play the biggest part in the negotiation dance are constantive speech acts and performative speech acts.

2009, James W. Koschoreck, Autumn K. Tooms, Sexuality Matters: Paradigms and Policies for Educational Leaders, →ISBN:

Austin describes this view of language as mere statement as constantive and argues that language has a function beyond the constantive.

2011, D. Soyini Madison, Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance, →ISBN, page 178:

When a sentence is heard, we are responsible for deciding if the sentence is performative, constantive, or both.

2016, Rosemary Papa, Danielle M. Eadens, Daniel W. Eadens, Social Justice Instruction: Empowerment on the Chalkboard, →ISBN, page 67:

(linguistics) Indicating a state of affairs with no additional connotations; denotational.


osculance

Coined by Malcolm Guthrie in 1967 in Comparative Bantu.

(Bantu linguistics) The state of being osculant.


Northern Ohlone

San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay Area

(linguistics) A now revived language of the Ohlone people once spoken throughout the northern half of the San Francisco Bay Area also known as Chochenyo.


peninitial

/ˌpɛnɪˈnɪʃəl/

Blend of penultimate + initial, treating pen- (from Latin paene (“almost”)) as a prefix.

In examples (81) and (82), the postpositive possessives do not occupy the peninitial position in the clause, nor the peninitial position of the NP.

2009, Stéphanie J. Bakker, The Noun Phrase in Ancient Greek: A Functional Analysis of the Order and Articulation of NP Constituents in Herodotus (Amsterdam Studies in Classical Philology), Brill, →ISBN, page 74:

Because the factors conditioning edge repulsion of the pitch peak are relatively weak at the left edge, it is not surprising that peninitial prominence is rare cross-linguistically.

2014, Matthew Gordon, “Disentangling stress and pitch-accent: a typology of prominence at different prosodic levels”, in Harry van der Hulst, editor, Word Stress: Theoretical and Typological Issues, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 109:

I have empirically established that there were two canonical constructions available in IE languages: a head initial and a head peninitial one, the latter with the two mono- and polysydentic subtypes.

2018, Moreno Mitrović, “Configurational change in Indo-European coordinate constructions”, in Word Order Change (Oxford Studies in Diachronic and Historical Linguistics), volume 29, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 36:

(chiefly linguistics) Falling in the position after initial position; second.


apicolingual

(anatomy, linguistics) Relating to the tip of the tongue


Meillet's law

Named after the French Indo-Europeanist Antoine Meillet, who discovered it.

(phonology) A Common Slavic accent law, according to which Slavic words have a circumflex on the root vowel (i.e. the first syllable) if that word had a mobile accent paradigm in Proto-Slavic and Proto-Balto-Slavic, regardless of whether the root had the Balto-Slavic acute register.


lish

Similarly, little attention, if any, has been paid to the etymology of “lishes”, including questions of how the terms have been formed from their two base forms, or if the terms were originally formed in English or other languages.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 4:

(linguistics) A hybrid variety of English having a name that is derived from a portmanteau of the name of one language and the word English, such as Chinglish (Chinese + English), Spanglish (Spanish + English), Taglish (Tagalog + English), etc.


colloquialese

Characteristically colloquial or informal language; plain speech


casitive

(obsolete, grammar) Having grammatical case


IrE

Quite a number of EE urban and rural dialects, educated English speech, IrE, and ScotE cannot be ruled out.

1990, Jerold A. Edmondson, Crawford Feagin, Peter Mühlhäusler, Development and diversity: language variation across time and space:

Like ScotE, IrE has certain word stress patterns that differ from RP (in -ise verbs, for example), but there are few categorical differences and a great deal of variability.

2013, Gunnel Melchers, Philip Shaw, World Englishes, →ISBN, page 77:

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Irish English.


modal particle

(linguistics) a word class that indicates the mood of an utterance


rebracket

en-verb

rebracket (third-person singular simple present rebrackets, present participle rebracketing, simple past and past participle rebracketed)

rebrackets (present singular third-person)
rebracketing (participle present)
rebracketed (participle past)
rebracketed (past)

Back-formation from rebracketing. By surface analysis, re- + bracket.

In Middle English, a naperon was rebracketed to an aperon.

(grammar, transitive) To cause to undergo rebracketing.


declense

declense (third-person singular simple present declenses, present participle declensing, simple past and past participle declensed)

declenses (present singular third-person)
declensing (participle present)
declensed (participle past)
declensed (past)

In moorish vulgar Arabic there is no true declensing because the final sings are suppressed; See page 13 N°- 30, one form alone being vulgarly used for all the cases in determinate as well as indeterminate nouns.

1900, José Lerchundi, Rudiments of the Arabic-Vulgar of Morocco:

I reckon that Lichtenstein had found a Latin genitive abdimi ('of Abdim') but thought it was in the nominative case, not yet declensed in the genitive, and that the person's name was Abdimi, so he applied yet again a Latin genitival suffix.

2014, Nachum Dershowitz, Language, Culture, Computation: Computational Linguistics and Linguistics: Essays Dedicated to Yaacov Choueka on the Occasion of His 75 Birthday:

(grammar, rare) To decline (to inflect for case and number).


hidden quantity

en-noun

hidden quantity (countable and uncountable, plural hidden quantities)

The part which deals with Sounds, Inflection, and Word-Formation was written by the junior author, who is also mainly responsible for matters of orthography, hidden quantity, etc., throughout the book;

1966, William Gardner Hale, Carl Darling Buck, A Latin Grammar, page iii:

The reality of the "hidden quantity" in these participial forms is completely borne out by three independent testimonies: inscriptions with the long vowel marked by the apex ; the development of the relevant forms in the Romance languages; and the explicit discussion by Aulus Gellius Noct. att. 9.6.

1970, G. P. Goold, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology - Volume 74, →ISBN, page 55:

This kind of detective work has produced a number of rules governing hidden quantity which are given in simplified and abbreviated form below:

1982, Norma Goldman, Jacob E. Nyenhuis, Latin Via Ovid: A First Course, →ISBN, page 76:

(Latin, phonetics) The pronunciation (long or short) of a vowel that appears before two consonants.


octapody

From octa- + -pody, from Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”) and πούς, ποδός (poús, podós, “foot”).

(prosody) A metre or verse of eight feet.


lexical aspect

Within the framework of a distinction between grammatical and lexical aspect, the category grammatical aspect, which is usually realized in the morphology of the verb, includes the imperfective and the perfective aspect, whereas the lexical''' aspect concerns the situation types (Aktionsarten) of the verb, i.e. it is inherent to the semantics of the verb.

2014, Barbara Meisterernst, Tense and Aspect in Han Period Chinese, page 15:

(grammar) A property of verbs and other predicates indicating internal temporal nature; aktionsart.

Aktionsart

a property of verbs and other predicates indicating internal temporal nature; aktionsart

a predicate that does not change over time

a predicate that changes over time and has a natural endpoint

a predicate that changes over time and has no natural endpoint


multivalenced

en-adj

multivalenced (comparative more multivalenced, superlative most multivalenced)

more multivalenced (comparative)
most multivalenced (superlative)

A clause type S is basic with respect to argument mapping in a language L if (a) the predicate of S is morphosyntactically in the unmarked voice, and (b) the predicate of S selects an agent (and a patient, if the predicate is multivalenced).

2008, Joachim Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld, Syntax, →ISBN, page 1076:

In employing the multivalenced verb broncher, the narrator layers this clause with three meanings: the preferred tripod would not stumble or encounter difficulties or complain about its task; rather, it would stand still by the hearth and hold the pot.

2012, Julia V. Douthwaite, The Frankenstein of 1790 and Other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France, →ISBN, page 76:

In this type of linking, the patient of a multivalenced predicate is coded by the same case as the subject of a monovalenced predicate and differently from the agent of a multivalenced predicate.

2015, Tibor Kiss, Artemis Alexiadou, Syntax - Theory and Analysis - Volume 1, →ISBN, page 229:

(grammar) Binding to different parts of speech

Synonym of multivalent
Binding to different parts of speech


grammatical aspect

en-noun

grammatical aspect (plural grammatical aspects)

While lexical aspect presents information about the inherent lexical properties of the verb and verb phrase, grammatical aspect, on the other hand, signals the boundaries of an event.

2010, Miren Hodgson, Telicity and the Syntax-Semantics of the Object and Subject, page 11:

Within the framework of a distinction between grammatical and lexical aspect, the category grammatical aspect, which is usually realized in the morphology of the verb, includes the imperfective and the perfective aspect, whereas the lexical aspect concerns the situation types (Aktionsarten) of the verb, i.e. it is inherent to the semantics of the verb.

(grammar, semantics) The aspect of a verb phrase (verb group) or other predicate – its temporal structure or relationship to the time of use – marked through any of various grammatical elements, as distinguished from lexical aspect.


unstressability

Hence by saying that the first part of the schwa is empty T claims to explain its unstressability.

1984, Harry van der Hulst, Syllable structure and stress in Dutch, page 114:

An explanation for the general ability of French clitics to receive stress might be that French, unlike the other Romance languages, only has phrasal stress, and that the alleged unstressability of clitics only holds for lexical stress.

2012, Sascha Gaglia, Inflection and Word Formation in Romance Languages, page 120:

(linguistics) The quality of being unstressable.


misnegation

misnegation (countable and uncountable, plural misnegations)

(neologism, informal linguistics) The unintended combination of semantic and grammatical negation such that the resulting statement actually means the opposite of what is wanted.


ghawa syndrome

Named after the resyllabification of dialectal Arabic قَهْوَة (gahwa, “coffee”) as قْهَوَة (ghawa), which is the prototypical example of the phenomenon.

(phonology) A phenomenon in some Arabic dialects in which the second consonant in a word forms a cluster with the first consonant.

(sociolinguistics) Imitation of such resyllabification due to perceived prestige or correctness.


well-attested

Cummings and Wolf (2011) covers Chinglish, but not the well-attested terms Honglish and Hongkonglish[.]

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 2:

(linguistics) Of words or languages, proven to exist through a large number of examples or copious records.


dictionary on historical principles

dictionary on historical principles (plural dictionaries on historical principles)

dictionaries on historical principles (plural)

As such, dictionaries on historical principles not only treat pronunciation, grammatical category, etymology (word derivation and history), orthographical form, and semantic content (in the form of definitions), but do so from a historical perspective, displaying the changes (and stabilities) of these various features of the lexis over time, from the earliest days of the language to present.

2017, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, page 2:

(lexicography) A type of scholarly dictionary that displays the history of lexical items through citations.


historical dictionary

historical dictionary (plural historical dictionaries)

dictionary on historical principles
dictionary on historical principles

(lexicography) A dictionary on historical principles.


supramorphemic

(grammar) At a higher level than that of morphemes


native-speaker

Nevertheless, a certain amount of schizophrenia pertains to the study of World Englishes as New Englishes, for while new Englishes are regarded as valid varieties in their own right, the description and delineation of them in linguistic terms is conducted through the gaze of native-speaker norms.

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 305:

(linguistics) Of, relating to, or characteristic of native speakers.


de-volitive

(grammar) Being derived from a volitive form, from a word or morph expressing a wish (usually in relation to future markers or auxiliaries).


usage guide

There is also a gap between the general population and the falling-standards bemoaners, usage guide publishers, and language pundits, whether conservative or progressive.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 114:

(linguistics, education) A book that explains how to use a standardised language correctly and in keeping with currently accepted style, usually through the explication of what are conservatively viewed as language "errors".


non-native-speaker

If native-speaker varieties have been given such scholarly attention, surely non-native-speaker varieties should not be excluded from similar treatment.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 116:

(linguistics) Of, relating to, or characteristic of non-native speakers.


colonial lag

(linguistics, now deprecated) The retention of certain lexical items in a colonial variety of a language which have fallen into disuse in the original language.


familect

A familect is, as I mentioned before, a kind of microdialect.

1973, Robert Brodie MacLeod, edited by David Krech, The MacLeod symposium, June 2-3, 1972, Dept. of Psychology, Cornell University, page 75:

David Crystal, who wrote the book's afterword, expanded on what he described as these dialects of the home, or familects, in his blog: [...]

2013 July 19, Harriet Powney, “Speaking it in the family”, in The Guardian:

Some followers even tweet back in aliebn-speak: a spirit of friendly linguistic play that's more like a familect than a stuffy Oxford Common Room.

2019, Gretchen McCulloch, “Language and Society”, in Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language, Penguin, →ISBN, page 60:

(linguistics) The language variant used by a family when speaking among themselves.


ergative-absolutive

(grammar) Being or relating to a language where the single argument (subject) of an intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and differently from the agent of a transitive verb.


supradental

(phonetics, of a sound) Made by pressing the tongue above the top of the teeth


pseudo-participial

(linguistics) Having the form of a participial of a verb, but for which no such verb exists. For example, for the adjective yellow-bellied there is no corresponding verb "to yellow-belly".


pseudo-participial

Modifiers are frequently in the form of a pseudo-participial (e.g. red-whiskered bulbul), especially where there is a large number of species for that type of bird, such as the bulbuls, of which 24 species occur in South Asia.

2016, James Lambert, “Ornithonymy and Lexicographical Selection Criteria”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 30, number 1, pages 39–62:

(linguistics) A pseudo-participial word.


clusterful

en-adj

clusterful (comparative more clusterful, superlative most clusterful)

more clusterful (comparative)
most clusterful (superlative)

We know from Linear B how awkward a syllabary is for a clusterful language — consonants are omitted, or otiose vowels intrude in the spelling -—— so a segmental orthography would be quite advantageous.

1992, Pamela A. Downing, Susan D. Lima, Michael Noonan, The Linguistics of Literacy, page 97:

Sranan, perhaps because it was spoken on the plantations alongside Dutch, a pretty clusterful language, grew more tolerant of clusters and dropped the first epenthetic vowel.

(linguistics) Having phonological rules that allow consonant clusters.


postlexical

(grammar) Following application of a lexical rule


subcategorizand

(linguistics) The item which carries subcategorization information for the occurrence of other elements in the phrase or word.

(linguistic morphology) The morpheme which does so.


overtranslate

en-verb

overtranslate (third-person singular simple present overtranslates, present participle overtranslating, simple past and past participle overtranslated)

overtranslates (present singular third-person)
overtranslating (participle present)
overtranslated (participle past)
overtranslated (past)

When we select too-specific a rendering, we overtranslate, and, thus, risk adding information which may not be true.

1974, American Translators Association, State University of New York at Binghamton. Translation Center, Translators and translating: selected essays from the American Translators Association summer workshops, 1974, page 8:

Translate the gateway, but don't overtranslate

2010, John Yunker, The Art of the Global Gateway: Strategies for Successful Multilingual Navigation, Byte Level Books, →ISBN, page 86:

To overtranslate: 'as far as my having slaves is concerned, I have – none'.

2010, Eleanor Dickey, Anna Chahoud, Colloquial and Literary Latin, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 179:

To translate (language) in too much detail, or including the translation of things that should be left as they are.


overtranslation

en-noun

overtranslation (countable and uncountable, plural overtranslations)

Mistaking a servitude for an option can lead to overtranslation.

1995, Jean-Paul Vinay, Jean Darbelnet, Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 16:

One result of overtranslation is to render this development incoherent, trivial, or even imperceptible, since the development is already tacitly built into the translation from the beginning.

2000, Hans Georg Gadamer, Lawrence Kennedy Schmidt, Language and Linguisticality in Gadamer's Hermeneutics, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 73:

The aim of this article is to illustrate the commonest forms of overtranslation through representative examples drawn from a variety of sources and source languages.

2001, Sin-wai Chan, David E. Pollard, An Encyclopaedia of Translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese, Chinese University Press, →ISBN, page 716:


linganth

linganth (countable and uncountable, plural linganths)

The unique “linganth” concern is figuring out how to position transcripts in the context of other ethnographic data and how to ground inferences from discourse detail to matters of culture, history and political economy derived from other ethnographic material.

1996, Leila Monaghan, quoting Michael Agar, “Society for Linguistic Anthropology”, in Anthropology Newsletter, page 41:

The Linguistic Anthropology Teaching Laboratory, or “LingAnth Lab,” is devoted to the collection and analysis of audio- and video-recorded ethnographic data.

2019 September 10, “Research Labs”, in Temple University: Anthropology, archived from the original on 2019-09-26:

linguistic anthropology
linguistic anthropology#English

(informal) Abbreviation of linguistic anthropology.


thick translation

thick translation (countable and uncountable, plural thick translations)

(translation studies, uncountable) A style of translation which features an abundant use of annotations and glosses.

(translation studies, countable) A translated text which has made use of such a style.


glottocode

(linguistics) The native language code of the Glottolog database.


semi-learned borrowing

semi-learned borrowing (plural semi-learned borrowings)

Coordinate term: learned borrowing

Canónigo 'canon' , a semi-learned borrowing from L. canonicus, still shows the suffix -icus with almost no change.

1960, Paul M. Lloyd, A Linguistic Analysis of Old Spanish Occupational Terms, page 102:

Chotzen goes on to consider the possibility of a borrowing from the plural clerc/clers or even a late semi-learned borrowing from clerus.

1996, Huw M. Edwards, Dafydd Ap Gwilym: Influences and Analogues, page 1:

The father of Brân and Manawydan is himself often given the epithet Llediaith 'Half-speech': as Rachel Bromwich has observed, 'if Manawydan fab Llŷr is indeed to be regarded as a creation based on a semi-learned borrowing from Ireland to Wales, one is tempted to connect Llŷr's epithet lledieith with his foreign origin'.

2007, John Carey, Ireland and the Grail, page 64:

(linguistics) A word or other linguistic form borrowed from a classical language into a later one, but partly reshaped based on later sound changes or by analogy with inherited words in the language. These words occur, for example, in the Romance and the Indo-Aryan languages.


ktetic

From Ancient Greek κτητικός (ktētikós, “possessive”).

bor

possessive adjective
possessive adjective#English


multiplicative numeral

en-noun

multiplicative numeral (plural multiplicative numerals)

multiplicative number
multiplicative number#English

(grammar) Synonym of multiplicative number


pseudolexical

(linguistics) Describing terms (such as prefixes or suffixes) that cannot stand alone as words


Lezgic

(linguistics) Belonging to one of the seven branches of the Northeast Caucasian language family.


OIA

(Indo-Aryan linguistics) Initialism of Old Indo-Aryan.