summative

The immediate future work is the treatment of summatives (with "total") and symmetric phrases (with the "same").

2015, Oleg Kiselyov, “Canonical Constituents and Non-canonical Coordination”, in Tsuyoshi Murata, Koji Mineshima, Daisuke Bekki, editor, New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence:

Summarizers and Concluders (Quirk et al. 1985: summatives) may signal the last element in a list ( 'finally' ) or be used to sum up ( English: 'altogether', 'then' , 'therefore' , and more formal expressions like 'to conclude', 'in conclusion'; Italian: 'In/in breve', 'Allo scopo di sintetizzare).

2015, Jesús Romero-Trillo, Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2015, page 250:

Sometimes the summative is the center of the paragraph, long or short, as when she describes her first husband, the Brewer, in a short paragraph that, "in short," "cut[s] short a dull Story" (10).

2019, Cynthia Wall, Grammars of Approach, page 184:

(linguistics) A word or phrase, such as "in short" or "therefore" that signals something is summarizing a larger body of information.


superstratum

(linguistics) A language imposed upon a population that previously spoke another language

մակաշերտ

a language imposed upon a population that previously spoke another language


metasemantics

(linguistics) The part of metalanguage that deals with semantics.


realis mood

(grammar) A category of grammatical moods, the most common of which is the indicative mood, that indicate that something actually is, or is not, the case.


irrealis mood

(grammar) A category of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to happen, or have happened, as the speaker is talking.


subcategorize

en-verb

subcategorize (third-person singular simple present subcategorizes, present participle subcategorizing, simple past and past participle subcategorized)

subcategorizes (present singular third-person)
subcategorizing (participle present)
subcategorized (participle past)
subcategorized (past)

As we see from the examples in (55):
 (55) (a) John will put [_(NP) the car] [_(PP) in the garage]
 (55) (b) ^✽John will put [_(NP) the car]
 (55) (c) ^✽John will put [_(PP) in the garage]
 (55) (d) ^✽John will put
 the Verb put subcategorizes (i.e. ‘takesʼ) obligatory NP and PP complements (to simplify exposition here, we ignore the fact that the subcategorization properties of put may be predictable from its thematic properties, and from general word-order principles such as the STRICT ADJACENCY CONDITION).

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 8, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 421:

(grammar) To practice subcategorization.


past iterative

(grammar) A tense in the Lithuanian language that indicates complete iterative action in the past, similar to the English used to but with the possibility of the action still continuing in the present.

(grammar) An alternative inflection of verbs used in the Epic (Homeric) dialect of Ancient Greek, having σκ inside aorist or imperfect verbs, and indicating habitual or repeated action.


realis

Borrowed from Late Latin reālis. Doublet of real.


realis

(grammar) Of or relating to the realis mood.

(grammar, of a verb) Inflected to indicate that something actually is, or is not, the case.


aphetically

en-adv

aphetically (comparative more aphetically, superlative most aphetically)

more aphetically (comparative)
most aphetically (superlative)

(linguistics) In an aphetic way: through aphesis.


binary antonym

complementary antonym
complementary antonym


relational antonym

en-noun

relational antonym (plural relational antonyms)

(semantics) A term that, together with another term, forms a pair of opposite role names in a relationship, such as parent and child.

конверсив

a term that forms a pair of opposite role names in a relationship


complementary antonym

complementary antonym (plural complementary antonyms)

(semantics) A term whose meaning is the complement of another term, in an either-or fashion, such as mortal in relation to immortal.

Complementary (also called contradictory) antonyms are those for which the assertion of one entails the negation of the other and vice versa, as in (17).
a. That integer is even. → That integer is not odd.
b. That integer is not odd. → That integer is even.

2010, M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, page 120:

(linguistics, philosophy, semantics) One of a pair of words wherein affirmative use of one entails the negative of the other with no gradability.


gradable antonym

gradable antonym (plural gradable antonyms)

Three types are commonly identified: gradable antonyms, contradictory or complementary antonyms, and converses. [...] Gradable antonyms include pairs like the following: ¶ beautiful ugly ¶ expensive cheap ¶ fast slow

2000, Howard Jackson, Etienne Zé Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary, page 99:

(linguistics, philosophy, semantics) One of a pair of terms that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes the other end, such as long and short.


adpositional

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an adposition.

adpositionaalinen

pertaining to or of the nature of an adposition


obj

(grammar, programming) Abbreviation of object.


undergoer

(linguistics, grammar) The most patient-like argument of a clause, e.g. 'the boat' in "The torpedo sank the boat" and "The boat sank".


keyphrase

(linguistics) A phrase of relative importance in a text, acting like a keyword (important term) or a combination of several thereof.


exonormative

en-adj

exonormative (comparative more exonormative, superlative most exonormative)

more exonormative (comparative)
most exonormative (superlative)

An exonormative view of language is one where the perceived prestige or standard form is that of a non-local variety, while, in contrast, an endonormative view is one where features of the local variety are viewed as contributing to, or being part of, the standardised variety.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 112:

(linguistics) (Of a language variety) using a non-local form as the standard or norm.


endonormative

endonormative (comparative more endonormative, superlative most endonormative)

more endonormative (comparative)
most endonormative (superlative)

(linguistics) (Of a language variety) using a local form as the standard or norm.


translationese

(translation studies) Awkwardness or ungrammaticality of translation, such as due to overly literal translation of idioms or syntax.

翻譯腔

översättningssvenska (when translated to Swedish, and especially from English)


DSM

distributional semantic model
distributional semantic model#English

(semantics) Initialism of distributional semantic model.


DARE

w:Dictionary of American Regional English

(lexicography) Acronym of Dictionary of American Regional English.


converb

Borrowed from German Konverb. By surface analysis, con- + verb; compare adverb and conjunctive.

(linguistics) A non-finite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination.

(Yiddish linguistics) A verb with a stressed, separable prefix.


iotized

iotized (comparative more iotized, superlative most iotized)

more iotized (comparative)
most iotized (superlative)

1854 pre-iotized, 1874 iotize, 1890 iotised. See iotize.


iotize

en-verb

iotize (third-person singular simple present iotizes, present participle iotizing, simple past and past participle iotized)

iotizes (present singular third-person)
iotizing (participle present)
iotized (participle past)
iotized (past)

1854 pre-iotized, 1874 iotization, iotized, 1890 iotised, 1906 iotise. Adapted from Ancient Greek ἰωτίζω (iōtízō, “I write with an iota”). Compare iota.

bor

(linguistics) To precede a spoken vowel sound with a "y" sound, as the u in "pure" and "cute".


reborrowing

The word flan itself is a relatively recent addition to English, adopted on our behalf from French by the chef Alexis Soyer (a Frenchman working in England), but in that form it is in fact simply a reborrowing of a word which originally crossed the Channel in the 13th century as flawn, denoting some sort of custard tart or cheesecake.

1990, John Ayto, “flan”, in Dictionary of Word Origins, New York: Arcade, →ISBN, page 230:

(linguistics) A word that passed from language A into language B and thence back into language A. Such words may have changed in meaning and/or form.


tetrastich

From Latin tetrastichon, from neuter of Ancient Greek τετράστιχον (tetrástikhon, “having four rows”), from τετρα- (tetra-, “four”) + στίχος (stíkhos, “row”).


prenuclear

prenuclear pitch


phonotactically

(linguistics) By or from the point of view of phonotactics.


closed syllable

en-noun

closed syllable (plural closed syllables)

(linguistics) A syllable that ends in a consonant.


implicans

(grammar) The antecedent in the if-clause; the well-formed formula (wff).


Common Slavic

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies) The last phase of Proto-Slavic language, the Late Proto-Slavic.

(Indo-European studies, proscribed) Proto-Slavic


agentive nominalisation

agentive nominalisation (countable and uncountable, plural agentive nominalisations)

(grammar) A construction whereby an action verb is made into an agent noun.


mesioproximal

mesiodistal

near neither the speaker nor the addressee but not far off

(linguistics) In the description of languages with a four-way distinction for demonstratives, refers to a demonstrative which indicates something near the addressee.


ɢ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ɴɢ⟩ for the /ŋ/ sound.


glottalization

glottalization (countable and uncountable, plural glottalizations)

Examples of glottalization include creaky voice, and the interrupted tones of Vietnamese.

(phonology) The act or process of constricting or closing the glottis during the production of a speech sound that normally does not involve such constriction.

(phonology) Transformation of a consonant into a glottal stop or fricative.


glottalize

en-verb

glottalize (third-person singular simple present glottalizes, present participle glottalizing, simple past and past participle glottalized)

glottalizes (present singular third-person)
glottalizing (participle present)
glottalized (participle past)
glottalized (past)

(phonology) To apply glottalization while articulating another sound.


pharyngealize

pharyngealize (third-person singular simple present pharyngealizes, present participle pharyngealizing, simple past and past participle pharyngealized)

pharyngealizes (present singular third-person)
pharyngealizing (participle present)
pharyngealized (participle past)
pharyngealized (past)

/fæˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːəˌlaɪz/

(phonology) to constrict the pharynx while articulating another sound.


pharyngealization

en-noun

pharyngealization (countable and uncountable, plural pharyngealizations)

(phonology) The act or process of pharyngealizing.


minimizer

From minimize + -er. In the linguistics sense, coined by American linguist Dwight Bolinger in 1972.

coinage

(linguistics) A word or phrase referring to a very small quantity of something, used to reinforce a negative sentence.


velarize

en-verb

velarize (third-person singular simple present velarizes, present participle velarizing, simple past and past participle velarized)

velarizes (present singular third-person)
velarizing (participle present)
velarized (participle past)
velarized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-velarize.wav

(phonology) To raise the back of the tongue toward the velum while articulating another consonant, such as the l of English pool.

velaritzar

to raise the back of the tongue toward the velum while articulating another consonant

In several dialects of Central German, the cluster -nd- has been velarized to -ng-.

(phonology) To replace a (usually more front) consonant with a velar.


velarization

en-noun

velarization (countable and uncountable, plural velarizations)

From velar + -ization or velarize + -ation.

(phonology) The act or process of velarizing.


glottalic

en-adj

glottalic (comparative more glottalic, superlative most glottalic)

more glottalic (comparative)
most glottalic (superlative)

(linguistics) Related to or produced via complete closure of the glottis.


velaric

velaric (comparative more velaric, superlative most velaric)

more velaric (comparative)
most velaric (superlative)

(linguistics) Produced by combining a closure at the velum and a lowering of the tongue to decrease the pressure in the mouth.


monophthongize

en-verb

monophthongize (third-person singular simple present monophthongizes, present participle monophthongizing, simple past and past participle monophthongized)

monophthongizes (present singular third-person)
monophthongizing (participle present)
monophthongized (participle past)
monophthongized (past)

(transitive, linguistics) To change to a monophthong (as by removing a vowel).

(intransitive, linguistics) To become a monophthong.


translingually

To explore effective pedagogies to motivate these bilingual doctoral researchers to theorise translingually, this paper draws upon methodologies about translingualism and intercultural doctoral education to dispel the recurrent doubts raised by these bilingual doctoral researchers.

2023 October 20, Haibo Shen, “JIĀO/JIÀO 教 Chinese bilingual doctoral researchers to theorise translingually: A pedagogy for intercultural doctoral education”, in Linguistics and Education, volume 77, →DOI:


diphthongize

diphthongize (third-person singular simple present diphthongizes, present participle diphthongizing, simple past and past participle diphthongized)

diphthongizes (present singular third-person)
diphthongizing (participle present)
diphthongized (participle past)
diphthongized (past)

/ˈdɪfθɑŋaɪz/

/ˈdɪfθɒŋaɪz/

Coordinate term: monophthongize

Some of these [monophthongs] will be diphthongised under the influence of following sounds.

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 5:

(transitive, phonetics) To change to a diphthong, as by inserting or removing a vowel.

(intransitive, phonetics) To become a diphthong.


cybername

He signed in using his own cybername: Point Guard.

Your modem dials an 800 number a couple of times. Along the way, you'll be asked to make up a cybername for yourself...

2002, David Pogue, Flat screen iMac for dummies:

"Are the two of you going to stick to phony cybernames? Or shall I introduce you by your real ones?"

A nickname used on the Internet or in cyberspace.


end mark

Because this sentence makes a statement, a period is the appropriate endmark.

2011, Geraldine Woods, English Grammar Workbook For Dummies:

(grammar) A punctuation mark occurring at the end of a clause or sentence.


verbalizer

(grammar) A morpheme, particle, etc. that converts a word into a verb.


rhotacization

(phonology) The act, process, or result of rhotacizing.


venitive

From Latin veniō (“I come, I approach”).

The venitive suffix associates an event of ‘motion to or toward’ to the main verb.

2007, Loretta O’Connor, Motion, Transfer and Transformation: The grammar of change in Lowland Chontal, John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 131:

(grammar, of a word, particle, or inflection) Indicating motion to or toward a thing.


venitive

[…] a derivational suffix indicating ‘movement toward the speaker or deictic center’. […] a derivational venitive […]

1994, Joan L. Bybee, Revere Dale Perkins, and William Pagliuca, The evolution of grammar: tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 11–12:

(grammar) A grammatical word, particle, or inflection that indicates motion to or toward a thing; or, the indication so provided.


masc.

(grammar) Abbreviation of masculine (of the masculine grammatical gender).


masc.

(grammar) Abbreviation of masculine (word or form of the masculine grammatical gender).


synizesis

en-noun

synizesis (countable and uncountable, plural synizeses)

From Ancient Greek συνίζησις (sunízēsis, “a sitting together”), from σύν (sún, “with”) (English syn-) + ἱζάνω (hizánō, “to sit”).

der

(prosody) The pronunciation of two separate vowels as a single one.


nasal vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth.


voice glide

(pronunciation) The brief and obscure neutral vowel sound that sometimes occurs between two consonants in an unaccented syllable (represented by the apostrophe), as in able.


presentative

en-adj

presentative (comparative more presentative, superlative most presentative)

more presentative (comparative)
most presentative (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Late Latin praesentativus (“that presents for consideration”) + English -ive (suffix signifying belonging or relating to, of the nature of, serving to, or tending to, forming adjectives). Praesentativus is from Latin praesentātus (“presented, exhibited, or shown”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives); while praesentātus is the perfect passive participle of praesentō (“to present, exhibit, or show”), from praesēns (“at hand, present; existing; immediate; prompt; propitious; (grammar) present”) (the present active participle of praesum (“to be before something; to be in charge of; to command, lead; to preside or rule over”), from prae- (prefix meaning ‘before, in front; in charge’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before; in front”)) + sum (“to be, exist, have”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”))) + -tō (frequentative suffix). The English word is analysable as present + -ative.
The noun sense (“construct that serves to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor”) is derived from adjective sense 3 (“serving to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor”).

der

(grammar) Serving to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor.


presentative

(grammar) A construct that serves to present something, or draw it to the attention of the interlocutor.


chest voice

(phonology, music) A kind of voice of a medium or low pitch and a sonorous quality ascribed to resonance in the chest, or thorax; voice of the thick register. It is produced by vibration of the vocal cords through their entire width and thickness, and with convex surfaces presented to each other.


head voice

en-noun

head voice (countable and uncountable, plural head voices)

(phonology, music) a kind of voice of high pitch and of a thin quality ascribed to resonance in the head; voice of the thin register. In producing it, the vibration of the cords is limited to their thin edges in the upper part, which are then presented to each other.


articulator

(phonetics) Any organ in the vocal tract used to articulate, produce speech.

puhe-elin

phonetics: any organ in the vocal tract used to produce speech


preterite-present verb

preterite-present verb (plural preterite-present verbs)

(grammar) A type of verb specific to Germanic languages in which the forms of the present tense resemble the forms normally found in the preterite (or past) tense of strong verbs. In modern English these are principally can, may, shall, will; one can also include the other verbs that do not (or not always) take -s in the third-person singular: dare, must, need, ought. The only non-modal preterite-present verb is an archaic verb wit.


allophonics

(linguistics) The use of allophones (alternative pronunciations).


(lexicography) The breve, used to mark a vowel letter as having its 'short' sound: ⟨ă⟩ /æ/, ⟨ĕ⟩ /ɛ/, ⟨ĭ⟩ /ɪ/, ⟨ŏ⟩ /ɒ/, ⟨ŭ⟩ /ʌ/.


kineme

(linguistics) In kinesics, a group of movements with an associated meaning, analogous to a phoneme in spoken language.


Venetic

From Latin veneticus, from Venetia (“land of the Veneti; Venice, Veneto”) + -icus (“-ic: forming adjectives”), from Venetī + -ia, of uncertain origin. Equivalent to Veneti + -ic.

վենետական

of or pertaining to the Veneti or Venetic

(historical, linguistics) Of or related to Venetic, the language of the Adriatic Veneti.


Venetic

(historical linguistics) An extinct Indo-European language once spoken by the Veneti people who lived between the Po River delta in northeastern Italy and the southern Alps in Slovenia in antiquity.


uninflectable

(linguistics) Not inflectable; that cannot be inflected.


representamen

representamen (plural representamens or representamina)

representamens (plural)
representamina (plural)

The Leibnitzio-Wolfians distinguish three acts in the process of representative cognition: — 1° the act of representing a (mediate) object to the mind; 2° the representation, or, to speak more properly, representamen, itself as an (immediate or vicarious) object exhibited to the mind; 3° the act by which the mind is conscious, immediately of the representative object, and, through it, mediately of the remote object represented.

1861, Sir William Hamilton, The Metaphysics of Sir William Hamilton, page 318:

A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity.

circa''' 1897: Charles Sanders Peirce [aut.] and Justus Buchler [ed.], Philosophical Writings of Peirce, chapter 7: “Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs”, § 1: “What is a Sign? Three Divisions of Logic”, page 99 (from a circa 1897 manuscript (CP 2.227–9), first published in the 1940 selection The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, and later reprinted sic in 1955 by Dover Publications, Inc., New York; →ISBN, 9780486202174)

(semiotics) A representation; a thing serving to represent something.


Proto-Algonquian

(linguistics) The theoretical proto-language of the Algonquian languages.


hyperforeign

1933 hyper-foreign, 1983 hyperforeign. From hyper- + foreign. Compare hypercorrect/hypercorrection.

This relation is further complicated by the literate persons who know something of the foreign pronunciation and orthography. A speaker who knows the spelling jabot and the English form [ˈžɛbow] (for French [žabo]), may revise tête-à-tête [ˈtejteˌtejt] (from French [tɛ:t a tɛːt]) to a hyper-foreign ['tejtetej], without the final [t].

1933, Leonard Bloomfield, Language, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, page 449:

Half-literate persons, who try, without proper knowledge, to pronounce a foreign language, are apt to coin hyper-foreign forms, a special kind of hyper-correction.

1970, Joshua Blau, On Pseudo-Corrections in Some Semitic Languages, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, p 17

[pp 309–10] Professor Blau combines his thorough grounding in linguistics with vast knowledge of Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and related languages to alert scholars to the occurrence of a phenomenon he terms “pseudo-corrections” in Semitic language texts. The term is a general one encompassing largely hyper-corrections which have been studied for some time in the Indo-European languages. Hyper-corrections occur when a speaker, or writer, attempts to correct his own speech by using forms from another speech which he regards as more prestigious, or “higher” than his own. When he uses a “higher” form incorrectly, producing a form that is correct in neither the “higher” nor “lower” speech, the form is called a hyper-correction by linguists.
[p 310] Blau indicates that other pseudo-corrections may occur as the result of spelling pronunciations, reversal of sound shifts (regression), and may be found in hyper-foreign form, “inverted calques,” inverse spelling, and “literary pseudo-corrections” which are correct linguistically but incorrect stylistically.

1973, Milton L. Boyle, Jr, untitled book review in Journal of Biblical Literature, v 92

Had the norms of Eng. phonotactics been violated by the stimulus words, there would probably have occurred all sorts of further distortions in the responses, cf. the well-known examples of what an impression of ‘foreignness’ can do on a stage of imperfect learning supplied by the English school tradition of trilled r in French, or the Danish hyperforeign pronunciation of German <z> as a voiced [dᶻ].

1983, Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, “Two Phonological Issues in Germanic”, in Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, volume 18, Copenhagen, page 203:

This playfulness and hyperforeign linguistic behavior is notably absent with [ŋ] in English, a sound that is systematically ruled out in initial position. Thus, speakers do not turn a name like Noam [noʷm] into *Ngoam [ŋoʷm] for any playful purpose or to underscore its seeming alien quality.

2005, Gregory K. Iverson, Joseph C. Salmons, “Filling the Gap: English Tense Vowel Plus Final /š/”, in Journal of English Linguistics, volume 33, number 3, pages 207–21:

(linguistics) Resulting from the misapplication of foreign reading rules, such as dropping the ‘t’ in claret.


phrasal preposition

phrasal preposition (plural phrasal prepositions)

In English, most phrasal prepositions consist of an adverbial followed by a one-word preposition.

(grammar) A preposition composed of several words rather than just one.


isorhythmic

(prosody) In ancient prosody, equal in the number of times for thesis and arsis, as a dactyl and anapest.


hyperforeignism

hyperforeignism (countable and uncountable, plural hyperforeignisms)

(linguistics, uncountable) The misapplication of foreign pronunciation or usage, particularly the use of a sound or form perceived as foreign where a native one is considered standard; an approximation that is misapprehensive or pedantic.

Educated people are thus aware that words in or from foreign languages are subject to somewhat different reading rules from those applying to English. But they are often vague about them, and about the different rules applicable to different foreign languages. Many resulting pronunciations are absurd in that they reflect neither the reading rules of English nor those of the language from which the word in question comes. For example, there is an awareness based on French that /dʒ/ is an English-type consonant, for which /ʒ/ is the ‘foreign’ equivalent. But when this leads to raj, Taj Mahal, mah-jongg, or adagio with /ʒ/ instead of /dʒ/ (although the languages of origin have affricates in these words), we have what might well be called a hyperforeignism. [boldfaced in source]

1982, John C. Wells, Accents of English 1: An Introduction, page 108:

(linguistics, countable) An instance or example of such misapplication.


subtitler

A software package that assists in creating subtitles for movies, documentaries, etc.


eponymy

eponymy (usually uncountable, plural eponymies)

(semantics) The semantic relation of eponyms; the quality of being eponymous.


Japlish

(informal) A confused blend of Japanese and English; Engrish.


phonotactic

So, we all have intuitions about possible and impossible stress patterns in sentences. Moreover, we all have strong phonotactic intuitions – i.e. intuitions about what are possible and impossible sound sequences among native words in English. For instance, we'd probably all agree that blick is a possible, but non-occurring English word, whereas *bnick by contrast is not a possible native English word[.]

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, pages 4–5:

The term missy appears to be a Chinese Pidgin English term from English miss + the Cantonese phonotactic suffix -ee/-y[.]

2015, James Lambert, “Lexicography as a teaching tool: A Hong Kong case study”, in Lan Li, Jamie McKeown, Liming Liu, editors, Dictionaries and corpora: Innovations in reference science. Proceedings of ASIALEX 2015 Hong Kong, Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, page 146:

(linguistics, phonology) Pertaining to phonotactics.


phonotactics

From phono- (“sound”) + tactics (“organization, arranging”).

af

(linguistics, phonology) A branch of phonology that deals with the restrictions a language applies to combinations of phonemes.


hemistich

en-noun

hemistich (plural hemistichs or hemistiches)

hemistichs (plural)
hemistiches (plural)

From French hémistiche, from Latin hēmistichium, from Ancient Greek ἡμιστίχιον (hēmistíkhion), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “half”) + στίχος (stíkhos, “verse”).

affix

An approximate half-line of verse, separated from another by a caesura, often for dramatic effect.


pronunciation respelling

en-noun

pronunciation respelling (countable and uncountable, plural pronunciation respellings)

Coordinate term: pronunciation spelling

(lexicography) The respelling of a word to show pronunciation, especially as used in dictionaries not employing a phonetic alphabet for phonetic transcription.


tautonym

From taut- + -onym or alternatively tauto- + -nym.

The chapter on reduplication - "flip-flopping higgledy- piggledy through the riffraff" - differentiates rhyming compounds like bigwig, hotshot, ragtag, sci-fi from repetitions called tautonyms, such as bye-bye, so-so, rah-rah, as well as from ricochet words in which the repeated element is modified: chit-chat, roly-poly, shilly-shally.

2006 March 11, William Safire, “Language: Nifty gifties: Books full of words - Opinion - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times:

(linguistics) A word or term made from two identical parts or syllables, such as bonbon or dada.


Hittitologist

(anthropology, linguistics) an archaeologist, historian, linguist, or art historian who specializes in the study of the Ancient Hittites and their Near Eastern Empire which was based in Hattusa in modern day Anatolia.


premodifier

(grammar) A modifier placed before the head of the phrase.


postmodifier

(grammar) A modifier placed after the head of the phrase.


loose ablative

(grammar) A syntactic construction which uses the past participle, inflected in the ablative case, without an auxiliary verb yet not as an adjective, but silently supposing a verb to depend upon.


coronis

From the Latin corōnis, from the Ancient Greek κορωνίς (korōnís, “crasis coronis”, “editorial coronis”); cognate with the French coronis.

uder

(Ancient Greek grammar) A character similar to an apostrophe or the smooth breathing written atop or next to a non–word-initial vowel retained from the second word which formed a contraction resulting from crasis; see the usage note.


ablauting

/ɑbˌlaʊtˌɪŋ/

PIE nouns, adjectives, and verbs can be divided into two basic groups based on their inflectional patterns: those that had an ablauting short vowel, e or o (in shorthand -e/o-), directly before the inflectional endings (the case-endings in nouns or adjectives, the personal endings in verbs), and those with no such vowel.

2004, Benjamin W. Fortson, Indo-European language and culture, page 77:


ablauting

/ɑbˌlaʊtˌɪŋ/

As an irregular verb, however, its past tense form is characterized by ablauting ('any vowel change that alternates') in which /e/ -> /o/ (/brek/ -> /brok/) and its past participle form is characterized by both ablauting and /(e)n/ addition.

2000, Richard V. Teschner, Eston Evans, Analyzing the grammar of English, page 48:

(linguistics) the process of vowel turning into its ablaut variant


Rhaetian

(linguistics) An extinct non-Romance language spoken in the ancient region of Raetia in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times.


o-stem

(linguistics) A word, especially a noun in Indo-European linguistics, whose stem ends in /o/.


u-stem

(linguistics) A word, especially a noun in Indo-European linguistics, whose stem ends in /u/.


i-stem

(linguistics) A word, especially a noun in Indo-European linguistics, whose stem ends in /i/.


heteroclisis

(grammar) The presence of two or more classes of inflection in the inflectional paradigm of a noun, verb, etc

eteroclisia

grammar: two or more inflection classes in a paradigm


diptote

From Latin diptōtum, from Ancient Greek δίπτωτος (díptōtos), from δί- (dí-) + πτῶσις (ptôsis, “case”).

In Modern Standard Arabic, nouns belong to triptotes or diptotes, or can be indeclinable.

(grammar) A noun which has only two cases.


triptote

From Latin triptōtum, from Ancient Greek τρίπτωτος (tríptōtos), from τρι- (tri-, “three”) + πίπτω (píptō, “to fall”) + -τος (-tos, verbal adjective–forming suffix), influenced by the verbal noun πτῶσις (ptôsis, “inflection”).


boy's name

A given name to a young male person or boy.


calling name

(anthropology, linguistics) The name by which a person is normally identified in conversation.

roepnaam

name by which a person is identified in conversation


baptismal name

1685, Charles Cotton (translator), Essays of Michael, Seigneur de Montaigne, London: T. Basset et al., Volume 1, “Of Names,” pp. 538-539,
Will not Posterity say, that our Modern Reformation has been wonderfully exact, in having […] proceeded so far, as to quarrel with the Ancient Baptismal Names of Charles, Lewis, and Francis, to fill the World with Methusalems, Ezekiels, and Malachies, of a more Scriptural sound?

A custom had generally obtained, of giving a new name, upon adopting a new member into a family. […] In imitation of this common practice, the old christians gave baptismal names to their children, which were intended to point out their heavenly adoption, as their surnames distinguished their temporal alliance.

1779, William Gilpin, Lectures on the Catechism of the Church of England, London: R. Blamire, Volume 1, Lecture 1, p. 9:

“John Walter Ardworth, commonly called Walter; he, like me, preferred to be known only by his second baptismal name. […]”

1846, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, chapter 6, in Lucretia, volume 2, London: Saunders and Otley, page 234:

they had been lovers—if you could give that name to a relationship in which she had never used his baptismal name

1940, Graham Greene, The Power and the Glory, London: Heinemann, Part 2, Chapter 1, p. 85:

βαπτιστικό [vaˌptistiˈko̞] n (meaning: baptismal, abbreviation of baptismal name


antonymously

en-adv

antonymously (comparative more antonymously, superlative most antonymously)

more antonymously (comparative)
most antonymously (superlative)


grammarless

A few languages are either virtually grammarless, like Chinese, or have few supplementary morphemes grouped in form-classes, like English or French.

1947, Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern, Outline of anthropology:

2001, F A Grootjen, Relational Indexing Using a Grammarless Parser:

(linguistics, computing theory) Without grammar or a grammar.


collateral form

en-noun

collateral form (plural collateral forms)

Podgy is a collateral form of pudgy

(linguistics) A synonymous but not identical, coexisting form (variation) of a word, such as an accepted alternative spelling.


anacoluthia

From Ancient Greek ἀνακολουθία (anakolouthía).

der

(grammar) A syntactic construction in which an element is followed by another that does not agree properly


grammaticalize

en-verb

grammaticalize (third-person singular simple present grammaticalizes, present participle grammaticalizing, simple past and past participle grammaticalized)

grammaticalizes (present singular third-person)
grammaticalizing (participle present)
grammaticalized (participle past)
grammaticalized (past)

That is, the cooccurrence restrictions do cross intervening specifications for the same feature. […] In the model, a linguistic constraint against homorganicity (which may grammaticalize constraints on motor programming) is enforced on pairs […]

1993, North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting, Proceedings of NELS.:

... Udmurt, Turkish, and Yucatec Mayan to test (and critique) the hypothesis that possessives grammaticalize into definite articles.

2003, George Melville Bolling, Bernard Bloch, Language:

For example, some languages grammaticalize the universal preference for definite over indefinite subjects, whereas it remains a soft constraint in others […]

2014, Brian MacWhinney, William O'Grady, The Handbook of Language Emergence, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 18:

(linguistics, transitive) To integrate into a system of grammar; to make (something such as a constraint) an element or rule of grammar, to cause (something) to be required by grammar.

Similarly to other classifier languages in South America and elsewhere, a number of nouns grammaticalize as classifiers and are also used as derivational suffixes, e.g. *-maka 'stretch (of cloth)' (from *maka “hammock'), […]

2002, Aleksandra I͡Urʹevna Aĭkhenvalʹd, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Aleksandra I︠U︡rʹevna Aĭkhenvalʹd, Language Contact in Amazonia, Oxford University Press on Demand, →ISBN, page 292:

Items that grammaticalize become more productive in the sense that the grammaticalizing element occurs with increasingly large numebrs of categories. […] Clearly, lexicalization is far less constrained by various types of linguistic processes than grammaticalization is.

2005, Laurel J. Brinton, Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization and Language Change, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 109:

As participles tend to grammaticalize into modal suffixes in Uralic and other Siberian languages, and not the other way around (Janhunen 1998: 471; Malchukov 2013), it can be assumed that the Proto-Samoyedic suffix *-pso was a participle ...

2017, Kees Hengeveld, Heiko Narrog, Hella Olbertz, The Grammaticalization of Tense, Aspect, Modality and Evidentiality: A Functional Perspective, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 143:

(linguistics, transitive) To cause (a word, a suffix, etc) to undergo grammaticalization.


dezh

(phonetics) The IPA digraph "dʒ", or the obsolete ligature "ʤ".


tesh

(phonetics) The IPA digraph "tʃ", or the obsolete ligature "ʧ".


vowelization

تشكيل تشكيل#Arabic

تحريك تحريك#Arabic

حركات حركات#Arabic

حركة حركة#Arabic

ניקוד ניקוד#Hebrew

(linguistics) In Arabic and Hebrew - supplying the vowels (diacritics), normally not written to show the correct pronunciation, used in dictionaries, children's books, religious texts and textbooks for learners. Arabic terms: tashkiil (تشكيل), taHriik (تحريك) - (action of supplying the vowel points), also known as ḥarakāt (حركات — the singular is ḥaraka حركة) - (the diacritical marks), Hebrew term: ניקוד nikud.


de dicto

(linguistics, philosophy) Taking the utterance in consideration, without having a particular referent in mind.


de re

From Latin de (“about”) re (“thing”) (ablative of res).

(linguistics, philosophy) Taking the thing of reference in consideration.


concrete term

abstract term

term which expresses sentiments or abstract ideas and purposes

(linguistics) A term which expresses material facts, actions and events in physical reality relating to possible causes and means.

termine concreto

a term which expresses material facts, actions and events


collocability

en-noun

collocability (countable and uncountable, plural collocabilities)

(linguistics) The tendency or legitimacy of words to occur together in a collocation.


prosiopesis

prosiopesis (countable and uncountable, plural prosiopeses)

/ˌpɹɒsɪəʊˈpiːsɪs/

/ˌpɹɒsɪəˈpiːsɪs/

Coined in 1917 by the Danish linguist Jens Otto Harry Jespersen: pro- (“before”) (from the Ancient Greek preposition πρό (pró)) + σιώπησις (siṓpēsis, “taciturnity”) (from σιωπάω (siōpáō, “to be silent”)) + -σις (-sis), (-sis, suffix forming nouns of action).

The students of English were making good progress in getting to grips with the intricacies of informal constructions, peppering their conversations with proverbial idioms and substituting stock phrases like “Good morning!” and “Thank you.” with prosiopeses like “Morning!” and “‛Kyou.”

Traditional rhetoric was much concerned with the phenomenon of elision, because of the implications for constructing well-formed metrical lines, which would scan well. In rhetorical terminology, an elision in word-initial position was known as aphaeresis or prosiopesis, in word-medial position as syncope, and in word-final position as apocope. A similar classification was made for the opposite of elision, intrusion.

2003, David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics, 5th edition, Wiley–Blackwell, →ISBN, page 159, →ISBN:

(grammar) Ellipsis of the beginning of a grammatical construction, common in informal speech and spontaneous written electronic communication, frequently occurring in stock phrases and interjections.

apocope

forms of word-elision; from word-final position

syncope

forms of word-elision; from word-medial position


ethnolinguistic

Baker (1972) identified four varieties of Mauritian creole associated with different ethnolinguistic groups.

1989, John Holm, Pidgins and Creoles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 398:

(anthropology) Associated with a particular ethnicity and a particular variety of language.


paronymous

(semantics) Having the same root or derivation; conjugate.

Ethology, ethnology, etiology, etymology, and entomology are paronymous.

(semantics) Having a similar sound, but different orthography and different meaning.

parònim

having a similar sound, but different orthography and different meaning


metadiscourse

metadiscourse (countable and uncountable, plural metadiscourses)

(philosophy, linguistics, education) Discussion, especially involving academic analysis, about a discussion or about discourse.


precative

From Latin precativus (“of prayer”), derived from precatio (“prayer”).

The precative expresses a wish (may...!); it is formed by preposing the particle lu to the stative or the preterite.

2002, Richard Caplice, Introduction to Akkadian:

(grammar) Mode expressing a wish, a prayer.


BCSM

(linguistics) Initialism of Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin treated commonly (Serbo-Croatian)


summum genus

Summum genus, in its strictest sense, is that all-extensive term under which every object of whatever kind may be classed, and of every one of which it may be affirmatively predicated: the word which is generally used to denote such genus is substance, or, as some call it, being. ... ; thus by ornithologist, bird would be regarded as the summum genus under which he would arrange the different subdivisions of birds ...

1827, John Huyshe, A Treatise on Logic, on The Basis of Aldrich:

(logic, semantics) The highest, most all-inclusive genus; the one that is not a species of any other genus.


aphaeretic

From Ancient Greek ἀφαιρετικός (aphairetikós).

uder

(rare, medicine, phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Of the nature of apheresis.


Chinglish

And as Global English evolves through the twenty-first century, Chinglish will, undoubtedly, continue to have a sizable impact.

2008, Paul J.J. Payack, A Million Words And Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting The World, →ISBN:

Andrea acknowledged that she spoke Chinglish, that she hated her accent, and that learners needed a comprehensible teacher voice in the classroom.

2010, Janette Ryan, Gordon Slethaug, International Education and the Chinese Learner, →ISBN, page 146:

You will see signs written in Chinglish all over China. These signs are usually amusing to English-speaking westerners because they often make no sense, or the translation is inappropriately sexual in content.

2011, Jean M. Life, LIFE IN CHINA: My Story, →ISBN, page 204:

The same can be said about the speakers of Teochiu, Hokkien, Hakka, and Cantonese and Hailam in Southeast Asia, Cantonese in Hong Kong, and all the different topolect speakers and Chinglish or pidgin speakers in the United States.

2012, Shu-mei Shih, Sinophone Studies: A Critical Reader, →ISBN, page 32:

(sometimes derogatory) Spoken or written English which is influenced by the Chinese language.


proclisis

en-noun

proclisis (countable and uncountable, plural proclises)

(uncountable, linguistics) The use of proclitics in the syntax of a language.

(countable, linguistics) A specific instance of the usage of a proclitic.


enclisis

enclisis (countable and uncountable, plural enclises)

From Ancient Greek ἔγκλισις (énklisis), from ἐν (en) + κλίσις (klísis).

(linguistics) The use of enclitics in the syntax of a language.


phenomime

Phenomimes "depict" states, conditions, or manners of the external world, while psychomimes symbolize mental conditions or sensations.

1990, Masayoshi Shibatani, The languages of Japan, →ISBN, page 154:

(linguistics) A word or phrase that mimics a certain physical form or motion

擬態詞

word that mimics physical form or motion


bisemic

(linguistics) Having two meanings depending on context


cryptonym

From crypto- (“hidden, secret”) + -onym (“name”).

confix

The spy was known only by his cryptonym, 'Shadow'.


nonfinite

Although a finite I ( = INFL = INFLECTION) constituent is (overtly or covertly) inflected for TENSE or AGREEMENT properties, it should be obvious that a nonfinite I in English lacks these properties. Hence, the infinitival particle to which occurs in a nonfinite I is by its very nature tenseless and agreementless (i.e. it carries no Tense or Agreement properties, and is thus an entirely uninflected form). The difference between a finite and a nonfinite Clause can thus be seen to lie in the nature of I: a finite Clause is one which contains a finite I (carrying Tense and Agreement properties); a nonfinite Clause is one which contains a nonfinite I which is tenseless and agreementless.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 6, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 306:


bitransitive

A clear example of a bitransitive verb is maca 'give'. The verb ìtoa 'say' is a regular transitive verb and so cannot express a beneficiary.

2011, Michel Launey, An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, page 178:


aspirated h

/ˈæspəɹeɪ̯tɪd eɪ̯tʃ/

Calque of French h aspiré. The aspirated h was pronounced /h/ until Early Modern French (and still is in some northern dialects), whereas the mute h had long been silent. The designation has been maintained although both kinds of h are now technically silent in standard French, but the aspirated h remains pronounced dialectally and in Norman French.

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) aspiration of a glottal consonant


mute h

The French word homme ("man") begins by a mute h. Consequently we can say l'homme /l‿ɔm/ and les hommes /le‿zɔm/, but never /lə ɔm/ and /le ɔm/, like we do with the aspirated h.

Whether the h be a mute h or an aspirate h, it may be regarded in either case as absolutely silent.

1913, James Geddes, French Pronunciation, page 83:

In French initial h’s are called either mute h’s (the greatest number) or aspirate h’s (fewer in number, but frequent nonetheless).

1994, Thomas M. Donnan, French Lyric Diction, page 83:

The only difference between the two is that a mute h allows contractions and liaisons in front of it, and an aspirated h does not.

2006, Laura K. Lawless, The Everything French Grammar Book, page 29:

(phonology) In the French language usage of the letter h at the start of a word which allows liaison with a preceding consonant.

h muet

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) non-aspiration of a glottal consonant


hyperreality

en-noun

hyperreality (countable and uncountable, plural hyperrealities)

(semiotics, philosophy) The inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from fantasy, especially in technologically advanced postmodern cultures.


reconstructed language

reconstructed language (plural reconstructed languages)

(linguistics) A hypothetical, usually unattested language formed by making comparisons between the similarities of actual languages.

langue reconstruite

a hypothetical language formed by making comparisons between actual languages


dialect continuum

dialect continuum (plural dialect continuums or dialect continua)

dialect continuums (plural)
dialect continua (plural)

(linguistics) A range of dialects that vary slightly across a geographical area, but whose differences accumulate over a certain distance.


language continuum

language continuum (plural language continua)

(linguistics) A situation where two or more languages in the same geographic region merge together without a definable boundary.


noeme

(linguistics) An irreducible unit of meaning; the semantic component of a glosseme.


nonsentence

Those strings in the language are called sentences; the strings not in the language are called nonsentences.

1979, Steven Pinker, “Formal models of language learning”, in Language, Cognition, and Human Nature:

(grammar) An utterance that is not a sentence.


nonsyllabic

(phonetics) A sound that is not syllabic.


ad.

Apocope and other processes of abbreviation.

(grammar, also spelt adv(.)) Abbreviation of adverb.


nontonal

(linguistics) Related to the non-tonal languages.


nonstative

(grammar) A construct that is not stative.


nonvirile

The nonvirile form is used for nouns of masculine gender not referring to human beings and for neuter and feminine gender nouns. […] Numerals from five through ten distinguish between two forms: the form for virile gender nouns and the form for nonvirile gender nouns which the numerals quantify.

1975, Maria Zagórska Brooks, Polish Reference Grammar (page 317):

(grammar) Pertaining to a grammatical gender used in some Slavic languages for plurals of masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter nouns, i.e. for all groups that do not include men or personal masculine nouns.


double plural

(grammar) A word doubly inflected for the plural grammatical number in relation to its singular form; e.g., medium → media → medias.

جَمْعُ الْجَمْع sg or f (jam‘u’l-jam‘, literally “plural of plural”) (Linguistics)


cryptolect

From crypto- (“concealed, hidden, secret”) + -lect (“[language] variety”).

confix

Cockney rhyming slang developed originally from the cryptolects of London’s thieves and vagabonds.

(linguistics) A secretive language form used by a subculture; an arcane cant.


ellipt

en-verb

ellipt (third-person singular simple present ellipts, present participle ellipting, simple past and past participle ellipted)

ellipts (present singular third-person)
ellipting (participle present)
ellipted (participle past)
ellipted (past)

[…] a couple of further differences between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses: (1) in contrast with restrictives, the wh-phrase in non-restrictives cannot be ellipted; […]

2013, Noel Burton-Roberts, Analysing Sentences, page 210:

(linguistics) To omit (from an utterance) by ellipsis.


predisagreement

(linguistics) A pause or utterance indicating disagreement to the listener before any disagreeing statement is made.


ablativity

Whilst in Italy the humanists were busily engaged in restoring the antique conception of grammar, in the north of France, in England and in Germany, it had sunk into complete subjection to logic. The following is a definition of the function of the Pronoun from a grammar for beginners printed in 1499. “ Pronomen…significat substantiam seu entitatem sub modo conceptus intrinseco permanentis seu habitus et quietis sub determinate apprehensionis formalitate¹.” Or we may illustrate the mediaevalist idea from the discussions upon the Absolute case. It was not enough for the scholar to know that Latin usage constructed this in the ablative : the special “ ablativity ” of the “ absolute ” concept² was really what interested the grammarian. In the same way the usages of the participle, of the genitive of possession, of the passive voice, were of far less concern than their modi significandi or underlying dialectic conceptions.

1904: William Harrison Woodward, Desiderius Erasmus: Concerning the Aim and Method of Education, page 102 (Cambridge University Press)

5.2. French was found to present an extreme situation. To express the three concepts of reversativity, ablativity, and privativity, it has only one morpheme, /de, dez/ which forms four equally strong types of verbs: défaire, démilitariser (R), dépanner (A), and … (P).

1975: Eugene Albert Nida, Exploring Semantic Structures, volume 18, page 414 (Fink)

(grammar) The nature of the ablative case.


uptalk

The sorority members' own interpretation of uptalk was that it was a way of being inclusive.

1993, The New York Times Magazine, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 248:

Once used exclusively by teenagers, uptalk is increasingly found in the workplace with negative results. When statements sound like questions, speakers seem weak and tentative. […] On the job, managers afflicted by uptalk may have difficulty convincing staff members to follow directions because their voice inflection implies that other valid options are possible.

2013, Mary Ellen Guffey, Dana Loewy, “Professionalism at Work: Business Ethiquette, Ethics, Teamwork, and Meetings”, in Essentials of Business Communication, 9th edition, Mason, Oh.: South-Western, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 336:

As a working definition, uptalk is taken in this book to be a marked rising intonation pattern found at the ends of intonation units realised on declarative utterances, and which serves primarily to check comprehension or to seek feedback. This definition provides a lot of leeway, but at the same time constrains the possible scope of uptalk. The leeway is necessary because, as we will see in later discussion, the shape of uptalk is variable and quite possibly differs from one variety of English to another.

2016, Paul Warren, “Introduction – Why ‘Uptalk’?”, in Uptalk: The Phenomenon of Rising Intonation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 2:

(linguistics) Speech that has a rising intonation at the end of a sentence, as if it were a question; upspeak.


uptalk

uptalk (third-person singular simple present uptalks, present participle uptalking, simple past and past participle uptalked)

uptalks (present singular third-person)
uptalking (participle present)
uptalked (participle past)
uptalked (past)

I asked the girl what she wanted. "Um, an apple martini?" she uptalked. / "I can do one," I said, "but you'll regret it." Our apple juice was disgusting and the apples we kept in stock weren't even the right kind.

2004, Amy Sohn, My Old Man: A Novel, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 265:

I drove my sneaker into her shin. "Our assignment was to pretend we were at a sporting event? Okay?" / "She uptalks when she's nervous," Cinnamon said to Lars. He chuckled, but her comment made me mad. And embarrassed. / "I'm not nervous," I said.

2008, Lauren Myracle, Thirteen, New York, N.Y.: Dutton Children's Books, →ISBN:

It's worth noting, too, that typical interpretation of uptalking – that the speaker is indicating doubt about their assertion – is inaccurate. While this is one function of uptalking, when performed by someone with less discursive power towards someone with more discursive power, uptalking also functions to let the hearer know that the speaker would like the hearer's input. This is what happens when speakers with more discursive power uptalk to hearers with less discursive power.

2015, Rachel McKinnon, The Norms of Assertion: Truth, Lies, and Warrant (Palgrave Innovations in Philosophy), Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN:

Citing analyses of uptalk and proposals concerning its origins, he hopes that looking at the evidence for how uptalk is actually used 'will help you make linguistic peace with your uptalking daughter and her professional friends'.

2016, Paul Warren, “Credibility Killer and Conversational Anthrax: Uptalk in the Media”, in Uptalk: The Phenomenon of Rising Intonation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 145:

(linguistics, intransitive) To speak with a rising intonation at the end of a sentence, as if it were a question; to upspeak.

stoupat hlasem

to speak with a rising intonation at the end of a sentence


Kordofanian

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to a geographic grouping of three to five language families spoken in the Nuba hills of Kordofan Province, Sudan.


ambiposition

The ascribing of postpositions to Indo-European is not well founded. The elements concerned may have been ambipositions.

(linguistics) An adposition that can occur either before or after its complement.

Ambiposition

adposition that can occur before or after its complement


circumposition

en-noun

circumposition (countable and uncountable, plural circumpositions)

From circum- + position. From Latin circumpositio, from circumpōno (“I put round”).

Ardestani has some postpositions: da "in," rd "for," and circumpositions: az.... da "from," pes... da "before," etc.

1982, Ehsan Yar-Shater, Encyclopaedia Iranica, volume 2, page 388:

(linguistics) A pair of adpositions that occur on either side of the complement


ᴀ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [a] in unassimilated loans (e.g. French ami, Spanish casa).


ᴢ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴢʜ⟩ for the /ʒ/ sound.

ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ꞯ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ʏ ᴢ


ꜱ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ꜱʜ⟩ for the /ʃ/ sound.


first imperative

first imperative (plural first imperatives)

second imperative
second imperative#English

(Latin grammar) present imperative (second-person forms only); compare second imperative


second imperative

second imperative (countable and uncountable, plural second imperatives)

(Latin grammar, uncountable) The future imperative mood (second- and third-person forms possible); indicating a command that is to be carried out both now and in future.

(grammar, countable) A verb form in the second imperative.


relexification

relexification (countable and uncountable, plural relexifications)

(linguistics) The mechanism of language change by which one language replaces much or all of its lexicon with that of another language.


heterographic

/ˌhɛt.ə.ɹəʊˈɡɹæf.ik/

In English. many letters are heterographic.

Quite often, more than one heterographic monosyllable […] can represent the same mononym in particular contexts if they are semantically indifferentiable.

2000, Po-Ching Yip, The Chinese Lexicon: A Comprehensive Survey, page 16:

English has few such heterophonic homographs, hence much of the work in English (and French) examining orthography-phonology consistency effects at the whole-word level has focused on heterographic homophones.

2008, Elena L. Grigorenko, Adam J. Naples, Single-word Reading: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives, page 140:

(linguistics) Of a writing system in which a particular symbol represents more than one possible sound.

hétérographique

linguistics: of a writing system in which a particular symbol represents more than one possible sound


RHU

w:Random House Dictionary of the English Language

Initialism of Random House Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged.


tensal

Names which do not terminate in a vowel sound, require a vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it obun, or ebun.

1834, Henry Schoolcraft, Narrative of an expedition through the upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, page 193:

If this theory be correct, it shows that the nature of the Hebrew verb, which agrees with the Syriac and Arabic verb, is rather modal than tensal, and differs widely from that of the verb in the Greek, Latin, and modern languages of Europe.

1865, Francis Barham, “History of the Hebrew philology”, in The Fortnightly, volume 3, Review, page 571:

In some participial constructions, however, an aorist participle can have either a tensal or aspectual meaning.

2007, Carlos Quiles, A Grammar of Modern Indo-European, page 160:

(grammar) of or pertaining to grammatical tense


fut.

head

fut. (uncountable in one sense; already plural in the other)

volētis, 2 ⁿᵈ-pers. pl. fut. of volō (“I wish”, “I will”)

(uncountable, chiefly grammar) Abbreviation of future.


metatypy

Coined by Australian and British linguist Malcolm Ross in 1996.

coinage

The Trans New Guinea language area is probably the result of repeated metatypy rather than of common genetic origin.

1996, Malcolm Ross, “Contact-induced change and the comparative method”, in The comparative method reviewed: regularity and irregularity in language change, page 209:

(linguistics) The morphosyntactic change that a language undergoes due to its speakers being bilingual.


acrophone

There were three classes of predicted knowledge sources: (a) induced sublexical relations (i.e., induction of orthographic–phonological relations from the experience of print words), (b) acrophones from letter names, and (c) transfer from spelling experience.

1999, G. Brian Thompson et al., “Learning correspondences between letters and phonemes without explicit instruction”, in Applied Psycholinguistics, →DOI:

Where there are no certain cognates to an acrophone, but the identity of its letter is secure, I shall reconstruct the translation in square brackets.

2006, Gordon James Hamilton, The origins of the West Semitic alphabet in Egyptian scripts, page 26:

(linguistics, archaeology) The first sound of a word, or a glyph used to represent the first sound of the word it represents


graphemics

By analogy with phonemics. By surface analysis, graphemic + -s.

(linguistics) The study of the graphemes, or writing units, of a script, and of their relation to the phonemes of the spoken language.


Nilo-

Nilo-Saharan

Nilo-Hamitic

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the Nile.


onomatope

/ˈɒnəmətəʊp/

Irregular back-formation from onomatopoeia.

Some of the onomatopes were given with the notations of their respective sounds as they appear to the Indian ear; thus, the sound of the plane and drawing-knife (s-s-s) becomes the root sⁱu […]

1892 January 1, “Notes and News”, in Science, volume 19, number 465, page 3:

(linguistics) A word formed by onomatopoeia or mimesis.


metalexicography

Metalexicography can be divided into five fields of interest; the first is lexicographic theory […]

1986, Robert Ilson, Lexicography: An Emerging International Profession, page 101:

This is a bibliography of works that deal with the theory, methods, and procedures of lexicography (in short, with what is called in French and German metalexicography)

1988, Ladislav Zgusta et al., Lexicography Today: An Annotated Bibliography of the Theory of Lexicography, page 7:

(linguistics, lexicography) The study of lexicography


guideword

Secondly, the teacher-librarian must know how to use books herself to find information — title page, table of contents, index, guidewords, etc.

1936, Wilson Bulletin for Librarians, page 18:

(publishing) A word that is printed at the top or bottom of the page in a reference work, in order to help readers find a specific entry.

otsikkohakusana

word printed at the top or bottom of the page in a reference work, in order to help readers find a specific entry


ȧ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the BATH vowel


ạ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the THOUGHT vowel, as in the word "call".


ṡ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨s⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /z/, as in the word "his".


plusquamperfect

From Latin plusquamperfectum (“more than perfect”), from plus (“more”) + quam (“than”) + perfectum, neuter singular of perfectus (“achieved; finished; perfected”).


ȯ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the THOUGHT vowel


ị

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /j/, as in the word "peculiar".


ė

(lexicography) Indicates the HAPPY vowel (final vowel of happy).

(lexicography, dated) An element of the digraph ⟨ėr⟩, indicating the NURSE vowel.


Brahmic

(linguistics, chiefly of writing systems) Related or belonging to a certain family of abugidas used to write many languages of South and Southeast Asia, descended from the Brāhmī script.


relexify

en-verb

relexify (third-person singular simple present relexifies, present participle relexifying, simple past and past participle relexified)

relexifies (present singular third-person)
relexifying (participle present)
relexified (participle past)
relexified (past)

(linguistics) Replace a language's lexicon with another's.


ayn

A romanization of the sixteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Hebrew ע (ʿayin), Phoenician 𐤏 (ʿayin), Aramaic 𐡏 (ʿē), and Classical Syriac ܥ (ʿē), Arabic ع (ʕayn) (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only).

(linguistics) Synonym of ayin, the various letters representing the consonant /ʕ/ in Semitic languages.


ayn

A romanization of Kazakh аин (ain), the Kazakh name for the letter Ғ (Ğ).

(linguistics) Synonym of ghayn, the letter Ғ, representing the consonant /ʁ/ or /ɣ/, particularly in Kazakh.


intralingual

Intralingual translation involves adapting a text to a new purpose in the same language.

(linguistics, translation studies) Contained within the same language; involving a monolingual process.


hypersentence

The sentence “Hand me that” may be said to entail the hypersentence “I'm telling you to hand me that.”

(linguistics) An implicit sentence containing an explicit sentence.


Old Provençal

The old Provençal tongue, beloved of knights and troubadours, and forever associated in our minds with romance and chivalry, had become so debased by low singers of tavern songs, that its poetry was only “a riot of coarse speech, which had slain modesty in the ears of the young.”

1872, Edward Everett Hale, editor, Old and New, volume VI, page 471:

(dated in linguistics) Romance language spoken in the south of France which is considered the origin of modern Provençal, also known as Occitan.


subsense

When an italicized label or guide phrase follows a boldface numeral, the label or phrase applies only to that specific numbered sense and its subsenses.

2003, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, page 21a:

(lexicography) A sense of a word that reflects a part or aspect of a more general (broader) sense.


speech community

en-noun

speech community (plural speech communities)

Probably a calque of German Sprachgemeinschaft.

The phonetic laws always work without the consciousness of the speech community in which they act ; they are due wholly to physiological causes acting unknown to the will of the individual speaker.

1897, William Pierce Shepard, A contribution to the history of the unaccented vowels in Old French, page 17:

Another language of this group, Cantonese, probably ranks among the world's largest speech-communities.

1933, Leonard Bloomfield, Language, page 44:

Research indicates that men and women in the mainstream US culture tend to form separate speech communities.

2006, Mary Barrett, Marilyn Davidson, Gender and Communication at Work, page 271:

(linguistics) A group of people sharing a language, or a particular way of using that language

моўная супольнасць

group of people sharing a language or way of speaking


polar question

(linguistics) A question which has only two possible responses: yes (affirmative) or no (negative).


apodotic

en-adj

apodotic (comparative more apodotic, superlative most apodotic)

more apodotic (comparative)
most apodotic (superlative)


ŏ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the LOT vowel


Siamese twin

Chang and Eng Bunker, conjoined twins from Siam (modern Thailand), were known as the "Siamese twins".

(linguistics) Either of a pair of words that occur together as an idiomatic expression or collocation, as in "hammer and sickle", "short and sweet", or "spick and span".


Australianist

A linguist who specialises in studying Australian languages.


sociative

(grammar) Being or relating to the sociative case.


sociative case

(grammar) case in Hungarian, Malayalam, Basque etc. meaning together with


pleonastically

en-adv

pleonastically (comparative more pleonastically, superlative most pleonastically)

more pleonastically (comparative)
most pleonastically (superlative)

Originally implying ‘ similarly, intensity,’ from OIA. « rūpa » form, shape #x3E; MIA. « -rūva », this affix is generally used pleonastically in NIA. in which it occurs in only a few words : e.g., ^(#x2A;)গোরূ #x3E;গোরু, « ^(#x2A;)gō-rū #x3E; gō-ru » ox, cow, cattle,[…]

1926, Suniti Kumar Chatterji, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, Calcutta University Press, page 697:

(chiefly linguistics) In a pleonastic manner.


periodic structure

en-noun

periodic structure (plural periodic structures)

(grammar) A sentence whose main clause appears at the end, after other, especially dependent, clauses.


conditional sentence

conditional sentence (plural conditional sentences)

(grammar) A sentence discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. A full conditional sentence contains two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.


phonemicize

en-verb

phonemicize (third-person singular simple present phonemicizes, present participle phonemicizing, simple past and past participle phonemicized)

phonemicizes (present singular third-person)
phonemicizing (participle present)
phonemicized (participle past)
phonemicized (past)

(transitive, linguistics) To represent as a phoneme or series of phonemes.

(intransitive, linguistics) To become phonemic as opposed to allophonic.


multisense

(linguistics) Having more than one sense (distinct meaning).


monophthongal

/ˌmɒn.əfˈθɒŋ.ɡəl/

/ˌmɑ.nəfˈθɑŋ.əl/

/ˌmɑ.nəfˈθɑŋ.ɡəl/

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to a monophthong.

(linguistics, of a vowel) Pronounced as a single vowel sound; said especially of a vowel that is also commonly pronounced as a diphthong.


dormitive virtue

en-noun

dormitive virtue (plural dormitive virtues)

A calque translation of Latin, virtus dormitiva, coined by Molière in The Imaginary Invalid. In the play, he lampoons a group of physicians providing an explanation in macaronic Latin of the sleep-inducing properties of opium as stemming from its "virtus dormitiva".

The inevitable next suggestion -— that aesthetic experience is distinguished not by pleasure at all but by a special aesthetic emotion can be dropped on the waste-pile of "dormitive virtue” explanations

1968, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, American Philosophical Association, page 6:

Solidity now has all the defects of a dormitive virtue, obscurity, unobservability, something-we-know-notwhattery — and none of the advantages of a dormitive virtue

1998, Rae Langton, Kantian Humility: Our Ignorance of Things in Themselves, page 176:

Because (1) is postulated and at the same time used as a covering law, the putative explanations are vacuous in the sense in which explanatory appeals to dormitive virtue are.

2003, Henry E. Kyburg, Mariam Thalos, Probability is the Very Guide of Life, page 66:

Now admittedly, this has the look of a dormitive virtue argument: the reason the intellect can recollect its own activity is that it possesses just such a recollective capacity.

2013, Charles Bolyard, Rondo Keele, Later Medieval Metaphysics: Ontology, Language, and Logic, page 147:

But if talk of such facts just arises via hypostatizations out of the relevant truths, then the facts posited can't explain the truths except via a blatant dormitive virtue explanation.

2021, Karen Bennett, Dean W. Zimmerman, Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, volume 12, page 29:

Fitness is not the empty idea of a dormitive virtue. The point is that although fitness is explanatory, it seems to be a placeholder for a deeper account that dispenses with the concept of fitness [again the propensity concept].

2021, Richard E. Michod, Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality, page 186:

(idiomatic, rhetoric, logic, linguistics) A type of tautology in which an item is explained in terms of the item itself, only put in different (usually more abstract) words.


proadjective

(linguistics) A term that is not an adjective but serves the same purpose.


possessee

(grammar) Verb complement in some languages or some constructions of a given language; the noun which is possessed.


nonpalatal

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a palatal.


nonfuture

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to the future tense.


proadverb

(linguistics) A term that is not an adverb but serves the same purpose, as this way in "You should do it this way".


nonfricative

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a fricative.


labially

en-adv

labially (comparative more labially, superlative most labially)

more labially (comparative)
most labially (superlative)

Transillumination of anterior teeth, using the composite curing light placed labially to shine through the tooth and be viewed using the mouth mirror, shows up any cavities as dark interproximal shadows.

2013, Carole Hollins, Questions and Answers for Dental Nurses, page 44:

(linguistics, dentistry) In a labial manner; by means of the lips.


labialization

en-noun

labialization (countable and uncountable, plural labializations)

From labialize + -ation or labial + -ization.

These labialized stops are of course nothing but positionally determined allophones of the [t] and the [k] phoneme, and their labialization is non-distinctive

The second question concerns the reasons for the labialization of this suffix in [1.3] - in the case of artukluk one immediately thinks of an assimilation (*u - ı > u - u)

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 551:

(phonology) A secondary articulatory feature of usually consonants that involves the contraction or rounding of the lips (labia) during pronunciation.


adjectivize

en-verb

adjectivize (third-person singular simple present adjectivizes, present participle adjectivizing, simple past and past participle adjectivized)

adjectivizes (present singular third-person)
adjectivizing (participle present)
adjectivized (participle past)
adjectivized (past)

(American spelling, grammar) To convert a word into an adjective.


intrusive r

(phonetics) An "r" sound that is like a linking r but occurs despite the absence of "r" in the spelling, as in Asia and the Far East in some pronunciations.


diasystemic

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to a diasystem or diasystems.


vetitive

(grammar) Expressing a wish that something will not happen, as in "May we never experience such hardship".


vetitive

(grammar) An element of language expressing a wish that something will not happen.


agent participle

en-noun

agent participle (plural agent participles)

(grammar) A verb form in some (e.g. Finno-Ugric) languages that allows the property of something being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute.


PRO

PRO (countable and uncountable, plural PROs)

pressure retarded osmosis
pressure retarded osmosis#English

Initialism of pressure retarded osmosis.

In the bivariate analysis carried out by subgroups, we did not find statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between bionaïve or bioexperienced patients, patients with BMI < 30 or BMI > 30 in relation to the efficacy variables (PASI and BSA) and analyzed PROs (VAS pruritus and DLQI).

2022 August 30, Ricardo Ruiz-Villaverde, Lourdes Rodriguez Fernandez-Freire, Pilar Font-Ugalde, Manuel Galan-Gutierrez, “Tildrakizumab: Efficacy, Safety and Survival in Mid-Term (52 Weeks) in Three Tertiary Hospitals in Andalucia (Spain)”, in Journal of Clinical Medicine, volume 11, number 17, →DOI, page 5:

patient-reported outcome
w:patient-reported outcome

(medicine) Initialism of patient-reported outcome.


PRO

(syntax) A theoretical phonologically null pronoun


unsubstantive

en-adj

unsubstantive (comparative more unsubstantive, superlative most unsubstantive)

more unsubstantive (comparative)
most unsubstantive (superlative)

(grammar) Not having the form of a noun.


bare infinitive

en-noun

bare infinitive (plural bare infinitives)

(grammar) The infinitive form of an English verb without the particle to; a comparable infinitive in other Germanic languages, e.g. a German infinitive without a preceding "zu", or a Swedish one without a preceding "att".

infinitif nu

uninflected Germanic verb form without 'to'


grammatical case

grammatical case (plural grammatical cases)

The grammatical cases nominative and accusative are used for subject resp. direct object in many languages, including Latin.

(grammar) A mode of inflection of a word dependent on its use, especially the syntactic function in a phrase.


nonback

Therefore these facts are doubly anomalous, since they have not only gemination after a nonback vowel but also after a vowel that is stressed.

1982, John J McCarthy, Formal problems in semitic phonology and morphology:

(phonetics) Not back; not produced at the back of the mouth.


frontness

The most important aspects of vowel quality are tongue height, frontness/backness and lip rounding.

Andrew Spencer (1996), Phonology: theory and description, p. 25

(phonetics) Quality of being a front vowel.


backness

posterioritat

a quality of vowels: the position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth

1996, Andrew Spencer, Phonology: theory and description, page 25:

(phonetics) Quality of being a back vowel.

(phonetics) A quality of vowels, indicating the horizontal position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth (front, near-front, central, near-back, or back).


agentivity

(grammar) The state or condition of being agentive.

agentiivisuus

the state or condition of being agentive


assibilate

en-verb

assibilate (third-person singular simple present assibilates, present participle assibilating, simple past and past participle assibilated)

assibilates (present singular third-person)
assibilating (participle present)
assibilated (participle past)
assibilated (past)

From Latin assībilātus (“murmured, whispered at, hissed”), past participle of assībilō (“hiss at”, verb), from ad (“at”) + sībilō (“hiss”, verb), from sībilus (“a hissing, whistling”), of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(linguistics, phonetics) To change into or pronounce with the accompaniment of a sibilant sound or sounds.

(linguistics, phonetics) To change by assibilation.


pro-form

(grammar) A word that substitutes for words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, whose meaning is recoverable in context.


determinans

From Latin dētermināns, present active participle of dēterminō (“fix the limits of something”), from dē + terminō (“bound, limit”).

In the noun phrase “noun phrase”, “noun” is the determinans and “phrase” is the determinatum.

(grammar) A modifier; a word that modifies another word.


grapholect

Blend of grapheme + dialect, coined by linguist Einar Haugen in 1964.

The grapholect of Standard English is not the exclusive system that arbiters of cultural purity wish to 'correct' us into believing

1993, Gajendra K. Verma, Inequality and teacher education: an international perspective, page 188:

A grapholect is a transdialectical language formed by deep commitment to writing. An example of grapholect is the (written) Chinese language. Almost any Standard language, such as Standard Dutch or Standard English is a grapholect.

1993, MHM Heng, Three Dimensions of Information Technology Applications: A Historical Perspective:

(linguistics) A written variant of a language, analogous to a spoken dialect of a language.


polynym

They agree upon one point, viz., the advantages, other things being equal, of mononyms (single word terms) over polynyms (terms consisting of two or more words).

1890, The American Naturalist - Volume 24, page 695:


that clause

(grammar) A clause in a sentence that is introduced by the word that.

að-setning

clause in a sentence that is introduces by the word that


pseudoverbal

(linguistics) Having some of the characteristics of a verb, though not in fact a verb.

Their echolalic responses may be much more extensive than the single words or short phrases that are characteristic of normal echolalia. Thus, a pseudoverbal autistic child may respond to "Do you want a cookie, Jimmy?" with a replication of the very same words.

1984, Jon Eisenson, Aphasia and related disorders in children, page 30:

(linguistics) Appearing to have speaking skills that are not in fact present.


mixed declension

en-noun

mixed declension (plural mixed declensions)

(Latin grammar) A subtype of the third declension with -ium in the genitive plural.


nonaspirate

(phonetics) A sound that is not an aspirate.


relexifier

The relexifiers thus relabelled the lexical entry copied from kò as te, a reduced form of été. This derivation accounts straightforwardly for the fact that the properties of te in the Haitian lexicon parallel those of kò in the Fongbe lexicon.

c. 1994, Lefebvre, Claire, The tense, mood and aspect system of Haitian Creole and the problem of transmission of grammar in creole genesis, Université du Québec à Montréal, p. 69


participially

(grammar) As a participle; in a participial manner.


ONF.

1989: Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition), January, etymology
In early form a. ONF. Jenever, Genever, = mod.F. Janvier: — L. Jānuārium, nom. Jānuārius (mensis), i.e. the month of Janus, as presiding over the entrance into the year. Whence also It. Gennajo, Gennaro, Pr. Genovier, Januer, Sp. †Jenero, Enero, Pg. Janeiro. The later forms show gradual conformation to the L.; which was sometimes used unchanged in OE.


mod.F.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of Modern French.


Pr.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of Provençal (the language).


subordinative

en-adj

subordinative (comparative more subordinative, superlative most subordinative)

more subordinative (comparative)
most subordinative (superlative)

a subordinative conjunction

(grammar) Used to introduce a subordinate sentence.


sentence adverb

en-noun

sentence adverb (plural sentence adverbs)

(grammar) An adverb that modifies an entire clause or sentence rather than a single word or phrase.


moraic

moraic theory

(poetry, phonology) Of, pertaining to, or consisting of a mora or morae (a unit of syllable weight in poetry and linguistics).

moraico

of, pertaining to, or consisting of morae


superheavy

(linguistics, of a syllable) stressed more than is usual


translatology

From translate + -ology, coined by Brian Harris.

The study of the theory and practice of translating and interpreting, especially in an academic context, combining elements of social science and the humanities.


skopos

The topic of the novel is the typical way of life of the well-to-do British middle and upper classes, and the setting within the British culture is thus of great importance. The Skopos, to use Vermeer's term, is to translate the text as being firmly embedded within the British culture.

1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training The Translator, John Benjamins Publishing Co, page 68:

[A]s with the skopos approach, a translator can have some idea of the intended effect, and translate accordingly, i.e. in a maximally relevant way.

2005, Andrew Chesterman, edited by Martha Tennent, Training For The New Millennium, John Benjamins Publishing Co, page 196:

(translation studies) The function of a written or spoken text, especially in the context of translating and interpreting.

目的

function of a text in translating and interpreting


Skopos theory

The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory. The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge, expectations, values and norms of the target readers, who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture. These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed.

1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training The Translator, John Benjamins Publishing Co, page 149:

(translation studies) The idea that translating and interpreting should primarily take into account the function of both the source and target text.

目的論

idea that translating and interpreting should consider function of texts


target text

[S]tudents in their first year believe that source text and target text should be identical in content, that the TT should be a reproduction of the ST in another language, and that the TT should read well and be understandable.

2004, Christina Schäffner, edited by Kirsten Malmkjær, Translation in Undergraduate Degree Programmes, John Benjamins Publishing Co, page 119:

(translation studies) The finished product of a translated text.


source text

(translation studies) The original text from which a translation is done into another language.


translation studies

Coined by American poet, translator and translation scholar James S. Holmes in 1972 in his paper “The name and nature of translation studies”.

coinage

دِرَاسَات اَلتَّرْجَمَة

study of theory and practice of translating and interpreting


nonpresent

a nonpresent tense

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to the present.


collective numeral

en-noun

collective numeral (plural collective numerals)

(grammar) A numeral that signifies that several persons or things are taken definitely and unitedly together, in the sense of—both, all three, all four, etc.

անձներական թվական

a numeral, which signifies that several persons or things are taken definitely and unitedly together


modificand

A noun is the usual modificand of an adjective.

(grammar) A word, phrase, or clause which is modified.

被修飾詞

word, phrase, or clause which has been modified


g.

masc. g.
masculine gender


parasynthesis

parasynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural parasyntheses)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παρασύνθεσις (parasúnthesis).

bor

παρασύνθεσις

(grammar) The formation of words by a combination of compounding and adding an affix, as in brown-eyed.

(grammar) The formation of words in which the prefixing and the suffixing are involved simultaneously, as in multifaceted.


thematic relation

en-noun

thematic relation (plural thematic relations)

(linguistics) Any of various possible semantic relations between a verb and its arguments.


copulant

The copulants are likewise indispensable and have the property of being Continuant.

1974, Charles Sanders Peirce ·, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce - Volume 7, page 236:

Since the classes are yielded by a static typology and not a dynamic process such as semiosis, it might be wiser to conceive the relation between subjects in terms of compatibility rather than state categorically that collectives determine copulants, for example: collectives are not only with the copulant, but also with the designative and descriptive facets of signs..

2016, Tony Jappy, Peirce’s Twenty-Eight Classes of Signs and the Philosophy of Representation:

Examples of such continuous immediate objects, with respect to which a sign is said to be a copulant, include :_is_," "if_then_," "_relatively to _ for _," "Whatever _," etc..

2017, Francesco Bellucci, Peirce's Speculative Grammar: Logic as Semiotics:

(semiotics) A sign that represents the joining or unity of other signs.


copulant

By virtue of Oi, namely the identity of the weather on that occasion, the sign expresses a distributive relation —to each situation of utterance there corresponds an identifiable weather type: the sign is therefore Copulant.

1989, Gérard Deledalle, Semiotics and Pragmatics, page 149:

Copulant signs are, quite clearly, those signs whose immediate object is a continuous predicate.

If the sign is copulant it is necessarily collective, and if it is an action-producing token, it is necessarily also categorical and percussive.

2023, Tony Jappy, Developing a Neo-Peircean Approach to Signs, page 106:

(semiotics) Signifying combination, identity or union.


frication

frication (countable and uncountable, plural frications)


vowel quantity

vowel quantity (countable and uncountable, plural vowel quantities)

(linguistics) A vowel’s duration of articulation; its length.


passivization

passivization (countable and uncountable, plural passivizations)

(US, grammar) The process of rendering into the passive form.


anlaut

Borrowed from German Anlaut, from an- (“on, at the beginning”) + Laut (“sound”).

in anlaut ― at the beginning of a word or syllable

(linguistics) The first sound of a word (word-initial position) or syllable (syllable-initial position).

indlyd

first sound of a word (word-initial position) or syllable (syllable-initial position) — see also onset


yod

In the Rite of Perfection as worked in France and America this Cabalistic influence is shown in those degrees known under the name of the "Ineffable Degrees," derived from the Jewish belief in the mystery that surrounds the Ineflable Name of God. According to the custom of the Jews, the sacred name Jehovah or Jah-ve, composed of the four letters yod, he, vau, he, which formed the Tetragrammaton, was never to be pronounced by the profane, who were obliged to substitute for it the word "Adonai."

1856, Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies And Subversive Movements:

It is really a corruption of, or perhaps rather a substitution for, the Hebrew letter (yod), which is the initial of the ineffable name.

1882, Albert G. Mackey, The Symbolism of Freemasonry:

A statement of consonantal changes for Sicilian is dependent on the development of two sets of clusters, consonant plus yod and consonant plus /l/.

1976, Michael L. Mazzola, Proto-Romance and Sicilian, Peter de Ridder Press, →ISBN, page 104:

Wherever in the West (including northern Italia) the fricative allophone [x̺] of coda /k/ before onsets /t/ and /s/ still remains…it now becomes semivocalized as yod, or more probably voiceless yod….

1984, Frederick B. Agard, A Course in Romance Linguistics, volume 2, Georgetown University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

Word-initial yod, however, does not strengthen in either of the dialects considered, which respond to Polish jabłko, jagoda, jelén, jutro (all [j-]) "apple, berry, deer, tomorrow" with unaltered initial yod.

2008, Philippe Ségéral, Tobias Scheer, “Positional Factors in Lenition and Fortition”, in Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho et al., editors, Lenition and Fortition, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 152:


yod

An' every blessed minute I stannin' there, can't I hear that ole Miz Blatch nex' do', out in her back yod an' her front yod, an' plum out in the street, hollerin': 'Kitty?

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


translatological

(translation studies) Of or pertaining to translatology.


PCA

Proto-Central Algonquian
Proto-Central Algonquian#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Proto-Central Algonquian.


Skopostheorie

/ˌskəʊpəʊsˌteɪəˈɹiː/

[T]he concept of loyalty suggested by Christiane Nord […] to correct the client-subservient potential of Skopostheorie has both an inherent asymmetry and a value judgement attached to it.

2008, Candace Séguinot, edited by John Kearns, Translator and Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates, Continuum International Publishing Group, pages 8–9:


s.t.

Coordinate term: s.o.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of something.


suffixlike

en-adj

suffixlike (comparative more suffixlike, superlative most suffixlike)

more suffixlike (comparative)
most suffixlike (superlative)

(linguistics) Resembling or characteristic of a suffix.


subderivative

"Friendliness" is a subderivative: it is derived from "friendly", which comes from "friend".

(linguistics) A word derived indirectly, from a derivative of another.


prefixlike

prefixlike (comparative more prefixlike, superlative most prefixlike)

more prefixlike (comparative)
most prefixlike (superlative)

(linguistics) Resembling or characteristic of a prefix.

prefiksimäinen

resembling or characteristic to a prefix


NAATI

w:National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters

(Australia, translation studies) Initialism of National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters.


benefactive

From Latin benefactus (“benefited”) plus -ive. Attested since the twentieth century.

Normally, the repeated benefactive suffix is not found after the telic form of the verbal stem

1935, Charles Voeglin, Tübatulabal Grammar, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, volume 34, page 111:

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the beneficiary of an action. Expressed in English as "on behalf of" or "on one's behalf."


benefactive

A term or sentence element that serves a benefactive role or that is inflected for the benefactive case or a similar case (such as the dative case).


comparative case

en-noun

comparative case (plural comparative cases)

(grammar) A case used to mark a likeness to something, or that two things have the same quantity of something. It corresponds roughly to the English adverb "like". Languages that use the comparative case include Mari, Nivkh, and Chechen.


substantive case

substantive case (plural substantive cases)

(grammar) A case of second objects, being a derivation of the comparative case but intended for larger, more substantial objects, and used to join or combine one thing with another. It corresponds roughly to a variation of the accusative case: I understood him (him in the substantive case rather than the accusative, since no action is performed on the object). Languages that use the substantive case include Chechen and Ingush.


metamodel

neuro-linguistic programming
neuro-linguistic programming

(linguistics) A pragmatic communications model in neuro-linguistic programming.


chuchotage

/ʃu.ʃəʊˈtɑːʒ/

/ʃu.ʃoʊˈtɑʒ/

Eventually, the words of such Aramaic whisper-translations (called chuchotage in the modern world of international interpreters) were written down, mostly in small fragments, and these targums now provide precious linguistic and historical records for scholars of Judaism.

2011, David Bellos, Is That a Fish in Your Ear?: Translation and the Meaning of Everything, London: Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 141:

The interpretation or translation of speech in a whisper to a single person in proximity to other people.


hyperonym

(semantics) Hypernym; superordinate term.


translatese

(translation studies) Awkwardness or ungrammaticality of translation, for example due to overly literal translation of idioms or syntax.


tone mark

Coordinate term: accent mark

(linguistics) A symbol used to indicate tones in tonal languages.


metaplasm

From Latin metaplasmus from Ancient Greek μεταπλασμός (metaplasmós).

(linguistics) Any change in a word made by altering its letters or sounds.

metaplasme

linguistics: alteration of a word’s letters or sounds


verbize

en-verb

verbize (third-person singular simple present verbizes, present participle verbizing, simple past and past participle verbized)

verbizes (present singular third-person)
verbizing (participle present)
verbized (participle past)
verbized (past)

(grammar, informal, rare) to create a new verb by adding a suffix (especially -ize) to a noun.


case ending

In the Latin noun domine, the -e case ending marks it as a masculine, singular, second-declension noun in the vocative case.

(grammar, in nouns and adjectives that inflect to mark grammatical case) A suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender.

naamvalsuitgang

a suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender


paroxytonic

Ultimately from Ancient Greek παροξύτονος (paroxútonos, “with an acute accent on the next to last syllable”)

uder

(prosody) Of or relating to words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable


oxytonic

Formed as oxy- + tonic after oxytone. Compare the earlier oxytonical.

(prosody) Having a stress on the last syllable.


consuetudinal

en-adj

consuetudinal (comparative more consuetudinal, superlative most consuetudinal)

more consuetudinal (comparative)
most consuetudinal (superlative)

The loss of ye, hath, unto, and a consuetudinal use of be[.]

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 74:


RAS

redundant acronym syndrome
redundant acronym syndrome#English

(linguistics) Initialism of redundant acronym syndrome.


nominalizer

(linguistics) Anything, usually an affixed morpheme or a particle, that changes another part of speech into a noun.


SWE

(linguistics) Initialism of Standard Welsh English.


ANT

en-noun

ANT (countable and uncountable, plural ANTs)

actor–network theory
w:actor–network theory

(anthropology, semiotics) Abbreviation of actor–network theory.


antisymmetry

antisymmetry (countable and uncountable, plural antisymmetries)

(linguistics) A theory of syntactic linearization, proposing that hierarchical structure in natural language maps universally onto a particular surface linearization, namely specifier-head-complement branching order.


syntagm

(linguistics) Alternative form of syntagma


semantic field

Included in this semantic field category is the subcategory LEADER, referring to any person having a position of authority, such as ruler, sovereign, king, queen, minister, commissioner, chief, headman[.]

2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 31, number 4, →DOI, page 497:

(linguistics, translation studies) A group of words which all relate to the same subject or concept, or to overlapping aspects thereof.


WF

WF (countable and uncountable, plural WFs)

(linguistics) Initialism of word formation.


sight translation

sight translation (plural sight translations)

(translation studies) The act of translating a written text out loud.


nonpredicate

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to a predicate.


chengyu

zh-l

成語／成语 (chéngyǔ)

(linguistics) A certain kind of Chinese set phrase originating in Classical Chinese, typically four characters in length, and often with a story behind it.


trilinguist

(linguistics) One who speaks three languages.


bilinguist

(linguistics) One who speaks two languages.


partial false friend

en-noun

partial false friend (plural partial false friends)

(linguistics, uncommon) A word in a language bearing a deceptive resemblance to a word in another language, and at least one meaning in common, but not all.


markedness

markedness (countable and uncountable, plural markednesses)

Using the word "comedienne" instead of "comedian" can be seen as an example of markedness.

(linguistics) The quality of a word, form or phoneme that is considered to be more complicated, less natural or stranger than the usual form.


asyndetic

From asyndeton + -ic. Equivalent to a- + syndetic.

(grammar, rhetoric) Of, related to, or characterized by asyndeton, lacking conjunctions or purposefully omitting conjunctions.


untranslatability

неперакладальнасць

The quality or property of being untranslatable; inability to be translated.

(translation studies) The inability of meaning to be transferred from one language to another without undergoing fundamental change.


translatability

translatability (usually uncountable, plural translatabilities)

перакладальнасць

The quality or property of being translatable; ability to be translated.

(translation studies) The capacity of meaning to be transferred from one language to another without undergoing fundamental change.


encyclopedic dictionary

encyclopedic dictionary (plural encyclopedic dictionaries)

A form of dictionary with long, detailed entries on words (and often famous people and places), usually with pictures.


assibilation

assibilation (usually uncountable, plural assibilations)

/əˌsɪbɪˈleɪʃən/

(phonology) A sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant, commonly the final phase of palatalization.