non-lemma

non-lemma (plural non-lemmas or non-lemmata)

non-lemmas (plural)
non-lemmata (plural)

According to Schmauder (1991) they had a narrow range of frequency of occurrence (our nonlemma count yields an average of 68; Francis & Kucera, 1982).

1991, Lewis P. Shapiro et al., “Verb effects during sentence processing”, in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, volume XVII, № 5, pages 986-987:

Prep. … Prenominal adjectives … Non lemmas … Basque multiword … English multiwords … English unknown … Others
11% … 21% … 7% … 5% … 17% … 16% … 21%

2000, Arantxa Diaz de Ilarraza et al., Building a Lexicon for an English–Basque Machine Translation System from heterogeneous wide coverage dictionaries, § 5.1, page 4, Table 2

If the database is to be printed out in the form of a dictionary, non-lemmas can be generated from the items contained in these fields.

2002, Christian Lehmann, “Structure of a comprehensive presentation of a language”, in Tasaku Tsunoda, editor, Basic Materials in Minority Languages, § 4.3, page 17?:

Initialize lemmatizer by providing dictionary file. If unknown, leave as non lemmata not found.

2010, “cayorodriguez” (username), “Lemmatization module in NLTK” in nltk-dev, Usenet

In step 3, non-words or non-lemmas, that are often generated by the guesser modules, are filtered out from the result.

2012, Maciej Piasecki et al., “Recognition of Polish Derivational Relations Based on Supervised Learning Scheme”, in LREC 2012, § 2.2, page 918/2:

(lexicography, rare) Any form of a lexeme that is not its lemma.

ragozott/ragosalak (szó)

any form of a lexeme that is not its lemma


GTE

Greater Toronto English
Greater Toronto English#English

(linguistics) Initialism of Greater Toronto English.


ornative

The languages are ordered according to increasing number of sentences in which a comitative-like construction represents the ornative.

2008, Thomas Stolz, Sonja Kettler, Cornelia Stroh, Aina Urdze, Split Possession: An areal-linguistic study of the alienability correlation and related phenomena in the languages of Europe, John Benjamins Publishing, page 412:

(grammar) A noun case that means "endowed with" or "supplied with".


ornative

(grammar) Belonging or relating to such a case.

ornatiivinen

Belonging or relating to the ornative case


conjunctive mode

en-noun

conjunctive mode (plural conjunctive modes)


subjunctive mode

subjunctive mode (plural subjunctive modes)


biconsonantal

A word or root (in particular in an Afroasiatic language) which consists of two consonants.


back-translate

en-verb

back-translate (third-person singular simple present back-translates, present participle back-translating, simple past and past participle back-translated)

back-translates (present singular third-person)
back-translating (participle present)
back-translated (participle past)
back-translated (past)

(translation studies) To translate a translated text back to the original language.


bilanguage

(mathematics, linguistics) A language that has a regular treelike structure


back-translation

en-noun

back-translation (countable and uncountable, plural back-translations)

(translation studies, uncountable) The process of translating a previously translated document back into the original language.

(translation studies, countable) A text which has been translated in such a fashion.


sentiment analysis

sentiment analysis (countable and uncountable, plural sentiment analyses)

computational linguistics
computational linguistics

(computational linguistics, text analysis) The use of computers to process natural language in an attempt to identify and extract information about the writer's affective state.

tunneanalyysi

the analysis of text to identify subjective information about the writer


lemmatically

(linguistics, lexicography) On a lemma-by-lemma basis, considering only lemmata.


action word

(grammar) A word that indicates an action, event or state.


NVE

(linguistics) Initialism of new variety of English.


tashdid

(linguistics) Provision of a shadda symbol for Arabic words (sometimes also for Persian, Urdu, etc.), which shows gemination of consonants.


motivative

en-adj

motivative (comparative more motivative, superlative most motivative)

more motivative (comparative)
most motivative (superlative)

(grammar) In, marked by or pertaining to the motivative case.


motivative

(grammar) The motivative case, a case found in some languages (for example Basque) which marks the meaning "because of".


tonomorpheme

(phonology) A morpheme based on tonemes.


NigP

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Nigerian Pidgin.


pandanus language

en-noun

pandanus language (countable and uncountable, plural pandanus languages)

(linguistics) An elaborate avoidance language among several of the peoples of the eastern New Guinea Highlands, used when collecting pandanus nuts.


deadname

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-deadname.wav

From dead + name, because the old name is dead (“no longer used”). Attested since at least 2010 as a noun and 2013 as a verb by the OED.

And when people constantly refer to you as your deadname [a name that you previously went by], or use the incorrect pronouns, it really is like getting slapped with a wet fish.

2014, Natalia Moorin, “My Illness Is Not Your Inspiration”, in Damsel, University of Western Australia, page 21:

One of the articles in our last issue contained a major error: we referred to a transgender student by their deadname.

2018 February 27, Amy O'Kruk, “Apology to readers”, in Western Gazette, Western University, page 2:

“My deadname is everywhere because of my ID card, and not only do I have to look at it but lots of other people get to see. […]

2018, Alex McFadden, quoted in Noni Cole & Ruby Perryman, "The Unfair University ID Card", Farrago (University of Melbourne), Edition Three (2018), page 7

(neologism, especially LGBT) A previous name of a person (especially a transgender person) who has since changed their name.


linguicism

linguicism (countable and uncountable, plural linguicisms)

The unfair treatment of an individual or community based on their use of language.


linguistic imbalance

linguistic imbalance (countable and uncountable, plural linguistic imbalances)

Whilst the principle of linguistic imbalance is confirmed by a number of researchers, Ridley and Singleton (1995), amongst others (e.g. Kellerman & Sharwood Smith, 1986), point out that the perception of language distance is at least an equally important factor.

2002, P. Herdina, U. Jessner, A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism: Perspectives of Change in Psycholinguistics, Multilingual Matters, page 25:

(linguistics) The differential in skills of a polyglot among the languages they know.


featurization

featurization (countable and uncountable, plural featurizations)

From feature + -ization or featurize + -ation.

(linguistics, computing) The development of additional features.


echo subject

(grammar) A verb that has the same subject as the preceding verb.


smush name

When my friend Danielle (there's THAT name again) was pregnant with her oldest daughter we came across a book (of which I forget the title) which actually advocated smush names. One of the more...ahem...interesting names I remember is Shetom. It was a smush of Sheila and Thomas.

2010, Danielle Reed, Emily, Jacob and Boniqua: What NOT to Name Your Child, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 17:

She looked up at them, half-expecting paparazzi to leap from the very walls to take photos, to give the couple a smush name that would undoubtedly be the key in making the new media darlings.

2014, Grace McDermott, Mirrorfall, Wibbly Press (2014), unnumbered page

They yell, “Sup, Shage,” when we walk past; we're a smush name now.

2015, Ann Aguirre, The Queen of Bright and Shiny Things, Feiwei and Friends, →ISBN, page 243:

Brangelina and Snamione are smush names.

(informal) A portmanteau name created by blending two different names, especially one used to collectively describe a celebrity couple or fandom ship.


schwebeablaut

Borrowed from German Schwebeablaut (“floating ablaut”), from schweben (“float, hover”).

bor

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies) The phenomenon or process of metathesis in a Proto-Indo-European root between the vowel and a neighbouring sonorant, which led to both possible full grades existing, e.g. *grebʰ- and *gerbʰ-.


schwebeablaut

en-verb

schwebeablaut (third-person singular simple present schwebeablauts, present participle schwebeablauting, simple past and past participle schwebeablauted)

schwebeablauts (present singular third-person)
schwebeablauting (participle present)
schwebeablauted (participle past)
schwebeablauted (past)

The number given with the root tells the number of subgroups where it schwebeablauts, and the number after the subgroup name indicates the amount of roots/words that schwebeablaut in some other subgroup as well […]

1969, University of California Publications in Linguistics:

But, in any event, Beekes' reconstruction seems less than ideal, given that it effectively relies on a schwebeablauting root[.]

2013, Sievers' Law and the History of Semivowel Syllabicity, →ISBN, page 287:

(Indo-European studies) To undergo the above process.


subjacency

en-noun

subjacency (countable and uncountable, plural subjacencies)

(linguistics) A constraint on the movement of elements which states that the target position of movement must be structurally close downwards to the source position.


adjectival pronoun

adjectival pronoun (plural adjectival pronouns)

This section will present the declensions of the demonstrative, interrogative/relative, and possessive categories. These pronouns can be termed adjectival on the basis of the fact that they substitute for adjectives. However, most adjectival pronouns have a declension that differs from that of adjectives in an essential property: […]

2002, Ronald F. Feldstein, Steven L. Franks, Polish, Lincom Europa, page 68:

Meus and tuus are called adjectival pronouns […]

2014, N. M. Gwynne, Gwynne's Latin: The Ultimate Introduction to Latin Including the Latin in Everyday English, Random House (ebook without page numbers; the italic words were originally bold)

(grammar) A pronoun that accompanies a noun, such as our in English.


uptaker

(linguistics) A speech act that takes up a topic raised by a previous speaker.


semicommunication

(linguistics) Communication between people who use different languages and thus may be unable to express and share concepts in great depth.


pseudoconcept

From pseudo- + concept, introduced by Lev Vygotsky.

(linguistics) A set of things (e.g. blue things, round things) conceptualized by a child who is learning language, approximating a general concept of something.


Manglish

He stands back and witnesses with awe the language’s myriad offshoots, like Manglish (Malay and English) and Konglish (English in South Korea).

2010 May 25, Dwight Garner, “English as a Juggernaut Conquers the World With Glee and an OMG”, in New York Times:

An English-based creole spoken in Malaysia, incorporating words from Malay and other mostly Asian languages.


Q-value

From communication value; coined by Dutch sociologist Abram de Swaan.

A measure of the communicative utility of a human language, computed as the product of the language's centrality and its prevalence.


pronoun demonstrative

pronoun demonstrative (plural pronouns demonstrative)

Of Pronouns Demonstrative, which are, ce, cet, cette, ces, || ceci, cela, || celui, cèlle, ceûx, cèlles, || celui-ci, cèlle-ci, ceûx-ci, cèlles-ci, || celui-là, cella-là, ceûx-la, cèlles-la, || ce que, ce qui.

1779, Lewis Chambaud, A Grammar of the French Tongue, with a Prefatory Discourse, Containing an Essay On the Proper Method for Teaching and Learning that Language. The Seventh Edition, Revised and Corrected, London, p.122

There are seven sorts of Pronouns: … 4. Les Pronoms démonstratifs, Pronouns demonstrative. …
Of Pronouns Demonstrative. These pronouns are called demonstrative, because they distinguish, in a precise manner, the person or things to which they are applied.

1800, N. Wanostrocht, A grammar of the French language, with pracitcal exercises. The seventh edition: With considerable additions and improvements., London, p.55 and p.70

Pronouns demonstrative, this, that, these, are so called, as they serve to show or demonstrate any person, or the thing spoken of;

1805, F. Bottarelli, The New Italian, English and French Pocket-Dictionary. Vol. I. Containing the Italian before the English and the French., London, p. xvii

These pronouns demonstrative, hic, iste, ille, are distinguished thus: hic points to the nearest to me; iste to him who is by you; ille to him who is distant from both of us: When hic and ille are referred to two things or persons placed before; hic is generally referred to the latter, ille to the former:

1827, James Duncan, A Short Latin Grammar: Forming Part of a Popular System of Classical Instruction, on the plan recommended by Mr. Locke, London: John Taylor, page 63:

Of Pronouns Demonstrative. The pronouns demonstrative are as follow: This, that, these, tose. They are called pronouns demonstrative, because they serve to point out or demonstrate any thing or person: as, this book, that man, that woman, &c.

1827, Signor Veneroni, A. Ronna, The Complete Italian Master: Containing the best and easiest rules for attaining that language. To which are added, an introduction to Italian versification; extracts from the Italian poets; &c. &c. The whole properly accented, to facilitate the pronunciation of learners. A new edition, carefully revised, corrected, and improved, London, page 70:

On the Pronouns Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative. The pronouns demonstrative are in German Dieser, diese, diesz, or dieses, This; and Jener, jene, jenes, That.

1840, D. Boileau, The Nature and Genius of the German Language Displayed, in a more extended review of its grammatical forms than is to be found in any grammar extant; and elucidated by quotations from the best writers. New edition., London, page 64:

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun#English

(grammar) Alternative form of demonstrative pronoun


macroacquisition

From macro- + acquisition, coined by Janina Brutt-Griffler.

(linguistics) The acquisition of a second language by a speech community.


noun substantive proper

noun substantive proper (plural nouns substantive proper)

Q. What is a Noun Substantive Proper? A. That which is proper to the thing which it betokeneth. Q. Give an Example of a Noun Substantive Proper. A. Eduardus is my proper Name.

1730, Charles Hoole, The Common Accidence Examined and Explained by Short Questions and Answers According to the very Words of the Book, Conducing very much to the Ease of the Teacher, and Benefit of the Learner, London, lib.I. p.4:

The Name of any Thing or Being, or any Word in English, which will admit of a, an or the, before it, so as without any other Word to make Sense, is a Noun Substantive; if it is common to all of that Kind, it is a Noun Substantive Common; as Homo a Man, Angelus an Angel; but if it is proper to one, or to some of that Kind, it is a Noun Substantive proper, as Joannes, Gabriel.

1759, a Clergyman, Who hath taught Grammar for twenty Years past: A Short Grammar, or Rudiments, of the Latin Tongue., London, page 4:

Whether is lignorum a noun substantive proper, or a noun substantive common? Lignorum is a noun substantive common because it is common to more sticks than one.

1876, Henry Barnard, English Pedagogy - Old and New: or, Education, the School and the Teacher, in English Literature. Second Series, Brown & Gross, Hartfort, p.252 (at books.google)

A noun substantive proper is the name of some particular person, place, or thing: as Thomas is my proper name.

1780, Thomas Huntley, A grammar of the Latin Tongue …, p.7 (at books.google)

(grammar, archaic) Synonym of proper noun


univerbate

en-verb

univerbate (third-person singular simple present univerbates, present participle univerbating, simple past and past participle univerbated)

univerbates (present singular third-person)
univerbating (participle present)
univerbated (participle past)
univerbated (past)

(linguistics) To cause, or to undergo univerbation


mandative

en-adj

mandative (comparative more mandative, superlative most mandative)

more mandative (comparative)
most mandative (superlative)

the mandative subjunctive

(grammar, not comparable) Noting the imperative use of the subjunctive, as in "I insist that he leave immediately".


wiktionary

However, with the increase in free resources like wiktionaries, or the increase in the number of translated materials available on the Internet

2011, Zygmunt Vetulani, Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science:

PanLex draws on various lexical resources, including dictionaries, wiktionaries, glossaries, lexicons, word lists, terminologies, thesauri, wordnets, ontologies, vocabulary databases, namedentity resources, and standards

2011, Nikolas Coupland, The Handbook of Language and Globalization:

This lower bound is logically determined – a wiktionary with fewer entries could never provide a full IDS list – and not meant to be realistic. We do not know how big a wiktionary has to be in order to provide, say, 75% of an IDS list, but it is likely that several thousands of entries are required for this.

2013, Lars Borin, Anju Saxena, Approaches to Measuring Linguistic Differences, page 297:

Any online lexicon resembling Wiktionary.


metrolingualism

(linguistics) The use of language by diverse ethnic and cultural groups in a shared urban environment


metrolingual

(linguistics) Describing the form of language used by diverse ethnic and cultural groups in a shared urban environment


subtechnical

(linguistics) Describing terminology that is used in a non-technical manner, but that has a more specific meaning in a technical or scientific field


noun numeral

M. How many fold is a Noun Numeral? S. Two fold, Cardinal, and Ordinal.

1728, John Entick, Speculum Latinum: or, Latin made easy to Scholars by an English Grammar only, London, page 9:

Nouns numeral, which serve to distinguish the numbers; and are either cardinal, or ordinal. The cardinal number is the fountain of the other, and expresses or joins units together; as, un, deux, trois, quatre, &c. one, two, three, four, &c. The ordinal number is derived from the cardinal, and shews the order and rank of every thing; as, premier, first; deuximie, or second, second; troisieme, third, &c.

1795, A. Boyer, The Complete French Master, for Ladies and Gentlemen. A New Edition, Brussels, page 58:

(grammar) A noun that represents a number


TP

en-noun

TP (countable and uncountable, plural TPs)

(linguistics) Initialism of tense phrase.


NVC

(linguistics) Initialism of non-verbal communication.


trial number

(grammar) A grammatical number denoting a quantity of exactly three.


duale tantum

From Latin duāle tantum (“dual as such; dual only”), from duāle + tantum.

bor

The second -c- refers to icgaʹkwal “eel” (duale tantum), a form used alongside of igaʹkwal (masc.).

1909, Edward Sapir, Wishram Texts, page 4, footnote 1:

The only natural-pair noun consistently preferring the dual over the plural, ὄσσε, virtually a duale tantum, refers to the eyes not as mere sense-organs but as ‘windows of the soul’.

1989, Frans Plank, “On Humboldt on the Dual” in Linguistic Categorization, eds. R. Corrigan, F.R. Eckman, and M.P. Noonan, § 2.5, 309

Generally singularia tantum are the most common; we find instances with just the plural or with dual and plural but lacking the singular; dualia tantum are quite rare.

2000, Greville G. Corbett, Number, chapter v, § 5.8.2, 175:

(grammar) A noun (or specific sense of a noun) that can only occur in the dual, and which lacks forms for singular, plural, and any other number.

Dualetantum

grammar: noun that can only occur in the dual


ethnonymy

(linguistics) the naming of people, the creation of ethnonyms


Akkadogram

(linguistics) An Akkadian word used as a logogram in another language, such as Hittite.


Sumerogram

Several ancient Near Eastern texts made cross references so as to cause readers to apprehend more than one text or theme at a time. Sumerograms in Akkadian literature or biblical quotations in Qumran pesharim are clear examples.

1998 October 20, Terje Stordalen, Echoes of Eden: Genesis 2-3 and Symbolism of the Eden Garden in Biblical Hebrew Literature, Oslo: The Norwegian Lutheran School of Theology, page 36:

Often the context will be clear enough and leave little room for doubt, but in many cases the need was felt to make the function of the Sumerogram in a particular clause explicit. This was done by adding the Hittite case ending to the Sumerogram: e.g., išḫaš is the subject case, išḫan the object case, and išḫi the indirect object case. These could be written ᴇɴ-aš, ᴇɴ-an, and ᴇɴ-i respectively. Such endings attached to a Sumerogram are known as phonetic complements.

2011, Theo van den Hout, The Elements of Hittite, →ISBN, page 12:

(linguistics) A Sumerian cuneiform symbol used as a logogram in another language, such as Akkadian or Hittite.


quadrigrade

(grammar) Belonging to a certain conjugation class of verbs in Old Japanese.


overgeneration

(linguistics) The act of overgenerating.


linguo-stylistics

(linguistics) study of functional styles and expressive potential of a language


lingualize

en-verb

lingualize (third-person singular simple present lingualizes, present participle lingualizing, simple past and past participle lingualized)

lingualizes (present singular third-person)
lingualizing (participle present)
lingualized (participle past)
lingualized (past)

In a few cases, final r lingualizes the following t.


linguo-palatal

(phonetics) (of sound) made by the tongue and the palate


linguo-dental

"Let the linguo-dental breath consonant be heard at the letter or letters in italic."

1851, Benjamin Humphrey Smart, The Practice of Elocution: a Series of Exercises for Acquiring the Several […] :

(phonetics) (of sound) made when the tip of the tongue extends outside the upper and lower anterior teeth


linguo-nasal

"Physical constraints of the human body are easy to see: there are no linguo-nasal trills, for example."

1984, William E. Rutherford, Language Universals and Second Language Acquisition: Containing the […] :

(phonetics) (of sound) articulated by the tongue while the sound passes through the nose


grammaticity

(linguistics) (of language) the existence of analyzable grammatical structure


morphosemantic

(linguistics) Of or relating to morphosemantics.


morphosemantically

(linguistics) In terms of morphosemantics.


morphosemantics

(linguistics) The relationship between morphology and semantics.


dental fricative

en-noun

dental fricative (plural dental fricatives)

(phonetics) The phoneme produced when the tongue touches the upper teeth and air is blown. It can be voiced (ð) or unvoiced (θ).


th sound

This sound is represented by th in English spelling.

dental fricative
dental fricative#English

(informal, phonetics) Synonym of dental fricative


English fever

2003 Stephen Krashen, "Dealing with English Fever," In: Selected Papers from the Twelfth International Symposium on English Teaching, English Teachers' Association/ROC, Taipei, Crane Publishing Company, 2003. pp. 100-108.
English fever = the overwhelming desire to (1) acquire English, (2) ensure that one's children acquire English, as a second or foreign language.

2007 Jinkyu Park, "Korean Parents in 'English Fever' and Their 'early Study-abroad' Children in the United States: Parental Beliefs and Practices Concerning First Language Peers," Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, August 2007, pp. 19-20.
The relentless competition for learning English showed the tip of its monstrous image in the summer of 1991, when the government announced the plan to introduce English to elementary school grades by 1995. The news brought a huge typhoon of English, which swept the whole country into "English fever."

Honduras is one of many countries to have recently contracted “English Fever,” a term used by linguist Stephen Krashen (2003) to describe the intense desire to know English and for one’s children to learn English.

2013, Eric Herman, “Treating English Fever in Honduras”, in Honduras Weekly, 9/26/13:

Correspondingly, a wave of “English fever” swept the nation, and English training has become a huge industry.

2014 Wang Xiaoyang and Li Yangyang, "'English Fever' in China has Reached a Watershed," International Higher Education, No. 75, Spring 2014

Many Asian countries are in the grips of what Park (2009) and others have termed "English fever" with a desire for fluency, accent reduction, and overall competitive advantage for children who will compete in the global marketplace.

2015, Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, Ofelia García, editors, The Handbook of Bilingual and Multilingual Education, John Wiley & Sons:

(linguistics) Preoccupation or obsession with learning or promoting the learning of the English language.


osthya

Borrowed from Sanskrit ओष्ठ्य (oṣṭhya, “labial”).

In the RPr. ... it is true that v is included in a class characterized only as oṣṭhya, but this refers only to sthāna.

1976, Natural Language Studies, number 21, page 162:

The KV then points out that the rule not only applies in connection with osthya sounds, but also in connection with the dantoṣṭhya 'labio-dental' sound v.

1991, Pāṇini, Shivram Dattatray Joshi, J. A. F. Roodbergen, The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini with Translation and Explanatory Notes, Volume 10, page 223:

and hence in spite of its labio-dentality, it came to be listed as an oṣṭhya sound.

1997, Madhav Deshpande, Śaunakīyā Caturādhyāyikā, page 137:


habituality

habituality (countable and uncountable, plural habitualities)

(linguistics) The verbal or noun form that expresses continuousness over a prolonged period of time, e.g. "In the 19th century men used to wear hats"; "Jane smokes cigarettes".


habituative

"The habituative and progressive do not co-occur with the perfective. You may choose either the habituative or the progressive or both, but if the progressive is chosen the predicator following must be a verb and not a verbal adjective."

1988, Alan R. Thomas, Methods in Dialectology: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference ...:

(grammar) verb form expressing habitual action or condition


incessive

en-adj

incessive (comparative more incessive, superlative most incessive)

more incessive (comparative)
most incessive (superlative)

From Latin incessus + -ive, from Latin incesso + -ive.

The Hungarian 'incessive' -ban/-ben (e.g., ha'z-ban “in the house”, ke'z-ben “in the hand”) arose from the postposition benn; today it appears in a non-case form only in adverbial usage with possessive suffixes (e.g., bennem “in me”, benned “in you”).

1990, Henning Andersen, E.F.K. Koerner, Historical Linguistics 1987, →ISBN:

In this too the loc. marker is identical with Acc. marker. Besides, various spatial relations of the loc. case, such as surfacessive (on, upon, etc.) incessive (in, inside of, within), possessive (with-in the possession ol), etc., are expressed with various sets of . - postpositions in different speeches under consideration (For their details see respective volumes of the 'Studies in T.H.L.' 1988-92).

1994, D. D. Sharma, Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages - Volume 4, →ISBN, page 110:

Indeed, in terms of semantic nuances, Igbo cases are more in line with the Fino-Ugric cases which express spatio-temporal relations thus: Interior: Incessive; talose; 'in the house'

2016, E. Nolue Emenanjo, A Grammar of Contemporary Igbo: Constituents, Features and Processes, →ISBN:

The presence of the feature progression means that the activity denoted by the primary verb is understood as a succession of events indicated by this verb either directed towards a goal (pre-terminative) or directed from a point with its goal unspecified (post" inceptive). In this sense the pre-terminative succession can be confused with the incessive process (the explicator ) of a state of an event denoted by a verb.

In Thao, however, triplication does not express plurality but rather some sort of aspectual modification (continuative or incessive).

2005, Bernhard Hurch, Studies on Reduplication, →ISBN, page 591:

As a further example of unclear cases, the so-called incessive – a fast recurrence of some typical properties - is included under the iterative by Rathmann (2005), but subsumed under the habitual by Wilbur (1987).

2017, Josep Quer, SignGram Blueprint: A Guide to Sign Language Grammar Writing, →ISBN:


infixion

en-noun

infixion (countable and uncountable, plural infixions)

In Elvish, nasal infixion is a frequent means of forming derivatives from roots.


Great Vowel Shift

Coined by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen.

coinage

Because English spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Great Vowel Shift is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling.

(phonology) A major change in the pronunciation of the English language, affecting the sounds of long vowels, that took place in England between 1350 and 1700.


pluractionality

(grammar) A grammatical device indicating that a verb's action or participants is/are plural.


protoword

(linguistics) An early wordlike utterance produced by an infant before it has acquired a true language.

(linguistics) A wordlike utterance produced by early people who had yet to develop full language capability; a word from a proto-language.


generative grammar

en-noun

generative grammar (countable and uncountable, plural generative grammars)

(linguistics, countable) A system of rules that can generate all and only those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language.

(linguistics, uncountable) The general theory dealing with grammar as constructed by such rules.


infinitive marker

infinitive marker (plural infinitive markers)

In English, to is the infinitive marker.

(grammar) A word or affix attached to the stem of a verb in order to form the full infinitive.


uncount

For example, the term abuse would require at least one definition for the uncount usage ‘invective, insulting language’, and another for the count usage ‘an item of invective, an insult’.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 118:


English-lexifier

(linguistics, of a pidgin or creole) Having a word-stock primarily supplied by the English language.


reverse dictionary

reverse dictionary (plural reverse dictionaries)

A dictionary in which entries are sorted alphabetically by their last letter, then second-to-last, and so on: Nausicaa would precede Hecuba, which would precede orca; influenza would precede cab, and so on.

հանգարան

a dictionary in which entries are sorted alphabetically by their last letter, then second-to-last, and so on


subitive

(Uralic linguistics, of verbs) Characterizing verbs or verbal affixes denoting actions that occur suddenly or sharply.


subitive

(Uralic linguistics) A verbal form denoting an action that occurs suddenly or sharply.


diversative

(grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical aspect relating to an action that occurs "here and there", among an unspecified group of targets or locations.


cursivity

I do not say it of the first of all Didot designs that were cut by Waflard for the Imprimerie Royale in 1775, but I confess that the 'maigre' (fig. 23) presents to my eye the best example there has been of a regular formal italic, an italic in which cursivity has been almost entirely removed.

1926, The Fleuron: A Journal of Typography, number 5, page 115:

The earliest extant texts of Japanese origin which exhibit a degree of cursivity are, like their Chinese counterparts, on wooden tablets, though in this case dating from the late seventh and early eighth centuries; the next earliest cursivized texts are perhaps the Shōsōin phonogram texts A and B (ca.762).

2000, Christopher Seeley, A History of Writing in Japan, page 61:


hyperaeolism

(linguistics, Hellenics) A hypercorrection or incorrect substitution of non-Aeolic Ancient Greek word forms and morphology to match those of Aeolic Greek.

Hyperäolismus

hypercorrection of non-Aeolic Greek to Aeolic Greek


hyperatticism

(linguistics, Hellenics) A hypercorrection or incorrect substitution of non-Attic Ancient Greek word forms and morphology to match those of Attic Greek.

Hyperatticismus

hypercorrection of non-Attic Greek to Attic Greek


hyperdorism

/ˈhaɪpɚˌdɔɹɪzm̩/

(linguistics, Hellenics) A hypercorrection or incorrect substitution of non-Doric Ancient Greek word forms and morphology to match those of Doric Greek.

Hyperdorismus

hypercorrection of non-Doric Greek to Doric Greek


hyperionism

(linguistics, Hellenics) A hypercorrection or incorrect substitution of non-Ionic Ancient Greek word forms and morphology to match those of Ionic Greek.

Hyperionismus

hypercorrection of non-Ionic Greek to Ionic Greek


long o

(linguistics) The vowel sound /əʊ/, as in the words "cone" and "note".


short i

(linguistics) The vowel sound /ɪ/, as in the words "pit" and "stick".


short e

(linguistics) The vowel sound in the words "pet" and "sled".


long i

(phonetics) the English vowel sound /aɪ/ in the words "fine" and "like", conventionally written ⟨ī⟩.


short u

(linguistics) The vowel sound, /ʌ/, in the words "cut" and "run".


long e

(linguistics) The vowel sound /iː/ in the words "green" and "seem".


long u

(linguistics) The sound /juː/, as in the words "cube" and "mute".


short oo

(linguistics) The vowel sound, /ʊ/, of the "oo" in the word "good", as opposed to the "oo" in the word "mood".


long a

(linguistics, especially UK) The vowel sound in the English words bath and castle when pronounced with an open back unrounded vowel (/ɑː/); associated with southern England accents.


long oo

(linguistics) The vowel sound /uː/, as in the word "mood" as opposed to "good".


short a

(linguistics, especially UK) The vowel sound in the English words grass and castle when pronounced with a near-open front unrounded vowel (/æ/); associated with northern England accents.


short o

(linguistics) The vowel sound, /ɒ/, in the words "top" and "dot".


lexemehood

(linguistics, rare) The property of being a lexeme.


adpositionhood

(grammar) The property of being an adposition.


clitichood

(linguistics) The property of being a clitic.


phonemehood

(linguistics) The property of being a phoneme.


determinerhood

(linguistics) The property of being a determiner.


sentencehood

(linguistics) The property of being a sentence.


affixhood

(linguistics) The property of being an affix.


phrasehood

(linguistics) The property of being a phrase.


clausehood

(linguistics) The property of being a clause.


headhood

(linguistics) The property of being a syntactic or morphological head.


compoundhood

Inseparability is perhaps the strongest test of compoundhood.

2006, Pavol Štekauer, Rochelle Lieber, Handbook of Word-Formation, page 377:

(linguistics) The property of being a compound.


vowelhood

However, since timing tiers lack the information of consonanthood and vowelhood in other syllable theories, consonanthood and vowelhood must be defined in different ways depending on phonological theories.

1997, Hyeon-Kwan Cho, A Phonological Analysis of Consonantal Assimilations and Consonant-vowel Interactions, page 159:

(linguistics) The property of being a vowel.


prepositionhood

(linguistics) The property of being a preposition.


adverbhood

The only candidate for adverbhood seems to be schnell, as indicated by the English gloss.

1986, Studies in Language, volume 10, page 30:

Using form as a criterion for adverbhood leaves us with a highly mixed bag of forms with little in common, such as HOWEVER, OFTEN, NOT, VERY, MORE, EVEN, OUT, DOWNSTAIRS, etc.

1998, Alex Klinge, Mastering English: A Student's Workbook and Guide, page 36:

The primacy of semantic features in creating an inventory tends to make it necessary to define degrees of adverbhood or subordinatorhood, for instance, and in this analysis discoursal and textual properties of clause-combining devices play an important role.

2004, Marina Dossena, Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology, page 177:

(linguistics, rare) The property of being an adverb.


morphemehood

(linguistics) The property of being a morpheme.


interintelligible

en-adj

interintelligible (comparative more interintelligible, superlative most interintelligible)

more interintelligible (comparative)
most interintelligible (superlative)

The Okrika dialect, with Kalabari and Bonny, falls into the North-Eastern group of dialects which are partially interintelligible with Brass-Ndembe but not with the Central-Western dialects.

1962, Kay Williamson, “Changes in the Marriage System of the Okrika Ijo”, in Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 32(1): 53-60:

The sense of independence from London norms ... was difficult to establish with the obvious reality in mind that English, Scottish, Irish, American, Australian and other Englishes are, after all, interintelligible and undoubtedly varieties of one and the same language.

1995, Manfred Görlach, More Englishes: New Studies in Varieties of English, 1988-1994, John Benjamins, page 128:

(linguistics) Of a speech variety, able to be understood by speakers of another variety.


Lebonya

From the first syllables of Lengola, Bodo, and Nyali.

(linguistics) A proposed intermediate group of Bantu languages, with three branches: Lengola, Bodo, and the Nyali languages.


Mary-marry-merry merger

(phonology) A phonemic merger where the vowels in "mare", "pat" and "pet" are pronounced the same before /r/, making "Mary", "marry" and "merry" homophones.


hurry-furry merger

(phonology) A phonemic merger where the vowels in "hut" and "fur" are pronounced the same before /ɹ/, making the words "hurry" and "furry" rhyme.


horse-hoarse merger

/ˈhɔːs hɔːs ˌmɜːdʒə/

/ˈhɔɹs hoɹs ˌmɛɹdʒəɹ/

Among the changes, which took place in Dublin English in the 1990s (Hickey 1999), are the following four which are also found in general forms of American English: (a) use of retroflex /r/, in fork [fo:ɻk]; (b) use of an intervocalic alveolar tap, for example in water [wɑɾɚ]; (c) the horse/hoarse‐merger and (d) the which/witch‐merger.

2017 August 9, Raymond Hickey, “Irish English in the Anglophone world”, in World Englishes, volume 36, number 2:

(phonology) A phonemic merger of /ɔɹ/ and /oɹ/, so that pairs of words such as horse and hoarse, war and wore, for and four, etc become homophones.


casus rectus

Learned borrowing from Latin cāsus rēctus (literally “straight case”).

lbor

(grammar, dated) The nominative case, sometimes grouped with the vocative case, as a single morphological case contrasted with the oblique case.


schwa primum

From the New Latin schwa prīmum (literally “first schwa”), so named in contrast with schwa secundum.

bor

(linguistics) A vowel formerly reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European; now generally held to be a syllabic laryngeal consonant.


lot-cloth split

(phonology) A phonemic split, in some varieties of English without the cot-caught merger, in which the vowel in words like "cloth" and "off" is pronounced with the same vowel as in "thought", as opposed to the vowel used in "lot".


translation memory

en-noun

translation memory (plural translation memories)

(translation studies) A database that stores previously translated content to aid human translators, commonly abbreviated as TM.


taxeme

(linguistics) A primitive feature of grammar, akin to a phoneme in phonology.


comb.

comb. form


laxing

(phonetics) The process whereby a tense vowel becomes lax.


natural gender

natural gender (countable and uncountable, plural natural genders)

(grammar) The gender that a noun, etc. would be expected to have, based on attributes of the referent, such as physical sex.

Sexus

gender based on attributes of the referent


AB language

Coined in 1929 by J. R. R. Tolkien, from the first letters of Ancrene Wisse and Bodleian Library.

(linguistics) A variety of Middle English found in the Corpus manuscript and characterized by French and Norse loanwords, colloquial expressions, conservative spelling, and similarities to Old English syntax.

AB language
Ancrene Wisse
J. R. R. Tolkien


applied linguistics

(linguistics) The interdisciplinary field of linguistics that identifies, investigates and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems.


combinatorial method

(linguistics) A method used to study an unknown language, consisting of archaeological and antiquarian analysis, formal-structural analysis, and content and context analysis.


Suffixaufnahme

From German Suffixaufnahme (literally “suffix absorption”).

bor

(grammar) The phenomenon where a genitive noun agrees grammatically with its head noun.


EPP

extended projection principle
w:extended projection principle

(linguistics) Initialism of extended projection principle.


grammeme

From grammar + -eme, on the pattern of morpheme and phoneme.

Much like grammemes, quasi-grammemes oppose lexes of the same lexeme; unlike grammemes, however, they don't enter in categories.

1991, Igor Mel'čuk, “Toward a Universal Calculus of Inflectional Categories: On Roman Jakobson's Trail”, in Linda R. Waugh, Stephen Rudy, editors, New Vistas in Grammar: Invariance and Variation. […] , John Benjamins, →ISBN, page 92:

tagmeme

superseded the term grammeme in Kenneth Pike's school


Joret line

First identified by Charles Joret and published in 1883.

(linguistics) An isogloss used in the linguistics of the langues d'oïl. Dialects north of the line have preserved Vulgar Latin /k/ and /ɡ/ before /a/; dialects south of the line have palatalized /k/ and /ɡ/ before /a/.


karmadharaya

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मधारय (karmadhāraya).

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A form of tatpuruṣa in which the relation of the first member to the last is appositional, attributive, or adverbial, e.g. uluka-yatu (owl + demon) for a demon in the shape of an owl. Most typically this involves an adjective which modifies a following substantive.


homo Aristophaneus

/ˈhɒməʊ æɹɪsˌtɒfəˈniːəs/

/ˈhɑmoʊ æɹɪsˌtɑfəˈniəs/

PIE word
 *dʰéǵʰōm
Learned borrowing from Latin homō Aristophanēus (literally “Aristophanean man”), not attested in Latin works: homō (“human being, person”) + Aristophanēus (“of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Aristophanes or his works”), possibly influenced by French homo aristophaneus (1951) and German homo aristophaneus (1959) which are attested earlier than the English term.
Homō is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth; human”); Aristophanēus is borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀρῐστοφᾰ́νειος (Aristopháneios, “of Aristophanes”), from Ᾰ̓ρῐστοφᾰ́νης (Aristophánēs) (from ᾰ̓́ρῐστος (áristos, “best”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to be suitable, fit; to fix, put together”)) + -φανής (-phanḗs, suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘appearing, seeming’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”))) + -ῐος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘belonging or pertaining to’).

ref

From the collection of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy, originally from the Villa Medici in Rome.

der

Ἀρῐστοφᾰ́νειος

Lest we exaggerate the difference between classes in real life, let us remember that our problem is essentially literary, not sociological: to explain the difference not between real peasants and real aristocrats, but between homo Aristophaneus and homo Platonicus.

1964 December, K[enneth] J[ames] Dover, “Eros and Nomos (Plato, Symposium 182a–185c)”, in Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London, volume XI, number 1, London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 39:

Despite insistence that he was dealing with the literary man (‘homo Platonicus’ and ‘homo Aristophaneus’), and not the real Athenian aristocrat or farmer, [Kenneth] Dover tended to overlook the literary conventions: Pausanias in the ‘Symposium’ is not ‘homo Platonicus’ but simply one of the characters in the dialogue (who represents a fairly conventional aristocratic view, according to all the evidence); Aristophanes’ world is presented through the rather murky glass of comic distortion and requires interpretation.

1982, Nancy [H.] Demand, “Notes [endnotes to Chapter 6 (The Muses)]”, in Thebes in the Fifth Century: Heracles Resurgent (Routledge Revivals), Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, published 2014, →ISBN, note 52, pages 157–158:

The evidence with which we must work is primarily artistic rather than popular. This means that what we will be examining is more homo Aristophaneus than real Athenian men and women, an artist's view of his world and the ways in which his imagination operated on the raw material of his life.

1991, Jeffrey Henderson, “Varieties of Obscene Expression: An Overview”, in The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 30–31:

In 1964 [Kenneth] Dover thought abuse found in comedy and elsewhere revealed in homo Aristophaneus a different, more simple set of attitudes, and his work after 1964 can be seen as an attempt to apply the hostility towards sexual passivity he saw in this abuse onto the discourses of Plato and Aeschines.

2001 February, James Davidson, “Dover, Foucault and Greek Homosexuality: Penetration and the Truth of Sex”, in Past & Present: A Journal of Historical Studies, number 170, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press for the Past and Present Society, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, § iii (Giving Their Bodies or Selling Them), page 21; republished in Robin Osborne, editor, Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society (Past & Present Publications), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 2004, →ISBN, page 94:

We have to separate ourselves from Homo Aristophaneus of the 5ᵗʰ century B.C. The crucial difference is the use of pejorative language which we define as verbal references to certain areas of the human body which are considered social taboo – and therefore must be hidden, for we consider them "dirty". For Athenians, this was not something to be said in a euphemistic way, but as something to be enjoyed and talked about, as the human body was always available as a healthy and important part of life.

2008, Iveta Skrastiņa, “Aristofana aizkulises jeb neķītrais Aristofans = Behind the Scenes of Aristophanes or Aristophanes obscenus”, in Hellēņu Mantojums: Rīgas 2. starptautiskās hellēnistikas konferences materiāli [Hellenic Heritage: Proceedings of the 2nd Riga International Hellenistic Conference], Riga, Latvia: Hellēnistikas Centrs, Klasiskās Filoloģijas Nodaļa, Latvijas Universitāte [Hellenistic Centre, Department of Classical Philology, University of Latvia], →ISBN, archived from the original on 2016-03-05, abstract, page 72:

(linguistics (philology), rare) A person with the characteristics and nature depicted in the comedies of the ancient Athenian playwright Aristophanes (c. 446 – c. 386 B.C.E.) as a literary figure, rather than a historically accurate Athenian person; an Aristophanic man.

homo aristophaneus

person with the characteristics and nature depicted in the comedies of Aristophanes


subgender

Although German, Polish and Russian all have a three-way gender system consisting of masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, only Polish and Russian have additional subgenders based on animacy and/or personhood.

2015 December 19, “Age Effects in L2 Grammar Processing as Revealed by ERPs and How (Not) to Study Them”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(grammar) A sublevel of grammatical gender.


doculect

Blend of document + -lect, coined by American linguist Jeff Good in 2006.

coinage

This is not the whole explanation why these Mayan doculects have an exceptionally high token frequency, but it explains part of the deviation.

2012, Andrea Ender, Adrian Leemann, Bernhard Wälchli, Methods in Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 78:

However, for the present study these texts are considered to be specific doculects, which might, or might not, be the 'same' language as described in other resources (e.g. grammars or spontaneous text collections).

2014, Silvia Luraghi, Heiko Narrog, Perspectives on Semantic Roles, →ISBN, page 26:

The most extreme case is illustrated by the doculect of McDonald and Wurm (1979), in which their consultant was being interviewed for materials in Garlali, but he preferred to speak Punthamara, so that is what he gave them.

2015, Claire Bowern, Linguistic Fieldwork: A Practical Guide, →ISBN, page 100:

(linguistics) A languoid that has been documented in any way, including raw data such as sound files, primary data such as transcribed text, or secondary data such as a grammatical description.


anuvrtti

(grammar) In the Paninian grammar of Sanskrit, the "carrying over" of earlier-described rules into subsequent contexts, without explicitly restating those rules.


reflexivizable

(grammar) Capable of being made reflexive.


reflexivization

en-noun

reflexivization (usually uncountable, plural reflexivizations)


reflexivize

en-verb

reflexivize (third-person singular simple present reflexivizes, present participle reflexivizing, simple past and past participle reflexivized)

reflexivizes (present singular third-person)
reflexivizing (participle present)
reflexivized (participle past)
reflexivized (past)

(transitive, grammar) To make reflexive.


I-language

(linguistics) Abbreviation of internal language: language as perceived and understood in the individual rather than as transmitted and shared in the world or community.


E-language

The emergence of “Greenglish” – Greek written with English letters – as an unofficial e-language since the arrival of the internet has also sparked alarm.

2021 January 31, Helena Smith, “The Greeks had a word for it … until now, as language is deluged by English terms”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(linguistics) Abbreviation of external language: language as transmitted and shared in the world or community rather than as perceived and understood in the individual.


direct case

19. Cases of Nouns are six: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. As in the Latin and Greek languages, these cases are derived from the Nominative by certain rules of inflection; the Nominative being the root of all the other cases, is termed the direct case, the others are called oblique cases.

1817, Peter Edmund Laurent, An introduction to the study of German grammar; with practical exercises., London, page 13:

(grammar) A noun case which covers the nominative and possibly other cases such as vocative and/or accusative (the precise definition depends on the case system in question; the term is used especially in simple systems with two or three cases)

suora sija

noun case covering the nominative and possibly other cases

(grammar, obsolete) A synonym for the nominative case, based on the definition by Peter Edmund Laurent [https://books.google.ca/books?id=66NWAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=direct&f=false [1]]


string substitution

en-noun

string substitution (plural string substitutions)

(computational linguistics) A mapping of letters to sets of strings, which creates a closed operation for regular and context-free languages.


gainword

Words comprising a gainword + Maori suffix are entered as run-ons in alphabetical order where there is a root gainword as headword.

1995, TP Duval, A preliminary dictionary of Maori gainwords compiled on historical principles:

(linguistics, rare, in relation to the Maori language) A word that a language has borrowed from other languages. In the process, the spelling and pronunciation, and even meaning, may be altered.


necessitative

(grammar) Being or relating to a grammatical form that indicates necessity.


necessitative

(grammar) A grammatical form that indicates necessity.


zero article

(grammar) The non-appearance of an article before a noun.


crash blossom

From a headline "Violinist linked to JAL crash blossoms". The author's intended interpretation is that the violinist who blossoms was linked to a plane crash (by her father having been on the plane). However, the sentence can also be interpreted to mean that the violinist was linked to something called a "crash blossom".

Nouns that can be misconstrued as verbs and vice versa are, in fact, the hallmarks of the crash blossom. Take this headline, often attributed to The Guardian: “British Left Waffles on Falklands.”

2010, Ben Zimmer, Crash Blossoms, New York Times

(linguistics) A sentence, often a news headline, that is subject to incorrect interpretation due to syntactic and/or lexical ambiguity.


GPC

(linguistics) Initialism of grapheme-phoneme correspondence.


CUWPL

Columbia University
w:Columbia University

(linguistics) Initialism of Columbia University Working Papers in Linguistics.


aspectualizer

(grammar) A constituent of a phrase that specifies the aspect of a verb phrase.


andative

(grammar) Indicating motion away from something.


andative

However, most of the andatives and venitives in our database do not have future as a use. Bernd Heine (p.c.) reports that andative and venitive are usually derivational in African languages and occur in different types of constructions than movement-futures (see also Heine and Reh, 1984:142).

1991, Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Approaches to Grammaticalization, volume 2, page 49:

(grammar) A grammatical word, particle, or inflection that indicates motion away from something; or, the indication so provided.


itive

From Latin itus (“gone”), perfect passive participle of eō (“to go”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) + -ive.

The itive aspectizers express a totalizing of the action.

1993, George van Driem, A Grammar of Dumi, page 210:

[…] in other words, the itive verb here signals narrative dissonance, with all the attendant effects […]

2003, Roberta Facchinetti, Frank Palmer, Manfred Krug, Modality in Contemporary English, page 121:


malefactive

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action.


malefactive

(linguistics) A term or sentence element that serves a malefactive role or that is inflected for the malefactive case.


metaphoreme

(linguistics) A non-literal expression with a relatively fixed lexicogrammatical form and specific semantics and pragmatics, associated with metaphoric language.


Winter's law

Named after Werner Winter, who postulated it in 1978.

A sound law operating on Balto-Slavic short vowels, according to which they lengthen before unaspirated voiced stops, and that syllable gains rising, acute accent.


avoidance speech

(linguistics) a special restricted speech style in certain languages used to refer to taboo subjects, or as a sign of respect in the presence of certain people, while doing certain activities, following a death, etc., distinguished by a specialized lexicon.


dvigu

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A form of tatpuruṣa in which the modifying member is a number.


cenemic

Letters of the English alphabet are cenemic.

(linguistics) Of a basic unit of a writing system: having no specific meaning.


pleremic

Chinese characters are pleremic.

(linguistics) Of a basic unit of a writing system: having a specific meaning associated with it.


subjunctivize

en-verb

subjunctivize (third-person singular simple present subjunctivizes, present participle subjunctivizing, simple past and past participle subjunctivized)

subjunctivizes (present singular third-person)
subjunctivizing (participle present)
subjunctivized (participle past)
subjunctivized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To convert to a subjunctive form.


non-gradable

nestupňovatelný

linguistics: that cannot be varied to show degree

(linguistics) (of an adjective) Describing a quality that cannot normally be varied because it is extreme (e.g. freezing), absolute (e.g. dead), or classification (e.g. nuclear).


non-gradable

(linguistics) Any adjective that is not gradable.


labio-palatal

(phonetics) articulated on the lips and the palate


intransitive preposition

en-noun

intransitive preposition (plural intransitive prepositions)

Let's move on to the consideration of intransitive prepositions.

(linguistics) A preposition used intransitively, ie, without an object, traditionally called an adverb, sometimes a particle.


Epic Greek

A form of Archaic Greek largely based on Ionic, used by Homer and Hesiod.


Withgott effect

Observed by M. M. Withgott in a 1982 dissertation.

(phonology) A phenomenon relating to the pronunciation of stops in American English, whereby words appear to be chunked into pronunciation units, based on their morphology, which may block flapping.


monophrasis

monophrasis (usually uncountable, plural monophrases)

(linguistics) Any word carrying a complete sense by itself; not a polylectic term.

(linguistics) A univerbation; a polylectic term merger.


degree of comparison

degree of comparison (plural degrees of comparison)

The degrees of comparison of good are good (positive), better (comparative) and best (superlative).

The word red is an adjective, in the dogmatical or positive degree of comparison.

1820, James Brown, An American Grammar, page 43:

There are commonly reckoned three degrees of comparison, namely: the positive, comparative and superlative; though, strictly speaking, there are but two degrees, the positive being merely the state of the adjective itself.

1833, Joseph Hervey Hull, English Grammar, by Lectures, page 55:

Among the degrees of comparison, some have enumerated equality; as when we say, "It is as sweet as honey."

1851, Goold Brown, edited by Samuel U. Berrian, The Grammar of English Grammars, 10th edition, page 285:

The degrees of comparison possible are: positive (big), comparative (bigger), superlative (biggest), and elative (very big).

2007, Rodney J. Decker, Koine Greek Reader: Selections from the New Testament, Septuagint, and Early Christian Writers, page 205:

(linguistics, grammar) A form of an adjective that indicates a different degree of the attribute the adjective denotes; like the positive, comparative and superlative forms.


substratal

The West African languages that were substratal to most of the Atlantic creoles have regularly overt copulas […].

2018, John H. McWhorter, The Creole Debate, Cambridge University Press, page 10:

(linguistics) Specifically, pertaining to a substrate language.


introflexive

By surface analysis, intro- + flex + -ive. Further etymology unknown.

surf

Considering the effect segmentation has on this introflexive type it may be viewed as a special case of the agglutinative type: Every "normal" word (word stem) can be broken down into a (discontinuous) root (normally consisting of three consonants C₁C₂C₃) and a stem-constitutive morpheme: fataha 'to open (tr.)' must be analyzed as /f...t...h/ 'OPEN' (the root) plus /CaCaCa/, which represnents the basic verbal stem, also called the first (verbal) stem or stem I.

1991, Hansjakob Seiler, Waldfried Premper, Partizipation, →ISBN, page 635:

The introflexive type is relatively strongly developed in the Semitic languages; it never serves as a basis for the whole structure of a language, but is always combined with another, more extensively developed type.

1999, Masayoshi Shibatani, Theodora Bynon, Approaches to Language Typology, →ISBN, page 57:

The above sections have shown that there is much more to morphological typology than the traditional scale ranging from isolating to introflexive languages given in (27) can capture.

2012, Viveka Velupillai, An Introduction to Linguistic Typology, →ISBN, page 108:

(linguistics) Pertaining to languages in which grammatical information is conveyed through the insertion of a pattern of vowels into a consonantal root, also called root-and-pattern.


CARIN

(linguistics) Initialism of competition among relations in nominals.


semiauxiliary

(grammar) Of a verb: functioning rather like an auxiliary verb, but not considered to be a full member of that class.


semiauxiliary

(grammar) A verb that functions rather like an auxiliary verb but is not considered to be a full member of that class.


ceneme

(linguistics) A phonological unit of expression that has no inherent meaning


language arts

The study of language as a subject in primary school and secondary school, with a particular focus on essay writing and debate.

語言藝術

study of language as a subject in primary and secondary school


indirect transitive

French indirect transitive verbs, i.e. verbs which take an indirect object, cannot be passive.

1999, Monique L'Huillier, Advanced French Grammar, →ISBN, page 245:

It is common, not only for perception verbs but also for verbs that convey a metaphorically directional action with partially affected objects (especially animate objects), to display canonical indirect transitive constructions.

2008, Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann, The Typology of Semantic Alignment, →ISBN, page 209:

Overall children's performance on direct transitive event (e.g. girl crumpling a paper) was not significantly different from their performance on the indirect transitive event (e.g. man putting powder in a liquid that changes its color).

2008, Hindi-speaking Two-year-old Children's Development of Verb Constructions, →ISBN:

(grammar, of a verb) Taking an indirect object.


plereme

(linguistics) A unit of content that is the minimal meaningful unit


prosodeme

(linguistics) A phoneme that extends over more than one segment of sound


presequence

(linguistics) The opening part of a conversation.


pseudoclefting

(linguistics) The insertion of is what or a similar word sequence so as to form a pseudocleft sentence, as when changing "she bought an apple" to "an apple is what she bought".


psych verb

(linguistics) A verb indicating a change in psychological state, such as shock, encourage, or agitate.


UTAH

(linguistics) Initialism of uniform theta-role assignment hypothesis.


morphotactically

(linguistics) In terms of morphotactics.


Baker's paradox

(linguistics) The apparent paradox that children learning English encounter many sentences amenable to dative shift (e.g. "give the book to me" → "give me the book") but apparently have no way to learn that this is not possible with certain verbs (e.g. "*donate me the book" is unacceptable), and yet rarely make this kind of error.


argumenthood

If there is no DP in the 'strict' sense, the question arises as how Chinese encodes argumenthood and referential properties.

2006, Joanna Ut-seong Sio, Modification and reference in the Chinese nominal, page 10:

(linguistics) The property of being an argument.


deonticity

(ethics, linguistics) The property of being deontic.


transnumeral

From trans- (“beyond”) + numeral (“relating to number”).

affix

(grammar) Ambiguous as to whether it refers to one thing (singular) or more than one (dual or plural).


procope

Learned borrowing from Late Latin procopē, via Ancient Greek προκοπή (prokopḗ) from verb προκόπτω (prokóptō, “to cut away in front; forward, advance”), προ- (pro-, “before; in front”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “to cut”).

af

(phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Apheresis, the loss or removal of a sound at the beginning of a word.

apocope

loss or omission of a sound from the end of a word

syncope

loss or elision of a sound from the interior of a word


semantosyllabic

(linguistics, rare) Of a grapheme: combining semantic and phonetic information.


morphosyllabic

a morphosyllabic Mandarin character

(linguistics) Representing both a syllable and a morpheme.


interlinearization

(linguistics) The use of interlinear notation.


interlinearize

en-verb

interlinearize (third-person singular simple present interlinearizes, present participle interlinearizing, simple past and past participle interlinearized)

interlinearizes (present singular third-person)
interlinearizing (participle present)
interlinearized (participle past)
interlinearized (past)

(linguistics, transitive) To mark up (text) with interlinear notation.


rauding

Blend of reading + auding, coined by Ronald P. Carver.

(linguistics) The combination of reading and auding.


nonhead

(grammar) Any grammatical element that is not a head.


causativize

causativize (third-person singular simple present causativizes, present participle causativizing, simple past and past participle causativized)

causativizes (present singular third-person)
causativizing (participle present)
causativized (participle past)
causativized (past)

(transitive, intransitive, grammar) To make or become causative.


extrametrical

(linguistics) Exhibiting or relating to extrametricality.


subcompounding

(linguistics) The formation of subcompounds.


cocompounding

(linguistics) The formation of cocompounds.


postsyntactic

Japanese has postsyntactic compounds that consist of whole phrases.

(linguistics) Formed or occurring after the syntactic stage.


extrametricality

(linguistics) The situation where a particular segment or prosodic unit of a word may be ignored for the purposes of determining the stresses in the word's pronunciation.

extrametricidade

situation where certain segments of a word are irrelevant to its stress structure


subcompound

(linguistics) A compound that makes up part of a larger compound.


prealphabetic

(linguistics) Before the alphabet has been learned.


subconstituency

The dominance relation directly characterizes the property of subconstituency: X dominates Y if Y is a subconstituent of X.

2000, North Eastern Linguistic Society, NELS: Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society:

The result is the exclusion of access by a selecting head to information about either the phonological form or the syntactic subconstituency of its arguments.

2003, Lynn Nadel, Encyclopedia of cognitive science - Volume 1, →ISBN, page 670:

(linguistics) The property of being a subconstituent.


pseudoprefix

(linguistics) A word element that looks like a prefix but is not, such as sub- in sublime.


subconstituent

In any metrical tree or constituent, the HTE of the subconstituent dominated by l is: a. One register step lower than the HTE of the subconstituent dominated by h when the l subconstituent is on the right; b. at the same register as the HTE of the subconstituent dominated by h when the l subconstituent is on the left.

1990, John Kingston, Mary E. Beckman, Papers in Laboratory Phonology, →ISBN, page 44:

Given two adjacent constituents A and B, two cases must be considered: * A can attach as a left subconstituent of B; * B can attach as a right subconstituent of A, or as a right subconstituent of an active subconstituent of A.

2014, Núria Gala, Reinhard Rapp, Gemma Bel-Enguix, Language Production, Cognition, and the Lexicon, →ISBN, page 479:

(linguistics) A part or component of a syntactic, morphological, or phonetic constituent.


Narten present

Named after the Indo-Iranianist Johanna Narten, who posited its existence in 1968.

(grammar) A proposed inflectional class of the Proto-Indo-European verb, characterized by accent on the root in all of the person-number forms.


Proto-Central Algonquian

(linguistics, historical) The formerly-hypothesized proto-language of the Central Algonquian languages, now recognized to be in effect Proto-Algonquian because Central Algonquian is not a genetic group.


depalatalize

depalatalize (third-person singular simple present depalatalizes, present participle depalatalizing, simple past and past participle depalatalized)

depalatalizes (present singular third-person)
depalatalizing (participle present)
depalatalized (participle past)
depalatalized (past)

(phonetics, transitive) To modify (a sound) so that it is no longer palatal or phonetically palatalized.

(phonetics, intransitive, unaccusative, of a sound) To be modified so that it is no longer palatal or palatalized.


actionness

That action which, upon being performed, does not prejudicially affect its agent is deemed to have lost its nature of 'actionness' (karmatva) as well as its binding force (bandhakatva).

2006, Shrinivas Tilak, Understanding Karma:

Thus despite the usefulness of the noun 'agency' to describe actionness, and the ubiquity of the 'agency–structure debate' […]

2015, Christopher Hill, Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century:

(philosophy, linguistics) The property of being an action.


uninversion

(linguistics) A kind of error where an utterance has not undergone the proper inversion, as in "*What she is eating?" for "What is she eating?".


detotalize

detotalize (third-person singular simple present detotalizes, present participle detotalizing, simple past and past participle detotalized)

detotalizes (present singular third-person)
detotalizing (participle present)
detotalized (participle past)
detotalized (past)

(transitive, philosophy, semiotics) To cause (something) no longer to be the total state of things, by means of adding something further that is not a part of it; to make incomplete by addition.


patrilect

Patrilect is a marker of patriclan membership and thus a symbol of identity.

1991, Philip Baldi, Patterns of Change - Change of Patterns, →ISBN:

Second, speakers are always familiar with at least two languages (patrilect and matrilect) and typically more.

2013, Janet Chernela, “Toward an East Tukano ethnolinguistics: Metadiscursive practices, identity, and sustained linguistic diversity in the Vaupe/s basin of Brazil and Colombia”, in Upper Rio Negro: Cultural and Linguistic Interaction in Northwestern Amazonia, →ISBN, page 216:

Sui children rapidly learn to distinguish these clan-related dialects; young children may speak a mix of matrilect and patrilect, but older children and teenagers are almost fully patrilectal (Stanford, 2008b).

2013, Christine Mallinson, Becky Childs, Gerard Van Herk, Data Collection in Sociolinguistics, →ISBN:

(linguistics) The language or dialect spoken by the patriclan.


satellect

There is reason to suspect that since this over-generalization is done by one satellect (i.e., HC), it must be a fundamental phenomenon of all satellects.

1971, Working Papers in Linguistics - Volume 3, Parts 3-4, page 24:

In Day (1971), I proposed that in doing so, the creole (or, in the terminology used in that paper, the satellect), could demonstrate the reverse of natural language development. That is, instead of language change through a process of rule simplification, re-ordering, and deletion (cf. King 1969; Kiparsky 1968a), the satellect could change by some of its rules becoming more restrictive, less simple.

1972, Richard R. Day, Patterns of variation in copula and tense in the Hawaiian post-creole continuum (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii), page 14:

If one parent remains culturally dominant, however, the creole becomes a satellite ('satellect' or 'acolutholect') to that dominant language, which may be termed the 'matrilect'. In time, the creole normally begins recreolizing with the matrilect by borrowing from it. The different degrees in which the matrilect has been mixed into the creole consititute a 'gradatum' of overlapping systems in which the farthest from the matrilect at any moment is termed the 'basilect' by William Stewart.

1974, David De Camp, Ian F. Hancock, Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects, →ISBN, page 89:

A creole that exists within a culture where one of the parent languages remains the dominant local language.


xenolectal

At some point in the decreolization process, however, xenolectal structures become masked by surface-structure mimicry of the matrilect, so that the apparent degree of xenolecticity of the evolving mimolect drops below the real level, as represented by the crossover of A-B and C-D.

1989, Ofelia García, Ricardo Otheguy, English across cultures, cultures across English, →ISBN, page 277:

(linguistics) Of, or relating to a xenolect.


xenolecticity

(linguistics) The property of being a xenolect.


recreolize

recreolize (third-person singular simple present recreolizes, present participle recreolizing, simple past and past participle recreolized)

recreolizes (present singular third-person)
recreolizing (participle present)
recreolized (participle past)
recreolized (past)

If one parent remains culturally dominant, however, the creole becomes a satellite ('satellect' or 'acolutholect') to that dominant language, which may be termed the 'matrilect'. In time, the creole normally begins recreolizing with the matrilect by borrowing from it. The different degrees in which the matrilect has been mixed into the creole constitute a 'gradatum' of overlapping systems in which the farthest from the matrilect at any moment is termed the 'basilect' by William Stewart.

(linguistics) To modify a language by introducing additional elements of the matrilect.


matrilect

However, as a satellect moves closer to its matrilect, it would seem as though the reverse process should take place: the rules should become more restrictive, less simple. The speakers would at first over-generalize; they would have rules which would permit utterances which were outside the limits of acceptability in the matrilect. Such rules would have to be restricted as the satellect approached its matrilect.

1971, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Working Papers in Linguistics III, parts 3–4, page 20

The highest level of good English has been called the acrolect; the lowest level of poor speech, the basilect; both are contrasted with the matrilect, the general native language.

1977, Joseph Twadell Shipley, In praise of English: the growth & use of language, page 78:

In the process, as substantial numbers of black speakers underwent decreolization, their decreolized speech, although technically a mimolect, would have much of the surface form and therefore social status of a true matrilect, and would itself then serve as an additional model for those speakers further behind in the decreolization process.

1990, Edward Herman Bendix, The Uses of Linguistics - Volume 583, →ISBN, page 43:

One colloquial variety of Afrikaans, called "Glaaitaal" (also known as "Tsotsitaal"), a highly syncretic slang, frequently spoken by younger generation black Africans in metropolitan areas and based in the Johannesburg area, amongst others, on Afrikaans as matrilect, has been investigated structurally and pragmatically to a limited extent, but not much is known regarding attitudinal aspects.

1995, Victor N. Webb, Language in South Africa, →ISBN, page 184:

(linguistics) The language of the dominant local culture, in the situation where a pidgin or creole is formed from the language of the dominant culture and another outside introduced language.

The Tariana preference to speak in matrilect to mother’s relatives, as reported by Aikhenvald, provides a strong comparative starting point for continued research on the norms of appropriate language use among Arawak Tariana and East Tukano speakers.

2013, Janet Chernela, “Toward an East Tukano ethnolinguistics: Metadiscursive practices, identity, and sustained linguistic diversity in the Vaupe/s basin of Brazil and Colombia”, in Upper Rio Negro: Cultural and Linguistic Interaction in Northwestern Amazonia, →ISBN, page 208:

Stanford finds that women from the South who marry into North households maintain their Southern pattern almost perfectly, and children acquire much of this matrilect in their initial language learning period of 3 to 5 years of age.

2014, Martin Pütz, Justyna A. Robinson, Monika Reif, Cognitive Sociolinguistics, →ISBN, page 30:

(linguistics) The idiolect of the mother or the mother's clan in a household where the mother and the father speak different idiolects.


near-synonym

(linguistics) A term whose meaning is similar, but not identical, to that of another term.


extralexical

(linguistics) Outside of lexical concerns; not part of the lexicon.


articleless

Mandarin, Korean, and almost all of the Slavic languages are articleless.

A striking feature of English is the use of abstract nouns as articleless referring expressions, indicating that many abstract things are seen as inherently unique.

2007, Günter Radden, Cognitive English Grammar, page 102:


coradicate

It will be observed that the forms in s- occur only in the nominative and that the genitive forms are coradicate with the nominative form neuter.

1907, Allison Emery Drake, Discoveries in Hebrew, Gaelic, Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Basque and other Caucasic languages:


umlautlessness

As noted, the weak suffix -ita (< -iða) loses its vowel in long stems, creating this pattern of umlautlessness in long-stem preterit forms.

2012, Joseph Salmons, A History of German, page 136:

The fact or state of not exhibiting any signs of phonological umlaut.


stressability

(linguistics) The quality of being stressable.


syllable-timed

Coordinate term: stress-timed

(linguistics, phonetics) Of a language, such that every spoken syllable takes up more or less the same amount of time.


unstressable

The schwa vowel is unstressable in English, though it may be stressed in Albanian.

(linguistics) Not capable of being stressed, or emphasized in speech.


stress-timed

Coordinate term: syllable-timed

(linguistics, phonetics) Of a language, such that syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time between consecutive stressed syllables.


linguistic terrain

en-noun

linguistic terrain (countable and uncountable, plural linguistic terrains)

The purpose is twofold: to show the reader the lions in the Arabian linguistic terrain, those unions of pattern and meaning in which the language may take special pride; and, where appropriate, to see what formal procedures are used in our own back yard to handle the same semantic task.

1987, David Justice, The Semantics of Form in Arabic in the Mirror of European Languages, John Benjamins Publishing, pages 7–8:

The tracks laid for the systems of semantical linguistics were among the first evidences of the scientific invasion of linguistic terrain.

1997 Laura (Riding) Jackson and Schuyler B. Jackson; edited by William Harmon, "Supplementary Essays: The New Grammar," Rational Meaning: A New Foundation for the Definition of Words and Supplementary Essays, University of Virginia Press, 1997. p. 542

Instead of there being a single unified groundwork of all experience and knowledge, Wittgenstein is alleged to show us that the linguistic terrain is broken up into subdivisions each with its constitutive forms of representation .... Thus, Wittgenstein's appeal to the diversity of language is construed as the claim that there are numerous subdivisions to the linguistic terrain and not a single whole to be delimited.

2002, Meredith Williams, Wittgenstein, Mind and Meaning: Towards a Social Conception of Mind, Psychology Press, page 65:

A spatial conception of the character or use of language or languages.


sh sound

This sound is typically spelled sh in English words.

(informal, phonetics) A voiceless postalveolar fricative.


mediary

All is continuous, as Thirdness, generality, a temporal and mediary collusion of the values of the possible (as Firstness) and the singular (as Secondness).

1991, Floyd Merrell, Signs Becoming Signs: Our Perfusive, Pervasive Universe, page 93:

Thirdness can be tentatively qualified as that which brings about mediation between two other entities in such a manner that they are related to each other in the same way they are related to the third entity as a result of its mediary act.

2000, Susan Petrilli, La traduzione, →ISBN, page 86:

Due to the mediary role of thirdness, each of the categories can intermittently play the role of any of the other categories. Yet at a given space-time juncture, one of the three will be a first, one a second, and one a third.

2005, Paul Cobley, The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics, →ISBN, page 33:

(semiotics) Defining or inferring a generalization or category of meaning.


Saxon genitive

So named because the possessive was one of the only productive relics of the Anglo-Saxon declensional system.

It is against euphony to make two genitives of the same form follow each other, particularly when they are Saxon genitives.

1871, A. J. Mertens, A Complete English Grammar, page 71:

First, not all Saxon genitives can be paraphrased with have: many subjective and objective nominalizations (the boy's escape, the boy's release), genitives of origin (the boy's letter), genitives of measure (ten days' absence), and many genitives with non-human reference points (today's paper, next year's profits, duty's call, the poll's results) do not have analogous uses with have (*The boy has an escape, *The boy has a release...).

1997, Ewa Dąbrowska, Cognitive Semantics and the Polish Dative, page 149:

(linguistics) A genitive construction in English formed with the possessive clitic -'s.


Saigonese

(linguistics) A dialect of Vietnamese spoken in and around Saigon.


coreferent

Syntactic constraints included recognizing structures such as appositive constructions and i-within-i filter, which prevents parent noun phrases in a parse tree from being coreferent with any of children.

2016 March 3, “Bio-SCoRes: A Smorgasbord Architecture for Coreference Resolution in Biomedical Text”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


endonymy

We can also briefly note that both a sense description of the type given above and the use of meaning postulates can be compared to the notion of endonymy, which was introduced by Cruse (1986: 123 f). It is intended to describe the relation between two lexical items when the meaning of one of them would seem to be included in that of the other.

1993, Christina Alm-Arvius, The English verb see: a study in multiple meaning, page 18:

Evens et al. (1983) have a provenience relation (water/well), and Cruse (1986) has a proportional series relation made up of recurring endonymy (university/lecturer/student, prison/warden/convict, hospital/doctor/patient).

2003, Jane Morris, Clare Beghtol, Graeme Hirst, Term relationships and their contribution to text semantics and information literacy through lexical cohesion:

Strictly speaking, endonymy is such a general meaning relation that it would cover hyponymy and certain part–whole relationships, e.g. finger and hand, as well as the kind of examples just listed.

2011, Cliff Goddard, Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduction, →ISBN, page 200:

(semantics) A relationship of semantic inclusion, such as that between "store" and "shopping mall".


personless

(grammar) Without a grammatical person, not inflected for person.


tonified

en-adj

tonified (comparative more tonified, superlative most tonified)

more tonified (comparative)
most tonified (superlative)

The accentual nature of H tones was said to be captured by this formal property not obtaining in “pure tone” languages with completely tonified underlying forms.

1984, George N. Clements, J. Goldsmith, Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone, →ISBN, page 75:

In fact, the claim is inherent in the H vs. ∅ underlying system that only languages that have this kind of opposition (as opposed to completely tonified underlying forms) will have globality.

1985, D. L. Goyvaerts, African Linguistics: Essays in Memory of M.W.K. Semikenke, →ISBN, page 251:

The existence of such processes requires that Djuka be regarded as an incompletely tonified language with underlyingly specified H-tones.

1989, Hubert Devonish, Talking in Tones: A Study of Tone in Afro-European Creole Languages, →ISBN:

(linguistics) relying on tone as a determinant of meaning; tonal.


orthonym

This technique is illustrated by Example Two (Figure 6) where the non-native speaker (NNS) is searching for the orthonym, proposes a German word which is then translated by one of the native speakers (NS) of French.

2002, Daniel W.C. So, Gary M. Jones, Education and Society in Plurilingual Contexts, →ISBN, page 13:

To perform a series of pragmatic functions, to find the 'right word' (the orthonym) or to fill the gap of words s/he doesn't know, that are momentarily not accessible or that may not even exist in the matrix language, s/he will switch to the embedded language.

2003, Georges Lüdi, “Code-switching and Unbalanced Bilingualism”, in Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles:

In a similar way, we may interpret the evolution from lexical code-switching to borrowing as a change in the interpretation of the status of the lexical form in the sense that it is considered an orthonym not only in bilingual settings ('the right word comes from the other language and therefore I code-switch'), but also in monolingual ones ('there is a proper word in another language and therefore I propose to introduce it as a "guest word" in the respective monolingual lexicon'). In other terms, a "foreign" element can be a borrowing from its very first occurrence if it is intended and interactively accepted as the orthonym in a monolingual setting.

2004, Ulrich Ammon, Sociolinguistics, →ISBN, page 349:

(linguistics) The correct word for a concept in a specified language.


non-target-like

(linguistics) Of a linguistic feature produced by a language learner: unlike that linguistic feature as it occurs in the target language.


abstand

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) Of a language or dialect (a lect), being different from another lect in its intrinsic linguistic features (as opposed to extrinsic features such as social, political or legal status)


irregularization

en-noun

irregularization (countable and uncountable, plural irregularizations)


Yorkshire assimilation

(phonetics) A kind of assimilation associated with the English spoken in Yorkshire, England, where a final voiced obstruent preceding an initial voiceless obstruent is devoiced.


exoactive

'Endoactive' is similar to the 'middle voice' in some IE languages: the action was conceived as operating in or on the subject; in the exoactive, the verbal action was directed outward from the subject (R.L. Palmer, The Latin Language, 1987: 262).

2007, Axel Schuessler, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 39:

(grammar) Being or relating to a kind of verb whose action is directed outward from the subject.


endoactive

‘Endoactive’ is similar to the 'middle voice' in some IE languages: the action was conceived as operating in or on the subject; in the exoactive, the verbal action was directed outward from the subject (R.L. Palmer, The Latin Language, 1987: 262).

(grammar) Being or relating to a kind of verb where an action operates in or on the subject, similar to the middle voice.


e-form

In the plural, an 'e' is added to the adjective creating the 'e-form,' both for common and neuter gender. (...) An 'e' is also added in the definite singular, using den and det (the), for both genders: […]

2007, Nete Schmidt, Beginner's Danish, Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, page 48:

Most adjectives can appear in three different forms: the basic form, the t-form and the e-form.

2004, Kirsten Gade, W. Glyn Jones, Colloquial Danish, Routledge, →ISBN, page 62:

(linguistics, of the Danish language) The definite singular and plural form of adjectives, which often end in -e.


lingueme

(linguistics) Any unit of linguistic structure, such as a phoneme, a morpheme, or a whole phrase.


covert prestige

(sociolinguistics) Prestige acquired in a community by using a non-standard language variety, such as a working-class dialect.


surfacism

transformational grammar
transformational grammar

(grammar) In transformational grammar, the belief that deep and surface structures are similar.


Dreimorengesetz

(phonology) The three-mora rule, specifying where to place the accent in Germanic words.


perintegration

perintegration (countable and uncountable, plural perintegrations)

Morphemics is in the foreground, but the author had to touch upon morphonological issues as well, especially the boundaries between morphemes and the so-called" morphemic knots" (overlappings), perintegration (shift of a morpheme boundary).

1994, Miroslav Komárek, “Prague School Morphonology”, in The Prague School of Structural and Functional Linguistics: A Short Introduction, page 61:

Depending upon the measure, semantic or formal decorrelation between two units leads to the existence of radix polysemy, delimitation of potential morphematic boundaries or perintegration in primary word formation structure.

2009, M Ivanova, “Dynamic Aspect of the Word Formation in Motivation and it's Reflection in the Dictionary of Slovak Radix Morphemes”, in Slovenská reč (Slovak Language), volume 74, number 2:

It is also due to the fact that the integrated meaning of the VNA is not only a simple sum of meanings of its constituent elements, according to the rule 'more words equals more content', but results as well from a peculiar perintegration of meanings brought by all these elements.

2011, Ewa Jędrzejko, “The problematics of describing periphrastic predication Between word and image”, in Studies in Polish Linguistics, volume 6, number 1:

(linguistics) A secondary interpretation or analysis of the morphemic structure of a word, allowing its reinterpretation or a transfer of morphemic boundaries.


perintegrate

en-verb

perintegrate (third-person singular simple present perintegrates, present participle perintegrating, simple past and past participle perintegrated)

perintegrates (present singular third-person)
perintegrating (participle present)
perintegrated (participle past)
perintegrated (past)

las-anek has been modelled upon sasanek, -nka, 'anemone' or 'pulsatilla' (D.), for which D. has quotations from Konopnicka, Lenartowicz, and Sienkiewicz (the fem. sasanka, though not attested by any examples in D., seems to be the normal form now); sasanek has been falsely perintegrated, cf. Sas, 'a Saxon', and the suffix -an-ek/-an-k- derived therefrom;

1956, Stanisław Westfal, A Study in Polish Morphology: The Genitive Singular Masculine:

Another perintegrated morph of adjective in Present-Day Russian is -ONN-.

1985, Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae, page 204:

As will be remembered, combinatroy sound change is guaranteed by the 'static law of sound combinations', i.e. by the fact that neighbouring souncs (complex entities, made up of various articulatory activities) influence each other (their articulatory and acoustic features 'perintegrate'); morphological and semantic change proceed in accordance with the psychological laws of association, whose operation, due to the human factor is less regular and less predictable.

1996, Arleta Adamska-Sałaciak, Language Change in the Works of Kruszewski, Baudouin de Courtenay, and Rozwadowski, page 108:

Occasionally, Slavic languages become incorporated or “perintegrated” with neighboring Slavic languages by sharing the innovations of the latter, see e.g. (1) the Kajkavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian, which is of Slovene origin, or (g) Kashubian which has become attached to Polish; such languages are also multilayered.

2002, Paul Wexler, Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish, →ISBN:

(linguistics) To undergo perintegration.


seṭ

Borrowed from Sanskrit सेट् (seṭ, “with i”).

(Sanskrit grammar, Indo-European studies) of a root, having a final i sound in certain forms, originating from a final laryngeal in Proto-Indo-European


aniṭ

Borrowed from Sanskrit अनिट् (aniṭ, “without i”).

(Sanskrit grammar, Indo-European studies) of a root, not seṭ, not having a final i sound


plerematic

With regard to the segregation of plerematic words into classes, Professor Dobson says: It is a feature of this description that "content or plerematic words" are not segregated into word-classes; rather, analysis is made of the types of distribution and environment in which they occur, such types of distribution being classified.

1961, Journal of the American Oriental Society - Volume 81, page 306:

The delimitative devices or 'punctuation marks' here have the same type of structure as the other plerematic signs.

1983, Florian Coulmas, Konrad Ehlich, Writing in Focus, →ISBN, page 52:

Thus in languages two strata are established, one plerematic and the other cenematic, which—in terms of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships—are organised entirely analogously.

1998, Mark Janse, Productivity and Creativity, →ISBN:

(linguistics) Pertaining to meaning, as opposed to structure or syntax.


translinguality

en-noun

translinguality (usually uncountable, plural translingualities)

(linguistics) The quality or state of being translingual.


East Semitic

(linguistics) A subgroup of the Semitic languages, attested by two distinct languages, Akkadian and Eblaite, both of which have been long extinct.


West Semitic

(linguistics) A proposed major subgroup of ancient Semitic languages, consisting of all Semitic languages not included in the East Semitic subgroup.


Eteocypriot

(linguistics) A pre-Indo-European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus.


Boko

(linguistics) A Mande language spoken by the Boko people.


Wenker sentence

Wenker sentence (plural Wenker sentences)

(linguistics) Any of 40 sample sentences, written in Standard German, used to map spoken dialects of the German language.

Wenkersatz

any of 40 sample sentences developed as an effort to map spoken dialects of the German language


borrowability

(linguistics) (of words, constructions, etc) The quality of being borrowable.


interface hypothesis

(linguistics) The hypothesis that, for adult second language learners, acquiring grammatical properties and interfacing between them (for example, between syntax and semantics) should not be problematic, but that interfacing between these and an external component, such as pragmatics or discourse information, will prove to be very difficult.


ACD

ACD (countable and uncountable, plural ACDs)

antecedent-contained deletion
antecedent-contained deletion#English

(grammar) Initialism of antecedent-contained deletion.


Newar

(linguistics) The Sino-Tibetan language of this people.


shitgibbon

Ben Zimmer
Daylin Leach
Donald Trump
NME
Twitter

* (insult): Shitgibbon compound of shit + gibbon. Coined by journalist David Quantick in British music magazine NME in January 1990.
* (linguistics): Coined by linguist Taylor Jones in a blog post from February 2017 (see quote), which followed an earlier blog post by linguist Ben Zimmer about the insult's origin and linguistic qualities. The posts were written shortly after the prominent use of shitgibbon as an insult by politician Daylin Leach on Twitter directed at then-US president Donald Trump. Leach's tweet may have been inspired by a similar 2016 viral tweet by user @MetalOllie, who also directed the term at Trump.

How to make a shitgibbon in two easy steps

2017 February 9, Taylor Jones, “Linguists have been discussing "shit gibbon." I argue it's not entirely about gibbons.”, in languagejones.com, archived from the original on 2017-02-16:

At any rate, since this now seems to be an active area of linguistics research, I think we need a name for this construction. I'm going to propose "shitgibbon compounds".

[2017 February 13, Gretchen McCulloch, “The orgin and constraints of “shitgibbon” compounds”, in All Things Linguistic, archived from the original on 2022-10-24:

For this post, I’m showing the frequency of many possible shitgibbon compounds, measured in raw Google hits, as a way of getting an idea of their popularity. […] Per Zimmer, each of these shitgibbons start with a monosyllabic sweary word, and the other two syllables are a trochee; a two-syllable word with the stress on the first syllable.

2017 February 16, Daniel Midgley, danielmidgley.com, archived from the original on 2018-01-05:

Participants judged shitgibbons with matching vowels as more satisfying (2.79 vs. 2.49) and funnier (2.80 vs. 2.46) than shitgibbons without matching vowels, while the effect of matching consonants was minuscule – less than a hundredth of a point on either of the 1–5 scales.

2018, Anne-Michelle Tessier, Michael Becker, “Vowel but not consonant identity and the very informal English lexicon”, in Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Meeting on Phonology, →DOI, page 3:

At @GalaxyKate’s challenge I have made a bot that generates shitgibbon compounds - @shitgibbon_bot. Check it out if you find that amusing, though warning, it is by definition explitive-ridden 😅

2019 August 1, @ampepers, Twitter, archived from the original on 2022-07-22:

(linguistics) A type of compound word used as an insult, consisting of a single-syllable expletive, followed by an absurd or innocuous two-syllable noun that usually forms a trochee.


Brittonicism

There are number of obvious Brittonicisms in the Latin, and this perhaps has something to do with the fact that the source cited is a layman -- a cyfarwydd perhaps, doing a job for the Church without demanding his customary payment.

1985, P. Sims-Williams, “Some Functions of Origin Stories in Early Medieval Wales”, in T. Nyberg et al., editors, History and Heroic Tale: A Symposium, Odense UP, →ISBN, page 109:

That in learning the Old English language these Britons engaged in a fair amount of simplification or modeling, with the result that simplifications or Brittonicisms, which often amount to the same thing, were introduced into and became predominant in the lower-class speech of Brittonic areas, which included most of the country.

2003, Hildegard L. C. Tristram, The Celtic Englishes III, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN, page 43:

(linguistics) A Brittonic feature of a language.


syndeticity

From syndetic + -ity. Equivalent to syndeton + -icity.

The state or quality of being syndetic, particularly

(grammar) The use of syndeton, the state or quality of using a conjunction or equivalent conjunctive structure.


massness

A mass noun, in contrast, does not refer to a discrete object (or objects) in the real world - it refers to massness.

(linguistics, of a noun) The quality of being a mass noun.


fossil word

Probably from the fact that a fossil was once a living organism, but is still of historical and scientific interest.

(linguistics) A word that is broadly obsolete but remains in current use because it is contained within an idiom that is still in use.


cooperative principle

(sociolinguistics) The idea that listeners and speakers need to cooperate in order to communicate effectively.

Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks, and would not be rational if they did. They are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts [...] One might label this the Cooperative Principle.

1975, H. Paul Grice, “Logic and conversation”, in Peter Cole, Jerry Morgan, editors, Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 45:

(linguistics, pragmatics) A theory of how listeners and speakers cooperate to communicate with language.