free termineme

Analogous to free morpheme, compound of free and termineme.

(linguistics), (terminology) A termineme that can stand alone in its related domain or environment, a terminological free morpheme.

bağımsız terimbirim

a terminological free morpheme (terminology)


bound termineme

en-noun

bound termineme (plural bound terminemes)

Analogous to bound morpheme, compound of bound and termineme.

(linguistics), (terminology) A termineme that cannot stand alone in its related domain or environment, a terminological bound morpheme.

bağımlı terimbirim

a terminological bound morpheme (terminology)


term phrase

Analogous to noun phrase, adjective phrase, verb phrase, compound of term and phrase.

(linguistics), (terminology) A phrase that has a term as its head.

terim öbeği

a phrase that has a term as its head (terminology)


allotermin

Analogous to allophone, allomorph, from allo- + Medieval Latin terminus (“a term”).

(linguistics), (terminology) Any of the different realisations of a termineme under a specific domain or environment. For instance, [MORPHOLOGY]_(TERM) is an abstract unit (i.e., termineme) with the meaning of "the study of forms of ..."; however, it gets alloterminalized as "the science of forms of living organisms" under biology, "the study of forms of words" under linguistics, "the general theory of form or formation" under philosophy, and "the science of forms of chemicals" under chemistry.

altterimbirim

different realisations of a termineme (terminology)


terminologization

terminologization (usually uncountable, plural terminologizations)

Analogous to lexicalization, from terminology + -ization.

(linguistics) The process of a termineme during which it acquires new terminological characteristics in a specific domain and becomes the property of a special language.

terimselleşme

the process of a termineme during... (terminology)


determinologization

Analogous to degrammaticalization, from de- + terminologization.

(linguistics) The process of a termineme during which it loses its terminological characteristics in a specific domain and becomes the property of general language.


termineme

Analogous to phoneme, morpheme, lexeme, from Medieval Latin terminus (“a term”) -eme.

(linguistics), (terminology) The smallest unbreakable element of the study of terminology.

terimbirim

the smallest unbreakable element (terminology)


monstrous agreement

Coined by linguist Sandhya Sundaresan in 2011.

coinage

Why can’t we analyze them as quotation (full or partial/mixed)? Because grammatical dependencies cannot cross quotation marks, whereas in monstrous agreement they do.

2020, Rahul Balusu, “The Quotative Complementizer Says “I’m too Baroque for that””, in Bhamati Dash, Gurmeet Kaur, editors, Proceedings of FASAL 8, page 6:

McFadden shows that in case of monstrous agreement, allocutive agreement in the lower clause must reflect the relationship of the author of the embedded speech act to the addressee of that same speech act, and not the addressee of the overall speech act.

2020, Peter W. Smith, Johannes Mursell, Katharina Hartmann, “Some remarks on agreement within the Minimalist Programme”, in Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme, →ISBN, page 24:

Interestingly, not all speakers accept the monstrous agreement pattern. There are speakers for whom examples like (3a) sound very unnatural (while not totally ungrammatical).

2021, Mikhail Knyazev, “Inter-Speaker Variation and Construction-Specific Restrictions on Indexical Shift in Poshkart Chuvash”, in Julia Sinitsyna, Sergei Tatevosov, editors, Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Altaic Formal Linguistics (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics), page 97:

(linguistics) The phenomenon, in certain languages, of anaphoric references within an item of reported speech to the subject of the report agreeing in the first person (equivalent to *“He said that he am coming”).


full vowel

(phonology) A vowel that typically occurs in stressed syllables in a given language (not ruling out that may also occur in unstressed syllables).


reduced vowel

The schwa is a typical reduced vowel, though it can also be a full vowel in some languages.

(phonology) a vowel that occurs only, or at least disproportionately often, in unstressed syllables in a given language; usually one that is intermediate in both height and frontness/backness


backish

The value of the Latin letter O was for a virtual certainty a mid, back, rounded vowel. If therefore this letter is used to render a vowel in a previously unwritten (ancient) language, […] it is to be inferred that the phoneme in question was probably some kind of middish, backish, rounded vowel, or more accurately, included such phones prominently in its allophonic range.

2000, Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An introduction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 196–197:

(linguistics, of a vowel) Somewhat or approximately back.


middish

From mid + -ish. Compare the prefix mid-.

(linguistics, of a vowel) Somewhat or approximately mid; somewhere between the high and the low.


transterminologization

en-noun

transterminologization (usually uncountable, plural transterminologizations)

(linguistics) The process of a termineme during which it is rethought and moved to another domain and becomes the property of that domain.


allotagm

(linguistics, tagmemics) Any of the possible surface forms yielded by a tagmeme.


pheneme

(linguistics) A (hypothetical) linguistic item that is atomic both with respect to phonology as well as semantics; an item that is both a phoneme as well as a sememe.


plateasm

(obsolete, rare, phonology) An overly broad or full style of pronunciation.


converbialization

(linguistics, uncountable) The formation of a converb from another part of speech (such as a verb or participle).


punctualize

en-verb

punctualize (third-person singular simple present punctualizes, present participle punctualizing, simple past and past participle punctualized)

punctualizes (present singular third-person)
punctualizing (participle present)
punctualized (participle past)
punctualized (past)

Among indices of the first type, we find not only adverbs like hier ‘yesterday’, but also a variety of other expressions that serve to punctualize or indicate a specific time.

1980, Gillian Sankoff, The Social Life of Language, →ISBN, page 318:

Their distribution is complementary insofar as preverbs mark the punctuality of accomplishments (and some achievements), whereas the doni suffix punctualizes activities and states.

1981, Dee Ann Holisky, “Aspect Theory and Georgian Aspect”, in Phillip Tedeschi, Annie Zaenen, editors, Tense and Aspect, →ISBN:

The ability to punctualize an act is therefore highly conducive to keeping verbs outside the aspectual system […]

1997, Neil Bermel, Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, →ISBN, page 402:

(linguistics) To express an action as happening at a specific moment.


clitically

en-adv

clitically (comparative more clitically, superlative most clitically)

more clitically (comparative)
most clitically (superlative)

(linguistics) In a manner using clitics.


cliticalization

(grammar) The process of forming or adding clitics.


noun-self pronoun

en-noun

noun-self pronoun (plural noun-self pronouns)

Fae is an example of a “noun-self'” pronoun. […] Noun-self pronouns are often common amongst people who identify with xenogenders (see definition above, under X terms), but can be used by anyone.

2021, MSU Pride Community Centre 2STLGBQIA+ Handbook, page 15:

Noun-self pronouns can refer to animals—so your pronouns can be “bun/bunself” and “kitten/kittenself.”

2021 May 1, Ezra Marcus, “A guide to neopronouns”, in Honolulu Star-Advertiser, 140th year, number 90, page 8:

Other neopronouns are “noun self-pronouns,” where a word that already exists is adapted as a pronoun.

2022, Robyn Ryle, She/He/They/Me: An Interactive Guide to the Gender Binary, →ISBN, page 76:

Noun-self pronouns can reflect a person’s connection to nature, fandom, or other interests, and are highly individualized.

2022, Laura Erickson-Schroth, editor, Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource by and for Transgender Communities, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 194:

You may be used to hearing and using sentences like, “I love the new album by Sam Smith; they’re my favourite artiste,” but there are others such as ze, per, ey, e… as well as a system of noun-self pronoun which uses an existing word of the individual’s choice.

2022 January 25, Rafael Nadal, “The way we talk now”, in StarLifestyle (The Star):

Another section explains how noun-self pronouns are used by “xenic” individuals whose gender does not fit within “the Western human binary of gender alignments”.

2022 February 6, Ewan Somerville, “Male, female, feline … Bristol University guide lectures staff about emoji pronouns and ‘catgender’ awareness”, in The Sunday Telegraph:

nounself pronoun
nounself pronoun#English


verbal participle

verbal participle (plural verbal participles)

(grammar) A participle in Hungarian, similar in meaning to the past participle but expressing it with a past-tense definite-object verb form, which takes its argument as a subject in the nominative (like a finite verb), rather than with a phrase equivalent to “by …”, while the phrase functions as a participle, since the verb form qualifies the noun as an attribute.


o͝o

w:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FOOT vowel, used i.a. in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language


o͞o

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel, used i.a. in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language


similitive

(grammar) Likening one thing to another.


perfectivize

en-verb

perfectivize (third-person singular simple present perfectivizes, present participle perfectivizing, simple past and past participle perfectivized)

perfectivizes (present singular third-person)
perfectivizing (participle present)
perfectivized (participle past)
perfectivized (past)

(transitive, grammar) To make perfective.


encliticize

encliticize (third-person singular simple present encliticizes, present participle encliticizing, simple past and past participle encliticized)

encliticizes (present singular third-person)
encliticizing (participle present)
encliticized (participle past)
encliticized (past)


macrosyntax

en-noun

macrosyntax (countable and uncountable, plural macrosyntaxes)

Coordinate term: microsyntax

(grammar) Syntax beyond the clause level.


microsyntax

microsyntax (countable and uncountable, plural microsyntaxes)

Coordinate term: macrosyntax

(grammar) Syntax within individual clauses.


adnominality

(grammar) The quality of being adnominal.


equity language

equity language (plural equity languages)

(linguistics, sociology) A language style that proscribes the use of all kinds of possibly offensive terms.


undergeneration

(linguistics) The act of undergenerating.


undergenerate

en-verb

undergenerate (third-person singular simple present undergenerates, present participle undergenerating, simple past and past participle undergenerated)

undergenerates (present singular third-person)
undergenerating (participle present)
undergenerated (participle past)
undergenerated (past)

(linguistics) To apply a rule of language too strictly, so that some potential valid utterances are excluded from production.


composite sentence

en-noun

composite sentence (plural composite sentences)

A composite sentence is the union of two or more sentences which from their contents, the way in which they are arranged or joined together, and the manner in whih they are uttered, form a whole. The relation between the different members of a composite sentence is that of: a) Co-ordination (parataxis), when they are of equal rank. […] b) Subordination (hypotaxis), when one memebr represents an element (subject, nominal part of the predicate, object, etc.) of the other.

1904, Hendrik Poutsma, A Grammar of Late Modern English, Part I: The Sentence, page 351

When, however, we come to composite sentences (that is, sentences consisting of two or more clauses), we have to deal with the notions of main clause, head clause, and subordinate clause.

1971, Boris Aleksandrovich Ilyish, Строй современного английского языка, second edition, page 189

The composite sentence, in its two forms compound and complex, is relatively straightforward, though rather different from the simple sentence.

1986, Ian Press, A Grammar of Modern Breton, second edition, page 204

Composite sentences can be categorized into two types: (1) coordinate sentence, in which the included sentence forms are of equal statuses and (2) subordinate sentence, in which the included sentence forms include major ones and subordinate ones.

2022, Wang Li, translated by Bo Wang, Modern Chinese Grammar I: Syntax:

(grammar) a sentence that contains multiple clauses, whether independent (coordinated) or dependent (subordinated); compound or complex sentence


zoosemy

From zoo- + sem- (from Ancient Greek σῆμα "token, sign") + -y.

af

It must be emphasised that in this case the working of the mechanism of zoosemy was so intense that already in the first half of the 16th century — in disparaging use — mongrel started to be used in the sense 'the offspring of parents of different nationalities or of high and low birth' (1542>1898).

2010, Robert Kiełtyka, “Selected aspects of zoosemy: the conceptual dimension origin/social status at work”, in Philologia Hispalensis, page 174:

Migration is another aspect of social relations wherein zoosemy seems to have a notable presence, since animal metaphors can be an effective discursive strategy of othering, denigration and, in extreme cases, even dehumanization.

2022, Alisa Egorova, Hunting Down Animal Verbs: An Investigation into the Mechanisms of Meaning Transfer Underlying English Verbal Zoosemy, page 24:

(linguistics, semiotics) The metaphorical use of animal names or animal-related terms to denote human qualities, e.g. chicken, sly fox, mother hen etc. as epithets for human individuals.


complexive

(grammar) A term expressing complex actions or items as one whole.


complexive

(grammar) Expressing complex actions or items as one whole.


pseudo-coordination

In Chapter 6, we investigate more closely the matrix verbs involved in pseudo-coordination (TMA-copying with motion/posture verbs).

2005, Anna-Lena Wiklund, The Syntax of Tenselessness: On Copying Constructions in Swedish, Umeå University, Department of Philosophy and Linguistics, →ISBN, page 13, →ISBN:

As mentioned earlier, pseudo-coordination allows for asymmetric extraction out of the second conjunct, in apparent violation of the coordinate structure constraint and the "Across-the-Board" [ATB] constraint […].

2012, Christopher Gabriel, Kurt Braunmüller, editors, Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies, John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 265, →ISBN:

So one possibility to be considered is that pseudocoordination is at root standard coordination, but with pragmatic implicatures that extend the meaning of coordination to purpose.

2014, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Laurel B. Preston, editors, Measuring Grammatical Complexity, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 209, →ISBN:

The type discussed most in this paper is verbal pseudocoordination, which is found in several unrelated and geographically distant language groups, although it is very rare in verb-final (SOV) languages.

2016, Clara Pinto, Fernanda Pratas, Sandra Pereira, editors, Coordination and Subordination: Form and Meaning—Selected Papers from CSI Lisbon 2014, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, page 228, →ISBN:

(linguistics) A linguistic construction in which two terms (often inflected verbs) are joined by a coordinator (e.g., and), as in the sentence "Try and win the competition!".


extentive

(linguistics) A part of speech, such as a suffix, that indicates the extent or size of something.


troponymous

Example (16-a) is a synset pair in WordNet standing in hypernymy-troponymy relation. This thesis hereafter uses the arrow to indicate troponymous relation of which the word to the left of the arrow is the hypernym and the word to the right is the troponym. Hence, under a certain sense in WordNet, 'anesthetize' is the hypernym of 'cocainize' or 'to cocainize' is a way to 'anesthetize'. After mapping through ECTED [English-Chinese Translation Equivalents Database], the program returned Chinese verb pairs as (16-b) shows.

2009, Chiao-Shan Lo, Automatic Labeling of Hypernymy-Troponymy Relation for Chinese Verbs. Master's thesis at NTNU, National Taiwan Normal University, retrieved 2023-03-25, page 72:


apo koinou

/æpəˈkɔɪnuː/

Ellipsis from Ancient Greek σχῆμα ἀπὸ κοινοῦ (skhêma apò koinoû, “figure [drawn] from what is common”).

bor

σχῆμα ἀπὸ κοινοῦ

(grammar) A blend of two asyndetically connected clauses through a lexical word that has two syntactical functions, one in each of the blended clauses.


troponymic

A method of sense resolution is proposed that is based on WordNet, an on-line lexical database that incorporates semantic relations (synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, causal and troponymic entailment) as labeled pointers between word senses. With WordNet, it is easy to retrieve sets of semantically related words, a facility that will be used for sense resolution during text processing, as follows. […]

1991, George A. Miller, Daniel A. Teibel, “A proposal for lexical disambiguation”, in HLT Proceedings, volumes Human Language Technology: HLT '91: Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Natural Language, 1991, →DOI, pages 395–399:

Table 1. Semantic relations identified in VerbOcean. Siblings in the WordNet column refers to terms with the same troponymic parent, e.g. swim and fly.

2004, Timothy Chklovski, Patrick Pantel, “VerbOcean: mining the web for fine-grained semantic verb relations”, in Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 33–40:

(semantics) Of, relating to, or being a troponym.


Urdufication

en-noun

Urdufication (countable and uncountable, plural Urdufications)

(linguistics) The act or process of rendering a language more Urdu-like.


doubletness

(linguistics, rare) The nature of doublets: the phenomenon that they instantiate.


vr.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of variant reading.


Bassa Vah

(linguistics) An alphabetic script for writing the Bassa language of Liberia.


enantiosemy

From enantio- + sem- (from Ancient Greek σῆμα "token, sign") + -y, modelled after polysemy.

af

(semantics) A type of polysemy in which a word can be read as two opposing senses; contronymy.


pref.

Alternative form: pref


presubject

Presubject elements may be conjunctions, prepositional groups, nonfinite clauses, or whole dependent clauses that precede the grammatical subject of the main clause.

2009, Representational Systems and Practices as Learning Tools, page 274:

Tense/aspect/mood (tam) particles furnish a broad range of conjugation patterns (i.e. patterns in which verb stem can appear) and can be subdivided into two positional classes of preverbal and presubject particles.

2010, Isabelle Brill, Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy: Syntax and Pragmatics:

These may occur in presubject position, prepredicate position, within the verb phrase, preceding equated attributives, and final to the clause.

2013, Eugene A. Nida, A Synopsis of English Syntax:

(grammar, of a part of speech) Occurring before the subject in a sentence or expression.


postsubject

(grammar, of a part of speech) Occurring after the subject in a sentence or expression.


Umbric

Borrowed from Latin Umbricus (“Umbrian”). By surface analysis, Umbria + -ic.

bor+

(linguistics) A subfamily of the Osco-Umbrian languages encompassing Umbrian, Volscian, and possibly also Marsian.


renarrative

/ˌɹiːˈnæ.ɹə.tɪv/

(grammar) Inferential; pertaining to the inferential mood.


renarrative

/ˌɹiːˈnæ.ɹə.tɪv/

(grammar, often with definite article) The inferential mood.


foot-strut split

(linguistics) a phonemic split affecting most modern varieties of English (with the exception of most accents of Northern England and the English Midlands, along with some accents of North Wales and Ireland) in which the phoneme /ʊ/, which occurs in both foot and strut in accents without the split, is separated into two phonemes: /ʌ/ in words like strut and cut and /ʊ/ in words like foot and put.

Phonological history of English close back vowels#FOOT–STRUT split


illocute

en-verb

illocute (third-person singular simple present illocutes, present participle illocuting, simple past and past participle illocuted)

illocutes (present singular third-person)
illocuting (participle present)
illocuted (participle past)
illocuted (past)

In some such cases, at least, there will be illocutions q such that S can illocute q and thereby (among other things) convey to A that p.

1981, Peter Cole, Radical pragmatics, New York: Academic Press, →OCLC, page 93:

Typically, one can illocute in order to perlocute, but not conversely.

2012, J.F. Rosenberg, Linguistic Representation, Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 11:

So, we must not conflate consent with nonrefusal: a failure to illocute refusal does not entail that one has illocuted consent to sex instead.

2019, Mari Mikkola, Pornography: A Philosophical Introduction, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 66:

[…] [S]ome of these refinements also help us make progress on the question whether machines can illocute.

2022 January 27, Mitchell Green, Jan G. Michel, “What Might Machines Mean?”, in Minds and Machines, volume 32, pages 323–338:

(philosophy, pragmatics, intransitive or transitive with the speech act as object) To perform an illocutionary act.


Tagalic

(linguistics, rare) The language family consisting of Tagalog and its dialects.


superdictionary

From super- (“above, over”) + dictionary.

The law is a kind of superdictionary that knows in advance what any possible combination of words and expressions means.

1998, Harriet Murav, Russia's Legal Fictions, Ann Arbor, M.I.: University of Michigan Press, →ISBN, page 104:

Mr. [Michael] Proffitt was reluctant to place the O.E.D. at the forefront of such a project. The dictionary, he said, lacks resources to transform itself this way. Instead, he advocates a federation of reference works. "The superdictionary may be, in fact, superdictionaries," he said. "What you want is some kind of search that then sends you to the right place."

2014 January 22, Tom Rachman, “O.E.D.'s New Chief Editor Speaks of Its Future”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-06:

[…] will anyone ever have enough time and motivation to consult them all, for the entire alphabet, and thus arrive at a truly complete superdictionary?

2019, David Crystal, “The Nature of the Lexicon”, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 129:

The current direction in Estonian lexicography is a unification of lexical resources (dictionaries and term bases) into a central superdictionary, the online public dictionary CombiDic.

2022 December 21, Geda Paulsen, Maria Tuulik, Ahti Lohk, Ene Vainik, “From verbal to adjectival: evaluating the lexicalization of participles in an Estonian corpus”, in Slovenščina 2.0, volume 10, number 1, Ljubljana: Ljubljana University Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 68:

(lexicography) An exceptionally comprehensive dictionary, which includes all other dictionaries.


perlocute

perlocute (third-person singular simple present perlocutes, present participle perlocuting, simple past and past participle perlocuted)

perlocutes (present singular third-person)
perlocuting (participle present)
perlocuted (participle past)
perlocuted (past)

[…] a case in which a question illocuted as a genuine, non-rhetorical question is erroneously perlocuted as a rhetorical question.

1994, Cornelia Ilie, What Else Can I Tell You?, Almqvist & Wiksell International, page 41:

2002, Marco Rühl, Arguing and Communicative Asymmetry, Peter Lang Publishing, →ISBN, page 167:

Whether the interactive effect of perlocuting occurs is under the addressee's responsibility.

(philosophy, pragmatics, intransitive or transitive with the effect as object) To achieve a perlocutionary effect.


postpositioning

Nonetheless, PPs in my dataset not only make up the bulk of the non-clausal postpositionings, but they are also postpositioned at a relatively high rate, particularly in comparison to adverbs, the second most frequent form.

2020, Shannon Dubenion-Smith, “A typology of non-clausal postpositioning in German dialects”, in Janet Zhiqun Xing, editor, A Typological Approach to Grammaticalization and Lexicalization: East Meets West (Trends in Linguistics; 327), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 245:

(grammar) An instance where a modifier appears after the noun it modifies.


Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary

the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary (canonical)

Coined by English linguist Rosamund Moon in a 1989 paper (see first quote).

coinage

The dictionary most cited in such cases is the UAD: the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary, usually referred to as 'the dictionary,' but very occasionally as 'my dictionary.'

1989, Rosamund Moon, “Objective or Objectionable: Ideological Aspects of Dictionaries”, in English Language Research Journal, volume 3, Birmingham, West Midlands: University of Birmingham, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 63; quoted in Words Words Words, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 2010, →ISBN, pages 5–6:

The individual lexicographer has ceded power to the team, the computerised corpus has come to stand side by side with, if not actually to replace, the readers of earlier research, but what has been termed the 'Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary' is still the court of last resort.

1996, Jonathon Green, Chasing the Sun: Dictionary-Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 11:

This war ended with the death of both men and their replacement by [Samuel] Johnson as authors of the "Unidentified Authorising Dictionary".

1996 March 24, David Honigmann, “Abecedarians in the war of the words”, in The Independent, London: Independent Digital News & Media Ltd, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-07:

Have you hear^([sic]) of the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary?

2004 June 22, Raymond S. Wise, “tarot”, in alt.english.usage (Usenet):

The reference here, certainly, is to a generic compilation, not to any specific collection. This is the 'Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary' identified by Rosamund Moon, and the purpose for which it might be consulted is decidedly utilitarian.

2018, Elizabeth Knowles, 'And I Quote...', Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 52:

(lexicography, humorous) A fictional supremely authoritative dictionary, supposed to be referenced by laypeople in discussions of "the dictionary".


velodorsal

(phonetics, speech pathology) Formed when the soft palate lowers to touch the back of the tongue, due to developmental problems in the anatomy of the mouth, as opposed to velar (or more precisely dorso-velar), where the back of the tongue rises to touch the soft palate.


heritage speaker

en-noun

heritage speaker (plural heritage speakers)

At UCLA, which is emerging as a leader in the field, separate classes already are available for heritage speakers of Chinese, Korean, Russian and Spanish.

2002 November 27, Stuart Silverstein, “A Heads-Up Approach to Teaching Spanish”, in Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, L.A.: Los Angeles Times Communications LLC, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-04-28:

Kagan's survey of California college students found many "heritage speakers" wished to study their home language at school to connect with their culture, build their literacy, and strengthen their bonds with relatives.

2015 October 27, Melinda D. Anderson, “How Politics and Bilingualism Collide in the Classroom”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-08:

She designed a class for heritage speakers at UCLA that advanced them to high-level coursework in one year by building on what they know rather than harping on their deficiencies.

2018 April 18, Max Boot, “My mom's move to America showed strength. That was just the start.”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-12:

As a kid, my Saturday class was populated by students like me, with parents who spoke Mandarin exclusively at home. But the demographics of Mandarin learners today run the gamut from heritage speakers to those without a familial connection but with other motivations to learn (an affinity for the culture, an appreciation of Asia's growing importance in the world's economy).

2021 February 12, Connie Chang, “Connecting My Children to Their Heritage in Mandarin”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-02:

heritage language
heritage language#Noun

(linguistics) Someone who speaks a heritage language (one's former native language, lost during childhood or early adulthood, or underdeveloped in favor of a more dominant majority language).


o̱

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the STRUT vowel, as in the word "son".


speech act participant

speech act participant (plural speech act participants)

(grammar) The speaker or listener of a sentence; the first person or second person.


autolinguonym

/ˌɔː.təʊˈlɪŋ.ɡwə.nɪm/

"Gaelg" is the autolinguonym of Manx.

A language name of endonymic (native) origin, created and used by native speakers as designations for their language.


(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a͟i and c͟h.


(lexicography) Marks a vowel as a schwa.

(lexicography) A partially or optionally reduced vowel, e.g. fa᷵‧tal′i‧ty, de᷵‧pend′, pro᷵‧pose′, for′mu᷵‧late.


lexicalizer

(grammar) One who or that which lexicalizes.


Quechumaran

(linguistics) Of or relating to a proposed language family that unites Quechua and Aymara.


dictionaryese

/ˈdɪkʃəˌnəɹɪˈiːz/

/ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛɹiˈiz/

From dictionary + -ese (suffix denoting jargon used in a particular context).

af

-ese<pos:suffix denoting jargon used in a particular context>

For a concise dictionary the extent of the German vocabulary dealt with is commendable and fairly searching spot-checks in many fields have shown no serious gaps, but an English reviewer must be forgiven for commenting on the ‘dictionaryese’ of some of the English renderings.

1962, D. F. S. Scott, “Langenscheidts Handwörterbuch Deutsch–Englisch. Langenscheidt’s Concise Dictionary German–English. (Second Edition, Berlin 1960; pp. 672; published in England by Methuen; 17s. 6d.) [book review]”, in The Durham University Journal, volume LIV (New Series, volume XXIII), Durham, County Durham: Senate of the University of Durham, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-29, page 86:

'Cause to die' is immediately recognizable as dictionaryese, which is to say that dictionaries do not, in general, honor the condition that definitions must be couched in the syntax of surface English.

1975, Jerry A[lan] Fodor, “The Structure of the Internal Code: Some Linguistic Evidence”, in The Language of Thought, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Y[oung] Crowell Company, →ISBN, page 127:

Such an approach has two immediate advantages: it disposes of the need to present what is not fact as fact; and it goes some way to seeing off the need to employ dictionaryese, the crabbed and clipped prose-style that, in many reference-books, only ossifies its subject-matter.

1981, Justin Wintle, “Introduction”, in Justin Wintle, editor, Makers of Modern Culture, New York, N.Y.: Facts on File, →ISBN, page xvi:

Oxford American’s usage notes are among the best I’ve found: clear, consistent, sensibly prescriptive, and up-to-date (it’s the only dictionary to acknowledge that “nonplussed” is frequently misused to mean “unperturbed”). Its rendering of slang into dictionaryese—“shake one's booty” is defined as “dance energetically”—is a thing of beauty.

2003 December 4, YiLing Chen-Josephson, “Word Up”, in Slate, New York, N.Y.: The Slate Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

If I were defining "hella" without using substitutability, I would probably come up with something long-winded and full of dictionaryese, like "to an excessive degree."

2017, Kory Stamper, “Surfboard: On Defining”, in Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries, New York, N.Y.: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, page 103:

<https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sodomy> runs down to "Sexual intercourse that is not the union of the genital organs of a man and a woman", but in dictionaryese that /could/ mean one specific sexual intercourse that they're choosing not to describe.

2019 January 14, Robert Carnegie, “Homosexuality is more acceptable to atheists, than theists”, in alt.atheism (Usenet):

(informal) The style of language used in dictionary definitions, characterized by dry, straightforward, and occasionally awkward phrasing.


(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a᷍a, a᷍i, a᷍u, e᷍e, e᷍i, e᷍u, o᷍i.


Kuki-Chin

(linguistics) A branch of approximately 50 Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar, and southeastern Bangladesh.


Edekiri

(linguistics) Belonging or relating to a group of languages spoken in a band across Togo, Benin, and Nigeria.


pseudoroot

In Experiment 1, pseudowords made up of Italian derivational suffixes of various frequencies and meaningless pseudoroots were contrasted to pseudowords in which the same pseudoroots were combined with control orthographically legal final sequences.

2011, R. Harald Baayen, Robert Schreuder, Morphological Structure in Language Processing, page 186:


(lexicography) Used to mark the digraph ⟨oo⟩ as having its 'long' sound: ⟨o͞o⟩ /uː/.

(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a͞a, a͞e, a͞o, e͞w, c͞i, s͞i, t͞h, t͞i.


(lexicography) Used to mark the digraph ⟨oo⟩ as having its 'short' sound: ⟨o͝o⟩ /ʊ/.


k͟h

(lexicography) Indicates the Scottish or unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôk͟h\ for loch or \bâk͟h\ for Bach.


ikonomatic

en-adj

ikonomatic (comparative more ikonomatic, superlative most ikonomatic)

more ikonomatic (comparative)
most ikonomatic (superlative)

We have, so far as I am aware, no scientific term to express this manner of phonetic writing, and I propose for it therefore the adjective ikonomatic...

1886, Daniel Garrison Brinton, Essays of an Americanist, pages 207–8:

(uncommon) Alternative form of iconomatic.


c̣

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨c⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /s/, as in the word "celestial".


flat adverb

(grammar) An adverb which has the same form as the corresponding adjective (sometimes associated with informal or dialectal speech).


lexical set

(phonology) A group of words that share a particular phonological feature.


ȳ

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨y⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "lyre".


ǣ

close front unrounded vowel
w:close front unrounded vowel

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨æ⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as representing the close front unrounded vowel /i/.


zetacist

(linguistics) Exhibiting or relating to zetacism.


decausativisation

en-noun

decausativisation (usually uncountable, plural decausativisations)

(linguistics) A process through which causative transitive verbs become noncausative and intransitive.


shoresh

Note how often the word 'yerusha' (or a similar "shoresh") is found in the first eight psukim of chapter 15. Explain its meaning and context in these psukim. Then, note the use of this same shoresh 'y.r.sh.' in Bamidbar 33:50-53 (and in Shmot 6:8) and their context. Howdoes this word relate to conquest and sovereignty?

2000 November 10, Menachem Leibtag, “Parshat Lech Lecha; Part I - Questions For the 'Shabbos Table'”, in Tanach Study Center:


ᴋ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴋʜ⟩ or ⟨ᴋ͜ʜ⟩ for Scottish and unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôᴋ͜ʜ\ for loch or \bâᴋ͜ʜ\ for Bach.


ᴄ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴄʜ⟩ for the /t͡ʃ/ sound.


ᴛ

(lexicography) Used in the digraphs ⟨ᴛʜ⟩ and ⟨ᴛ͟ʜ⟩ for the sounds /θ/ and /ð/.


ppl. a.

participial adjective
participial adjective#English

(grammar) Abbreviation of participial adjective.


u̇

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FOOT vowel

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the NURSE vowel, as in the word "turn".


c͟h

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨c⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /k/, as in the word "character".


y̆

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨y⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the KIT vowel, as in the word "typical".


s͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨si⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʒ/, as in the word "division".


t͞h

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨th⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /t/, as in the name "Thomas" (capitalized T͞homas).


c͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ci⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʃ/, as in the word "delicious".


t͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ti⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʃ/, as in the word "attraction".


a᷍u

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨au⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the THOUGHT vowel, as in the word "maul".


a᷍a

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the SQUARE vowel, as in the word "fare".


e͞w

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ew⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the USE vowel, as in the word "lewd".


e᷍u

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨eu⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the USE vowel, as in the word "neuter".


e᷍e

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ee⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FLEECE vowel, as in the word "heed".


o᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨oi⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the CHOICE vowel, as in the word "oil".


e᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "fine".


a͟i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ai⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "hail".


a᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ai⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "aisle".


a͞o

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the GOAT vowel, as in the word "alone".


a͞a

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the TRAP vowel, as in the word "am".


Dybo's law

Named after the Soviet accentologist Vladimir Dybo.

(linguistics) A law posited to explain the occurrence of nouns and verbs in Slavic languages that are invariantly accented on the inflectional ending.


spirantic

(linguistics, dated) Relating to a spirant or fricative.


vanishing grade

vanishing grade (plural vanishing grades)

(linguistics, dated) Synonym of zero-grade


Shirongolic

(linguistics) Belonging to a family of southern Mongolic languages.


connecting word

connecting word (plural connecting words)

(grammar) A term that links two ideas in a piece of writing, a conjunction.


tsitacism

Borrowed from Greek τσιτακισμός (tsitakismós).

bor+

(linguistics) The shift into [tʃ] / [dʒ] or [ts] / [dz] in some Modern Greek dialects, especially but not limited to [c] / [ɟ].


pseudoarticle

The Hebrew has the vowel indicating the definite article, so it would literally seem to be saying, “at the test.” But Exod. 17:7 tells us clearly that “the place was named Massah.” We do indeed find this pseudoarticle occasionally in place names: “Now Zebah and Zalmunna were at Karkor” (Judg. 8:10); […]

2015, Michael Carasik, editor, The Commentators' Bible: The Rubin JPS Miqra'ot Gedolot, volume 5: Deuteronomy, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, Jewish Publication Society, →ISBN, page 50:

(linguistics) A morpheme that takes the form of an article despite not being one.


middle verb

Formation of the middle verbs mentioned above illustrates that derivational processes are used to create specific subclasses of verbs. Middle verbs in English are intransitive verbs, whereas their base verbs are transitive, that is, require a direct object to be present. Middle verb formation is therefore a case of change in syntactic valency.

2005, Geert Booij, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 60:

(grammar) A verb which expresses an action when used transitively and a state when used intransitively.


pseudoreflexive

Another strategy when the object is not human, used less than in Italian or Spanish but nevertheless not uncommon, is the pseudo-reflexive structure, that is, the use of the active forms of a verb reflexive in appearance in a 'passive' sense (les fleurs se vendent ici le dimanche lit. 'flowers sell themselves . . .' i.e. 'flowers are sold here on Sundays').

1987, Bernard Comrie, editor, The World's Major Languages, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, published 1990, →ISBN, page 228:

(grammar) Of a verb: requiring the use of a reflexive construction when no reflexive action is actually taking place.


enregisterment

en-noun

enregisterment (countable and uncountable, plural enregisterments)

The enregisterment of culture among Latino, Black, and Asian students resembles that of multicultural programs insofar as the noun culture denotes a valuable possession of the racially marked and a contribution to the larger community.

2009 June, Bonnie Urciuoli, “Talking/Not Talking about Race: The Enregisterments of Culture in Higher Education Discourses”, in Linguistic Anthropology, volume 19, number 1, Wiley, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29:

(linguistics, sociology) The process of enregistering or becoming a register ("a style of a language used in a particular context").


autohyponymous

By surface analysis, auto- + hypo- + -nym + -ous.

surf

Being or relating to an autohyponym: a polysemous word (that is, one with multiple senses) such that one sense is a hyponym of another.


autohyponymy

From auto- + hyponymy or autohyponym + -y.

First of all he speaks of linear polysemy, i.e. relations of specialization (or generalization) between polysemic senses which include autohyponymy (dog: animal species, male of this species) and autosuperordination (i.e. autohyperonymy; man: human male, human race) […]

2013, Aleš Klégr, “The limits of polysemy: enantiosemy”, in Linguistica Pragensia, volume 23, number 2, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pages 9–10:

(semantics, linguistics) The quality or state of being an autohyponym; the semantic relation between senses of a word such that one sense is hyponymous to another.


cohyponymy

Hansen et al. (1982, 202) mention the following semantic relations that systematically obtain between the senses of polysemic words: (conceptual) hyponymy, hyperonymy and cohyponymy on the one hand, and (figurative) metonymy and metaphor on the other.

2013, Aleš Klégr, “The limits of polysemy: enantiosemy”, in Linguistica Pragensia, volume 23, number 2, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, page 9:

A first step in this direction was taken by Heylen et al. (2008), who focused on a larger set of elementary relations, including synonymy, hypernymy and hyponymy, in addition to the composed relation of cohyponymy.

2015, Olivier Ferret, “Typing Relations in Distributional Thesauri”, in Núria Gala, Reinhard Rapp, Gemma Bel-Enguix, editors, Language Production, Cognition, and the Lexicon (Text, Speech and Language Technology; 48), Cham: Springer, →DOI, page 124:

(semantics, linguistics) The semantic relation between cohyponyms (coordinate terms); the quality of being cohyponymous (coordinate).


comeronymy

If Hansen et al. (1982, 203–204) are correct in including the sense of exclusion, i.e. cohyponymy, among the word‑internal semantic relations[…], then the question arises whether the other form of the exclusion relationship, comeronymy, could not be found among polysemes as well.

2013, Aleš Klégr, “The limits of polysemy: enantiosemy”, in Linguistica Pragensia, volume 23, number 2, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, page 21:

Finally, path types are defined as sequences of elementary relations represented by their macro identifier of Table 5, with two specific notations: […] second, two subsequences corresponding to well-known lexical relations are replaced by a specific identifier: h for the subsequence GG⁻¹, which corresponds to the cohyponymy relation and m for the subsequence CC⁻¹, which corresponds to the comeronymy relation.

2015, Olivier Ferret, “Typing Relations in Distributional Thesauri”, in Núria Gala, Reinhard Rapp, Gemma Bel-Enguix, editors, Language Production, Cognition, and the Lexicon (Text, Speech and Language Technology; 48), Cham: Springer, →DOI, page 128:

(semantics, linguistics) The semantic relation between comeronyms (names for parts of a whole); the quality of being comeronymous.


comeronymous

From co- + meronymous or comeronym + -ous.

The co-meronymous elements that compose the driving factors are technology, the related mobility of people, goods and ideas, and a liberal trading environment. Each of these co-meronymous nominals is devoid of human agency.

2000 July, Bernard J. McKenna, Philip Graham, “Technocratic Discourse: A Primer”, in Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, volume 30, number 3, →DOI, page 242:

The meronymy relation can be understood as the part-of relation. For example, in Figure 1b ‘set of activities’, ‘deliverables’ and ‘milestones’ have been analysed as being part-of ‘project management’ and therefore in a co-meronymous relation to each other.

2005, Philip Windridge, Bernadette Sharp, Geoff Thompson, “Symbolic Knowledge Representation in Transcript Based Taxonomies”, in Chin-Sheng Chen, Joaquim Filipe, Isabel Seruca, José Cordeiro, editors, ICEIS 2005: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, volume 2, SciTePress, →DOI, →ISBN, page 268:

[…] the question arises whether the other form of the exclusion relationship, comeronymy, could not be found among polysemes as well. There is no mention of this possibility in the literature but, as there is no logical obstacle to comeronymous polysemes, this hypothesis could be worth exploring.

Being or relating to comeronyms (names for fellow parts of the same whole).


emphatic pronoun

en-noun

emphatic pronoun (plural emphatic pronouns)

(grammar) A pronoun used in an emphatic way, or otherwise syntactically restricted to use in emphatic contexts


decausativize

en-verb

decausativize (third-person singular simple present decausativizes, present participle decausativizing, simple past and past participle decausativized)

decausativizes (present singular third-person)
decausativizing (participle present)
decausativized (participle past)
decausativized (past)

Levin and Rappaport (1995) argue that causative verbs can decausativize when the eventualities described come about spontaneously without the external intervention of an agent.

1998, Lexical Network Approach to Verbal Semantics, page 219:

Now I am ready to answer the first question — which causative verbs decausativize and which don't.

2004, Journal of Slavic Linguistics: JSL. - Volume 11, Issue 1, page 181:

Conversely, in order to decausativize, the non-causative event must be be able to occur without an external cause (unlike, for example, being cut or being amused, which require an agent or instrument).

2013, Angeliek Van Hout, Event Semantics of Verb Frame Alternations, page 243:

(linguistics, of a causative verb) To function in manner that is not causative (e.g. The causative verb "melt" in He melts the ice decausativizes in The ice melts).


comparee

(grammar) The thing against which something else is compared.


sister language

en-noun

sister language (plural sister languages)

Perhaps a calque of German Schwestersprache.

(linguistics) A cognate language; a language that is related to another by virtue of descending from a common ancestral language.


statusful

en-adj

statusful (comparative more statusful, superlative most statusful)

more statusful (comparative)
most statusful (superlative)

In these stories, being a parent conferred a higher or more "in-group" status than being married; thus the marital status of parents was not particularly relevant. However, being partnered was more statusful than being single.

2007, Gabriella Gahlia Modan, Turf Wars: Discourse, Diversity, and the Politics of Place, Malden, M.A. […]: Blackwell Publishing, →ISBN, page 214:

(chiefly sociology, linguistics) Carrying a high or privileged status.


pentaphthong

From penta- + -phthong, by analogy with diphthong, triphthong.

Fifty-six diphthongal combinations may be made from the eight vowel elements, four of which, though, we find to be necessarily triphthongs, two tetraphthongs, and one a pentaphthong.

1866, Caleb Bates Josselyn, Elements of Pronunciation […], page 53:

Try saying the Dutch word Leeuwen some time. At least a pentaphthong...

1992 February 4, Graham Toal, “Vowel Raising Before Nasals”, in bit.listserv.words-l (Usenet):

Someone once claimed that Pres. Coolidge ( a Vermonter) pronounced the vowel in "cow" as a pentaphthong.

1993 December 23, Bob Simmonds, “Seamed phthongs”, in bit.listserv.words-l (Usenet):

Phonetically, [j] is meaningless, it's the same as an [i]. So what we have here is a pentaphthong: ui@iu.

2008 June 17, Ruud Harmsen, “British English "Joshua is"”, in sci.lang (Usenet):

(phonetics, rare) A sequence of five vowels pronounced as, or almost as, a single syllable.


schizoglossic

schizoglossic (comparative more schizoglossic, superlative most schizoglossic)

more schizoglossic (comparative)
most schizoglossic (superlative)


schizoglossia

From schizo- + -glossia. Coined by U.S. linguistics professor Einar Haugen in 1962.

coinage

(sociolinguistics) Insecurity about the applicability of a language variety.


anticausativisation

(linguistics) The process by which a noncausative verb is morphologically derived from its causative counterpart.


Belorussianism

en-noun

Belorussianism (countable and uncountable, plural Belorussianisms)

/ˌbɛləˈɹʌʃənɪzəm/

KUL 378 is early among Burcev manuscripts (see Appendix, no. A-1). Variation is largely expected to be restricted to phonetic and orthographic Ukrainianisms and Belorussianisms such as […]

1987, Moshe Taube, Hugh M. Olmstedt, ““Povest' o Esfiri”: The Ostroh Bible and Maksim Grek's Translation of the Book of Esther”, in Harvard Ukrainian Studies, volume 1, number 1/2, page 102 fn. 14:

Belorussian thus constitutes a unique phenomenon among the Slavic literary languages: here is a language in a perpetual state of diglosso-schizoglossia involving three related Slavic languages (and two simultaneously – Polish and Russian). The result ofthese conditions was that the first literary language in the Belorussian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania shared the scene with a variant of Church Slavic saturated to varying degrees with belorussianisms, while the modern Belorussian literary language, based, to be sure, on native dialects with a varying number of isoglosses extending into Russian territory, with or without a flood of elements from Polish and/or Russian in its spoken and written forms, had to compete with Russian and Polish for written functions.

1992, Paul Wexler, ““Diglossia et schizoglossia perpetua – the fate of the Belorussian language””, in Sociolinguistica, volume 6, number 1, →DOI, page 46:

In fact, however, almost all neologisms originally came into the literary Soviet Yiddish from Russian rather than Ukrainian or Belorussian. Ukrainian and, especially even less developed (in terms of modern termonology) Belorussian, played a negligible role as donor languages. Thus the Yiddish verb derkenen zikh, a loan translation of the Belorussian spaznatstsa (to meet), is a rare example of modern Belorussianisms (listed in Plavnik and Rubinshtejn 1932 and in Rokhkind and Shkljar 1940).

1999, Gennady Estraikh, Soviet Yiddish: Language-Planning and Linguistic Development, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, section 2.5:

(linguistics) An expression or characteristic peculiar to the Belarusian language.


denominalization

denominalization (countable and uncountable, plural denominalizations)

(linguistics) The process through which a noun becomes a verb related to the use of said noun.


fused head

(grammar) A linguistic element that serves as both a head and a determinative, for example “some” in the noun phrase “some of her books” or “any” in the phrase “I don’t see any”. In traditional grammars of English, these are often understood as a type of pronoun.


interdentality

(phonetics) The quality of being interdental.


questione ladina

Borrowed from Italian questione ladina (“Ladin question”).

bor+

(linguistics) An ongoing debate regarding the genealogical classification of three Romance languages: Friulian, Ladin, and Romansch.


palawa kani

constructed language
constructed language

(linguistics) A constructed language created as a composite of the now-extinct Tasmanian Indigenous languages.


open class

(linguistics) A set of words in a given language that can readily gain new members.


closed class

Songs and other mnemonics are popular ways to teach parts of speech in closed classes. Parts of speech like nouns and verbs are said to be in open classes; that is, new nouns and verbs are added all the time. You can't teach what a noun is by having your students memorize a song containing every noun in the English language. On the other hand, pronouns are a good example of a closed class. Look at all the failed attempts through the centuries to add a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun to the language. For a part of speech that includes only a couple dozen words, an extensional definition can be much easier to teach than the defining characteristics of the class, especially since closed classes tend to be made up of "function words" that don't have easily stated meanings.

2012 March 2, Neal Whitman, “The Forgotten Helping Verbs”, in Thinkmap Visual Thesaurus, archived from the original on 2023-06-05:

Determiners are a closed class of words that provide information such as familiarity, location, quantity, and number about a noun or noun phrase. Determiners differ in form and function from adjectives, which describe attributes of nouns and noun phrases. […] The four demonstrative determiners in English grammar are: this, that, these, those.

2013 July 30, “The Demonstrative Determiner in English Grammar”, in Linguistics Girl, archived from the original on 2013-08-18:

(linguistics) A set of words in a given language that cannot easily gain new members.


L-complex

If on the other hand there are speech varieties in the group which are not mutually intelligible with some other members ― like A and C in the example above ― then the group is defined as an L-complex.

1981, Curtis McFarland, A linguistic atlas of the Philippines, page 9:

!Xun can be described as an L-complex, that is, as a cluster of speech forms that are linked by a chain of mutual intelligibility, but speakers at the extreme ends of the chain do not understand one another.

2013, Rainer Vossen, The Khoesan Languages, page 9:

dialect continuum
dialect continuum#English

(linguistics) Synonym of dialect continuum.


Ngayarda

(linguistics) A group of closely related languages of the Pama-Nyungan family in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.


Proto-Circassian

(linguistics) The reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghe and Kabardian languages.


Proto-Ngayarda

(linguistics) The hypothetical common ancestor of the Ngayarda languages.


Elamo-Dravidian

(linguistics) A hypothesized language family that links the Dravidian languages to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam.


Proto-Mongolic

(linguistics) The hypothetical ancestor language of the modern Mongolic languages.


colorless green ideas sleep furiously

Composed by Noam Chomsky in his work Syntactic Structures (1957).

(linguistics) An example of a sentence that is grammatically well-formed, but semantically nonsensical.


subtrigging

(semantics) The phenomenon whereby free-choice items in episodic sentences require a modifier. For instance, "Any student signed the petition" is not an acceptable sentence, but "Any student who went to the meeting signed the petition" is acceptable.


crib talk

(psychology, linguistics) Self-directed speech by very young children most often spoken when alone, at night, just before falling asleep.


BOW

Alternative form: BoW

However, despite these shortcomings, due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, BoW is a commonly used text representation scheme, especially for text classification among other NLP problems.

2020, Sowmya Vajjala, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana, Practical Natural Language Processing […] , First edition, Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo: O'Reilly, →ISBN:

computational linguistics
computational linguistics

(computational linguistics) Initialism of bag of words.


BoW

(computational linguistics) Alternative letter-case form of BOW


BoN

(computational linguistics) Alternative letter-case form of BON (“bag of n-grams”)


self-intensifier

intensive pronoun
intensive pronoun#English


versionizer

(grammar) Any of the four Kartvelian vowels, which express the grammatical category of version.


feminine ending

en-noun

feminine ending (plural feminine endings)


masculine ending

masculine ending (plural masculine endings)


ma'ruf

Borrowed from Classical Persian مَعْرُوف (ma'rūf, “famous”).

bor+

The New Persian [of Iran], as is well known, has confused in many words the majhūl (' unknown [to the Arabs]' =Persian sounds) vowels ē, ō with the ma'rūf ('known [to the Arabs]'=Arabic sounds) vowels ī, ū.
 The Judaeo-Persian and the Baluci, like the Indian pronunciation of New Persian, maintain clearly the original distinction between the majhūl and the ma'rūf vowels.

1902, Indo-Iranian phonology (Indo-Iranian Series), volume 2, United States: The Columbia University Press:

(linguistics) A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto and Urdu, among others:

A vowel phoneme that is phonemically equivalent to a vowel in Classical Arabic.

[...] there are two kinds of Yā in Persian, namely, the Ma'rūf and the Majhūl. The Ma'rūf or known Yā is the Yā which occurs in such words as رقیب, تیر, شیر (milk), دید, پیل etc., while the Majhūl or Unknown Yā occurs in words such as خویش, تیز, شیر (lion), سپید etc.

1921, “The Unknown Yā in Persian”, in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, volumes 3-4, pages 86-87:

If the stem ends in either ی-ma'rūf (i) or ی-majhul (e), the letter ج is inserted, for the sake of euphony, between the stem and the termination: e.g., from پینا to drink, we have پینجیئے, پیجیو, and پیجییگا, from دینا we have دیجیئے, etc.

1910, R. C. Busher, A Complete Urdu Course Consisting of the Essentials of Grammar, Progressive Exercises, Readinglessons and Vocabularies, Longmans, Green and Co.:

Mârūf مَعروُف and majhul مَجھوُل, known and un-known. These Arabic terms are applied to the letters و wāo and ی ye. In Arabic the simple vowel sounds of these two letters are ū and ī, the sounds o and e are unknown in that language; so ū and ī are said to be mârūf, but o and e are majhūl. The majhūl sounds are sometimes called Âjamī or Persian.

1872, John Dowson, A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language:

(by extension) The pronunciation, or reading, of a semivowel or other vocalic character as a vowel phoneme that is similar to its normal phonemic value in Classical Arabic. Contrasted with majhul.


aspectual pair

(grammar, lexicography) Pair of verbs that have the same meaning but differ in aspect.


unitransitive

(grammar) Transitive and taking only a single object.


donkey pronoun

(grammar) The pronoun, in a donkey sentence, whose syntactic role poses a challenge.


donkey sentence

en-noun

donkey sentence (plural donkey sentences)

(grammar) A sentence that contains a pronoun with clear meaning (bound semantically) but whose syntactic role poses a challenge.


R-colour

(phonology) The distinctive property of R-coloured vowels.


right-to-left assimilation

right-to-left assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural right-to-left assimilations)

regressive assimilation
regressive assimilation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of regressive assimilation


left-to-right assimilation

left-to-right assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural left-to-right assimilations)

progressive assimilation
progressive assimilation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of progressive assimilation


tableword

From table + word. Calque of Esperanto tabelvorto.

And how many little words and particles that fit nowhere must we learn? Esperanto's inventor Zamenhof had a stroke of genius on that: the so-called table words.

1991 June 11, Daniel Pfeiffer, “Common Language”, in sci.lang (Usenet):

There is a table of words for what/when/where / that/then/there etc, but that's about it... ¶ If you are learning just by reading the text, a useful trick to know is that words and word-roots can be stuck together to make bigger words. (But the above-mentioned tablewords are *not* made that way.)

1996 June 21, Jiri Baum, “Re: Help”, in soc.culture.esperanto (Usenet):

Doubters may wish to investigate the 600+ page _Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto_ by Kalocsay & Waringhien. The sixteen "rules" are of the second type, and even for this they are not complete (they do not address the table-words, for instance).

1998 February 4, Don HARLOW, “Re: Multilingual Americans: A rare breed???”, in sci.lang.translation (Usenet):

While I like the table words (tabelvortoj), there is a fundamental flaw in it: The question words are also overloaded for use as relative pronouns. This is clearly a highly Eurocentric design.

2004 June 25, LEE Sau Dan, “Re: Learning a language”, in sci.lang (Usenet):

The grammar of Esperanto provides good opportunities to create pithy and catchy PUs, especially proverbs. Zamenhof, for example, made extensive use of a set of Esperanto correlatives, the so-called table-words. This is a closed subsystem that allows the completely regular formation of 45 pronouns and adverbs through cross-reference in a table [15].

2015, Sabine Fiedler, “Esperanto Phraseology”, in Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, volume 13, number 2, →DOI, page 255:

(grammar) Any of the basic correlatives in Esperanto, often displayed in a table.


s-selection

s-selection (countable and uncountable, plural s-selections)

Coordinate term: c-selection

(linguistics) Abbreviation of semantic selection.


c-selection

c-selection (countable and uncountable, plural c-selections)

Coordinate term: s-selection

(linguistics) Abbreviation of category selection.


epistemic marker

epistemic marker (plural epistemic markers)

For epistemic markers we adopt an empirically-driven approach and utilize the epistemic markers identified in a corpus of dialogical argumentation by Hautli-Janisz et al. We consider expressions such as ‘I think’, ‘it is believed’ and ‘in my opinion’ to be epistemic.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 6:

(linguistics) A linguistic element, such as a word or phrase, that indicates the speaker's or writer's attitude or degree of certainty regarding the truth or likelihood of a statement.


Nic.Dam.

Nic.Dam. = Nicolaus Damascenus

1940, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie, A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, frontmatter, §: V. General List of Abbreviations:

Nicolaus Damascenus
w:Nicolaus of Damascus

(bibliography and lexicography) Abbreviation of Nicolaus Damascenus.


brazen age

With respect to purity, the Greek, like any other dead language, may be said to have seen four different ages; the golden, silver, brazen, and iron ages. The writers of the silver and brazen ages are often called the later Greek writers, and their language the later Greek.

1855, Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles, A Greek Grammar, for the Use of Schools and Colleges, a new edition, Hartford: William James Hamersley, Introduction, pages 5–6:

Brazen Age. — From A. D. 1 to about A. D. 300.

(Greek linguistics) The middle Koine chronolect of the Greek language, C.E. c. 1–c. 300.


Îdinism

Coined by a user of an online Romanian-learning community on Discord in March of 2022.
The word is derived from the native name of the Romanian letter î (“î din i”), combined with the suffix -ism.

(linguistics, orthography) In the context of the orthography of the Romanian language, the name of a movement to promote the removal of the letter ⟨â⟩ from the Romanian alphabet either:

Sparing the word 'român' and its derivatives; e.g. 'România', 'românesc', or 'românism'.


Îdinist

Coined by a user of an online Romanian-learning community on Discord in March of 2022.
The word is derived from the native name of the Romanian letter î (“î din i”), combined with the suffix -ist.

(linguistics, orthography) In the context of the orthography of the Romanian language, a person who either:

Does not use the letter ⟨â⟩ except for the word 'român' and all of its derivatives; e.g. 'România', 'românesc', or 'românism'.

Does not use the letter ⟨â⟩ at all, without exception.


etymological fallacy

etymological fallacy (plural etymological fallacies)

(linguistics) The argument that a word is defined solely by its etymology and that its customary usage can therefore be incorrect.


gesturalist

(linguistics) One who believes that language developed from gestures.


い-adjective

/iː ˈæd͡ʒɪktɪv/

From Japanese い (-i) + adjective, so named because all such adjectives end in い (-i) in their imperfective positive form.

Coordinate term: な-adjective

(Japanese grammar) An inflecting Japanese adjective.


occupational surname

occupational surname (plural occupational surnames)

(linguistics, onomastics) a name, especially a surname such as Smith or Taylor, that is derived from an occupation - presumably the occupation of a distant ancestor


preterital

(grammar) Of or relating to the preterite.


nonvocoid

(linguistics) A sound that is not a vocoid.


object clause

(grammar) A clause that is the object of a sentence.


gunation

gunation (countable and uncountable, plural gunations)

(linguistics) The process or an instance of a word being subjected to gunating.


frontish

en-adj

frontish (comparative more frontish, superlative most frontish)

more frontish (comparative)
most frontish (superlative)

This rule makes sense because palatal sounds are frontish themselves, and assimilation rules are the most common type of morphophonemic rule (see chapter 3).

2006, Thomas E[dward] Payne, Exploring Language Structure: A Student's Guide, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 141:

(phonology) Of a sound: produced near the front of the mouth.


trochaize

en-verb

trochaize (third-person singular simple present trochaizes, present participle trochaizing, simple past and past participle trochaized)

trochaizes (present singular third-person)
trochaizing (participle present)
trochaized (participle past)
trochaized (past)

(transitive, prosody, rare) To write in, or convert to, trochees.


headterm

Analogous to headword, from head + term.

(linguistics), (terminology), (terminography) A term used as the title of a section, particularly in a terminological dictionary.


acculturation model

(linguistics) A theory that highlights the crucial link between acquiring a second language and assimilating into the culture of the majority language.


applied semantics

(linguistics) The study and application of semantics.


Serian

(linguistics, rare) A proposed language family including Seri, more often considered an isolate or a member of the Hokan family.


clinical linguistics

(linguistics) A subset of applied linguistics that specializes in understanding, analyzing, and treating language disabilities.


contrastive linguistics

(linguistics) An applied linguistic approach focused on delineating the distinctions and similarities between two languages.


computer-mediated communication

(linguistics) Human interactions that are conducted through two or more electronic devices.


clusive

This can be seen most clearly by joining the constituents of these clusive pronouns with ox/ux 'and'.


Proto-Ryukyuan

The reconstruction of pr *mi a 'body, flesh, meat' and its comparison with Japanese mu- ~ mï 1.1 'body' is rather straightforward. Though the two are traditionally thought to be distinct words, this is clearly the same word as oj mï 'fruit, seed, kernel, pulp,' which also belongs to class 1.1. We thus need to reconstruct only one pj word here: *mui 1.1 'body, flesh, meat, soft tissue underneath the skin or shell of animals and fruits.'

2017, McClure, William, “A (more) comparative approach to some Japanese etymologies”, in Studies in Japanese and Korean historical and theoretical linguistics and beyond, page 61:

(linguistics) a language family comprising of the Ryukyuan languages


conversation analysis

(sociology, linguistics) An approach to the study of social interaction and language.


corpus manager

(computing, linguistics) A sophisticated tool for analyzing multilingual corpora.


Old Portuguese

Old Galician-Portuguese
Old Galician-Portuguese#English


critical applied linguistics

en-noun

critical applied linguistics (uncountable)

(linguistics) An interdisciplinary approach within English applied linguistics that focuses on revealing the political dimensions and power relations inherent in mainstream applied linguistics.


culinary linguistics

(linguistics) A sub-branch of applied linguistics that is the study of food and language across various interdisciplinary fields.


dialogical analysis

(linguistics) A way that involves examining human communication by emphasizing the interactive aspects of language.


error treatment

(linguistics) Pertains to how instructors handle mistakes made by learners while acquiring a second language.


exegetical neutrality

(linguistics) Maintaining ambiguity in passages that pose legitimate questions for native speakers.


information design

(linguistics) The practice of presenting information in a manner that promotes efficient understanding.


forensic linguistics

(linguistics) The application of linguistic knowledge to legal contexts.


internet linguistics

(linguistics) A domain of linguistics that explores the language styles and forms that have emerged through the influence of the internet and other digital media.


language assessment

(linguistics) A field of study that focuses on evaluating language skills in educational, workplace, and immigration settings.


language analysis for the determination of origin (uncountable)

forensic linguistic
forensic linguistics

(linguistics) A forensic linguistic tool used in asylum cases to determine the origin of an asylum seeker by analyzing the dialectologically relevant features of their speech.


language planning

(linguistics) A purposeful endeavor to shape the function, structure, or acquisition of languages within a speech community.


language education

(linguistics) The teaching of a second or foreign language.


language delay

(medicine, psychology, linguistics) A condition where a child does not acquire language skills within the typical age range.


exclamative marker

exclamative marker (plural exclamative markers)

'What' in What rubbish! is an exclamative marker used for nominals

(linguistics) A particular morpheme, word or phrase that introduces or tags distinct syntax of that language's exclamative clauses.


AmEng

American English
American English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of American English.


USEng

United States English
United States English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of United States English.


United States English

(linguistics) Synonym of American English


en-Can

Canadian English
Canadian English#English

(linguistics) Abbreviation of Canadian English.


pseudo-Latinism

(linguistics) A pseudo-loan that appears to be a Latin loan found in another language.


root morpheme

(grammar, linguistics) A monomorphemic stem, irreducible into more meaningful elements.


lexical density

(linguistics) A concept in computational linguistics that measures language complexity by analyzing the ratio of lexical items to total words or higher structural items.


language survey

language survey (plural language surveys)

(linguistics) A survey that determines multilingualism, studies attitudes, analyzes speech variations, evaluates endangered languages, and describes linguistically unexplored areas.


lexical innovation

lexical innovation (countable and uncountable, plural lexical innovations)

(linguistics) The introduction of new terms or meanings into a language’s vocabulary.


linguistic distance

(linguistics) The measurement of dissimilarity between two languages or dialects.


mediated stylistics

(linguistics) A contemporary method for analyzing media texts, such as news programs and newspaper articles.


oral myology

(linguistics) The study and therapeutic intervention that deals with evaluating and treating the muscles in the mouth and face.


native-language identification

(linguistics) Determining an author’s primary language solely from their writings in a second language.


linguistic diversity index

linguistic diversity index (uncountable)

(linguistics) Quantifies the probability that two randomly selected individuals from a population will have different mother tongues.


public rhetoric

(linguistics) The communication within and between groups, with a focus on how discourse seeks inclusion in broader public discussions.


quantitative linguistics

(linguistics) A branch of general linguistics that employs statistical methods to explore language learning, change, and structure.


second-language acquisition

(linguistics) the process through which individuals learn a second language.


rapid automatized naming

(linguistics) A cognitive task assessing how quickly individuals can verbally name objects, pictures, colors, or symbols like letters or digits.


speech–language pathology

(linguistics) A healthcare field that evaluates, diagnoses, and treats disorders that affect communication.


statistical language acquisition

statistical language acquisition (uncountable)

(linguistics) The study of how individuals, particularly infants, learn language by recognizing statistical patterns in linguistic input.


third language acquisition

third language acquisition (uncountable)

(linguistics) The process of individuals who are already multilingual learning additional languages.


writeprint

writeprint (countable and uncountable, plural writeprints)

(linguistics) A forensic linguistic method used to identify authors by analyzing distinctive writing styles, serving as a digital fingerprint.


turn construction unit

turn construction unit (plural turn construction units)

conversation analysis
conversation analysis

(linguistics) The fundamental segment of speech in conversation analysis.


washback effect

(linguistics) How assessments can shape curriculum design, teaching practices, and learning behaviors.


inverse attraction

relative pronoun
relative pronoun#English

(grammar) A species of solecism, in which an antecedent is declined for the case of its relative pronoun, contrary to the antecedent’s syntactic function.


medio-passivization

(grammar) The process of rendering into the mediopassive form.


acoustic model

(linguistics) The connection between audio signals and linguistic elements such as phonemes.


adversarial stylometry

(linguistics) the practice of altering writing style to thwart efforts in identifying the author or their characteristics.


text linguistics

(linguistics) A branch of linguistics that explores texts as communication systems.


hyperform

[T]he novice is likely to put the new feature into places where it does not belong, producing outlandish hyperforms


taboo avoidance

It is believed that Slavic *medvědь (“bear”, literally “honey-eater”) replaced an earlier word because of taboo avoidance.

(linguistics) replacement of a word or phrase with another by way of euphemism to avoid a cultural taboo (e.g. because the older word has become vulgar, or due to the belief that mentioning a dangerous creature's name may cause that creature to appear)


otiant

en-adj

otiant (comparative more otiant, superlative most otiant)

more otiant (comparative)
most otiant (superlative)

From Latin ōtior (“be at ease, enjoy leisure”).

der

Some letters are otiant in Modern Syriac, being generally, if not always, those retained for the sake of etymology, […]

1855, David Tappan Stoddard, B. L. Hamlen, Grammar of the Modern Syriac Language, page 19:

(obsolete, linguistics, especially of Semitic languages) Having no force or sound, like the l in would.


analogical modeling

(linguistics) A formal framework for exemplar-based analogical reasoning.


argument mining

(linguistics) A research area that aims to automatically extract and identify argumentative structures from text using computer programs.


adjectivalize

en-verb

adjectivalize (third-person singular simple present adjectivalizes, present participle adjectivalizing, simple past and past participle adjectivalized)

adjectivalizes (present singular third-person)
adjectivalizing (participle present)
adjectivalized (participle past)
adjectivalized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To make adjectival.


articulatory phonology

(linguistics) A linguistic theory that strives to reconcile the distinctions between phonetics and phonology.


articulatory speech recognition

en-noun

articulatory speech recognition (uncountable)

(linguistics) The retrieval of a spoken language, such as phonemes or words, by incorporating articulatory modeling or additional input of articulatory movement data.


artificial grammar learning

artificial grammar learning (uncountable)

cognitive psychology
cognitive psychology

(linguistics) A research paradigm in cognitive psychology and linguistics.


automatic summarization

(computational linguistics) The process of using AI algorithms to computationally condense a set of data.


audio mining

(computing, linguistics) A technique that involves automatically analyzing and searching the content of an audio signal, often for speech recognition.


automated essay scoring

natural language processing
natural language processing

(computational linguistics) The use of specialized computer programs and natural language processing to evaluate and assign grades to essays in educational settings.


audio-visual speech recognition

audio-visual speech recognition (uncountable)

(computational linguistics) A technique that uses lip reading through image processing to enhance speech recognition systems.


frozen binomial

frozen binomial (plural frozen binomials)

(linguistics) A pair of words used together in a fixed order that cannot be reversed, such as fish and chips or rock and roll.


Bradford's law

Named after Samuel C. Bradford (1878–1948).

named-after

(computational linguistics) A pattern that observes the diminishing returns in the search for references within science journals.


cache language model

en-noun

cache language model (plural cache language models)

(computational linguistics) A type of statistical language model that assigns probabilities to word sequences based on a probability distribution.


Brown clustering

Named after Peter Fitzhugh Brown (1955–).

named-after

(computational linguistics) An approach in natural language processing that involves grouping words into clusters based on distributional information and shared contexts within bigram language models.


erizational

en-adj

erizational (comparative more erizational, superlative most erizational)

more erizational (comparative)
most erizational (superlative)

(Chinese phonetics) Relating to erization (the process of undergoing erhua).


true friend

Coordinate term: false friend

True friends are such words when they have precisely or approximately the same meanings in one or more other languages. […] I have written many times that true friends are more numerous than false friends, particularly in the scitech vocabulary, where however there is an important minority of key false friends, carefully listed by my dear colleague Jean Maillot (he has died) in his invaluable La Traduction scientifique et technique (Paris 1981).

1995, Peter Newmark, “Paragraphs on Translation”, in The Linguist, volumes 34–35, page 113:

Ronnie Ferguson, author of Italian False Friends (1994: ix), rightly emphasizes that “[a]ccurate translation . . . as well as the proper appreciation of advanced Italian texts, hinge on the confident handling of key words”; among other examples he mentions key words such as attuale (present / topical, never actual), and eventuale (not eventual but possible), which – like their German “true friends” (aktuell, and eventuell) – are false friends of the English words resembling them in form.

2001, Christoph Gutknecht, “Translation”, in Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, The Handbook of Linguistics, Oxford, Oxon: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, published 2003, →ISBN, page 698:

When no divergences could be found or when they proved to reflect systematic differences between the two languages, lexical pairs were classified as true friends. […] In the above-mentioned corpus of 895 Slovene lexical items and their English counterparts, there were 84 true friends, 14 orthographical false friends, 184 phonological false friends, 236 morphological false friends, 232 semantic false friends and 115 zero-equivalent false friends.

2002, Ksenija Leban, “Towards a Slovene-English False-Friend Dictionary”, in Henrik Gottlieb, Jens Erik Mogensen, Arne Zettersten, editors, Symposium on Lexicography X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Lexicography May 4–6, 2000 at the University of Copenhagen (Lexicographica: Series Maior), Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, pages 187–188:

Finally, and in order to finish off this first chapter, I would add that sometimes one can find “true friends” in the most unexpected places as well. […] Since the Malayan Peninsula never has been a Spanish colony and, consequently, it is very difficult to explain these amazing “true friends” between Malay language and Spanish, it seems that the noun tinta has been borrowed, for its part, from Philippines where this borrowing can be explained by appealing to the four centuries of Spanish colonisation.

2008, Pedro J[osé] Chamizo-Domínguez, Semantics and Pragmatics of False Friends, New York, N.Y., Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, →ISBN, page 28:

True friends? […] 1. sharp 2. hot/spicy / scharf (Messer, Frost) = sharp; / scharf (Essen) = spicy/hot

2009, John Stevens, Taschentrainer Englisch: True and False Friends, Ismaning: Hueber Verlag, →ISBN:

While the meaning of partial true friends may overlap, absolute false friends are those words in one language whose meaning is entirely different than it would seem from their similarity to words in another language.

2016, Agnieszka Otwinowska, Cognate Vocabulary in Language Acquisition and Use: Attitudes, Awareness, Activation (Second Language Acquisition; 93), Bristol: Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, pages 46–47:

(linguistics, uncommon) A word in a language that bears a resemblance to a word in another language and has an equivalent meaning.


co-occurrence network

en-noun

co-occurrence network (plural co-occurrence networks)

(computational linguistics) A text analysis method that visually represents relationships among entities based on their co-occurrence in electronic text.


collocation extraction

(computational linguistics) The automated process of identifying and extracting word combinations that frequently appear together in a given corpus.


temporal deixis

(semantics) A type of deixis concerning the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance.


computational lexicology

(computational linguistics) The use of computers to analyze lexicons, especially machine-readable dictionaries.


content determination

(computational linguistics) The process of selecting and organizing information within a generated text.


computational semantics

(computational linguistics) The study of automating the creation and interpretation of meaning representations in natural language expressions.


computational humor

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(computational linguistics) A field within computational linguistics and artificial intelligence that leverages computers for research on humor.


distributional semantics

(computational linguistics) A field of research focused on quantifying and categorizing the semantic similarities between linguistic items.


deep learning speech synthesis

deep learning speech synthesis (uncountable)

(computational linguistics) The use of sophisticated neural networks to generate lifelike human speech from written text or spectrum data.


distributional–relational database

distributional–relational database (plural distributional–relational databases)

database management system
database management system

(computational linguistics) A type of database management system that enhances the semantics of structured data by using distributional word-vector representations.


foundation model

foundation model (plural foundation models)

(computational linguistics) An AI model trained on comprehensive data, enabling its application across various use cases such as chatbots and generative AI.


filtered-popping recursive transition network (plural filtered-popping recursive transition networks)

(computational linguistics) An extension of recursive transition networks.


back-transliterate

en-verb

back-transliterate (third-person singular simple present back-transliterates, present participle back-transliterating, simple past and past participle back-transliterated)

back-transliterates (present singular third-person)
back-transliterating (participle present)
back-transliterated (participle past)
back-transliterated (past)

(translation studies) To transliterate a transliteration back into the original script.


back-transliteration

en-noun

back-transliteration (countable and uncountable, plural back-transliterations)

(translation studies, uncountable) The process of transliterating a transliteration back into the original script.

(translation studies, countable) A text formed through such a process.


generative lexicon

(computational linguistics) A linguistic semantics theory that challenges purely verb-centric approaches to compositionality.


Gale–Church algorithm

Named after William A. Gale and Kenneth W. Church.

(computational linguistics) A method that aligns corresponding sentences in a parallel corpus.


grammar induction

(computational linguistics) The process of constructing a model that captures the characteristics of observed objects by learning a formal grammar.


Heaps' law

Named after Harold Stanley Heaps, but was originally discovered by Gustav Herdan.

(linguistics) An empirical law that expresses the correlation between the length of a document or set of documents and the corresponding number of distinct words.


intelligent character recognition

intelligent character recognition (uncountable)

(computational linguistics) An advanced technology specialized in extracting handwritten text from images.


inside–outside–beginning

(computational linguistics) A tagging scheme commonly employed in tasks such as named-entity recognition within computational linguistics.


interlingual machine translation

interlingual machine translation (uncountable)

(computational linguistics) A classic method where the source language is converted into an abstract, language-independent representation called interlingua.


sound shift

Likely a calque of German Lautverschiebung.

The Great Vowel Shift was the main sound shift shaping modern English.

(linguistics) a regular sound change, especially when several phonemes are synchronously affected in analogous ways, and/or when there are several interlinked phases


language resource

language resource (plural language resources)

(computational linguistics) Linguistic material used for developing, enhancing, or assessing language processing applications.


lexical choice

(computational linguistics) The selection of content words in a generated text.


document structuring

(computational linguistics) The systematic arrangement and grouping of sentences within a generated text.


lexical simplification

(computational linguistics) A subtask of text simplification that swaps words or phrases in a text to make it simpler and easier to understand, reducing its complexity.


lexical resource

lexical resource (plural lexical resources)

(computational linguistics) A linguistic asset comprising information about the words and their meanings within one or more languages.


lexical substitution

(computational linguistics) The task of replacing a word with another word while maintaining the meaning and context of the original sentence or phrase.


logic form

(computational linguistics) The representation of natural language sentences in first-order logic, where concept predicates are combined through shared arguments.


Lesk algorithm

Named after American computer scientist Mike Lesk (1945–).

named-after

(computational linguistics) A classical algorithm that disambiguates word senses by comparing dictionary definitions of an ambiguous word with its surrounding context.


mobile translation

(computational linguistics) Electronic devices or software applications that provide audio translation.


minimal recursion semantics

en-noun

minimal recursion semantics (uncountable)

(computational linguistics) A computational semantic framework employed in typed feature structure formalisms.


morphological pattern

morphological pattern (plural morphological patterns)

(computational linguistics) A systematic set of associations or operations used to construct the different forms of a lexeme.


morphological dictionary

morphological dictionary (plural morphological dictionaries)

(computational linguistics) A resource that documents the relationship between surface forms and their corresponding lexical forms.


multilingual notation

multilingual notation (plural multilingual notations)

(computational linguistics) A system used in lexical resources to denote words or phrases in multiple languages.


extragrammatical

an extragrammatical influence on speech

Under Bever's proposed approach, only those unacceptable sentences whose badness cannot be explained by any plausible extragrammatical aspect of speech behavior are ungrammatical.

1996, Carson T. Schütze, The Empirical Base of Linguistics: Grammaticality Judgments and Linguistic Methodology, Chicago, I.L.: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 31:

A commonly cited limitation on the study of peripheral, extragrammatical and/or ludic processes in morphophonology is the relative difficulty of automated retrieval of their outputs.

2018, “A corpus study of phonological factors in novel English blends”, in Proceedings of the 2018 annual conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Ottawa: Canadian Linguistic Association, archived from the original on 2024-01-17, page 1:

(linguistics) Existing separately from a language's grammar.


consonant rhyme

consonant rhyme (countable and uncountable, plural consonant rhymes)


Weinreich witticism

After the sociolinguist Max Weinreich, who popularized it.

(linguistics) The humorous observation that "a language is a dialect with an army and navy", implying that sociopolitical influence is a driving factor in language status.


time-manner-place

Coordinate term: place-manner-time

(grammar, syntax, linguistics) A sentence structure that defines the order of adpositional phrases and adverbs in a sentence.


adpositional phrase

adpositional phrase (plural adpositional phrases)

(grammar, linguistics) A phrase in a syntactic category that includes an adposition as head and usually a complement such as a noun phrase.


eteo-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós, “true, original”).

lbor

Eteo-Tocharian is a good example of the influence of Greeks in Central Asia. Eteo-Tocharian was written in a modified Greek alphabet (Maricq 1958:398). This script is a manifestation of the Greek influence in Bactria, even after the Kushana subjugation of this area.

2010, Clyde Winters, “Greek Influence on Sanskrit Language”, in Journal of Eurasian Studies, volume 2, number 3, archived from the original on 2024-02-17:

Bái vocabulary, later Chinese borrowings excluded, can be divided into a Sino-Bái vocabulary, which shows a close resemblance to Chinese, and a Pre-Bái or Eteo-Bái vocabulary, which is not etymologizable into Chinese.

2015, Xun Gong, “How Old is the Chinese in Bái?”, in Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology Workshop, archived from the original on 2021-03-05:

(linguistics) Denoting an ancient or ancestral language (or form of a language), dating from a time before it came into contact with another language; particularly one which had considerable influence, or which later displaced it entirely.


synthetic future

en-noun

synthetic future (plural synthetic futures)

(grammar) In Ukrainian, the single-word future tense that can be formed from imperfective verbs.


time adverbial

Coordinate term: time frequency adverbial

(grammar) A word or phrase indicating the moment of time or duration of time in a constructed sentence.


complementary allophone

complementary allophone (plural complementary allophones)

... complementary allophone from the underlying phoneme. In each pair, the unaspirated form has a more general distribution. The aspirated allophone occurs in a very specific set of circumstances: in initial position of a word or stressed[…]

2017, Robert Kennedy, Phonology: A Coursebook, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 102:

... complementary allophone of /i/, its occurrence being largely restricted to positions before /r, h, hw/. Similarly, the emergence of short 〈aú〉 /ɔ/ was primarily associated with PGmc. /u/ preceding the same three consonants. In Early[…]

2012, Irén Heged?s, Alexandra Fodor, English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23-27 August 2010, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 47:

(phonology) A variant pronunciations of a phoneme that occur in specific phonetic contexts and do not change the meaning of a word


plural of modesty

first-person singular
first-person singular

The use of the first-person plural instead of the first-person singular to refer to oneself more modestly.

The practice, common in mathematical and scientific literature, of referring to a generic third person by we (instead of the more common one or the informal you).


monophthongic

(linguistics, of a vowel) Pronounced as a single vowel sound; said especially of a vowel that is also commonly pronounced as a diphthong.


postformative

From post- (prefix meaning ‘after’) + formative, modelled after preformative.

prefix

(chiefly in Afroasiatic words) A formative element at the end.


postformative

The phenomenon of Berber verbs which are marked for person with both a preformative and a postformative affix […] finds a formally exact pendant in Canaanite, where there is one occurrence of the phenomenon in the Bible (Is 63:3 [אגאלתי]), but c. 20 occurrences in the Amarna tablets.

1981, Otto Rössler, “The Structure and Inflexion of the Verb in the Semito-Hamitic Languages: Preliminary Studies for a Comparative Semito-Hamitic Grammar”, in Bono Homini Donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. Alexander Kerns, Amsterdam · Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 748:

(chiefly in Afroasiatic words) Forming or affecting something that comes before.

postformatiivinen

attached to the end of a word as a formative element

It seems that Western observers of the Near East—and, in addition, a large percentage of the intellectuals of the Islamic world—can hardly imagine a society in which a struggle for truth does not continuously rage. But such a society seems to have been the case in large parts of the Islamic world of the postformative era. […]

2021, Thomas Bauer, translated by Hinrich Biesterfeldt and Tricia Tunstall, A Culture of Ambiguity: An Alternative History of Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 259, occurring twenty times in this book:

Occurring after the formation (chiefly written post-formative, said in Islamic studies of the period following the Golden Age of Islam 786–861 CE).


minor sentence

(grammar) An irregular type of sentence that lacks a main clause, such as "Precisely so" or "Next Tuesday evening".


paronymize

en-verb

paronymize (third-person singular simple present paronymizes, present participle paronymizing, simple past and past participle paronymized)

paronymizes (present singular third-person)
paronymizing (participle present)
paronymized (participle past)
paronymized (past)

(linguistics, transitive, rare) To convert into a paronym.

(linguistics, transitive, rare) To adapt a word from a foreign language by rendering it into a native form.