haggis

en-noun

haggis (countable and uncountable, plural haggises)

→ Irish: hagaois

→ Scottish Gaelic: taigeis

Burns supper
en:Haggis (disambiguation)
en:haggis

From Late Middle English hagis (“haggis”), from hag, haggen (“to chop, cut, hack; to cut into”) (from Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew”)), or from hakken (“to chop, hack; to dice, mince”) (from Old English hēawan (“to chop, hew; to dice, mince”)), both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hew; to beat, strike; to forge”).

der

HAGGESS, haggas, or haggis, ſort d’appret fait avec des herbes, du larde caupé menu, des épices, des œufs, & du fromage, le tout mis enſemble & bouilli dans une panſe de brebis.

[1677, Guy Miege [i.e., Guy Miège], “HAGGESS”, in A New Dictionary French and English, with Another English and French; According to the Present Use, and Modern Orthography of the French. Inrich’d with New Words, Choice Phrases, and Apposite Proverbs; Digested into a Most Accurate Method; and Contrived for the Use Both of English and Foreiners (in French), London: Printed by Tho[mas] Dawks, for Thomas Basset, at the George, near Cliffords-inn, in Fleetstreet, →OCLC, column 3:

HAGGESS, haggas, or haggis, a sort of preparation made with herbs, bacon, spices, eggs, cheese, all put together and boiled in a sheep's belly.

I congratulate the Caledonians on the acquiſition of this new Saint, but wonder if the German crows were ſo civil to refrain from ſo ſavoury a Scotch haggiſs.

1717 January 16 (Old Style), Lady Mary W. Montague [i.e. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu], “Original Letter of Lady Mary W. Montague, Never before Published. Found Lately amongst the Papers of a Lady Deceased.”, in The Scots Magazine; or General Repository of Literature, History, and Politics, volume LXI (volume VI, New Series), Edinburgh: [Printed by Alex[ander] Chapman and Co.] Sold by James Watson, No. 40. South Bridge, and by the principal booksellers in Town and Country and by T. Kay, Strand, London, published February 1799, →OCLC, pages 101–102:

"[…] You are all for providing other things before we have fixed upon the victuals. Let us ſettle about them firſt." / This word raiſed a tumult, ten times greater than the former; every one in the room roaring out at once for ſome particular diſh, either that it was his trade to provide, or which he was fond of himſelf. / […]—"An haggis,"—ſaid a Scot. / —"Leek-pottage,"—ſputtered Taffy. In a word, they all raiſed their voices with ſuch vehemence, not one attending to what another ſaid, that ſince the building of Babel, there was not ſuch a ſcene of confuſion.

1762, [Charles Johnstone], The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools. By the Editor of The Adventures of a Guinea. In Two Volumes, volume II, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, in Smock-alley, →OCLC, page 185:

And thank kind heav'n, their country can afford / A tumid haggeſs to adorn their board.

[1769], [John Maclaurin, Lord Dreghorn], “The Disappointed Epicures”, in Essays in Verse, [Edinburgh]: [Privately printed at the author's press], →OCLC, page 78:

The Haggies is that very diſh (if I may ſo call it) and a very good diſh it is. […] [W]henever inſtead of the paunch, refinement ſhall invent a veſſel, in which to ſerve up the Haggies, it will certainly reſemble in its model the original prototype, whether it be formed into a turrene or a ſilver vaſe, having the ſinged head as ornamented handles to the ſides.

1778 February 5, Thomas Pownall, “XXXII. Observations Arising from an Enquiry into the Nature of the Vases Found on the Mosquito Shore in South America.”, in Archaeologia: Or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, volume V, London: Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London; sold at the house of the Society, in Chancery-Lane; and by Messieurs White, Robson, Conant, Leigh and Sotheby, Brown and H. Payne, published 1779, →OCLC, page 322:

[T]he thousands of Englishmen who annually visit our romantic country can attest, that, even in the wildest Highland glens, something better can be found for their roast-beef stomachs, than sheep's-heads, haggises, and oat-meal cakes.

1821 October, “The Voyages and Travels of Columbus Secundus. Chapter XIII. The King’s Birth-day.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume X, number LVI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell, Strand, London, →OCLC, footnote, page 305:

Another one of those revered patriarchs whom it were almost sacrilege to touch is [Robert] Burn's, with "honest sonsie face," the haggis. […] It is a pity that one of the last minstrels, if only one of humble rank, did not fix unchangeably in verse the component parts of the national haggis, as some one has done the "Eve's pudding," and Sydney Smith did for his salad, and another did for mulled wine. We have a compound called haggis, without the preceding article, composed of meat, chopped anchovies, eggs, bread, sour wine, pepper and salt. But that does not seem to correspond with the remarks of an editor of Burns, who says the haggis was to Scotland what the plum pudding is to England, and it was the pride of her people that all the ingredients and even the bag it was boiled in were of native production.

1894, Jessup Whitehead, “The Hotel Book of Puddings”, in The American Pastry Cook: A Book of Perfected Recipes, for Making All Sorts of Articles Required of the Hotel Pastry Cook, Baker and Confectioner, Especially Adapted for Hotel and Steamboat Use, and for Cafés and Fine Bakeries, 7th edition, Chicago, Ill.: Jessup Whitehead & Co., publishers, →OCLC, page 78, column 1:

Haggis has a faggot-like consistency that certainly isn't short of flavour. I like to make individual portion haggises (traditional haggises are cooked in the sheep's paunch or stomach). It can also be made into a steamed haggis pudding simply by making the recipe, placing the mix in two 1.75 litre (3 pint) pudding basins, covering with buttered foil and then steaming for 3½ hours.

1999, Gary Rhodes, “Home-made Haggis”, in New British Classics, London: BBC Worldwide, →ISBN:

[T]he final dish of the day arrived in the form of a giant blood pudding, which was about the size of a basketball and wrapped in the goat's stomach. It reminded me more of Scottish haggis than of anything else I had seen on my travels around the globe. I took a tentative bite. It was fantastic, but I was completely done by this point and made my apologies to the disappointed restaurant owner. He seemed happy enough, particularly when he smiled and said, "Don't worry, anything that's left, I'll be taking home for dinner."

2015, Simon Majumdar, “The Baron and the Bronx”, in Fed, White, and Blue: Finding America with My Fork, New York, N.Y.: Hudson Street Press, →ISBN, pages 62–63; trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Avery, Penguin Random House, 2016, →ISBN:

A traditional Scottish dish made from minced sheep offal with oatmeal and spices, etc., originally boiled in the stomach of a sheep but now often in an artificial casing, and usually served with neeps and tatties (mashed swede and potatoes) and accompanied with whisky.


Mersey

From Old English mæres ēa (“boundary river”).

A river in England that flows for about 113 km (70 mi) to the Irish Sea at Liverpool.


Derby

From Old English Dēorby, of Scandinavian/North Germanic origin, from Old Norse Djúra-bý (“village of the deer”), from dýr (“deer”) + bǿr (“settlement”). Influenced by British Latin Derventio, the Roman site predating Derby, and possibly also the Celtic river name Derwent.

New Haven County
New Haven County#English

A city in New Haven County, Connecticut.

An unincorporated community in Frio County, Texas.


Vancouver Island

Named after English explorer George Vancouver.

named-after

The inlets and coves and little islands are on their starboard side, and just beyond them rises the immensity of Vancouver Island, its forests ascending into mountains whose summits are lost in low cloud.

2022, Emily St. John Mandel, Sea of Tranquility, Picador, pages 22-23:

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A large island off the southwest coast of British Columbia, Canada.


grenadier

From French grenadier, corresponding to grenade + -ier.

(military) A type of soldier, originally one who threw grenades, later a member of a company formed from the tallest men of the regiment; now specifically, a member of the Grenadier Guards of Canada and the United Kingdom.


Angus

Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice".

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996.


Lombard Street

A London street, the site of a colony of Lombard Jewish merchants and moneylenders who settled there in the 13th century.

Bankruptcy must inevitably have come of this young pagan in Lombard Street, London

1859, Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, page 312:

Lombard Street is thus a perpetual agent between the two great divisions of England

1873, Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market:

... and it is no wonder that there were active relations between the bourse in Bruges and Lombard Street in London.

1963, Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank: 1397-1494, page 317:

A street, and the money and capital market of London.


North Sea

From Middle English North-see, from Old English norþsǣ (“northern sea, Bristol Channel, Baltic, North Sea”), equivalent to north + sea. Cognate with West Frisian Noardsee (“North Sea”), Dutch Noordzee, German Nordsee, Danish Nordsøen, Swedish Nordsjön, Icelandic Norðursjór.

der

A marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Britain (in the west), Scandinavia (in the east) and Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and France (in the south).

Noordsee

a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Britain, Scandinavia and Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France


Preston

en-proper noun

Preston (countable and uncountable, plural Prestons)

From Old English prēost (“priest”) + tūn (“settlement”). Doublet of Prestatyn.

A number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Sonoma County, California.

New London County
New London County#English

A town in New London County, Connecticut.

An unincorporated community in Kemper County, Mississippi.

Richardson County
Richardson County#English

A village in Richardson County, Nebraska

census-designated place
census-designated place

White Pine County
White Pine County#English

A census-designated place in White Pine County, Nevada.

An unincorporated community in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma.

Trempealeau County
Trempealeau County#English

A town in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin.


Honshu

From Japanese 本(ほん)州(しゅう) (Honshū, “main island”), from Middle Chinese 本 (pwón, “main”) + 州 (t͡ʃjuw, “province”).

com

The main island of the Japanese Archipelago.

هُونْشُو

the main island of the Japanese Archipelago


Borneo

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Probably from Sanskrit वरुणद्वीप (varuṇa-dvīpa, “island of Varuna”).

der

A Pacific island shared by Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia; the world’s third largest island.


Buda

A neighborhood and island in Kortrijk, West Flanders, Belgium.


Winchester

From Middle English Wynchester, Winchestre, from Old English Wintanċeaster, from Latin Venta Belgārum (literally “Venta of the Belgae”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Celtic *wentā (“town, place”), Proto-Indo-European *h₁wen- (“place (?)”) + Old English ċeaster, from Latin castra (“camp”).
The bottle is named for the former customary units of the English city. The rifle is named named after American businessman Oliver Winchester (1810–1880). The computer disk is named for the rifle.

named-after

Any of the towns named after it, including:

A census-designated place in Riverside County, California.

Riverside County
Riverside County#English

A township in Norman County, Minnesota, named after Winchester, Iowa.


British Indian Ocean Territory

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the middle of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Indonesia.

إِقْلِيم الْمُحِيط الْهِنْدِي الْبِرِيطَانِيّ

Territoire britannique de l’océan Indien

Britisches Territorium im Indischen Ozean

Territouaithe Britannique d'l'Océan Îndgien

Británskaja territórija v Indíjskom okeáne

Брита́нская террито́рия в Инди́йском океа́не

บริติชอินเดียนโอเชียนเทร์ริทอรี

Brí-dtít In-diian Oo-chîian Tee-rí-tɔɔ-rîi


Poppy Day

From being the last day on which the commemorative poppy flower is worn.


NI

Over 60% of NI people opposed to paying for water supply, survey reveals [title]

2023 August 22, “Over 60% of NI people opposed to paying for water supply, survey reveals”, in Belfast Telegraph, →ISSN:

Campaigners say the Lough Neagh, the largest freshwater lake in the UK, which supplies nearly half of NI’s drinking water, is “dying in plain sight” because of vast algal blooms.

2023 October 13, Rory Carroll, “Northern Ireland: four key areas in crisis”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English


sixth form

en-noun

sixth form (countable and uncountable, plural sixth forms)

Earlier educational naming conventions in public schools termed every two years of education "forms" (itself sometimes said to be from form (“bench”), where students of certain ages would sit together, though disputed, or alternatively from form (“established method of expression or practice”)), where Years 12 and 13 (i.e. ages 16 to 18) was the "sixth" and final form. State schools adopted the term "sixth form" and retained it when the rest of the form structure was dropped.

Nathaniel: Maister, there is nobody to teach in the sixth form.
Maister: What a thing is this?
N: He is sick in bed.
M: How do you know?
N: One of the scholars in his house told me so.

1653, Corderius, Colloquia scholastica Anglo-Latina, […] 1653, page 220:

(UK except Scotland, education) The final two years of secondary education, during which students of about 16 to 18 years of age prepare for their A-level examinations or equivalent qualifications.


Old Dart

Possibly from the river Dart in Devonshire which enters the sea at Dartmouth, location of a Royal Navy College. Royal Navy officers who were returning to England at the end of a foreign tour of duty referred to going back to the "Old Dart" for further training.
Alternatively a variation of "old dirt" (compare old sod).

J. A. W. has still, I am persuaded, any amount of friends in the Old Dart.

1872, Pen-name Auld Lang Syne, Original Correspondence, Ovens and Murray Advertiser, Beechworth, Victoria, 20 July 1872, page 2:

You recollect that when I left the Colony to visit the old dart, besides the usual allowance granted...

1876, Magguffin, Random Notes, Oamaru Mail, 24 June 1876, page 2:

The ‘Old Dart’ mattered little to German Australians but the empire was another matter and Australia was their home.

2003, John Williams, German Anzacs And The First World War, page 9:

‘I have a whole range of new talents, Dad. I can muster a mob of cattle, break in a horse, speak pidgin, and at a pinch, stitch up someone′s head.’
‘Very useful in the Old Dart,’ he commented dryly and returned to his newspaper.

2003, Di Morrissey, Barra Creek, published 2010, page 432:

Marsh′s experiences during his first days in the Old Dart were no different from most Australian cricketers′.

2004, Mark Browning, Rod Marsh: A Life in Cricket, page 55:

(Australia, New Zealand) Britain, England, London, or Ireland; the Old Country.


Karmøy

A municipality and island in Rogaland, Western Norway, Norway.


Belfast confetti

Slang, dating from the late 19th century. Much later made the title of a poem by Ciaran Carson.

(slang) Large ship-building rivets, nuts, bolts and other metal scrap used as missiles by Protestant shipyard workers during sectarian rioting in Belfast.


Irishwoman

From Middle English Irish womman, equivalent to Irish + -woman.


Cheddar cheese

Cheddar cheese (countable and uncountable, plural Cheddar cheeses)

Hundreds of examples remain, still following the same general pattern—maroon, green or chocolate brown, for example, from ground to waist level, then a stale Cheddar cheese shade of cream above.

1962 October, Brian Haresnape, “Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways, page 253:

A variety of hard, pale yellow cheese originally produced in the region around Cheddar in Somerset, England.

Cheddar

Cheddar cheese; cheese; shortening from by dropping


Guadalcanal

From Spanish. The Pacific island was named in 1568 by Álvaro de Mendaña, after his hometown of Guadalcanal, Spain. From Arabic وَادِي الْخَانَات (wādī l-ḵānāt, “Valley of the Stalls”).

der

وَادِي الْخَانَات

A volcanic island in the Pacific, part of the Solomon Islands.

A battle in World War II in which American forces recaptured it from the Japanese.


Anglomania

en-noun

Anglomania (usually uncountable, plural Anglomanias)

Exaggerated enthusiasm for anything English.

ইঙ্গানুরাগ

exaggerated enthusiasm for anything English


Anglophile

(by extension) A person who loves or admires the country, culture or people of the United Kingdom.


Hartlepool

A town and seaport in County Durham, in northeastern England.


taoiseach

taoiseach (plural taoiseachs or taoisigh)

The only leader of the 1916 Easter rebellion to escape hanging, [Éamon d]e Valera lost the civil war, then won elections that made him taoiseach (prime minister) for 19 years.

1954 May 31, “The Taoiseach Falls: De Valera Nears the End of Long Political Trail”, in Henry R[obinson] Luce, editor, Life, volume 36, number 22, Chicago, Ill., New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29, column 1:

Despite the attacks, 'the boss', as [Charles] Haughey was to become known, was elected taoiseach by 82 votes to 62. However, he was a taoiseach with strong opposition from within his own party.

2003, Dermot Keogh, “Ireland, 1972–84”, in J[acqueline] R. Hill, editor, A New History of Ireland, volumes VII (Ireland 1921–84), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 379:

For three centuries, the fabled Round Room in Dublin's Mansion House has been the site of some of Ireland's most important gatherings. British monarchs and Irish taoiseachs, a Catholic pope and a Protestant terrorist, all have walked its halls.

2010, David J. Lynch, “Money is Just Evidence”, in When the Luck of the Irish Ran Out: The World’s Most Resilient Country and Its Struggle to Rise Again, New York, N.Y., Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 175:

He [Charles Haughey] was determined to seize the initiative, to paint a picture of a taoiseach forging ahead with a bold new strategy in relation to Northern Ireland – a leader, driven by an inner crusade to transform the landscape of Anglo-Irish relations.

2016, Stephen Kelly, “The Haughey—Thatcher Relationship: The Anglo-Irish Summit Meeting, May 1980”, in ‘A Failed Political Entity’: Charles Haughey and the Northern Ireland Question 1945–1992, Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland: Merrion Press, →ISBN, page 149:

Everyone in the UK and Ireland should be afraid of a no-deal Brexit, the Irish taoiseach said, after he was accused of engaging in “Project Fear mark two”.

2019 August 1, Kevin Rawlinson, “Leo Varadkar: ‘We should all be afraid of a no-deal Brexit’”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-26:

Well, I was there from 1973 to 1993, working directly with five different taoisigh, at different times, of course, as secretary to the government, or Cabinet Secretary in Robert's terms—from Sunningdale to the Downing Street Declaration.

2020, John Coakley, Jennifer Todd, quoting Dermot Nally, “The Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985”, in Negotiating a Settlement in Northern Ireland, 1969–2019, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 173:

Alternative letter-case form of Taoiseach (“head of the government of Ireland”)


thistle

From Middle English thistel, from Old English þistel, from Proto-West Germanic *þistil, from Proto-Germanic *þistilaz. *þīh- from *teyg-, which is a variant of Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to prick”); from this same Proto-Indo-European root comes English stick.
Cognates include Scots thrissel, German Distel, Dutch distel and Icelandic þistill.

der

This plant seen as the national emblem of Scotland.


Kiritimati

Borrowed from Gilbertese Kiritimati (“Christmas”), from English Christmas.

An island in Kiribati, also called Christmas Island.


Blackpool

A hamlet in Brixton parish, South Hams district, Devon, England (OS grid ref SX5654).


Bradford

* Various place names in England, from Old English brād (“broad”) + ford (“ford”).
* (shaken martini)

Wabaunsee County
Wabaunsee County#English

A large number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Wabaunsee County, Kansas.

An unincorporated community in Bracken County, Kentucky.

Penobscot County
Penobscot County#English

A village in Darke County and Miami County, Ohio.

Clearfield County
Clearfield County#English

A township in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania.


Philippine Islands

islands of the Malay Archipelago on which the country of Philippines is situated


Established in the United Kingdom as the first emergency service number in the world, initially chosen because of its suitability at a time of rotary-dial telephones.

I don't know why they couldn't just keep it as it was! How hard is it to remember 911?
You mean 999...
I mean 999!
That's the American one!
Yeah!

2006 Feb. 3, Graham Linehan, The IT Crowd, Season 1, Episode 2

When you call 999 in the UK, the operator usually answers the phone with "Emergency. Which service?"

The telephone number for emergency services in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Burma, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Sudan, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Dominica, Kiribati, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, and the Seychelles.

三条九 (saam¹ tiu⁴ gau², literally “triple nine”)


Minorca

From Late Latin Minorca, Minorica, from Latin Balearis Minor. Compare Majorca.

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English


Kos

From Ancient Greek Κῶς (Kôs) and modern Greek Κως (Kos).


IDF

Irish Defence Forces
w:Irish Defence Forces

(military) Initialism of Irish Defence Forces.


cromlech

From Welsh, from crom (“bowed, arched”, feminine of crwm) + llech (“flat stone”).
First element is a Germanic borrowing (compare Irish crom (“bent over”)) from Proto-Germanic *krumpaz; second element is from Proto-Celtic *ɸlikkā, compare German Fläche (“flat surface”).

The scenes depicted on the emunctory field, showing our ancient duns and raths and cromlechs and grianauns and seats of learning and maledictive stones, are as wonderfully beautiful and the pigments as delicate as when the Sligo illuminators gave free rein to their artistic fantasy long long ago in the time of the Barmecides.

A dolmen or ancient underground tomb in Wales, usually made with stones disposed in a circular shape.


Gloucester

Domesday Book
Gloucester
Gloucester (disambiguation)

Inherited from Middle English Glowchestre, from Old English Glēawċeaster, Glēaweċeaster, Glēawan ċeaster, from Latin Glēvum + Old English ċeaster. Recorded in the Domesday Book as Glowecestre.


Chichester

/ˈt͡ʃɪt͡ʃɪstə/

Chichester
Chichester (disambiguation)
Cissa of Sussex

Reputedly from Old English Cissa + ceaster (“fort, manor, town”).

A local government district in western West Sussex that has its headquarters in the city.

A small area in South Shields, Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England (OS grid ref NZ3665).

Merrimack County
Merrimack County#English

A town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States.

A hamlet in the town of Shandaken, Ulster County, New York, United States.

A region in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States, see "Derived terms" below.


Exeter

From Old English Ex (“the river Exe”) + ċeaster (“town”), 'the Roman city of Isca'.

A number of places in the United States:

A township in Berks County, Pennsylvania.


Portsmouth

Portuguese: Portsmouth

From Middle English Portesmuða, from Old English Portesmuða.

When ready for sea we went up to Greenhithe, that their lordships might inspect us, and then to Portsmouth, to take troops to Cork, a pleasant trip; […]

1892, Sir George Giffard, Reminiscences of a Naval Officer, page 45:

A city and unitary authority in Hampshire, in southern England

A city, the county seat of Scioto County, Ohio.

[…] not exceeding six Persons for Newport foure Persons for each of the respective Townes of Providence Portsmouth and Warwicke and two Persons for each other Place Towne or Citty […]

1663, John Clarke, Charles II of England (signatory), Rhode Island Royal Charter, archived from the original on 2022-07-10, second of three blocks of text, lines 5–6:


Southampton

A barony in the peerage of Great Britain

Burlington County
Burlington County#English

A township in Burlington County, New Jersey.

Upper Southampton
Upper Southampton#English

An unincorporated community in Upper Southampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.


Irish Sea

St George's Channel
St George's Channel#English

A sea in British Isles, Europe, in the Atlantic. A sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland; bordered to the north by the North Channel and to the south by St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea.

Ierse See

a sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland


tidal island

A piece of land that is connected to the mainland at low tide but separated at high tide.


Cape Breton Island

Named after its easternmost point, Cape Breton, whose name has an uncertain etymology. One theory connects it to the Bretons of northwestern France which discovered Canada, and another connects it to the French commune Capbreton, where whalers and fishermen traded with the Miꞌkmaq of this island.

An island on the Atlantic coast of Canada, part of the province of Nova Scotia.

Île du Cap-Breton

an island on the Atlantic coast of Canada


Harris

en-proper noun

Harris (countable and uncountable, plural Harrises)

From Harry + -s (“patronymic suffix”). From Harry, a male given name derived from a Middle English pronunciation of Old French Henri.


Coll

An island of the Inner Hebrides in Argyll and Bute council area, Scotland.


Pict

From Latin Pictus, probably rendering a Pictish autonym; see the Latin entry for details. Compare Old English Peohtas, which appears to show the effects of Grimm's law.

A member of an ancient people of northern and central Scotland.


St Helens

A village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight in England (OS grid ref SZ6289).


Scottish English

A variety of the English language that is spoken mostly in Scotland.


Yorkie

It is getting as much air in your batter as possible that will make your Yorkies rise!


Clare

The anglicized spelling of Irish Clár, from Old Irish clár (“plank, board”), from Proto-Celtic *klāros, *klārom (“table”).


shamrock

→ Japanese: シャムロック

→ Korean: 섐록 (syaemnok)

From Irish seamróg, from Old Irish semróc, diminutive of semar, semair (“clover”), from Proto-Celtic *semarā, *semaris (compare Gaulish uisumaris (“clover”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *semh₁r-, *smeh₁r-. Related to Old Norse smári (“clover”) and possibly Georgian სამყურა (samq̇ura, “clover”).

She wore a shamrock in honor of her Irish ancestry.

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens#Translingual

The trefoil leaf of any small clover, especially Trifolium repens, or such a leaf from a clover-like plant, commonly used as a symbol of Ireland.


East Indies

From east + Indies, a qualification added to distinguish the original lands and islands of "India" (inclusive of areas from Subsaharan Africa to Indonesia and Japan) from the "West Indies".

Island Southeast Asia
Island Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia, especially Island Southeast Asia or Indonesia, but also including India, Indochina, Malaya and the Malay Archipelago, from the Philippines to Indonesia.


mickey

* (potato): From the common Irish name; compare murphy (“a potato”).
* (computer mouse resolution): An allusion to the cartoon character Mickey Mouse.

(Australia, informal) A well-known honeyeater, the Noisy Miner, Manorina melanocephala, of eastern Australia.


Bolton

From Middle English Bodeltone (in the Domesday Book) etc., ultimately from Old English bolt, bold, botl, etc. (“home, hall, manor”) + -tun (“-ton: enclosure, town”).

A town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States

Chittenden County
Chittenden County#English


Tahiti

French Polynesia
French Polynesia#English


sterling

en-noun

sterling (countable and uncountable, plural sterlings)

From Middle English sterling, sterlinge, sterlynge, starling, of uncertain origin. Possibly from sterling (“starling”) (the bird), which at one time was stamped in quarters on the coin; or perhaps from Middle English sterre (“star”) + -ling (as in shilling), as some Norman coins presumably featured stars on them.
For the UK currency gloss, the term is a contraction of esterling, referring to eastern merchants from Baltic towns who established a bullion weight standard for transactions. (Taylor and Palmer, 1968)

“… among the objects stolen was the famous parure of Black Diamonds, for which a bid of half a million sterling had just been made and accepted.[…]”

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “Who Stole the Black Diamonds ?”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

The currency of the United Kingdom; especially the pound.

جنيَه إِسْتِرْلِينِيّ

the currency of the United Kingdom; especially the pound


Nihon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nihon.wav

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 日本 (Nihon).

ubor

1993 November 17, David Richardson, “Exchange student to Nihon!”, in sci.lang.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1993 December 26, Gabriele Schramm, “places to live in Nihon?”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

It is stooopid and insensative for you to indirectly say that AIDS will come to Nihon via Thailand. AIDS is already in Nihon! And your attempt to make Japanese racists on the incorrect fear that Thailand will bring this disease to Nihon is out of line and very evil which is a characteristic of your race!

1994 January 16, Rikiya Asano, “AIDS on the way to Japan”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-01:

1996 February 5, sumimasen... ima nanji desu ka, “pen pals in nihon? 8)”, in sci.lang.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1996 February 25, Kurt Pertsch, “WORKING IN NIHON”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

2010 August 1, mtfe...@netmapsonscape.net, “Back from Nihon”, in fj.life.in-japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:


Cardiff

From Middle Welsh Caerdyf, equivalent to Welsh caer (“fort”) + Taf (“(River) Taff”) = fortified city on the River Taff. Compare Welsh Caerdydd.

A city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales.


Leodensian

From Latin Loidensis (of or from Leeds).


Jubilee

See jubilee. The proper noun sense (“London Underground line”) was named after the silver jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (born 1926) in 1977.

(rail transport) A London Underground line which runs between Stratford in East London and Stanmore in northwest London, via the London Docklands, South Bank, and West End.


Antigua

From Spanish antigua, in honor of a religious icon of St Mary (La Virgen de la Antigua) in Seville. Coined by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus.

coin

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

The largest island of the nation of Antigua and Barbuda, in the Caribbean.


shoneen

Borrowed from Irish Seoinín (“Johnny”), from Seán (“John, John Bull”) + -ín (diminutive suffix).

Good Father John O'Hart
In penal days rode out
To a shoneen who had free lands
And his own snipe and trout.

1889, W B Yeats, The Ballad of Father O'Hart:

So then the citizens begin talking about the Irish language and the corporation meeting and all to that and the shoneens that can’t speak their own language

(Ireland, derogatory, ethnic slur) An Irish person considered excessively Anglophile, an Irish person who acts English or desires to be part of English society.


Mustique

Derived from French moustique (“mosquito, Culicidae sp.”).

der

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

An island in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.


Madame Tussaud's

After Marie Tussaud (1761-1850), known for sculpting human figures in wax.

The vestibule or entrance hall is a Madame Tussaud's on a small scale, containing the trial of Christ, the Siamese-twins, St. Paul incarcerated

1851, John Delaware Lewis, Across the Atlantic, page 26:

The amateur tenor, whose vocal villainies / All desire to shirk, / Shall during off-hours, / Exhibit his powers / To Madame Tussaud's waxwork.

.... the other consisted of a Madame Tussaud's galaxy of lay figures, with straw-colored hair and waxy, pink- and-white cheeks.

1896, Halliwell Sutcliffe, The Eleventh Commandment, page 73:

A gallery of realistic figures of famous persons.


Lancaster

From Middle English Lancaster, Loncastre, the name of the Roman fort on the River Lune, from Lune + the Old English suffix ceaster (“town”), found in many placenames.

A royal duchy, historically in Lancashire but now comprising an expansive real estate portfolio, held by the monarch of the United Kingdom.

Several places in the United States:
A locality in Yavapai County, Arizona.

A tiny city in Kittson County, Minnesota.


San Salvador

From Spanish San Salvador (“Holy Savior”), various places named in honor of Jesus Christ, from Spanish salvador, from Latin salvator, from salvāre (“to save”) + -tor (suffix forming agent nouns).

San Salvador Island
San Salvador Island#English

(historical) Short for San Salvador Island, the first island discovered on Christopher Columbus's first voyage.

San Salvador Island

Short for San Salvador Island, an island in the Bahamas.


South Shetland Islands

A group of islands in the Antarctic Circle, lying north of the Antarctic Peninsula.


Orkney

From Old Norse Orkneyjar (“seal islands”), from Old Norse ørkn (“seal”) + ey (“island”). The modern form is singular. Norwegian settlers reinterpreted the original Pictish tribal name element orc (meaning "young pig") as their similarly-shaped native word for seal and added their word for island.


Shetland

From Scots Shetland, Middle Scots Ȝetland, from Old Norse Hjaltland, by surface analysis, hjalt (“hilt”) + land (“land”). Andrew Jennings suggests the name derives from the tribal name Calēdonēs (as in Caledonia), considering the geographer Ptolemy already called the sea north of Scotland ὠκεανός Δουηκαλεδονίος (ōkeanós Douēkaledoníos); if this is correct, the borrowing into Germanic would need to have occurred at such an early date that it took part in the Germanic sound-shift, changing *kalid- to *halit-, after which it underwent folk etymological reshaping to Old Norse hjalt (“hilt”).


Bahrein

Kingdom of Bahrain
Kingdom of Bahrain#English

Alternative spelling of Bahrain: An archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf. Official name: Kingdom of Bahrain. Capital: Manama


the Rock

* (Gibraltar): From the Rock of Gibraltar

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Gibraltar#English

(UK) Nickname of Gibraltar. A colony of the United Kingdom, of the Iberian Peninsula, Europe, on the Strait of Gibraltar, between Mediterranean and Atlantic

San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay#English

(US) Nickname of the island of Alcatraz. An island in San Francisco Bay, Pacific, of California, United States

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador#English

(Canada) Nickname of the Island of Newfoundland. An island in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada


Santiago

/sæntiˈɑːɡəʊ/

Chinese Filipino
Guan Yu
James, brother of Jesus
Jose Rizal
Santiago
Santiago (disambiguation)

From Spanish Santiago, ellision of earlier Sant'Iago and Sant Iago, from Latin Sanctus Iācōbus (“Saint James or holy James”), the latter word deriving from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (ya‘ăqṓḇ, “Jacob”, literally “he will/shall heel”), from עָקֵב (‘āqḗḇ, “heel”) and the Biblical account of the patriarch Jacob's birth in Genesis 25:26. Piecewise doublet of Saint James.
The Guan Yu sense among Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines is due to a syncretic association of the deified Chinese general with St. James, who are both known for their assertiveness and heroism, which non-Chinese and people in the Philippines like Jose Rizal during the 19th century first associated with and/or surmised the Chinese folk deities venerated by Chinese Filipinos on Chinese altars and prints with popular Christian or Muslim figures.

der

An island off the northern coast of the municipality of Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines.


Scotland Yard

From the address, originally at Great Scotland Yard off Whitehall, then at New Scotland Yard on the Embankment, and (currently) at New Scotland Yard in Westminster.

I, for my part, drew up as full a précis of the case as I deemed advisable, and as time permitted, which I despatched by one of the company’s police to Scotland Yard.

The headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Department of the London Metropolitan Police Force.


Leeds

* The large city in West Yorkshire is from Old English Loidis, from Latin *Lādenses, most likely based on an early river-name derived from Proto-Celtic *lāto (“rut, heat”) (c.f. Welsh llawd (“heat, ardour”)).
* The village in Kent is from Old English Hledes, probably from a stream-name.

City of Leeds
Leeds
Leeds (disambiguation)
Leeds, Kent

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A large city and metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England.

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

St. Clair County
St. Clair County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Jefferson County, St. Clair County and Shelby County, Alabama.

Androscoggin County
Androscoggin County#English

A minor city and township in Benson County, North Dakota.


threepence

en-noun

threepence (countable and uncountable, plural threepences)

(countable, historical) A former (pre-decimalisation) British or Irish coin worth three old pence.


Piccadilly Circus

I've never seen the place so crowded – it was like Piccadilly Circus!

A traffic intersection in the West End of London, having connections with Piccadilly, Regent Street, Shaftesbury Avenue, Haymarket, Coventry Street and Glasshouse Street; proverbially visualised as being very busy with people.


Piccadilly

Audio (US)

From Pickadilly Hall, a house belonging to a tailor who specialized in a type of lace collar called a piccadill, possibly from conjectured Spanish *picadillo, from picado (“punctured, pierced”); compare 17th century Spanish picadura (“a similar lace collar”).
Piccadilly attested from 1743; previously the area was called Portugal, and the street Portugal Street (1692), after Catherine of Braganza.

Why Piccadilly? The Piccadilly Line was originally the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway (GNP&BR) which was shortened to Piccadilly in practice. Running under the main road between Piccadilly Circus and Hyde Park Corner, Piccadilly made sense and was also the most well-known location in the original company name.

2024 March 6, Stefanie Foster, “The changing face of the Piccadilly...”, in RAIL, number 1004, page 52:

(rail transport) The Piccadilly Line of the London Underground, originally known as the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway.

A suburb of Swinton, Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England (OS grid ref SK4598).

A village in Kingsbury parish, North Warwickshire district, Warwickshire, England, named after Piccadilly in London (OS grid ref SP2298).

North Warwickshire
North Warwickshire#English

A community of Central Frontenac, Frontenac County, Ontario, Canada.

Central Frontenac
Central Frontenac#English

Frontenac County
Frontenac County#English


Midlothian

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996.


Confederate

Yes. Jeff Sessions, Trump’s Attorney General and the unfortunate result of Dobby the house elf’s one-night stand with the Confederate flag, got in trouble this-, (enjoy!) got in trouble this week for undisclosed meetings with Russia’s ambassadors, something which, in itself, is not against the law.

2017 March 5, Tim Carvell, Josh Gondelman, Dan Gurewitch, Jeff Maurer, Ben Silva, Will Tracy, Jill Twiss, Seena Vali, Julie Weiner, “Dalai Lama”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 4, episode 4, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:

Confederate States of America
Confederate States of America

(historical) Of or relating to the Confederate States of America.


Confederate

Braxton Bragg
James Longstreet
John Bell Hood
Joseph E. Johnston
P. G. T. Beauregard
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson

In fact, I heard everything in the world except that the Confederates lost the war. When I was ten years old, it was a violent shock to learn that General Lee had been defeated.

2012 March 12 [1936], Margaret Mitchell, quotee, “Interview with Margaret Mitchell from 1936”, in PBS American Masters:

(historical) A citizen of the Confederate States of America.

(historical) A supporter of Irish Catholic self-rule during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.


Powys

en-proper noun

Powys (countable and uncountable, plural Powyses)

Borrowed from Welsh Powys, from Latin pagēnsis (“provincial”). Cognate with Italian paese and French pays (“country”).

A principal area and preserved county of Wales, administrative headquarters Llandrindod Wells.


Leicester

Leicester
Leicester (disambiguation)
Leicester, Massachusetts
River Soar

From Middle English Ledecestre, from Old English Ligoraċeaster, from Old English Ligore (“the name of a people living by the River Soar”) + ċeaster (“settlement”). The river name is thought to be of Brythonic/Celtic origin and possibly from the same source as the river Loire.


Newport

en-proper noun

Newport (countable and uncountable, plural Newports)

Port-Neuf

the equivalent of Newport (new port: a new transport hub)

Porte-Neuve

the equivalent of Newport (new port: a new portal)

A city and unitary authority in south-east Wales, historically in Monmouthshire.

A city, the county seat of Jackson County, Arkansas.

A city in Kentucky, and one of the two county seats of Campbell County; named for English seaman Christopher Newport.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A placename
A locale in the United States:
A city in Washington County, Minnesota.

A city, the county seat of Lincoln County, Oregon.

A placename
A locale in the United States:
A city in Newport County, Rhode Island.

A city, the county seat of Cocke County, Tennessee.

A city, the county seat of Orleans County, Vermont.

Pend Oreille County
Pend Oreille County#English

A city, the county seat of Pend Oreille County, Washington.


Welshwoman

A woman who is a native or inhabitant of Wales.


Scotia

1958 - Scotia Plan Loans [...] The Bank of Nova Scotia becomes the first Canadian bank to promote lending to the average consumer.

1958, “Scotiabank Timeline”, in Scotiabank Canada, retrieved 2023-06-20, page 2:

Just listen how the flow sounds / And you gon' learn quick I represent Sco-town (Scotia) / Illville to be exact / Shout out to Uniacke / Straight up to w:North Preston and back

2009, “I'm So Scotian”performed by Hellafactz:

At Scotia Dental in Halifax, our dentists [...]

2023 June 20 (last accessed), Scotia Dental:

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Humboldt County, California, United States.


Lord's

(cricket) Lord's Cricket Ground, a cricket ground in London.


Eire

[…]; above all, from their language, which, to this day, has left its impress on the lands through which they journeyed from Aria to Ara, from Iberia to Eire.

1887, U. J. Bourke, Pre-Christian Ireland, Browne & Nolan, page 1:

Eire - now an oddity rarely used, an out-of-date reference.

1996, John Wilson, Understanding Journalism; A Guide To Issues, Routledge., →ISBN, page 269:

“No. My father and Uncle Terry agreed on most things, including a united Irish Republic that included all of Eire. […]”

2004, Douglas Clark, Belfast: A Novel of the Troubles, Virtualbookworm.com Publishing, →ISBN, page 211:

“No, I do not,” she replied. “Eire was not meant to be won by force, as the Romans intend. […] In attacking them, you avenge your kin and maintain the peaceful island of Eire. […]”

2005, Kieran Wasserman, The Battle for Eire, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 310:

The island of Ireland, consisting of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland


Long Island

* (New York) Calque of Dutch Lange Eylandt, e.g. early 't Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs.
* (Antigua and Barbuda) The island is named for its elongated shape.

[ˌlɔəŋ(ɡ)ˈɑɪlənd]

Meronym: East End

B. Wooster: Of all the places on this great planet of ours, West Neck, Long Island, has chosen to be the most unexciting. The last time anything remotely interesting happened here was in 1842, when a tree fell over. They still talk about it in the village.

1992 April 5, “The Full House”, in Jeeves and Wooster, Series 3, Episode 2:

contiguous United States
contiguous United States

The biggest and longest island of the contiguous United States, located in the state of New York.

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English


Long Island

[ˌlɔəŋ(ɡ)ˈɑɪlənd]

A district and long, thin island of the Bahamas.


Scotsman

Coordinate term: Scotswoman


South Wales

An area of southern Wales bordering the Bristol Channel.


Ipswich

From the Old English personal name Gip, genitive case Gipes + Old English wīċ (“port, bay”).

A small city, the county seat of Edmunds County, South Dakota, United States.


Milton Keynes

From an earlier "Middleton Caynes" when the village was in the manor of the "de Cahaines" family.

A Milton Keynes is up against a long-term cost disadvantage.

Now a Milton Keynes resident knows a concrete cow when he sees one but . . .

1990, Nick Meers, Sue Seddon, Enigmatic England:

They are now displayed in a Milton Keynes park near the railway line.

1998, Ruth H. Finnegan, Tales of the city: a study of narrative and urban life:

Without official recognition Gatwick has become the Milton Keynes of the south side of London, and Stansted looks set to be the same for the north-east.

2005, Brian Edwards, The modern airport terminal: new approaches to airport architecture:

Nearby was the tidier town of Tychy, a faceless Milton Keynes type of place without the roundabouts.

2008, Dave Spencer, A smudge on my lens:

Originally a village in Buckinghamshire, now a purpose-built city in central England, United Kingdom, containing the towns of Bletchley, Wolverton, Stony Stratford, and many smaller villages.


Dudley

Translingual: Dudleya

From Old English, literally "wood or clearing of Dudda (a personal name of unknown meaning)".

Haliburton County
Haliburton County#English

A former township in the municipality of Dysart et al, Haliburton County, Ontario, Canada.


Norwich

From Old English norþ (“north”) + wīċ (“hamlet”).

New London County
New London County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city in New London County, Connecticut.

A minor city in Kingman County, Kansas, named after Norwich, Connecticut.

A city, the county seat of Chenango County, New York.

An unincorporated community in McHenry County, North Dakota, named after Norwich, England.

A town and census-designated place therein, in Windsor County, Vermont.


Canterbury

/ˈkæntəbəɹɪ/

From Middle English Caunterbury, Canterburi, from Old English Cantwara burg.

A town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States.

An unincorporated community in Kent County, Delaware, United States.

Merrimack County
Merrimack County#English

A town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States.

An unincorporated community in Mingo County, West Virginia, United States.


Plymouth

From Plym + mouth, referring to the river's mouth.

A small city in Amador County, California.

A town in Litchfield County, Connecticut.

Litchfield County
Litchfield County#English

Penobscot County
Penobscot County#English

A sizable city in Hennepin County, Minnesota; suburb of Minneapolis.

A town in Grafton County, New Hampshire.

A borough of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.

A small town in Windsor County, Vermont.


Shikoku

From Japanese 四国 (しこく, Shikoku, “four provinces”), from Middle Chinese 四 (sìj, “four”) + 國 (kwok, “state”, “country”).
(dog): < Japanese 四国犬 (shikoku-inu, “Shikoku dog”), named after the island where they originated.


Kyushu

From Japanese 九(きゅう)州(しゅう) (Kyūshū, literally “Nine States”), from Middle Chinese 九 (kjúw, “nine”) + 州 (t͡ʃjuw, “province, prefecture”).

com

The third-largest of Japan's islands and the southwesternmost of its four main islands.


Hokkaido

From Japanese 北(ほっ)海(かい)道(どう) (Hokkaidō, “North Sea Circuit”), from Middle Chinese 北海 (pək-hʌi˧˥, “Northern sea”) + 道 (dáu, “Circuit”, a province-like administrative unit from Tang dynasty China).

com

I took another look at the map, impressed by how useful random modern Earth knowledge was in this world. Tsia Mountain, which contained our dungeon, was within the Empire’s territory. Using the size of the mountain to estimate distance… Yeah, the Empire was pretty huge. How many Hokkaidos could even fit in here? More than a few. Not to mention that there’s dozens of dungeons marked on the map.

2019, Supana Onikage, translated by Quof, edited by K. “Kitty-tama” Jordan, Lazy Dungeon Master, volume 5, J-Novel Club, →ISBN:

The second largest island of Japan, capital Sapporo.

Hokkaido

a northern largest island of Japan, or a prefecture based in itself


Capri

An island in the Bay of Naples; part of Campania.


Anglophilia

/ˌæŋ.ɡləʊˈfɪ.li.ə/

Perhaps Anglophilia continues to play its part, but if I were one of the few surviving teachers of Anglo-Saxon I would rejoice at the way in which such terms as muggle and Wizengamot, and such names as Godric, Wulfric and Dumbledore, had become common currency.

2007 August 12, Christopher Hitchens, “Harry Potter: The Boy Who Lived”, in New York Times:

But now, as a company with the word "British" in its name pisses apocalyptic quantities of oil into the ocean, and CEO Tony Hayward pops up on the news to make tactless statements in a British accent, anglophilia is shrivelling.

2010 June 14, Charlie Brooker, The Guardian:

The love of the country, culture or people of England.

anglofília

the love of the country, culture or people of England


Forest of Dean

Unknown. Possibly related to Welsh din (“fort, stronghold”), or to Dane.

A local government district in Gloucestershire bordering onto Wales, formed in 1974 and with its headquarters in Coleford.


Sulawesi

An island in Indonesia, the world's eleventh-largest island.


Newcastle upon Tyne

Use of the city's major river to distinguish it from other British places known as Newcastle; most notably Newcastle-under-Lyme.

Similar statements were made in Britain, where the growing white lead industry in Newcastle-upon-Tyne caused waves of illness and even death among women workers: Dr Charles T. Thackrah had early on denounced the serious intoxications linked to the use of lead in industry and described the main symptoms allowing the disease to be diagnosed and patients to be distanced from the source of poisoning (1831), as had Henry Burton, who stated that a greyish coloration of the gums was an unmistakable symptom of lead poisoning, then known as the "Burtonian line" (1840).

2021, Judith Rainhorn, The Colour of Controversy..., pp. 8–9

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A large city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in northeastern England.


Gateshead

Bede
Gateshead
Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead

From Middle English Gatesheved (c. 1190), from Old English *Gāteshēafod, first mentioned by Bede in Latin in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae (at the goat's head), meaning a headland or hill frequented by (wild) goats. Both Latin and English names may be calques of a Brythonic predecessor formed from Proto-Brythonic *gaβr, from Proto-Celtic *gabros, and might have been the Romano-British fort of Gabrosentum.

Of this number, 64 belonged to the above district, including Newcastle, with the addition of Gateshead, which lies on the opposite bank of the Tyne, in the county of Durham; and these afforded 2.13 cases per annum, which, as the population was 213,000, gave one case for every 100,000 inhabitants.

1830, John Yelloly, Sequel to a Paper on the Tendency to Calculous Diseases, and on the Concretions to Which Such Diseases Give Rise, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 120

A town in Tyne and Wear, in north-east England. Found upon the southern bank of the Tyne.

A metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear formed in 1974, with its headquarters in the town.


Northumbrian

An inhabitant of North East England; or specifically Northumberland.


Bedford

Bedford (disambiguation)
John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford

From Middle English Bedforde, Bedeford, from Old English Bedaford, Bedanford, equivalent to Bede's + ford.
The civil parish is named after John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford (1710 - 1771). Coined by British-Dutch surveyor Samuel Holland.

coin

A number of places in the United States:

Westchester County
Westchester County#English


Carlisle

From Middle English Carlele, from Old English Carleol, Carleul, from Cumbric [Term?] (compare Caer Ligualid in the Historia Brittonum, Middle Welsh Caer Liwelydd, Welsh Caerliwelydd, all suffixed with -ydd), composed of Proto-Brythonic *kaɨr (“fort”) + Proto-Brythonic [Term?] (> Latin Luguvalium), from Proto-Celtic *Luguwalos (personal name, literally “strength of Lugus”), from *Lugus + *walos (“strength”).
The absence of a suffix comparable to Welsh -ydd in the underlying Cumbric form is unexplained; see w:Cumbric/Absence of -ydd.

der

Schoharie County
Schoharie County#English


Middlesbrough

/ˈmɪdəlzˌbʌɹə/

From Old English middle (“middle”) + Old English burh (“fortified place”). Doublet of Middleburg and Middlebury. Cf. also Middelburg.

A town and unitary authority with borough status in North Yorkshire, England, situated on the River Tees.


Cornish pasty

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cornish pasty.wav

[…] after we have removed some of the dust of our journey, we sit down to a well-spread tea-table, on which a noble Cornish pasty holds the post of honour.

1854, Chambers's Journal of popular literature, science and arts, W. & R. Chambers:

A kind of meat pie, not made in a pie pan but with a large piece of folded-over pastry dough, crimped shut, then baked on a sheet. There is no one standard recipe, but it usually includes meat and vegetables in a thick hearty sauce.


Wolverhampton

From Old English *Wulfrūnehēantūn named after Lady Wulfruna, who founded the town.

A city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England.


Sheffield

en-proper noun

Sheffield (countable and uncountable, plural Sheffields)

From the name of the River Sheaf, which is from Old English scēaþ (“boundary”), + Old English feld (“field, open land”).

A city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom.


Britisher

(India) The British colonial authorities; a European member of the British Raj, especially an officer from the colonial authorities.


Union Jack

20 May 2018, Hadley Freeman in The Guardian, Is Meghan Markle the American the royals have needed all along?
When the wedding started I found a spot near Windsor Castle’s entrance, where I could watch the ceremony on a big screen. People who line the roads at weddings are, by definition, the most die-hard royalists, and all the usual figures were out in force: the men bellowing and ringing bells in the hope of convincing a passing American TV crew they are an actual town crier; the men in suits made of Union Jacks.

The flag of the United Kingdom, consisting of the flags of England (St. George's Cross), Scotland (St. Andrew's Cross), and Ireland (St. Patrick's Cross, now only used in Northern Ireland) combined.


Merthyr Tydfil

/ˌmɜːθə ˈtɪdvɪl/

A county borough in Glamorgan, south Wales.


Caerphilly

From Welsh Caerffili (literally “Ffili’s fort”).

der

A county borough in Wales formed in 1996.


Galwegian

en-adj

Galwegian (comparative more Galwegian, superlative most Galwegian)

more Galwegian (comparative)
most Galwegian (superlative)

/ɡɔːlˈwiːdʒən/

Of or pertaining to Galloway, Scotland, or to its historic people, language and culture.

Of or pertaining to Galway, Ireland, or to its residents.


Galwegian

/ɡɔːlˈwiːdʒən/


rial

Borrowed from Persian ریال (riyâl) (in the case of Iran) and a variant transliteration of Arabic رِيَال (riyāl) (in the case of Oman and Yemen), from Spanish real. Doublet of real, royal, and regal.

transliteration

(historical) An old gold coin of England.


Crawley

From Old English crāwe (“crow”), genitive plural, crāwan + lēah (“wood, clearing”).

A large town and borough in West Sussex, England.


Gwynedd

A county of Wales, in the north-west of the country.


Great Yarmouth

desc

→ Japanese: グレート・ヤーマス

→ Japanese: グレート・ヤーマス

A coastal town and borough of Norfolk, England

Borough of Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth


Kingston upon Hull

Distinguishing this location from other places also known as Kingston.

East Riding of Yorkshire
East Riding of Yorkshire#English

A city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, also known as Hull.


Eastbourne

A coastal town and borough in East Sussex, England (OS grid ref TV6098).

An eastern suburb of Darlington, County Durham, England (OS grid ref NZ3014).

An isolated suburb of Lower Hutt and former borough in Wellington region, New Zealand.


Basildon

Basildon (disambiguation)
Borough of Basildon

A civil parish in West Berkshire, Berkshire, England, bordered by the River Thames.


Harrogate

/ˈ(h)æɹəɡət/

A local government district with borough status of North Yorkshire, formed in 1974, with its headquarters in the town.


Maidstone

From Old English medestan, meddestane from earlier mægdan stane (“the maidens' stone, the people's stone”). Ultimately from Old English mægden + stan or mægð + stan which are equivalent to maid(en) + stone. Compare Folkestone and Chiddingstone.

A town in and the county town of Kent, England; located on the River Medway.

A local government district with borough status of Kent, formed in 1974, with its headquarters in the county town.


Swindon

From Old English swīn (“swine, pig”) + denu (“valley”), similar to the name Swinden. The first element could instead be from the Old Norse personal name Sveinn, or its Old English equivalent swān.

A town, unitary authority, and borough in Wiltshire, England

A suburban village and civil parish in Cheltenham borough, Gloucestershire, England, also known as Swindon Village (OS grid ref SO9325).

South Staffordshire
South Staffordshire#English

A village and civil parish in South Staffordshire district, Staffordshire, England (OS grid ref SO8690).

Parry Sound District
Parry Sound District#English

A community of Perry township, Parry Sound District, Ontario, Canada.


Eastleigh

Borough of Eastleigh
Eastleigh (disambiguation)

A hamlet in Westleigh parish, North Devon district, Devon, England (OS grid ref SS4827).


Warrington

From Middle English Wardintone, from personal name, Wearda, from Old English weard (“guard”) + ing + tūn, meaning either "Wearda's estate" or "the lookout place".

A township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.


Guildford

The root of the first part may be gold rather than guild: the only known 10th-century (Saxon) record uses Guldeford and in the 11th century Geldeford, both equivalent to gold ford. Local historians suggest that this might refer to golden-coloured flowers or sand.

A suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.


Fareham

en-proper noun

Fareham (countable and uncountable, plural Farehams)

Recorded as Ferneham in the Domesday Book, the placename derives from Old English fearn (“fern”) + hām (“homestead”).

A habitational surname from Old English.


Torbay

In Devon, recorded as Torrebay in 1401, from Torre + bay "the bay near Torre", which later became Tor Bay.
The town in Newfoundland is named after the borough in Devon.


Havant

A local government district with borough status of Hampshire, with its headquarters in the town of Havant.


Chelmsford

Ultimately from Old English Ċēolmǣres (“Ceolmær's”) + ford, after an early landowner.

A city in and the county town of Essex, England, granted city status in 2012.

A local government district, the City of Chelmsford, originally formed in 1974, with its headquarters in the county town.

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

A town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts.


Doncaster

Doncaster (countable and uncountable, plural Doncasters)

The Romano-British name was Latin Dānum, from the common Celtic river name Proto-Celtic *Dānu << Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂-, + the Old English suffix ceaster (“town”), found in many placenames.

An unincorporated community in Charles County, Maryland, United States.


Stratford-on-Avon

Stratford-on-Avon District
Stratford-upon-Avon
en:Clopton Bridge

From being the location of a river ford for a roadway. From Old Welsh avon (“river”) + Old English ford (“ford”) + Old English strǣt (“street”); from Latin strata (“road”). From being a ford for a British Roman road. The ford itself has subsequently been built over, becoming Clopton Bridge. The river itself has subsequently become named River Avon.

Nuneaton was not a Stratford on Avon, nor had it a salubrious air.

1957, The Foundry Trade Journal, page 454:

If America is not privileged enough to have a Stratford-on-Avon, it still has a Concord

1979, Steven Kagle, America: Exploration and Travel, page 82:

A town in Warwickshire, England, birthplace of William Shakespeare. Often used as a byword for a particularly idyllic or historic town.


Luton

From the name of the River Lea + Old English tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”). Doublet of Leyton.

der

A hamlet in Broadhembury parish, East Devon district, Devon, England (OS grid ref ST0802).


Gosport

Possibly from goose or gorse, or from God's port.

Northumberland County
Northumberland County#English

A community of the town of Brighton, Northumberland County, Ontario, Canada.

An unincorporated community in Clarke County, Alabama, United States.

A town in Wayne Township, Owen County, Indiana, United States.

Rockingham County
Rockingham County#English

A former town on Star Island, New Hampshire, United States, now part of the town of Rye, Rockingham County, New Hampshire.


Colchester

From Old English Colneċeaster, equivalent to Colne (a Celtic-named river) + Old English ceaster (“a Roman town”).

City of Colchester
Colchester
Colchester (disambiguation)

census-designated place
census-designated place

A town and census-designated place therein, in New London County, Connecticut.

McDonough County
McDonough County#English

A city and township in McDonough County, Illinois.

A place in the United States:
A town in Delaware County, New York.

Chittenden County
Chittenden County#English

A town in Chittenden County, Vermont, named after the Earl of Colchester.

An unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia.


Brittish

en-adj

Brittish (comparative more Brittish, superlative most Brittish)

more Brittish (comparative)
most Brittish (superlative)

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren.

1776, Thomas Jefferson, others, The [United States'] Declaration of Independence:


Sumbawa

A volcanic island of Indonesia, home to Mount Tambora.


Visayas

Borrowed from Spanish Visayas, plural form of bisaya, from Cebuano Bisaya.


New Britain

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English


Negros

An island in the Philippines, located in the Visayas.


Worcester

Inherited from Middle English Wirchestre, Wirechestre, from Old English Weogornaċeaster (“fort of the Weogoran”).

inh

Worcester County
Worcester County#English

A city, the county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts.

An unincorporated community in Audrain County, Missouri.

A town and census-designated place therein, in Otsego County, New York.

Montgomery County
Montgomery County#English

A township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A town and census-designated place therein, in Washington County, Vermont.

A place in the United States:
A town in Price County, Wisconsin.


Hispaniola

A borrowing of Peter Martyr's Latin Hispaniola (equivalent to Hispania + -ola), used in his Decades to translate De las Casas's Spanish Española (in a more latinized form), a clipping of la Isla Española (“the Spanish Island”), translating Columbus's Latin Insula Hispania, bestowed upon its discovery in 1492. Doublet of Española.

An island in the Caribbean, divided politically into the independent nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.


Timor

Holonym: Lesser Sunda Islands


Islington

Islington (disambiguation)
London Borough of Islington

A suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.


Luzon

From Spanish Luzón, from Classical Tagalog Lusong (“old name for the Pasig river delta by Manila”), from Tagalog lusong.


Waterford

From water + ford. In the case of the city in Ireland, this is a modification through folk etymology of Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr (literally “wether ford”).
The civil parish in New Brunswick may have been named after Waterford, Ireland.

A county of Ireland; see Wikipedia:County Waterford.


Samar

From Spanish Sámar, from Waray-Waray samad.

An island in Eastern Visayas, Visayas, Philippines


Canary Islands

Partial calque of Spanish Islas Canarias, itself likely a partial calque, with the plural of isla (“island”), of Latin Canāriae Īnsulae (literally “Islands of the Dogs”), from the feminine plural of canārius (“of or pertaining to dogs”) + the plural of īnsula f (“island”). Perhaps so named because monk seals or sea dogs were abundant, a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands, Canaria – presumably Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the island Canaria contained “vast multitudes of dogs of very large size”. The connection to dogs is retained in the autonomous community’s coat of arms, which is also included in its flag. The canary was named after the islands, not vice versa.

der

autonomous community
autonomous community

An archipelago off the coast of northwestern Africa, near Morocco and belonging to Spain as an autonomous community.

الجُزُرُ الخَالِدَات

an archipelago off the coast of north-western Africa


Mindanao

From Spanish Mindanao, a contraction of Maguindánao (“Maguindanao”), from Maguindanao Magindanaw.


Palawan

An island in Luzon, Philippines, in the Luzon island group


Millennium Dome

And while the Jubilee Line Extension was not built to serve the Millennium Dome, it was finished quickly in 1999 in order to take people to the Millennial Party that was held here; [...]

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, pages 60–61:

A large building at Greenwich in London, the largest single roofed structure in the world; now renamed "O2".


Achill

He admits that, as a project, “it's a bit niche, but I think anybody who's been here develops a massive grá for Achill. […]”

2023 August 5, Lauren Murphy, quoting Graham Sweeney, “Sounds of Achill”, in Irish Independent Magazine, page 11:

An island in County Mayo, the largest of the Irish isles.


Harley Street

After Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer (1869-1741).

(by extension) The English medical profession (especially the private sector) as a group.


Barnsley

en-proper noun

Barnsley (countable and uncountable, plural Barnsleys)

From the Old English personal name Beorn + -s- + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”).

An unincorporated community in Hopkins County, Kentucky, United States.


West Frisian Islands

A chain of islands in the North Sea, belonging to the Netherlands, part of the Frisian Islands.


Easter Island

Calque of Dutch Paaseiland. Named by the island's first recorded European visitor, the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, who encountered it on Easter Sunday 1722. Roggeveen named it Paasch-Eyland (an 18th century Dutch spelling). The island's official Spanish name, isla de Pascua, also means “Easter Island”.

The commodore, after he had quitted this iſland, ſailed 12 degrees to the weſtward, having ſight of a number of birds, which attended them till they arrived at a ſmall iſland about 16 leagues in extent, which they called Paſch, or Eaſter Iſland, from the day on which it was diſcovered.

1755, A New Universal Collection of Voyages and Travels, page 320:

An island in the South Pacific, belonging to Chile and famous for its moai monuments.


Ascension Island

/əˈsɛnʃən ˌaɪ̯lənd/

From its discovery on Ascension Day in the year 1503 CE.

British overseas territory
British overseas territory

An island, in the South Atlantic and part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.


Santa Cruz

From Spanish and Portuguese Santa Cruz (“Holy Cross”), various places named in honor of the True Cross upon which Jesus was crucified. Doublet of Holy Cross and Saint Croix.

An island in Galapagos province, Ecuador.

Santa Barbara County
Santa Barbara County#English

An island in Santa Barbara County, California, off the coast, one of the Channel Islands.


Majuro

/ˈmæd͡ʒəɹoʊ/

/məˈd͡ʒʊɹoʊ/

/ˈmæd͡ʒəɹəʊ/

/məˈd͡ʒʊəɹəʊ/

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English

An atoll, the capital city of the Marshall Islands.


Ulster Scots

The descendants of Scottish settlers in the Irish province of Ulster, mostly in present-day Northern Ireland.


Society Islands

A group of islands in the South Pacific; part of French Polynesia.


Republic of Ireland

A republic in western Europe, covering most of the island of Ireland, with Dublin as its capital.


British overseas territory

en-noun

British overseas territory (plural British overseas territories)

Any of about fourteen overseas territories which are not part of the United Kingdom but are subject to its sovereignty.

բրիտանական անդրծովյան տարածք

Any of about fourteen territories which are not part of the United Kingdom but are subjetc to its sovereignty


Tristan da Cunha

Named after Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha (1460–1540).

named-after

A remote group of islands in the South Atlantic; a dependency of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena.


Galway hooker

A type of fishing boat in the west of Ireland with a distinctive black hull and red sails.


twopence

en-noun

twopence (countable and uncountable, plural twopences)

(British, Ireland) A British or Irish coin worth two (old or new) pence.


ha'penny

ha'penny (plural ha'pennies or ha'pence)

The more a shop looks as though it trades in farthings and ha’pennies, the more tenners and twenties you can expect to hand over at the till.

2020 September 1, Tom Lamont, “The butcher's shop that lasted 300 years (give or take)”, in The Guardian:

(historical, Ireland, UK) A halfpenny; a former British and Irish coin.


half-crown

From its value of half of the crown (five-shilling) coin.

[…] though we play but half-crowns, you know you may bet half guineas with him.

1814 May 9, [Jane Austen], chapter XII, in Mansfield Park: […], volume I, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 249:

Keeping, therefore, an eye to the main chance, stimulated by the best possible motive, Helen emptied her purse on the bed, in such a manner, as to allow a stray half sovereign to escape, when she added the shillings and half-crowns to the little heap, and said, in a tremulous voice, "Here is my money."

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XXIV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 10:

Half-a-crown is known as an alderman, half a bull, half a tusheroon, and a madza caroon; whilst a crown piece, or five shillings, may be called either a bull, or a caroon, or a cartwheel, or a coachwheel, or a thick-un, or a tusheroon.

1859, J.C. Hotten, A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words:

This is a masterly work of condensation, omitting nothing of importance and providing a most readable book that for a modest half-crown is incredibly good value.

1962 October, “New Reading on Railways: Great Western. By Cecil J. Allen, Ian Allan. 2s 6d.”, in Modern Railways, unnumbered page:

(historical) A pre-decimal coin used in Britain, Ireland and New Zealand, equivalent to 30 pence or two shillings and six pence.

Half crown (British coin)
Half crown (Irish coin)


burgh

From Middle English borwe, borgh, burgh, buruh, from Old English burh, from Proto-West Germanic *burg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“city, stronghold”).
Cognate with Dutch burg, French bourg, German Burg, Persian برج (borj, “tower; battlement, fort”), Swedish borg. Doublet of borough, Brough, and Bury.

cog

1815, William Wordsworth, The Excursion, Book Eighth, The Parsonage, lines 95-104, http://www.bartleby.com/145/ww405.html
With fruitless pains / Might one like me 'now' visit many a tract / Which, in his youth, he trod, and trod again, / A lone pedestrian with a scanty freight, / Wished-for, or welcome, wheresoe'er he came— / Among the tenantry of thorpe and vill; / Or straggling burgh, of ancient charter proud, / And dignified by battlements and towers / Of some stern castle, mouldering on the brow / Of a green hill or bank of rugged stream.

This road leads to the burgh and castle of Harfang, where dwell the gentle giants.

1953, C. S. Lewis, chapter 6, in The Silver Chair, Collins, published 1998:

(UK) a borough or chartered town (now only used as an official subdivision in Scotland).


Tube

But 'Tube' is used as shorthand for the whole network, not least by London Underground itself, [...] It tends to be older people who hold on to the distinction. A friend of mine was visiting his mother who lives about 500 yards from Parsons Green station on the District, which is a cut-and-cover line [not a tube line]. At the end of the evening she said, "How are you getting back?" He said, "Oh, on the Tube", and she looked at him absolutely blankly. "What Tube?" she said, "There is no Tube here."

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page unnumbered: A note on the title:

Still, it’s not just the decline of civilisation that worries me, nor the (related) effect on Tube manners (Candy Crushers are rarely very chivalrous).

2014 March 26, Richard Goodwin, “Candy Crush is the crystal meth of the commute”, in Evening Standard, page 17:


Stafford

en:Stafford
en:Stafford (disambiguation)
en:Stafford (surname)

A placename:
A place in the United States:
A town in Tolland County, Connecticut.

Fort Bend County
Fort Bend County#English

A city in Fort Bend County and Harris County, Texas.


Merton

en-prop

Merton (countable and uncountable, plural Mertons)

Any of several placenames in England from words meaning lake and settlement.

A village and civil parish in Torridge district, Devon (OS grid ref SS5212).

A district in borough of Merton, in south-west Greater London (OS grid ref TQ2670).

A village and civil parish in Cherwell district, Oxfordshire (OS grid ref SP5717).

An English habitational surname from Old English from the placenames.


Buckingham Palace

The official London residence of the British monarch.

Buckingham-paleis

the official London residence of the British monarch


Laois

A county of Ireland, formerly known as Queens County.


God Save the Queen

The national anthem of the United Kingdom when the current monarch is female.


Irish Republican Army

Any of several Irish guerrilla or terrorist organisations fighting British rule in Ireland (later Northern Ireland) since the early 20th century.


steeping

From the name of Stephen de Fulbourn, who served as bishop of Waterford, archbishop of Tuam, and treasurer and justiciar of Ireland in the 1270s and 1280s.

(historical, numismatics) A 13th-century coin circulated in Ireland as a debased sterling silver penny, outlawed under King Edward I.


Conwy

Conwy County Borough
w:Conwy County Borough

A county borough in Wales; ellipsis of Conwy County Borough.


scalding

From Old French escalin, from Middle Dutch schelling (“shilling”). Doublet of shilling.

See synonyms at steeping.

(numismatics, historical) Synonym of escaline, (particularly) the form circulated by Stephen de Fulbourn in Ireland as a debased form of the sterling silver penny, outlawed under Edward I of England.


Runnymede

An unincorporated community in Harper County, Kansas, United States.


Lemnos

From Greek Λήμνος (Límnos) and Ancient Greek Λῆμνος (Lêmnos).

An island in northeastern Greece located in the Aegean Sea.


Catalina

Catalina
Consolidated PBY Catalina
en:Santa Catalina Island (California)

Santa Catalina Island
Santa Catalina Island#English

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

(colloquial) Santa Catalina Island, an island in Los Angeles County, California, off the coast, one of the Channel Islands.


Plastic Paddy

From the sense of plastic as fake, ersatz, inauthentic, etc. and Paddy (“Patrick”) as a generic name for any Irish man.

(derogatory, ethnic slur) An Irish person considered to be inauthentically Irish, especially (UK) recent Irish arrivals to London.


Cestrian

A native or resident of any of the places called Chester (or Chester-le-Street, etc), especially Chester, England.


Cestrian

From or pertaining to any of the places called Chester (or Chester-le-Street, etc), especially Chester, England.


Bakerloo

It was the Evening News, I know, which had a competition for naming one of the Tube lines. Hence our Bakerloo.

1945 July and August, John Gibbons, “Thirty Years of The Railway Magazine”, in Railway Magazine, page 228:

The Bakerloo Line of the London Underground, originally known as the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway.


Selected by the European Union as the 3-digit number fastest to dial on cellular and rotary phones without the likelihood of accidental dialing caused by hanging up a landline telephone, sometimes interpreted by phone networks as a 1.

When you call 112 in the United Kingdom, the call is automatically rerouted to 999 operators.

The telephone number for emergency services on all GSM cell phones and in the EU, Russia, United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Ukraine, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome, the Seychelles, Uganda, East Timor, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, North Macedonia, Vatican City, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Saint Vincent.


Balearic Islands

An autonomous community and province of Spain.


tam o'shanter

/tæməˈʃæntə/

After Tam O’Shanter, from the eponymous poem by Robert Burns.

A type of woolen hat developed in Scotland; a toorie bunnet.


Derry

en-proper noun

Derry (countable and uncountable, plural Derrys)

From Irish Doire, from doire (“oak grove”), from Old Irish daire (“oak forest”), from Proto-Celtic *daru.

One of the traditional counties in northwestern Northern Ireland; known as County Derry, or officially as County Londonderry.


New Forest

A civil parish (served by Marske and New Forest Parish Council) in Richmondshire district, North Yorkshire, England.


Ulva

A small island in the Inner Hebrides, Argyll and Bute council area, Scotland, off the coast of Mull (OS grid ref NM4040).


Bornholm

An island and municipality of Denmark, in the Baltic Sea.


Waverley

From Old English wǣfre (“restless, wavering”) + lēah (“meadow”), thus "the woodland clearing with swaying trees".

cog

Any of several placenames in several countries:

A community and civil parish with a community council in Rotherham borough, South Yorkshire, England (OS grid ref SK4187).


tam-o'-shanter

Alternative form of tam o'shanter (“traditional Scottish wool hat”)


Hibernia

/hɪˈbɜː(ɹ)nɪə/

Learned borrowing from Latin Hibernia, which see.

(poetic) Ireland (an island and country in Western Europe).


Welsh yard

A calque of Welsh llath (“rod”), similarly distinguished within Welsh as the llath Gymreig (“Welsh rod”).

(historical) The llath, a former Welsh unit of length equal to about 40 inches (about 1 m).


Stirling

Likely from Scottish Gaelic srib (“stream”) + Scottish Gaelic linn (“pool, lake”).

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996, with its administrative centre in the city.


Scotswoman

Coordinate term: Scotsman


gorsedd

From Welsh gorsedd (“throne”), itself a compound of gor- (“super-, over-”) + sedd (“seat”).

A community of bards, usually Welsh, but sometimes Breton or Cornish.


Cambria

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Cambria, from Middle Welsh Kymry, from Proto-Brythonic *kömrüɣ, plural of *kömroɣ. Doublet of Cumbria and Cumberland. Cognate with Welsh Cymru.

lbor

A number of places in the United States:

A town in Niagara County, New York; some of the early settlers were from Wales.


Oxonian

A student or graduate of Oxford University.


Drummond

An island (Drummond Island) in Lake Huron, belonging to Chippewa County, Michigan.


Muhu

Third largest island in Estonia, located between Saaremaa and the continent.


Mallorca

From Spanish Mallorca or Catalan Mallorca, from Late Latin Maiorica, ultimately from Latin maior.


Laval

en-proper noun

Laval (countable and uncountable, plural Lavals)

(informal) Synonym of Île Jésus, an island in Quebec, Canada, where the city of Laval is located; ellipsis of Island of Laval.


Funen

From Danish Fyn, likely through German Fünen. Related with Danish fyge (“to blow around”), hence "windswept place".

Sealand

Danish: Sjælland; the largest island of Denmark

Jutland north of the Limfjord

Danish: Jylland nord for Limfjorden; the second largest island of Denmark


Ibiza

Borrowed from Spanish Ibiza, from Catalan Eivissa, from Arabic يَابِسَة (yābisa), from Latin Ebusus, from Phoenician 𐤀𐤉𐤁𐤔𐤌 (ʾybšm).

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

An island of the Balearic Islands, Spain.


London weighting

en-noun

London weighting (countable and uncountable, plural London weightings)

(British) An allowance paid to staff of a national organization working in London to help offset the additional expense of living in the capital.


Lefkas

An island in the western part of Greece, part of the Ionian Islands chain.


Lefkada

An island in the Ionian Islands, Greece.


Wakefield

A city and township in Gogebic County, Michigan.

A township in Stearns County, Minnesota.

A city in Dixon County and Wayne County, Nebraska.

A neighbourhood of Zebulon, Wake County, North Carolina.

A census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia.


Ambai

An Austronesian language spoken in Indonesian New Guinea.


Tipperary

/ˌtɪpəˈɹɛəɹi/

From Irish Tiobraid Árann (“Well of Ara”).


Carlow

/ˈkɑː(ɹ)ləʊ/


Wicklow

Uncertain. Earlier spellings include Wykinglo in 1173, Wygingelow in 1185, Wykinglo in 1192, and Wykinglowe in 1355.


Louth

A county (County Louth) in the Republic of Ireland.


Monaghan

en-proper noun

Monaghan (countable and uncountable, plural Monaghans)

Borrowed from Irish Muineachán. The surname derives from an anglicization of Irish Ó Manacháin.


Sligo

From Irish Sligeach (literally “abounding in shells”).

bor

In the Workmans the other night, Connell told a girl he was from Sligo and she made a funny face and said: Yeah, you look like it.

2018, Sally Rooney, “Three Months Later (November 2011)”, in Normal People:


Wexford

From Old Norse Veisafjǫrðr (literally “inlet of the mudflats”), from veisa (“pool, pond”) and fjǫrðr (“ford”).


Longford

From Irish an Longfort (literally “the camp, the stronghold”), anglicized to be identical to Etymology 1.


Donegal

/ˌdʌnɪˈɡɔːl/

/ˌdɒnɪˈɡɔːl/

/ˌdʌniˈɡɔːl/

Anglicization of Irish Dún na nGall (literally “fort of the foreigners or strangers”).


Clarence House

The building was originally commissioned by the Duke of Clarence.


Prangli

An island on the southern coast of Gulf of Finland, belonging to Estonia.


Vormsi

Fourth largest island in Estonia, located between Hiiumaa and the continent.


Piirissaar

An Estonian island located in Lake Peipus.


Abruka

An Estonian island located in the Gulf of Riga, off the coast of Saaremaa.


Ruhnu

An island in the middle of the Gulf of Riga, belonging to Estonia.


Kihnu

An island in the Gulf of Riga, the seventh largest island of Estonia.


Osmussaar

Island in northwest Estonia, on the southern coast of Gulf of Finland.


Naissaar

Island near Tallinn in northern Estonia, on the southern coast of Gulf of Finland.


Baker Street

She was looking more like Sherlock Holmes than ever. Slap a dressing-gown on her and give her a violin, and she could have walked straight into Baker Street and no questions asked.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XX, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

A street in the City of Westminster, London; the fictional home of Sherlock Holmes was at number 221B.


Shetlander

From, or related to, the Shetland Islands.


Shetlander

A native or inhabitant of the Shetland Islands.


Chopawamsic

/ˌt͡ʃɒpəˈwɑːmzɪk/

From an Algonquian language meaning "isolated lodge".

Chopawamsic Creek, a tributary stream of the Potomac River in Prince William and Stafford counties, Virginia.


England and Wales

(UK, law) The jurisdiction covering England and Wales, two constituent countries of the United Kingdom, which share a single legal system and are treated as a single country for various purposes.


Manxwoman

...the rising inflexion in her voice which made the talk of the true Manxwoman the sweetest thing in the world to listen to.


Manxman

"Potatoes and herrings, Mr. Christian; just a Manxman’s supper.”

The Manxman is never wise until the day after the fair. (Traditional Manx saying).

2005, John Ayto, Ian Crofton, Brewer's Britain and Ireland, page 587:


Nevis

From Spanish nieves (“snows”), in Nuestra Señora de las Nieves (“Our Lady of the Snows”), a Spanish name for the island.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

the highest mountain in the United Kingdom


Greater Antilles

The large islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.


Lesser Antilles

The smaller islands of the West Indies, to the south and east of Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean Sea.


Sakhalin

From Russian Сахали́н (Saxalín), which was borrowed from Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ (sahaliyan, “black”), probably from the expression Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ
ᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡥᠠᡩᠠ (sahaliyan ula angga hada, “the peak at the estuary of the Amur river (literally: black river)”).

der

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡥᠠᡩᠠ

Toyohara

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Russian Ю́жно-Сахали́нск (Júžno-Saxalínsk))

豊原 (とよはら; Toyohara) - alternative Japanese name for Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

SAGHALIN, or SAKHALIN, is the name improperly given to a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45° 57' and 54° 24' N. lat. and 141° 30' and 144° 50' E. long., off the coast of Russian Manchuria. Its proper name is Karaftu, or Karafuto.

1886, “SAGHALIN, or SAKHALIN”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition, volume XXI, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 147, column 1:

The island of Sakhalin, separated from the mainland by the strait known as the Gulf of Tartary, resembles the neighbouring coast of Russian Manchuria in its configuration. The mountain chain which borders the west coast rises here and there into real peaks of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet in height.

1899, D. Aïtoff, “The Russian Empire”, in Hugh Robert Mill, transl., edited by Hugh Robert Mill, The International Geography, George Newnes, →OCLC, page 399:

The largest island of Russia, off its eastern coast.


Antilles

From Antilia or Antillia, a legendary island lying west of Spain and Portugal, from Antulia; the name is of disputed origin, with many different theories proposed; see Antillia.

The islands of the West Indies, bounded to the north by (and including) the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean Sea.


Barbuda

From Spanish barbuda (“bearded”), referring perhaps to natives' beards or fig trees. Coined by Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus. Compare Lombardy.

coin

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

An island and dependency of Antigua and Barbuda.


Mykines

The Faroese island and village is borrowed from Faroese Mykines, from Old Irish Muc Innis. The Greek village is borrowed from Greek Μυκήνες (Mykínes). Doublet of Mycenae.

The westernmost of the 18 main islands of the Faroe Islands.


São Tomé

From Portuguese São Tomé, named after Saint Thomas, for its discovery on St. Thomas Day (21 December) in 1470 or 1471.

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English

The largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe.


Adal

An island off the coast of Sabah, Malaysia


Sandwich Islands

Named in 1778 by Captain James Cook in honour of the First Lord of the Admiralty, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich.

[…]I should be sorry to form an unworthy estimate of that of my own circle, though I have several times met with the foregoing confusion, as well as the following and other equally ill-informed questions, one or two of which I reluctantly admit that I might have been guilty of myself before I visited the Pacific: “Whereabouts are the Sandwich Islands? They are not the same as the Fijis, are they?

1875, Isabella L. Bird, The Hawaiian Archipelago:

(obsolete) An early name for the archipelago of nineteen Hawaiian Islands.

James Cook
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
en:Hawaiian Islands


Ré

An island off the west coast of France, by La Rochelle


Carey

en-proper noun

Carey (countable and uncountable, plural Careys)

* As a German surname, Americanized from Gehrig, Gehring.
* As a Welsh surname, variant of Carew.
* As an English surname, from placenames derived from Proto-Brythonic *karɨd (“to love”).
* As an Irish surname, from mac Fhiachra (“descendant of Fiachra”), from préachán (“crow”).
* Also as an Irish surname, from the root of the name Kerry.

Ellipsis of Carey Island.; An island in Nunavut, Canada, in the James Bay, off the coast of Quebec.


Windward Islands

Called windward because the prevailing winds in the area blow from east to west. Thus, the easternmost Windward Islands are upwind of the Leeward Islands, and are the islands of the Lesser Antilles that first meet the trade winds coming from the east.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

The southern islands of the Lesser Antilles, composed of the island nations of Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago.

illes de Sobrevent

the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles


Leeward Islands

Called leeward because the prevailing winds in the area blow from east to west. Thus, the Leeward Islands are downwind, or leeward of, the easternmost Windward Islands, the group of islands that first meet the trade winds coming from the east.

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands#English


Virgin Islands

Named by Christopher Columbus after Saint Ursula and her virgin followers.

British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands

United States Virgin Islands
United States Virgin Islands

An archipelago in the Caribbean Sea, comprising the British Virgin Islands and the United States Virgin Islands.

Christopher Columbus
Saint Ursula
Virgin Islands


Oahu

From Hawaiian Oʻahu, probably a corruption of Hawaiian o + Hawaiian ahu (cognate with Rapa Nui ahu), thus [place] of an altar or platform.

City and County of Honolulu
City and County of Honolulu#English

The third-largest island of Hawaii, included in the City and County of Honolulu.


Maui

From Hawaiian Maui, probably a contraction of Māui (a Hawaiian trickster god); or borrowed from Maori Māui.


United States Virgin Islands

the United States Virgin Islands (canonical)

An archipelago and dependent territory of the United States, part of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Official name: Virgin Islands of the United States.

Christopher Columbus
Saint Ursula
United States Virgin Islands

جزر العذراء الأمريكية

a US overseas territory in the Caribbean

ᎠᏒᏂᎸᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᎦᏚᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ

asvnilvnigesvna dugadudv nahna nasgi unaligohi disgadugi

ໝູ່ເກາະເວີຈິນຂອງສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ

mū kǫ wœ̄ chin khǭng sa ha lat ʼā mē li kā

Virgineae insulae Civitatum Foederatarum

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands


Falklands

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has categorically ruled out any new negotiations saying the future of the Falklands can only be decided by the islanders themselves in accordance with the UN principle of self-determination.

2013 January 3, Luke Harding, Uki Goni, The Guardian:

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English

Short for Falkland Islands: An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic.


Cominetto

The fourth largest island in the archipelago of Malta.


Hainan

c. 1600s, from Mandarin 海南 (Hǎinán). Doublet of Hainam and Hailam.

Near to the Iſland Hainan are caught Whales,after the ſame manner as the Hollanders and Engliſh in the North about Greenland, whereof they make Oyl which ſerves for ſeveral uſes.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 270:

KIungcheufu lies on an Iſland, generally call'd Hainan, or is rather the Iſland it ſelf ; Hainan ſignifies, To the South of the Sea, for Nan denotes South, and Hai, The Sea.

1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 530:

Several thousand retired servicemen on Hainan Island demonstrated against Teng Hsiao-ping's economic policies last month at the instigation of Hsu Shih-yu, deputy chairman of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Advisory Committee and a standing member of the party's Military Affairs Commission, according to an official report intercepted by the Republic of China's intelligence workers on the mainland.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, page 2:

On April 1, 2001, an American surveillance plane known as an EP-3 collided with a Chinese aircraft and made an emergency landing on Hainan Island. The Chinese pilot ejected from the cockpit and died. Our twenty-four-person crew was held at a military barracks on the island and interrogated. The Iranian hostage crisis was at the forefront of my mind. This was not the way I wanted to start my relationship with China.

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 426:

An island off the coast of southern China.


Erin go bragh

From Irish Éire go brách or Éirinn go brách.


Curaçao

/ˌkuːɹəˈsaʊ/

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch Curaçao, from Spanish Curaçao, from Portuguese Curação, literally from curação (“cure, healing”) but probably a transcription of a Lokono endonym.

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands

An island in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea off the west coast of Venezuela, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


Cymric

From Welsh Cymru (“Wales”) + -ic (adjective-forming suffix). Doublet of Cumbric and cognate with English Cambrian and Cymry.

(rare) Synonym of Welsh, the language of the Welsh people.


Cymric

Manx cat

the original, short-haired version of the breed

A breed of domestic cat, developed in Canada, principally characterized by suppression of the tail and by a semi-long-haired coat, with a medium-sized, rounded, cobby body; it is the longhair version of the Manx cat.

(rare) Synonym of Walian: a Welsh person, a Welshman or Welshwoman.


Cymric

Synonym of Welsh: of or related to Wales, the Welsh people, or the Welsh language.


Iwo Jima

Bernardo de la Torre
Iwo Jima
Iōjima (Kagoshima)
James Cook

From the early modern Japanese misreading Iwōjima for 硫黄島 (Iwōtō, “Sulfur Island”), a calque of English Sulphur Island in accounts of James Cook's voyages, possibly originally from Early Modern Spanish Isla Sufre although the island was left unnamed by its first known discoverer Bernardo de la Torre.

Not many weeks before, during the battle for Iwo Jima, Joe Rosenthal, an Associated Press photographer, had taken his inspired photograph of the American flag being raised on Mount Suribachi.

1955, Harry S Truman, Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions, volume I, Signet Books, published 1965, →OCLC, →OL, page 82:

A volcanic island in the Volcano Islands, in the North Pacific, now administered as part of Tokyo's Ogasawara Subprefecture and most famous for a major battle in World War II.


Skye

Derived from Scottish Gaelic An t-Eilean Sgitheanach, of long disputed (probably non-Indo-European substrate) origin, with several theories proposed and none widely accepted; see Etymology of Skye.

The largest island of the Inner Hebrides, in Highland council area, Scotland; the Isle of Skye.


Caledonian

Someone from the ancient Celtic tribe (or group of tribes) called Caledonians, in Scotland


Bonaire

An island in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea off the west coast of Venezuela, a special municipality of the Netherlands.


broch

From Scots broch, from Old Norse borg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz. Doublet of borough and burgh.

Finella's carles builded the Kaimes, a long line of battlements under the hills, midway a tower that was older still, a broch from the days of the Pictish men […].

1933, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Cloud Howe (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 268:

The last man slid the bolt in the single low narrow door. The broch was impregnable then.

1972, George Mackay Brown, Greenvoe, Polygon, published 2019, page 20:

Ian's eyes rolled slowly up, as though following the rough stones of the broch upwards. 'That tower rises sixty feet from the ground,' he told me, 'and it's thirty feet in diameter, wi' three floors.'

1991, Diana Gabaldon, chapter 29, in Outlander, London: Random House:

(archaeology) A type of Iron Age stone tower with hollow double-layered walls found on Orkney, Shetland, in the Hebrides and parts of the Scottish mainland.