LA

Abbreviation of Ladakh, a state of India.


Haryana

/hʌɹɪˈjɑːnə/

/hɑːɹɪˈjɑːnə/

A state in northern India. Capital: Chandigarh. Faridabad is its biggest city.


Uttar Pradesh

/ˈʊtəɹ pɹəˈdɛʃ/

Transliteration of Hindi उत्तर प्रदेश (uttar pradeś).

translit

उत्तर प्रदेश

In the state of Uttar Pradesh, Hindu extremists have battled Muslims for control of the Babri Mosque, leading directly and indirectly to more than two thousand deaths.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Southern Hemisphere”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 247:

A state in northern India. Capital: Lucknow.


Himachal Pradesh

Transliteration of Hindi हिमाचल प्रदेश (himācal pradeś).

हिमाचल प्रदेश

A state in northern India. Capital: Shimla.


Jharkhand

From Hindi झारखंड (jhārkhaṇḍ): elements meaning "forest region" or "bushland".

A state in eastern India. Capital: Ranchi.


Nagaland

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Kohima.


Andaman and Nicobar Islands

An archipelago and union territory of India, in the Bay of Bengal. Capital: Port Blair

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu


West Bengal

/wɛst bɛŋˈɡɔːl/

A state in eastern India. Capital: Kolkata (formerly Calcutta).


Daman and Diu

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-Daman and Diu.wav

A former union territory of India. Capital: Daman, now part of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.


Meghalaya

/meɪɡˈɑːləjə/

/ˌmeɪɡəˈleɪə/

From Sanskrit मेघालय (meghālaya, “abode of clouds”), a compound of मेघ (megha, “cloud”) + आलय (ālaya, “abode”).

uder

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Shillong.

Scotland of the East

nickname by British imperialist authorities


Arunachal Pradesh

/ˌɑːɹəˌnɑːtʃəl pɹəˈdɛʃ/

Transliteration of Hindi अरुणाचल प्रदेश (aruṇācal pradeś, literally “Land of the dawn-lit mountains”).

translit

अरुणाचल प्रदेश

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Itanagar.


Bihar

From Hindi बिहार (bihār), from Sanskrit विहार (vihāra, “temple; monastery”).

der

A state in eastern India. Capital: Patna.


Tripura

/ˈtɹɪpuːɹɑː/

Borrowed from Sanskrit त्रिपुर (tripura), from त्रि (tri, “three”) + पुर (pura, “city”).

bor+

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Agartala.


Manipur

From Bengali মণিপুর (monipur), from Sanskrit मणिपूर (maṇipūra, literally “abundance of jewels”), composed of मणि (maṇi, “jewel”) + पूर (pūra, “abundance”).

der

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Imphal.


Tamil Nadu

Transliteration of Tamil தமிழ் நாடு (tamiḻ nāṭu, literally “Tamil country”).

translit

A state in southern India. Capital: Chennai.


Maharashtra

From Sanskrit महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra), derived from महा- (mahā-), combining form of महत् (mahat, “great”) + राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra), a dynasty that once ruled the area. In Sanskrit, the word राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra) means “nation” or “dominion”. Other theories indicate that the word "rāṣṭra" in this context derives from रत्त (ratta) (a corruption of “Rashtrakuta”, a dynasty that once ruled the area), a clan known as राष्ट्रिक (rāṣṭrika) (found in some of King Ashoka’s inscriptions) or रथ (ratha, “chariot”).

A state in western India. Capital: Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay).


Mizoram

From Mizo Mizoram, from mizo (“the Mizo people”) + ram (“land; jungle”).

com

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Aizawl.


Chandigarh

/ˌt͡ʃʌndɪˈɡɑː(ɹ)/

/ˌt͡ʃɑːndɪˈɡɑː(ɹ)/

From Chandi + Garh. Chandi refers to a Hindu Goddess, the warrior avatar of Goddess Parvati, while Garh means "fort". The name is derived from Chandi Mandir, an ancient temple devoted to this goddess, near the city in Panchkula District.

A union territory in northern India, located between Punjab and Haryana.

The capital city of Chandigarh, India; capital city of Haryana and Punjab, India.


Chhattisgarh

From Hindi छत्तीस (chattīs, “thirty-six”) + गढ़ (gaṛh, “fort”).

A state in central India. Capital: Raipur.


Madhya Pradesh

/ˌmɑːdjə pɹəˈdɛʃ/

Transliteration of Hindi मध्य प्रदेश (madhya pradeś, literally “middle province”).

translit

A state in central India. Capital: Bhopal.


Kerala

Borrowed from Malayalam കേരളം (kēraḷaṁ) which is of uncertain origin. One popular theory derives the name from Malayalam കേരം (kēraṁ, “coconut tree”) and Malayalam അളം (aḷaṁ, “land”), thus "land of coconuts", which is also the state's nickname. More at Kerala.

A state in southern India. Capital: Thiruvananthapuram (formerly known as Trivandrum).


Karnataka

/kəɹˈnɑːtəkə/

/kɑːɹˈnɑːtəkə/

Though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from Kannada ಕರು (karu, “elevated”) and ನಾಡು (nāḍu, “land”). ಕರುನಾಡು (karunāḍu) may also be read as "black region", as a reference to the black soil found in the Bayalu Seeme region of the state.

A state in southern India. Capital: Bangalore.


Gujarat

/ɡʊ.dʒə.ˈɾaːt̪/

/ɡʊdʒ.ˈɾaːt̪/

/ˌɡʊd͡ʒəˈɹɑːt/

Borrowed from Gujarati ગુજરાત (gujrāt), possibly via Classical Persian گجرات (gujarāt).

A state in western India. Capital: Gandhinagar.


Jammu and Kashmir

جَامُو وَكَشْمِير

portion of the territory which is governed by India

A union territory of India. Capitals: Srinagar and Jammu


Sikkim

Borrowed from Sikkimese སུ་ཁྱིམ (su khyim); The most widely accepted theory is that it is a combination of two Limbu words: su, which means "new", and khyim, which means "palace" or "house". The name is believed to be a reference to the palace built by the state's first ruler, Phuntsog Namgyal.

bor+

A state in eastern India. Capital: Gangtok.

سِيكِيم

state in eastern India which has Gangtok as its capital


Rajasthan

/ˈɹɑːd͡ʒəstæn/

From Hindi राजा (rājā, “king”) + स्थान (sthān, “locality”). Compare -stan.

A state in northwestern India, created in 1949 and replacing the former province of Rajputana. Capital: Jaipur.


Punjab

From Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬ / پنجاب (pañjāb), from Classical Persian پَنْجَاب (panjāb, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from پَنْج (panj, “five”) and آب (āb, “water”), referring to five rivers of the Punjab region: the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Sutlej and the Beas. The Persian term is a translation of Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from पञ्च (pañca, “five”) and नद (nada, “river”).

der

A state in northern India. Capital: Chandigarh. Largest city: Ludhiana


Assam

Of unclear origin, but generally agreed to be related to Ahom. More at Etymology of Assam on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

pedia

A state in northeastern India. Capital: Dispur.


Delhi

→ Arabic: دِلْهِي (dilhī)

→ Chinese: 德里 (Délǐ)

→ Greek: Δελχί (Delchí)

→ Hebrew: דֵלְהִי (delhī)

→ Japanese: デリー (Derī)

→ Turkish: Delhi

Corrupted from Hindustani دہلی (dihlī, dêhli) / देहली (dehlī), of uncertain origin. See Delhi § Toponym at Wikipedia. Compare Hindi दिल्ली (dillī).

A megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi.


Goa

From Portuguese Goa, from Konkani गोंय (goiya), from Sanskrit गोमन्त (gomanta).

A state in western India. Capital: Panaji.


Port Blair

Named after British surveyor Archibald Blair.

named-after

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands#English

The capital city of the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

বন্দর ব্লেয়ার

capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India


Itanagar

Borrowed from Assamese ইটানগৰ (itanogor). ইটা (ita, “brick”) + নগৰ (nogor, “city”).

compound

Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh#English

A city, the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh, India


Silvassa

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Dadra and Nagar Haveli#English

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu#English

The capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India.


Dispur

A city, the state capital of Assam, India.


Gandhinagar

From Gujarati ગાંધીનગર (gā̃dhīngar), Hindi गाँधीनगर (gāndhīngar); named in honor of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

A city, the state capital of Gujarat, India.


Raipur

A Brahman, resident in a village near Raipur, stated that he had eaten food (rice and milk) out of the hand of the dead Rajah of Bilaspur.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 9, page 44:

A city, the state capital of Chhattisgarh, India.


Patna

From Hindi पटना (paṭnā), also known as पाटलिपुत्र (pāṭliputra) at one time.

The capital and largest city of Bihar, India.

A district of Bihar, India, containing the city of the same name.


Ranchi

A city, the state capital of Jharkhand, India.


Daman

The given name derives from the Sanskrit equivalent of Ancient Greek Damian, the brother of Cosmas.

The capital of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India.

達曼

state capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India


Shimla

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh#English

A city, the state capital of Himachal Pradesh, India.


Aizawl

A city, the state capital of Mizoram, India


Shillong

A city, the state capital of Meghalaya, India.


Srinagar

/ˈʃɹi.nəˌɡɑɹ/

Transliteration of Hindi श्रीनगर (śrīnagar), from Sanskrit श्री (śrī) + नगर (nagara, “town, city”). Compare Urdu سِرِی نَگَر (sirī nagar).

transliteration

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English

A city, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated in the Kashmir valley on the banks of the river Jhelum and famous for its gardens.


Gangtok

A city, the state capital of Sikkim, India.


Bhopal

The state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India.

A district of Madhya Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name.

A former state in India, containing the city of the same name.


Agartala

A city, the state capital of Tripura, India


Kohima

Borrowed from Angami Kewhira (“the land where the kewhi flower grows”).

bor+

A city, the state capital of Nagaland, India


Imphal

A city, the state capital of Manipur, India.


Lucknow

‘Lucknow is not a village. It is a city with a thousand years of civilization. It was the capital of the Awadh kingdom.ʼ

2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, page 11:

The state capital of Uttar Pradesh, India.


Thiruvananthapuram

Borrowed from Malayalam തിരുവനന്തപുരം (tiruvanantapuraṁ).

തിരുവനന്തപുരം

A city, the state capital of Kerala, India, formerly known as Trivandrum.


Calcutta

Anglicization of Bengali কলকাতা (kolkata), which is now rendered Kolkata.

Former name of Kolkata, the state capital of West Bengal, India

Kolkata

former name of Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal


Mumbai

From Marathi मुंबई (mumbaī), from मुंबा (mumbā, “the goddess Mumba, the local mother goddess”)+आई (āī, “mother”).

A megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India, also known as Bombay.

Moembaai

state capital of Maharashtra — see also Bombay


Hyderabad

/ˈhaɪdəɹəbɑːd/

Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Hyderabad, India
Hyderabad, Sindh

Borrowed from Hindi हैदराबाद (haidarābād) / Urdu حیدرآباد (haidarābād), from हैदर (haidar) / حیدر (haidar, “lion”) + -आबाद (-ābād) / آباد (ābād, “-ābād”, placename suffix). Named in honour of the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, nicknamed "Haidar" for his lion-like valour in battles.

The capital and largest city of Telangana, India.

At Indian partition in 1947, the nizam chose to resume Hyderabad's independent status, but India invaded the state (1948) and took control.

2008, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, →ISBN, page 916:

Maududi was born in 1903 at Aurangabad in Hyderabad, India, into a family with a long religious tradition.

1995, The Indian Political Science Review, volume 16, page 225:

A former state, landlocked in south-central India, which was ruled from 1724 until 1948 by a line of nizams.


Chennai

The capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India, formerly known as Madras.

Chennai (a district of Tamil Nadu, India, containing most of metro Chennai)


Jaipur

A district of Rajasthan, India, containing the city of the same name.


Madras

The etymology is uncertain; it may derive from Madraspattinam. See Wikipedia for several possible etymologies.

Former name of Chennai, the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India.


New Delhi

The capital city of India, located in the national capital territory of Delhi.


Bangalore

/ˌbæŋ.ɡəˈlɔː/

/ˌbæŋ.ɡəˈloɹ/

From Kannada ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು (beṅgaḷūru). The source of the name Bengaluru is usually attributed to [script needed] (beṅga-val-ūru, “city of guards”) in Old Kannada or [script needed] (benda-kāl-ūru, “town of boiled beans”) from Kannada folklore.

A megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India.


Bombay

From Portuguese Bombaim, possibly from Marathi मुंबादेवी (mumbādevī, “goddess Mumba”) or from bom + baim. Most likely a combination of both.

der

Bombay
Bombay cat
en:Bombay (disambiguation)

Have you heard any word
Of that bloke in the "Third" -
Was it Sotherby, Sedgewick or Sim?
They had him chucked out of a club in Bombay.
But apart from his mess bills exceeding his pay,
He took to pig-sticking in quite the wrong way.
I wonder what happened to him?

1945, Noël Coward, I Wonder What Happened to Him?:

(dated) The former name of Mumbai, the state capital of Maharashtra, India.


Moscow

Ultimately from Old East Slavic Москов- (Moskov-), originally referring to the Moskva River, probably from Proto-Slavic *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”). Perhaps related to Czech moskva (“raw bread”), Slovak mozga (“puddle”), Polish Mozgawa, and more distantly Latvian mazgāt (“to wash, rinse”), Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “to sink”), Latin mergō (“to dive”), all from Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to plunge, dip”). Cognate with Russian промозглый (promozglyj, “dank”).

A village in Kottayam district, Kerala, India; named due to Soviet influence in Kerala during the Cold War.


Wellington

en-proper noun

Wellington (countable and uncountable, plural Wellingtons)

From Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British soldier and statesman.
From Old English Weolingtun, meaning "wealthy estate".

Any of several places in a select number of countries, including:

A town in The Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu, India.


Bengali

en-noun

Bengali (countable and uncountable, plural Bengalis)

Equivalent to Bengal + -i, borrowed from Bengali বাঙ্গালী (baṅgali). Compare Assamese বঙালী (boṅali), Hindi बंगाली (baṅgālī), Classical Persian بنگالی (bangālī).

bor+

Nicobar district
Nicobar district#English

(uncountable) A village in Nancowry, Nicobar district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.


Kolkata

/kɔːlˈkɑːtə/

From Bengali কলকাতা (kolkata); further etymology disputed. More on the Wikipedia page.

The capital city of West Bengal, India, formerly known in English as Calcutta.


Pipola

Since the dam (Tehri) was completed in 2006 the natural spring that once fed Pipola has dried up.

2011 August, Subhajyoti Das, “Cleaning of the Ganga”, in Journal of the Geological Society of India, volume 78, number 124:

In one instance, a natural spring that fed the nearby village of Pipola dried up, forcing residents to fetch water from wells in a neighboring village, while other villagers simply fled to other neighboring villages to live.

Nalang (0.64) in Uttarkashi and Pipola (0.64) in Tehri found low level of Social vulnerability in 1991(Figure 7A) whereas in 2001, Ghansali (0.82), Pokhri (0.76) and Langoor (0.68) found low level of social vulnerability which are situated in Tehri Garhwal region.

2014, M. Punia, “Socio-economic vulnerability and sustainable development in context of Development vs. Conservation debate: A study of Bhagirathi Basin, Uttarakhand, INDIA”, in Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences; Gottingen, volume 40, number 8:

A village in Tehri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India that lost its source of water due to the construction of the Tehri Dam.


Sikar

A city in Sikar district, Rajasthan, India


Krishna

en-prop

Krishna (countable and uncountable, plural Krishnas)


Jodhpur

Named after Jodha of Mandore (1416–1489).

named-after

They marched, jaw-bound against blowing sand, across the salt desert to Jodhpur, where Mahbub and his handsome nephew Habib Ullah did much trading; and then sorrowfully, in European clothes, which he was fast outgrowing, Kim went second-class to St Xavier’s.

1900 December – 1901 October, Rudyard Kipling, chapter X, in Kim (Macmillan’s Colonial Library; no. 414), London: Macmillan and Co., published 1901, →OCLC:


Indus

Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿduš/), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬎 (hiṇdu)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš or borrowed from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu) (whence Sindh).

Floods in the river Sutlej – which originates in Tibet and crosses India before merging into the Indus river – has completely cut off several villages and areas in Pakistan, submerging hundreds of hectares of farmland.

2023 August 29, “Pakistan raises flood alert in eastern region as over 128,000 evacuated”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-04-24:

A major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea.


Amber

From a form of the Hindi आसमान (āsmān, “the heavens”).

A city in Rajasthan, India, also known as Amer.


Marcel

Borrowed from French Marcel, from Latin Marcellus, diminutive of Marcus. Doublet of Marcellus.

A village in North Goa district, Goa, India.


Uran

A town in New Bombay, Raigad district, Konkan, Maharashtra, India


Hassan

A district and city in Karnataka, India.


CHD

Abbreviation of Ladakh, a union territory of India.


UL

(India) Abbreviation of Uttaranchal, a state of India.


Gondwana

/ɡɒndˈwɑːnə/

From Sanskrit गोण्डवन (goṇḍavana, “Forest of Gondi”). The continent was named after the region in India by Austrian scientist Eduard Suess in 1861.


Ahmedabad

Borrowed from Hindustani اَحْمَد آباد (aḥmad ābād) / अहमदाबाद (ahmadābād). Named after the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate, Ahmad Shah I (reigned 1411 - 1442). Romanized form Ahmed + -abad.


Coorg

A mountainous region in southwestern India, also known locally as Kodagu.


Tabo

A small town in Himachal Pradesh, India, the site of an ancient monastery.


Andhra Pradesh

/ˌæn.dɹə pɹəˈdɛʃ/

Borrowed from Hindi आंध्र प्रदेश (āndhra pradeś).

bor+

आंध्र प्रदेश

A state in southeastern India, where Telugu is the primary language. Capital: Amaravati.


Ganges

From Ancient Greek Γάγγης (Gángēs), from Sanskrit गङ्गा (gáṅgā, literally “swift-goer”), from the verbal root गम् (gam, “to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to come”) (whence Latin veniō, Ancient Greek βαίνω (baínō), and English come). Doublet of Ganga.

der

...the Yellow Riuer... is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

...their master... was no ad for anybody but the most arcane Black Power, he was an old prince of a witch doctor—insult him at your peril—but the other ten musicians with their trumpets and snares and assorted brass would prove no pull for Nixon on TV with any Black votes watching, for they were old and meek, naught but elderly Black Southern musicians, a veritable Ganges of Uncle Toms. They had disappeared with Tom Swift and Little Lord Fauntleroy.

1968, Norman Mailer, “Nixon in Miami”, in Harper's, §6:

A river in India and Bangladesh, sacred within Hinduism

គង្គ

kɔɔkŭəngkĕəʼ


Nathu La

"The opening of the border pass at Nathu La after 44 years marks the beginning of a new era in Sino-Indian relations," Phuntsok said. "I hope the border people of these two great nations will benefit from this."

2006 July 6, Champa Phuntsok, quotee, “India and China reopen historic pass - Asia - Pacific - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-31, Asia Pacific:

Nathu La connects India to Hindu and Buddhist sites in the region and was the site of a fierce border clash between Chinese and Indian troops in 1967.

2017 June 26, Ben Blanchard, David Stanway, Tommy Wilkes, “China accuses Indian border guards of crossing into its territory”, in Paul Tait, Michael Perry, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-06-27:

India’s Border Roads Organization said the tourists were hit by the avalanche near the Nathu La mountain pass in Sikkim state. A video released by the Indian army showed rescuers digging through the snow to find an undetermined number of missing people swept away by the avalanche down a mountain slope.
Nathu La mountain pass is along the border with China and is a major tourist destination.

2023 April 4, “Avalanche sweeps away tourists in northeast India; 7 killed”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-04-04:

A mountain pass between India and China.


Santa Cruz

From Spanish and Portuguese Santa Cruz (“Holy Cross”), various places named in honor of the True Cross upon which Jesus was crucified. Doublet of Holy Cross and Saint Croix.

A suburb of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, also known as Santacruz.

A village and suburb of the town of Panaji, Goa, India.


Taj Mahal

/ˌtɑːʒ məˈhɑːl/

/ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl/

/t̪ɑd͡ʒ mɛhɛl̪/

From Hindustani ताज महल / تاج محل (tāj mahal, “crown of palaces”), from Classical Persian, ultimately from Arabic, corresponding to English taj + mahal.

A monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world.


Thotlavalluru

From Telugu తోట్లవల్లూరు (tōṭlavallūru).

bor

తోట్లవల్లూరు

A village and tehsil in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Lakhimpur

An administrative district in Assam, India


Golconda

From گولکنڈہ m (Golkaṇḍa), an Urduization of Telugu గొల్లకొండ (gollakoṇḍa), from గొల్ల (golla, “of or pertaining to shepherds”) + కొండ (koṇḍa, “hill”).

t

گولکنڈہ m (Golkaṇḍa)

Fifty years ago, there were more than twenty places in the kingdom of Golconda, in which diamonds of different sizes were found…

1827, John Lee Comstock, Elements of Mineralogy:

A fortress and ruined city in Telangana, India. It is historically famous for nearby diamond mining.


Coimbatore

bor

கோயம்புத்தூர்


Anand

en-proper noun

Anand (countable and uncountable, plural Anands)

From Sanskrit आनन्द (ānanda, “joy, delight, pleasure”).


Ajay

Transliteration of Bengali অজয় (ojoẏ), from Sanskrit अजय (ajaya).


Ekachakra

A town in India, mentioned in the Mahabharata.


Tollywood

(India, informal) A nickname for Film Nagar.; A district of Hyderabad, Telangana, India


Haripur

A village in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India, also known as Haripuram.

Paschim Bardhaman
Paschim Bardhaman#English

A census town in Pandabeswar community development block, Durgapur, Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India.

A village in Chanditala I community development block, Srirampore, Hooghly district, West Bengal, India.

A village in Berasia tehsil, Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh, India.

A village in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India.


Tinseltown

(India, informal, by restriction) A nickname for Film Nagar.; A neighbourhood of Hyderabad, Telangana, India


Dakshina Kannada

From Kannada ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (dakṣiṇa, “south”) + ಕನ್ನಡ (kannaḍa, “Kannada”), presumably a translation of the older name for the region, South Canara.

A district in southwestern India. Mangalore is its chief city and administrative headquarters.


Udupi

A district in southwestern India, of which Udupi is the chief city and administrative headquarters.


Mangalore

Borrowed from Kannada ಮಂಗಳೂರು (maṅgaḷūru). Named after Hinduism deity Mangaladevi.

A city in Karnataka, south-western India.


Malabar

From Arabic مَلَبَار (malabār), first attested in the writings of Iranian scholar Al-Biruni (c. 11th century). The second element is Arabic بَرّ (barr, “land, ground”) or Persian بار (bâr, “coast”), and the first element is the same as the Byzantine Greek toponym Μαλέ (Malé), mentioned by traveller Cosmas Indicopleustes in the 5th century as a source of pepper exports, concording with modern-day pepper cultivation on the Malabar coast.
Mala ~ Male is, in turn, borrowed from Malayalam മല (mala, “mountain”). This is also the source of the name of the language: മലയാളം (malayāḷaṁ, literally “mountain place”). Compare Zanzibar for a possibly similar word formation.

A region in southwestern India, principally the modern state of Kerala.


Mahé

Borrowed from French Mahé, from Malayalam മയ്യഴി (mayyaḻi), the name given to the local river and region.

A small town in Mahé district, in the union territory of Puducherry, India.


Saharanpur

A city in Uttar Pradesh, northern India.


Kochi

A city in Kerala, in southwestern India.


Lachen

A river in Sikkim, India, a tributary of the Teesta River.


Thane

Transliteration of Marathi ठाणे (ṭhāṇe). Doublet of thana.

A large city and district of Maharashtra, India, part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.


Dehradun

A city, the state capital of Uttarakhand, India


Indore

Borrowed from Hindustani اِنْدَور / इंदौर (indaur).

The largest city in Madhya Pradesh, India.

A district of Madhya Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name.


Pune

A major city and district of Maharashtra, India.


Nagpur

A large city, the winter capital of Maharashtra, India.

A district of Maharashtra, India, containing the city of the same name.


Bhubaneswar

A city, the state capital of Odisha, India.


Vadodara

A large city and district of Gujarat, India (formerly Baroda).


Pimpri-Chinchwad

A large city in Pune district, Maharashtra, India, within the Pune Metropolitan Region.


Agra

From Sanskrit अग्रेवण (agrevaṇa, “forest border”), from अग्र (agra, “border, in front of”) + वन (vana, “forest”).


Varanasi

Borrowed from Sanskrit वाराणसी (vārāṇasī).


Uttarakhand

/ˌʊtəˈɹɑːkʌnd/

Transliteration of Hindi उत्तराखण्ड (uttarākhaṇḍ).

translit

Devbhumi

nickname, due to its religious significance

A state in northern India, created in 2000 by separation from Uttar Pradesh. Capitals: Dehradun (winter capital) and Bhararisain (summer capital).


Navi Mumbai

Borrowed from Marathi नवी मुंबई (navī mumbaī).


Haora

Alternative form of Howrah, a city in Howrah district, West Bengal, India.


Howrah

A large city in West Bengal, India, close to Kolkata (Calcutta).


Visakhapatnam

Borrowed from Telugu విశాఖపట్నం (viśākhapaṭnaṁ).

bor+

The largest city in Andhra Pradesh, India.

A district of Andhra Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name.


Jabalpur

Borrowed from Hindi जबलपुर (jabalpur), from Sanskrit जाबालिपुर (jābālipura). A former spelling was Jubbulpore.


Mysore

Latin: mysorēnsis

An anglicised version of Kannada ಮಹಿಶೂರು (mahiśūru, literally “abode of Mahisha”). Though in Sanskrit Mahisha means "buffalo", here it refers to Mahishasura, a mythological demon who could assume the form of both a human and a buffalo. According to Hindu mythology, the area was ruled by the demon Mahishasura. The demon was killed by the Goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hills. Mahishūru later became Mahisūru (a name which, even now, the royal family uses) and finally came to be called Maisūru, its present name in the Kannada language.


Guwahati

Borrowed from Assamese গুৱাহাটী (guahati).


Motala

A city in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India.


Baleswar

Borrowed from Hindi बालेश्वर (bāleśvar).

A city in Odisha, India, on the Bay of Bengal.


Odisha

Translingual: Odisha

/oː.ɖɪ.ˈʃaː/

Borrowed from Hindi ओडिशा (oḍiśā), from Odia ଓଡ଼ିଶା (oṛiśā).

der

Odia ଓଡ଼ିଶା (oṛiśā)

A state in eastern India. Capital: Bhubaneswar.


Kollam

From Malayalam കൊല്ലം (kollaṁ), from Sanskrit कोल (kola, “pepper”).

A city in Kollam district, Kerala, India.


Ladakh

From Persian لداخ (ladâx), the Persian transliteration of the region's Tibetan name, ལ་དྭགས (la dwags).

A union territory of India. Capitals: Leh and Kargil


South Tibet

The Sino-Indian border dispute involves about 13, 500 square miles in Ladakh and Aksai Chin and about 35,000 square miles in the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, which China calls South Tibet.

2020 June 19, Ajai Shukla, “How China and India Came to Lethal Blows”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-06-19, Opinion:

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see south, Tibet. (the southern part of Tibet)

(in particular, in the People's Republic of China) Those areas located south of the McMahon Line, which are administered as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, and claimed by China as a part of Tibet.


Asansol

A city in West Bengal, in eastern India.


Benares

(dated) Alternative form of Varanasi, a city in Uttar Pradesh, India


Bhilai

A city in Chhattisgarh, in eastern India.


Calicut

Borrowed from Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ).

bor+

Former name of Kozhikode., a city in Kerala, India


Cochin

Former name of Kochi, a city in Kerala, India


Kolhapur

Borrowed from Marathi कोल्हापूर (kolhāpūr).

A city in Maharashtra, in western India.


Kozhikode

From Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ). The name probably corresponds to Ancient Greek Καλαικαρίας (Kalaikarías), mentioned by Ptolemy, of uncertain meaning. The second element is likely Sanskrit कोट (koṭa, “fortress, palace”). The first element could be from Kali, wife of Shiva, meaning "palace of Kali," or it could instead be a Dravidian name கல்லியை (kalliyai).
The anglicized variant of the name is Calicut.

der

Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ)


Godavari

A major river in South India which flows through Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.


Khandwa

A town in Nimaad, Madhya Pradesh, India.


Kuchipudi

A village in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, from which the Indian classical dance form Kuchipudi originated.


Karimnagar

A district and town in Telangana, India.


Kurnool

A district and town in Andhra Pradesh, India.


Nellore

Borrowed from Telugu నెల్లూరు (nellūru).


Kadapa

Borrowed from Telugu గడప (gaḍapa, “gateway”).


Chittoor

Borrowed from Telugu చిత్తూరు (cittūru).


Ayodhya

Borrowed from Sanskrit अयोध्या (ayodhyā).

A city, the administrative headquarters of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh, India, on the bank of the Sarayu river.


Tirumala

A hill town and pilgrimage centre in Andhra Pradesh that houses the Sri Venkateswara temple.


Yamuna

A transliteration of Sanskrit यमुना (yamunā), which is from यम (yama, “twin”), as the Yamuna runs in parallel with the Ganges.

The largest tributary river of the Ganges in northern India.

Arthur Anthony Macdonell
Arthur Berriedale Keith
Yamuna


Anumula

en-proper noun

Anumula (countable and uncountable, plural Anumulas)

A village in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Bobbili

Bobbili (countable and uncountable, plural Bobbilis)

Borrowed from Telugu బొబ్బిలి (bobbili).

A town in Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Srikalahasti

From Sanskrit श्री (śrī) + Telugu కాళహస్తి (kāḷahasti).

A holy town and municipality of Andhra Pradesh, India.


Amravati

A district of Maharashtra, India, containing the city of the same name.


Amaravati

The state capital of Andhra Pradesh, India.


Palakonda

From Telugu పాల (pāla, “milky”) + కొండ (koṇḍa, “hill”).


Chandragiri

From Sanskrit चन्द्र (candrá, “moon”) + गिरि (giri, “hill”).


Sitanagaram

From Sanskrit, सीता (Sītā) + नगर (nágara).


Gurramkonda

From Telugu గుర్రం (gurraṁ, “horse”) + కొండ (koṇḍa, “hill”).


Ramasamudram

From Sanskrit राम (Rāma) + समुद्र (samudra).


Anantagiri

From Sanskrit अनन्त (ananta) + गिरि (giri).


Puna

Alternative spelling of Poona, a major city and district of Maharashtra, India.


Trichy

(India, informal) Tiruchirappalli (a district of Tamil Nadu, India)


Wagah

A border city in Punjab between India and Pakistan.


Aksai Chin

/ˌɑːksaɪ ˈtʃɪn/

First attested in the mid 1800s. Various origins have been proposed, see Aksai Chin on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

The bed is not limited to the belt of country situated between Ser and Mer (Snowy Peak Range) chain and the Kailas chain. It is well developed in Rodok, near the Pang Chong Lake and up to the foot of the Korakoram chain, and it is very probable that the great Desert of Aksai Chin is a similar bed.

1868, Albert M. Verchere, “Kashmir, the Western Himalaya and the Afghan Mountains”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume XXXVI, →OCLC, page 111:

In the basin which lies immediately eastward of the valley of the head stream of the Indus, is the Aksai Chin, or White desert, concerning which, however, little more is known to Europeans than the name.

1874, Keith Johnston, The Surface Zones of the Globe, W. & A. K. Johnston, →OCLC, page 37:

In a grand mountain mass raising its glacier-crowned head in solitary splendor to the southeast, it was impossible to mistake the "Kuen-luen peak, No. 5," already triangulated from the Ladak side (pl. II). Behind this great mountain, for which the tables supplied by the survey department indicated a height of 23,890 feet, to the south and southeast there was to be seen a magnificent line of high snowy peaks marking the watershed toward the westernmost portion of the Aksai-chin plateau of Tibet.

[1904, M. A. Stein, A Journey of Geographical and Archaeological Exploration in Chinese Turkestan (Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1903), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, page 759:

In this sector there are really two quite distinct disputes. The first is the issue of Aksai Chin, the desolate high wastes of the extreme north-east of Kashmir, across which the Chinese have built a motor road linking western Tibet with Sinkiang....The bulk of the contested area lies in the Aksai Chin region. South of the Panggong lake there are a number of contested points, near Chushul and at Demchok on the Indus for example. The Changchenmo serves as a connecting region between the Chinese claims in Aksai Chin and those south of Panggong lake.

1964, Alastair Lamb, The China-India Border, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, page 7:

A cold desert plain in Central Asia divided between China and India

In the western sector, the Chinese-Indian frontier dispute involves mainly the Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. Long limited to conflicting cartographic claims, the Aksai Chin issue flared in the 1950’s when the Chinese encroached on the area and upgraded a traditional caravan route between Sinkiang and Tibet across the Aksai Chin to a motor road, inaugurated in 1957. The Chinese were shown to be in actual control of Aksai Chin in the late 1950’s, and they retained control after the brief Indian-Chinese border war of November, 1962.

1972, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

When India proclaimed its independence from Britain, it did not proclaim its independence from British territorial claims. It included the Aksai Chin territory as well as the line demarcated by McMahon on all of its maps.

2011, Henry Kissinger, On China, New York: Penguin Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 186:

Then in 1962, Chinese forces seized the Aksai Chin, a high desert region in the eastern corner of Kashmir, which further muddled the border question.

2021 March, Freddie Wilkinson, “A Line in the Mountains”, in National Geographic, page 112:

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

One of the two parts of the Kashmir region administered by the People's Republic of China. The rest of Kashmir is split between Pakistan and India.

This pass is described as situated in the Kisil-korum Range, which is a branch from the Kara-tagh Range. The next day they arrived at the great lake Aksáe Chin, 16,620 feet, although I cannot make out what particular lake he means.

[1922, Sven Hedin, Southern Tibet, Stockholm, →OCLC, page 5:

On the southern shore of the Aksai Chin lake we left our big luggage behind us in a depot. Our next goal was the Khitai Dawan, whence we could reach the Upper Kara-Kash. Leaving Sir Aurel Stein’s route of 1908 to the north, we crossed the brown mountains separating the Aksai Chin lake from the salt marshes in the west, which had been seen by Johnson in 1865.

1930 June, Emil Trinkler, “Explorations in the Eastern Karkoram and in the Western Kunlun”, in The Geographical Journal, volume LXXV, number 6, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 510:

A lake in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin.


Rupnagar

A city in Punjab, an important Indus Valley Civilization site.


Nanded District

A district of Maharashtra, in central India.


Nizamabad

Borrowed from Hindi निज़ामाबाद (nizāmābād) / Urdu نظام آباد (nizāmābād).

bor

Hindi निज़ामाबाद (nizāmābād)

A city and district of Telangana, India.


Aurangabad

A large city, the headquarters of Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India


Mahbubnagar

Borrowed from Telugu మహబూబ్ నగర్ (mahabūb nagar).

bor+

One of the districts in Telangana in India.


Pathankot

A city in Punjab, India, site of a major military base.


Kapurthala

A district of Punjab, in northern India, divided into two noncontiguous parts.


Ferozepur

A city on the banks of the Sutlej River, in the state of Punjab, India.


Bathinda

A town in Punjab, India, site of the Qila Mubarak or "Fortunate Castle".


Faridkot

Faridkot
Faridkot district
Faridkot state
Fariduddin Ganjshakar

Named for Farīduddīn Ganjshakar ((Urdu: حضرت بابا فرید الدّین مسعود گنج شکر).


Patiala

A city in Punjab, India, site of the Qila Mubarak castle.


Sangrur

A town, the headquarters of Sangrur district in Punjab, in northern India.


Demchok

A village in Zhaxigang, Gar, Ngari, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Fatehgarh Sahib

Literally "Town of Victory", so called since 1710, when Sikhs under Banda Bahadur conquered the area.

A city in Punjab, India, prominent in Sikh history.


Sri Muktsar Sahib

A city in Punjab, India, formerly known as Khidrana and then as Muktsar.


Jalandhar

Borrowed from Sanskrit [Term?], from जल (jala, “water”) + अनदर (anadara, “inside”), because Shiva's son was born inside water.

compound

A city in northwestern Punjab, famous for sports equipments.


Line of Actual Control

For decades, India and China have been locked in a bitter dispute along a 2,100-mile border known as the Line of Actual Control. Indian defense officials say that Chinese military forces have been increasingly laying claim to territories that have long been under India’s control.[…]
India’s Army said in a statement on Monday that troops from each side had disengaged from the Line of Actual Control, which is patrolled by soldiers from both countries.

2022 December 13, Sameer Yasir, Emily Schmall, “Indian and Chinese Soldiers Again Trade Blows at Disputed Border”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-13, Asia Pacific:

However, a major sore point in Indo-Chinese relations remains an ongoing standoff at the countries' de facto border, the Line of Actual Control (LAC), in the Himalayas, which analysts say is indicative of a larger rivalry.

2023 August 23, Wesley Rahn, Murali Krishnan, Yuchen Li, “BRICS: Can China and India overcome differences at summit?”, in Shamil Shams, editor, Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-08-24, Politics:

The line which separates the Indian-administered union territory of Ladakh from Chinese-administered territory of Aksai Chin.


Amritsar

From Sanskrit अमृत "nectar" + सरस् "lake, pool".

A large city in Punjab, India, formerly known as Ramdaspur and sometimes called Ambarsar.

The district (the second most populous in Punjab) which contains this city.


Bahawalpur

Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur District
Bahawalpur Division


Rahim Yar Khan

bor

رحیم یار خان


Canning

* The civil parish in New Brunswick is likely named after British prime minister George Canning (1770 - 1827).
* The village in Nova Scotia is named after British prime minister George Canning (1770 - 1827).

A town in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India.


Diu

A city in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India

A district of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India


Harappa

Borrowed from Punjabi ہَڑَپَّہ (haṛappah) / ਹੜਪ੍ਪਾ (haṛppā).

bor+

A village in Punjab, in eastern Pakistan.


Telangana

/ˌtɛlənˈɡɑːnə/

[ˌt̪ɛləŋˈɡɑːnə]

Borrowed from Telugu తెలంగాణ (telaṅgāṇa).

A state in south-central India, created in 2014 by separation from Andhra Pradesh. Capital: Hyderabad.


Saurashtra

Borrowed from Gujarati સૌરાષ્ટ્ર (saurāṣṭra, “Saurashtra”) or its etymon Sanskrit सौराष्ट्र (saurāṣṭra, “from Saurashtra”), vriddhi form of सुराष्ट्र (surāṣṭra, “Saurashtra”), from सु- (su-, “good”) + राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra, “realm, dominion”).

af

/saʊˈɹɑːstɹə/

/saʊˈɹɑːʃtɹə/


Gaya

Borrowed from Hindi गया (gayā), from Sanskrit गया (gayā).


Bengaluru

Borrowed from Kannada ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು (beṅgaḷūru).

Synonym of Bangalore, a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India.


Junagadh

Borrowed from Gujarati જૂનાગઢ (jūnāgaḍh).


Uttara Kannada

From Kannada ಉತ್ತರ (uttara, “north”) + ಕನ್ನಡ (kannaḍa, “Kannada”), presumably a translation of the older name for the region, North Canara.

A district in southwestern India, with administrative headquarters at Karwar.


Tollygunge

Borrowed from Bengali টালিগঞ্জ (ṭaligonj).

A neighbourhood of Kolkata, West Bengal, India.


Warburton

en-proper noun

Warburton (countable and uncountable, plural Warburtons)

From the Old English personal name Wǣrburg + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).

(uncountable) A placename:
A town in Punjab, Pakistan.


Darjeeling

/dɑ(ɹ)ˈd͡ʒiːlɪŋ/

Borrowed from Nepali दार्जिलिङ (dārjiliṅ), from Tibetan རྡོ་རྗེ་གླིང (rdo rje gling), itself a compound of Tibetan རྡོ་རྗེ (rdo rje, “vajra”) and གླིང (gling, “land”).

der

རྡོ་རྗེ་གླིང

A town and municipality in West Bengal, India.


Ravi

Borrowed from Punjabi راوی (rāvī) / ਰਾਵੀ (rāvī), from Sanskrit इरावती (irāvatī).

A river of the Punjab flowing through both India and Pakistan


Udaipur

A city and district in Rajasthan, India.


Secunderabad

From Urdu سِکَنْدَر آباد (sikandar ābād) / Hindi सिकंदराबाद (sikandrābād), named after Sikander Jah. The spelling was likely influenced by Latin secundus.

bor

سِکَنْدَر آباد

It was my fate to commence my career in the medical service forty years ago in the presanitary days, long before the introduction of modern methods of diagnosis, at two of the most unhealthy stations in the whole of India — Bellary and Secunderabad.

1881, International Congress of Medicine, Transactions of the 1st, 2nd, 4th-17th Congress, page 541:

The twin city of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana.


Rameswaram

From Tamil ராமேசுவரம் (rāmēcuvaram), from Sanskrit रामेश्वर (rāmeśvara) (राम (rāma) + ईश्वर (īśvara)).


Red Corridor

A region in eastern India that experiences considerable Naxalite-Maoist insurgency.


Sutlej

Borrowed from Hindi सतलुज (satluj), itself ultimately from Sanskrit शतद्रु (śatadru).

The longest of five rivers that run through Punjab in both India and Pakistan.


Penukonda

From Telugu పెను (penu, “great, large”) + కొండ (koṇḍa, “hill”).


Sringeri

From Kannada ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ (śṛṅgēri), from Sanskrit शृङ्गगिरि (śṛṅgagiri), from शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “horn”) + गिरि (giri, “hill”).

A town in Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka, India.


Haridwar

Transliteration of Hindi हरिद्वार (haridvār).

translit

A city and municipality of Haridwar district, India.


Bhadra

From the feminine of Sanskrit भद्र (bhadrá).


Kanchipuram

Borrowed from Tamil காஞ்சிபுரம் (kāñcipuram), from Sanskrit [Term?], compound of काञ्ची (kāñcī) + पुरम् (puram).

compound

काञ्ची (kāñcī) + पुरम् (puram)


Whitefield

A neighbourhood of Bangalore, Karnataka, India.


Ingalagi

A village in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India.

A village in Dharwad district, Karnataka, India.


Kalaburagi

Borrowed from Kannada ಕಲಬುರಗಿ (kalaburagi).

bor+

An Indian city and district located in the southern state of Karnataka.


Golaghat

/ˌɡoːlɑːˈɡʱɑːt/

/ˈɡoʊləˌɡɑːt/

Borrowed from Assamese গোলাঘাট (gülaghat).

A city in Assam, India, situated near the Dhansiri River in Upper – Assam, and one of the oldest urban agglomerations, raised to the status of a subdivision way back in 1839, and later elevated to a district in 1987.

A district of Assam with headquarters at Golaghat.


Weir

en-proper noun

Weir (countable and uncountable, plural Weirs)

A town and municipality in Bharatpur District, Rajasthan, India.


Deccan

Deccan (canonical)
the Deccan (canonical)

→⇒ New Latin: deccanensis

Borrowed from Hindustani दक्खिन / دکھن (dakkhin) and its variants, from Prakrit 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa), from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa, “south”).

So counſel'd hee, and both together went / Into the thickeſt Wood, there ſoon they choſe / The Figtree, not that kind for Fruit renown'd, / But ſuch as at this day to Indians known / In Malabar or Decan ſpreds her Armes / Braunching ſo broad and long, that in the ground / The bended Twigs take root, and Daughters grow / About the Mother Tree, […]

1667, John Milton, “Book XIII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC, signatures Ii2, verso – [Ii3], recto; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 1099–1106:

Dekkan, or the ſouthern diviſion of “Hindooſtan, called by European geographers, The Peninſula, has varied in boundary, at different periods, with the poſſeſſions of its rulers in adjacent provinces.

1794, Jonathan Scott, “Introduction”, in Ferishta's History of Dekkan, from the First Mahummedan Conquests […] , volume I, page ix:

The spies affirmed, that busy fame, / Declared aloud the gallant name, / Of Hussein Khan, the Sooltan’s son, / Whose brand in battle oft had shone, / And spread his youthful glory wide, / Till stood he forth the Dekhan's pride,— / Now called the Moslem force to lead, / And fire their souls to vengeance dread.

1822, “Canto V”, in Heera. The Maid of the Dekhan. A poem. In Five Cantos., pages 109–10:

In India, it is generally considered that the earliest Muslims to settle in the Deccan were the Arabs of the Navayat clan, who had made the Konkan their permanent home about the year a.d. 701 when they fled from the Kufah (in the Euphrates valley) to escape the cruelties of the governor, Hajjaj bin Yusuf. Even prior to the Muslim conquest of the Deccan, the Rashtrakutas had Arabs and Abyssinians in their armies.

1996, Shanti Sadiq Ali, The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times, pages 27–28:

A large plateau in southern India; southern or peninsular India.


Guntur

A district and city in Andhra Pradesh, India.


Anantapur

From Sanskrit अनन्त (ananta, “endless, boundless, eternal, infinite”) + Telugu పురము (puramu, “city, town”).

der

A district and town in Andhra Pradesh, India.


Manor

A town in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India


United Provinces

(historical) A historical region in India, now the state of Uttar Pradesh.

A province of British India from 1937 to 1947.

A province of the Dominion of India from 1947 to 1950.


Puthenchira

A village in Thrissur district in Kerala, India.


Maheshwar

From Sanskrit महेश्वर (maheśvara); ultimately from महा (mahā, “great”) + ईश्वर (īśvara, “god”).


Ajmer

Borrowed from Hindi अजमेर (ajmer). Named for either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II.


Ledo

en-proper noun

Ledo (countable and uncountable, plural Ledos)

A town in Tinsukia district, Assam, India.

A village in Giridih district, Jharkhand, India.


Cherrapunji

A town in Meghalaya, sometimes credited as the world's wettest place.


Karanja

Karanja (countable and uncountable, plural Karanjas)

A city in Washim district, Maharashtra, India.

A tehsil town in Wardha district, Maharashtra.

A place name:
A town in Raigad district, Maharashtra.


Salcete

From Portuguese Salcete, of various possible origins. Compare Konkani साष्टी (sāṣṭī), the native name, and Marathi सासष्टी (sāsaṣṭī, “sixty-six”). Compare also Salsette.

cog

Konkani साष्टी (sāṣṭī)

A subdivision of South Goa district, Goa, India.


Tawang

Named for the Tawang Monastery, which was named by Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso. Supposedly means "chosen by the horse" in a local language.

An administrative district in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

A town, the district headquarters of Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India.


Kutch

Borrowed from Gujarati કચ્છ (kacch), from Sanskrit कच्छ (kaccha, “marshland”).


Awadh

‘Lucknow is not a village. It is a city with a thousand years of civilization. It was the capital of the Awadh kingdom.ʼ

2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, page 11:

A historical region in Uttar Pradesh, India.


Braj

Borrowed from Hindi ब्रज (braj), from Sanskrit व्रज (vraja).


Bareilly

A city in Bareilly district, in northern Uttar Pradesh.


Sarsai Nawar

From Sanskrit so called after the names of two lake: सारस.


Niwari

A district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Formed after separation from Tikamgarh district, it consists of three tehsil: Niwari, Prithavipur, and Orchha.

A town in Niwari district, Madhya Pradesh, India.


Paschimbanga

From Bengali পশ্চিম (pościm, “West”) and বঙ্গ (boṅgo, “Bengal”).


Dharamshala

The nearest airport from Dharamshala is at Gaggal (13 kms). Jagson Airlines flies thrice a week (via Kullu) from Delhi to Dharamshala. Jagson Airlines has a ticket counter at the airport. From the airport you can hire a taxi to Dharamshala,

2006, Swati Mitra, The Buddhist Trail in Himachal: A Travel Guide, Good Earth, →ISBN, page 150:

Ensconced in the beautiful Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala is not just another tourist spot, another hill station.

2011, Indian Premier League Story, Pearson Education India, →ISBN, page 67:

I live in Dharamshala (HP). Till now we have been discussing the northern part of the country, now I want to focus on the Himalayan region especially Dharamshala and the Indo-Tibetan border.

2012, Harsh Dobhal, Defend the Defenders: Resisting Attacks on Human Rights Activists in India, Socio Legal Information Cent, →ISBN, page 189:


Jhelum

Borrowed from Urdu جھیلم (jhelam), a dated form of جِہْلَم (jihlam).

A river in northern India and eastern Pakistan, a tributary of the Indus.


Pundri

A city in Kaithal district, Haryana, India


Kaithal

A district of Haryana, in northern India


Longwood

A residential locality in Shimla (previously Simla), Himachal Pradesh, India.


Tianshuihai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 甜水海 (Tiánshuǐhǎi).

On a vast, dry lakebed called Tianshuihai, we came to a community of sorts, a desperate huddle of concrete and mud structures. My map labeled the region “Soda Plain,” and it seemed a long time since any water had gathered there. It was also, evidently, earthquake country. Buildings, many of them abandoned, had been shaken off their foundations; their walls had cracked and roofs fallen in. The military post and gas depot where Qu stopped to refuel had been shored up by heavy concrete buttresses. Thousands of fifty-gallon drums littered the ground, along with broken machinery, derelict vehicles, chunks of concrete, goat carcasses, cans, bottles, and shit.

1991, Jeremy Schmidt, Himalayan Passage: Seven Months in the High Country of Tibet, Nepal, China, India, & Pakistan, Seattle: The Mountaineers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 117:

Woo and Gong had flown out of Tianshuihai and were patrolling a section of the border where China abutted the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the disputed region of Askai^([sic – meaning Aksai]) Chin that was under Chinese control.
"Could you imagine being posted to this place?" Gong asked.

2004, Tom Grace, The Secret Cardinal, Perseus Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 265:

A lake in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin.


Tianwendian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 天文點／天文点 (Tiānwéndiǎn).

zh-l

天文點／天文点 (Tiānwéndiǎn)

(2) On 12th July at 15. 00 hours, one Indian aircraft intruded into the air space over the Chip Chap River vally in Sinkiang, and carried out reconnaissance over China's civilian checkpoint at Tienwentien, and then flew east to Chipchap La for further activities.[...]
(11) On 15th July at 12. 35 hours, one Indian aircraft intruded into the air space over the Chip Chap River valley in Sinkiang, and repeatedly circled over China's civilian checkpost at Tienwentien for provocation.

[1967, Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, British Broadcasting Corporation, →ISSN, →OCLC, page A-31, A-32:

Yang Gongcheng [2799 0501 2052], a cadre of Xinjiang Military Region accompanying us told us that the conditions of two frontier stations on Kal Kunlun, Shenxianwan and Tianwendian were amon the worst in the whole army.[...]In Company No.5, we met political instructor Zhen Shaowu [6774 1421 2976], who had just came down from the Tianwendian outpost standing 5,190 meters above sea level. He was a soldier with a strong will.

1992, Daily Report: China - Issues 149-158, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 19–20:

China was particularly sensitive to the area of Tianwendian (Point 5243), which lies in the northern part of Aksai Chin and was also the location of the forward HQ of their northernmost Defended Area (Tien HQ Defence Area).[...]On 19 Apr 1962, the PLA General Staff passed order to the frontier guards of Xinjiang Military Region for 'strengthening the border defences in the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian border (Ladakh)'. Some more posts were to be established where gaps between teh Chinese posts were comparatively wider. The strength of the poss at Point 5243 and the Area of Kongka Pass was increased. Two more posts were established, i.e. one at Point 5500 (northwest of Tianwendian) and the second one on Point 5851 (southwest of Tianwendian) to provide depth.

2015, P J S Sandhu, Vinay Shankar, G G Dwivedi, 1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill, New Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 46:

Border officials of the Indian and Chinese armies on Saturday resolved to improve ties at the functional level as they met on the occasion of New Year at the world's highest border personnel meeting point. "On the occasion of New Year, a ceremonial Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) was conducted first time today at Chinese Temporary Meeting Point at Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) - Tianwendian (TWD), which is the world's highest-established BPM point," said Udhampur-based defence spokesman Colonel SD Goswami.

2016, “Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level”, in News18:

The annual precipitation at Kyagar is low for different reasons, including the geographical location of the station. For example, Tianwendian station is located in the south-eastern Karakoram Mountains, which receive water vapour from the Indian Ocean that falls out in precipitation due to uplift along the mountain slopes.

2019 March 1, Ren-juan Wei, Liang Peng, Chuan Liang, Christoph Haemmig, Matthias Huss, Zhen-xia Mu, Ying He, “Analysis of temporal and spatial variations in hydrometeorological elements in the Yarkant River Basin, China”, in Journal of Water and Climate Change, volume 10, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

He had arrived at Tianwendian post just two days earlier, to take part in an outdoor long-distance running event.

2021 January 16, Minnie Chan, “High altitudes send soldiers off course in China-India border region: experts”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2021-01-16:

An outpost in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin.


Damodar

Transliteration of Bengali দামোদর (damōdor), Hindi दामोदर (dāmodar), from Sanskrit दामोदर (dāmodara).

translit

A river in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal


Thathri

From Kashmiri ٹھاٹھ (ṭhāṭh, “personality”) or, according to some other historians, from Hindi ठठेरा (ṭhaṭherā, “coppersmith, tinsmith, brazier”).

bor

A town in Jammu and Kashmir, India; a subdivision and a tehsil of Doda District.


Dum Dum

Transliteration of Bengali দমদম (domodom).

transliteration

The international airport of Kolkata, West Bengal, India, officially Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport.


Faizabad

A city in Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India


Film Nagar

A neighbourhood of Hyderabad, Telangana, India, the core of the Telugu-language cinema industry


en-proper noun

/ˈdɑːdɹɑː ənd ˌnʌɡəɹˌhəˈvɛli ən dəˈmɑːn ən ˈdiːuː/

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Dadra and Nagar Haveli

A union territory of India. Capital: Daman, formed from the merger of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી અને દમણ અને દીવ

dādrā ane nagar havelī ane damaṇ ane dīv

दादरा और नगर हवेली एवं दमन और दीव

dādrā aur nagar havelī evã daman aur dīv


Kargil

Borrowed from Ladakhi དཀར་འཁྱིལ (dkar 'khyil).


Dalhousie

→ French: Dalhousie

The town in New Brunswick is named after George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie (1770 - 1838).
The hill station in Himachal Pradesh is named after James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie (1812 - 1860).

A hill station in Himachal Pradesh, India.


Birbhum

Borrowed from Bengali বীরভূম (birbhum) c. 18th century.


Amaravathi

A historical Buddhist town in Andhra Pradesh, India.


Vadakku Ammapattinam

Transliteration of Tamil வடக்கு அம்மாபட்டினம் (vaṭakku ammāpaṭṭiṉam).

translit

வடக்கு அம்மாபட்டினம்


Machilipatnam

Transliteration of Telugu మచిలీపట్నం (macilīpaṭnaṁ).

transliteration

A city in Krishna district, Coastal Andhra, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Sifan

From Oromo Siifan, Siif (“for you”) + an (“I am, me”) = (I am for you).

A village in Anantnag tehsil, Anantnag district, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India, in the region of Jammu and Kashmir


Pangong Tso

From Tibetan སྤང་གོང་མཚོ (spang gong mtsho).

The Pangong Tso (lake) is about two and a half miles distant from the low ridge of the Surtokh La, or more properly speaking, its natural bar or bund, but the level of the old lake bed extends up to within a very short distance of the pass. A rise of 150 feet in the waters of the present lake would find them again an exit down the valley to Tanksè. A Trigonometrical station lies close to the water's edge, it bears east-south-east from a rock, a quarter mile distant out in the lake, and is marked with a stone having the usual dot and circle cut on it; its height has been determined trigonometrically to be 13,931 feet above the sea. From this mark-stone, a fine view of the first long reach of this elevated and interesting piece of water is obtained. Its colour is of an intense blue, the water as clear as crystal, but far too saline to be drinkable ; there was quite a true salt water feel in the air as the wind blew off it.

1868 [1866 June 16], H. H. Godwin-Austen, “Notes on the PANGONG LAKE district of LADAKH, from journal made in 1863”, in Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 87:

From this, 14,800 feet, the slope was easy, and, while descending, light snow fell for about half an hour. Ere long I got my first glimpse of the Pangong Tso, with its great blue bosom everywhere indented by spurs of the lofty mountains round it.

1870 [1869 July 8], J. L. Stewart, “Notes of a Botanical Tour in Ladak or Western Tibet”, in Transactions of the Botanical Society, volume X, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 224:

The same valley leads farther off to the northwest, passes the fjord-like Pangong Tso to the south and then becomes part of the Shyok valley; the Shyok comes down from the Karakorum pass, flows south at first along the Karakorum fault and then swings sharply northwest by the little town of Shyok.

1987, Blanche Christine Olschak, Himalayas: Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples, Facts on File, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 81:

From May to September there is a bi-weekly JKSRTC bus from Leh to Spangmik, a village on the shore of Pangong Tso, which departs from Leh on Saturday and Sunday at 06.30, returning to Leh the following morning at 07.00.

2014, Sophie Lovell-Hoare, Max Lovell-Hoare, Kashmir (Bradt Guides), →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 139:

Thousands of soldiers have been facing off since April on the Line of Actual Control (LAC), or the de facto border, including at the glacial Pangong Tso lake.

2021 February 21, Sanjeev Miglani, “Hundreds protest S.China project over pollution worries”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-11:

an endorheic lake in eastern Ladakh and the disputed Aksai Chin


Depsang Plains

There is another route from Baltí Púlú to Sarsil from the Depsang Plains, but it is only used in summer, on account of the cold in these plains being very severe in winter.

1868 [1866 April 22], W. H. Johnson, “Report on his Journey to Ilchí, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary.”, in The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London, volume XXXVII, London: John Murray, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39:

It seems to me that I entered the hills, from the Indian side, at Barakau on the 25th of June last; that I reached the ‘top’ on the Depsang plains on the 14th of this month; and that to-day I have emerged on the Central Asian side of the hills into the plains of Eastern Turkestan.

1876 [1874 September 27], J. Scully, “A Contribution to the Ornithology of Eastern Turkestan”, in Allan Hume, editor, Stray Feathers: A Journal of Ornithology for India and its Dependencies, volume IV, Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press, →OCLC, page 59:

The following day I crossed the Depsang plains, 17,000 feet above the level of the sea, and found myself again on the Shyok river, now a very shallow stream.

1895, C. S. Cumberland, “Sporting Wanderings”, in Sport on the Pamirs and Turkistan Steppes, William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 18:

Followed two more weeks of marching,—rougher marching this time,—through the core of the lofty mountains that divide India from Central Asia; across the terrible Depsang Plains, seventeen thousand feet up; and over four passes choked with snow; till they came upon a deserted fort, set in the midst of stark space, and knew that here, indeed, was the limit of human habitation. Next day the work of exploration had begun in earnest.

1910, Maud Diver, “The Valley of Decision”, in The Great Amulet, New York: John Lane Company, →OCLC, page 368:

The uplifted western rim of the plateau concealed all the world except a few ice-peaks that lifted above it. One of them was K2, the highest peak in the world bar Mount Everest, but from the Depsang Plains, which are sixteen or seventeen thousand feet, K2 and its companions looked strangely truncated.

1930, Owen Lattimore, “Suget and Karakoram”, in High Tartary, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, →OCLC, page 345:

Dr Thomson, who was the first Englishman to visit that pass—an 18,000-foot high obstacle astride one of the ancient routes between India and Central Asia—observed to its south-east what are now called the Depsang Plains, the extreme western edge of the desolate wasteland of the northern Tibetan plateau.

1964, Alastair Lamb, “The Aksai Chin Boundary in 1875”, in The China-India Border, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, page 77:

I had to have one last look at the Depsang Plains before we left the next day. No one else seemed particularly enthused, so I set off alone up the long gradual slope behind our cricket pitch. Moving quickly I gained the lip of the plain in forty-five minutes and walked off across its remarkable horizontal surface. So strange a place was it that I felt I could be somewhere as remote and curious as on the moon.

1988, Peter Hillary, Rimo: Mountain on the Silk Road, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 83:

Reports that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) was constructing a road towards the camp of five tents coincided with the breakdown without resolution of the third “flag meeting” between local commanders from both countries. The two sides are camped within 300 yards of one another in the Depsang plain, a mountainous plateau about 16,000ft above sea level.

[2013 May 3, Francis Elliott, Leo Lewis, “Beijing risks clash with India over a road to row of tents”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-26:

The officials said Chinese troops had advanced in the Depsang Plains, also in Ladakh, in violation of border management and jointly agreed patrolling protocols between the two countries.
Depsang is a strategically important area close to Daulat Beg Oldie, where India in recent years made an airstrip close to China operational.

2020 June 25, Ashok Sharma, Aijaz Hussain, “Indian army chief visits troops near troubled China border”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-26:

Contrary to reports that reaching a settlement on disengagement at Hot Springs will be easy, this is proving to be a stumbling block. Former military officials say that it is an area that is important to both sides.
“Low hanging fruit? The geography of the area makes it as important as Depsang Plains, if not more. Recall in 1959 the first clash took place here!” Harcharanjit Singh Panag, a retired lieutenant general in the Indian Army tweeted.

2022 March 15, Sudha Ramachandran, “No Breakthrough at 15th Round of China-India Talks”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2022-03-15:

Among the remaining contention points between the two armies is an eastern region called the Depsang Plains. Military analysts said that the Chinese Army was not allowing Indian troops to patrol in that area, even though they have done so for decades. While India’s military is already stretched thin, said Saurav Jha, editor in chief of the Delhi Defense Review, it still needs to keep up a permanent patrol to deter China.

2022 September 9, Sameer Yasir, “2 Years After Deadly Fistfights, India and China Pull Back From Border”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-09, Asia Pacific:

A gravelly plain in eastern Ladakh and the disputed Aksai Chin.


Santiniketan

Transliteration of Bengali শান্তিনিকেতন (śantiniketon).

translit

শান্তিনিকেতন

Japanese interaction with Santiniketan dates back to the year 1902 with the arrival of the above-mentioned Shitoku Hori. Subsequently, in 1905, Jinnosuke Sano, an ex-student of Keio University, arrived in Santiniketan. He was the jujutsu teacher. It is known that during his three years of stay at Santiniketan, while teaching jujutsu, he also taught Japanese language.

2010, P.A. George, editor, Japanese Studies: Changing Global Profile, New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, →ISBN, page 259:

[A]nd one reason why young Satyajit decided to cut short his study at Santiniketan was his growing sense of the place being ‘an isolated island’ and his desire to go back to Calcutta ‘in order to keep abreast of things’. One of the things he had missed in the esoteric surroundings of Santiniketan was the film-going experience he so loved: ‘to relax in the coolness of a cinema, and lose myself in the make-believe world of Hollywood.’

2010, Sharmistha Gooptu, Bengali Cinema: ‘An Other Nation’, Routledge, →ISBN, page 144:

A neighborhood of Bolpur, Birbhum district, in eastern India.


Sriniketan

Transliteration of Bengali শ্রীনিকেতন (sriniketon).

A neighborhood of Surul, Birbhum district, in eastern India.


Khujutipara

Transliteration of Bengali খুজুটিপাড়া (khujuṭipaṛa).

A village in Birbhum district, in eastern India.


Cooch Behar

Borrowed from Kamta কোচবিহাৰ (küsbihar).


Kalka

A town in Panchkula district, Haryana, India.


Velim

A large village in Salcete, South Goa district, Goa, India.


Miramar

Probably from Spanish (mirar + mar), or Portuguese (mirar + mar), to look at the sea, sea view


Tiruchirappalli

Borrowed from Tamil திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி (tiruccirāppaḷḷi).

bor+

திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி


Kalyan

A city in Thane district, Maharashtra state, India.


Rajahmundry

Derived from the name of Rajaraja Narendra, an 11th-century ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of who ruled over the city.


Janjira

Borrowed from Marathi जंजिरा (jañjirā), from Classical Persian جزیره (jazīra), from Arabic جَزِيرَة (jazīra).

(historical) A princely state in India during the British Raj, located on the Konkan coast in the present-day Raigad district of Maharashtra.


Dwarka

Transliteration of Gujarati દ્વારકા (dvārkā), Hindustani دوارکا (dvārkā) / द्वारका (dvārkā), Bengali দ্বারকা (darka), from Sanskrit द्वारका (dvārakā).

transliteration

A city and municipality of Devbhumi Dwarka district in the state of Gujarat in Western India, a site of Hindu pilgrimage.

A river in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal


Salsette

An island in Konkan division of the state of Maharashtra, on the west coast of India, andd containing the cities of Mumbai and Mira-Bhayandar,, and parts of Thane.


Thoothukudi

Borrowed from Tamil தூத்துக்குடி (tūttukkuṭi).

bor+

தூத்துக்குடி

a port city and district in Tamil Nadu, India.


Palashi

Transliteration of Bengali পলাশী (polaśi).

transliteration

A village on the east bank of Bhagirathi River in the Nadia District of West Bengal, India, famed for the Battle of Plassey in 1757.


Panvel

Transliteration of Marathi पनवेल (panvel).

Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Mumbai Metropolitan Region#English

A city in Raigad district, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra, India


Koyilandy

Transliteration of Malayalam കൊയിലാണ്ടി (koyilāṇṭi).

Kozhikode district
Kozhikode district#English

A taluk and a municipality in Kozhikode district, Kerala, India.


Hooghly

Anglicisation of Bengali হুগলি (hugoli).

A neighbourhood of Hugli-Chinsurah, West Bengal, India

The eastern distributary of the Ganges river in West Bengal, India.


Alappuzha

Transliteration of Malayalam ആലപ്പുഴ (ālappuḻa).

translit

A city and a district in the Indian state of Kerala.


Mazagaon

Transliteration of Marathi माझ़गाव (māj̈hgāv).

One of the seven islands of Mumbai, India.


Murshidabad

Transliteration of Bengali মুর্শিদাবাদ (murśidabad).

A district in the Indian state of West Bengal.


Nilgiri

A mountain range forming part of the Western Ghats in western Tamil Nadu, India.


Qadian

Borrowed from Urdu قادیان (qādiyān), itself a corruption of قاضی ماضی (qāẓī māẓī), shortened to قادی (qādī), and eventually قادیان (qādiyān).

A town and municipal council in Gurdaspur, Punjab, India, the founding place of the Ahmadiyya community.


Cachar

Transliteration of Bengali কাছাড় (kachaṛ).

A district in the Indian state of Assam.


Hailakandi

Transliteration of Sylheti ꠢꠣꠁꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠤ (hailaxandi).


Karimganj

Transliteration of Bengali করিমগঞ্জ (korimogonj).


Lakshmanavati

From Sanskrit लक्ष्मणवती (lakṣmaṇavatī) from लक्ष्मण (lakṣmaṇa), after Emperor Lakshmana Sena, and वती (vatī).

Gaur, an ancient Bengali city presently divided between Bangladesh and India, after falling to the Sena regime.


Lakhnauti

From Bengali লখনৌতি (lokhnōuti). The term rose to prominence after Muslim rule, and is a most likely a corruption of Lakshmanavati, the name of the city under the Senas.

Gaur, an ancient Bengali city presently divided between Bangladesh and India.


Gaur

An ancient Bengali city presently divided between Bangladesh and India, named Lakhnauti in the 12th century C.E. and Jannatabad in the 16th century.


Jannatabad

From Persian جنّت آباد (jannat âbâd) from جنّت (jannat, “garden”) and آباد (âbâd, “inhabited place”).


Chukmachi

A village in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.


Green Park

A neighbourhood in South Delhi district, Delhi, India.


Zanskar

A tahsil in Kargil district, Ladakh, India.


Benaulim

desc

→ Hindi: बेनॉलिम (benŏlim), बेनौलिम (benaulim)

From Portuguese Benaulim, from Konkani बाणावली (bāṇāvlī).


Parel

A neighbourhood of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Poonch

A town, a district of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir#English

a river in the autonomous territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir in Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in India.


Othera

A village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India


Kaveri

A river flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, India.


Chenab

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)bor.
Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb)bor.
Urdu چَنَاب (canāb)bor.
Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb)bor.
Hindi चनाब (canāb)bor.
English Chenab
Borrowed from Hindustani چَنَاب (canāb) / चनाब (canāb), from Classical Persian چناب (čanāb), ultimately from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā).

etymon

a river in Punjab, Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the state of Himachal Pradesh in India.


Ugu

A town in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India.


Zoji Pass

The usual route from Baltistan to Kashmir is by way of Dras and the Zoji Pass.

1912, Ernest F. Neve, Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life Among the Mountains and Valleys of Kashmir, T. Fisher Unwin, →OCLC, page 221:


Midnapore

Borrowed from Bengali মেদিনীপুর (medinīpur).


Darbhanga

Transliteration of Hindi दरभंगा (darbhaṅgā).

translit

A city in Darbhanga district, Bihar, India.


Bolpur

Transliteration of Bengali বোলপুর (bōlpur).

A town and municipality of Birbhum district, in eastern India.


SKM

Abbreviation of Sikkim, a state of India.


Koupalu

Borrowed from Manipuri ꯀꯧꯕꯔꯨ (koubaroo).

A mountain in northwestern Manipur, India.


Surul

Transliteration of Bengali সুরুল (śurul).

A census town in Birbhum district, in eastern India.


Kanyakumari

Borrowed from Tamil கன்னியாகுமரி (kaṉṉiyākumari).

bor+

கன்னியாகுமரி

A coastal town in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India.


Maddur

A town in Mandya district, Karnataka, India.


Shimsha

A river in Karnataka, India, a tributary of the Kaveri.


Drass

Alternative form of Dras: A place in Kashmir, India


Dras

From South Asian languages
* (Dras Islands): From basaltic rocks found near the hill station, which were identified as indication of a former volcanic island chain that was accreted by plate tectonics.

A town, a hill station in Dras subdivision, Kargil district, Ladakh, Kashmir, India; in the Dras Valley on the Dras River

A subdivision of Kargil district, Ladakh, Kashmir, India

A river in Kargil district, Ladakh, Kashmir, India; in the Dras Valley

A valley in Kargil district, Ladakh, Kashmir, India; containing the Dras River


Gurgaon

bor

Hindi गुड़गाँव (guṛgā̃v)


Thamirabarani

/ˌtɑːməɹəˈbʌɹəni/

/ˌtʌm(ə)ɹəˈbʌɹəni/

Borrowed from Tamil தாமிரபரணி (tāmiraparaṇi), itself borrowed from Sanskrit ताम्रपर्णी (tāmraparṇī, literally “copper-leaved”), from ताम्र (tāmra, “copper”) + पर्ण (parṇa, “leaf”) + -ई (-ī).

af

A river in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India.


Bargarh

Transliteration of Odia ବରଗଡ଼ (baragaṛa).

translit

A city in Bargarh district, Orissa, India.


Vidisha

A city in central Madhya Pradesh, India.


Rajanagaram

A locality in Rajahmundry, East Godavari district, Coastal Andhra, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Wankaner

Borrowed from Gujarati વાંકાનેર (vā̃kāner).

bor+

A city in Morbi district, Gujarat, India.

A tehsil in Morbi district, Gujarat, India.


Thanjavur

/θʌnˈd͡ʒɑvʊɹ/

Borrowed from Tamil தஞ்சாவூர் (tañcāvūr).

A city in Tamil Nadu, India, formerly known as Tanjore.


Tirunelveli

bor

திருநெல்வேலி


Jaunpur

Borrowed from Hindustani جونپور / जौनपुर (jaunpur).

Jaunpur district
Jaunpur district#English

A city in Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India

A Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India

A Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India


Castle Rock

A village in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India.


Gunachaur

Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar#English

A village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district, Punjab, India.


Borduria

The feuds between Namsang and Borduria continued. In 1875-76 the dispute between the Namsang and Borduria arose about the buffaloes which were carried off by Borduria people from Namsang areas.

2015, “Arunachal Pradesh”, in H. M. Bareh, editor, Encyclopaedia Of North-East India, 1st edition, Mittal Publications, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2022-11-11, page 72:

Wanglin Lowangdong, incumbent MLA of Borduria Bogapani trails in the constituency.

2019 May 23, The Hindu Net Desk, “Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates | BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats”, in The Hindu, archived from the original on 2022-11-12:

The Congress has retained three of the 42 seats it had won in 2014 - Sagalee seat, Mebo, Borduria-Bogapani - while wresting Pasighat West from the BJP.

2019 May 25, “BJP records landslide victory in Arunachal Pradesh Assembly polls”, in The Hitavada, archived from the original on 2022-11-12:


Doaba

From Punjabi ਦੁਆਬਾ (duābā, “doab”), from Persian دو آب (do-âb, “two waters”).

A region in the state of Punjab in northern India lying between the Beas and Sutlej Rivers


Beas

From Hindi ब्यास (byās) or Punjabi ਬਿਆਸ (biāsa), both ultimately from Sanskrit विपाशा (vipāśā).

A river of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in northern India, rising in the Himalayas and emptying into the Sutlej.


Kalighat

A neighborhood of Kolkata, West Bengal, India


Bardhaman

Borrowed from Bengali বর্ধমান (bôrdhôman).


Udhagamandalam

Borrowed from Tamil உதகமண்டலம் (utakamaṇṭalam).

A city and a municipality in the Nilgiris district of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.


Dooars

Derived from Bengali দুয়ার (duẏar, “door”), Assamese দুয়াৰ (duyar).

der+

A region of the states of West Bengal and Assam


Kanchrapara

A city in North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India.


Rayalaseema

Borrowed from Telugu రాయలసీమ (rāyalasīma), literally "country of kings", which was adopted in 1928 by the Andhra Mahasabha.

bor+

a region in the west of Andhra Pradesh, India.


Chandannagar

Borrowed from Bengali চন্দননগর (condonnogor).

A city in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India.


Sadat

en-proper-noun

Sadat (countable and uncountable, plural Sadats)

Ultimately from Arabic سَادَات (sādāt), plural of سَيِّد (sayyid, “master; Sayyid”).


Gurdaspur

a city and district in the Indian state of Punjab.


Kazipet

A city within Warangal Tri-City, Telangana, India.


Manmad

A town in Nashik district, Maharashtra, India.


Wardha

A city and district in Maharashtra, India.


Singareni

A village in Khammam district, Telangana, India.


Vijayawada

Borrowed from Telugu విజయవాడ (vijayavāḍa).

bor+

A city in NTR district, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Wadi

A town in Kalaburagi district, Karnataka, India.

A city in Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India.


Vrindavan

Transliteration of Hindi वृन्दावन (vŕndāvan), from Sanskrit वृन्दावन (vṛndāvana).


Prayagraj

Transliteration of Hindi प्रयागराज (prayāgrāj)


Bangaon

Borrowed from Bengali বনগাঁ (bongã). The -gaon suffix is possibly by influence of place names like Gurgaon, Sonargaon etc.


Kurukshetra

Borrowed from Hindi कुरुक्षेत्र (kurukṣetra), Sanskrit कुरुक्षेत्र (kurukṣetra).

bor+

A city in Haryana, India, famous for the mythical War of Kurukshetra


Burdwan

Anglicization of Bengali বর্ধমান (bôrdhôman).

former name of Bardhaman, a city in West Bengal, India


Ghum

A neighbourhood in Darjeeling municipality, West Bengal, India.


Mangaluru

Synonym of Mangalore, a city in Karnataka, south-western India.


Vasco da Gama

Named after Portuguese navigator and governor of Portuguese India Vasco da Gama.

named-after

List of governors of Portuguese India
Vasco da Gama, Goa


Bankura

A city and district in West Bengal, India.


Falta

A village in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India.


Royapuram

A neighbourhood of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.


New Jalpaiguri

An important railway junction and station in Jalpaiguri district, near Siliguri, West Bengal, India.


Viramgam

A town in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India.


Kharaghoda

A town in Surendranagar district, Gujarat, India.


Ratlam

A city and district in Madhya Pradesh, India.


Bayana

A town in Bharatpur district, Rajasthan, India.


Rajputana

(historical) A former region in India, now mainly in the state of Rajasthan.


Godhra

A city in Panchmahal district, Gujarat, India.


Abu Road

A city in Sirohi district, Rajasthan, India.


Fazilka

A city and district in Punjab, India; the district borders onto Pakistan.


Achhnera

A town in Agra district, Uttar Pradesh, India.


Bandikui

A city in Dausa district, Rajasthan, India.


Churchgate

From church + gate, in Mumbai from a former gate in the city wall near a cathedral.

A neighbourhood of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Borivali

A northern suburb of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

A village in Pune district, Maharashtra.


Virar

A coastal city in Palghal district, Maharashtra, India, north of Mumbai.


Palanpur

A city in Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India.


Mahalaxmi

A suburb of Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.


Mhow

A town in Indore district, Madhya Pradesh, India.


Vasai

Historical name: Bassein

A city in Palghar district, near Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Nagda

A town in Ujjain district, Madhya Pradesh, India.

A village in Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India.


Kalakund

A village in Indore district, Madhya Pradesh, India.


Patalpani

A village in Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh, India.

A waterfall and railway station serving it, in Indore district, Madhya Pradesh.


Bharuch

A city and district at the mouth of the Narmada River in Gujarat, India.


Kathgodam

A town in Nainital district, Uttarakhand, India.


Bandra

Possibly from Persian بندر (bandar, “port, harbour”).

A northern coastal suburb of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Mahim

A northern neighbourhood of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Baghal

Borrowed from Hindustani بَاگَھل (bāghal) / बाघल (bāghal).

A village in Kotkhai tehsil, Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India


Kannur

Borrowed from Malayalam കണ്ണൂർ (kaṇṇūṟ).

A city and a municipal corporation in Kerala, India.


Tiruvallur

Transliteration of Tamil திருவள்ளூர் (tiruvaḷḷūr).


Vidarbha

Borrowed from Sanskrit विदर्भ (vidarbha), from वि (vi) + दर्भ (darbha, “Desmostachya bipinnata”).


Kurla

An eastern suburb of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Igatpuri

A town north-east of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Kasara

A town in Thane district, Maharashtra, India.


Jhansi

A city in Jhansi Division, Uttar Pradesh, India.


Dhrangadhra

Dhrangadhra State, a former state in western India, abolished in 1948.


Wayanad

Borrowed from Malayalam വയനാട് (vayanāṭŭ).


Moradabad

A city and district in Uttar Pradesh, India.


Shekhawati

A historical region in Rajasthan, India.


Kottayam

Borrowed from Malayalam കോട്ടയം (kōṭṭayaṁ).


Palam

Transliteration of Hindustani پَالَم / पालम (pālam).

South West Delhi
South West Delhi#English

A neighborhood of South West Delhi district, Delhi, India.

A town and tehsil in Parbhani district, Maharashtra, India.


Bardez

From Konkani बार्देस (bārdes), from बारा (bārā, “twelve”) + देश (deśa, “territories”), referring to Aldona, Anjuna, Assagao, Candolim, Moira, Nachinola, Olaulim, Pomburpa, Saligao, Sangolda, Serula, and Siolim.

af

A tahsil in North Goa district, Goa, India.


Tumakuru

Borrowed from Kannada ತುಮಕುರು (tumakuru).


Hubballi

Borrowed from Kannada ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿ (hubbaḷḷi).


Chikkamagaluru

Borrowed from Kannada ಚಿಕ್ಕಮಗಳೂರು (cikkamagaḷūru).

a city and district in Karnataka, India.


Hosapete

Borrowed from Kannada ಹೊಸಪೇಟೆ (hosapēṭe).


Shivamogga

Borrowed from Kannada ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗಾ (śivamoggā).


Ballari

Borrowed from Kannada ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ (baḷḷāri).


Vijayapura

Borrowed from Kannada ವಿಜಯಪುರ (vijayapura).


Palakkad

Borrowed from Malayalam പാലക്കാട് (pālakkāṭŭ).


Hoshangabad

From Hindustani होशंगाबाद (hośaṅgābād) / ہوشنگ آباد.


Mayiladuthurai

a city and district in Tamil Nadu, India.


Ramanathapuram

/ɹəˌmɑnəˈθɑpʊɹɑm/

Borrowed from Tamil இராமநாதபுரம் (irāmanātapuram).

இராமநாதபுரம்


Tindivanam

Borrowed from Tamil திண்டிவனம் (tiṇṭivaṉam).


Thiruvallikeni

Borrowed from Tamil திருவல்லிக்கேணி (tiruvallikkēṇi).

திருவல்லிக்கேணி

A neighborhood of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.


Vatakara

Borrowed from Malayalam വടകര (vaṭakara).


Viluppuram

Borrowed from Tamil விழுப்புரம் (viḻuppuram).


Virudhachalam

Borrowed from Tamil விருத்தாச்சலம் (viruttāccalam).

விருத்தாச்சலம்

A town in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India.


Laksar

An earlier spelling may have been Lhaksar.


Ponda

A taluk in South Goa district, Goa, India.


Tiswadi

Borrowed from Konkani तिसवाडी (tisvāḍī).

A taluk in North Goa district, Goa, India.


Cortalim

Borrowed from Portuguese Cortalim, from Konkani कुठ्ठाळी (kuṭhṭhāḷī).

bor

Konkani कुठ्ठाळी (kuṭhṭhāḷī)


Margao

Borrowed from Portuguese Margão, from Konkani मडगांव (maḍgāuva).


Mormugao

A port city in South Goa district, Goa, India.


Agassaim

From Portuguese Agaçaim, from Konkani अगशी (agśī).


Mapusa

Borrowed from Portuguese Mapuçá, from Konkani म्हापशें (mhāpśẽ).


Kuttanad

Borrowed from Malayalam കുട്ടനാട് (kuṭṭanāṭ).


Nagercoil

Borrowed from Tamil நாகர்கோவில் (nākarkōvil).


Mahabaleshwar

Borrowed from Marathi महाबळेश्वर (mahābḷeśvar).


Karwar

Borrowed from Kannada ಕಾರವಾರ (kāravāra).

A city in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India.


Chittaranjan

A town in Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India.


Jamshedpur

A city in the state of Jharkhand, India.


Tatanagar

A railway station in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.

Jamsetji Tata
Jamshedpur
Tatanagar Junction railway station


Majha

A region in Punjab now split between India and Pakistan.


Ernakulam

Borrowed from Malayalam എറണാകുളം (eṟaṇākuḷaṁ).


Idukki

Borrowed from Malayalam ഇടുക്കി (iṭukki).


Bhararisain

Borrowed from Hindi भराड़ीसैंण (bharāṛīsa͠iṇ).

The summer capital of Uttarakhand, India.


St. Andrews

A hamlet in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.


Gorakhpur

Borrowed from Hindi गोरखपुर (gorakhpur).


Eranad

Borrowed from Malayalam ഏറനാട് (ēṟanāṭŭ).


Noida

From the acronym of New Okhla Industrial Development Authority.


Gunjala

A village in Telangana, India, known for its Gondi population.


Shoranur

Borrowed from Malayalam ഷൊർണൂർ (ṣoṟṇūṟ).


Kendujhar

Borrowed from Odia କେନ୍ଦୁଝର (kendujhara).


Pathanamthitta

Borrowed from Malayalam പത്തനംതിട്ട (pattanantiṭṭa).


Kasaragod

Borrowed from Malayalam കാസർഗോഡ് (kāsaṟgōḍŭ).


Malappuram

Borrowed from Malayalam മലപ്പുറം (malappuṟaṁ).


Dadar

A neighbourhood of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


Mughalsarai

A city in Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India.


Sealdah

A neighbourhood of central Kolkata, West Bengal, India.


Jamalpur

Various places in India, including:
A city in Bihar.


Banuri

Borrowed from Manipuri ꯕꯥꯔꯨꯅꯤ (baaroonee).


Nanjinad

Borrowed from Tamil நாஞ்சிநாடு (nāñcināṭu).

a historical region in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India.


Vegre

A village in Mulshi taluka, Maval subdivision, Pune district, Maharashtra, India


Sambalpur

Borrowed from Odia ସମ୍ବଲପୁର (sambalapura).


Surendranagar

Borrowed from Gujarati સુરેન્દ્રનગર (surendranagar).

સુરેન્દ્રનગર


Arakkonam

A town and suburb of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.


Pandua

A town in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India.


Kushalgarh

A town in Banswara district, Rajasthan, India.