taboo deformation

taboo deformation (countable and uncountable, plural taboo deformations)

(linguistics) A modification of a word or phrase by way of euphemism to avoid a taboo (as in the case of a minced oath or due to the belief that mentioning a dangerous creature's name may cause that creature to appear).


predicate noun

Harner pointed out that "Colwell was almost entirely concerned with the question whether anarthrous predicate nouns were definite or indefinite, and he did not discuss at any length the problem of their qualitative significance."

1996, Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics, →ISBN:

(grammar) A noun used in the predicate of a sentence with a copulative verb or a factitive verb and that refers to the subject of the copulative verb or the direct object of the factitive verb. For example "He is a fireman" or "They made him chief".


prescriptionist

en-adj

prescriptionist (comparative more prescriptionist, superlative most prescriptionist)

more prescriptionist (comparative)
most prescriptionist (superlative)

Much of the disagreement between the prescriptionist and descriptionist views turns on the question of compensation among generations.

1996, James P. Bruce, Hoe-sŏng Yi, Erik F. Haites, Climate Change 1995, →ISBN:

Educators often come into the profession with a certain view of language that is more prescriptionist in nature (Edwards, 1982; Taylor, 1983; Trudgill, 1975; Williams, 1976).

2008, Maria Elisa Paredes, Language Attitudes, Linguistic Knowledge, and the Multicultural Education of Pre-Service Teachers, →ISBN:

Teaching the English language may be their bread and butter, but they are unable to enforce the notion of a 'standard prescriptionist English.'

2014, Stuart Nicholson, Is Jazz Dead?: Or Has It Moved to a New Address, →ISBN, page 174:

(political science, linguistics) Relying on historical precedent rather than current usage (to determine rights or correctness).


nonaffricate

(phonetics) Any sound that is not an affricate.


preaspirated

Coordinate term: aspirated

(phonetics, of a consonant) Affected by preaspiration.


Old Albanian

(linguistics) Any variety of the Albanian language as attested in the 16th–17th centuries.


cryptotype

(linguistics) A semantic or syntactic feature that has no morphological implementation but is crucial for the construction and understanding of a phrase.


metaplasmic

(linguistics, biology) Relating to metaplasm.


lingualization

en-noun

lingualization (countable and uncountable, plural lingualizations)

(phonetics) The process of a sound becoming lingual.


pseudo-English

Then and now Back in 1981 when I wrote the first article on this subject (The Incorporated Linguist 20, 104, 1981), Naples was in the throes of a boom in the use of English (or rather pseudo-English) in local facias and tradenames.

1985, The Incorporated Linguist: The Journal of the Institute of Linguists:

(linguistics) Lexical borrowings from English that do not correspond directly to English word usage.


lax vowel

Some vowels in English are made with roughly the same tongue position as the tense vowels, but with less constricted articulation; they are called lax vowels.

2001, Michael Dobrovolsky, “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language”, in William O'Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 35:

(phonetics) A vowel produced with relatively little constriction of the vocal tract.


tense vowel

All of the vowels illustrated [...] are tense vowels; they are produced with a placement of the tongue that results in greater vocal tract constriction than that of nontense vowels...

(phonetics) A vowel produced with relative constriction of the vocal tract.


vocal tract

The vocal tract. The further office which the nose performs, namely, that of contributing to the proper modulation of the voice, depends in great measure on the various cavities and sinuses contiguous to the nasal fossæ.

1858, George Murray Humphry, “The Skull”, in A Treatise on the Human Skeleton (including the joints), →OCLC, page 220:

...the tube of the throat between the larynx and the oral cavity, which is called the pharynx; the oral cavity; and the nasal cavity. These passages are collectively known as the vocal tract.

2001, Michael Dobrovolsky, “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language”, in William O'Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 18:

(phonetics) Portion of the human body where speech sounds are articulated; the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx.


exopassive

Exopassive verbs are viewed as directed towards the passive subject: 'to be beaten' naitake, 'to be fed' naimusa, 'to be given something' naitula.

2002 February 10, Kala Tunu, “Tunu verbal system LONG”, in Conlang Mailing List, retrieved 2016-09-14:

(grammar, rare) Being or relating to the passive voice of certain verbs.

(of a verb) Affecting the subject of the passive voice construction.

An ‘exopassive’ of a transitive verb, according to Schuessler, may be a noun meaning "the thing that has been verb-ed", so that since *suk means ‘to lodge’, *sukh means ‘what is lodged in’—or, we may say, ‘a lodge’ (Schuessler 2007: 45).

2011, Christopher Cullen, “Translating 宿 *sukh/xiu and 舍 *lhah/she—'lunar lodges', or just plain 'lodges'?”, in East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, volume 33, page 88:

(of a noun) Derived from a transitive verb, indicating the object affected.


exopassive

[For endopassives,] unlike exopassives, the hypothetical subject of the simplex is grammatically and semantically not available

2007, Axel Schuessler, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 48:

(grammar, rare) A verb with passive form, indicating the state of or action toward the subject of the passive voice construction.


endopassive

Endopassives are: (a) introvert (not extrovert); (b) passive in the sense that the subject of the endopassive word was the object of the simplex [...] (c) unlike exopassives, the hypothetical subject of the simplex is grammatically and semantically not available

(grammar, rare) A verb with the form of a passive voice construction, but indicating the state of, or an action toward something other than its subject.


endopassive

(grammar, of verbs, rare) Having passive form while predicating about something other than the subject of the passive voice construction.

4.6 Voicing of the initial consonant: endopassive derivation

(grammar, rare) Being or relating to an endopassive.


translingualism

translingualism (usually uncountable, plural translingualisms)

The idea of translingualism, as it is often called in composition studies or translanguaging as it is often called in linguistics, rejects the monolingual norm.

2020 October 27, Emily Bouza, Tim Cavnar, and Keli Tucker, “Translingualism: An Alternative to Restrictive Monolingual Ideologies in Writing Instruction”, in Another Word:

(linguistics, uncountable) The phenomenon of translingually relevant aspects of language.

This third approach can be illustrated by one of the most frequently-observed of Okara's translingualisms, the transposition into English of Ijo word-order.

1990, Research in African Literatures, volume 21, number 3, page 84:

(linguistics, countable) A specific phenomenon of translingually relevant aspects of language, such as a term or symbol used in more than one language.


translanguaging

translanguaging (countable and uncountable, plural translanguagings)

(linguistics) The dynamic process whereby multilingual language users mediate complex social and cognitive activities through strategic employment of multiple semiotic resources to act, to know, and to be.


grammaticosemantic

(linguistics) Relating to grammar and semantics.


grammaticosyntactic

(linguistics, rare) Relating to grammar and syntax.


translanguage

en-verb

translanguage (third-person singular simple present translanguages, present participle translanguaging, simple past and past participle translanguaged)

translanguages (present singular third-person)
translanguaging (participle present)
translanguaged (participle past)
translanguaged (past)

Finally, the discussion that ensues about the reading material often takes place in Spanish with children encouraged to translanguage as they try out their ideas with new language practices.

2013, Christian Abello-Contesse, Paul M. Chandler, María Dolores López-Jiménez, Bilingual and Multilingual Education in the 21st Century, →ISBN:

Whereas before she would often translanguage herself in whole-group lessons, now she calls on students with different language backgrounds to translanguage for clarification or meaning, but does not do it herself.

2015, Jasone Cenoz, Durk Gorter, Multilingual Education, →ISBN, page 220:

To translanguage is to speak naturally and freely, without regard for the restrictions established by the boundaries of named languages, without heed for the constraints that give dual names and borders and limits to the bilingual's unitary competence.

2016, Ofelia García, Tatyana Kleyn, Translanguaging with Multilingual Students, →ISBN:

(linguistics) To make use of multiple languages in a single discourse.


Nilo-Saharanist

A linguist who specialises in studying Nilo-Saharan languages.


Finno-Ugricist

A linguist who specialises in studying Finno-Ugric languages.


Mongolicist

A linguist who specialises in studying Mongolic languages.


Quechuanist

(linguistics) A linguist who specialises in studying Quechuan languages.


pidginist

(linguistics) A linguist who specialises in studying pidgins.


Austroasiaticist

(linguistics) A linguist who specialises in studying Austroasiatic languages.


ligative

(grammar) Serving to connect separate elements.


universal sorter

Compound of universal + sorter; first used in print in or around 1981 by Hendrik Bunt (see quote below) modeled on universal grinder.

The conceivability of this machine, that we might call the "Universal Sorter", indicates that in principle any "mass noun" can be used as a count noun. Of course, it is true that a "mass noun" like 'wine' undergoes a shift in meaning when used as a count noun...

1981, Hendrik Bunt, The formal semantics of mass terms, Amsterdam (dissertation), →OCLC, page 11:

(linguistics) A mechanism whereby uncountable nouns are made countable and abstract.


universal packager

Compound of universal + packager; first used in print in 1986 by Emmon Bach (see quote below) modeled on universal grinder.

Moreover, the opposite switch occurs as well: muds = 'kinds of mud', ice-creams = 'portions of ice cream' (Universal Packager).

1986 February 20, Emmon Bach, “The Algebra of Events”, in Linguistics and Philosophy, volume 9, numbers 1, Tense and Aspect in Discourse, page 10:

Similarly, the "Universal Packager" does not seem to be 'universal', but rather it appears to be largely restricted to foodstuffs, as Fillmore and Kay (1994: ch. 3, p. 29) observe.

1999, Hana Filip, Aspect, Eventuality Types, and Nominal Reference, New York: Garland, →ISBN, page 62:

(linguistics) A mechanism whereby uncountable nouns are made countable.


libfix

Coined by American linguist Arnold Zwicky from lib(erated) + -fix.

coinage

The word ‘preneur’ is considered as a neologism or a libfix, identifying people that exercise particular economic activities, such as: (1) a mompreneur […]

2019, Antonio Bartolini, Roberto Cippitani, Valentina Colcelli, editors, Dictionary of Statuses within EU Law […] , Springer, →ISBN, footnote 12, page 324:

(linguistics) An affix that has been extracted from an existing word.


classical studies

The study of Ancient Greek and Latin, their literature, history, etc., sometimes inclusive of the study of the ancient Mediterranean generally.


surface etymology

en-noun

surface etymology (plural surface etymologies)

(linguistics) The apparent etymology of a term based on components occurring in the modern form of the language, such as earth + -en for earthen, which actually occurred in Old English as eorthene.


zero derivation

zero derivation (countable and uncountable, plural zero derivations)

/ˌzɪəɹəʊ ˈdɛɹɪˌveɪʃən/

/ˌziɹəʊ ˈdɛɹɪˌveɪʃən/

(linguistics) The derivation of a word from another word (of a differing part of speech) without modification; anthimeria.


word-stock

Compound of word + stock, probably influenced by e.g. German Wortschatz, Danish ordforråd.

(linguistics, puristic) The vocabulary (set of words) of a language.


intradirective

(grammar) Being an intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action.


Meeussen's rule

Named after its first observer, Achille Emile Meeussen (1912–1978).

(phonetics) The rule describing a special case of tone reduction in Bantu languages, where in some contexts the second of two adjacent high tones is lowered.


tetraradical

With regard to ppl roots, Arabic has the noun dadan ‘toy’, probably a child’s term, but this is only a nominal root. Ethiopic also has a few examples with an identical first and second consonant root: these cases are derived from tetraradical forms of a biconsonantal origin, for example Eth. ssl ‘to leave’ < slsl < *sl.

2011 March 1, Eulàlia Vernet i Pons, “Semitic Root Incompatibilities and Historical Linguistics”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, volume 56, number 1, →DOI, page 3 footnote 6

(said of Semitic languages but rare) Having four consonants in its root.


macrostem

(Bantu linguistics) The stem of a verb, plus any object markers preceding the stem and affixes following the stem, taken as a morphological unit.


GSL

General Service List
w:General Service List

(linguistics) Initialism of General Service List.


triptotical

(linguistics) Of Arabic nouns or adjectives, taking a different ending for each of the three grammatical cases.


superjump

The paradox with these words arises because, with the exception of this class, all the descendants of aer and er words became /ihr/ and ar class words became /ehr/. The notion of a superjump is not very useful here.

1999, David L. Cooper, Linguistic Attractors: The Cognitive Dynamics of Language, →ISBN, page 101:

(linguistics) A hypothetical phonological change in which a phoneme shifts to another realization, skipping over an intermediate phonetic value that is left unchanged.


ausbau

Thus the Hindi/Urdu situation was created by an ausbau process, not unlike the process which created Norwegian as distinct from Danish, and Afrikaans as distinct from Dutch.

1988, “Religion and language varieties: the case of Hindi-Urdu”, in Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Werner Winter, editors, Languages and Cultures, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 745:

(linguistics, sociolinguistics, of a language or dialect) Constituting a standard; being deliberately shaped and standardized; having the social, political, or legal status of a standard language.


sound plural

Calque of Arabic جَمْع سَالِم (jamʕ sālim).

calque

جَمْع سَالِم

مُسْلِمُونَ مسلمون#Arabic

مُسْلِم مسلم#Arabic

ـُونَ ون#Arabic

مُسْلِمَاتٌ مسلمات#Arabic

ـَاتٌ ات#Arabic

In Semitic and other Afro-Asiatic languages, a regular plural formed by adding a suffix, without changes to the stem. An example in Arabic is مُسْلِمُونَ (muslimūna, “Muslims”), the plural form of مُسْلِم (muslim, “Muslim”), formed by adding the suffix ـُونَ (-ūna), and مُسْلِمَاتٌ (muslimātun, “Muslim women”), formed by adding the suffix ـَاتٌ (-ātun).

جَمْع سَالِم

in Arabic and other languages, regular plural formed by adding a suffix


vyanjanabhakti

en-noun

vyanjanabhakti (usually uncountable, plural vyanjanabhaktis)

Coined as the counterpart to svarabhakti, from Sanskrit व्यञ्जनभक्ति (vyañjanabhakti), compound of व्यञ्जन (vyañjana, “consonant”) + भक्ति (bhakti).

bor

व्यञ्जनभक्ति

compound

(linguistics, phonology) Epenthesis of a consonant, as in the p in consumption; excrescence.


NORM

(linguistics, countable) Initialism of nonmobile older rural male.


isograph

From iso- (“same, self”) + -graph (“writing”).

confix

(sociolinguistics) A line indicating the geographical boundaries within which a particular feature of a written script is used.


VoT

voice onset time
voice onset time#English

voice-onset time
voice-onset time#English

(phonetics) Initialism of voice onset time or initialism of voice-onset time (The amount of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing)


semolexeme

(linguistics) A combination of one or more semons that has a lexeme as a realization.


compound predicate word

en-noun

compound predicate word (plural compound predicate words)

(linguistics) A word composed of two or more stems used as a predicate (word indicating sentence or predication is a statement that may be true or false). in English, it may or may not have a space or hyphen.


morphophonetic

(linguistics) Relating to morphophonetics.


morphotonemic

(linguistics) Relating to morphotonemics.


squinting modifier

squinting modifier (plural squinting modifiers)

A squinting modifier makes the meaning ambiguous and is, therefore, an error.

1983, Marylu Mattson, Sophia Leshing, Elaine Levi, Help Yourself: A Guide to Writing and Rewriting, page 251:

Do not try to fix a squinting modifier by inserting a comma to make your readers pause.

1998, Jill Meryl Levy, Take Command of Your Writing, →ISBN, page 228:

For example: “Running on concrete surfaces quickly leads to knee damage.” Owing to the squinting modifier "quickly," this sentence could meant that running at a high rate of speed on concrete surfaces leads to knee damage, or that running on concrete surfaces will very soon lead to knee damage.

2014, Rachelle Smith, Dominic Marulllo, Ken Springer, CLEP: College Composition, →ISBN:

(grammar) A modifier that could apply to either the clause that precedes it or the clause that follows it; an instance of amphiboly.


double articulation

The concept was introduced in 1960 by the French linguist André Martinet.

(linguistics) property of speech which allows creation of potentially infinite number of meaningful language sequences out of a limited number of meaningless elements called phonemes


templatic

In templatic morphology regularity consists in the fact that derived words associated with a particular function show a consistent syllabic (sometimes also vocalic) pattern regardless of the phonological form of the source from which they are derived.

2003, Robert R. Ratcliffe, “Towards a Universal Theory of Shape-invariant (Templatic) Morphology: Classical Arabic Re-considered”, in Explorations in Seamless Morphology, →ISBN, page 260:

Stipulation of the order of segments in a morpheme is considered "normal" and, therefore, not templatic. Similarly, admitting the existence of a grammatical category like "affix" or "clitic" entails that elements belonging to such categories must have some specification for their linear realization with respect to a host - "before" or "after" are, intuitively, quite natural types of linear stipulation for such elements, and therefore, also not considered templatic.

2007, Matti Miestamo, Bernhard Wälchli, New Challenges in Typology, →ISBN:

Obviously, adding phonological material is a kind of phonological operation/transformation, whereas templatic morphology typically involves the application of different transformations in different contexts to ensure that the form conforms to a templatic shape.

2015, Matthew Baerman, The Oxford Handbook of Inflection, →ISBN, page 57:

(linguistics) Restricted to fit into a specific, limited pattern of possible structures or shapes, rather than resulting from the application of a simple generative rule.


templatically

Aspect is indicated only templatically through pattern and vocalism combination.

2010, Nizar Y. Habash, Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing, →ISBN, page 52:

A narrow focus on form and structure, especially on the stem and prefix combinations in the usually templatically construed Athapaskan verb word and other overly theoretical studies of voice and obviation, has failed to convince several generations of speakers that linguistic analysis has anything to contribute to the documentation and preservation of their threatened languages.

2012, Anna Idström, Elisabeth Piirainen, Endangered Metaphors, →ISBN:

In this way, we can analyze the Arabic broken plural as having exponence expressed templatically (as an iambic foot) and also subcategorizing for a templatic sequence (a trochaic foot), which maps onto the iambic foot.

2014, Rochelle Lieber, Pavol Stekauer, The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology, →ISBN, page 204:


inverse spelling

inverse spelling (countable and uncountable, plural inverse spellings)

(linguistics) A spelling that is not etymological, arising from a merger between a phoneme in the spelled word and a different phoneme.


egophoricity

(linguistics, of a verb) The state of being egophoric.


egophoric

(linguistics, of a verb) Relating to the speaker's perspective or identity.


tolerative

(grammar) Relating to a grammatical case, similar to the passive, that indicates something is being allowed or tolerated.


checked tone

(Chinese phonetics) Synonym of entering tone

(phonology, phonetics) In Burmese, a tone characterized by the syllable ending in the glottal stop /ʔ/.


quotatively

a morpheme that can be used quotatively


aktionsart

aktionsart (countable and uncountable, plural aktionsarten or aktionsart or aktionsarts)

aktionsarten (plural)
aktionsart (plural)
aktionsarts (plural)

From German Aktionsart, from Aktion (“action”) + Art (“kind, sort”). Attested in English from the 19th century.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Aktionsart.

(grammar) A property of verbs and other predicates indicating internal temporal nature; lexical aspect.

a predicate that does not change over time

a predicate that changes over time and has a natural endpoint

a predicate that changes over time and has no natural endpoint


principal part

prīncipālis pars

grammar, obsolete: most fundamental or indispensable part of speech

For the underſtanding of this, we muſt conceive the order of Nature. For whatſoever we find in the whole World, are either Things, Actions, or Circumſtances: The Things are known before their Actions, and Actions firſt to be conſidered, before the Circumſtances.
Hence it is that the Speech that is ordained of God in Man, to declare the Conceits of his Mind to others hath properly three principal parts, viz. Nouns to name things, Verbs to ſhew Actions, and Adverbs to note Circumſtances.

1677, John Clarke, The Second Praxis Dialogical of the Latine Syntax, Tranſlated Grammatically into Engliſh, for the uſe and benefit of Grammar Schools. (pages 189–246), in Dux Grammaticus Tyronem Scholaſticum. Ad rectam Orthographiam, Syntaxin, & Proſodiam Dirigens., seventh edition (overall work in Latin and English), London: Edward Thomas, The Rules of Conſtruction., pages 239–240:

(obsolete) Any one of however many parts of speech regarded as the most fundamental or indispensable.

The principal parts of a ſentence are words, without which abſolutely no ſentence can be made. And are both a ſubſtantive ſignifying that, which doeth, ſuffereth, or is, and a verb ſignifying to do, to ſuffer, or to be.

1678, “A. B. Philo-Muſ.”, Rudiments of the Latine Grammar, London: Dorman Newman, Of SYNTAX., page 33:

The leſs principal parts of a ſentence are words, which more fill up a ſentence, already made up of the principal parts. And are both adjectives and ſubſtantives.

Nouns and Verbs are the two principal Parts of Speech, les Noms & les Verbes ſont les deux principales Parties d’Oraiſon.

1687, Guy Miege, The Great French Dictionary, The Second Part, London: printed by John Redmayne for Thomas Basset, s.v. “Verb”:

Holonym: part of speech

Holonyms: declension, conjugation

In the Verbs, I have made ſeveral Alterations from the common Form, which I hope will be found much for the eaſe and advantage of the Learner; for I have not only made them more Perſpicuous as to their ſeveral Kinds, Moods, and Tenſes, but I have alſo ſet down a Scheme of Formation, in which the Changes made of the principal Parts, i. e. Preſent, Perfect-Tenſe and firſt Supine, are diſtinguiſh’d by a ſmaller Letter, and after them the four Conjugations at length, according to the ſame Method.

1714, Thomas Sheridan, An Eaſy Introduction of Grammar in Engliſh. For the Underſtanding of the Latin Tongue. Compil’d not only for the Eaſe and Encouragement of Youth, but alſo for their Moral Improvement; having the Syntaxis Examples gather’d from the Choiceſt Pieces of the beſt Authors. To which is added, A Compendious Method of Variation, and Elegant Diſpoſition of Latin., Dublin: Printed by Daniel Tompson in Cole’s-Alley, Castle-Street, for the Author., The Preface., page vi:

There are Three Principal Parts of a Verb, from which the reſt are Form’d, the Preſent-Tenſe, Perfect-Tenſe, and the Firſt Supine.

ibidem, An Introduction to the Eight Parts of Speech., Of a Verb., page 63

In every complete Verb there are commonly four PRINCIPAL PARTS, viz. The Preſent of the Indicative in O, the Preterite or Perfect in I, the firſt Supine in UM, and the Preſent of the Infinitive in RE. The firſt (which is therefore called the THEME or Root of the Verb) gives Origin to the whole Verb either mediately or immediately. The Preterite, the firſt Supine, and the Preſent of the Infinitive come from it immediately, and all the reſt from them; except the Future of the Indicative in am, and the Preſent of the Subjunctive in em, which by this Scheme are alſo formed immediately from the Preſent in O.

1714, Thomas Ruddiman, The Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, or A plain and eaſy Introduction to Latin Grammar; Wherein the Principles of the Language are Methodically digeſted both in Engliſh and Latin: with Uſeful Notes and Obſervations, explaining the Terms of Grammar, and further improving its Rules. (overall work in English and Latin), Edinburgh: Robert Freebairn, part II: De Dictionibus. Of Woꝛds., chapter iii: De Verbo. Of Verb., page 50:

The Principal Parts [of a verb] are the present infinitive, the imperfect indicative first person, and the passive participle.

1870, March, Comp. Gram. Ags. Lang., page 78:

Any of the forms of a word which contain its stem(s) in the simplest form, or such a form that, when taken with all the other principal parts (showing various inflections), allows the entire paradigm to be derived.

szótári alak

grammar: word-form containing the simplest form of a stem and/or from which the paradigm is derivable


progressive aspect

(linguistics) A grammatical aspect that expresses the dynamic quality of actions that are in progress.


continuous aspect

(linguistics) A grammatical aspect that expresses the state of the subject that is continuing the action.


resultativity

(linguistics) The property of a verb or verb phrase to lead to a result.


perilingually

(linguistics) Around the time that a person acquires language.


texteme

In our exemplary case, that of the tension between textemes and repertoremes, this may imply the promotion of the "adequate" option which, even though often advocated by teachers and critics, proved to be marginal in actual practice, namely 'to replace SL-text textemes by ad hoc combinations of textual relations equivalent to those found in that text and TL-items capable of fulfilling equivalent textual functions,' even if, as a result, certain deviations from target-repertories would occur, with possible bearings on the text's well-formedness.

1991, Kitty M. van Leuven-Zwart, Antonius Bernardus Maria Naaijkens, Translation Studies: The State of the Art, →ISBN:

The unit of comparison within this procedure is the texteme, which is defined as a linguistic unit of any type and level, participating in textual relationships and, as a result, carrying textual functions (Toury 1980: 108). The texteme, then, pertains to the level of the text function, it is a concept that directly mediates between the macrostructure and the microstructure. Any texteme can be broken down into elements belonging to a lower order.

2000, Cees Koster, From World to World, →ISBN:

It is unknown, how much of the texteme was changed in the meantime during the processes of converting the texteme into a text into a texteme into a text .... whilst copying it.

2006, Hans J. Vermeer, Luhmann's "social Systems" Theory, →ISBN, page 54:

However, stating the fundamentally unanalyzable nature of the textemes would represent a brutal deformation of Coşeriu's approach, since, in fact, the founder of Integralism does not assert it.

2012, Iulian Boldea, Memory, Identity and Intercultural Communication, →ISBN, page 285:

(linguistics) A unit of text, large enough to have intelligible meaning, that stands in relationship to other units of text.


metadictionary

XML can also be used to create metadictionaries, or vocabularies, for databases. These metadictionaries can be used by applications that need to access other external data sources.

2008, Peter Rob, Database Systems: Design, Implementation & Management, page 788:

An online dictionary portal that allows searches on multiple lexicographical databases at once.


epilanguage

epilanguage (countable and uncountable, plural epilanguages)

2006 Pascale Hummel, "Epilanguages: Beyond Idioms and Languages," Call for Participation, 10 May 2006.
Somewhere between archiphonemes/archisemes and metalanguages, which could be considered semi-synonyms, the "epilanguages" are the linguistic realities and results generated by the use of a second language for scholarly and scientific purposes.

2009 Claudia Stancati, "‘Mais j’en écrirai en latin’. Latin as an 'Epilanguage' in Descartes’ Philosophy," in Pascale Hummel (ed.), Epilanguages: Beyond Idioms and Languages, Philogicum, Paris, 2009.
In a letter to an unknown person, in which he discussed some things dealt with in the fifth meditation, he showed this "epilinguistic" use of Latin compared to French, which we have just talked about: ...

2012 Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions, "Languages of Emotion: Concepts, Codes, Communities," Collaboratory held at the University of Western Australia, 24th and 25th August 2012.
Finally, we might consider the emotional investment of certain groups in the use of particular languages or 'epilanguages'.

2013 Juraj Dolník, "Čeština ako necudzí jazyk v slovenskom prostredí" (Czech as a non-foreign language in the Slovak milieu), Studia Academica Slovaca 42, 2013:127-138.
It is argued that the Czech is an epilanguage of the Slovaks, i.e. a concomitant phenomenon of their mother tongue.

(linguistics) A second language used regularly for some purpose or purposes (such as for scholarship and scientific research).

Gombert begins the volume by presenting evidence that in addition to explicit teaching of basic decoding skills, metalinguistic knowledge or epilanguage that children bring into reading is also important.

2003, R. Malatesha Joshi et al., Literacy Acquisition: The Role of Phonology, Morphology and Orthography, IOS Press, published 2003, page v:

2006 Che Kan Leong, "Making explicit children’s implicit epilanguage in learning to read Chinese," in P. Li, H.T. Li, E. Bates & O.J.L. Tzeng (eds.), The Handbook of East Asian psychology, pp. 70-80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
In making explicit their implicit knowledge of epilanguage within a developmental context, children continually restructure their internal representation of language in order to integrate isolated procedures into a system (Karmiloff-Smith, 1986).

Critical expressions may therefore be statements or entrenched beliefs, or even paradigms, which belong to the epilanguage or background knowledge of sciences.

2012, Werner Leinfellner, “A New Epitheoretical Analysis of Social Theories”, in W. Leinfellner, E. Köhler, editors, Developments in the Methodology of Social Science, Springer Science & Business Media:

(linguistics, education) A more subconscious, self-imposed, form of metalanguage, determining the form in which a message will be uttered.


intersective

Coordinate term: subsective

(grammar) Of a modifier: which modifies another term by delivering the intersection of their denotations.


aorist tense

aorist tense (countable and uncountable, plural aorist tenses)

(grammar) A grammatical category in some languages expressing perfective aspect and past tense of verbs; the aorist.

Of the Aorist Tense, as of the Perfect, there are two distinct forms: the older form, commonly called the Second Aorist; and the more recent, commonly called the First Aorist

1857, Joseph Gouge Greenwood, The Elements of Greek Grammar, London: Walton, →OCLC, page 94:

Simple past time is expressed by the aorist tense! The aorist tense describes the past action as a total event viewed in its entirety.

2002, Erwin Penner, A Guide to New Testament Greek, Toronto: Clements, →ISBN, page 42:

(grammar, especially) A set of verb forms in Ancient Greek featuring the grammatical category.


ta-ta theory

(linguistics) A speculative theory that human language originated from using tongue movements to mimic manual gestures.


bow-wow theory

bow-wow theory (plural bow-wow theories)

A speculative theory that human language originated from the imitation of animal vocalisations.


yo-he-ho theory

yo-he-ho theory (plural yo-he-ho theories)

(linguistics, anthropology) A speculative theory that human language emerged from instinctive noises made by humans during physical exertion, and especially while involved in collective rhythmic labor.


inlaut

Meronyms: nucleus, onglide, offglide

(linguistics) any sound in a word or syllable but the first and the last one


barytonesis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βαρυτόνησις (barutónēsis).

(phonology) The shift of accent from the last syllable of a stem or word to a preceding syllable.


aphthongal

en-adj

aphthongal (comparative more aphthongal, superlative most aphthongal)

more aphthongal (comparative)
most aphthongal (superlative)

(phonology) Being or relating to an aphthong.


orthotactics

The name a chung is a late, secondary invention of probable non-Tibetan origin, and is therefore not found in the Tibetan texts on orthography and ''orthotactics […]

1996, Sanford Steever, “Tamil writing”, in The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, page 432:

[…] orthotactics defined as abstracting permissible and probable letter sequences, patterns, and positions in written words […]

2009, Todd L. Richards et al, "fMRI activation differences between 11-year-old good and poor spellers' access in working memory to temporary and long-term orthographic representations", Journal of Neurolinguistics 22.4, page 329

(linguistics) The restrictions a language applies to the positions and patterns of graphemes in written words.


phonetic erosion

(phonetics, phonology) The loss of phonemes from a spoken word (or of words in a phrase) over time, sometimes as a result of grammaticalization.


mononom

It a meaning is expressed in a particular language like English with the help of a binom, newspaper, and in another particular language like German by a mononom Zeitung, the heteronomic morphology is usually more voluminous (9 phongrams against 7).

2013, P. Kümmel, Formalization of Natural Languages, →ISBN:

Sino-Japanese mononoms are all short, since all Sino-Japanese morphs are one or two moras.

2015, Haruo Kubozono, Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology, →ISBN:

The first of these are compounds where E1 is a Sino-Japanese mononom and E2 is suru.

2016, Timothy J. Vance, Mark Irwin, Sequential Voicing in Japanese: Papers from the NINJAL Rendaku Project, →ISBN:

(linguistics) A word composed of a single stem that cannot be broken down into constituent morphs.


framenet

(linguistics) A semantic frame in the FrameNet project


senone

Experimental results indicate that: 1) the NDA is more effective (up to 35% relative improvement in terms of EER) than the traditional parametric LDA for speaker recognition, 2) when compared to raw acoustic features (e.g., MFCCs), the ASR speaker-adapted features provide gains in speaker recognition performance, and 3) increasing the number of output units in the DNN acoustic model (i.e., increasing the senone set size from 2k to 10k) provides consistent improvements in performance (for example from 37% to 57% relative EER gains over our baseline GMM i-vector system).

2016, Seyed Omid Sadjadi, Sriram Ganapathy, Jason W. Pelecanos, “The IBM 2016 Speaker Recognition System”, in arXiv:

(linguistics) A subset of a phone (speech segment)


extrapose

en-verb

extrapose (third-person singular simple present extraposes, present participle extraposing, simple past and past participle extraposed)

extraposes (present singular third-person)
extraposing (participle present)
extraposed (participle past)
extraposed (past)

(grammar, transitive) To move (an element of a phrase) by extraposition.


Old Serbo-Croatian

/ˈoʊld ˌsɜː(ɹ)bəʊkɹəʊˈeɪʃən/

Old + Serbo-Croatian, on the pattern of Old English

In Old Church Slavonic, adjectives formed from mass nouns and abstract nouns belong here (Tolstoj 72-3). Approximately the same is the case in Old Serbo-Croatian.

1982, László Dezső, Typological Studies in Old Serbo-Croatian Syntax:

Serbo-Croatian language spoken before standardizations.


silent h

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) non-aspiration of a glottal consonant


non-prevocalic

(Linguistics) (Of a phoneme) occurring before a consonant or pause but not occurring before a vowel, as in rhotic dialects.


perfectoid

Finally, I would like to discuss the striking resemblance between the Turkish -mis forms in baby talk, and the Bulgarian perfectoid in adult-to-child communication.

1989, European Journal for Semiotic Studies - Volume 1:

In systems with perfect-based strategies of expressing evidentiality this contrast is usually realized only in the forms of the past tense of the verb (perfectoid evidential systems may over time undergo an evolution into a full-fledged evidential system, but such an evolution presupposes a considerable reorganization of the entire verbal paradigm).

2011, Gabriele Diewald, Elena Smirnova, Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages, →ISBN, page 42:

(linguistics) Derived from the perfect tense or maintaining an additional syntax for marking the perfect tense.


somatism

en-noun

somatism (countable and uncountable, plural somatisms)

(countable, linguistics) A word or phrase denoting a body part.


OSASCOMP

(linguistics, mnemonic) Order of adjectives: opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material, purpose


Burmic

Some scholars believe the Tibetic and Burmic divisions to be premature and that for the present their subdivisions (such as Bodish, Himalayish, Kirantish, Burmish, Kachinish, Kukish) should be considered as the classificatory peaks around which the Sino-Tibetan languages group themselves as members or more or less distant relatives.

1991, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Marcopædia, page 723:

The Muji cluster is a newly defined series of Burmic languages affiliated with Phula and spoken in the Sino-Victnam borderlands.

2007, Philip N. Jenner, Mon-Khmer Studies - Volume 37, page 179:

The Burmic languages comprise the Burmish languages, including Burmese, the Gong language and the Loloish, Yi Branch or Ngwi languages, which can be further subclassified into Northern, Central, Southern and Southeastern.

2008, Christopher Moseley, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, →ISBN:

As discussed in §2.8, as long as a group of languages can be shown to share broad genetic affiliation at an upper level, e.g., Ngwi, Burmic, etc., internal tone system innovations provide a potential lode of robust, paradigm-like criteria for identifying exclusive internal subgroupings.

2011, Jamin R. Pelkey, Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation, →ISBN, page 272:

(linguistics) A branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages distantly related to Tibetan and spoken in East Asia over the borders of Burma, including dialects of the Burmese-Lolo (Burmish) subgroup (including Burmese) and the Kachin subgroup.


Romeyka

From Greek Ρωμαίικα (Romaíika), from Byzantine Greek ρωμαίικος (rōmaíikos, “Roman; Byzantine”).

der

(linguistics) The most conservative dialect of Greek, spoken in Turkey.


contradictory antonym

en-noun

contradictory antonym (plural contradictory antonyms)

complementary antonym
complementary antonym#English

(linguistics, philosophy, semantics) complementary antonym


converse antonym

converse antonym (plural converse antonyms)

Converse antonyms describe the same relation or activity from different perspectives, and follow patterns like: if X is p to Y, then Y is q to X. [...]
a. Bill is Madeline's parent. → Madeline is Bill's child.
b. John gives to Oxfam. → Oxfam receives from John.
c. Scotland is above England. → England is below Scotland.

2010, M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, page 120:

(linguistics, philosophy, semantics) Either of a pair of terms that name or describe a single relationship from opposite perspectives, such as parent versus child.


exhaustify

en-verb

exhaustify (third-person singular simple present exhaustifies, present participle exhaustifying, simple past and past participle exhaustified)

exhaustifies (present singular third-person)
exhaustifying (participle present)
exhaustified (participle past)
exhaustified (past)

(grammar) To make exhaustive (include all possibilities)


functionhood

He did not distill the essential idea of functionhood: that to each x in the domain there corresponds a unique y in the range.

1999, William Dunham, Euler: The Master of Us All, The Mathematical Association of America, published 1999, page 17:

(mathematics, logic, grammar) The state or quality of being a function.


cognate accusative

en-noun

cognate accusative (plural cognate accusatives)

Calque of Latin accūsātīvus cognātus (“a cognate accusative”).

calque

These accusatives cognate are to be translated into English.

1856, John Day Collis, “Division III. Exercises on the Commonest Rules of Greek Syntax.”, in Praxis Græca. A Series of Elementary, Progressive, and Miscellaneous Questions and Exercises on Greek Grammar, part II (Syntax), London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, →OCLC, exercise LXXVIII, paragraph 11, page 214:

The extent of action of the verb may be expressed by a substantive of the same meaning as the verb, accompanied (usually) by an oblique adjectival predicate. (Cognate accusative.)

1874, Henry John Roby, “Use of the Accusative Case”, in A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius … In Two Parts, part II (Containing Book IV. Syntax. Also Prepositions &c.), London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, paragraph 1100, page 40:

What is often termed the cognate accusative (or objective) (as in ‘to run a race,’ ‘to die a happy death’) should more properly be classed among the adverbial adjuncts. [Footnote: The cognate objective sometimes appears in a metaphorical shape, as in “to look daggers at a person”; “To rain fire and brimstone.” The vague pronoun it is freely used in this construction, as, “We shall have to rough it”; “Go it, boys,” &c.]

1876, C[harles] P[eter] Mason, “Syntax”, in English Grammar Including the Principles of Grammatical Analysis, 21st edition, London: George Bell & Sons, →OCLC; 21st Canadian copyright edition, Toronto, Ont.: Adam Miller & Co., 1877, →OCLC, section 372, subsection 4, page 148:

(grammar) An object of kindred sense or derivation; specifically, that which may adverbially follow an intransitive verb (for example, the word death in “to die the death”).

A Farewell to Arms
Charles Scribner's Sons
Dream a Little Dream of Me
Ernest Hemingway
Fabian Andre
Gus Kahn
Wilbur Schwandt
William Shakespeare


interalloglot

The analysis of interalloglot conversations showed that they share some characteristics with exolingual ones: Mutual understanding seems to function in a similar way (but is facilitated by the shared "learner-perspective" on the medium of communication).

2007, Konstanze Jungbluth, Identities in Migration Contexts, page 53:


alloglot

Borrowed from French alloglote, equivalent to allo- + -glot.

Except for this special measure in favour of the children of the Polish minors living in the north and the east of France, the treatment of foreign alloglot children in the French school system was not specifically different from that applied to national children.

2007, Geneviève Zarate, Handbook of Multilingualism and Multiculturalism:

(linguistics) Speaking a non-native language.


alloglot

The question is where the alloglots live, whether persons with the same linguistic background remain closely together in the same villages or suburbs of the cities and form alloglot islands where the respective language would have a majority or at least constitute a strong minority, or whether the clustering of languages follows different patterns (for example economic ones).

2008, Monica Barni, Mapping Linguistic Diversity in Multicultural Contexts, page 197:

(linguistics) One who speaks a non-native language.


preterite tense

en-noun

preterite tense (plural preterite tenses)

The relation between tense and time in English, however, is by no means straightforward, as we saw in Ch. 1, §3, and it is important to be aware that preterite tense does not always signal past time.

2005, Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar, page 30:

There are two past tense aspects and forms in Spanish: the preterite and the imperfect. This chapter provides a clear explanation of the preterite tense.

2011, Jill Rodriguez, Ken Stewart, CliffsNotes Spanish 1 Quick Review, page 118:

(grammar) A verb tense indicating action in the past and marked by verb inflection; the preterite.


on a first-name basis

We are not yet on a first-name basis.

(idiomatic) Having enough familiarity with another person to call them by their first name, as opposed to their surname.

關係已經親密到直呼其名了

having enough familiarity with another person to call them by their first name


monophone

(phonetics) A single phone treated as a unit.


Behaghelian

(linguistics) Of or relating to Behaghel's laws, formulated by the linguist Otto Behaghel, which describe the basic principles behind the position of words and phrases in a sentence.


Edenics

Another popular view is Edenics. Edenics is the proposition that Hebrew is the original language prior to the Tower of Babel — perhaps as far back as the Garden of Eden.

2013, Bodie Hodge, Tower of Babel: The Cultural History of Our Ancestors, →ISBN:

If this was ever scienfically confirmed, it would surely support the Edenics scenario, where people all have an original computing language or primal language program, and are only a neurological disturbance away from being able to access even long dead languages.

2013, Terry Puett, Institute Of Biblical Studies The Book Of Genesis, →ISBN, page 164:

The science of Edenics now has over 23,000 such coincidences. The science of Edenics works with a Proto-Semitic vocabulary where each root letter has the genes for the wide diversity of the world's words.

2014, Chaim Bentorah, Hebrew Word Study, →ISBN, page 2:

The belief that there was a single original human language dating from the Garden of Eden until the Tower of Babel, which is of Semitic origin (especially Hebrew).


autosemantic

(linguistics) That has an independent meaning outside of a particular context


LCTL

(linguistics) Initialism of less commonly taught language.


pocket dictionary

pocket dictionary (plural pocket dictionaries)


copulable

But the copula is related to the copulable, so the copula itself cannot be the abstractest representation

2013, O.K. Wiegand, Robert J. Dostal, Lester Embree, Phenomenology on Kant, German Idealism, Hermeneutics and Logic, page 277:


consonant cluster

consonant cluster (plural consonant clusters)

In the word “spare”, /sp/ denotes a consonant cluster.

The word "scrub" begins with the S-C-R consonant cluster.

(phonetics) Two or more consonants in succession.


esoterogeny

(linguistics) The process of making a language more esoteric and thus more difficult for non-speakers to understand


sesquisyllabicity

(linguistics) The condition of being sesquisyllabic


lexified

en-adj

lexified (comparative more lexified, superlative most lexified)

more lexified (comparative)
most lexified (superlative)

(linguistics) modified to or by a lexifier


syntacticism

(linguistics) An approach that focuses on syntax.


urheimat

Borrowed from German Urheimat (“original homeland”).

historical linguistics
historical linguistics

(history, especially historical linguistics) The original homeland of an ethnic group, particularly the speakers of a proto-language; the cradleland.


glossism

This kind of language, obviously, was not a language for writing, and, indeed, not much documentation has been preserved. What little has survived is, again, literary and, again, due to glossism, i.e., the literary exigencies of color, fun, and satire.

1986, Henry Kahane, Renée Kahane, Graeca et Románica scripta selecta - Volume 3, →ISBN, page 196:

Glossism is frequently seen when someone asks, “What's the sign for ___?” and, in response, someone unhesitatingly demonstrates a sign.

2001, Dennis Cokely, “Interpreting culturally rich realities: Research implications for successful interpretation”, in Journal of Interpretation:

One such evangelical theologian, Helmut Franz, has categorized all theological uses of Heidegger as either eclecticism or glossism.

2010, John Williams, Martin Heidegger’s Philosophy of Religion, →ISBN, page 15:

In addition, linguistics has made a further step from the tongue to the ear: The science of the sounds of language, phonology, has left behind all linguism or glossism and has moved from the voice, phoné to the ear, ous, otòs in Greek, to the so-called auditive or acoustic phonology which I would like to call acroamatic phonoloy or oto-phonology.

2010, Herder Yearbook: Publications of the International Herder Society:

(linguistics) A focus on the translated meaning of a word or phrase, ignoring all other linguistic attributes such as syntax and phonology.


derank

en-verb

derank (third-person singular simple present deranks, present participle deranking, simple past and past participle deranked)

deranks (present singular third-person)
deranking (participle present)
deranked (participle past)
deranked (past)

In normal English speech one usually deranks "he should go" to "to go", as in "I told him where to go."

In this language, syntactic sequences with identical subjects derank the second predicate into a subjunctive form, which is characterized by the presenece of a specific particle a and special rules for the placement of pronouns.

1984, Journal of semantics - Volume 3, page 164:

In this case, then, the infinitival morpheme functions more locally to simply derank the verb in the purpose clause.

2009, Karsten Schmidtke-Bode, A Typology of Purpose Clauses, →ISBN, page 72:

These verbs – together with their NRM equivalents – are characterized by a construal which deranks the perceiver to a degree that it cannot even be imagined in the same clause.

2015, Axel Holvoet, Nicole Nau, Voice and Argument Structure in Baltic, →ISBN, page 263:

This is not unexpected in subordinate clauses and might be considered a marginal means to derank a clause; the clause loses the freedom to contain any possible (pragmatically marked) structural configuration and gets restricted to pragmatically neutral content (cf. also Lehmann 1988: 195).

2015, Katja Hetterle, Adverbial Clauses in Cross-Linguistic Perspective, →ISBN, page 129:

(linguistics) To inflect into a form that cannot be used in independent declarative clauses.


vowel reduction

en-noun

vowel reduction (countable and uncountable, plural vowel reductions)

(phonetics) Any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word, and which are perceived as "weakening".


akanye

Borrowed from Russian а́канье (ákanʹje).

(phonology) A case of vowel reduction in Slavic languages; the merger of pretonic non-high vowel phonemes (/o/, /e/ and /a/).

а́канне

(phonology) a case of vowel reduction in Slavic languages


Serran

From Serrano, one of the Serran languages.

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the branch of the Uto-Aztecan languages that contains Serrano, Kitanemuk, and Gabrielino-Fernandeño


Cupan

en-adj

Cupan (comparative more Cupan, superlative most Cupan)

more Cupan (comparative)
most Cupan (superlative)

From Cupeño Cupa, the name of the Cupeño people for their homeland, or from Cupeño + -an.

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the branch of the Uto-Aztecan languages containing the Cahuilla, Cupeño and Luiseño languages of southern California.


idiotistic

idiotistic (comparative more idiotistic, superlative most idiotistic)

more idiotistic (comparative)
most idiotistic (superlative)

He ridicules the ambition of German writers to be classic, as Lessing had ridiculed their eagerness to be French. “Let us,” he says, “be idiotistic writers, adapting ourselves to the peculiarities of our people and our language; whether we are classic posterity may find out."

This lexical archive of intra-dictionary citations will continue to be built as the fascicles of the dictionary appear. Its primary purpose is to counteract any lingering idiotistic characteristics that the original database for the dictionary may have had, and to make optimum use of citations which are complete and for which the addresses and time and place designations have been determined.

1990, Hugo Bekker, William C. McDonald, Winder McConnell, Fide Et Amore:

In general, these glosseries are idiotistic in nature, i.e. the editors of the texts have concentrated on items for their glosseries which are linguistically significant for that specific document and which may be typical for a particular author from a particular language area, writing at a particular time, , but not representative of the total vocabulary in the text, to say nothing of the Early New High German lexicon as it is documented in all of the texts selected for the corpus of sources.

1990, Ulrich Goebel, Oskar Reichmann, Peter I. Barta, Historical lexicography of the German language - Volume 1, page 217:


Chomsky hierarchy

en-noun

Chomsky hierarchy (plural Chomsky hierarchies)

recursively enumerable
recursively enumerable

(computer science, linguistics) A containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. From least to most specialized, the classes are: recursively enumerable, context-sensitive, context-free, and regular.

hierarquia de Chomsky

a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars


aryepiglottal

A third technique deals with the problem of the shortened aryepiglottal fold.

2010, Karl Hörmann, Surgery for Sleep Disordered Breathing, page 195:

(phonetics) Produced by contracting the aryepiglottic folds of the larynx against the epiglottis.


plosivization

(phonetics) The process of making or becoming plosive.


first-person dual

first-person dual (plural first-person duals)

(grammar) The dual of the first-person form of a verb or pronoun, which in some languages can either be inclusive ("you and I") or exclusive ("he and I"). In other languages, there is no distinction.


third-person dual

third-person dual (plural third-person duals)

(grammar) A variety of third-person verb form used when the subject of a sentence is exactly two people other than the speaker or the audience, used in some languages, such as Greek.


second-person dual

second-person dual (plural second-person duals)

(grammar) A variety of second-person verb form used when the subject of a sentence is exactly two people including the audience, used in some languages, such as Greek and Hawaiian.

(grammar) The pronoun associated with this form.

possessive adjective
possessive adjective

(grammar) The possessive adjective associated with this form.


neg-raising

From neg, clipping of negative + raising.

(linguistics) The phenomenon by which certain negated predicates (e.g. think, believe, expect) can give rise to a reading where the negation seems to take scope from an embedded clause.


epiglottopharyngeal

(phonetics) Being or involving a type of pharyngeal articulation in which the aryepiglottic folds and epiglottis are brought together and retracted against the pharyngeal wall.


medium of instruction

medium of instruction (plural mediums of instruction)

English and Cantonese are the mediums of instruction in most Hong Kong schools at the primary and secondary level.

(education, sociolinguistics) A language used in teaching.


nonsynonymy

The nonsynonymy of "A woman strikes a man" and "A woman is struck by a man" is readily aligned with the nonysynonymy of "to strike" and "to be struck"

1966 April, "Paul Ziff", "The Nonsynonymy of Active and Passive Sentences", The Philosophical Review, page 230

(semantics) The quality of not being synonymous.


spellout

(linguistics) A stage in producing an utterance that comes between syntax and the interface with the phonological form, according to Chomsky's minimalist program.


rebus principle

The principle of phonetic transfer is often called the rebus principle. Although the rebus principle of word-sign substitution in situations where there are like sounds was discovered by many diverse civilizations it was not fully exploited by most.

1985, ed. Tosiyasu L. Kunii, Computer Graphics: Visual Technology and Art: Proceedings of Computer Graphics Tokyo ’85:

The rebus principle appears in both the Egyptian hieroglyphic and in the Chinese writing systems.

1995, Winfried Nöth, Handbook of Semiotics:

Once the rebus principle is accepted by a language in its written form, it is a natural step for such symbols to come to represent the sounds of syllables.

2002, Anita K. Barry, Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education:

With the rebus principle, sound could be made visible in a systematic way, and abstract concepts symbolized.

2008, Amy Bryzgel, New Avant-gardes in Eastern Europe and Russia, 1987–1999:

The rebus principle supplemented the logographic principle and allowed full writing systems to develop.

2015, Bruce M. Rowe, Diane P. Levine, A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 4th edition:

(linguistics) The idea of using ideograms as phonograms representing the sounds of the words expressed by the original ideograms.


plesionymy

The line between plesionymy and cognitive synonymy can be drawn with some precision. However, the limits of plesionymy in the opposite direction along the scale of synonymity are more difficult to specify; as the semantic distance between between lexical items increases, plesionymy shades imperceptibly into non-synonymy.

2000, Tony Bex, Michael Burke, Peter Stockwell, Contextualized Stylistics: In Honour of Peter Verdonk, →ISBN, page 26:

Indeed an analysis in which the semantics of plesionymy (near but peculiar synonymy) can be traced through the text (see Stockwell 2000) serves only to increase the appreciation of the poetic mechanics of paranoia and disturbance in the text.

2012, Joe Bray, Alison Gibbons, Brian McHale, The Routledge Companion to Experimental Literature, →ISBN, page 58:

Essentially, the repeated syntactic form motivates a cognitive search for plesionymy, and a reader is forced upwards on a granularity scale until a domain is found that is plausibly common to the two elements of the plesionym.

2016, Peter Stockwell, The Language of Surrealism, →ISBN, page 79:

(linguistics) The state of being close but not identical in meaning, as with the words "overcast" and "cloudy".


plesionym

It was suggested in 12.1 that propositional synonyms are 'more synonymous' than plesionyms, which, in turn, are 'more synonymous' than non-synonyms.

1986, D[avid] A[lan] Cruse, “Synonymy”, in Lexical Semantics (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 1997, →ISBN, section 12.4 (Congruence Relations and Synonymy), page 290:

An immediate question is when does a plesionym cross a "vertical distance boundary" to become a different concept?

2002, Isaac S. Kohane, editor, Bio*medical Informatics: One Discipline: The Annual Symposium of the American Medical Informatics Association, November 9–13, 2002 [...] San Antonio, TX: Proceedings, Philadelphia, Pa.: Hanley & Belfus, →ISBN, page 168, column 2:

Such a semantic intertextual frame arises when the lexical item 'mist' is linked to its plesionym 'fog' and an intertextual link between two texts containing these lexical items is created.

2014, Siobhan Chapman, Billy Clark, editors, Pragmatic Literary Stylistics (Palgrave Studies in Pragmatics, Language and Cognition), New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN:

A word is a plesionym if it is a near-synonym, but substitution of the word does not leave the same truth conditions. For example, it 'It wasn't misty, just foggy', the words 'misty' and 'foggy' are pleisonyms of each other. […] Plesionyms are often used to indicate that the speaker is grappling after precision, but perhaps does not possess the precise vocabulary or technical term for the object in mind.

2015, Louise Mullany, Peter Stockwell, “Lexical Semantics”, in Introducing English Language: A Resource Book for Students (Routledge English Language Introductions), 2nd edition, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, section B (Development: Aspects of English), page 68:

(linguistics) A word that is almost a synonym but which has a slightly different meaning.


altrilocal

(grammar) Indicating altrilocality, i.e. the occurrence of an event in a location other than that of the speaker.


polyphthong

The teacher who uses Pinyin without knowing about such things as the place of the tone symbol in the case of polyphthong finals is merely incompetent but the teacher who supports the student in developing false notions about the language norm by adopting a systematically casual attitude to its technical aspects, can cause much greater harm.

1973, Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, page 65:

A syllable is short when ending in a short monophthong or in a short polyphthong; a syllable is long when ending in a consonant or in a long monophthong or a long polyphthong.

1997, Ilse Lehiste, Jaan Ross, Estonian Prosody: Papers from a Symposium:

With small preliminary he told Russ and me something like the following - I have normalised his speech in the interests of general sanity, though his polyphthongs ('hayyut' for 'hat', 'bawun' for 'born', etc.) were of the rarest quality.

2012, Kingsley Amis, Memoirs, →ISBN, page 292:

(phonetics) A phoneme that begins with the sound of one vowel or semivowel and transitions through one or more other (semi)vowel sounds.


oxytonesis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀξυτόνησις (oxutónēsis).

(phonology) The shift of accent to the final syllable.


cohyponymous

Being or relating to cohyponyms (coordinate terms): sharing a hypernym with another word or phrase.


okanye

Borrowed from Russian о́канье (ókanʹje).

(phonology) Absence of the form of vowel reduction called akanye.

о́канне

(phonology) absence of the form of vowel reduction called akanye


mazuration

From Masuria + -ation. Calque of Polish mazurzenie.

The Slavonic impact on West Karaim aditionally resulted in the elimination of the front labial vowels (except in NWKar. ö-, ü-), the š, ž, č, ǯ, > s, z, c, ʒ sibilant fronting in Southwest Karaiem (independly, however, of Polish mazuration), :Template:..

2024 March 4, Edward Vajda, The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 66:


mazurzenie

Unadapted borrowing from Polish mazurzenie.

ubor

(phonology) The replacement or merger of the Polish language's series of retroflex fricatives and affricates /ʂ, ʐ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ (written ⟨sz⟩, ⟨ż⟩, ⟨cz⟩, ⟨dż⟩) into the alveolar series /s, z, t͡s, d͡z/ (written ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩), present in Masovian and other dialects.


Vukovian

Probably an anglicization of Serbo-Croatian vȗkovac (“Vukovian”) by the addition of the suffix -ian, after the personal name of Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864), from Serbo-Croatian vȗk (“wolf”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”).

He supported Vuk's language reform and was a follower of Vuk in practice—in language and in deed—leaving the waging of the struggle to those who were more directly concerned. His printing press was also Vukovian. Small, wretched. On a rock, and born in poverty, but—the first of its kind among the Serbs.

[1966], Milovan Djilas, translated by Michael B[oro] Petrovich, Njegoš: Poet, Prince, Bishop, New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace & World, →OCLC, page 132:

[T]he historical development of the Serbo-Croatian literary language have of recent years been focusing more and more of their attention on the period immediately preceding the monumental Vukovian reforms of the Serbo-Croatian language, that is, the 18th century.

1979, Die Welt der Slaven, [Vienna; Cologne]: Böhlau Verlag, →OCLC, page 268:

The "Serbo-Croatian" language – at that time not yet bearing this name – was codified by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, himself originally from Tršić in today's Serbia. Karadžić based the codified norm on a common dialect, paradoxically stemming from Herzegovina. However, this was not the only possible language programme. Alternative language standards were proposed (based on the "kajkavian" dialect for example), and the "Vukovian" standard was not always accepted as legitimate. The decisions to adopt certain standards were regarded as the decisions of a handful of intellectuals (indeed they were in the 19th century).

2016, Barbora Moormann-Kimáková, “Explaining Success and Failure of Language Regimes”, in Language-related Conflicts in Multinational and Multiethnic Settings: Success and Failure of Language Regimes, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany: Springer VS, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 203–204:

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the ideas of Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864) concerning the standardization of the Serbo-Croatian language.


synsemantic

Here autosemantic symbols are understood as referring singly or distributively to independent particulars, whereas synsemantic symbols function merely as parts of autosemantic symbols.

1970, Stephan Körner, Categorial frameworks, page 20:

(linguistics) Having a meaning only when in the company of other words.


admirativity

(grammar) The quality of being admirative.


semilingualism

From semilingual + -ism, introduced by a Swedish researcher Hansegård N. E. in 1975.

The phenomenon of people speaking several languages at a low level of development, with evident deficiencies in all languages.


explicitize

en-verb

explicitize (third-person singular simple present explicitizes, present participle explicitizing, simple past and past participle explicitized)

explicitizes (present singular third-person)
explicitizing (participle present)
explicitized (participle past)
explicitized (past)

Very often it is completely unnecessary (and thus even disruptive) to explicitize exactly what one means.

1984, Frans H. van Eemeren, Rob Grootendorst, Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions: A Theoretical Model for the Analysis of Discussions Directed towards Solving Conflicts of Opinion, . Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 119:

One of the ways we explicitize our view of happiness is to talk about our view of a “successful life”.

2000, Robert J. Spitzer, Robin A. Bernhoft, Camille E. De Blasi, Healing the Culture, →ISBN, page 127:

It is not enough to merely explicitize tacit knowledge. Rather, tacit knowledge has to be put in some sort of system to be useful.

2001, Linda Kyle Stromei, Creating Mentoring and Coaching Programs, page 24:


iminutive

What is not common, however, in German dialects is the existence of an intensive diminutive (or, as it sometimes is called, an iminutive) having the shape -ele.

1984, A Faber, RD King, “Yiddish and the settlement of Ashkenazic Jewry”, in Mankind quarterly, volume 24, page 393:

Faber and King note that Yiddish and Bavarian both have an "intensive diminutive," i.e., a second degree of diminution (iminutive); thus, StY štot 'city,' štetl 'market town', štetɘlɘ 'little market town [endearing].'

2005, Neil G. Jacobs, Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction:

The main point in the diminutive and iminutive system is, however, not only that elements of two dialectally different subsystems of German have fused in the German component.

2008, Max Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language:

In addition to the diminutive, Yiddish has an 'iminutive', which is used to indicate that something is even smaller (as well as cuter, more lovable, or possibly more inferior) than a diminutive noun.

(grammar, rare) In Yiddish, a second-degree or more intensive diminutive form.


schwi

Alteration of vowel in the word schwa to more closely approximate the sound described.

Similarly the syllable "day" in "Sunday" is to be printed smaller than the rest of the type and in the higher position to show, first that the vowel is unstressed and second that the sounds needs to be "schwi,"

1966, Albert J. Mazurkiewicz, The Initial Teaching Alphabet and the World of English: Proceedings:

Accent Hint No. 1 -- if the first syllable contains a one-syllable prefix, the vowel in that syllable is unaccented and thus is probably a schwa /ə/ or schwi /i/.

1972, Marsha Fabian, Mary Rhodes Hoover, Patterns for reading, page 141:

Should the schwa [ago] and schwi [very] be represented with a unique phonogram?

2002 January, Steve Bett, “The number of phonemes in English”, in Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society:

(phonetics) An indeterminate near-close central unrounded vowel sound as the "e" in "roses" or the "y" in "very", depending on accent; sometimes represented as [[[i]]], [[[ɪ]]], or [[[ᵻ]]] in IPA.


prepositional verb

en-noun

prepositional verb (plural prepositional verbs)

(linguistics) A two-word phrase, consisting of a verb and a preposition, that has idiomatic meaning.


phrasal prepositional verb

phrasal prepositional verb (plural phrasal prepositional verbs)

(grammar) A multi-word verb, consisting of a verb followed by an adverbial particle and a preposition, that has idiomatic meaning.


taxonym

Ash-blonde and strawberry blonde are satisfactory taxonyms of blonde, but they are by no means the optimal subcategories of BLONDE.

2004, William Croft, D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics, →ISBN, page 149:

They conclude that a good taxonym must have as its core a specification of the core of the hyponym.

2009, William C. Ritchie, Tej K. Bhatia -, The New Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, →ISBN, page 201:

The proposal in connection with taxonymy is that a taxonym must (a) further specify a highlighted feature of the hypernym and (b) must similarly highlight it. From this it will follow that the reason stallion and foal are not good taxonyms of horse, is that they highlight features not highlighted in horse; a similar explanation holds for blonde and woman; likewise, prostitute is not a good taxonym of woman because it highlights profession, but is a good taxonym of sex-worker, because it specifies further and highlights what is highlighted in sex-worker, namely, type of work.

2013, R. Green, C.A. Bean, Sung Hyon Myaeng, The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, →ISBN, page 15:

(semantics) A hyponym that differs only by properties that are highlighted in the corresponding hypernym.


inducive

(rare) Tending to induce, inducing something, or relating to the inducing of something.


RTR

retracted tongue root
retracted tongue root#English

(phonetics) Initialism of retracted tongue root.


ATR

advanced tongue root
advanced tongue root#English

(phonetics) Initialism of advanced tongue root.


fivegram

(linguistics) An n-gram consisting of five items from a sequence.


head movement

head movement (countable and uncountable, plural head movements)

(syntax) Movement of a word from the head of one maximal projection to the head of another maximal projection above the first one (i.e., such that the destination head c-commands the original head).


particle verb

(linguistics) A two-word verb, consisting of a verb and a particle (either an adverb or a preposition), that has idiomatic meaning; a phrasal verb that includes a particle rather than a preposition

agnarsögn

two-word verb consisting of a verb and a particle


apicodental

(phonetics) Made with the apex of the tongue touching the upper front of the teeth, as in apicodental stop.


orismologist

(rare, lexicography) One who can explain technical terms; a person who engages in orismology.


updrift

(phonetics) A rising (over time) of the pitch of the tones of a tonal language.


multialphabetic

Comprising or relating to more than one alphabet.


communicative competence

communicative competence (countable and uncountable, plural communicative competences)

(sociolinguistics) A language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.


Grassmann's law

Named after German linguist Hermann Grassmann (1809–1877).

named-after

(phonology) A dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, according to which an aspirated consonant loses its aspiration if it is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable.


negatival

(chiefly grammar) Of or relating to a negative, especially to a word that indicates negation


consecutio temporum

/ˌkɒnsəˈkjuːʃiəʊ ˌtɛmˈpɔːɹəm/

Borrowed from Latin cōnsecūtiō temporum (“sequence of tenses”).

bor

The consecutio temporum is constituted by the connections between clauses and their verb forms.[…]The connections that have been determined with respect to the consecutio temporum depend on the assumption that there are larger groups of clauses in the text than combinations of main and subordinate clause only.

1988, L. J. de Regt, A Parametric Model for Syntactic Studies of a Textual Corpus, Van Gorcum, page 50:

The problem as expressed by the informant, then, is to explain the difference in consecutio temporum between the second and the last sentence (highlighted in bold in (14)). The consecutio temporum in the second sentence stresses the contrast, the meeting of two different actions.

1993, Language and Linguistics in Melanesia: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea, Volume 24, Issue 2, page 209:

This analysis involves the Latin rules for consecutio temporum and deviations from these rules. The Latin rules concerning consecutio temporum are not strictly followed in non-direct speech and thought representation, as many grammars observe.

2017, Suzanne M. Adema, Speech and Thought in Latin War Narratives, BRILL, page 40:

(linguistics, grammar) A set of grammatical rules of a particular language, governing the agreement between the tenses of verbs in related clauses or sentences; agreement between tenses of verbs in accordance with said set of rules.


relevance conditional

en-noun

relevance conditional (plural relevance conditionals)

To be more precise, the speaker of a relevance conditional assumes a mutual understanding on the parts of the speaker and the addressee[s] that the actualization of P is a sufficient condition for the relevance of the Q-utterance.

2001, Renaat Declerck, Susan Reed, Conditionals: A Comprehensive Empirical Analysis, page 425:

For example, relevance conditionals are constructions in conditional shape that do not seem to express a clear conditional meaning at first glance. This has led semanticists to introduce analyses of relevance conditionals that capture many of their properties but are very specific to this construction.

2013, Tatjana Scheffler, Two-dimensional Semantics: Clausal Adjuncts and Complements, Walter de Gruyter, page 124:

A known grammatical marker of relevance conditionals is their resistance to linking their antecedent and consequent clauses with 'then': consider the mild oddity of 'If you want biscuits then there are some on the table.'[…]This peculiarity of relevance conditionals is straightforwardly explained by the ellipsis theory, according to which the consequent clause doesn't in general express a real (logical) consequent; 'There are some biscuits on the table' is just asserted as true.

2016, Stephen Finlay, Confusion of Tongues: A Theory of Normative Language, Oxford University Press, page 71:

(logic, grammar) A subordinate clause, usually introduced by if, that asserts the relevance of the clause to the main clause of the sentence, but not that it entails the main clause; a construction involving such a clause.


lexical bundle

(linguistics) A sequence of two or more words that occur in a language with high frequency but are not idiomatic; a bundle, a chunk, a cluster.


SSBE

A new study from the University of Essex, which analysed the speech patterns of 200 participants. About 26% spoke EE, half spoke SSBE and the rest spoke MLE.

2023 October 31, “Language barrier: why even Harry has stopped speaking the king’s English”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(phonetics) Initialism of Standard Southern British English.


Uralic-Yukaghir

(linguistics) A proposed language family composed of Uralic and Yukaghir.


double-marking

(linguistics) Of a language: such that the grammatical marks showing relations between the constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on both the heads (or nuclei) of the phrase in question, and on the modifiers or dependents.


cohesive device

cohesive device (plural cohesive devices)

(linguistics, translation studies) A word, expression or method in a text or utterance that connects related ideas and messages.


verboid

From verb + -oid, introduced by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen in 1937.

(grammar) Any of various grammatical entities that resemble verbs in some way.


external sandhi

(phonology, grammar) Sandhi that occurs between two words.


internal sandhi

(phonology, grammar) Sandhi that occurs at morpheme boundaries inside of a word.


Panini's law

Named after the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini.

(linguistics) One of the basic principles describing the position of words and phrases in a sentence, stating that a shorter phrase will precede a longer phrase where possible.


determinate state

status emphaticus
status emphaticus#English

(grammar) A noun form occurring in Afroasiatic languages, when the noun does bear a determiner (by contrast, in Aramaic there is an emphatic state or status emphaticus as a state of determination by the noun alone)


indeterminate state

indeterminate state (plural indeterminate states)

determinate state
determinate state#English

(grammar) A noun form occurring in Afroasiatic languages, when the noun does not bear a determiner – where it would use the determinate state –, nor governs a noun – where it would use the construct state.


transflexion

transflexion (countable and uncountable, plural transflexions)

An interesting case is posed by Slovak transflexion which consists of employing an inflectional morpheme (or, better, the whole paradigm it stands for) in the word-formation role (ape -» to ape vs. opica —> opicif sä where -if is an infinitive-forming morpheme) ...

2000, Pavol Štekauer, “Beheading the word? Please, stop the execution”, in Folia Linguistica, volume 34, number 3:

So, for example, Waszakowa (1993) and Szymanek (2010) speak about paradigmatic derivation, and Dokulil (1962) about transflexion.

2014, Rochelle Lieber, Pavol Stekauer, The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology, →ISBN:

Both conversion and transflexion represent non-affixal procedures of coining new complex words.

2017, L Körtvélyessy, Essentials of Language Typology:

Alternative form of transflection
(linguistics) Word-formation technique.

Alternative form of transflection
Word-formation technique.


transflection

transflection (countable and uncountable, plural transflections)

A third means of a morphological nature is transflection, i.e., the transfer of a vocable (usually a verb) from one inflectional pattern to another.

1972, Language Quarterly - Volumes 6-10, page 25:

Synthetic compounds are coined productively in two basic ways, either as a combination of compounding and suffixation (6), or as a combination of compounding and transflection, in which case the right-most base lacks an overt derivational suffix (7): (6a).

2016, Lívia Körtvélyessy, Word-formation in Slavic languages:

Another source of variability is given by competition of different word-formation procedures, eg transflection (a word-formation procedure common in Slavic languages in which a new word is coined by a change of grammatical morpheme) vs ...

2016, Martina Ivanová, “Variation and Variants in the Dictionary of Multiword Expressions (Focussing on Complex Nominals/Noun Compounds)”, in SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, volume 13, number 3:

(linguistics) The coining of a new word by changing of the inflectional pattern of an existing word.


overcoding

overcoding (countable and uncountable, plural overcodings)

The reason lies in the peculiar efficacy of the state in utilizing overcoding and rendering its principles and categories society-wide.

1994, The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, →ISBN, page 107:

Stylistic and ideological conventions are examples of such rules used in overcoding.

1995, Winfried Nöth, Handbook of Semiotics, →ISBN, page 212:

The scientific world (Welt, as opposed to the Umwelt of the animal) is the translation of all of the flows, particles, codes, and territorialities of the other strata into a sufficiently deterritorialized system of signs, in other words, into an overcoding specific to language.

2004, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, EPZ Thousand Plateaus, →ISBN, pages 69–70:

(semiotics) The use of established codes to take on new meanings, often thereby obscuring distinctions.

Identification of the semantic status of overcodings is a necessary preliminary to translation because it serves to identify those inferences which it will be necessary to supply in the shape of informal translation (in this case, in the shape of supplementation of the formal translation).

1987, Occasional Papers in Translation and Textlinguistics: OPTAT.:

Representation is established through successive overcodings, and the meaning of a phenomenon is given by the dominant overcoding, through a process of one code (or signifier) replacing another.

1996, Philip Goodchild, Deleuze and Guattari: An Introduction to the Politics of Desire, →ISBN:

The story of Sade reminds us of the overcodings of eroticism and politics, particularly in turbulent times and acrss highly contested political terrain.

2002, Samuel Lyndon Gladden, Shelley's Textual Seductions: Plotting Utopia in the Erotic and Political Works, →ISBN, page 1:


overcode

Instead of overlaying secondary images by alluding to an existing literary or oral tradition, structural overcodes overlay the secondary images by using technical vocabulary from a different frame of reference.

2006, Jerry Camery-Hoggatt, Speaking of God: Reading and Preaching the Word of God, →ISBN, page 126:

Opposed to codes that qualify, and overcodes that bring codes into a single resonance, axioms function by directly conjugating unqualified and decoded flows themselves.

2012, Thomas Nail, Returning to Revolution: Deleuze, Guattari and Zapatismo, →ISBN, page 94:

Codes and overcodes refer to qualitative differences and similarities between entities; the circulation and distribution of social goods, as Eugene W.Holland points out, is still dependent onthe symbolic system of conduct, meaning, and belief.

2014, Paul Ardoin, S. E. Gontarski, Laci Mattison, Understanding Deleuze, Understanding Modernism, →ISBN:

(semiotics) An established code (signifier) that also acts as a new code, either representing additional (related) meanings, or dividing into various nuances of the original meaning.


overcode

en-verb

overcode (third-person singular simple present overcodes, present participle overcoding, simple past and past participle overcoded)

overcodes (present singular third-person)
overcoding (participle present)
overcoded (participle past)
overcoded (past)

Social interaction would be the place to study how people learn these cultural codes or reasoning structures, which is related to the human ability to overcode meaning in ways that become conventional (Eco 1976).

1984, Semiotica - Volumes 50-51, page 367:

It is equally self-defeating to reduce people to objects that may be possessed, or to interpret (i.e., overcode, classify, categorize) people or books.

1998, Vicki Mahaffey, States of Desire: Wilde, Yeats, Joyce, and the Irish Experiment, →ISBN:

After Skyler asks Walt if he brought his cellphone and he responds, “Which one,” she tells him that she wants him out of the house. In so doing, she tries to subdivide the domestic home and overcode their relationship with rigid divisions.

2015, Bridget Roussell Cowlishaw, Masculinity in Breaking Bad: Critical Perspectives, →ISBN, page 177:

Humans will never completely overcode non-human multiplicities.

2017, Jean Hillier, Stretching Beyond the Horizon, →ISBN:

In one example, she describes an advertisement depictin a nude female torso in profile. Wegenstein suggests that in this particular advertisement, the breasts overcode the body in a way that the face previously had reign.

2007, M. Fenske, Tattoos in American Visual Culture, →ISBN, page 105:

Disability suties in education, as an academic field, or the disability rights movement, might be considered molar discourses that overcode the affective everyday experience of disability education.

2014, Anna Hickey-Moody, Vicki Crowley, Disability Matters: Pedagogy, Media and Affect, →ISBN, page 4:

Deleuze and Guattari (1987: 9) also recognise that although powerful sign systems may dominate or overcode a multiplicity, such overcoding will inevitably be temporary as 'multiplicities are defined by the outside: by the abstract line, the line of flight or deterritorialisation according to which they change in nature'.


undercode

The anthropologist will tend to react more in terms of denotative overcoding, while the mass audience may respond more to connotative undercodes in terms of the ideological perspectives.

1986, Keyan G. Tomaselli, Myth, Race and Power: South Africans Imaged on Film and TV, page 17:

Kier Elam, in distinguishing these undercodes from generally understood dramatic codes, describes them as the "potent dramatic and theatrical conventions ruling the structure and understanding of plays and performances ..."

1995, W. F. H. Nicolaisen, Oral Tradition in the Middle Ages, page 125:

This study also seeks to discover the motivation behind the desire of potential warriors to emulate the persona of traditional, idealized heroic icons. It argues that both a 'male undercode' and a 'religious undercode' exist at the root of military culture, shunning all 'feminising' influences, and stimulating a strong drive to achieve a type of 'supermasculine' identity.

2002, Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences:

(semiotics) A subtext; ideas or information that are assumed or implied but not explicitly coded.


undercode

undercode (third-person singular simple present undercodes, present participle undercoding, simple past and past participle undercoded)

undercodes (present singular third-person)
undercoding (participle present)
undercoded (participle past)
undercoded (past)

The immature committee — possibly a zero-history group — may express itself simply and emotionally, and thereby undercodes.

1984, The Journal of the American Forensic Association:

Unlike the case of overcoding, undercoding occurs when the receiver somehow attempts to interpret an unfamiliar or unknown message without knowing the necessary codes.

1996, Kyong Liong Kim -, Caged in Our Own Signs: A Book about Semiotics, →ISBN, page 70:

The productive nature of this novel may lie in the uneasy cohabitation of these various discursive fields and in the variability of their coding – it may undercode at times and overcode at others.

2002, Ken Gelder, Reading the Vampire, →ISBN, page 65:

Since musicians do not have native competence in producing the style from which they have appropriated, they have to 'undercode' to some extent. (Eco. 1976: 135—6).

2013, Jason Toynbee, Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World?, →ISBN:

(semiotics, intransitive) To communicate using codes that do not convey the entire message, but which rely on the recipient's construction of meaning through connotation or subtexts.

To officers and dispatchers it also connotes "good police work" and "crime work" that is honorable and important. Each message is undercoded in respect of police ideology (Eco 1979:135ff., Manning 1986).

1992, Peter K. Manning, Organizational Communication, →ISBN, page 63:

In another sense it provides a deficit: some key knowledge necessary to read a word correctly is missing. One might alternatively say that the syllabary simultaneously undercodes and overcodes the spoken language, making it particularly ripe as a location for local language ideology.

2002, Margaret Clelland Bender, Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life, →ISBN:

By withholding information, thereby abnegating the textual strategies of the storyteller by undercoding the text, Calvino augments the duties of the concerned reader.

2006, Franco Ricci, Difficult Games: A Reading of I Racconti by Italo Calvino, →ISBN, page 110:

(semiotics, transitive) To use or convey (a message) in a way that requires the recipient to construct part of the meaning.

Thus theology is also a logocentric system that undercodes mythology.

1996 -, Kyong Liong Kim, Caged in Our Own Signs: A Book about Semiotics, →ISBN, page 70:

Instead of either stylizing the violence out of sight or repressing representation entirely, she undercodes the violence so that its presence in the resulting work, which is partly representational and partly anti-representational, is all the more tenacious and acute.

2010, Mieke Bal, Of What One Cannot Speak: Doris Salcedo's Political Art, →ISBN, page 62:

Ken Gelder argues in a psychoanalytic reading of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula that the text 'overcodes sexuality at the level of performance, but undercodes it at the level of utterance.

2013, Samantha George, Bill Hughes, Open Graves, Open Minds: Representations of Vampires and the Undead, →ISBN:

(semiotics, transitive) To communicate (information) indirectly, by means of an undercode.


postpostively

(grammar) In a postpositive manner; placed after the word or phrase being modified.


self-select

self-select (third-person singular simple present self-selects, present participle self-selecting, simple past and past participle self-selected)

self-selects (present singular third-person)
self-selecting (participle present)
self-selected (participle past)
self-selected (past)

On the other hand, gapping is inhibited by the fact that current speaker may select next speaker or may continue his turn should no one self-select, by the fact that self-selectors are encouraged to begin early in the current speaker's turn to plan for the start of their own turn, and by the fact that the current speaker, knowing that self-selectors will begin their self-selection at the earliest possible moment, is encouraged to select next speaker at an early point in his turn.

1980, Mary Ritchie Key, The Relationship of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, page 295:

(linguistics, intransitive) To take one's turn in a conversation by electing to speak.


Austric

From the first part of the terms Austronesian and Austroasiatic, in turn derived from Latin auster (“south wind”).

(linguistics, anthropology) Pertaining to a proposed macrofamily of languages, including the Austroasiatic, Daic, and Austronesian language families among others


Proto-Austric

(linguistics, uncountable) The hypothetical protolanguage (common ancestor language) of the Austric languages


Daic

Ultimately from the name of the Dai language.

(linguistics, anthropology) Relating to the Tai-Kadai language family


Stang's law

Named after the Norwegian linguist Christian Stang.

(phonology) A Proto-Indo-European phonological rule that governs the word-final sequences of a vowel, followed firstly by a semivowel or a laryngeal and then by a nasal. Such sequences are simplified so that laryngeals and semivowels are dropped, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel.


tatsama

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit तत्सम (tatsama).
Tatsama was originally employed to refer to those inherited Prakrit words that were identical in form with Sanskrit; later it came to refer to learned loans introduced into the post-Prakritic speech as well. Traditionally, the term was used for both inherited words that were unmodified in form, and learned words. However from a strict linguistic point of view, the term refers only to learned borrowings from Sanskrit.

lbor

However, beyond lexis, the Macmillan range includes other adaptations, such as IPA encoding which reflects Indian English pronunciation, and etymologies that distinguish between "tatsama" and "tadbhava" terms, based on McGregor (1992).

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 298:

(lexicography) A Sanskrit learned loanword used in a South Asian language.

তৎসম

a word borrowed from Sanskrit in a South Asian language


Sicel

From Latin Siculi, from Ancient Greek Σικελός (Sikelós). See also Sicily.
Greek historians including Thucydides suggested Siculus, a legendary king and son of Italus, as the progenitor of the Sicels.

2010, Philip Baldi, The Foundations of Latin, Walter de Gruyter (Mouton de Gruyter) page 116,
Their language, Sicel or Siculan, is considered by most scholars to be an independent IE language whose deeper connections with Italic are poorly demonstrated.

In Sicily were spoken at least two languages during the first millennium BC that are widely thought to have been Indo-European. The first, Sicel (or Siculian), was spoken by the Siculians in eastern Sicily.

2010, Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, page 469:

Although the contribution of the Sicel language to coin inscriptions is not great, there is another case where Sicel is often invoked, and which unusually is not a proper name.

2012, Oliver Simkin, “Coins and language in ancient Sicily”, in Olga Tribulato, editor, Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily, Cambridge University Press, page 170:

(linguistics) The unclassified, sparsely attested language of the Sicels.


unlinguistic

en-adj

unlinguistic (comparative more unlinguistic, superlative most unlinguistic)

more unlinguistic (comparative)
most unlinguistic (superlative)


astronym

The name of a star, planet or other heavenly body.


telonym

John Smith adopted the telonym N. H. for his novel.

(rare) A term formed from the terminal letter or letters of several words.

(rare) A pseudonym formed in this way from an author's first name or full name.


postalveolo-prepalatal

(phonetics) Both postalveolar and prepalatal.


sound symbolism

sound symbolism in the Wiktionary glossary


mediopalatal

(phonetics) Involving the middle of the palate.


prepalatal

(phonetics) Articulated anterior to the palate.


euphemism treadmill

Coined by Steven Pinker in 1994, but preceded by Sharon Henderson Taylor's 1974 "euphemism cycle."

Coordinate term: pejoration

The euphemism treadmill shows that concepts, not words, are in charge: give a concept a new name, and the name becomes colored by the concept; the concept does not become freshened by the name. (We will know we have achieved equality and mutual respect when names for minorities stay put.)

1994 April 5, Steven Pinker, “The Game of the Name”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, page A21:

Linguists are familiar with the phenomenon, which may be called the euphemism treadmill. People invent new words for emotionally charged referents, but soon the euphemism becomes tainted by association, and a new word must be found, which soon acquires its own connotations, and so on.

Euphemism, if successful, exemplifies case m: the new term has a new tone, but preserves sense and reference. The sort of backfire characteristic of the 'euphemism treadmill' is a shift to case i: the tone reverts to that of the old term.

2011, Gary Hardcastle, George Reisch, Bullshit and Philosophy: Guaranteed to Get Perfect Results Every Time:

Next in line was the Euphemism Treadmill, / gaining its power from the perpetually offended; / and once we take enough steps, it starts to run by itself, / its gears turned and greased by political correctness.

2014, Trevor Patrick, Sooner Or Later, They'll Turn on You!:

Whereas there is a certain degree of clarity as to why the euphemism treadmill comes to exist (since people keep inventing new, often more vague names for uncomfortable things), it is not so clear why there is a constant and steady influx of new iconic coinages in the language.

2017, Angelika Zirker, Matthias Bauer, Olga Fischer, Dimensions of Iconicity, page 33:

(lexicography) The process by which euphemisms fall into disuse and are replaced by new ones, as the old ones become socially unacceptable over time.


MTT

en-noun

MTT (countable and uncountable, plural MTTs)

meaning-text theory
w:meaning-text theory

(linguistics) Initialism of meaning-text theory.


antegrammatical

(linguistics) Prior to the formation of a grammar


disyllabify

en-verb

disyllabify (third-person singular simple present disyllabifies, present participle disyllabifying, simple past and past participle disyllabified)

disyllabifies (present singular third-person)
disyllabifying (participle present)
disyllabified (participle past)
disyllabified (past)

(linguistics, transitive) To split or convert (a monosyllable) into two syllables.


subsyllabic

en-adj

subsyllabic (comparative more subsyllabic, superlative most subsyllabic)

more subsyllabic (comparative)
most subsyllabic (superlative)

While we assume that phonological subsyllabic units are functional prior to reading skill, we have not ruled out a possible interaction with the writing system.

2002, Ludo Verhoeven, Carsten Elbro, Pieter Reitsma, editors, Precursors of Functional Literacy:

(linguistics) Of, or related to parts or fractions of a syllable.


adjective verb

(in Egyptian grammar) a type of intransitive stative verb used to express a quality or entrance into a quality


arithmographic

(linguistics) In which words are encoded as numbers