simple sentence

simple sentence (plural simple sentences)

(grammar) A sentence that contains one independent clause and no dependent clause.

պարզ նախադասություն

sentence containing one independent clause and no dependent clause


phonostatistics

(linguistics) the application of statistical methods to phonology and phonetics


articulable

en-adj

articulable (comparative more articulable, superlative most articulable)

more articulable (comparative)
most articulable (superlative)

It is beyond a doubt that many sounds are articulable, which do not occur in English.

1796, P. W. Fogg, Elementa Anglicana, volume 2, page 159:

(phonetics, of words, linguistic expressions, etc.) Capable of being pronounced or expressed distinctly in speech.


inflectional

inflectional (comparative more inflectional, superlative most inflectional)

more inflectional (comparative)
most inflectional (superlative)

(grammar) Of or pertaining to inflection.


propositive

"This auxiliary verb ma-l- occurs only in the imperative, propositive and gerund forms."

1950, Sang Soon Yun, Introduction to Spoken Korean, page 250:

"Imperative and propositive (ie, 'let us V type) sentences were excluded. "

1997, Young-joo Kim, “The Acquisition of Korean,”, in The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, page 417:

"First, adjectives are distinguished from verbs in that they do not have imperative or propositive forms."

2000, Iksop Lee, Samuel Robert Ramsey, The Korean Language, page 101:

(linguistics, Korean language) a specific verb form in the Korean language, also sometimes called the hortative or subjunctive assertive.


suspective

(linguistics, Korean language) Being or relating to a specific Korean verb form usually formed with the suffix -지 (-ji, “-ji”), and typically used to deny or qualify something said by another.


applicative

It remains a puzzle why some languages allow multiple applicatives while others prohibit them. In Salish, examples of multiple applicatives are attested in Columbian, Lushootseed, Tillamook, and the three Northern Interior languages.

2010, Kaoru Kiyosawa, Donna Gerdts, Salish Applicatives, page 370:

(grammar) A grammatical construct that casts a peripheral noun phrase as direct object.


dispalatalization

(phonology) The process of becoming not palatal.


consonance

en-noun

consonance (countable and uncountable, plural consonances)

From Middle English consonance, from Middle French consonance, from Latin cōnsonantia. Doublet of consonancy. By surface analysis, con- + son- + -ance.

surf

en:repetition of consonant sounds although not vowels

(prosody) A form of rhyme having the same consonants but different vowels.


hyperurbanism

(linguistics) the creation of a non-standard form by mimicking the standard dialect.


cognacy

en-noun

cognacy (countable and uncountable, plural cognacies)

First, in depending on vocabulary, as opposed to morphology or grammar, one runs the risk of assuming cognacy between similar words when the real explanation is borrowing.

2000, Bernd Heine, Derek Nurse, African Languages: An Introduction, →ISBN, page 262:

(linguistics) The relationship between cognates; the condition of sharing a common ancestor term in another language.

In Table 13.1 are given the percentages for the degrees of cognacy between pairs of languages in the Upper Cross group.

1988, Monday B. Abasiattai, Expanding frontiers of African history: the inter-disciplinary methodology, →ISBN, page 255:

(linguistics) The degree to which two languages share cognates, usually expressed as a percentage


reviser

[T]ranslation practice during training should, at least in part, be organised in projects where each student has the chance to play various roles: that of client, of revisor, of terminologist of documentation assistant, of free-lancer, of in-house translator working for a translation company, etc.

2005, Christiane Nord, edited by Martha Tennent and Benjamins Translation Library, Training for the New Millennium: Pedagogies for translation and interpreting, page 218:

(translation studies) A person who verifies the quality of a translated text in professional translation project management.

校訂者

person who verifies quality of translation


Franconian

Dutch and Kölsch are forms of Franconian.

Franconian languages and dialects form a Germanic language group within western Middle German. Some linguists adopt a much broader approach and consider that Franconian also embraces dialects of Low German (Flemish, Brabantish, Limburgish, Dutch, Utrechtian, etc.) and High German (southern Rheno-Franconian and eastern Franconian).

Yves Lejeune, The case of Belgium, in: 2010, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Minority language protection in Europe: into a new decade: Regional or minority languages, No. 8, Council of Europe Publishing, p. 43ff., here p. 53

The group of Franconian dialects (West Germanic, Indo-European) which is spoken in the east of Belgium, the south-east of the Netherlands and the neighbouring area in the west of Germany, has a particular interest for the debate ….
…
In many other respects, however, tonal Franconian does not fit with what is known about tone languages.

Björn Köhnlein, Marc van Oostendorp, Introduction, chapter 3 The place of Franconian tones in the debate; in: 2018, Wolfgang Kehrein, Björn Köhnlein, Paul Boersma, Marc van Oostendorp (eds.), Segmental Structure and Tone (series: LA: Linguistische Arbeiten), p. 1ff., here p. 5f.

(linguistics) A marker for a number of West Germanic languages and dialects spoken in the former core of the Frankish empire: Low Countries (the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg), central-western Germany, and Franconia.

Old Franconian

usually called Old Frankish or simply Frankish

Low Franconian

Middle Low Franconian, Old Low Franconian, Old East Low Franconian


pertainym

computational linguistics
computational linguistics

(computational linguistics) A word, usually an adjective, which can be defined as "of or pertaining to" another word.


adjunctive

coordinating conjunction
coordinating conjunction

(grammar) A connector joining two components of the same weight, such as a coordinating conjunction.


extrasyllabic

(phonology, of a consonant) occurring outside a syllable


extrasyllabicity

(phonology) the quality of being extrasyllabic, of occurring outside a syllable


positional

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-positional.wav

(linguistics) A member of a class of verb in some languages that indicates position or posture.


volitive

From Medieval Latin volitivus (from volo (“want”) + -ivus), a Scholastic translation of the Ancient Greek θελητικός (thelētikós), from θέλησις (thélēsis, “a will, a willing”).

(grammar, of a verb) In the volitive; expressing a wish.


volitive

volitive (countable and uncountable, plural volitives)

(uncountable, linguistics) A verb form found in certain languages which indicates that a certain action is willed, although it may not be performed in fact.

(linguistics) A specific volitive form of a verb.


nullar

(grammar) Pertaining to a language form referring to none of something; compare singular used for one and plural for more than one.


adnominalization

(linguistics) the process of transformation into an adnominal


quadral

quadral (countable and uncountable, plural quadrals)

From New Latin quadrālis, from quadru- (“four-”) + -ālis.

These are the three best claims for quadrals. There are several false trails in the literature, that is, suggestions of other Austronesian languages with quadrals, which turn out in fact to have four number values not five.

2000, Greville G. Corbett, Number, page 30:

Likewise, expression of quadral is accomplished in the same way by establishing specific locations or points in signing space.

2003, Merilin Miljan, “Number in Estonian Sign Language”, in TRAMES, volume 7, number 3, page 207:

While the coding of the person distinctions in Tolai is not as transparent as in Tok Pisin, the coding of number shows obvious relations to the number words of this language […] perhaps evidence of a quadral that was generalized to a plural.

2006, Manfred Krifka, “A Note on the Pronoun System and the Predicate Marker in Tok Pisin”, in Form, Structure, and Grammar: A Festschrift Presented to Günther Grewendorf on Occasion of His 60th Birthday, page 80:

Another point is that, judging from the existing descriptions, true trials are extremely rare and true quadrals do not exist.

2009, Michael Cysouw, The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking, page 203:

The number categories of JSL pronouns are singular, dual, trial, quadral and plural.

2015, Keren Cumberbatch, “Jamaican Sign Language”, in Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook, page 517:

(grammar) A grammatical number referring to four (or more) things.


quadral

[…] in Konomala, Patpatar, Tolai, Kandas, Duke of York and Siar of New Ireland, these quadral forms have replaced the original plurals.

1988, Malcolm Ross, Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia, page 101:

In some languages, such as Kenyah, a true quadral number also occurs in the pronoun system.

2009, Robert Blust, The Austronesian Languages, page 64:

In several cases, plural pronouns clearly derive from historical trial and quadral forms.

2014, David Christopher Kamholz, Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and Change in South-Halmahera-West New Guinea, page 120:

(grammar) Referring to four (or more) things; of, in or relating to the quadral grammatical number.


affixation

(linguistics) The adding of an affix to a word.


stylistics

(linguistics) The study of literary style, and how it changes within different contexts.


grammaticality

grammaticality (countable and uncountable, plural grammaticalities)

One cannot consistently judge the grammaticality of utterances without knowing what grammatical types their constituent morphemes represent.

1963, Peter Lackowski, “Words as Grammatical Primes”, in Language, volume 39, number 2, page 214:

(linguistics) (of language) The state or attribute of obeying the rules of grammar; grammatical correctness.


onomasiology

From Ancient Greek ὀνομάζω (onomázō, “I name”) + -logy.

der

(linguistics) A branch of lexicology concerned with the names of concepts.


lexigraph

/ˈlɛksɪˌɡɹæf/

"Be that as it may, it is certain that the lexigraph for hayashi is not a Japanese creation, but a nowadays-forgotten Chinese character..."

2006, Noël J. Nickson, Laurence E. R. Picken, Music from the Tang Court: Some Ancient Connections Explored, →ISBN, page 50:

"He does not want them to be read as we might read a lexigraph, a postmodern painting of words such as Joseph Kosuth's red..."

2006, James A.W. Heffernan, “Speaking for Pictures”, in Writing and Seeing: Essays on Word and Image, →ISBN, page 43:

(linguistics) A lexigram or ideograph, a graphical depiction of a single word.


adnominalizer

(linguistics) A suffix or particle which converts a word to adnominal form.


adnominalize

en-verb

adnominalize (third-person singular simple present adnominalizes, present participle adnominalizing, simple past and past participle adnominalized)

adnominalizes (present singular third-person)
adnominalizing (participle present)
adnominalized (participle past)
adnominalized (past)

(linguistics) To transform a word into an adnominal (adnoun) form.


pulmonic

Borrowed from Medieval Latin pulmōnicus, from pulmō (“lung”).

(phonetics, phonology) Of a speech sound: produced by pushing air from or into the lungs.


conjunctional

(linguistics) Pertaining to, or governed by, a conjunction.

bindewörtlich

pertaining to, or governed by, a conjunction


adverbative

"Verbs have an adverbative form made by attaching -게 to the base."

2002, Ross King et al., Continuing Korean, page 211:

(grammar) Functioning as an adverb; adverbial.


LSP

en-noun

LSP (countable and uncountable, plural LSPs)

language for specific purposes
w:language for specific purposes

(linguistics) Initialism of language for specific purposes.


adversative

From Latin adversativus (“of conjunctions, expressing opposition”).

der

In Matthew's Q-source, this short sentence may have been introduced by the strong adversative conjunction, "but" (alla).

1992, Raymond F. Collins, Divorce in the New Testament, page 155:

(linguistics) Expressing opposition or difference.

In an adversative causative, the "causer" has only a nominal status and is, in actuality, a victim of the situation ...

2002, Shoichi Iwasaki, Japanese, page 146:

This type of 'get-passive' typically bears adversative connotation, i.e. it is not used to express passives if the patient is not somewhat negatively affected by the event.

2004, Umberto Ansaldo, “The evolution of Singapore English”, in Lisa Lim, editor, Singapore English: A Grammatical Description, page 138:

The adversative passive sentence expresses that the subject of the sentence is affected, usually adversely, by what is expressed in the rest of the sentence.

2014, Naomi H. McGloin et al., Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide, page 114:

(linguistics) Expressing adverse effect.


underarticulation

Deliberately leaving an utterance indistinct or unarticulated.


alternant

(linguistics) An alternative form or allomorph.


postnoun

(Korean linguistics) a particle which follows a noun.


ethnolinguistics

linguistic anthropology
linguistic anthropology

The field of linguistic anthropology which studies the language of a specific ethnic group.


macrolanguage

The Indo-Aryan languages or macrolanguages of the plains merge into each other, being on the local level made up of enormous dialect continua (e.g. PANJABI-HINDI-BIHARI-RAJASTHANI-PAHARI). ¶ These fluid ‘macrolanguages’ (indicated by capital letters, e.g. HINDI) may have “dialects” which are mutually unintelligible and hard to classify.

1996, Bertil Tikkanen, "Languages of interethnic communication on the Indian Subcontinent (excluding Nepal)", in Stephen Adolphe Wurm et al. (editors), Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume II.1, Walter de Gruyter, page 787

(linguistics) A "language" by common usage, which is in fact a dialect continuum consisting of widely varying varieties that may be distinct languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility.

A linguist working with the criterion of mutual intelligibility would recognize six languages in central and western Victoria, most of them covering large areas. These widespread languages would not have been recognized as languages by the speakers themselves and they have no native name. The largest macrolanguage covers most of western Victoria north of Ballarat and Hamilton.

1993, La Trobe working papers in linguistics, volumes 6-8, page 161:

(linguistics) A group of mutually intelligible speech varieties that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered distinct languages by their speakers.


nonround

(phonetics, of a vowel) Having qualities the opposite of a round vowel.


subvocal

(phonetics, dated) Of or pertaining to imperfectly articulated speech that is inaudible or barely audible; subtonic.


subtonic

(phonetics, dated) Of or pertaining to imperfectly articulated sounds or utterances that are inaudible or barely audible, as characterized by Dr. James Rush (Guide to Pronunciation, 1833).


subtonic

(phonetics, dated) An imperfectly articulated sound or utterance, as characterized by Dr. James Rush (Guide to Pronunciation, 1833).


syncategorematic

en-adj

syncategorematic (comparative more syncategorematic, superlative most syncategorematic)

more syncategorematic (comparative)
most syncategorematic (superlative)

In a logical theory, tautologies could be regarded as being syncategorematic and contingencies as being categorematic.

In sum, it is not clear how the distinction between categorematic and syncategorematic terms, so natural in the framework of a term logic, can be extended to a post-Fregean function/argument conception of propositional structure.

2009, John MacFarlane, “Logical Constants”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved 2012-05-07:

(linguistics, of a term) Needing other terms in order to make a meaningful constituent of language.


TMS

Coordinate term: CMS

(translation studies) Initialism of Translation Management System.


technical term

Technical terms like ferrite, perlite, graphite, and hardenite were bandied to and fro, and when Paget glibly brought out such a rare exotic as ferro-molybdenum, Benson forgot that he was a master ship-builder,[…]

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 4, in Well Tackled!:

A word that has a specific meaning within a specific field of expertise.

專門術語

word that has a specific meaning within a specific field of expertise according to the context


interfix

An empty morph is an interfix if it fulfills all of the following three conditions (Dressier, 1985f).

2004, Francis Katamba, Morphology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, →ISBN, page 187:

(linguistic morphology) A morph inserted between two morphemes in the process of word formation, such as the empty morphs English -i- and -o-.

invoegsel

an empty morph inserted between two morphemes


interfix

en-verb

interfix (third-person singular simple present interfixes, present participle interfixing, simple past and past participle interfixed)

interfixes (present singular third-person)
interfixing (participle present)
interfixed (participle past)
interfixed (past)

Our goal in the construction of this task was to isolate and highlight the relationship between the interfixed and free forms of the initial constituent.

2001, Wolfgang U. Dressler et al., “The Processing of interfixed German compounds”, in Yearbook of Morphology 1999, →ISBN, page 185:

(linguistic morphology, transitive) To insert (an interfix) between two morphemes.


Remote Oceania

(linguistics) The part of Oceania comprising Polynesia, Micronesia and island Melanesia southeast of the Solomon Islands, including islands such as Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.


Neogrammarian

From neo- + grammarian, as a calque of the German Junggrammatiker.

(linguistics, historical) A member or follower of a 19th-century school of German linguists who first advanced the theory of regular sound change.

Neogrammaticus

member or follower of the Neogrammarian school


canonical form

(linguistics, rare) Synonym of dictionary form


binom

Where you would expect to hear AN na N you may instead find, especially in written Japanese, AN no N. The latter, somewhat stiffer, version appears to enjoy particular favor when the AN is a binom of Chinese origin modifying another Chinese binom and the two words are either optionally combinable into a compound noun (by dropping the copula nó/ná together with its juncture and applying the proper accentuation) or look as if they might easily so combine.

1975, Samuel Elmo Martin, A Reference Grammar of Japanese; republished Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2004, →ISBN, page 766:

It a meaning is expressed in a particular language like English with the help of a binom, newspaper, and in another particular language like German by a mononom Zeitung, the heteronomic morphology is usually more voluminous (9 phonograms against 7).

2013, P. Kümmel, Formalization of Natural Languages, →ISBN:

The prototypical Sino-Japanese word is a binom, that is, a word written with two kanji, each kanji representing a Sino-Japanese morph. It is not difficult to find examples of rendaku affecting Sino-Japanese binoms, and a few are listed in (23).

2015, Haruo Kubozono, Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology, →ISBN, page 419:


well-formed

en-adj

well-formed (comparative better-formed or more well-formed, superlative best-formed or most well-formed)

better-formed (comparative)
more well-formed (comparative)
best-formed (superlative)
most well-formed (superlative)

If the parser says it is good, then it must be well-formed and is part of the language.

(linguistics, computing) Correctly written; syntactically correct; expressed in a way that obeys rules for constructing formulas in a certain language.


glossogenetic

In other words, the Subjacency Condition may be an innate 'fossil' of a glossogenetic adaptation to avoid long-distance dependencies.

1998, Simon Kirby, “Fitness and the selective adaptation of language”, in Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases, →ISBN, page 380:

Kirby explicitly sought to simulate language emergence in the absence of selection pressure to explore the power of glossogenetic adaptation alone.

2002, Bradley Tonkes, Janet Wiles, “Methodological Issues in Simulating the Emergence of Language,”, in The Transition to Language, Alison Wray, →ISBN, page 241:

To put it in other words: An approach to organizational, glossogenetic learning of linguistic structures is needed in addition to a model of ontogenetic learning of a single system as outlined above.

2007, Alexander Mehler, “Stratified Constraint Satisfaction Networks in Synergetic Multi-Agent Simulations of Language Evolution,”, in Artificial Cognition Systems, →ISBN, page 153:

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the emergence of linguistic forms over time.


rounded vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is pronounced with the lips drawn together and forming a circular opening.


suffixing

(linguistics) Of a language, characterised by heavy use of suffixes to create grammatical forms; as opposed to prefixing.


Proto-Slavic

(linguistics) A hypothetical, reconstructed language whence all the Slavic languages later descended.

Common Slavonic

more accurately referring to a late form of Proto-Slavic

Old Slavonic

may also refer to Old East Slavic or Old Church Slavonic


front name

“Well, the front name I goes by nowadays is Dick,” said he, “and as I ain’t got no partic’ler use for no more name, jes’ call me Dick. […] ”

1897 March, Montague Stevens, “‘Front Name’ Dick”, in The Cosmopolitan, Volume XXII, Number 5, The Cosmopolitan Press (1897), page 553

Because, yesterday everybody said ‘Dr. Lavendar.’ I didn’t think Doctor could be your front name. All the other people had front names.

1905–6, Margaret Wade Campbell Deland, The Awakening of Helena Richie, Harper & Brothers (1906), page 97

"Alfred. Too much ceremony about surnames. Between friends like us, surnames are all wrong. As a friend... purely as a friend, I ask you...what's your front name?"

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 185:

I remember one super-cool Chicano in high school who was forever trying to make movidas (time) with every female he saw. His opening line inevitably was 'girl what's your front name'.

1981 January 27, Alicia Velasquez Angelo, “Careless Bilingual Student May Tell It Like It Isn't”, in Modesto Bee:

“Mr. Hooker, sa... Mr. Hooker, I...” “And forget the Mr., too. We're friends.” “That would not be polite. And I do not know your front name.”

2003, Mickey Spillane, Something's Down There: A Novel - Page 11


alphabetisation

en-noun

alphabetisation (countable and uncountable, plural alphabetisations)

The act or process of arranging in alphabetical order.


back vowel

(phonetics) Any vowel sound produced in the back of the mouth, such as /uː/ in rule or /əʊ/ in pole.

ետին շարքի ձայնավոր

any vowel sound produced in the back of the mouth

mély hangrendű, hátul képzett, veláris, or rarely hátsó nyelvállású magánhangzó


factitive

(linguistics, of a verb) Taking a complement that expresses a result along with a direct object, or inherently implying a complement; or synonymous with causative.


factive

(grammar, of a verb) Licensing only those content clauses that represent claims that are (known or believed with certainty to be) true.


reiterative

(grammar) A word signifying repeated action.


epiglottal

(phonetics) Produced using the epiglottis.


Hobson-Jobson

Hobson-Jobson (countable and uncountable, plural Hobson-Jobsons)

Derived from adapting the call Hassan! Hussein! (حَسَن حُسَيْن (ḥasan ḥusayn), a lament for the grandsons of the Prophet Muhammad) to Hobson and Jobson, a pair of comic figures popular in the nineteenth century. Note that the conventional derivation from "Ya Hassan! Ya Hussein!" is incorrect.
Coined in the linguistic sense by Yule and Burnell in their dictionary Hobson-Jobson.

Falaun, s. […] gradually, by a process of Hobson-Jobson, this was turned into Forlorn.

1886, Henry Yule, A.C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson, page 265:

Learned persons, especially those who know all about ‘Volksetymologie,’ whether under that imposing name, or more familiarly as ‘Hobson-Jobson,’ are advised to pass on to the next question.

1909 February 20, The Argus, Melbourne, page 6, column 4:

(linguistics, uncountable) The assimilation of borrowed lexis, either partial or whole, to word forms of the borrowing language.

CARAFT, here is a delicious Hobson-Jobson from that veritable well of curious Anglo-Indianisms, the Madras Manual of Administration[.]

1899 June 20, Indian Antiquary, page 161, column 2:

If the French for pun, calembour, derives (as Spitzer maintained) from "conundrum"; this points up well the at first puzzling effect of such devices. Caran d'Ache is in fact an intentional hobson-jobson.

1977, Robert H. Stacy, Defamiliarization in Language and Literature, page 51:

A Hobson-Jobson turns a difficult word or phrase into something more tractable (or perhaps less offensive). By that route, a Texas river that French trappers had named Purgatoire became the Picketwire, and the Malay word kampong became the English word compound.

2003, Jan Venolia, The Right Word!, page 4:

(linguistics, countable) A word or phrase borrowed by one language from another and modified in pronunciation to fit the set of sounds the borrowing language typically uses.

erikoislaina

borrowed word or phrase with altered pronunciation


termbase

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-termbase.wav

(translation studies, software) A database of terminology, usually in a multilingual format.


Proto-Balto-Slavic

(linguistics) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of Baltic and Slavic languages, descending from Proto-Indo-European.


gender-neutral

en-adj

gender-neutral (comparative more gender-neutral, superlative most gender-neutral)

more gender-neutral (comparative)
most gender-neutral (superlative)

kønsneutral

not having, indicating, or being restricted on the basis of, gender

Not having, indicating, or being restricted on the basis of, gender.

(grammar) In particular, in languages where words are assigned to one grammatical gender or another: lacking such an assignment.


xenization

The article deals with the basic categories of the elevated style and the tactics to implement them: 1) techniques that help to avoid the associations that do not correspond to the idea of the beautiful; 2) various types of amplification that make speech ample. The techniques of the elevated pronunciation style form a system that is integrated into the mechanism of elevating. Such techniques are slow speech tempo, as well as the xenization of pronunciation by means of orthoepic borrowings from culturally prestigious languages.

2016, ТН Колокольцева, “Разговорная речь и разговорный стиль интернет-эпохи (English abstract)”, in Известия Волгоградского государственного:

As well as this, the paper depicts the tactics surrounding their implementation in speech: 1) transfers that connect the inner form of the nominative units with the spheres of these categories; 2) ways of renaming (xenization, archaizing and others), that remove the association of the everyday and other associations that are incompatible with the idea of beauty from the notions; 3) various types of amplification which make the speech discursive, which is in line with the quantitative assessment of the category of the sublime (I. Kant).

2017, Vasilij Moskvin, “On stylistic devices as style elevators in the Russian language”, in Russian Linguistics, volume 41:

The core point of the theory of exoglossy is the concept of a “pendulum”, which assumes compensation for deviations of the language system towards a certain pole: the degree of xenization (integration of Foreign elements) corresponds to the degree of the subsequent archaization of the recipient language system (preservation of its own elements) and vice versa

2019, Yuriy V. Kobenko, Petr I. Kostomarov, Elena V. Shitkova, Anastasia V. Moreva, Natalia A. Karpova, Elena S. Riabova, Svetlana S. Taydonova, “Dynamics of development and approaches to the temporal periodization of the standard German idiom”, in AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 2135:

(linguistics) The borrowing and integration of foreign linguistic elements into a language.


grammar Nazi

/ˈɡɹæmə(ɹ)ˈnɑːtsi/

/ˈɡɹæmɚ ˈnɑːtsi/

/ˈɡɹæmɚ ˈnætsi/

1990, grammar + Nazi (“one who imposes one's views on others; one who is considered unfairly oppressive or needlessly strict”)

compound

(slang, idiomatic, potentially offensive, humorous, see usage note at Nazi) A person who habitually corrects or criticizes the incorrect language usage of others.

potentially offensive; see usage note at Nazi; potentially offensive; see usage note at Nazi

talibà ortogràfic

person who habitually corrects or criticizes the perceived incorrect language usage of others


atelic

(grammar) That expresses lacking an end, resolution, or finite purpose.

(linguistics) That expresses the imperfective aspect.


mouillé

en-adj

mouillé (comparative more mouillé, superlative most mouillé)

more mouillé (comparative)
most mouillé (superlative)

Borrowed from French mouillé (“wet, moist”).

(phonetics) Describing a palatal or palatalized consonant, particularly one historically derived from /l/ or /n/.


nominalization

en-noun

nominalization (countable and uncountable, plural nominalizations)

From nominal + -ization or nominalize + -ation.

Writers who overload their sentences with nominalizations tend to sound pompous and abstract.

2012 July 23, Helen Sword, “Zombie Nouns”, in NY Times:

(linguistics, countable) A noun derived from an adjective, verb, etc., often (in english) by adding a suffix such as -ity, -tion or -ism.

The positive use of the feminine noun une rien has been gradually replaced by the nominalization of the pronoun and the adverb that commonly serve as negative auxiliaries, rien, un rien: “The word offers a short version of the evolution of the etymological meaning of chose inverted as néant (c. 1530)” (RT: DHLF)[…]

2014 February 9, Barbara Cassin, Emily Apter, Jacques Lezra, Michael Wood, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 722:

Nominalization and agentless passives have attracted sustained attention in critical linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), where, it is argued, they ‘mystify’, i.e., reduce reader comprehension of, the role of social actors in depictions of events, particularly in news media discourse.

2017 April 20, William Alan Lingle, Nominalizations, Agentless Passives, and Social Actor Mystification: Newspaper Editorials on the Greek Financial Crisis:

Nominalization is a common feature of a more scientific style of writing and is used as an additional measure for syntactic complexity.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 5:

(linguistics, uncountable) The act or process of nominalizing; the use of such a noun.


inf.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of informal.


standard language

standard language (plural standard languages)

In modern standard languages, norms of usage often seem to be superimposed by prescriptive norms.

2014, Stephan Elspaß, Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German, University of Salzburg [Gijsbert Rutten, Rik Vosters, Wim Vandenbussche, Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective, John Benjamins Publishing Company] p. 303

(sociolinguistics) A form of a language that is institutionally promoted, regarded as the most "correct" or neutral variety; used by a population for public and formal purposes.

Some remain clusters of dialects like those of the Pamirs; others are at varying levels of stabilisation; some may be young standard languages, having only recently achieved that status; [...]

1978, James E. Alatis, International Dimensions of Bilingual Education, Georgetown University Press, page xii:

Not all standard languages have the backing of institutions such as the Académie française. English is a good example of a standard language without such a regulatory body.

1994, Suzanne Romaine, Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 85:

(sociolinguistics) A language that has a standard form as one of its varieties; a language that has undergone standardization.


cynghanedd

cynghanedd (usually uncountable, plural cynganeddion)

Borrowed from Welsh cynghanedd (“harmony”).

Only certain epithets and metaphors were authorized; themes were similarly restricted, metres fixed, and Cynghanedd, the repetitive use of consonantal sequences with variation of vowels, became a burdensome obsession.

1948 (revised 1952), Robert Graves, The White Goddess, Faber & Faber 1999, p. 14

1998, editors (names unknown), "cynghanedd" in Britannica Online Encyclopedia
There are four fundamental types of cynghanedd, but within these there are a number of refinements and variations. When skillfully used, cynghanedd is capable of conveying an almost unlimited variety of subtle effects.

(prosody) The complex system of internal assonance, alliteration and rhyme in Welsh strict-meter poetry.


mesolect

[...] one characteristic of the mesolect seems to be that it contains, not merely forms from the polar lects, but forms which in function, if not always in phonetic shape, are peculiar to itself.

1973 Sep, Derek Bickerton, “The Nature of a Creole Continuum”, in Language, 49(3), page 642:

(sociolinguistics) A variety of speech that is midway between the acrolect and the basilect.


delabialize

en-verb

delabialize (third-person singular simple present delabializes, present participle delabializing, simple past and past participle delabialized)

delabializes (present singular third-person)
delabializing (participle present)
delabialized (participle past)
delabialized (past)

the resulting labial vowels were soon delabialized into e and ē.

1884, Henry Sweet, First Middle English Primer, page 5:

(transitive, phonetics, phonology) To make into a non-labial sound.

/gw/ may delabialize to /g/.

1981, Charles Stephen Bird, The Dialects of Mandekan, page 170:

(intransitive, phonetics, phonology) To become a non-labial sound.


WordNet

Copycat uses a network of concepts, called a Slipnet, to find correspondences between nonidentical objects, just as ARCS uses WordNet-style semantic information to find similar concepts.

1996, Keith J. Holyoak, Paul Thagard, Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought, page 259:

Recently the Group started a project of creating a thesaurus of the WordNet type for Estonian.

1997, Josephine A. Edwards, Geoffrey Kingscott, Language Industries Atlas, page 334:

By (partly) mirroring one another, general servers would probably share a similar general WordNet-like or CYC-like ontology […].

2001, Philippe Martin and Peter Eklund, "Large-scale cooperatively built KBs", Harry S. Delugach, Gerd Stumme, Conceptual Structures: Broadening the Base : 9th International Conference on, page 232

One very interesting possibility seems to be to complement WordNet-style lexicons with the SIMPLE design, thereby trying to get at a more comprehensive and coherent architecture for the development of semantic lexical resources.

2002, Nicoletta Calzolari et al., "Towards a Standard for a Multilingual Lexical Entry: The EAGLES/ISLE Initiative", in Alexander Gelbukh, ed., Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: Third, page 270

Chai (2000) uses WordNet for information extraction, ie the identification and extraction of domain specific target information from a document [....]

2003, Piet Van Sterkenburg, editor, A Practical Guide to Lexicography, page 198:

For conference, which has 3 senses in WordNet, we get the following candidate taxonomic relations: [....]

2005, Paul Buitelaar, Philipp Cimiano, Bernardo Magnini, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Evaluation And Applications, page 64:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(linguistics, artificial intelligence) A particular wordnet, a semantically structured lexical database, for the English language at Princeton University.


aptotic

en-adj

aptotic (comparative more aptotic, superlative most aptotic)

more aptotic (comparative)
most aptotic (superlative)

To become as they'd say out here aptotic, uninflected, unable, sometimes, to tell subject from object.

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 282:

(grammar, linguistics, now rare) Uninflected.


enation

en-noun

enation (countable and uncountable, plural enations)

From Latin enatus (ēnātus) (from ēnāscor (“spring forth”)) + English + -ion.


Tocharian A

(linguistics) The eastern member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct since the ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia.


Tocharian B

(linguistics) The western member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct since the ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia.


monopersonal

Grammars of several languages traditionally list a subcategory of monopersonal verbs that occur only in the third-person but not in the first or second. Some such verbs do not even occur in the third-person plural. For instance, Finnish has several subtypes of monopersonal verbs, here all listed in the third person singular (marked by lenghthening of the stem-vowel): […]

2000, G. E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan, Morphology, Walter de Gruyter, page 650:

(grammar) Having only one grammatical person.


wordnet

Bilingual corpora can be used for synset validation in a more fruitful way, especially having in mind the request that all synsets from a wordnet for a language other than English have to be associated, if possible, with an English synset using ILI.

2003, Cvetana Krstev, "Corpora Issues in Validation of Serbian Wordnet", in Václav Matoušek, Pavel Mautner, eds., Text, Speech and Dialogue: 6th International Conference, TSD 2003, České, page 133

(if a document mentions dogs, a wordnet allows the inference it is about animals)

2004, Helge Dyvik, "Translations as Semantic Mirrors: from parallel corpus to wordnet", in Karin Aijmer, Bengt Altenberg, eds., Advances in Corpus Linguistics: Papers from the 23rd International, page 312

This trimmed wordnet was used in a cross-retrieval test environment and compared with the generic wordnet and no wordnet.

2006, Paul Buitelaar et al., "Domain-Specific WSD", in Eneko Agirre, Philip Edmonds, eds., Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms And Applications, page 290

(artificial intelligence, linguistics) A semantically structured lexical database.


missionary-linguist

although we do not meet among the missionary linguists that marvellous variety of languages which excites our wonder, yet we find in them abundant evidences of a solid and practical scholarship

1858, C. W. Russell, The Life of Cardinal Mezzofanti, page 29:

While he had fulfilled what was expected of him as a missionary linguist, his eagerness for the welfare of the Africans led him to occupy himself with other plans

1881, John Ebenezer Honeyman Thomson, Memoir of George Thomson, Cameroon Mountains, West Africa, by one of his nephews, page 20:

the valuable work of the excellent and indefatigable missionary-linguist, the late Father Marcoux, on the Iroquois language, is about to be published by the Bureau of ethnology.

1883, H. Hale, “The Iroquois institutions and language”, in Science, volume 2, number 36, page 497:

Even the famous missionary-linguist J.G. Christaller could not break away from the spell of this 'priestcraft'-theory.

1979, J.G. Platvoet, “The Akan Believer and his Religions”, in Official and Popular Religion: Analysis of a Theme for Religious Studies, page 595:

Many missionary-linguists leave the familiarity of their home and their social network to go spend many years (often decades) in local communities, learning the local language and local customs and beliefs.

2006, Lenore A. Grenoble, Lindsay J. Whaley, Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization, page 196:

A missionary who seeks to study a people's language in order to facilitate religious conversion.


exolabial

(linguistics) Of a form of vowel rounding, in which the corners of the mouth are drawn slightly together and the lips may be compressed horizontally, but the lips do not protrude and only their outer surface is exposed.


action verb

A word that expresses action and tells what the subject of a sentence does.


telicity

telicity (countable and uncountable, plural telicities)

(linguistics) The property of a verb or verb phrase that presents an action or event as being complete in some sense.

teloselezh

presenting an action or event as complete


(lexicography) Used in glossaries, such as for Latinate technical terms or Classical names, to mark stressed syllables when full pronunciations are not given, as the pronunciation is largely predictable once stress-placement is known.


postalveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

postalveolêr

articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge


postalveolar

(phonetics) Any sound articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, such as English sh in the word shoe.

postalveolaar

any sound articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge


transformative

en-adj

transformative (comparative more transformative, superlative most transformative)

more transformative (comparative)
most transformative (superlative)

From Medieval Latin transformātīvus (“transformative”), from Latin trānsfōrmātus (“transformed”) + -īvus (suffix attached to the perfect passive participial stems of verbs, forming deverbal adjectives meaning ‘doing or related to doing [the verb]’). Trānsfōrmātus is the perfect passive participle of trānsfōrmō (“to transform”), from trāns- (prefix meaning ‘across; beyond; through’) + fōrmō (“to fashion, form, format, shape”) (from fōrma (“appearance, figure, form, shape”); further etymology unknown, perhaps related to Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “a form, shape”)). The English word is analysable as transform + -ative.

cog

(linguistics) Chiefly in transformative-generative: of or relating to a theory of generative grammar in which defined operations called transformations produce new sentences from existing ones; transformational.

преврати́тельный

of or relating to a theory of generative grammar in which defined operations called transformations produce new sentences from existing ones — see also transformational


cerebralize

en-verb

cerebralize (third-person singular simple present cerebralizes, present participle cerebralizing, simple past and past participle cerebralized)

cerebralizes (present singular third-person)
cerebralizing (participle present)
cerebralized (participle past)
cerebralized (past)

(transitive, linguistics, obsolete) To make (a consonant) retroflex.


geminated

en-adj

geminated (comparative more geminated, superlative most geminated)

more geminated (comparative)
most geminated (superlative)

(phonology) Of a consonant, pronounced longer and considered as being doubled; geminate.


shifter

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-shifter.wav

The cigarette is analogous to what linguists call a shifter, like the word I ; this device for expressing the irreducible particularity of my innermost self is universally available to every speaker and is thus the least particular thing in the world. The smoker manipulates the cigarette, like the word I, to tell stories to him/herself about him/herself — or to an other.

1995, Richard Klein, “Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime, Paperback edition, Durham: Duke University Press, published 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:

(linguistics) A word whose meaning changes depending on the situation, as by deixis.


genitive-accusative

The term "genitive-accusative" refers to the use of genitive form in accusative function. It is a phenomenon that has grown and been generalized from a special distinction in old Russian to the broad category of animateness in modern Russian. Genitive-Accusative in the Laurentian Primary Chronicle, Orrin Frink, The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer, 1962), pp. 133-137, doi:10.2307/3086099

The paper deals with a long-standing problem of Slavic Historical Linguistics, which is the question why in the history of Old East Slavic (OESl) there occurred a substitution of the Adjective by the Genitive case of a noun as a means of expressing possession. The main postulate is that there existed a previously unnoticed connection between this substitution, on the one hand, and the rise of a new syncretic Accusative case form, known as Genitive-Accusative, on the other. It is suggested that the missing link underlying both processes is the intolerance of the language to Subject-Object ambiguity. The Rise of the Genitive-Accusative and Genitive of Possession in Old East Slavic, Elena Bratishenko, University of Calgary, 2007

(linguistics) The use of genitive as a case of the grammatical object; exists at least in several Slavic and Finnic languages.


uncomparable

uncomparable (comparative more uncomparable, superlative most uncomparable)

more uncomparable (comparative)
most uncomparable (superlative)

From Middle English uncomparable; equivalent to un- + comparable.


uncountably

From uncountable + -ly or un- + countably.

Some nouns can be used both countably and uncountably.


stemmer

(computing, linguistics) Software used to produce the stem from the inflected form of words.


commutive

commutive (comparative more commutive, superlative most commutive)

more commutive (comparative)
most commutive (superlative)


hodiernal

From hodiern (“of this day, present-day”) + -al (suffix forming adjectives). Hodiern is derived from Latin hodiernus (“of today, today’s; present, present-day; actual”), from hodiē (“today”) (from hōc (“this (thing)”) + diē (“day”) (ultimately Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to be bright; heaven, sky”))) + -rnus (suffix forming adjectives).

der

But after all that can be ſaid of the Doctrine of the Greek Church, one may in a great Meaſure apply to the hodiernal Grecians, not only what was ſaid of the Grecians by St. Paul, Tit[us] 1. 12, 13. but alſo what the Pagan Satyriſt declares of them in general, Græculus eſuriens in cœlum, juſſeris, ibit. [A hungry Greek will go into heaven, if you command. — Juvenal, Satire III.]

1716, M[yles] D[avies], “A Supplement to the Dissertation upon the Latin Drama, Styl’d, Pallas Anglicana; […]”, in Athenæ Britannicæ: Or, A Critical History of the Oxford and Cambridge Writers and Writings, […], London: Printed for the author, →OCLC, part III, pages 39–40:

Thus to make ſounds, with bold pretence, / Paſs with the gaping croud for ſenſe, / As, deck'd in plumes of gaudy hue, / The jackdaw would be peacock too; / Theſe patch up (well Reviewers know it) / In hodiernal phraſe, a poet.

1765, William Stevenson, “Poetical Characteristics; or, An Estimate of the Advantages of Rhyming. In Three Cantos.”, in Original Poems on Several Subjects. In Two Volumes, volume II, Printed by A[lexander] Donaldson and J[ohn] Reid. […], →OCLC, canto I, page 27:

And the ſaid Orphan Boys ſhall [...] alſo be aggregated to the Maſter Carpenters and Calkers, who ſhall be obliged to take one of theſe (in the Places where they ſhall work) beſides the Apprentice which they preciſely are to teach, and ſhall feed and clothe him until he be fit for a Journeyman, and gain as ſuch hodiernal Wages; [...]

1793, Wyndham Beawes, “His Majesty’s Ordinances for the Military, Civil, and Economical Government of His Fleet: With His Motives for Reducing Them to One Body”, in A Civil, Commercial, Political, and Literary History of Spain and Portugal. … In Two Volumes, volume I, London: R. Faulder, […]; E. Jeffrey, […]; B. Law, […]; and J. Sewell, […], →OCLC, chapter CXXXVII, page 538:

"Credit me, fairest lady," said the knight, "that such is the cunning of our English courtiers of the hodiernal strain, that, as they have infinitely refined upon the plain and rusticial discourse of our fathers, [...] so I hold it ineffably and unutterably improbable, that those who may succeed us in that garden of wit and courtesy shall alter or amend it.["]

1820 March, [Walter Scott], chapter II, in The Monastery. A Romance. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Co., and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, pages 48–49:

Literature is a point outside of our hodiernal circle, through which a new one may be described. The use of literature is to afford us a platform whence we may command a view of our present life, a purchase by which we may move it.

1841, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Essay X. Circles.”, in Essays, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, pages 257–258:

In truth, a purpose always is fulfill'd, / When hodiernal miracles are will'd; / They still proclaim the Being Personal / Who moves behind accomplishing them all.

1868, Kenelm Henry Digby, “The Supernatural”, in Hours with the First Falling Leaves, London: F[rederick] S[tartridge] Ellis, […], →OCLC, page 47:

D. Conrada, still in her teens, was the mother of three children and the widow of a tropeiro: she made coffee, warmed our beef, and sat chatting with us till we slept—a rare and recordable incident of hodiernal Brazilian travel in the Far West.

1869, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “Santa Lucia to Jaguára”, in Explorations of the Highlands of the Brazil; […], volume II, London: Tinsley Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 21:

Why not sempiternal / Thou and I? Our vernal / Brightness keeping, / Time outleaping: / Passed the hodiernal!

1898, Thomas Hardy, “To Outer Nature”, in Wessex Poems and Other Verses, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, stanza 6, page 151:

[...] Mr. Weaver is the first consistently to employ the hodiernal speech of the American mass for serious narrative and lyric uses.

1921 May, John V. A. Weaver, “A Poem in American”, in Frank Crowninshield, editor, Vanity Fair, volume 16, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Vanity Fair Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 26:

Almost without exception, verbs in this tense are used to refer to events that have taken place during the same day or during the preceding night. It may therefore be called the ‘past today’ tense, or the ‘hodiernal’ tense (from the Latin word for ‘today’).

1965, “Unit 10”, in Earl W[ilson] Stevick, editor, Shona: Basic Course […] (Foreign Service Institute Basic Course Series), Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, →OCLC, page 100:

Now that it is clear that hodiernal past, hesternal past and remote past are purely temporal categories, it must be established how exactly they divide the timeline. The difference between hodiernal and hesternal past is rigid and is based on objective grounds, i.e. on actual time rather than perceived temporal distance. The hodiernal past is used only for situations that occurred on the same day as the temporal reference point.

2008, Mark L. O. Van de Velde, “Tense, Aspect, Mood and Negation”, in A Grammar of Eton (Mouton Grammar Library; 46), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.1.1 (Tense), page 234:

In apparently all tonal Bantu languages, the tonal system is augmented by tone patterns associated with certain grammatical categories, especially verb tenses, which are usually realized as the positioning of additional tones in some position in the stem. These are referred to as melodic H patterns. [...] For example, in Kerewe, the remote past and hodiernal perfective in (58a) have whatever H is lexically present on the root (plus tone doubling).

2015 December, David Odden, “Bantu Phonology”, in Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →DOI, archived from the original on 2020-06-26, section 4.3 (Melodic Tones):

(archaic or literary, rare outside grammar) Of or pertaining to the present day or today; hodiern.

actueel

of or pertaining to the present day or today


accusativeness

(linguistics) The characteristics of the accusative case of a noun or pronoun.


DG

dependency grammar
dependency grammar#English

(grammar) Initialism of dependency grammar.


TG

(linguistics) Initialism of transformative-generative.


colligation

en-noun

colligation (countable and uncountable, plural colligations)

From Latin colligātiō. By surface analysis, colligate + -ion.

(linguistics) The co-occurrence of syntactic categories, usually within a sentence.


front vowel

(phonetics) Any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth. Examples: "a" in “man” and "e" in “gel”

առաջնային շարքի ձայնավոր

any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth

magas hangrendű, elöl képzett, palatális, or rarely elülső magánhangzó


apophony

apophony (countable and uncountable, plural apophonies)

From French apophonie, from French apo- + Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”), after Ancient Greek ἀπο- (apo-, “away, from, off”) + φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).

affix

Cinglar has the merit of referring to a back and forth movement, which one might suppose is suggested by the apophony of zinguizangue […]

1986, David A. Pharies, Structure and Analogy in the Playful Lexicon of Spanish, →ISBN, page 171:

Apophony is also seen in talentum from τάλαντον [talanton] “talent, a unit of weight or currency.”

2007 [2001], R. G. G. Coleman, “Greek and Latin”, in A.-F. Christidis, editor, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, →ISBN, page 793:

Apophony in both inflection and derivation has been shrinking through the history of English, but continues to be available in synesthesia (e.g. bing, bang, bong, §10.3.2) and, less productively, in reduplicative and conjunctive formations (e.g. mishmash, §14.4).

2014, D. Gary Miller, English Lexicogenesis, →ISBN, page 9:

(phonetics) Modification of an internal vowel sound in a word or linguistic root, especially so as to establish a lexical distinction.


vowel harmony

en-noun

vowel harmony (usually uncountable, plural vowel harmonies)

Vowel harmony is an important aspect of Mongolian.

(phonology) A phonological process in some languages that sets constraints on which vowels may be found near each other or within a word, such as back vowels or front vowels; sometimes resulting in variant affixes, clitics or similar variations.


signifying chain

signifying chain (plural signifying chains)

(semiotics) An interlocking system of signifiers.


GPL

Germanic parent language
Germanic parent language#English

(linguistics) Initialism of Germanic parent language.


performative utterance

performative utterance (plural performative utterances)

Coined by British philosopher J. L. Austin (1911–1960).

coin

(philosophy, linguistics) A sentence or other linguistic expression which, when expressed in an appropriate context, actually does or accomplishes something.

énoncé performatif

An expression which, when expressed in an appropriate context, actually does or accomplishes something


Scythian

Scythian was therefore not the same as modern Dutch, but the ancestral language of the Dutch as well as other neighbouring languages.

1999, Cornelis Dekker, The Origins of Old Germanic Studies in the Low Countries, BRILL, page 210:

Though Boxhorn was working over a century before Sir William Jones, his ‘Scythian’ is not conceptually far off the later notion of Indo-European, and his choice of term ‘Scythian’ shows that Boxhorn was envisaging a cultural connection between the (northern) languages of the Near East and their Western European brethren, a perspicacious hypothesis that assumend some kind of ethnic drift between the two continents.

2010, William Poole, The World Makers: Scientists of the Restoration and the Search for the Origins of the Earth, Peter Lang, page 81:

From 1647 onwards, in several of his writings, Boxhorn elaborated the idea that Scythian was the original mother language of Persian, Greek, Latin, the Germanic languages, Turkish, Welsh, Lithuanian, Russian and Latvian (cf. Boxhorn 1647).

2011, Gerda Haßler, Gesina Volkmann, History of Linguistics 2008: Selected Papers from the Eleventh International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS XI), 28 August -2 September 2008, Potsdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 159:

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(Indo-European studies, in the works of Markus van Boxhorn) The Proto-Indo-European language.


EE

A new study from the University of Essex, which analysed the speech patterns of 200 participants. About 26% spoke EE, half spoke SSBE and the rest spoke MLE.

2023 October 31, “Language barrier: why even Harry has stopped speaking the king’s English”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(linguistics) Initialism of Estuary English.


ST

en-noun

ST (countable and uncountable, plural STs)

(steam): → French: ST

[S]tudents in their first year believe that source text and target text should be identical in content, that the TT should be a reproduction of the ST in another language, and that the TT should read well and be understandable.

2004, Christina Schäffner, edited by Kirsten Malmkjær, Translation in Undergraduate Degree Programmes, John Benjamins Publishing Co, page 119:

(translation studies) Initialism of source text.


ST

(linguistics, Egyptology) Initialism of Standard Theory.


valent

en-adj

valent (comparative more valent, superlative most valent)

more valent (comparative)
most valent (superlative)

(chemistry, linguistics) Having valence.


regular verb

(grammar) A verb which conjugates regularly. In English, a verb which uses an -ed suffix to form its past participle.


complementarity

en-noun

complementarity (countable and uncountable, plural complementarities)

For complementarity, there are entailments both from affirmative sentences to the corresponding negative sentences (which is what ordinary antonymy allows) and from negative sentences to the corresponding affirmative sentences. [...] That light is on entails That light is not off. That light is not on entails That light is off.

2005, Andrew John Merrison, Aileen Bloomer, Patrick Griffiths, Christopher J. Hall, Introducing Language in Use, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 112:

(linguistics, philosophy, semantics) A semantic relationship between two words wherein negative use of one entails the affirmative of the other with no gradability; the relation of binary antonyms.


loaded word

(idiomatic, linguistics) Any word, set phrase or idiom that has strong positive or negative connotations beyond its ordinary definition.

loaded language

multiple loaded words used in combination


past perfect progressive

past perfect continuous
past perfect continuous


future perfect progressive

future perfect progressive (plural not attested)

Future perfect continuous
future perfect continuous#English


future continuous

(grammar) A tense used to express an ongoing action in the future. In English it is formed by use of will be (or shall be) and a present participle.


future progressive

future progressive (plural future progressives)

Future continuous
future continuous#English


present perfect progressive

present perfect progressive (plural present perfect progressives)

present perfect continuous
present perfect continuous


past perfect continuous

(grammar) A tense that expresses an unbroken action continuing up to a certain time in the past. In English it is formed by using had been with a present participle.


future perfect continuous

future perfect continuous (plural not attested)

(grammar) A tense used to express an ongoing action completed after some time in the future; in English formed by use of will have been (or shall have been) and a present participle.

folyamatos befejezett jövő

grammar: a tense used to express an ongoing action completed after some time in the future


present perfect continuous

present perfect continuous (uncountable)

(grammar) A tense that expresses an unbroken action continuing at the present time, started in the past. In English it is formed by using have been with a present participle.

kestoperfekti

nastojáščeje soveršénnoje neprerývnoje vrémja

настоя́щее соверше́нное непреры́вное вре́мя

nastojáščeje soveršénnoje prodólžennoje vrémja

настоя́щее соверше́нное продо́лженное вре́мя


adnominally

(grammar) In an adnominal way; used like an adnoun, adjectivally.


undeclined

(grammar, of a word) Not varied by declension.


Proto-Finno-Ugric

(linguistics, uncountable) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of Finnic and Ugric languages. Usually written with the UPA-transcription system.

finnugor alapnyelv

the hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of Finnic and Ugric languages


aphetized

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

(linguistics, of a word) Having undergone aphesis, the removal of an unstressed initial vowel.


placeable

(translation studies) In computer-aided translation, an element, such as a symbol or numeral, that is the same in both source and target segments and can therefore be copied directly from one into the other.

(linguistic morphology) Something which is conventionally associated with a specific place; for example, blinds go on windows, carpets go on floors.


PTB

[E]ven reconstructed syllable-initial units, such as his Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) and PLB [Proto-Lolo-Burmese] prefixed spirantal initial *C-s and his PTB and PLB voiceless spirantal initial *s [...] draw on syllable features and syllable-final features for their reflexes

1974, R. K. Sprigg, “JAMES A. MATISOFF: The Loloish tonal split revisited. (Research Monograph No. 7.) viii, 88 pp. Berkeley : Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, 1972.”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, volume 37, number 1, →DOI, page 261:

The Lahu verb tā ‛place on; put on; set on; stand sthg. upright’ has impeccable Tibeto-Burman credentials⁹, reflecting PLB *ˀta² (cf. WB thâ) and ultimately PTB *s-ta (cf. WT sta ᛝ stad)

1991, James A. Matisoff, “Areal and universal dimensions of grammatization in Lahu”, in Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Bernd Heine, editors, Approaches to Grammaticalization, volume 2, →DOI, →ISBN, page 396:

PTB had six vowels: /i, e, ɑ, o, u, ə/ while only five /i, e, ɑ, o, u/ were present in Classical Tibetan.

2009, Gwendolyn Hyslop, “Kurtöp and the classification of the languages of Bhutan”, in Papers from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, volume 44, number 1, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 146:


structuralism

en-noun

structuralism (countable and uncountable, plural structuralisms)

(linguistics) The theory that a human language is a self-contained structure related to other elements which make up its existence.


Proto-Indo-Iranian

(linguistics, uncountable) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of Indo-Aryan languages, the Iranian languages, the Dardic languages and the Nuristani languages.

proto-indo-iranien

ancestor language of Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani languages


Proto-Indo-Iranian

(linguistics, anthropology) Of or pertaining to the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, or the people who spoke it.


disjunct

(linguistics) Any sentence element that is not fully integrated into the clausal structure of the sentence.

(linguistics) An adverbial that expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the associated clause or sentence.


conjunctive mood

conjunctive mood (plural conjunctive moods)

From the notion of uncertainity and doubt being a prevailing one in the conjunctive mood, has arisen in most languages its use in givin an opinion; as 'I should say,' &c.

1868, Edward Thring, On the Principles of Grammar:


prodelision

/ˌpɹəʊdɪˈlɪʒn̩/

/ˌpɹoʊdəˈlɪʒn̩/

From the Latin prepositional prefix prōd, variant of prō (“in front of”) used before vowels, + the English word elision.

(phonology) A form of elision in which the latter word loses its first vowels.


adequation

adequation (countable and uncountable, plural adequations)

(linguistics) A change in the meaning of a term depending upon context.


adversatively

en-adv

adversatively (comparative more adversatively, superlative most adversatively)

more adversatively (comparative)
most adversatively (superlative)


imperative mood

en-noun

imperative mood (plural imperative moods)

Go to the gates of Bourdeaux, trumpeter: Summon their general unto the wall.

1591, Shakespeare, King Henry VI, part 1:

According to the definition of the imperative, this mood can express nothing but a command. Yet verbs of imperative form may also express entreaty or permission, as may, indeed, the indicative and the generally so-called potential.

(grammar) The grammatical mood generally expressing a command, though also used to express a request or permission.


grammatical mood

grammatical mood (plural grammatical moods)

(grammar) A type of the relationship of a verb with reality and intent.


appositional

(linguistics) A compound or construction with apposed elements.


clarifier

/ˈklɛɹəfaɪɚ/

(linguistics) A speech act intended to clarify or correct one's own prior utterance.


sniglet

Coined by American comedian Rich Hall for the 1980s television series Not Necessarily the News.

An often humorous word coined to define something for which no previous word existed; a protologism.


anomalistic

en-adj

anomalistic (comparative more anomalistic, superlative most anomalistic)

more anomalistic (comparative)
most anomalistic (superlative)


thetic

thetic (comparative more thetic, superlative most thetic)

more thetic (comparative)
most thetic (superlative)


coarticulation

en-noun

coarticulation (countable and uncountable, plural coarticulations)

(linguistics) The action or process of coarticulating.


continuant

(phonetics) A linguistic sound other than a stop.

εξακολουθητικό

linguistics: a linguistic sound other than a stop


PF

PF (countable and uncountable, plural PFs)

phonological form
phonological form#English

(linguistics) Initialism of phonological form.


parasynthetic

From Ancient Greek παρασύνθετος (parasúnthetos), from παρά (pará, “beside”) + σύνθετος (súnthetos, “compound, composite”).

uder

παρασύνθετος

(grammar) Being a compound word formed by parasynthesis, i.e. by adding several affixes simultaneously, without “intermediate” forms.


ELF

Coordinate term: Globish

The consequences of the massive volume of ELF to English taken as a whole, as the aggregate use of the language, is essentially a descriptive issue: what new features of English are emerging and taking hold?

2012, Anna Mauranen, Exploring ELF: Academic English Shaped by Non-native Speakers, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 3:

(linguistics) Acronym of English as a Lingua Franca (English used by non-native speakers)


dialectician

/ˌdʌɪəlɛkˈtɪʃn/

/ˌdaɪəlɛkˈtɪʃən/


commissive mood

en-noun

commissive mood (plural commissive moods)

(grammar) A grammatical mood that indicates promises or threats.


preverbal

The expressive power of intonation in communication with preverbal infants was a topic of considerable interest in the early literature on language acquisition.

1989, Anne Fernald, “Intonation and Communicative Intent in Mothers' Speech to Infants: Is the Melody the Message?”, in Child Development, volume 60, number 6, page 1497:

(psychology, linguistics) At an early stage of development in which one is not yet able to communicate by means of words.

I will attempt to document some recent syntactic (word order) changes involving preverbal noun phrases in the Coast Tsimshian language.

1974, J. A. Dunn, “Preverbal Position in Coast Tsimshian”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 40, number 1, page 10:

(linguistics, of a part of speech) Occurring before the verb in a sentence or expression.


differentia

/dɪfəˈɹɛnʃɪə/

From Latin differentia. Doublet of difference.

That character, it seems to me, should be regarded as the practically important differentia of religion for our purpose; and just what it is can easily be brought out by comparing the mind of an abstractly conceived Christian with that of a moralist similarly conceived.

1902, William James, “Lecture II: Circumscription of the Topic”, in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 45:

If genera are different and co-ordinate, their differentiae are themselves different in kind. Take as an instance the genus ‘animal’ and the genus ‘knowledge’. ‘With feet’, ‘two-footed’, ‘winged’, ‘aquatic’, are differentiae of ‘animal’; the species of knowledge are not distinguished by the same differentiae.

1928, E. M. Edghill, Categories, translation of original by Aristotle:

In the case of a word like “surfboard,” the differentiae seem pretty clear. How is this board different from all other boards?

2017, Kory Stamper, Word By Word, Vintage, published 2018, page 116:

(logic, semantics, taxonomy) A distinguishing feature which marks a species off from other members of the same genus.


Baltic-Finnic

Estonian and Finnish are both Baltic-Finnic languages.

(linguistics) Pertaining to the Baltic-Finnic languages.

Finnic

pertaining to the Baltic-Finnic languages


Argobba

(linguistics) An Ethiopian Semitic language spoken in an area north-east of Addis Ababa by the Argobba people.


dead metaphor

An objectivist might grant that digest an idea was once a metaphor, but he would claim that it is no longer metaphorical. For him it is a “dead metaphor,” one that has become conventionalized and has its own literal meaning.

1980, George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, chapter 27, in Metaphors We Live By:

Typically, dead metaphors have been considered a characteristic of ordinary language, and live metaphors a crucial trait of poetic language.

2009, Cornelia Müller, Metaphors Dead and Alive, Sleeping and Waking, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 36:

It is meaningless to speak of the soul in the twenty-first century […]. It has become a dead metaphor, one of those words that survive in language long after a culture has lost faith in the concept, like an empty carapace that remains intact years after its animating organism has died.

2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, chapter 1, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:

(linguistics) A former metaphor which has in effect lost its metaphorical status and become literal.


classeme

Given that "bark" has two classemes, human and canine, it is the presence of the dog or the commissioner that decides whether "bark" is taken in a literal or figurative sense.

1986, Umberto Eco, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language, →ISBN, page 190:

(semiotics) A generic or contextual seme, denoting a group of objects.


Coordinate term: L2

This advantage was pertinent in the Hong Kong context where English is largely an L2 language, although would not be expected to be as large in an L1 context.

2017, Di Zou, James Lambert, “Feedback methods for student voice in the digital age”, in British Journal of Educational Technology, volume 48, number 5, page 1085:

Mother tongue; someone's native language; own language.


tectal

(phonetics) A consonant articulated in the roof of the mouth


orientative

From orientate + -ive or orient + -ative.

The orientative case indicates that an entity or event is oriented towards or around the referent.

2011 July 15, Dibella Wdzenczny, “The case for fewer cases in pre-chukotko-kamchatkan: Grammaticalization and semantics in internal reconstruction”, in Digital Commons @ EMU, retrieved 2022-02-28, Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations: 333:

(grammar) Transmitting the sense of orientation towards an entity.


interdental

en-adj

interdental (comparative more interdental, superlative most interdental)

more interdental (comparative)
most interdental (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.

أَسَلِيّ

phonetics: pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth


interdental

(phonetics) A speech sound pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.


Indo-Germanic

Coined by Dano-French geographer Conrad Malte-Brun in 1810 (as langues indo-germaniques) and popularized in German (as indogermanisch/Indogermanisch), especially following J. Klaproth's 1823 Asia polyglotta. At the time the term was coined, the Celtic languages were not yet considered Indo-European, and the Tocharian languages were not yet discovered; even after the inclusion of Celtic, Germanic remains the northwesternmost family (thanks to Icelandic). By surface analysis, Indo- + Germanic.

coined

(dated, Indo-European studies) Indo-European (major language family)

(dated, Indo-European studies) Proto-Indo-European (hypothetical language)

(Indo-European studies) Pre-Germanic Proto-Indo-European.


Indo-Germanic

(dated, Indo-European studies) Indo-European


avalent

(grammar, rare, of a verb or predicate) Non-valent, having valency zero: taking no arguments.


ostensive definition

en-noun

ostensive definition (plural ostensive definitions)

(semantics) A process of binding the meaning to the defined term by pointing out examples and counterexamples.


recursive definition

recursive definition (plural recursive definitions)

(semantics) A definition of a term within which the term itself appears, and that is well-founded, avoiding an infinite regress.


intensional definition

intensional definition (plural intensional definitions)

(semantics) A definition that gives the meaning of a term by specifying all the properties of the things to which the term applies.


extensional definition

extensional definition (plural extensional definitions)

(semantics) A definition of a term that specifies its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition.


enumerative definition

enumerative definition (plural enumerative definitions)

(semantics) A definition that exhaustively lists all the objects that fall under the defined term.


definition by pointing

definition by pointing (plural definitions by pointing)

The peculiar advantages of definition by pointing are only two. First, it is available before any other method is, namely, at the beginning of each symbolizer's life.

Ampere is likewise incapable of definition by pointing and has to be defined ...

1954, F.A. Philbrick, Understanding English: An Introduction to Semantics:

He argues that independent of any verbal definitions, we know the meaning of blue and green, say through a definition by pointing.

1964, Ronald Christensen, Foundations of Inductive Reasoning:

Closely related to definition by pointing is definition by examples. Using this method to define "suspension bridge," one might mention the Brooklyn Bridge, ...

1976, Peter T. Manicas, Arthur N. Kruger, Logic: The Essentials:

Ostensive definition
ostensive definition


FLE

From French FLE (“FLÉ”) (français langue étrangère).

(linguistics education, initialism) French as a foreign language; French language for foreign language education


configurational

(grammar) Of a language: having a relatively fixed style of grammar where the subject of a sentence is outside the finite verb phrase but the object is inside it.


garden path sentence

garden path sentence (plural garden path sentences)

/ˈɡɑːdən pɑːθ ˈsɛntəns/

/ˈɡɑːɹdən pæθ ˈsɛntəns/

From the idiom lead someone up (or down) the garden path, because readers form an interpretation of the sentence which remains plausible until near the end of the sentence, at which point the readers realize that their interpretation cannot be right (they have been led up a garden path) and they must try another interpretation.

Whether a particular construction causes a garden-path effect depends on the specific grammar of the language. For example, the famous example of an English garden-path sentence in (1) ["The horse raced past the barn fell"] would not exist if the past tense form of the verb race were not identical to the reduced relative form, the former of which is the preferred reading for this sentence.

1995, Reiko Mazuka, Kenji Itoh, “Can Japanese Speakers be Led down the Garden Path?”, in Reiko Mazuka, Noriko Nagai, editors, Japanese Sentence Processing, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, →ISBN, pages 295–296:

One of the functions of punctuation is to reduce any ambiguity, and readers are less confused by garden-path sentences that are punctuated than by those that are not[…].

2005, Michael W[illiam] Eysenck, Mark T. Keane, “Language Comprehension”, in Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook, 5th edition, Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, →ISBN, page 362, column 1:

[I]n a garden path sentence, we interpret a sentence in a particular way only to find out near the end that we misinterpreted it. The subjective impression is that of being led down a garden path until discovering at the end that we took the wrong way and have to retrace our steps.

2008, David W. Carroll, “Sentence Comprehension and Memory”, in Psychology of Language, 5th edition, Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth, →ISBN, page 134:

A garden path sentence contains a temporary ambiguity[…]. It becomes clear that something has gone wrong when the comprehender receives input that is incompatible with the past-tense analysis of the ambiguous form[…]. The parser then must abandon its initial parse and attempt to reanalyze the input.

2013, Montserrat Sanz, Itziar Laka, Michael K. Tanenhaus, “Sentence Comprehension before and after 1970: Topics, Debates, and Techniques”, in Montserrat Sanz, Itziar Laka, Michael K. Tanenhaus, editors, Language Down the Garden Path: The Cognitive and Biological Basis for Linguistic Structures (Oxford Studies in Biolinguistics), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 85:

(linguistics) A sentence that is easily parsed incorrectly when first read, due to the ambiguity of a word or words.

becsali mondat

a sentence that is easily parsed incorrectly when first read, due to ambiguity of a word or words


lexical category

lexical category (plural lexical categories)

(linguistics) A linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question, such as noun or verb.


absent referent

absent referent (plural absent referents)

(semantics) The condition of a sign which has an empty, absent, non-existent, paradoxical, hypothetical, supernatural, or undefined referent, such as nothing, null, vacuum, or void.


mixed metaphor

(linguistics) An overreaching, contradictory or incongruous combination of two distinct metaphors, similes or idioms.


simulfix

(linguistics) A type of affix in which the change of meaning is conveyed by altering one or more existing phonemes in the affected morpheme, such as ablaut.


disfix

(linguistics) A subtractive morpheme, that is, a morpheme which manifests itself through elision (the removal of segments from a root or stem).


point of articulation

point of articulation (plural points of articulation)

place of articulation
place of articulation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of place of articulation


injunctive

injunctive (countable and uncountable, plural injunctives)

(grammar, uncountable) A verbal mood in Sanskrit characterized by secondary endings but no augment, and usually resembling an augmentless aorist or imperfect.

(grammar, countable) A verbal lexeme in injunctive mood.


injunctive

(grammar) Pertaining to the injunctive mood.


place of articulation

place of articulation (plural places of articulation)

(phonetics, of a consonant) The point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).


manner of articulation

manner of articulation (plural manners of articulation)

(phonetics, of a consonant) the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound


gemination

gemination (countable and uncountable, plural geminations)

/ˌd͡ʒɛm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

/ˌd͡ʒɛm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/

Borrowed from Latin geminātiō, geminātiōnis (“a doubling”).

bor

(phonetics) The phenomenon of a consonant being pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than is normal; an instance of such lengthened pronunciation.


nativization

(linguistics) The process whereby a language acquires native speakers.

The nativisation of English in India has resulted in the creation of many new coinages or neologisms.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 120:

(linguistics) The process whereby a language in a new region acquires localised features, as by contact with pre-existing languages of the region, or in response to the local environment.

(linguistics, phonology) The process whereby a loan word’s pronunciation is adapted to the sound system of the borrowing language.


phonation

en-noun

phonation (countable and uncountable, plural phonations)

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice, sound”), equivalent to phonate + -ion.

uder

Phonation. The voice is produced when the closed, taut vocal folds in the position of phonation are opened and made to vibrate by an air stream expelled from the lungs, causing sound waves to be produced. The volume of sound depends on the force of the air stream, and the pitch is determined by the frequency of vibration. The latter depends on the length (sex and age differences), tension and thickness of the vocal cords, as in the strings of a musical instrument.

1993, Werner Kahle, Helmut Leonhardt, Werner Platzer, Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2: Internal Organs, 4th rev. edition, Stuttgart, New York, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers, →ISBN, page 124:

Voice teachers who emphasize relaxation are loath to use such words as 'pinch' or 'squeeze' in relation to singing. Catford and Laver, whose field is primarily the phonetics of speech rather than singing, both considered 'full glottal phonation' to be the 'normal' setting for speech as well as for the falsetto voice […]. They advised against 'anterior phonation,' maintaining that it results in a somewhat 'tight,' 'hard,' 'sharp,' 'metallic,' or 'tense' speaking voice, and is probably associated with a high laryngeal position.

2003, James Stark, Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy, Toronto, Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 26:

Sound generation in the larynx is termed phonation, and phonation types (sometimes called voice qualities) are recognisably different kinds of vocal fold vibration. All languages use a phonation type called normal or modal voice as the basis for all speech.

2005, Michael Ashby, John Maidment, Introducing Phonetic Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 97:

When the vocal folds are adducted (closed) somewhat gently, then a certain amount of air pressure from the lungs below (subglottal pressure) can set the folds into a self-sustaining oscillation. This condition is called phonation or voicing; and it involves a delicate balance of tissue coupling forces and aerodynamic forces whose overall description is still a current research topic […]

2011, Sean A. Fulop, Speech Spectrum Analysis, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, pages 5–6:

(phonetics) The process of producing vocal sound by the vibration of the vocal folds that is in turn modified by the resonance of the vocal tract.


isotopy

(linguistics) The repetition of a basic meaning trait (seme) within a story.

isotopia

(linguistics) repetition of a basic meaning trait within a story


suprafix

Blend of supra- + affix, equivalent to supra- + -fix.

(linguistic morphology) A type of affix where a suprasegmental change (such as tone or stress) modifies an existing morpheme's meaning.


desiderative

en-adj

desiderative (comparative more desiderative, superlative most desiderative)

more desiderative (comparative)
most desiderative (superlative)


desiderative

(linguistics, grammar) A verbal mood that has the meaning of “wanting to do something”, found in languages such as Ancient Greek and Sanskrit; the optative.


discourse analysis

en-noun

discourse analysis (usually uncountable, plural discourse analyses)

Discourse analysis is not just one approach, but a series of interdisciplinary approaches that can be used to explore many different social domains in many different types of studies. (Phillips and Iorgenson 2002: 1)

2012, Brian Paltridge, quoting Phillips and Iorgenson, Discourse Analysis: An Introduction, Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 14:

(linguistics) Any of a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken or signed language use.

話語分析

number of approaches to analyzing discourse


sandhi

sandhi (countable and uncountable, plural sandhis)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संधि (saṃdhí, “junction, union”). Partial piecewise doublet of synthesis and synth.

piecewise doublet

Mixed sandhi has two divisions, viz. when a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a consonant, and when a word ending in a consonant is followed by a word beginning with a vowel. Cases of mixed sandhi are very few, and in the second division are limited to the changes of anusvâra before a vowel.

1879, R. C. Childers, “On Sandhi in Pali”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, Volume 11, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, page 101:

The rules on sandhi in Pâli may be divided into rules on vowel-sandhi, and rules on mixed sandhi where a vowel and a consonant are concerned. Consonantal sandhi does not occur in Pâli.

1884, Edward Müller, A Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language, Trübner & Co., page 59:

2017, Hanbo Yan, The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu, Springer:

(phonology) Any of a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries, such as the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.


triradical

A word or root in a Semitic language which consists of three consonants in its root formula.


diachronic linguistics

historical linguistics
historical linguistics#English

(linguistics) Synonym of historical linguistics


xenolinguistics

(linguistics, science fiction) Study of a language originating from alien species.


biolinguistics

(linguistics) Study of the biology and evolution of language.


athematic

/ˌæθiːˈmætɪk/

Celtic tended to thematicize athematic verbs and to generalize a single grade of ablaut, usually the zero grade of the plural:...

2017 -, Mate Kapović, Anna Giacalone Ramat, Paolo Ramat, The Indo-European Languages, →ISBN:

(linguistics) Of a root, not having a thematic vowel and thus attaching inflections directly to the root.


neurolinguistics

(linguistics) Science concerned with the human brain mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production and abstract knowledge of language, be it spoken, signed or written.


chrononym

requires that the simple stative make use of the reader's implicit knowledge and sense of periodization, here the chrononym of "loss of status" because Nixon had to vacate the world's most desirable position of political power

1986, Cohen, Sande, Historical culture : on the recoding of an academic discipline:

It’s important to remember that every chrononym (a word that refers to some particular time, such as “springtime” or “teatime”) is arbitrary; every calendar is based on cultural norms and sometimes curious assumptions.

2012, Blatner, David, Spectrums : our mindboggling universe from infinitesimal to infinity:

(semiotics) A term for a specific period of time, such as "summer" or "week."


historical linguistics

(linguistics) The scientific study of language change.


conceptual definition

en-noun

conceptual definition (plural conceptual definitions)

(semantics) A definition in terms of concepts, such as the one found in a dictionary, instead of in terms of the results of measuring procedures.


operational definition

operational definition (plural operational definitions)

The operational definition of a well-behaved student might be set at the threshold of "no more than 2 detentions in each semester".

To divide the spectrum of spicy sauces into three categories of "mildly spicy", "moderately spicy", and "extremely spicy", we set the operational definitions of "mild", "moderate", and "extreme" as (a) 0 to 3 × 10³ Scoville units, (b) more than 3 × 10³ up to 100 × 10³, and (c) more than 100 × 10³, respectively.

The position of certain recent publications is examined and criticized because they seem to imply (a) that under some circumstances ambiguous concepts are more useful than precise ones and (b) that operational difinitions are of limited usefulness in sociology because of their dependence upon quantitative characteristics, whereas some items referred to by sociological concepts are "essentially qualitative in nature." Both assumptions are here questioned.

1942, George A. Lundberg, Operational Definitions in the Social Scienceshttps://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/219004

Those sociologists who advocate greater use of operational definitions have been challenged to define "operational definition" operationally. This paper attempts to meet that challenge.

1943, Stuart C. Dodd and Ethel Shanas, Operational Definitions Operationally Definedhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2770015

By analysing the practical utility of definitions of life in scientific practice, we propose that definitions of life in these domains should be considered in a non-standard and weaker sense, as operational definitions. This choice of terminology is inspired by the use of the same term in the scientific literatures of Origins of Life and Synthetic Biology (e.g., Fleischaker, 1990; Luisi 1998). We use the term ‘operational’ in a wide sense, referring both to (1) the possibility to define something by means of operations (e.g., defining an entity by measuring or building it following a specific procedure), and (2) the idea that the contents of the definition (e.g., the conditions for life) can be operationalised for empirical research, that is, can be built, manipulated and tested in the laboratory.

2017, Leonardo Bich & Sara Green, Is defining life pointless? Operational definitions at the frontiers of Biologyhttps://philarchive.org/rec/BICIDL

A showing of something — such as a variable, term, or object — in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity.

operacionální definice

definition in terms of operations or measurements


biosemiotics

(semiotics) A growing field that studies the production, action and interpretation of signs in the biological realm.


semiosis

semiosis (countable and uncountable, plural semiosises)

Coined by Charles Sanders Peirce to describe a process that interprets signs as referring to their objects, as described in his theory of sign relations, or semiotics.

(semiotics) Any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning.


Eurolinguistics

From Euro- + linguistics; coined by Norbert Reiter in 1991 (German equivalent: Eurolinguistik).

(linguistics) A young branch of linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe.


ecolinguistics

(linguistics) A paradigm of linguistic research which emerged in the 1990s and takes into account not only the social context in which language is embedded, but also the ecological context in which societies are embedded.

ecolinguística

linguistics taking ecological context into account


comparative linguistics

historical linguistics
historical linguistics

(linguistics) A branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to establish their historical relatedness.

համեմատական լեզվաբանություն

a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages


semasiology

semasiology (usually uncountable, plural semasiologies)

/ˌsiːmeɪsɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪ/

From Ancient Greek σημασία (sēmasía, “the meaning of a word”) + -λογία (-logía, “-logy, branch of study”), from σημαίνω (sēmaínō, “I show by a sign, signify”), from σῆμα (sêma, “a mark, sign”).

der

Stylistics seemed to have become a four-letter-word in German semasiology, a fact that shows how far official German semasiology had shifted away from Reisig's initial outline, and how different it was from Bréal's semantics of language-use and Wegener's semantics of communication.

1992, Brigitte Nerlich, Semantic Theories in Europe, 1830-1930, →ISBN:

"The early theories of semasiology attempted to account for meaning shifts in language."

2001, Federica Busa et al., The Language of Word Meaning:

It must be left to students of musical semasiology to account for the psychological association that exists between the spiritual concept of goodness and saintliness and the notational accident of the absence of sharps and flats in the key signature, which results in the 'whiteness' of the music.

2002, Nicolas Slonimsky et al., The Listener's Companion: Great Composers and Their Works:

(linguistics) Semantics; a discipline within linguistics concerned with the meaning of a word independent of its phonetic expression.


trigraph

Then, practice reading fluency sentences together that contain words with trigraphs and other mastered words.

2023 December 6, Sarah Forst, “How to Teach Trigraphs DGE & TCH”, in The Designer Teacher:

(linguistics) A specific sequence of three letters, especially one used collectively to represent a single phoneme.


monophthongization

en-noun

monophthongization (countable and uncountable, plural monophthongizations)

(phonetics) The process of becoming monophthong, for a diphthong or triphthong.


computational linguistics

Coined by American linguist and computer scientist David Hays in the 1960s.

coinage

Prolog has been used for many purposes, but its inventor, Alain Colmerauer, was interested in computational linguistics, and this remains a classic application for the language. Moreover, Prolog offers a number of tools which make life easier for computational linguists, and we are now going to start learning about one of the most useful of these: definite clause grammars, or DCGs as they are usually called.

2006, Patrick Blackburn · Johan Bos · Kristina Striegnitz, Learn Prolog Now!, §7.1

(linguistics, computer science) An interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. This modeling is not limited to any particular field of linguistics.


syndetic

asyndetic

antonym(s) of “grammar & library science”

From Latin syndeticus, from Ancient Greek συνδετικός (sundetikós), from σύνδετον (súndeton, “syndeton, use of conjunctions, a binding”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic: forming adjectives”), the neuter substantive of σῠ́νδετος (súndetos, “bound, joined”), from συνδεῖν (sundeîn, “to join, to bind”), from σῠν- (sun-, “together”) + δεῖν (deîn, “to bind, to tie”). Equivalent to syndeton + -ic.

Guns and butter is a syndetic phrase.

1970, Mats Ryden, Coordination of Relative Clauses in Sixteenth Century English, page 73:

Asymmetry in pronominal sequencing is a recurrent feature of syndetic coordination, though with considerable variation in relation to literary genre.

(grammar) Of or related to syndeton, the use of a conjunction.

With the syndetic juxtaposition of distinct members, the article is not often repeated.

1874, Clair James Grece translating Eduard Adolf F. Maetzner as An English Grammar

(grammar) Synonym of connective, serving to connect.


satem

Learned borrowing from Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 (satəm, “hundred”). The canonical example of a word that changed Proto-Indo-European palatovelar */ḱ/ into sibilant /s/ by the 3rd millennium BCE, as opposed to Latin centum (“hundred”). Doublet of hundred and centum.

lbor

(Indo-European studies) Of or relating to a Proto-Indo-European language group that produced sibilants from a series of palatovelar stops.


literary language

Literary languages have been enriched by dialects and have at the same time assisted the levelling out of dialectical differences which in its turn has contributed to ….

1977, Magomet Izmaylovich Isayev, National languages in the USSR: problems and solutions, Прогресс, p. 316

I would note that almost 12% of the population of the SRCroatia are Serbs and that they are obliged to use the "Croatian literary language" for official purposes even though this is not their native language.

1990, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Operations, Views on the Serbo-Croatian Language Service at the Voice of America:

Gaj argued that the establishment of a common literary language was essential for the development of an Illyrian national consciousness and he attempted to bring together the three main dialects used by the Southern Slavs...

2003, Alex J. Bellamy, The Formation of Croatian National Identity, page 44:

The Erzya and Moksha population, especially in urban areas, has become increasingly exposed to Russian; within this context, both the literary languages and the dialects have been affected to a considerable extent. In the course of being update the literary languages have experienced radical changes. An abundance of Russian terminology has been introduced in dictionaries; grammars have been prescribing the use of concurrent forms of the native and Russian languages as a norm.

2013, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, Mémoires de la Société finno-ougrienne, Volume 268 of Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia, Nimilehti painettu Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kirjapainossa, →ISBN, page 14:

As they explain, 'the literary language is first of all a collection of expressive habits and customs, and to preserve the purity of the literary language can mean nothing other than to preserve these habits and customs' (Guberina and Krsic/ 1940: 77).

2014, K. Langston, A. Peti-Stantic, Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia:

(sociolinguistics, Slavistics) A language variety used as an institutional norm in a community, opposed to vernacular dialects; a standard language.

gjuhë letrare

supraregional idiom — see also standard language, standard


exercitive

en-adj

exercitive (comparative more exercitive, superlative most exercitive)

more exercitive (comparative)
most exercitive (superlative)

(pragmatics) Having the character of an exercitive act.