peace

From Middle English pees, pes, pais, borrowed from Anglo-Norman peis and Old French pais (“peace”), from Latin pāx (“peace”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, stick, place”), related to Latin pacīscor (“agree, stipulate”), Latin pangō (“fasten, fix”); see pact. Displaced native Old English sibb and friþ.

“Hark!” said the old woman, triumphantly. “I hear a step coming. […] Do you hear him?”
“I believe you are right, mother,” replied Alice, in a low voice. “Peace! open the door.”

1846 October 1 – 1848 April 1, Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1848, →OCLC:

"Peace, my lord, thou utterest treason! Hast forgot the king's command? Remember I am party to thy crime, if I but listen."

1882, Mark Twain, chapter 6, in The Prince and the Pauper:

(archaic) Shut up!, silence!; be quiet, be silent.


credendum

Coordinate term: agendum

the great articles and credenda of Christianity

1692–1717, Robert South, Twelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London:

(theology) Something to be believed; an article of faith.


breathe

en-verb

breathe (third-person singular simple present breathes, present participle breathing, simple past and past participle breathed)

breathes (present singular third-person)
breathing (participle present)
breathed (participle past)
breathed (past)
breathe (infinitive)

From Middle English brethen (“to breathe, blow, exhale, odour”), derived from Middle English breth (“breath”). Eclipsed Middle English ethien and orðiæn, from Old English ēþian and orþian (“to breathe”); as well as Middle English anden, onden, from Old Norse anda (“to breathe”). More at breath.

inh

The affirmation before us, then, will be, "All scripture is divinely breathed."

1850, John Howard Hinton, On the Divine Inspiration of the Scriptures. A lecture, etc, page 16:

[…] that God, who breathed the Scriptures, "cannot lie," […]

1917, J. C. Ferdinand Pittman, Bible Truths Illustrated: For the Use of Preachers, Teachers, Bible-school, Christian Endeavor, Temperance and Other Christian Workers, page 168:

Paul says that since God breathed the Scriptures, they are therefore useful; he did not put it the other way around (i.e., that they are useful, therefore inspired).

2010, Jay E. Adams, The Christian Counselor's Manual: The Practice of Nouthetic Counseling, Zondervan, →ISBN:

(chiefly Evangelical and Charismatic Christianity, with God as agent) To inspire (scripture).


hajj

From Arabic حَجّ (ḥajj, “pilgrimage”), from حَجَّ (ḥajja, “to go, to repair”).

The word Hajj is explained by Moslem divines to mean “Kasd,” or aspiration, and to express man’s sentiment that he is but a wayfarer on earth wending towards another and a nobler world.

1855, Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Appendix I:

The restored cottage, which has been open to tourists since 1891 (Woodrow Wilson came here on a cycling tour in 1899), is the Kaabah of a Lake District haj, a must-see for all pilgrims.

2000 June, Jamie James, “Wordsworth Slept Here”, in The Atlantic:

“He passed away due to diabetes while in prison,” the residential committee member said. “He was serving time in Tumshuq Prison for performing the hajj pilgrimage.”

2023 May 24, Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur motorcycle repairman’s corpse released by prison in Kashgar prefecture”, in Roseanne Gerin, Malcom Foster, editors, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2024-02-01, RFA Uyghur:

(Islam) The pilgrimage to Mecca made by pious Muslims; one of the five pillars of Islam.


father

Ireland, Canada, California, Western Pennsylvania, older New York City

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Germanic *fadēr
Proto-West Germanic *fader
Old English fæder
Middle English fader
English fatherFrom Middle English fader, from Old English fæder, from Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr, possibly from *peh₂- + *-tḗr. Doublet of ayr, faeder, padre, pater, and père.

doublet

it is a wise child that knows his own father

In proceeding in this fashion, the fathers assembled at Pisa were following the generally accepted canonistic teaching of the day […]

2003, Francis Oakley, The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300–1870, →ISBN, pages 37–8:

On the part of the fathers of the synod, over 50 bishops, from every continent, spoke on different ‘group forms’ of the lay apostolate, whereas about 38 fathers made their own interventions in writing to the General Secretary.

2009, Peter Chidi Okuma, Empowerment of the Catholic Laity in the Nigerian Political Situation […], →ISBN, page 177:

Remember that the fathers of Vatican II had rejected the first draft of the constitution on revelation entirely.

2014, Ronald D. Witherup, The Word of God at Vatican II: Exploring Dei Verbum, →ISBN, page 31:

(Christianity) A member of a church council.


kind

From Middle English kynde, kunde, cunde, icunde, from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“inherent nature, disposition, kind, gender, generation, race”), from Proto-West Germanic *kundi, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, related to Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, kin”) and Old English cennan (“to bear, give birth”). Cognate with Old High German gikunt (“nature, kind”), Icelandic kind (“race, species, kind”). Doublet of gens, genesis, and jati. See also kin.

cog

perpetual motion machine of the first kind

perpetual motion machine of the second kind

(Christianity) Each of the two elements of the communion service, bread and wine.


man of God

牧師

minister or priest — see also minister, priest


perfect

From Middle English perfit, from Old French parfit (modern: parfait), from Latin perfectus, perfect passive participle of perficere (“to finish”), from per- (“through, thorough”) + facere (“to do, to make”). Spelling modified 15c. to conform to Latin etymology. Doublet of parfait.
Displaced native Old English fulfremed.

(historical, Christianity) A leader of the Cathar movement.


virtue

en-noun

virtue (countable and uncountable, plural virtues)

/ˈvɜː.t͡ʃuː/

From Middle English vertu, virtue, borrowed from Anglo-Norman vertu, virtu, from Latin virtus (“manliness, bravery, worth, moral excellence”), from vir (“man”). Doublet of vertu. See virile. In this sense, displaced Old English cræft, whence Modern English craft.

der

Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Powers; / For in possession such, not only of right, / I call ye, and declare ye now […].

1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

(Christianity) A creature embodying divine power, specifically one of the orders of heavenly beings, traditionally ranked above angels and archangels, and below seraphim and cherubim.


tree

Jamaican Creole: chrii

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]

From Middle English tre, tree, treo, treou, trew, trow, from Old English trēo, trēow (“tree, wood, timber, beam, log, stake, stick, grove, cross, rood”), from Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréwom, thematic e-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).
Cognates
From the same Proto-Indo-European: Scots tree (“wood, rod, stick”), North Frisian tre, trä (“tree”), Middle Dutch tree > Dutch teer (“tree”), Danish træ (“tree”), Swedish trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”), Norwegian tre (“tree”), Icelandic tré (“tree”), Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu, “tree, wood, piece of wood”), Sanskrit दारु (dāru, “tree, wood”), Albanian dru (“tree, wood”), Welsh dâr (“oaks”), Ancient Greek δόρυ (dóru, “wood, spear”), Russian де́рево (dérevo) or дре́во (drévo), Tocharian A or. Related to tar, true.

cog

fall out of the ugly tree and hit every branch

the apple does not fall far from the tree

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

Tyburn tree

The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged on a tree.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 5:30:

Ste[phano]. Trinculo, keepe a good tongue in your head: If you proue a mutineere, the next Tree:[…]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 12:

Was it for Crimes that I had done / He groan’d upon the Tree?

1707, Isaac Watts, “Godly Sorrow ariſing from the Sufferings of Chriſt”, in Hymns and Spiritual Songs, London: J. Humfreys, page 86:

When Jesus died on that tree, he bore the awful curse of the law for us so that we might be saved.

1997, Warren W. Wiersbe, The Names of Jesus:

Oh, that's not to say Peter's life was easy. In fact, he, too, ended up on a tree—not hung up by guilt, but crucified upside down on a cross for the sake of the One who not only hung on a tree for him, but rose and lived within him, empowering him to live a life of incredible impact and ministry.

2004, Jon Courson, Jon Courson's Application Commentary, page 1130:

Jesus was crucified on a tree to give us life.

2015, Bruce Thomas, God's Purpose for His Creation:

Outside of Jerusalem, at Golgotha, Jesus was crucified on a tree with two other thieves because He claimed to be the king of the Jews.

2022, Sharmila Panirselvam, Life in the Hands of Jesus:

(archaic outside Christianity) A cross or gallows.


kami

Borrowed from Japanese 神 (kami, “god, spirit, deity”).

bor+

(religion, Shinto) An animistic God or spirit in the Shinto religion of Japan.

神

a god or spirit in the Shinto religion of Japan


kara

From Punjabi ਕੜਾ (kaṛā); see Hindi कड़ा (kaṛā, “bracelet”).

(Sikhism) A bangle worn by Sikhs, one of the five Ks, to remind them to do God's work.


translate

en-verb

translate (third-person singular simple present translates, present participle translating, simple past and past participle translated)

translates (present singular third-person)
translating (participle present)
translated (participle past)
translated (past)
translate (infinitive)

[ˈtʃɹʷɛ̃nzɫæe̯ʔ(t)]

From Middle English translaten (“to transport, translate, transform”), from Anglo-Norman translater, from Latin trānslātus, perfect passive participle of trānsferō (“to transport, carry across, translate”).
In this sense, displaced Old English wendan (“to translate,” also the word for “to turn” and “to change”).

traduir

to change (something) from one form or medium to another

транслирам

to move (something) from one place or position to another

Not far from hence is the Church and Convent of the Dominicans, where in the Chapel of St. Catherine of Sienna, they shew her head, the rest of her body being translated to Rome.

1644 November 4 (Gregorian calendar), John Evelyn, “[Diary entry for 25 October 1644]”, in William Bray, editor, Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […]; and sold by John and Arthur Arch, […], published 1819, →OCLC, page 86:

Senses relating to a change of position.

(transitive, archaic) To move (something) from one place or position to another; to transfer.

(transitive) To transfer the remains of a deceased person (such as a monarch or other important person) from one place to another; (specifically, Christianity) to transfer a holy relic from one shrine to another.

Iohn Fiſher Biſhop of Rocheſter, when the King [Henry VII of England] would have tranſlated him from that poore Biſhopricke to a better, he refuſed, saying: He would not forſake his poore little olde wife, with whom he had ſo long lived.

1605, M. N. [pseudonym; William Camden], “Grave Speeches, and Wittie Apothegms of Woorthie Personages of This Realme in Former Times”, in Remaines of a Greater Worke, Concerning Britaine, […], London: […] G[eorge] E[ld] for Simon Waterson, →OCLC, page 220:

One hall called Civil Law Hall or School, flouriſhed about this time (though in its buildings decayed) by the care of the learned and judicious Dr. Will[iam] Warham Principal or Moderator thereof; which he leaving this year (having before had ſeveral Deputies therein) becauſe of his preferment to the ſee of London, became void for ſome time. The year following the ſaid Warham was tranſlated to Canterbury, [...]

1792, Anthony à Wood, The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, […], volume I, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Gutch, →OCLC, page 661:

(transitive, Christianity) To transfer a bishop or other cleric from one post to another.

siirtää

to transfer a bishop or other cleric from one post to another

By faith Enoch was tranſlated, that he ſhould not ſee death; and was not found, becauſe God had tranſlated him: For before his tranſlation he had this teſtimonie, that he pleaſed God.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 11:5, column 2:

He [Vitus Theodorus] was called to be a Paſtor at Norinberg, his own country, [...] till it pleaſed God to put an end to his labors, by tranſlating him out of this vale of tears into his Everlaſting Kingdom, Anno Chriſti 1549.

1654, Samuel Clark[e], “The Life of Vitus Theodorus, who Dyed Anno Christi 1549”, in The Marrow of Ecclesiastical History, […], 2nd edition, London: […] T. V. and are to be sold by William Roybould […], →OCLC, page 323:

And afterwards Thou [God] receivedst Seth and Enoch, and Enoch Thou translatedst; for Thou art the Creator of men, the Fountain of Life, the Supplier of Want, the Giver of Laws, the Rewarder of them that keep them, the Avenger of them that transgress them.

1873, Thomas Wimberley Mossman, quoting Pope Clement I (in translation), “The Genuine and Supposititious Writings of St. Clement”, in A History of the Catholic Church of Jesus Christ: From the Death of Saint John to the Middle of the Second Century: […], London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 58:

(transitive, Christianity) Of a holy person or saint: to be assumed into or to rise to Heaven without bodily death; also (figurative) to die and go to Heaven.


path

From Middle English path, peth, from Old English pæþ (“path, track”), from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz (“path”). The Proto-Germanic term could be borrowed from Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs, from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from the root *pent- (“to pass”), but many go against it and it is far from being universally accepted. https://blog.oup.com/2015/11/path-word-origin-etymology/
Germanic cognates include West Frisian paad, Dutch pad, German Pfad. Indo-Iranian cognates could be Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃 (paṇtā̊, “way”), Old Persian 𐎱𐎰 (p-θ /paθi/)), Sanskrit पन्था (panthā). See also English find). Doublet of panth.

(paganism) A Pagan tradition, for example witchcraft, Wicca, druidism, Heathenry.


exeat

Borrowed from Latin exeat, third-person singular subjunctive of exeō (“depart”) used as an impersonal imperative, literally “let him go forth”.

Coordinate term: absit

A license or permit for absence from a university or a religious house (such as a monastery).

A permission which a bishop grants to a priest to go out of his diocese.

[I]t was impossible to imagine her doing anything except eating ice-cream and smoking, like a child on an exeat from school.

1984, Anita Brookner, Hotel du Lac, Penguin, published 2016, page 66:

(dated, UK) Leave of absence from a public school or college.

Coordinate term: (plural form) exeunt

(obsolete, theater) A stage direction to leave the stage.


citizen

From Middle English citeseyn, citezein, borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain (“burgher; city-dweller”), citezein etc., probably a variant of cithein under influence of deinzein (“denizen”), from Anglo-Norman and Old French citeain etc. and citaien, citeien etc. ("burgher"; modern French citoyen), from cité ("settlement; cathedral city, city"; modern French cité) + -ain or -ien (“-an, -ian”). See city and hewe.

first-class citizen

person who is legally recognized as a member or resident

(Christianity) A resident of the heavenly city or (later) of the kingdom of God: a Christian; a good Christian.


god

Belizean Creole: gaad

Sranan Tongo: gado

Inherited from Middle English god, from Old English god, originally neuter, then changed to masculine to reflect the change in religion to Christianity, from Proto-West Germanic *god n, from Proto-Germanic *gudą; see there for further origin. Not related to the word good or Persian خدا (xodâ, “god”).

godship

with poss. pron. as joc. term of address

time spent laughing is time spent with the gods

The most frequently used name for the Islamic god is Allah.

When ancient Greeks had a thought, it occurred to them as a god or goddess giving an order. Apollo was telling them to be brave. Athena was telling them to fall in love.

A deity or supreme being; a supernatural, typically immortal, being with superior powers, to which personhood is attributed.


Islam

en-proper noun

Islam (usually uncountable, plural Islams)

Borrowed around 1610 from Arabic إِسْلَام (ʔislām, “submission, surrender”), verbal noun of أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama), from the root س ل م (s-l-m).

bor

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Islam.

A monotheistic Abrahamic religion followed by Muslims that is based on the teachings of Muhammad and the Qur'an.

It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the medieval West, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Islam, or China, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.

2003, Jacques Verger, edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, Patterns, pages 35–76:

The Muslimdom (the sphere of influence of the religion).


icon

From Latin īcōn, from Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”). Eastern Orthodox Church sense is attested from 1833. Computing sense first recorded in 1982.

der

Last week the Archdiocese sent emmissaries to investigate the icon and decided that the tears were not a hoax, Father Koufos said.

1986 December 22, “‘Weeping Virgin’ Icon Draws Throngs To Chicago”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(religion, especially Eastern Christianity) A type of religious painting portraying a saint or scene from Scripture, often done on wooden panels.


maiden

From Middle English mayden, meiden, from Old English mæġden (“girl”), originally a diminutive of mæġeþ (“girl”) via diminutive suffix -en, from Proto-West Germanic *magaþ, from Proto-Germanic *magaþs. Equivalent to maid + -en.


vocal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-vocal.wav

Late Middle English vocal, borrowed from Latin vōcālis (“uttering a voice, sounding, speaking”), from vōx (“a voice, sound, tone”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of vowel and vocalis. Compare Old French vocal.

af

Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church

(Catholicism) A man in the Roman Catholic Church who has a right to vote in certain elections.


save

en-verb

save (third-person singular simple present saves, present participle saving, simple past and past participle saved)

saves (present singular third-person)
saving (participle present)
saved (participle past)
saved (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sl̥h₂-wós
Proto-Italic *salawos
Latin salvus
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin salvō
Latin salvāre
Old French sauverbor.
Middle English saven
English save
From Middle English saven, sauven, a borrowing from Old French sauver, from Late Latin salvāre (“to save”).

etymon

save one's breath to cool one's porridge

Jesus Christ came to save sinners.

(transitive) To prevent harm or difficulty.

(Christianity) To redeem or protect someone from eternal damnation.

спасявам

Christianity: to redeem or protect someone from eternal damnation


fallen

In the Augustinian period, however, sin was held to be a death-inflicting agent, implying that the fallen was dead, and had to be restored to life.

1873, James Strong with John McClintock, Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, volume 5:

(countable, Christianity) One who has fallen, as from grace.


angel

Jamaican Creole: ienjel

→ Chinese: 安琪兒／安琪儿 (ānqí'ér)

→ Hawaiian: ʻānela

→ Lingala: anjelu, anzelu

→ Malagasy: anjely

Florence Baptistery
Seven churches of Asia
en:Angel (disambiguation)
en:angel

Two Baroque angels from southern Germany, from the mid-18th century
From Middle English angel, aungel, ængel, engel, from Old English anġel, ænġel, enġel, enċġel (“angel, messenger”), from Proto-West Germanic *angil, borrowed from Latin angelus, itself from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”); and also in part from Anglo-Norman angele, angle, from the same Latin source. The religious sense of the Greek word first appeared in the Septuagint as a translation of the Hebrew word מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ, “messenger”) or יהוה מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ YHWH, “messenger of YHWH”).
Use of the term in some churches to refer to a church official derives from interpreting the "angels" of the Seven churches of Asia in Revelation as being bishops or ministers rather than angelic beings.

der

don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly

The dear good angel of the Spring, / The nightingale.

There seemed to be girls sitting on top of them, or maybe they were meant to be angels. Angels are usually represented as wearing more than that, though.

1982, Douglas Adams, Life, the Universe and Everything, page 50:

An incorporeal and sometimes divine messenger from a deity, or other divine entity, often depicted in art as a youthful winged figure in flowing robes.


flesh

en-noun

flesh (usually uncountable, plural fleshes)

From Middle English flesh, flesch, flæsch, from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).

der

For all flesh is as grasse, and all the glory of man as the flowre of grasse: the grasse withereth, and the flowre thereof falleth away.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Peter 1:24:

For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that yee cannot doe the things that yee would.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Galatians 5:17:

1929 January, Bassett Morgan (Grace Jones), Bimini, first published in Weird Tales, reprinted 1949, in Avon Fantasy Reader, Issue 10,
But death had no gift for me, no power to free me from flesh.

(religion) The mortal body of a human being, contrasted with the spirit or soul.

(religion) The evil and corrupting principle working in man.


mass

Catholic Church
Mass (disambiguation)
Roman Rite

From Middle English messe, masse, from Old English mæsse (“the mass, church festival”) and Old French messe, from Vulgar Latin *messa (“Eucharist, dismissal”), from Late Latin missa, noun use of feminine past participle of classical Latin mittere (“to send”), from ite, missa est (“go, (the assembly) is dismissed”), reanalyzed as "go, [that] is the missa", last words of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.
Compare Dutch mis (“mass”), German Messe (“mass”), Danish messe (“mass”), Swedish mässa (“mass; expo”), Icelandic messa (“mass”). More at mission.

der

(Christianity) The Eucharist, now especially in Roman Catholicism.

(Christianity) Celebration of the Eucharist.

(Christianity, usually as the Mass) The sacrament of the Eucharist.


neologism

en-noun

neologism (countable and uncountable, plural neologisms)

/niːˈɒləd͡ʒɪzəm/

From French néologisme, from Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”) + -ism.

(theology, historical) Synonym of neology.


Muslim

Borrowed around 1615 from Arabic مُسْلِم (muslim, “one who submits”), the active participle of أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama, “he submitted”), verb form IV from the triliteral root س ل م (s-l-m), "to be whole, intact". The verbal noun إسْلام (ʔislām) means literally "submission". In a religious sense, الْإِسْلَام (al-ʔislām) translates to "faith, piety", and مُسْلِم (muslim) to "one who has (religious) faith or piety".

bor

It was gouerned by Macuac, which conditioned with Amrus that euery Egyptian should pay an Egyptian peece of Gold, and to entertaine three dayes euery Muslim which passed that way.

1626, Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World, fourth edition, page 1019: lines 19-21:

Muslims invented the concept of zero, which is a foundation for the numbering system used throughout the world.

2006, Howard Greenstein, Kendra G. Hotz, John Kaltner, What Do Our Neighbors Believe?, →ISBN:

A person who is a follower and believer of Islam.


science

en-noun

science (countable and uncountable, plural sciences)

→ Japanese: サイエンス

→ Malay: sains

→ Swahili: sayansi

From Middle English science, scyence, borrowed from Old French science, escience, from Latin scientia (“knowledge”), from sciens, the present participle stem of scire (“to know”).

O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding vain and profane babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: Which some professing have erred concerning the faith. Grace be with thee. Amen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Timothy 6:20-21:

(now only theology) The fact of knowing something; knowledge or understanding of a truth.


thine

From Middle English thyn, þyn, from Old English þīn, from Proto-West Germanic *þīn, from Proto-Germanic *þīnaz. Cognate to German dein, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian din, Faroese tín and Icelandic þinn.

Thine oxe shall be slaine before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine asse shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shal not be restored to thee: thy sheepe shall bee giuen vnto thine enemies, and thou shalt haue none to rescue them.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Deuteronomy 28:31:

Thine alabaster cities gleam / Undimmed by human tears!

1895, “America the Beautiful”, Katharine Lee Bates (lyrics), Samuel A. Ward (music):

(archaic) Singular second person prevocalic possessive determiner (preconsonantal form: thy).


thine

But if I finish all of my chores and you finish thine / Then tonight we're gonna party like it's 1699

1996, Weird Al Yankovic (lyrics and music), “Amish Paradise”, in Bad Hair Day:

(archaic) Singular second person possessive pronoun; yours.


earth

earth (countable and uncountable, plural earths)

From Middle English erthe, from Old English eorþe, from Proto-West Germanic *erþu, from Proto-Germanic *erþō (“dirt, ground, earth”) (compare West Frisian ierde, Low German Eerd, Dutch aarde, Dutch Low Saxon eerde, German Erde, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian jord), related to *erwô (“earth”) (compare Old High German ero, perhaps Old Norse jǫrfi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er- (compare Ancient Greek *ἔρα (*éra, “earth”) in ἔραζε (éraze, “to the ground, to earth”), perhaps Tocharian B yare (“gravel”).
Probably unrelated, but of unknown etymology, is Old Armenian երկիր (erkir, “earth”). Likewise, the phonologically similar Proto-Semitic *ʔarṣ́- – whence Arabic أَرْض (ʔarḍ), Hebrew אֶרֶץ (ʾereṣ) – is probably not related.

inh

earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust

(alchemy, philosophy and Taoism) The aforementioned soil- or rock-based material, considered one of the four or five classical elements.


get

gets (plural)
gittim (plural)
gitten (plural)

In Israel, rabbinic courts can imprison men until they acquiesce and grant gets to their wives.

2013, Dan Cohn-Sherbok, George D. Chryssides, Dawoud El-Alami, Love, Sex and Marriage, page 143:


lay

en-verb

lay (third-person singular simple present lays, present participle laying, simple past and past participle laid)

lays (present singular third-person)
laying (participle present)
laid (participle past)
laid (past)

Calque of Yiddish לייגן (leygn, “to put, lay”).

calque

(Judaism, transitive) To don or put on (tefillin (phylacteries)).


iconoclast

Borrowed from French iconoclaste, from Byzantine Greek εἰκονοκλάστης (eikonoklástēs, literally “image breaker”). By surface analysis, icon + -clast.

der

εἰκονοκλάστης

In the days of the early Christian church, people who opposed the veneration (reverence) of images were called iconoclasts.

2004, Eugene TeSelle, World Book Encyclopedia, 2004 edition (CD), Iconoclast:

(historical, Christianity) One who destroys religious images or icons, especially an opponent of the Orthodox Church in the 8th and 9th centuries, or a Puritan during the European Reformation.

պատկերամարտ

one who destroys religious images or icons


blow

en-verb

blow (third-person singular simple present blows, present participle blowing, simple past blew, past participle blown)

blows (present singular third-person)
blowing (participle present)
blew (past)
blown (participle past)

From Middle English blowen, from Old English blāwan (“to blow, breathe, inflate, sound”), from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną (“to blow”) (compare German blähen), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to swell, blow up”) (compare Latin flō (“to blow”) and Old Armenian բեղուն (bełun, “fertile”)).

der

Church of Scientology
Church of Scientology

(Scientology, intransitive) To leave the Church of Scientology in an unauthorized manner.


substance

en-noun

substance (countable and uncountable, plural substances)

From Middle English substance, from Old French substance, from Latin substantia (“substance, essence”), from substāns, present active participle of substō (“exist”, literally “stand under”), from sub + stō (“stand”). Displaced native Old English andweorc.

substancë

physical matter; material — see also matter

(theology, philosophy) Ousia, essence; underlying reality or hypostasis in the philosophical sense.


stole

From Old English stole, from Latin stola, from Ancient Greek στολή (stolḗ, “stole, garment, equipment”); akin to stall. Doublet of stola.

der

A scarf-like garment, often made of fur.


zucchetto

Borrowed from Italian zucchetto, ultimately a diminutive of zucca (“gourd, squash”), due to the shape. Compare zucchini.

A small skullcap worn by Roman Catholic clergy (the Pope's is white, a cardinal's red, a bishop's purple, and a priest's black), Anglican clergy, and Syriac or Malankara Orthodox clergy


coven

From Middle English covent, from Anglo-Norman covent, cuvent, from Old French covent, from Latin conventum, from conveniō, from cum (“with”) and venio (“I come”). Doublet of convent.

“This is a very African area”, he said as they maneuvered their way among the covens of menacing children gathered in the halls.

1986, David Leavitt, The Lost Language of Cranes (paperback), Penguin, page 12:

A clique that shares common interests or activities.


bright

The adjective is from Middle English bright, from Old English beorht, from Proto-West Germanic *berht, from Proto-Germanic *berhtaz (“bright”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine, to gleam, whiten”).
The noun is derived from Middle English bright (“brightness, brilliance; daylight; light”), from bright (adjective): see above.
The English word is cognate with Albanian bardhë (“white”), Dutch brecht (in personal names), Icelandic bjartur (“bright”), Lithuanian brekšta (“to dawn”), Middle Irish brafad (“blink of an eye”), Norwegian bjart (“bright, clear, shining”), Persian برازیدن (barâzidan, “to beautify; to befit”), Northern Luri بڵێز (bełız, “blaze”) Russian бре́зжить (brézžitʹ, “to dawn; to flicker faintly, glimmer; (figuratively) of a hope, thought, etc.: to begin to manifest, emerge”), Sanskrit भ्राजते (bhrājate), Scots bricht (“bright”), Welsh berth (“beautiful, fair, fine”) (obsolete).

cog

Brights constitute 60% of American scientists, and a stunning 93% of those scientists good enough to be elected to the elite National Academy of Sciences (equivalent to Fellows of the Royal Society) are brights.

2003 June 20, Richard Dawkins, “The future looks bright”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-03-22:

Many of us brights have devoted considerable time and energy at some point in our lives to looking at the arguments for and against the existence of God, and many brights continue to pursue these issues, hacking away vigorously at the arguments of believers as if they were trying to refute a rival scientific theory. But not I.

2006, Daniel C[lement] Dennett, “Breaking Which Spell?”, in Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, New York, N.Y.: Viking, →ISBN, part I (Opening Pandora’s Box), section 5 (Religion as a Natural Phenomenon), page 27:

[Richard] Dawkins has received appreciative letters from people who were formerly what he derisively calls "faith-heads" who have abandoned their delusions and come over to the side of the brights, the pleasant green pastures where clear-eyed, brave, bold, and supremely brainy atheists graze contentedly.

2008 April, David Aikman, “The Attack of the Four Horsemen”, in The Delusion of Disbelief: Why the New Atheism is a Threat to Your Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness, Carol Stream, Ill.: SaltRiver, Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN, page 28:

A person with a naturalistic worldview with no mystical or supernatural elements.


spell

From Middle English spell, spel, from Old English spell (“news, story”), from Proto-Germanic *spellą (“speech, account, tale”), from Proto-Indo-European *spel- (“to tell”) or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to speak, to sound”) with the s-mobile prefix. Cognate with dialectal German Spill, Icelandic spjall (“discussion, talk”), spjalla (“to discuss, to talk”), guðspjall (“gospel”) and Albanian fjalë (“word”).

der

hoa- (prefix with various attachments for various purposes)

He cast a spell to cure warts.

Words or a formula supposed to have magical powers.

under a spell

Skies are not so black / Mary took me back / Mary has broken your spell

1962, Marty Robbins (lyrics and music), “Devil Woman”:

I believe your love has placed its spell on me

2020, Deftones, The Spell of Mathematics:

A magical effect or influence induced by an incantation or formula.


spell

en-verb

spell (third-person singular simple present spells, present participle spelling, simple past and past participle spelled)

spells (present singular third-person)
spelling (participle present)
spelled (participle past)
spelled (past)

Vnchaine your spirits now with spelling Charmes,

1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii], page 115, column 2:

[…] although the Kings Jealousie was thus particular to her, his Affection was as general to others […] Above all, for a time he was much speld with Elianor Talbot […]

1647, George Buck, The History and Life and Reigne of Richard the Third, London, Book 4, p. 116:

1697, John Dryden (translator), Georgics, Book 3 in The Works of Virgil, London: Jacob Tonson, p. 109, lines 444-446,
This, gather’d in the Planetary Hour,
With noxious Weeds, and spell’d with Words of pow’r
Dire Stepdames in the Magick Bowl infuse;

But when, O Wells! thy roses came to me
My sense with their deliciousness was spell’d:

1817, John Keats, “To a Friend who sent me some Roses”, in Poems, London: C. & J. Ollier, page 83:

To put under the influence of a spell; to affect by a spell; to bewitch; to fascinate; to charm.


spell

→ Welsh: sbel

From Middle English spelen, from Old English spelian (“to represent, take or stand in the place of another, act as a representative of another”), akin to Middle English spale (“a rest or break”), Old English spala (“representative, substitute”).

cog

Even Mrs. Harker seems to lose sight of her trouble for whole spells. [...] When he had spoken, Mina's long spell of silence made me look at her.

1897, Bram Stoker, chapter 24, in Dracula, HTML edition:

So after a short spell in the brass foundry the wisest course was to follow with a similar period in the steel foundry, where much important work was done, including the manufacture of centres for wheels.

1944 November and December, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—II”, in Railway Magazine, page 343:

[...] Class 37s became synonymous with the depot, and over the years more than a third of the class had a spell allocated to the shed.

2020 June 17, John Crosse, “Thornaby's traction transition”, in Rail, page 65:

(colloquial) An indefinite period of time (usually with a qualifier); by extension, a relatively short distance.


behemoth

/ˈbiː.əˌməθ/

From Middle English behemoth, bemoth, from Late Latin behemoth, from Hebrew בְּהֵמוֹת (behemót). Most likely, the Hebrew word is an intensive plural of בְּהֵמָה (behemá, “beast”), from Proto-Semitic (compare Ge'ez ብህመ (bəhmä, “to be dumb, to be speechless”), Arabic ب ه م (b-h-m)).
Some have instead suggested a borrowing from a hypothetical Egyptian pA-i-H-E1-mw (*pꜣ-jḥ-mw, “hippopotamus”, literally “the ox of the water”), from pꜣ (“definite article”) + jḥ (“ox, cattle”) + mw (“water”) in a direct genitive construction (for the pronunciation, compare the later Coptic descendants ⲡ- (p-) + ⲉϩⲉ (ehe) + ⲙⲟⲟⲩ (moou)); this, however, suffers from problems such as the lack of attestation of the supposed etymon, and there seems little reason to prefer it to the intensive plural explanation.

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">*pꜣ-jḥ-mw</i>

Coordinate term: leviathan

⸿ Beholde now Behemoth which I made with thee, hee eateth graſſe as an oxe.
 Loe now, his ſtrength is in his loynes, and his force is in the nauell of his belly.
 Hee moueth his taile like a Cedar: the ſinewes of his ſtones are wrapt together.
 His bones are as ſtrong pieces of braſſe: his bones are like barres of iron.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 40:15–18, column 1:

(biblical) A great and mighty beast which God shows to Job in Job 40:15–24.


sheep

en-noun

sheep (countable and uncountable, plural sheep or (nonstandard, humorous or childish) sheeps)

sheep (plural)
sheeps (childish humorous nonstandard plural)

desctree

Tok Pisin: sipsip (reduplication)
→ Rotokas: sipisipi

→ Abenaki: azib (from "a sheep")

→ Chuukese: siip

→ Coeur d'Alene: sip

→ Quiripi: sheeps

Inherited from Middle English schep, schepe, from Anglian Old English sċēp, a variant of sċēap, from Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą , of unknown origin.
Perhaps from the same Scythian word (compare Ossetian цӕу (cæw, “goat”), Persian چپش (čapiš, “yearling goat”)) which was borrowed into Albanian as cjap, sqap (“buck”) and into Slavic (compare Polish cap). After Kroonen, *skēpą is instead from the root of Proto-Germanic *skabaną (“to scratch”) via Kluge's law.
See also West Frisian skiep, North Frisian schäip, Dutch schaap, German Schaf), beside Proto-Germanic *keppô (compare Old Norse kjappi (“buck”), dialectal German Kippe (“newborn calf”)).

don't teach your grandmother to steal sheep

one may as well hang for a sheep as a lamb

1990, Dave Mustaine, "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due", Megadeth, Rust in Peace.
And fools like me, who cross the sea and come to foreign lands / Ask the sheep, for their beliefs do you kill on God's command?

(countable, chiefly Christianity, chiefly plural) A religious adherent, a member of a congregation or religious community (compare flock).


cell

From Middle English celle, selle, from Old English cell (attested in inflected forms), from Latin cella (“chamber, small room, compartment”), later reinforced by Old French cel, sele, Old French cele. ultimately from Proto-Italic *kelnā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of cella and hall.

der

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

The upper right cell always starts with the color green.

Basically, I'm looking for a fast (the fastest?) way of updating grids, where each cell has to look at an arbitrary number of its neighbors.

1988 January 26, David Hiebeler, “Fast way to update grids”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

It is used for land-use change simulations, where the content of the cells surrounding a central cell defines how this cell is going to evolve (for example, a cell that is "agriculture" but has 3 urban neighbors will likely become urban, while if it is surrounded by forest or other agriculture cells, it will remain agriculture.)

2010 March 10, Jean H., “What is CA for?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I've seen this space colloqually referred to as MAP (presumably since it maps a 3x3 neighborhood into a future cell state)

2022 February 11, Mateon1, “Game of Life with real 8 neighbors”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) The minimal unit of a cellular automaton that can change state and has an associated behavior.


acolyte

From Middle English acolite, acolit, from Old French acolyt and Late Latin acolythus, from Ancient Greek ἀκόλουθος (akólouthos, “follower, attendant”).

(Christianity) One who has received the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic Church, being ordained to carry the wine, water and lights at Mass.

acòlit

Catholic church: highest of the minor orders; ordained to carry wine, water and lights at the Mass


circle

Pitcairn-Norfolk: sirkil

From Middle English circle, cercle, from Old French cercle and Latin circulus, diminutive of Latin circus (“circle, circus”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring”), related to Old English hring (“ring”). Compare also Old English ċircul (“circle, zodiac”), which came from the same Latin source.

دَائِرَة

geometry: set of all points in a plane within a radius

(Wicca) A ritual circle that is cast three times deosil and closes three times widdershins either in the air with a wand or literally with stones or other items used for worship.

He arrived at the lakefront and drove around the circle where the amusement park and beach used to be when he was a kid[…]

2011, Charles E. Webb, Downfall and Freedom, page 120:

(South Africa, Philippines, India) A traffic circle or roundabout.

(astronomy) An instrument of observation, whose graduated limb consists of an entire circle. When fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.


circle

en-verb

circle (third-person singular simple present circles, present participle circling, simple past and past participle circled)

circles (present singular third-person)
circling (participle present)
circled (participle past)
circled (past)

Vultures circled overhead.


tongue

en-noun

tongue (countable and uncountable, plural tongues)

Australian Kriol: tang

Bislama: tang

Sranan Tongo: tongo

Tok Pisin: tang

Torres Strait Creole: tang

From Middle English tonge, tunge, tung, from Old English tunge, from Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ (“tongue”) (compare West Frisian tonge, Dutch tong, Luxembourgish Zong, German Zunge, Yiddish צונג (tsung), Danish tunge, Norwegian Bokmål tunge, Swedish tunga, Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Cognate with Old Irish tengae, Latin lingua, Tocharian A käntu, Tocharian B kantwo, Lithuanian liežùvis, Russian язык (jazyk), Polish język, Old Armenian լեզու (lezu), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 (hizuuā), Persian زبان (zabân), Ashkun žū, Kamkata-viri dić, Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā́). Doublet of language and lingua.

puhe

uncountable: discourse, fluency of speech

Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 13:8:

(religion, often in the plural) Glossolalia.


connection

connection (countable and uncountable, plural connections)

From Middle English conneccioun, connexioun, conneccyon, conneccion, from Latin connexionem (nominative connexio (“a conclusion, binding together”)), from connectō, an alternative spelling of cōnectō (“I bind together”), from compound of co- (“together”) and nectō (“I bind”).
In American English mid-18c., spelling shifted from connexion to connection (equivalent to connect + -ion), thus making connexion British dated and connection in international use.

disconnection

dysconnection, also archaic inconnection

(religion) A Methodist denomination as a whole, as opposed to its constituent churches, circuits, districts and conferences.


straight

en-adj

straight (comparative straighter, superlative straightest)

straighter (comparative)
straightest (superlative)

→ Japanese: ストレート

From Middle English streight, streght, streiȝt, the past participle of strecchen (“to stretch”), from Old English streċċan (past participle ġestreaht, ġestreht), from Proto-West Germanic *strakkjan (“to stretch”). Doublet of straught. Equivalent to stretch + -ed

der

Egypt is a long country, but it is straight, that is to say, narrow.

c. 1360, Sir John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville:

that the old streets are unfit for the present frequency of Coaches; and that the passage of Ludgate is a throat too straight for the body.

1814, John Britton, Edward Wedlake Brayley, Thomas Hood, The Beauties of England and Wales:

"Enter ye into the straight gate; for wide is the gate and broad is the way that leadeth unto destruction, and many go in thereat; because straight is the gate and narrow is the way that leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it."

1893, The Pulpit: A Magazine of Sermons - Volume 8, page 322:

Family or Gentile expansion: “Behold now the place where we dwell with thee is too straight for us.”

1894, American Anthropologist, page 153:

One is a wide gate and broad way seeker, while the other is the straight gate and narrow way seeker.

2013, Dr. Apostle Emmanuel Adebiyi, Purposes of the Cross:

(rare, now chiefly religion) Strait; narrow.


turtle dove

From Middle English turtildove, turteldoufe (cognate with Old High German turtultūba, turtulatūba, turtiltūba, Middle High German turteltūbe, türteltūbe, German Turteltaube; German Low German Turtelduuv, Dutch tortelduif, Faroese turtildúgva, Icelandic turtildúfa), Danish turteldue, Norwegian Bokmål turteldue, Norwegian Nynorsk turteldue, Swedish turturduva. The first element is from Latin turtur (“turtledove”) (compare the archaic synonym turtle (“turtle dove (bird)”); the word is not related to turtle (“reptile with a shell”).

Any of several (species of) birds, called by this traditional name, mainly in the genus Streptopelia, of the family Columbidae (doves and pigeons, which also included the extinct passenger pigeon, dodo, and solitaire).


branch

From Middle English branche, braunche, bronche, from Old French branche, branke, from Late Latin branca (“footprint”, later also “paw, claw”) (whence Middle High German pranke, German Pranke (“paw”)), of unknown origin.
Perhaps of Celtic origin, from a hypothetical Gaulish *vranca, from Proto-Indo-European *wrónk-eh₂. If so, then Indo-European cognates include Old Norse rá, vró (“angle, corner”), and possibly Lithuanian rankà (“hand”), Old Church Slavonic рѫка (rǫka, “hand”), Albanian rangë (“yardwork”).
The verb is from Middle English braunchen, from the noun.

unk

unknown

the highest branch is not the safest roost

(Mormonism) A local congregation of the LDS Church that is not large enough to form a ward; see Wikipedia article on ward in LDS church.


simple

Inherited from Middle English symple, simple, from Old French and French simple, from Latin simplex (“simple”, literally “onefold”) (as opposed to duplex (“double”, literally “twofold”)), from semel (“the same”) + plicō (“I fold”). See same and fold. Compare single, singular, simultaneous, etc.
Partially displaced native English onefold.

der

(Roman Catholicism) A feast which is not a double or a semidouble.


partridge

en-noun

partridge (plural partridges or partridge)

/ˈpɑːtɹɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈpɑɹtɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English partrich, partriche, pertriche, perdriz, from Old French perdriz, partriz, from Latin perdīx (“partridge”), from Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”), probably from πέρδομαι (pérdomai, “to fart”).

partridge-wood

Andira inermis; Millettia stuhlmannii; Stereum frustulosum

On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent to me a partridge in a pear tree.

...and the loudest sound in the lonely fields was when, adventuring too near some late brood, the partridge sought to deceive by a plaintive cry and seeming helplessness, crossing before your very feet, till, when drawn to a sufficient distance, suddenly the air vibrated to the flutter of her active pinions.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XI, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 80:

(ornithology) Any bird of a number of genera in the family Phasianidae, notably in the genera Perdix and Alectoris.

thëllëzë

any bird of the genera Perdix or Alectoris

鹧鸪 (zhègū) (francolin, but often translated as partridge)


wake

From Middle English wake, from Old English wacu, from Proto-Germanic *wakō, related to the verb *wakjaną.

1523–1525, Jean Froissart, John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners (translator), Froissart's Chronicles
Great solemnities were made in all churches, and great fairs and wakes throughout all England.

And every village smokes at wakes with lusty cheer.

1612, Michael Drayton, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [John Selden], editor, Poly-Olbion. Or A Chorographicall Description of Tracts, Riuers, Mountaines, Forests, and Other Parts of this Renowned Isle of Great Britaine, […], London: […] H[umphrey] L[ownes] for Mathew Lownes; I[ohn] Browne; I[ohn] Helme; I[ohn] Busbie, published 1613, →OCLC:

(historical, Church of England) A yearly parish festival formerly held in commemoration of the dedication of a church. Originally, prayers were said on the evening preceding, and hymns were sung during the night, in the church; subsequently, these vigils were discontinued, and the day itself, often with succeeding days, was occupied in rural pastimes and exercises, attended by eating and drinking.


goddess

From Middle English goddesse, equivalent to god + -ess, formed about 1350. The figurative meaning is first found in Spenser's Shepheardes calender (1579). Displaced Old English gyden.


control

en-noun

control (countable and uncountable, plural controls)

From Middle English controllen, from Old French contrerole, from Medieval Latin contrārotulum (“a counter-roll or register used to verify accounts”), from Latin contrā (“against, opposite”) + Medieval Latin rotulus, Latin rotula (“roll, a little wheel”), diminutive of rota (“a wheel”).

der

"Ah, who are they? I wonder. Guides, controls, psychic entities of some kind. Who the agents of vengeance - or I should say justice - are, is really not essential."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

(spiritualism, parapsychology) A spirit that takes possession of a psychic or medium and allows other spirits to communicate with the living.


sit

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
Middle English sitten
English sit
From Middle English sitten, from Old English sittan, from Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, from Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sitte, Low German sitten, Dutch zitten, German sitzen, Swedish sitta, Norwegian Bokmål sitte, Norwegian Nynorsk sitja; and with Irish suigh, Latin sedeo, Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ).

etymon

(rare, Buddhism) An event, usually lasting one full day or more, where the primary goal is to sit in meditation.


act

en-noun

act (countable and uncountable, plural acts)

From Middle English acte, from Old French acte, from Latin ācta (“register of events”), plural of āctum (“decree, law”), from agere (“to do, to act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Compare German Akte (“file”). Partially displaced deed, from Old English dǣd (“act, deed”).

(theology) Something done once and for all, as distinguished from a work.


street

en-verb

street (third-person singular simple present streets, present participle streeting, simple past and past participle streeted)

streets (present singular third-person)
streeting (participle present)
streeted (participle past)
streeted (past)

From Anglian Old English strēt (“street”) (cognate West Saxon form strǣt) from Proto-West Germanic *strātu (“street”), an early borrowing from Late Latin (via) strāta (“paved (road)”), from Latin strātus, past participle of sternō (“stretch out, spread, bestrew with, cover, pave”), from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to stretch out, extend, spread”).
Cognate with Scots stret, strete, streit (“street”), Saterland Frisian Sträite (“street”), West Frisian strjitte (“street”), Dutch straat (“street”), German Low German Straat (“street”), German Straße (“street”), Swedish stråt (“way, path”), Icelandic stræti (“street”) (Scandinavian forms are borrowed from Old English), Portuguese estrada (“road, way, drive”), Italian strada (“road, street”). Related to Old English strēowian, strewian (“to strew, scatter”), Latin sternō, Ancient Greek στορνύναι (stornýnai). More at strew.
The /aː/ vowel of the Latin form shifted by Anglo-Frisian brightening to /æː/ in West Saxon and /eː/ in Anglian Old English; these developed respectively to /ɛː/ and /eː/ in Middle English, /eː/ and /iː/ in Early Modern English, and finally /iː/ in Modern English by the Great Vowel Shift. The modern spelling reflects the Anglian form, as in sleep, greedy, sheep.

der

A person I met streeting in Osaka told me the above Kanji examples as well as many others that I have since forgot.

2000, Dow Glenn Ostlund, The Lost Tribes of Isuraeru: Belief Tales Among Mormon Missionaries in Japan:

Although streeting or tracting, as the first two contacting methods are known, tend to produce negligible results when seen through a broad sociological lens, there was often something about meeting American missionaries that appealed to our Japanese Latter-day Saints.

2007, John Patrick Hoffmann, Japanese Saints: Mormons in the Land of the Rising Sun, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 94:

They streeted the rest of the afternoon, and each picked up an intro lesson. They went back to the church after dinner.

2010, Eugene Woodbury, chapter 9, in Tokyo South, Peaks Island Press, →ISBN, page 86:

(Japanese Mormonism) To proselytize in public.


deity

en-noun

deity (countable and uncountable, plural deities)

From Middle French deité, from Latin deitās.

The crux of monotheism is not only belief in a single deity but belief in a deity who is different from everything else.

2000, Kenneth Seeskin, Searching for a Distant God: The Legacy of Maimonides, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 23:

A supernatural divine being; a god or goddess.


principality

principality (countable and uncountable, plural principalities)

From Middle English principalte, principalite, from Anglo-Norman principalté, Middle French principalté, from Late Latin prīncipālitās, from Latin prīncipālis (“principal”) + -tās. Equivalent to principal + -ity.

(theology, countable) A spiritual being, specifically in Christian angelology, the fifth level of angels, ranked above powers and below dominions.


bible

From Middle English bible, from Middle Latin biblia (“book”) (misinterpreted as a feminine from earlier Latin neuter plural biblia (“books”)), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía, “books”), plural of βιβλίον (biblíon, “small book”), originally a diminutive of βίβλος (bíblos, “book”), from βύβλος (búblos, “papyrus”) (from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported this writing material).
Old English used biblioþēce (from βιβλιοθήκη) and ġewritu (> English writs) for "the Scriptures".

The bible was used by Presley throughout his life until his death on 16 August 1977 and contains his handwritten notes, thoughts and annotations.

2012 September 8, Cass Jones, “Elvis Presley's bible sells for £59,000”, in The Guardian:

Alternative letter-case form of Bible (“a specific version, edition, translation, or copy of the Christian religious text”)

Bible

The Buddhist bible tells this story of Buddha’s time of temptation when he was living as a hermit on the Mount of Snow.

1925, Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto, A Daughter of the Samurai, page 76:

Alternative letter-case form of Bible (“the analogous holy book of another religion”)


impose

en-verb

impose (third-person singular simple present imposes, present participle imposing, simple past and past participle imposed)

imposes (present singular third-person)
imposing (participle present)
imposed (participle past)
imposed (past)
impose (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Late Middle English imposen (“to place, set; to impose (a duty, etc.)”), borrowed from Middle French imposer, and Old French emposer, enposer (“to impose (a duty, tax, etc.)”) (modern French imposer), from im-, em- (variants of en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into’)) + poser (“to place, put”), modelled after:
* Latin impōnere, the present active infinitive of impōnō (“to place or set (something) on; (figurative) to impose (a duty, tax, etc.)”), from im- (variant of in- (prefix meaning ‘on, upon’)) + pōnō (“to place, put; etc.”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, *h₂epó (“away; off”) + *tḱey- (“to cultivate; to live; to settle”)); and
* Latin impositus (“established; put upon, imposed”), the perfect passive participle of impōnō: see above.
The noun is derived from the verb.

der

[Jesus] ſaid to them, Suffer the litle children to come vnto me, and prohibit them not, for the kingdom of God is for ſuch. […] And embracing them, and impoſing hands vpon them, he bleſſed them.

1582, The Nevv Testament of Iesus Christ: […] (Douay–Rheims Bible), Rheims: Iohn Fogny, →OCLC, Marke 10:14 and 16, page 113:

[W]hen Iſraell bleſſed Ephraim and Manaſſes Ioſephs ſonnes, hee impoſed vpon them his hands and prayed, […]

1597, Richard Hooker, “Of Confirmation after Baptisme”, in J[ohn] S[penser], editor, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, […], 2nd edition, London: […] Will[iam] Stansby [for Matthew Lownes], published 1611, →OCLC, book V, section 66, page 351:

[T]hat the Apoſtolate might be ſucceſſive and perpetuall, Chriſt gave them a povver of ordination, that by impoſing hands on others they might impart that povver vvhich they receiued from Chriſt.

1642, Jer[emy] Taylor, “§ 3. With a Power of Joyning Others and Appointing Successors in the Apostolate.”, in Of the Sacred Order, and Offices of Episcopacy, by Divine Institution, Apostolicall Tradition, & Catholike Practice. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Leonard Lichfield, printer to the University, →OCLC, page 13:

(archaic) To physically lay or place (something) on another thing; to deposit, to put, to set.

(Christianity) To lay or place (one's hands) on someone as a blessing, during rites of confirmation, ordination, etc.

siunata

to lay or place (one’s hands) on someone as a blessing


From French none, from Latin nōna (“ninth; ninth hour”).

Alternative form of nones: the ninth hour after dawn; (Christianity) the religious service appointed to this hour.


energy

en-noun

energy (countable and uncountable, plural energies)

→ Cebuano: enerdyi

→ Japanese: エナジー (enajī)

→ Korean: 에너지 (eneoji)

From Middle French énergie, from Late Latin energia, from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia, “activity”), from ἐνεργός (energós, “active”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). The sense in physics was coined by English polymath Thomas Young in 1802 in his lectures on Natural Philosophy.

coin

The three Persons of the Holy Trinity have the same opinion, make the same decision, and put forth the same energy and action.

2003, Carl S. Tyneh, Orthodox Christianity: Overview and Bibliography, page 21:

We hold, further, that there are two energies in our Lord Jesus Christ. For He possesses on the one hand, as God and being of like essence with the Father, the divine energy, and, likewise, since He became man and of like essence to us, the energy proper to human nature. […] Energy is the efficient and essential activity of nature; the capacity for energy is the nature from which proceeds energy; the product of energy is that which is effected by energy; and the agent of energy is the person or subsistence which uses the energy.

2017, Stoyan Tanev, Energy in Orthodox Theology and Physics: From Controversy to Encounter, quoting and translating the conclusions of the Fifth Council of Constantinople (1351), page 2

The doctrine of the divine energies states that the divine essence, God-in-himself, is unknowable to any creature, whereas God makes himself known in creation by his divine energies, which are inseparable from the divine essence yet distinct from it. Humans know and experience God through his energies. […] Energies are indeed God, but God is more than his energies.

2019, Paul Ladouceur, Modern Orthodox Theology: Behold, I Make All Things New, pages 368–369:

(Eastern Orthodoxy, theology, often in the plural) The external actions and influences resulting from an entity’s internal nature (ousia) and by which it is made manifest, as opposed to that internal nature itself; the aspect of an entity that can affect the wider world and be apprehended by other beings.


election

en-noun

election (countable and uncountable, plural elections)

From Middle English eleccioun, eleccion, from Anglo-Norman eleccioun, from Latin ēlectiōn-, stem of ēlectiō (“choice, selection”), from ēligō (“I pluck out, I choose”). Equivalent to elect + -ion.

[H]e [Paul] laboureth to comfort Timothy vvith the remembrance of the ſtedfaſtneſs of Gods eternal decree of Election, becauſe grounded on his foreknowledge; […]

1684, John Bunyan, A Holy Life, the Beauty of Christianity: Or, An Exhortation to Christians to be Holy, London: […] B. W. for Benj[amin] Alsop, […], →OCLC, page 3:

(theology) In Calvinism, God's predestination of saints including all of the elect.


Christian

/ˈkɹɪʃt͡ʃən/

/ˈkɹɪst͡ʃən/

From Middle English Cristien, from Old French chrestien, from Latin Chrīstiānus, from Ancient Greek Χρῑστιᾱνός (Khrīstiānós), from Χρῑστός (Khrīstós, “Christ, anointed [one]”) + Latin suffix -ānus. The older form is Christen. Doublet of cretin. By surface analysis, Christ + -ian.

Shyl.... If a Iewe wrong a Christian, what is his humillity, reuenge? If a Christian wrong a Iewe, what should his sufferance be by Christian example, why reuenge? The villanie you teach me I will execute, and it shall goe hard but I will better the instruction.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

The whole life of a good Christian is nothing else but a state of holy desire (sanctum desiderium).

1848, James Ford translating St. Augustine in The Gospel of St. Matthew, Illustrated from Ancient and Modern Authors, p. 46

“Mahatma Gandhi, I am very anxious to see Christianity naturalized in India, so that it shall be no longer a foreign thing identified with foreign people and a foreign government, but a part of the national life of India... What would you suggest that we do to make that possible?” He very gravely and thoughtfully replied: “I would suggest, first, that all of you Christians, missionaries and all, must begin to live more like Jesus Christ.”

1925, E. Stanley Jones, The Christ of the Indian Road, page 118:

[…]thousands of people have been killed in recent years in violence between Muslims and Christians[…]

2008, Christopher Catherwood, Making War in the Name of God, page 188:

On the contrary, many lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Christians and Catholics, including heterosexual allies of lesbians and gay Christians, of them, have voiced their opinions on the complicated issues of religion and sexuality.

2011, Denise Tse-Shang Tang, Conditional Spaces: Hong Kong Lesbian Desires and Everyday Life, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, pages 67–68:

In South Korea, the Mingjung Theology inspired Christians and Catholics to question the legitimacy of the authoritarian regime.

2012, Cheng-tian Kuo, “Institutional Choices of Church-State Relations in Chinese Societies”, in Baogang Guo, Chung-chian Teng, editors, Taiwan and the Rise of China: Cross-Strait Relations in the Twenty-first Century, Lanham: Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 123:

The point of emphasis here is the fact that many Igbo became Catholics or Christians not because they were convinced of the teachings and practice of Christianity but as a result of many factors.

2013, Eze Ikechukwu, Being a Christian in Igbo Land: Facts, Fictions and Challenges, Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, →ISBN:

Catholics, Christians, Jews, Muslims, and any other dogma that you read about were warring, while fully in their deception from the Light of Truth.

2021, Yahonathan Daweed, Yahweh for Christians: I Am Original Words, Original Truth, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Dorrance Publishing Co, →ISBN, page 161:

Another way Christians and Catholics are perceived as anti-homosexual is via institutional oppression.

2022, Arthur David Canales, Pastoral Care to and Ministry with LGBTQ Youth and Young Adults, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, →ISBN, page 69:

(nonstandard) An adherent of Christianity who is not a Catholic; a Protestant.

Ye lyfe of euery christian, is as a pilgremage.

1526, William Bonde, Preface to Pylgrimage of Perfection

The very word ‘Christianity’ is a misunderstanding—at bottom there was only one Christian, and he died on the cross.

1976, Friedrich Nietzsche, translated by Walter Arnold Kaufmann, The Antichrist, §39:

‘You’re riding for a fall, Healey, you know that? There are hedges and ditches ahead and you are on course for an almighty cropper.’
‘Sir.’
‘And I shall be cheering and laughing as you tumble,’ said Meddlar, his spectacles flashing.
‘That’s just the warm-hearted Christian in you, sir.’

1991 September, Stephen Fry, chapter 1, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, →OCLC, section II, page 20:

A person who seeks to live his or her life according to the principles and values taught by Jesus Christ.


Christian

en-proper noun

Christian (countable and uncountable, plural Christians)

/ˈkɹɪʃt͡ʃən/

/ˈkɹɪst͡ʃən/

An unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States.


Christian

en-adj

Christian (comparative more Christian, superlative most Christian)

more Christian (comparative)
most Christian (superlative)

agnostic

antonym(s) of “of or relating to Christianity or Christians”

/ˈkɹɪʃt͡ʃən/

/ˈkɹɪst͡ʃən/

krishterë

of, like or relating to Christianity or Christians

(not comparable) Of, like or relating to Christianity or Christians.

While Christian churches allow lay believers in Jesus to do exorcism, Catholics limit the practice to selected priests.

2000 November 10, “The scourge of evil spirits”, in SCMP:

This is not to say that there is no discord within Christian and Catholic congregations on this issue.

2011, Denise Tse-Shang Tang, Conditional Spaces: Hong Kong Lesbian Desires and Everyday Life, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 67:

When asked whether they are Christian, some Catholics respond, “No. I am Catholic.” Many Catholics see the Christian question as an attempt to discover whether they have accepted Christ in a way that is more representative of a Protestant or evangelical experience. Saying, “No, I’m not Christian” can also be a way to assert a student’s distinctively Catholic identity, even though they know Catholics are Christian because they believe in Christ.

2019, Katie Brick, J. Cody Nielsen, Greg Jao, Eric Paul Rogers, John A. Monson, “Understanding Christian Students on Campus”, in Kathleen M. Goodman, Mary Ellen Giess, Eboo Patel, editors, Educating About Religious Diversity and Interfaith Engagement: A Handbook for Student Affairs, Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing, →ISBN:

(nonstandard, not comparable) Of, like or relating to Protestant Christians.

(not comparable) Of, like or relating to Jesus Christ.


squirrel

From Middle English squirel, squyrelle, from Anglo-Norman esquirel and Old French escurel (whence French écureuil), from Vulgar Latin *scūriolus, diminutive of *scūrius, variant of Latin sciūrus, from Ancient Greek σκίουρος (skíouros) "shadow-tail", from σκιά (skiá, “shadow”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”).
Displaced native Middle English acquerne, aquerne, from Old English ācweorna.

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every now and then

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every once in a while

(Scientology, often derogatory) A person, usually a freezoner, who applies L. Ron Hubbard's technology in a heterodox manner.


sin

en-noun

sin (countable and uncountable, plural sins)

From Middle English sinne, synne, sunne, zen, from Old English synn (“sin”), from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju, from Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth, excuse”) and *sundī, *sundijō (“sin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-ih₂, from *h₁sónts ("being, true", implying a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge), from *h₁es- (“to be”); compare Old English sōþ ("true"; see sooth). Doublet of suttee.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots syn, sin (“sin”), Saterland Frisian Säände (“sin”), West Frisian sûnde (“sin”), Dutch zonde (“sin”), Low German sunn, sunne (“sin”), German Sünde (“sin”), Danish synd (“sin”), Swedish synd (“sin”), Icelandic synð, synd (“sin”), Latin sont-, sons (“sinful, guilty, criminal”). Doublet of suttee.

gloss

let he who is without sin cast the first stone

let him that is without sin cast the first stone

let him who is without sin cast the first stone

As a Christian, I think this is a sin against God.

Slavery, according to them, was a grievous sin against God, and therefore no human Constitution could rightfully shield it from destruction. It was sinful to live in a political confederacy which tolerated slavery in any of the States composing it;[…]

1866, James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion, New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:

(theology) A violation of divine will or religious law.

colpa (per mia colpa, per mia grandissima colpa" - "for my sin, for my sin, for my very great sin)

used in the Christian phrase "per mia colpa


sin

en-verb

sin (third-person singular simple present sins, present participle sinning, simple past and past participle sinned)

sins (present singular third-person)
sinning (participle present)
sinned (participle past)
sinned (past)

(intransitive, theology) To commit a sin.


clear

en-adj

clear (comparative clearer, superlative clearest)

clearer (comparative)
clearest (superlative)

→ Welsh: clir

From Middle English clere, from Anglo-Norman cler, from Old French cler (Modern French clair), from Latin clarus. Displaced native Middle English schir (“clear, pure”) (from Old English scīr (“clear, bright”)), Middle English skere (“clear, sheer”) (from Old English scǣre and Old Norse skǣr (“sheer, clear, pure”)), Middle English smolt (“clear (of mind), serene”) (from Old English smolt (“peaceful, serene”)). Cognate with Danish klar, Dutch klaar, French clair, German klar, Italian chiaro, Norwegian klar, Portuguese claro, Romanian clar, Spanish claro, and Swedish klar.

Yes, and Jane came by with a lock of your hair. She said that you gave it to her that night that you planned to go clear. Did you ever go clear?

1971, Leonard Cohen, Famous Blue Raincoat:

(Scientology) Free from the influence of engrams; see Clear (Scientology).

clear-tila

scientology: free from the influence of engrams

no adjective, cases of this noun used to produce adjectival expressions


clear

Today, clear status can be conferred only by high ranking ministers of the church, and clears are not presented for examination by outsiders.

1985, Rodney Stark, William Sims Bainbridge, The Future of Religion, page 269:

(Scientology) A person who is free from the influence of engrams.


judge

→ Assamese: জজ (zoz)

→ Bengali: জজ (joj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: जज (jaj)

Urdu: جَج (jaj)

→ Odia: ଜଜ୍ (jaj)

→ Tamil: ஜட்ஜி (jaṭji)

→ Telugu: జడ్జ (jaḍja)

From Middle English juge, jugge, from Old French juge, from Latin iūdex. Displaced native Middle English deme (from Old English dēma (“judge”)) and demere (from Old English dēmere (“judge”)), see also deemer, deemster.

(historical, biblical) A shophet, a temporary leader appointed in times of crisis in ancient Israel.


celestial

From Middle English celestial, from Old French celestial, from Medieval Latin caelestialis, from Latin caelestis, from caelum (“sky, heaven”).
The meanings related to East Asia come from Celestial Empire, a former name of China.

We are now living and obeying celestial laws that will make us candidates for celestial glory.

1974 February, “A Sure Trumpet Sound: Quotations from President Lee”, in Ensign, page 77:

How will you make it through your teenage years spiritually prepared for your celestial future? How will you connect your celestial goals with your everyday life?

1997 November, Richard J. Maynes, “A Celestial Connection to Your Teenage Years”, in Ensign, page 30:

(Mormonism) Of or pertaining to the highest degree of glory.

сла́вен

of or pertaining to the highest degree of glory.


heaven

en-noun

heaven (countable and uncountable, plural heavens)

horror

antonym(s) of “blissful place or experience”

From a wide variety of Middle English forms including hevene, heven, hevin, and hewin (“heaven, sky”), from Old English heofon, heofone (“heaven, sky”), from Proto-West Germanic *hebn (“heaven, sky”), of uncertain origin.
Cognate with Scots heiven, hewin (“heaven, sky”), Middle Dutch heven (“sky, heaven”), Low German Heven (“heaven, sky”), Middle High German heben (“sky, heaven”), and possibly the rare Icelandic and Old Norse hifinn (“heaven, sky”), which are all probably dissimilated forms of the Germanic root which appears in Old Norse himinn (“heaven, sky”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (himins, “heaven, sky”), Old Swedish himin, Old Danish himæn and probably also (in another variant form) Old Saxon himil, Old Dutch himil (modern Dutch hemel), and Old High German himil (German Himmel).
Accepting these as cognates, some scholars propose a further derivation from Proto-Germanic *himinaz (“cover, cloud cover, firmament, sky, heaven”).

سَمَاء

سَمَاوَات pl (samāwāt)

فَلَك

أَفْلَاك pl (ʔaflāk)

And there was a battel in heauen. Michael & his Angels foght againſt the dragon, and the dragon foght & his Angels. But they preuailed not, nether was their place founde anie more in heauen.

Conſider firſt that the excommunicated Prelate ſaith... Kings are not immediatly from God, as by any ſpeciall Ordinance ſent from Heaven by the miniſtery of Angels and Prophets, there were but ſome few ſuch, as Moſes, Saul, David, etc.

1644, Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex: The Law and the Prince, V 16:

Better to reign in Hell, then serve in Heav'n.

1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, line 263:

Christ's coming from the heavens has entered into the life of humanity as the Founder of the world to come.

(religion) The abode of God or the gods, traditionally conceived as beyond the sky; especially:

(Christianity, usually capitalized) The abode of God and of the angels and saints in His presence.

With Ioue in heauen, or some where else.

c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

As he [Muhammad] was returning, in the fourth Heaven, Moses advised him to goe back to God.

1649, Alexander Ross translating the Sieur Du Ryer, The Alcoran Of Mahomet, Translated out of the Arabique into French... newly Englished, 406

Like the Buddhas, they [the Jains] believe that there is a plurality of heavens and hells.

1832, Charles Coleman, The Mythology of the Hindus, XIII 220:

The heaven of Siva is in the midst of the eternal snows and glaciers of Keilás, one of the highest and deepest groups of the stupendous summits of Hémaláya.

1841, Mountstuart Elphinstone, The History of India, I ii iv 169:

To grasp the Chinese's notion of Heaven, we must look at the contexts in which tian is used... In the Book of Odes (Shi jing 詩經), which includes poems dated between the eleventh and seventh centuries BCE, tian is a place where the Heavenly Thearch resides.

2011, Lillian Tseng, Picturing Heaven in Early China, section 2:

(religion, by extension, often capitalized) The abode of the Abrahamic God; similar abodes of the gods in other religions and traditions, such as Mount Olympus.

[…]he cannot thriue,
Vnlesse her prayers, whom heauen delights to heare
And loues to grant, repreeue him from the wrath
Of greatest Iustice.

c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s Well, that Ends Well”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

After that thou shalt haue knowen that the heauens doe rule.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Daniel 4:26:

[…]The will
And high permission of all-ruling Heaven.

1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Heaven commands thine arm
To lift the sure-destroying sword!

...executing the just judgment of offended Heaven upon cattle-houghers, traitors, and assassins.

There's nothing we can do but pray to heaven for good luck.

1992, E. Yoshikawa, translated by W.S. Wilson, Taiko, II 186:

Cosmologists regarded Heaven as a force—composed of qi 氣, which was divided into yin 陰 and yang 陽 aspects—that kept the cosmos moving.

2011, Lillian Tseng, Picturing Heaven in Early China, section 3:

(by extension, usually capitalized) Providence, the will of God or the council of the gods; fate.

Teache the people to gett heuen with fastynge.

1544, Richard Tracy, A supplycacion to our moste soueraigne lorde Kynge henry the eyght Kynge of England of Fraunce and of Irelande, section C:

...what I speake
My body shall make good vpon this earth,
Or my diuine soule answer it in heauen.

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene 1]:

Wee haue a great high Priest, that is passed into the heauens.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 4:14:

(religion) The afterlife of the blessed dead, traditionally conceived as opposed to an afterlife of the wicked and unjust (compare hell); specifically:

(Christianity, Islam) Paradise, the afterlife of the souls who are not sent to a place of punishment or purification such as hell, purgatory, or limbo; the state or condition of being in the presence of God after death.

سَمَاء f جَنَّة f فِرْدَوْس

سَمَاوَات pl (samāwāt)

The belief in ascending to Heaven after death became widespread in the Han dynasty.

(religion, by extension, often capitalized) The afterlife of the blessed dead in other religions and traditions, such as the Pure Land or Elysium.

I wonder what your idea of heaven would be—A beautiful vacuum filled with wealthy monogamists, all powerful and members of the best families drinking themselves to death. And hell would probably be an ugly vacuum full of poor polygamists unable to obtain booze... To me heaven would be a big bull ring with me holding two barrera seats and a trout stream outside that no one else was allowed to fish in and two lovely houses in the town; one where I would have my wife and children and be monogamous and love them truly and well and the other where I would have my nine beautiful mistresses on 9 different floors...

1925 July 1, Ernest Hemingway, letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald


Sabbath

From Middle English sabat, sabbat, sabath, from Old English sabat and Old French sabbat, both from Latin sabbatum, from Ancient Greek σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”), from Hebrew שַׁבָּת (shabát, “Sabbath”), with the spelling ending in -th, probably influenced by the traditional transliteration of the Hebrew as shabbāth, being attested since the 14th century and widespread since the 16th. Doublet of Shabbat. Possibly from the Sumerian sa-bat ("mid-rest")

der

13 ¶ If thou turne away thy foote from the Sabbath, from doing thy pleasure on my Holy day, and call the Sabbath a delight, the holy of the Lord, honourable, and shalt honour him, not doing thine owne wayes, nor finding thine owne pleasure, nor speaking thine owne wordes:
14 Then shalt thou delight thy selfe in the Lord, and I will cause thee to ride vpon the high places of the earth, and feede thee with the heritage of Iacob thy father; for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 58:13–14:

Coptic Orthodox Church
Coptic Orthodox Church

Friday evening to Saturday evening, observed in Judaism and some Christian denominations (such as the Coptic Orthodox Church) as a day of rest and worship.

𐕐𐔰𐕌𐔱𐔰𐕜

Saturday (Judaism, some denominations of Christianity)

Sunday, observed in most of Christianity as a day of rest and worship.

neděle

Sunday (most denominations of Christianity)

Witches always anointed themselves with ointments before departing up the chimney to their Sabbaths. One such ointment was composed of Aconite, Belladonna, Water Parsley, Cinquefoil and Babies' Fat.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 112:

Around this conception was built up the notion of ritual devil-worship, involving the sabbath or nocturnal meeting at which the witches gathered to worship their master and to copulate with him.

1971, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society, published 2012, page 419:

witches' Sabbath
witches' Sabbath#English

A meeting of witches. (Also called a witches' Sabbath, Shabbat, sabbat, or black Sabbath.)

(historical) Among the ancient Jews and Hebrews, the seventh year, when the land was left fallow.


creationism

en-noun

creationism (usually uncountable, plural creationisms)

the preservation of the race of man is made to grow out of that quickening impulse, which we call the life of humanity. This notion, which was called Traducianism by the schoolmen (the system opposed to it being termed Creatianism ^([sic]))

1848, Robert Wilberforce, The Doctrine of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, in its relation to Mankind and to the Church:

(theology) The Abrahamic doctrine that each individual human soul is created by God, as opposed to traducianism.


power

power (countable and uncountable, plural powers)

→ German: Power

→ Welsh: pŵer

From Middle English power, poer, from Old French poeir, from Vulgar Latin potēre, from Latin posse, whence English potent. Compare French pouvoir. Displaced the native Old English anweald.

(biblical, in the plural) In Christian angelology, an intermediate level of angels, ranked above archangels, but exact position varies by classification scheme.


Abelite

(Christianity, historical) Synonym of Abelian.


colt

From Middle English colt, from Old English colt, from Proto-Germanic *kultaz (“plump; stump; thick shape, bulb”), from Proto-Indo-European *gelt- (“something round, pregnant belly, child in the womb”), from *gel- (“to ball up, amass”). Cognate with Faroese koltur (“colt, foal”) Norwegian kult (“treestump”), Swedish kult (“young boar, boy, lad”). Related to child.


kin

en-noun

kin (countable and uncountable, plural kins or kin)

From Middle English kyn, from Old English cynn (“kind, sort, rank”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, generation, descent”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yom, from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce”).
Cognate with Scots kin (“relatives, kinfolk”), North Frisian kinn, kenn (“gender, race, family, kinship”), Dutch kunne (“gender, sex”), Middle Low German kunne (“gender, sex, race, family, lineage”), Danish køn (“gender, sex”), Swedish kön (“gender, sex”), Icelandic kyn (“gender”), Finnish kunnia (“honour, glory”), Ingrian kunnia (“reputation”), and through Indo-European, with Latin genus (“kind, sort, ancestry, birth”), Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “kind, race”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “kind, race”), Albanian dhen (“(herd of) small cattle”).

cog

c. 1620, Francis Bacon, letter of advice to Sir George Villiers
You are of kin, and so must be a friend to their persons.

Based on the number of teeth ammonites had—nine—it's believed that their closest living kin are octopuses.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, →ISBN, page 84:

(collectively) Persons of the same race or family; kindred.

Such sensations, however, were too near a kin to resentment to be long guiding Fanny's soliloquies.

1814 May 9, [Jane Austen], chapter XIII, in Mansfield Park: […], volume III, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 248:

Relationship; same-bloodedness or affinity; near connection or alliance, as of those having common descent.


kin

It turns out my back-fence neighbor is kin to one of my co-workers.

Related by blood or marriage, akin. Generally used in "kin to".


Jew

Sranan Tongo: Dyu

From Middle English Jew, Giu, Giw, Ju, from Old French juiu, Giu, gyu, from Latin iūdaeus (“Judean (i.e. Jew)”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Ἰουδά (Ioudá), Ἰούδας (Ioúdas, “Judah, Judas, Jude”) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (y'hudá, “male given name, Yehuda; Judah, Judea”). Doublet of Yid. Displaced Old English Iūdēisċ.

der

Both Jews and Muslims refrain from eating pork.


colloquy

en-noun

colloquy (countable and uncountable, plural colloquies)

soliloquy

antonym(s) of “a conversation of multiple people”

From Middle English colloquies pl, from Latin colloquium (“conversation”), from com- (“together, with”) (English com-) + form of loquor (“speak”) (from which English locution and other words). Doublet of colloquium.

(Christianity) A church court held by certain Reformed denominations.

Religionsgespräch

Christianity: church court held by certain Reformed denominations


dry

en-adj

dry (comparative drier or dryer, superlative driest or dryest)

drier (comparative)
dryer (comparative)
driest (superlative)
dryest (superlative)

wet

antonym(s) of “abstinent from or banning alcohol”

wet

antonym(s) of “not using afterburners or water injection”

wet

of a scientist or lab: doing computation

Sranan Tongo: drei

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaɪ̯]

Adjective and noun from Middle English drye, dryge, drüȝe, from Old English drȳġe (“dry; parched, withered”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgī, *draugī, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz, *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). The verb derives from Middle English drien, from Old English drȳġan (“to dry”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgijan, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz (“hard, desiccated, dry”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, hard, solid”).
cognates and related terms
 Cognate with Scots dry, drey (“dry”), North Frisian drüg, driig, Saterland Frisian druuch (“dry”), West Frisian droech (“dry”), Dutch droog (“dry”), Low German dröög (“dry”), German dröge (“dull”), Icelandic draugur (“a dry log”). Related also to German trocken (“dry”), West Frisian drege (“long-lasting”), Danish drøj (“tough”), Swedish dryg (“lasting, hard”), Icelandic drjúgur (“ample, long”), Latin firmus (“strong, firm, stable, durable”). See also drought, drain, dree.

cog

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

(Christianity) Of a mass, service, or rite: involving neither consecration nor communion.


worship

en-noun

worship (usually uncountable, plural worships)

Inherited from Middle English worschippe, worthschipe, from Old English weorþsċiepe. Cognate with Scots worschip (“worship”).

inh+

(Christianity, specifically, Catholicism, especially) The adoration (or latria) owed to God alone, as greater than the hyperveneration / hyper-veneration (or hyperdulia) that is given to Saint Mary only and the veneration (or dulia) accorded to all other Roman Catholic saints.


constitution

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constitucioun, constitucion (“edict, law, ordinance, regulation, rule, statute; body of laws or rules, or customs; body of fundamental principles; principle or rule (of science); creation”) from Old French constitucion (modern French constitution), a learned borrowing from Latin cōnstitūtiō, cōnstitūtiōnem (“character, constitution, disposition, nature; definition; point in dispute; order, regulation; arrangement, system”), from cōnstituō (“to establish, set up; to confirm; to decide, resolve”). Equivalent to constitute + -ion.

(Catholicism) A document issued by a religious authority serving to promulgate some particular church laws or doctrines.


dead

en-adj

dead (not generally comparable, comparative deader, superlative deadest)

deader (comparative)
deadest (superlative)

From Middle English ded, deed, from Old English dēad, from Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz. Compare West Frisian dead, dea, Dutch dood, German tot, Danish, Norwegian død, Norwegian Nynorsk daud.

(to have) gone to one's final resting place

He was dead to the law. Whatever account others might make of it, yet, for his part, he was dead to it. […] But though he was thus dead to the law, yet he […] was far from thinking himself discharged from his duty to God' on the contrary, he was dead to the law, that he might live unto God.

1839, William Jenks, The Comprehensive Commentary on the Holy Bible: Acts-Revelation, page 361:

But he died to the guilt of sin—to the guilt of his people's sins which he had taken upon him; and they, dying with him, as is above declared, die to sin precisely in the same sense in which he died to it. […] He was not justified from it till his resurrection, but from that moment he was dead to it. When he shall appear the second time, it will be "without sin."

1849, Robert Haldane, Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans, page 255:

(rare, especially religion, often with "to") Indifferent to; having no obligation toward; no longer subject to or ruled by (sin, guilt, pleasure, etc).


manga

From Spanish manga (“sleeve”). Doublet of manche.

Black Cat (manga)
manga (disambiguation)

(Christianity) A covering for a crucifix.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(religion) A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure.


Masorah

From Hebrew מָסוֹרָה (masorá), variant of מסורת / מָסֹרֶת (masóret).

he-m

מסורת / מָסֹרֶת (masóret)

The collection of marginal notes on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by rabbis of the school of Tiberias, in the 8th-9th centuries CE.


Masoretic

/mæsəˈɹɛtɪk/

Masoretic points and accents are the vowel points and accents of the Hebrew text of the Bible, of which the first mention is in the Masora.

Of or relating to the Masorah, or to its authors.

masoretisch

relating to the Masora or to its authors


Jehovist

/d͡ʒəˈhəʊvɪst/

(derogatory) A member of the Jehovah's Witnesses.


particle

From Middle French particule, and its source, Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

uder

Grammatical particle
Particle (ecology)
particle

أَدَاة

word that does not obviously belong to any particular part of speech

អព្យយ

ʼappyĕəʼyĕəʼ

gravitationally interacting massive particle

super weakly interacting massive particle

(Christianity) In the Roman Catholic church, a crumb of consecrated bread; also the smaller breads used in the communion of the laity.


breakfast

en-noun

breakfast (countable and uncountable, plural breakfasts)

→ Afrikaans: brekfis

→ Irish: bricfeasta

→ Maori: parakuihi

→ Scottish Gaelic: bracaist

→ Portuguese: brequefeste, brequefesta

→ Welsh: brecwast

From Middle English brekefast, brekefaste, equivalent to break + fast (literally, "to end the nightly fast"), likely a variant of Old English fæstenbryċe, (literally, "fast-breach"). Cognate with Dutch breekvasten (“breakfast”).

c. 1693?, John Dryden, Amaryllis
The wolves will get a breakfast by my death.

(largely obsolete outside religion) A meal eaten after a period of (now often religious) fasting.


postulate

en-verb

postulate (third-person singular simple present postulates, present participle postulating, simple past and past participle postulated)

postulates (present singular third-person)
postulating (participle present)
postulated (participle past)
postulated (past)

From Medieval Latin postulāt- (“asked”), from the verb postulāre (“to ask”), from Latin postulō (“request”).

[A]lthough Douglas was postulated to it [the Abbacy of Arbroath], and signed letters and papers under this designation his nomination […] was never completed.

1874, John Small, editor, The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, volume 1, page xvi:

(transitive, intransitive, Christianity, historical) To appoint or request one's appointment to an ecclesiastical office.


information

en-noun

information (usually uncountable, plural informations)

/ˌɪn.fəˈmæɪ.ʃən/

From Middle English informacion, enformacion, borrowed from Anglo-Norman informacioun, enformation, Old French information, from Latin īnfōrmātiō (“formation, conception; education”), from the participle stem of īnformāre (“to inform”).

der

information and communications technology


wallah

From Arabic وَٱللّٰه (wal-lāh, literally “by God”).

may God be my witness
may God be my witness

(Islam) by God (Allah); may God be my witness. Used in making a solemn oath


cardinal

en-noun

cardinal (countable and uncountable, plural cardinals)

From Middle French cardinal, from Latin cardinālis (“pertaining to a hinge, hence applied to that on which something turns or depends, important, principal, chief”), from cardin-, cardō (“hinge”) + -ālis, adjectival suffix.

der

His uncle, a Cardinal, engages a Spanish youth of Moorish descent called Diego, an expert singer and player on the virginal, to unlock the secrets of the heart,[…]and cure him by the spell of his music.

1932, Maurice Baring, chapter 16, in Friday's Business:

(Roman Catholicism) One of the officials appointed by the pope in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking only below the pope and the patriarchs, constituting the special college which elects the pope.


diurnal

From Latin diurnālis, from diēs (“day”). Doublet of journal.

(Catholicism) A book containing canonical offices performed during the day, hence not matins.


Andrew

en-proper noun

Andrew (countable and uncountable, plural Andrews)

[ˈeᵊnˌd̠ɹ̠˔ʷʊ̈u]

[ˈænˌd̠ɹ̠ʷ˔ʊ̈u]

From Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέας (Andréas), cognate with ἀνδρεῖος (andreîos, “manly”), both from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of André, Andreas, Andrei, and Andrey.

doublet

A village in Lamont County, Alberta, Canada.


collect

From Middle English collecte, from Ecclesiastical Latin collēcta (“assembly; collect”), originally designating the gathering at the beginning of a liturgical celebration.

der

He used the day's collect as the basis of his sermon.

Book of Common Prayer
Book of Common Prayer

(Christianity) The prayer said before the reading of the epistle lesson, especially one found in a prayerbook, as with the Book of Common Prayer.

resumpreĝo

prayer said before reading of the epistle lesson


MP

en-noun

MP (countable and uncountable, plural MPs)

(Anglicanism) Initialism of morning prayer.


impassible

en-adj

impassible (comparative more impassible, superlative most impassible)

more impassible (comparative)
most impassible (superlative)

(chiefly theology) Unable to suffer, or feel pain.


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

Archbishop of Canterbury
w:Archbishop of Canterbury

(Christianity, informal) Initialism of Archbishop of Canterbury.


ABC

(Christianity) Initialism of Anglican Book Centre: the publishing house and bookshop of the Anglican Church of Canada until 2013.


flock

From Middle English flok, from Old English flocc (“flock, company, troop”), from Proto-West Germanic *flokk, from Proto-Germanic *flukkaz (“crowd, troop”). Cognate with Middle Low German vlocke (“crowd, flock”), Danish flok (“flock”), Swedish flock (“flock”), Norwegian flokk (“flock”), Faroese flokkur (“flock”), Icelandic flokkur (“flock, group”). Related also to Norman fliotchet (“flock, crowd”), from Old Norse. Perhaps related to Old English folc (“crowd, troop, band”). More at folk.

cog

(Christianity) A religious congregation.