Solomon Islands

desc

→ Japanese: ソロモン諸島 (Soromon Shotō) (calque)

King Solomon
Solomon Islands
Álvaro de Mendaña y Neira

After King Solomon, whose mines of immense wealth Álvaro de Mendaña y Neira hoped to find when he named it in 1567 or 1568.

A country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands. Official name: Solomon Islands. Capital and largest city: Honiara.

An archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.


pound

en-noun

pound (plural pounds or (UK colloquial) pound)

pounds (plural)
pound (UK colloquial plural)

From Middle English pound, from Old English pund (“a pound, weight”), from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą (“pound, weight”), an early borrowing from Latin pondō (“by weight”), ablative form of pondus (“weight”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to pull, stretch”).
Cognate with Dutch pond, German Pfund, Danish pund and Swedish pund. Doublet of pood and punt.

der

an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure

an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves

"Only a hundred and ninety-three pound," said Mr. Tulliver. "You've brought less o' late; but young fellows like to have their own way with their money. Though I didn't do as I liked before I was of age." He spoke with rather timid discontent.

1860, George Eliot, chapter 6, in The Mill on the Floss, book 5:

For students in developing countries who can't get it any other way, or for students in the first world, who can but may choose not to. Pay thousands of pounds a year for your education? Or get it free online?

2012 November 11, Carole Cadwalladr, “Do online courses spell the end for the traditional university?”, in Observer:

A unit of currency in various currency systems.

The unit of currency used in the United Kingdom and its dependencies. It is divided into 100 pence. Symbol £.


ROI

(photography) Initialism of region of interest (in digital images, microscopy: in 3-dim-specimen reconstructions by consecutive sectioning).

region of interest

(military, espionage) Initialism of region of interest.

(engineering) Initialism of radius of influence.


ROI

Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland#English


Iceland

→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

From Middle English Iseland, Island, Islond, Yslond, a calque of Old Norse Ísland, equivalent to ice + land.

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

A country in the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe.


Japan

> Tok Pisin: Siapan (inherited)

→ Bengali: জাপান (japan)

→ Burmese: ဂျပန် (gya.pan)

→ Hindustani:

desctree

Hindi: जापान (jāpān)
→ Dhivehi: ޖާފާނު (jāfānu)

Urdu: جاپان (jāpān)

→ Irish: Seapáin

→ Marathi: जपान (japān)

→ Marshallese: Jepaan

→ Persian:

Dari: جَاپَان (jāpān)

⇒ Samoan: Iapani

→ Tamil: ஜப்பான் (jappāṉ)

→ Telugu: జపాను (japānu)

→ Welsh: Japan

→ Welsh: Siapan

→ Yoruba: Jèpáànì

Etymology tree
Hokkien 日本／Ji̍t-púnbor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Portuguese Japãobor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Dutch Japanbor.
English Japan
First attested in English as Giapan in Richard Willes's 1577 The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies (cited in Peter C. Mancall's Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery, pp. 156–57), translating a 19 February 1565 letter of the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis as "Of the Ilande of Giapan".
Borrowed from Portuguese Japão / Japam with possible influence from Dutch Japan, both from Malay Jepang / Jepun, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, “sun origin”).
With /j/ readings, such as Iaponia / Japonia or Japon / Iapon from possibly Cantonese 日本 (jat⁶ bun²), also from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, “sun origin”).
Compare also modern Mandarin 日本 (Rìběn), Japanese 日本(にっぽん) (Nippon) / 日本(にほん) (Nihon), Korean 일본 (Ilbon) (日本), Vietnamese Nhật Bản (日本).
The earliest form of Japan in Europe was Marco Polo's Cipangu, from some form of synonymous Sinitic 日本國／日本国 (“Japan state”).

der

Vivian: If you set a picture by Hokusai, or Hokkei, or any of the great native painters, beside a real Japanese gentleman or lady, you will see that there is not the slightest resemblance between them. The actual people who live in Japan are not unlike the general run of English people; that is to say, they are extremely commonplace, and have nothing curious or extraordinary about them. In fact the whole of Japan is a pure invention. There is no such country, there are no such people... if you desire to see a Japanese effect, you will not behave like a tourist and go to Tokio. On the contrary, you will stay at home and steep yourself in the work of certain Japanese artists, and then, when you have absorbed the spirit of their style, and caught their imaginative manner of vision, you will go some afternoon and sit in the Park or stroll down Piccadilly, and if you cannot see an absolutely Japanese effect there, you will not see it anywhere.

1889 Jan., Oscar Wilde, The Decay of Lying: An Observation", The Nineteenth Century

Japan’s very interesting. Some people think it copies things. I don’t think that anymore. I think what they do is reinvent things. They will get something that’s already been invented and study it until they thoroughly understand it. In some cases, they understand it better than the original inventor... That strategy works only when what they’re working with isn’t changing very much—the stereo industry and the automobile industry are two examples. When the target is moving quickly, they find it very difficult...

1985 February, Steve Jobs, interview with David Sheff, Playboy

Nolan: You do know Japan have expressed concern?
Douglas: What, the whole country?
Nolan: No, not the whole... Mr Yamamoto.
Douglas: He's important, isn't he?
Nolan: He's the major shareholder.

2008 November 21, Graham Linehan, The IT Crowd, Season 3, Episode 1


Cape Verde

Partial calque of Portuguese Cabo Verde, from cabo (“cape”) + verde (“green”).

In the Cape Verde Islands, the electoral victory of Movement for Democracy ushered out sixteen years of one-party rule.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Southern Hemisphere”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 250:

Republic of Cabo Verde
Republic of Cabo Verde#English

An archipelago and country in West Africa. Official name: Republic of Cabo Verde.


Bahrain

Borrowed from Arabic الْبَحْرَيْن (al-baḥrayn, literally “the two seas”).

bor

الْبَحْرَيْن

Kingdom of Bahrain
Kingdom of Bahrain#English

An archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf. Official name: Kingdom of Bahrain. Capital: Manama.


United Kingdom

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *éy?
Proto-Indo-European *-nós?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos
Proto-Italic *oinos
Old Latin oinos
Latin ūnus
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Latin -iō
Latin ūniō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin ūnītuslbor.
Middle English uniten
English unite
Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz
Old English -od
Middle English -ed
English -ed
English united
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom
English kingdom
English United Kingdom
From united + kingdom, first attested from 1706.

Британиешхо Пачъыхьыгъо

sovereign state in Europe — see also Great Britain

यूनाइटेड किंगडम

yūnāiṭēḍ kiṅgᵊḍam

Spojene kraljovstvo Velykoj Britaniji i Severnoho Irʹska

Споєне кралёвство Великой Брітанії і Северного Ірьска

Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda del Nord

大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国

Dà-Bùlièdiān jí Běi-Ài'ěrlán Liánhé Wángguó

Forenede Kongerige

but it is more often to be referred as Storbritannien (“Great Britain”)

Suurbritannia ja Põhja-Iiri Ühendkuningriik

Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord

Nagy-Britannia és Észak-Írország Egyesült Királysága

Kerajaan Bersatu

but it is more often to be referred as Britania Raya (“Great Britain”)

Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando rengō ōkoku

Ūlybritaniä jäne Soltüstık İrlandiä Bırıkken Koroldıgı

Ұлыбритания және Солтүстік Ирландия Біріккен Корольдігі

그레이트브리튼 북아일랜드 연합 왕국

Geureiteubeuriteun bugaillaendeu yeonhap wangguk

대브리텐 및 북아일랜드 련합 왕국

Daebeuriten mit bugaillaendeu ryeonhap wangguk

Lielbritānijas un Ziemeļīrijas Apvienotā Karaliste

യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം

yuṇaiṟṟaḍŭ kiṅḍaṁ

Ir-Renju Unit tal-Gran Brittanja u l-Irlanda ta’ Fuq

Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Nord-Irland

Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Nord-Irland

da sathre bareethanye aw shamalai ieralaend mathhd salathnth

د سترې بریتانيې او شمالي ايرلينډ متحد سلطنت

Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda do Norte

Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei de Nord

Sojedinjónnoje Korolévstvo Velikobritánii i Sévernoj Irlándii

Соединённое Короле́вство Великобрита́нии и Се́верной Ирла́ндии

Unitit Kinrick o Greet Britain an Norlin Airlann

Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath

Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Сјеверне Ирске

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Sjeverne Irske

Regnu Unitu dâ Britagna Granni e di l'Irlanna dû Norti

Zjydnoczůne Krůlestwo Wjelgij Brytańije i Irlandyje Půłnocny n (literal translation of the full name)

Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Severného Írska

Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte

büyük britaniye we shimaliy irlandiye birleshme padishahliqi

بۈيۈك برىتانىيە ۋە شىمالىي ئىرلاندىيە بىرلەشمە پادىشاھلىقى

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

(historical) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922).


Bahamas

Disputed; probably from Spanish baja mar (“shallow sea”) or Taíno ba ha ma (“big upper middle land”), via Spanish.

der

Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Commonwealth of The Bahamas#English

An archipelago and country in the Caribbean. Official name: Commonwealth of The Bahamas.


Greenland

From green + land, calque of Old Norse Grǿnland, from grǿnn (“green”) + land (“land”).

To most people, the huge ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are merely water that once was snow. To glaciologists and climatologists, they are storehouses of the Earth's former atmospheres.

1988 April 14, Richard Fifield, “Frozen assets of the ice cores”, in New Scientist, number 1608, page 28:

The ice-covered island on which it is located, the largest island in the world (not counting Australia).


Marshall Islands

desc

→ Japanese: マーシャル諸島 (Māsharu shotō) (calque)

There, in that emptiness, the typhoon is organising. For the last twenty-four hours it’s been shifting west, by now past the Marshall Islands, that fragile tracery of sinking lands so piecemeal and storm-worn.

2023, Samantha Harvey, Orbital, Jonathan Cape, page 23:

Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Tien Chung-kwang (田中光) then outlined the trip itinerary, stating that President Lai will visit the three Pacific allies in the following order: the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and then Palau. He said that during his time in the Marshall Islands, the president will meet with President Heine and her cabinet and with Speaker of the Nitijela (parliament) Brenson Wase, adding that the president will also address the Nitijela, attend a ceremony marking the completion of the Majuro Hospital AI and Telemedicine Center, and attend a state banquet hosted by President Heine.

2024 November 22, “President Lai to lead delegation on visit to the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and Palau”, in Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan) [中華民國總統府], archived from the original on 2024-11-22, News releases:

Republic of the Marshall Islands#English

A country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania. Official name: Republic of the Marshall Islands. Capital and largest city: Majuro.


Philippines

See Name of the Philippines in Wikipedia for a complete etymology.
Borrowed from French Philippines, originally from Spanish Filipinas, which was from Felipe (the name of a king of Spain). Equivalent to Philip + -ine + -s.


Comoros

Likely borrowed via French Comores. Ultimately from Arabic جَزِيرَة القَمَر (jazīrat al-qamar, “island of the moon”); for more see the etymology of Madagascar.

der

جَزِيرَة القَمَر

Comoros, CIA World Fact Book 2004 on Wikisource

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros#English

A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa. Official name: Union of the Comoros.

An archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte.


Maldives

⇒ Japanese: モルディブ (Morudibu)

Based on Malé Islands; from Malé, the name of the main island (from Dhivehi މާލެ (māle)) + Prakrit 𑀤𑀻𑀯 (dīva, “island”), from Sanskrit द्वीप (dvīpá).

Republic of Maldives
Republic of Maldives#English

An archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India. Official name: Republic of Maldives. Capital: Malé.


French Polynesia

Territory of French Polynesia
Territory of French Polynesia#English

An archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania. Official name: Territory of French Polynesia.


Bolivia

Bolivia
Bolivia, North Carolina
Simón Bolívar

Borrowed from Spanish and New Latin Bolivia (“land of Bolivar”), from the South American revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar + -ia (forming placenames), from the Spanish surname Bolívar, from Basque Bolibar, a village in Álava, Basque Country, Spain, from Basque bolu (“windmill”) + ibar (“valley”).

(historical) Former name of Santa Cruz, an island in Galapagos, Ecuador.


Indonesia

/ˌɪndə(ʊ)ˈniːʒə/

/ˌɪndəˈniʒə/

(late nineteenth century) Attested circa 1850, composed of Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós, “Indian”) + Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”); initially, in competition with Insulinde, of the same meaning, lexically constructed on a Latin basis, or in reference to the East Indies archipelago.

af

Republic of Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia#English

A country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia. Official name: Republic of Indonesia (since 1950). Capital: Jakarta.


Kiribati

→ Japanese: キリバス (Kiribasu)

Gilbert Islands
Kiribati
fr:Ernest Sabatier

From Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts adapted to Gilbertese phonotactics, a shortening of Gilbert Islands. First entry in the Dictionnaire gilbertin-français of Ernest Sabatier (1954).

Republic of Kiribati
Republic of Kiribati#English

A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania. Official name: Republic of Kiribati. Capital and largest city: South Tarawa.


Mauritius

→ Japanese: モーリシャス (Mōrishasu)

Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
Mauritius

From a Latinized form of the name of Maurits van Nassau.

The main island of the country of Mauritius.


Singapore

→ Japanese: シンガポール (Shingapōru)

/ˈsɪŋɡəpɔː(ɹ)/

/sɪŋɡəˈpɔː(ɹ)/

From Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).

compound

Republic of Singapore
Republic of Singapore#English

An island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony. Official name: Republic of Singapore.

Singapoer

an island and city-state in Southeast Asia


Irish

From Middle English Irish (12th c.), from Old English *Īrisċ, from Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)), further origin heavily debated but probably from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū (“fat land, fertile”), from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”), from *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”), akin to Ancient Greek πίειρα (píeira, “fertile land”), Sanskrit पीवरी (pīvarī, “fat”).

cog

Irish is the first official and national language of Ireland.

(uncountable) The Gaelic language indigenous to Ireland, also known as Irish Gaelic.

A female given name of chiefly Philippine usage.


Irish

en-noun

Irish (countable and uncountable, plural Irish or Irishes)

(uncountable, obsolete) A board game of the tables family.


Mozambique

Borrowed from Portuguese Moçambique, from the name of sultan Mussa Bin Bique.

An island or its town in the province of Nampula, Mozambique, from which its name was transferred to the country.


Madagascar

/mædəˈɡæskɑɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French Madagascar, from Madageiscar, popularly reputed as a corrupted transliteration of Mogadishu by Marco Polo's misreading of Arabic. The maps of particular interest are that of al-Idrisi in the 12th century, who produced the Tabula Rogeriana, the most advanced world map at the time.
The actual misconstrued term was Arabic جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ (jazīrat al-mālāʔiyy, “The Island of Mālāī”) listed alongside Arabic جَزِيرَة القَمَر (jazīrat al-qamar, “The Island of the Moon”) which lent its name to Comoros; Madagascar however likely being the original based on its dimensions.
The map in question warps the direction of Africa's east coast to be parallel to the coast of southeast Asia, prompting a conflation of the regions furthest east and furthest south, in the reaches of Arab exploration. This perhaps makes the Island of Mālāī both representing Madagascar and an island in Indonesia, likely Sumatra, in close proximity to Malaysia. To conflate matters further, the populations of both regions are of Austronesian background, a fact pointed out by Arab explorers who identified Madagascar as colony of the former region. A second wave of Austronesians, including Malays, did indeed migrate to the island after the first group had originally left from what was likely Southern Borneo from linguistic and genetic analysis.
"Mālāī-Gezīra" also holds connection to the term for the people and languages of the island, Malagasy, which had earlier forms Malegass and Madegass, because of dialect division.

der

جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ

noncog

جَزِيرَة القَمَر

Republic of Madagascar
Republic of Madagascar#English

An island and country off the east coast of Africa. Official name: Republic of Madagascar. Capital: Antananarivo.


Jamaica

→ Japanese: ジャマイカ (Jamaika)

From Taíno Xaymaca (“land of wood and water”), from Taino maca (“wood”).


Ireland

en-proper noun

Ireland (usually uncountable, plural Irelands)

→ Japanese: アイルランド (Airurando)

From Middle English Ireland, Irelond, Irlond, Irland, from Old English Īrland. Perhaps also from Middle Irish Éire + -land. Ultimately from Old Irish Ériu (“Ireland”). See Irish.

inh

The crux of Northern Ireland’s post-Brexit issue lies in the fact it is a British territory on the island of Ireland, meaning it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland, an EU member.

2023 February 28, “UK’s Sunak in Northern Ireland after landing new Brexit trade deal”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-03-01:

A hamlet in Southill parish, Central Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, England (OS grid ref TL1341).

Central Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire#English

A community of Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Antigonish County
Antigonish County#English

An unincorporated community in Madison Township, Dubois County, Indiana, United States.

An unincorporated community in Lewis County, West Virginia, United States.


Netherlands Antilles

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands

(historical) A former autonomous country in the Caribbean, within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, composed of the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten, dissolved in 2010.


Nauru

/nɑːˈuː.ɹuː/

Possibly from Nauruan anáoero (“I go to the beach”).

The announcement Wednesday said those seeking refuge would all now be processed on the island nation of Nauru, another country that has been doing that work for Australia.

2021 October 6, Isabella Kwai, “Australia to Shift All Offshore Processing of Migrants to Island Nation of Nauru”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-06, Australia:

Republic of Nauru
Republic of Nauru#English

A country and island in Oceania, in the Pacific Ocean. Official name: Republic of Nauru.


Cuba

→ Japanese: キューバ (Kyūba)

Disputed; likely from Taíno cubao (“abundant fertile land”) or coabana (“great place”).

unk

Disputed

A country, and the largest island (based on land area) in the Caribbean. Capital and largest city: Havana.


Anguilla

Borrowed from Latin anguilla (“eel”), from an uncertain Romance language original. The name of the island refers to its elongated shape.

In the late 1990s, the tiny Caribbean nation of Anguilla was home to an interesting cluster of expatriates. With its nonexistent taxes and incredible beaches, it was the perfect place for self-employed computer geeks to develop projects during the dot-com boom.

2020, Dylan Taylor-Lehman, Sealand: The True Story of the World's Most Stubborn Micronation, Icon Books, →ISBN:

With companies wanting internet addresses that communicate they are at the forefront of the A.I. boom — like Elon Musk’s X.ai website for his artificial intelligence company — Anguilla has recently received a huge influx in requests for domain names.

2024 March 22, Emma Bubola, “The A.I. Boom Makes Millions for an Unlikely Industry Player: Anguilla”, in The New York Times:

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, in the Caribbean Sea.

أَنْغِيلَا

British overseas territory in the Caribbean


Cyprus

From Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Republic of Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus#English

An island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia. Official name: Republic of Cyprus. Capital: Nicosia.


Tonga

From Tongan Tonga, from Samoan toga (“southern”).

Kingdom of Tonga
Kingdom of Tonga#English

A country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania. Official name: Kingdom of Tonga. Capital and largest city: Nuku'alofa.


Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

Two distinct dependencies of Norway. Official name: Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.


Turks and Caicos Islands

the Turks and Caicos Islands (canonical)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-Turks and Caicos Islands.wav

An archipelago and overseas territory in the United Kingdom, in the Caribbean, abbreviated as TCI.

جُزُر تَرْكْس وَكَايْكُوس

a British overseas territory in the Caribbean


São Tomé and Príncipe

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-São Tomé and Príncipe.wav

From Portuguese São Tomé (literally “Saint Thomas”) and Portuguese Príncipe (literally “Prince”), the two major islands which form the nation.

der

Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe#English

A country and archipelago in Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean. Official name: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Capital: São Tomé.

São Tomé en Principe

Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe


Réunion

administrative region
administrative region

An island, overseas department, and administrative region of France, located in the Indian Ocean to the west of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar.

レユニオン

island in the Indian Ocean to the west of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar


New Zealand

desc

نِيُوزِيلَانْدَا

نِيُوزِيلَنْدَا

نِيُوزِيلَانْدَة

نِيُوزِيلَنْدَة

→ Arabic: نِيُوزِيلَانْدَا (niyūzīlāndā), نِيُوزِيلَنْدَا (niyūzīlandā), نِيُوزِيلَانْدَة (niyūzīlānda), نِيُوزِيلَنْدَة (niyūzīlanda)

নিউজিল্যান্ড

→ Bengali: নিউজিল্যান্ড (niujilênḍ)

→ Chinese: 紐西蘭／纽西兰 (Niǔxīlán)

→ Danish: New Zealand

→ Fijian: Niusiladi

→ Hawaiian: Nukilani

נְיוּ זִילַנְדּ

→ Hebrew: נְיוּ זִילַנְדּ (nyú zíland)

→ Hebrew: נְיוּ זִילַנְדּ (nyú zíland)

→ Hindi: न्यू ज़ीलंड (nyū zīlaṇḍ), न्यूज़ीलैंड (nyūzīlaiṇḍ), न्यूज़ीलैण् (nyūzīlaiṇ)

→ Japanese: ニュージーランド (Nyū Jīrando)

→ Korean: 뉴질랜드 (nyujillaendeu)

→ Maori: Niu Tireni

→ Niuean: Niu Sila

→ Norwegian Bokmål: New Zealand

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: New Zealand

→ Pashto: نيوزيلنډ (nyuzelanḍ)

→ Persian: نِیوزیلَنْد (niyuziland)

→ Rarotongan: Nū Tireni

→ Samoan: Niu Sila

→ Swahili: Nyuzilandi

→ Thai: นิวซีแลนด์ (niu-sii-lɛɛn)

→ Tokelauan: Niu Hila

→ Tongan: Nuʻusila, Nuʻu Sila

نْیُوزی لَینْڈ

نْیُوزیلَینْڈ

→ Urdu: نْیُوزی لَینْڈ (nyūzī lainḍ), نْیُوزیلَینْڈ (nyūzī-lainḍ)

→ Yiddish: ניו־זילאַנד (nyu-ziland)

Calque of Dutch Nieuw-Zeeland (“new Zeeland”), (nieuw calqued as new), Zeeland calqued as the respelling Zealand to parallel the historical exonym, after the Dutch settlement in Batavia, which in turn had been named after the Dutch province of Zeeland, from Middle Dutch sêelant, equivalent to zee (“sea”) + land (“land”).

cal

A country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia. Official name: New Zealand. Capital: Wellington.


Martinique

Named by Christopher Columbus after Saint Martin of Tours. The name is sometimes suggested to be a modification of a native Ta-Arawakan (Taino or Kalinago) name Madinina (“island of flowers”) or Matinino (“island of women”).

Department of Martinique
Department of Martinique#English

An island, overseas department, and administrative region of France, in the Caribbean. Official name: Department of Martinique.

Christopher Columbus
Martin of Tours
Martinique

Matinik

Island and, overseas department and region of France


Tuvalu

/tʉːˈvɐːlʉː/

From Tuvaluan Tuuvalu (literally “eight standing together”) in reference to the eight inhabited islands of Tuvalu, although Tuvalu consists of nine islands. The ninth island, Niulakita, was inhabited in 1949. Compare to Proto-Austronesian *walu (“eight”).

bor

Tuvalu, a string of islands northwest of Australia, sold the rights to its suffix, “.tv,” to a Canadian entrepreneur for $50 million, and used the money to put electricity on the outer islands, create scholarships and finance the process to join the United Nations.

A country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania. Capital and largest city: Funafuti.


Saint Helena

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha#English

An island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean, and an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Official name: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Formerly named Saint Helena and Dependencies.


British Virgin Islands

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-British Virgin Islands.wav

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean.

اَلْجُزُر اَلْعَذْرَاء اَلْبِرِيطَانِيَّة


Tokelau

Borrowed from Tokelauan Tokelau, from Tokelauan tokelau (“north wind”), from Proto-Polynesian *tokelau (“northwesterly”). Compare Maori tokerau (“north”); Rapa Nui tokerau (“wind”).

Three atolls forming a dependent territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean.

تُوكِيلَاو

a territory of New Zealand in the Pacific


Aruba

Aruba, Jamaica, ooh I wanna take ya / Bermuda, Bahama, come on pretty mama

1988, “Kokomo”, in Still Cruisin', performed by The Beach Boys:

An island, dependent territory, and constituent country of the Netherlands, in the Caribbean Sea.


Seychelles

→ Japanese: セイシェル (Seisheru)

After French official and politician Jean Moreau de Séchelles.

Republic of Seychelles
Republic of Seychelles#English

An archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean. Official name: Republic of Seychelles.


Vanuatu

Republic of Vanuatu
Republic of Vanuatu#English

A country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania. Official name: Republic of Vanuatu. Capital and largest city: Port Vila.


Wallis and Futuna

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-Wallis and Futuna.wav

Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands#English

An archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania. Official name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands.

وَالِس وَفُوتُونَا

an overseas territory of France in Oceania

ワリー・エ・フトゥーナ諸島

ワリー・エ・フトゥーナしょとう


Jan Mayen

Named after Dutch explorer Jan Jacobszoon May van Schellinkhout.

named-after

An island in Norway in the Arctic Ocean.


Svalbard

Borrowed from Old Norse Svalbarð n probably through Norwegian. From svalr (“cool”) + barð (“edge, brim”), thus roughly meaning “cold shore”, probably alluding to the treeless landscape mostly covered with grass.
The name was first attested in annales referring to year 1194, but it’s uncertain whether it referred to the modern archipelago.
Cognate with Faroese Svalbarð, Icelandic Svalbarði and Norwegian Svalbard.

A group of islands northeast of Greenland; a territory of Norway.


American Samoa

/əˈmɛɹ.ɪ.kən səˈməʊ.ə/

SECRETARY James G. Blaine, on April 11, 1889, instructed the American Samoa commissioners at Berlin that the plan of governing natives without their consent was "not in harmony with the established policy of this government."

1899 April 29, Friends' Intelligencer, volume LVI, number 17, Philadelphia, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 329, column 2:

In a decision citing American Samoa cultural traditions, those born in the U.S. territory shouldn’t have citizenship automatically forced on them, a federal appeals court ruled Wednesday.[…]
American Samoa is the only unincorporated territory of the United States where the inhabitants are not American citizens at birth.[…]
Drawing on the views of the American Samoa people is one of the more gratifying aspects of the ruling, said Michael Williams, an attorney representing the American Samoa government, which intervened to oppose the lawsuit.
“It is also vindication for the principle that the people of American Samoa should determine their own status in accordance with Samoan culture and traditions,” he said.

2021 June 16, Jennifer Sinco Kelleher, “American Samoa culture plays role in US citizenship ruling”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-06-16:

Territory of American Samoa
Territory of American Samoa#English

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean. Official name: Territory of American Samoa. It is distinct from Samoa (formerly: Western Samoa).

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands


US Virgin Islands

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-US Virgin Islands.wav

I looked forward to seeing our friends and loved the long, serious conversations at Renaissance. But I needed some rest, and I was eager for the four days we had planned on St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands after New Year’s.

2003, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Third Way”, in Living History, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 437:

United States Virgin Islands
United States Virgin Islands#English


Falkland Islands

the Falkland Islands (canonical plural singular)

Name taken from the Falkland Sound, which was named for Viscount Falkland by John Strong, who landed on the islands in 1690.

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic.

جُزُر فُوكْلَانْد

overseas territory of the UK in the South Atlantic


Niue

From Niuean Niuē (“behold the coconut palm”), from niu (“coconut”) + ē (“o (vocative particle)”).

Republic of Niue
Republic of Niue#English

An island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. Official name: Republic of Niue. Capital: Alofi.


Mayotte

From French Mayotte, from Arabic مَيِّت (mayyit, “dead”).

territorial collectivity
territorial collectivity

An archipelago, overseas department, and administrative region of France, formerly an overseas territorial collectivity, located between Africa's mainland and Madagascar.


Cook Islands

An archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand.


Norfolk Island

Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk
James Cook
Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk
Norfolk Island
William Ambrosia Cowley

From the duchy of Norfolk in England, q.v. As an Ecuadorian island, clipping of Duke of Norfolk's Island, bestowed by William Ambrosia Cowley in 1684 honor of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk; his son Henry, the 7th duke; or both. As an Australian island and territory, bestowed by James Cook in 1774 in honor of Mary Howard, wife of the 9th duke.

Former name of Santa Cruz, an island in Galapagos, Ecuador.


Saint Lucia

From Latin sancta (“saint”) Lucia (“Lucy”) (landed on by French sailors on St. Lucy's Day, 13 December 1502).

Dr. Lewis also praised Taiwan’s technological prowess, calling it a “world leader” in the tech industry. He said Saint Lucia has sought closer cooperation with Taiwan to improve digital literacy in its schools.

2022 August 11, Kelvin Chen, “Saint Lucia ambassador stands with Taiwan”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2022-08-12:

An island and country in the Caribbean. Capital: Castries.


Faroe Islands

the Faroe Islands (canonical plural singular)

/ˈfɛəɹəʊ ˌaɪləndz/

From Old Norse Færeyjar (“Faroe Islands”, literally “Sheep Islands”), a compound of fær (“sheep”) and eyjar (“islands”).

der

An archipelago in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland and Iceland; a self-governing dependent territory of Denmark.

Pulo-pulo Faroe

group of islands between Scotland and Iceland


Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

desc

セントビンセント・グレナディーン

→ Japanese: セントビンセント・グレナディーン (Sento Binsento Gurenadīn) (calque)

en-us-Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.ogg

After Saint Vincent (sighted by Columbus on St Vincent's Day, 22 January 1498) and the city of Granada in Spain.

An archipelago and country in the Caribbean, comprising the islands of Saint Vincent and the island chain of the Grenadines.

Naomh Bhionsant agus Eileanan Greanadach

မိူင်းသဵင်ႉဝိၼ်းသႅၼ်ႉ လႄႈ ၵရႄးၼႃးတိၼ်း

móeng sâ̰eng wín sḛ̂n lāae kǎ ráae náa tín

செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள்


Palau

Borrowed from Palauan Belau (“Palau”), traditionally derived from aidebelau (“indirect replies”) in reference to the island's creation story, or from beluu (“village”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banua (“inhabited land, territory”).

der

Another society in which wealth per se was highly valued was Palau, but wealth belonging to descent units and not to individuals.[…]
Palau society was divided into a large number of individually named, exogamous matriclans, and these were in turn subdivided into named matrilineages, each of which was a land-owning corporation and localized within a single community.

1989, Douglas L. Oliver, “Social Relations”, in Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 146:

The president of Palau declared Tuesday that his Pacific island nation will ban commercial fishing and become a marine sanctuary.[…]
Remengesau said establishing “a 100 percent marine sanctuary” will enable Palau to preserve “a pristine environment” and promote snorkeling, scuba diving and ecotourism as an alternative way to grow its economy.

2014 February 5, Edith M. Lederer, “Palau to ban commercial fishing, promote tourism”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-07-19:

Few places on the planet are as isolated as Palau, or as sprawling. Its 21,000 residents are scattered across a handful of its 250 islands, which take up just 177 square miles combined. Relatively poor, and with no military of its own, Palau employs a marine police division with just 18 members and one patrol ship.

2016 February 17, Ian Urbina, “Palau vs. the Poachers”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-02-17:

Fully 99% of Palau's population over 12 has had both shots of vaccine for the new coronavirus, the International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) said, citing government figures which also show that this amounts to 16,152 people.
That puts Palau, an archipelago of 500 islands in the western Pacific Ocean, in the "top spot", the IFRC said in a statement, ahead of countries like Portugal which was named one of the world's most vaccinated countries when 80% of its 10 million people were fully immunized last month.

2021 October 14, Byron Kaye, “Tiny Pacific nation beats the world with 99% COVID vaccination, says Red Cross”, in Raju Gopalakrishnan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-14, Asia Pacific:

Republic of Palau
Republic of Palau#English

A country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania. Official name: Republic of Palau. Capital: Ngerulmud.


Dominica

From Latin Dominica (“Lord's Day [Island], Sunday [Island]”) due to being sighted by Columbus on a Sunday.

uder

Commonwealth of Dominica
Commonwealth of Dominica#English

An island and country in the Caribbean. Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica.

Donminik

island and country (Commonwealth of Dominica) in the Caribbean


Guadeloupe

/ˌɡwɑːdəˈluːp/

From French Guadeloupe, from Spanish Santa María de Guadalupe (The Virgin Mary named after the Spanish town of Guadalupe in Extremadura). Doublet of Guadalupe.

gloss

An island in the northeastern edge of the Caribbean Sea.

An archipelago, overseas department, and administrative region of France, including the island of Guadeloupe.

Gwadloup

overseas department and region of France


Fiji

→ Japanese: フィジー (Fijī)

Borrowed from Fijian Viti, from Proto-Central Pacific *viti "east, sunrise".

A country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania. Capital and largest city: Suva.

Fidji

Fiji - a country in Oceania comprising over 300 islands


Montserrat

From Catalan Montserrat. The island was named after the Virgin of Montserrat.

An island and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean. Official name: Montserrat.


New Caledonia

Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies#English

An archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania. Official name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies.


Puerto Rico

/ˌpɔɹtəˈɹikoʊ/

[ˌpɔɚɾəˈɹikoʊ]

pwěrʹtō rēʹkō

/ˌpwɜː(ɹ)təˈɹiːkəʊ/

/ˌpwɛə(ɹ)təˈɹiːkəʊ/

From Spanish Puerto Rico (literally “Rich Port”). In US English, the name is commonly pronounced and was formerly spelled Porto Rico; many other Spanish Puerto placenames were formerly also anglicized to Porto.

bor

The indigenous Taíno name for the island of Puerto Rico was 'Borikén', which literally means "Homeland of the People".

The island comprising most of that territory.


Sri Lanka

→ Japanese: スリランカ (Suri Ranka)

/ʃɹiˈlɑːŋkə/

/sɹiˈlɑːŋkə/

Borrowed from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකාව (śrī laṁkāwa), from Sanskrit श्री लङ्का (śrī laṅkā, literally “holy Lanka”).

der

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka#English

An island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India. Official name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Capital: Colombo.


Grenada

1763 Treaty of Paris
Grenada
Grenada (disambiguation)
Seven Years' War

From anglicization/latinization of French Grenade upon the island's cession to the United Kingdom under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years' War, from Spanish Granada and Los Granadillos on Spanish maps from at least the 1520s, from Granada in Spain, from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa), originally a suburb of the city. Doublet of Granada.

Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa)


Cayman Islands

From Spanish Caymanes, variant of earlier Spanish Lagartos in reference to the early prevalence of marine and freshwater crocodiles on the islands. Spanish caimán and Portuguese caimão are of uncertain etymology, being variously attributed to Taíno kaimán, Kari'na acayouman, and Kongo.

Three islands in the Caribbean Sea constituting an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.


Micronesia

Japanese: ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia)

/ˌmaɪ.kɹəʊˈniː.ʒə/

/ˌmaɪ.kɹəʊˈniː.ʃə/

From Ancient Greek μικρόνησος (mikrónēsos, “small island”, from μικρός (mikrós, “small, minimum”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”)) + -ia.

af

Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia

Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia#English

A country consisting of about 2000 islands in Oceania. Official name: Federated States of Micronesia. Capital: Palikir.

Eʼeʼaahjí Tónteel bikáaʼgi Kéyah Yázhí dah Ndaaʼeełgo Ałhidadiidzooígíí


Bermuda

From the name of Juan de Bermudez, the Spanish explorer who discovered the islands in 1515. See Bermúdez.

Sir Thomas Gates was appointed Lieutenant Generall ; Sir George Sommers Admirall of Virginia and were ſent to reſide there as Gouernours of the Colonie. But the Sea Venture, wherein the two Knights, and Captaine Newport, with a hundred and fiftie perſons ſayled, after long conflict with the two angrie Elements, was ſent to be impriſoned in Bermuda, where betweene two Rocks the Ship ſplit, the people eſcaping to Land.

1613, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume I, London, →OCLC, page 632:

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the North Atlantic Ocean, 580 nautical miles (1074 kilometers) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.


Barbados

From Portuguese barbados (“bearded ones”), from barba (“beard”), due to the dense hanging moss or vines in the island.


Wales

en-proper noun

Wales (countable and uncountable, plural Waleses)

wails (whales in accents with wine-whine merger)

From Middle English Wales, from Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”), from Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.

Meronyms: North Wales, South Wales; see also Category:Places in Wales

constituent countries
constituent country

One of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, formerly a principality.


Malta

Antonine Itinerary
Malta
Malta (disambiguation)

From Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā, “Māliṭā”) etc., from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek Μελίτη (Melítē), apparently from μέλι (méli, “honey”) + -η (-ē, “-a: forming feminine place names”) although its use for the island of Malta is considered uncertain. Some scholars consider it to represent the importance of the islands' indigenous bees and their output. Others consider it a transcription of Phoenician 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ, “Grand Harbor, Cospicua”), from 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ, “refuge, port”), reapplied first to the island and then, after the Punic Wars, to its Roman seat of government at Mdina. Note however that Latin Malta is already attested in some medieval manuscripts of the Antonine Itinerary. See Wikipedia's articles on Melite and Malta. Doublet of Meleda and Mljet.

der

Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā, “Māliṭā”)

The archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea composing the country.


Samoa

Borrowed from Samoan Sāmoa. See there for more.

Independent State of Samoa
Independent State of Samoa#English

A country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania. Official name: Independent State of Samoa. Capital and largest city: Apia. Formerly Western Samoa, and, before that, German Samoa. It is distinct from American Samoa.


England

en-proper noun

England (usually uncountable, plural Englands)

England
Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Welsh Language Act 1967

desc

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Burmese: အင်္ဂလန် (angga.lan)

→ Chichewa: Mángalande

→ Chinese: 英格蘭／英格兰 (Yīnggélán)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंग्लैंड (iṅglaiṇḍ)

اِن٘گْلَینْڈ

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

→ Japanese: イングランド (Ingurando)

→ Korean: 잉글랜드 (inggeullaendeu)

→ Lao: ອັງກິດ (ʼang kit)

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ايڠلند

Latin script: England

→ Marshallese: In̄len

desctree

→ Spanish: Inglaterra (calque)
→ Tagalog: Inglatera

→? Swedish: England
→ Finnish: Englanti

→ Tamil: இங்கிலாந்து (iṅkilāntu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
Middle English Engelond
English England
From Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land (literally “land of the Angles”), from genitive of Engle (“the Angles”) + land (“land”).

Англызтәыла

Kingdom in southeastern Britain, now part of the UK

(by extension, sometimes proscribed) the area of this kingdom generally, south of Scotland and east of Wales, including (historical) this area of Celtic and Roman Britain or the post-Roman kingdoms of the Angles and other Germans taken collectively.

Gaunt ...This royall throne of Kings, this sceptred Ile,
This earth of maiesty, this seate of Mars,
This other Eden, demy Paradice,
This fortresse built by Nature for her selfe,
Against infection and the hand of warre,
This happy breede of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in the siluer sea,
Which serues it in the office of a wall,
Or as moate defensiue to a house,
Against the enuie of lesse happier lands.
This blessed plot, this earth, this realme, this England...
Is now leasde out...
That England that was wont to conquer others,
Hath made a shamefull conquest
of it selfe...

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England’s mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England’s pleasant pastures seen?...
I will not cease from Mental Fight,
Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England’s green & pleasant Land.

1804, William Blake, Milton, Vol. I, Preface:

What is England? She is Elizabeth... To live alone, to go alone, to reign alone, to be alone,—such is Elizabeth, such is England...
England has two books: one which she has made, the other which has made her,—Shakespeare and the Bible. These two books do not agree together... Shakespeare thinks, Shakespeare dreams, Shakespeare doubts... Moreover, Shakespeare invents.

1864, Victor Hugo, chapter 6, in Amédée Baillot, transl., William Shakespeare:

England is not the jewelled isle of Shakespeare's much-quoted passage, nor is it the inferno depicted by Dr Goebbels. More than either it resembles a family, a rather stuffy Victorian family, with not many black sheep but with all its cupboards bursting with skeletons. It has rich relations who have to be kow-towed to and poor relations who are horribly sat upon, and there is a deep conspiracy of silence about the source of the family income.

1941, George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn, Pt. I:

England is like some stricken beast too stupid to know it is dead. Ingloriously foundering in its own waste products, the backlash and bad karma of empire.

1983, William S. Burroughs, The Place of Dead Roads, page 203:

"This is England," he explained. "Tell someone it's a procedure, and they'll believe you. The pointless procedure is one of our great natural resources."

2012, Maureen Johnson, The Madness Underneath:

Had they responded this way in France or America, this wouldn't have surprised me, but wasn't everyone in England supposed to be a detective? Wasn't every crime, no matter how complex, solved in a timely fashion by either a professional or a hobbyist? That's the impression you get from British books and TV shows.

2013 March 25, David Sedaris, "Long Way Home" in The New Yorker

Just close your eyes and think of England.

The kingdom established in southeast Britain by Aethelstan of Wessex in 927 and its various successor states, now the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom

(proscribed, sometimes offensive) Synonym of United Kingdom.


Australia

→ Japanese: オーストラリア (Ōsutoraria)

→ Maori: Ahitereiria

→ Tokelauan: Auhitalia

General Australian, Macquarie Dictionary

/əˈstɹæɪ.jə/

First attested 16th century, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”). Used also in 1693 (quotation below). Popularised by Matthew Flinders in 1814 (quotation below).
Distantly cognate to Austria, containing the same Proto-Indo-European root, but through German where it retained the earlier sense of “east” rather than “south”.
See also Terra Australis.

uder

1693: translation of a French novel by Jacques Sadeur (believed to be a pen name of Gabriel de Foigny) titled Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voiage de la Terre Australe published 1692, translation published in London in 1693. Quoted in The Australian Language by Sidney J. Baker, second edition, 1966, chapter XIX, section 1, pages 388-9.
This is all that I can have a certain knowledge of as to that side of Australia ...

Had I permitted myself any innovation upon the original term, it would have been to convert it into AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth.

1814, Matthew Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis, volume 1 (at Project Gutenberg)


Taiwan

/ˌtaɪ̯ˈwɑːn/

Anping District
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)
Taiwan

The specific form "Taiwan" in English emerged from the letters of Wade–Giles Tʻai²-wan¹ romanization of Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān) and also possibly the romaji of Japanese 臺灣(たいわん) (taiwan), which both of whom are ultimately from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Cognate with Dutch Tayouan / Taioan / Taiwan / etc., and other early variant forms of Hokkien 臺窩灣／台窝湾 (Tâi-o-oân), etc. The name is sometimes folk-etymologized to supposedly originally mean "terraced bay" (臺灣／台湾) or "great bay" (大灣／大湾) or similar parsings from interpreting the meaning from the Chinese characters alone.

zh-l

臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān)

T'ai-wan

from Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin

The Government claims suzerainty over and receives tribute more or less regularly from Corea, and also from Anam, Siam, Burmah, and part of the Loochoo Islands, and it has recently erected the beautiful and extensive Island of Formosa, or Taiwan, hitherto attached to the province of Fo-Kien, into a separate province with its own governor-general who, like those of the other provinces, is appointed directly from Peking.

1888, James Harrison Wilson, chapter III, in China: Travels and Investigations in the "Middle Kingdom": A Study of Its Civilization and Possibilites, →OCLC, page 26:

The Pescadores or Hoko islands, lying between Formosa (Taiwan) and the Chinese coast, are described by Koto (Notes on the Geology of the dependent isles of Taiwan, Journ. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ., Tokyo, xiii, 1899, pt. 1) as the ragged remnants of a series of nearly horizontal basalt sheets with intercalated strata of supposed Tertiary age.

1900 June 1, W. M. Davis, “Current Notes on Physiography.”, in Science, volume XI, number 283, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 871, column 2:

As a result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, China lost to Japan the important islands of Taiwan (Formosa) and the Pescadores, lying about a hundred miles off the Chinese coast.

1963, Dwight Eisenhower, “Formosa Doctrine”, in Mandate for Change 1953-1956, Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 460:

An island between the Taiwan Strait and Philippine Sea in East Asia.


Welsh

From Middle English Walsch, Welische, from Old English wīelisċ (“Briton; Roman; Celt”), from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“Celt; later Roman”), from *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”) (compare Old English wealh), from the name of the Gaulish tribe, the Volcae (recorded only in Latin contexts).
This word was borrowed from Germanic into Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic Влахъ (Vlaxŭ, “Vlachs, Romanians”), Byzantine Greek Βλάχος (Blákhos)).
Doublet of Vellish. Compare Walloon, walnut, Vlach, Walach, Gaul, Cornwall.

cog

en:of or pertaining to Wales, a country within the UK

en:of or pertaining to the Celtic language of Wales

Of or pertaining to the Celtic language of Wales.

Designating plants or animals from or associated with Wales.

gallois

designating plants, animals, etc. from or associated with Wales

The Tudors, it was argued, were of Welsh or ancient British descent.

1985, Michael Wood, In Search of the Trojan War:

en:Indigenously British Celtic, historical sense

(now historical) Indigenously British; pertaining to the Celtic peoples who inhabited much of Britain before the Roman occupation.


Welsh

en-noun

Welsh (countable and uncountable, plural Welsh)

(collectively, in the plural) The people of Wales.


Welsh

A town in Louisiana, United States, named for early landowner Henry Welsh.

An unincorporated community in Ohio, United States, named for an early settler.


Englishman

/ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ.mən/

From Middle English Englishman, Inglishman, from Old English Englisċman, Englisċmon, corresponding to English + -man. Compare Old Norse Englismaðr (“Englishman”).

the Ynglishe men had great vyctorye, for there was taken and slayne a greate nombar, and there was slayne the lorde Morley and Englishe man.

c. 1541, The Chronicle of Calais, London, published 1846:

To see twenty or thirty female Englishmen of full regulation-size dancing a ballet, is an overpowering luxury.

1853, Saunterings in and about London. By Max Schlesinger. The English edition by Otto Wenckstern, London, page 278:

All Englishmen, male and female, young and old, are for the purposes of this establishment considered clean.

1873, George Webbe Dasent, Jest an Earnest. A Collection of Essays and Reviews. In two Volumes. Vol. I, London, page 156:

Rest assured it cannot rest idle until Englishmen, male, female, and children are mercilessly massacred to the best interests of the country.

1909, Rambles and Adventures in Australasia, Canada, India, etc. By St. Michael-Podmore, London, page 270:

In Bangkok at twelve o'clock they foam at the mouth and run, / But mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the midday sun.

1931, Noel Coward, Mad Dogs and Englishmen:

He has his dark -- well, darkish -- side under control. Which is to say that he is an Englishman, well practiced in masking pain and absurdity and descents into sheer goofiness with mannerly behavior, sly irony and stiff upper lips.

2003 November 3, Richard Schickel, “Sweet Agonies of Affection”, in Time:

Yea, but that’s not really a surprise, is it? She famously wrote a book where a redhead plays second fiddle to a magical Englishman. “Come along, Ron, come along. I shall have all the powers, and your brothers can die fighting my war. Come along.”

2014, Tim Carvell [et al.], “Scottish Independence”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 17, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:

Also, for their national flower, the Scots chose a thistle. That is a plant made of tiny knives and a throwing star. “The only flower I like is a flower that can pierce an Englishman’s throat!”.

2014 September 14, “Scottish Independence”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 17, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

A native or inhabitant of England; a man who is English by ancestry, birth, descent, or naturalisation.

red-legged partridge
red-legged partridge

(UK) A grey partridge (in contrast with Frenchman, red-legged partridge).

... others, an aging Englishman who would do anything to further his fortune ...

2017, David Bélanger, Béatrice G. Martineau, Charles Grenier, “Kona”, in Kona, Canada: Parabole:

(Quebec, dated, ethnic slur) A Canadian of British descent and/or whose first language is English (as opposed to French-descended, French-speaking Canadians).

Fucking above your head Englishman!

2008, Christopher-Lee dos Santos, At thy Call, Dino Pappas and Ksenija Micic:

(South Africa, dated, ethnic slur) A South African of British descent, and/or whose first language is English (as opposed to Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaner South Africans).


Montreal

/ˌmɔ̃ɹeɪˈæl/

From French Montréal; from Mont Royal (“Mount Royal”) (mont + royal), after the nearby hill by Jacques Cartier. It is uncertain how Royal became -real. A common explanation is that real is the Middle French form of Royal, but Cartier himself recorded le mont Royal when he named it. It may have perhaps been from the Italian G.B. Rasmusio's 1556 map translating the name to Italian Monte Real.

Coordinate term: 514

A place in Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Ottawa and Saint-Lawrence Rivers

An island in Quebec, Canada, on which the city is situated.

Montreal Archipelago
Montreal Archipelago#English

Saint Lawrence River
Saint Lawrence River#English

Ellipsis of Montreal Archipelago.; An archipelago on the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, which contains the island.


Tasmania

From Tasman + -ia, after the Dutch naval explorer Abel Tasman, who visited and documented the island and New Zealand in 1642.

The large island of Australia comprising the majority of the state of Tasmania's land area and on which most of its inhabitants live.


Prince Edward Island

Named after Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the son of King George III and father of Queen Victoria.

An island in eastern Canada, which forms the majority of the eponymous province.


Andaman and Nicobar Islands

An archipelago and union territory of India, in the Bay of Bengal. Capital: Port Blair

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu


Newfoundland

Henry VII of England
John Cabot
John Morton (cardinal)
Newfoundland (island)
Sebastian Cabot (explorer)

From Middle English new found lande (in a letter, apparently written in 1499, from Henry VII of England to his lord chancellor, Cardinal John Morton, about the North American land explored by Sebastian and John Cabot, a likely location being Newfoundland, or the name later being specifically narrowed down to it), equivalent to newfound + land.

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador

Dominion of Newfoundland
Dominion of Newfoundland

A large island off the coast of eastern Canada, which, along with Labrador, has composed the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador since 1949, and the Dominion of Newfoundland, before it.


Penang

Borrowed from Malay pinang, from Pulau Pinang.


Briton

From Old French Breton, from Latin Brittō or its Celtic equivalent (Welsh Brython). Doublet of Breton and Brython.

At last the Saxons had killed nearly all the Britons, and the few who remained took refuge in the mountains, in that part of the country which we now call Wales, and in Cornwall.

1905, Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall, Our Island Story, page 59:

He writhed for twenty minutes under the flowery and eulogistic periods of the president, and rose himself in the state of confused indignation which the Briton feels when he is publicly approved.

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

The ancient Britons were particularly fond of Anglesey, which the Romans knew as Mona.

An inhabitant of Great Britain, particularly (historical) a Celt from the area of Roman Britain or (obsolete) a Welshman.

brità

ancient Celts in the area of modern England and Wales

the British

native of Great Britain, subject of the UK

...when these hateful termes of Scottes and Englishemen, shalbe abolisshed, and blotted oute for euer, and we shal al agre in the onely title and name of Britons...

1547, James Harrison, An Exhortacion to the Scottes..., G v b:

Rule, Britannia! Britannia rules the waves:
Britons never, never, never will be slaves.

1740, “Rule, Britannia!”, James Thomson (lyrics), Thomas Arne (music):

I glory in the name of Briton.

1760, King George III, quoted in George Rose's 1860 Diaries and Correspondence..., Vol. II, p. 189

Many of the rank and file had no better conception of the proud and sensitive Maori than was implied in the degrading 'nigger' theory, invariably applied by the unthinking Briton to all coloured races.

1902, George Stoddart Whitmore, The Last Maori War in New Zealand..., page vi:

The victims included 3 Canadians, 2 Irishmen, and 1 Briton.

The hiker was a Briton from New Zealand.

(sometimes proscribed) A citizen of the United Kingdom or (historical, obsolete) its overseas empire.


Salvador

From Spanish and Portuguese Salvador, chiefly various placenames honoring Jesus Christ, from Spanish and Portuguese salvador (“savior”), from Latin salvator, from salvāre (“to save”) + -tor (forming agent nouns). In Spanish placenames, frequently a clipping of Spanish San Salvador (“Holy Savior”). Doublet of savior, Salvator, and Salvatore.

doublet

San Salvador Island
San Salvador Island#English

Short for San Salvador Island, an island in the Bahamas

(historical) Former name of Santiago, an island in Galapagos, Ecuador


Scotland

From Middle English Scotland, Scotlond, from Old English Scotland (“Ireland", later also "Scotland”, literally “land of the Scots”), equivalent to Scot + -land. Compare West Frisian Skotlân (“Scotland”), Dutch Schotland (“Scotland”), German Schottland (“Scotland”), Danish Skotland (“Scotland”), Icelandic Skotland (“Scotland”).

inh

Our main story this week is Scotland. Americans know it as the birthplace of Shrek, and, and that accent you think you can do but actually can’t.

That’s right. Not even English flag poles can suddenly start treating Scotland with the respect it deserves. “Get this rag off me! Get it off! I can’t! Get this blue mess off me!”

A constituent country of the United Kingdom, located in northwest Europe to the north of England

Skotland

country in northwest Europe to the north of England


Hong Kong

[hɔŋ˥ kʰɔŋ˥]

Columbia University Press
Hong Kong
Saul B. Cohen

Etymology tree
Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²)bor.
English Hong Kong
From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “fragrant harbor”), the former name of a settlement in what is now Aberdeen on the southwest side of Hong Kong Island, where incense was stored for export.

bor

Sampans and punts crowded the tight harbors of places like Shau Kei Wan on Hong Kong Island, and these fisherfolk cooked up the day’s catch for their customers on the most minimal of stoves.

2016, Carolyn Phillips, “The Coastal Southeast”, in All Under Heaven: Recipes from the 35 Cuisines of China, Ten Speed Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 189:

This two-bedroom, two-and-a-half-bathroom apartment is in the western section of Mid-Levels, an affluent residential area built into the northern slope of Victoria Peak on Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong.

2019 April 17, Marcelle Sussman Fischler, “House Hunting in … Hong Kong”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-17, Real Estate:

An island in southeastern China, Hong Kong Island, the site of the city of the same name, lying off Guangdong (Canton) province.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing

(historical) A colony of the United Kingdom, which previously administered the area of the present-day Chinese special administrative region.


British

en-adj

British (comparative more British, superlative most British)

more British (comparative)
most British (superlative)

From Middle English Brittish, from Old English Brettisċ.
The spelling with single -t- appears in the 13th century under the influence of Medieval Latin Britannicus, but spelling with -tt- persists alongside -t- during the 13th to 17th centuries.
In reference to the island of Great Britain from ca. 1400 (Latin natio Anglica sive Britannica, Brittisshe occean 1398, the Britishe nacion 1548).
As a noun, referring to the British people, British soldiers, etc. from ca. 1600.

brythonik

history: of the ancient inhabitants of the southern part of Britain


Cornish

From Corn(wall) + -ish, from Cornish Kernewek, Kernowek.

Of or pertaining to Cornwall, a county of southwest England.


Cornish

(collectively) The inhabitants of Cornwall, especially native-born.


Cornish

There is a movement to revive Cornish.

The Celtic language of Cornwall, related to Welsh and Breton.

A habitational surname from Old English referring to someone from Cornwall.


Anguillan

A person from Anguilla or of Anguillan descent.


Britain

en-proper noun

Britain (countable and uncountable, plural Britains)

→ Hawaiian: Pelekāne

→ Tokelauan: Peletānia

From Middle English Britayne, Breteyn, from Anglo-Norman Bretaigne, Bretaine, from Latin Brittannia, variant of Latin Britannia, from Britannī; reinforced by native Old English Breten, from the same Latin source. Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Prɨdėn (“Britain”) from *Pritanī (also compare *Prɨdɨn (“Picts”) from *Pritenī), attested to in Ancient Greek as Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ), compare Welsh Prydain. Doublet of Britannia and Brittany. More at Britto.

The island of Great Britain, consisting of England, Scotland and Wales, especially during antiquity.

Britania

island — see also Great Britain, British Isles

Gran Bretanya f (only full name is used for the island)

Storbritannien (only full name is used for the island)

Grande-Bretagne f (only full name is used for the island)

Gran Bretagna f (only full name is used for the island)

Grand Bretanha f (only full name is used for the island)

Gran Bretaña f (only full name is used for the island)

(historical) The British state and its dominions and holdings; the British Empire.


Hawaii

From Hawaiian Hawaiʻi, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *Sawaiki (“traditional homeland”).

der

An archipelago in the Pacific Ocean between North America and Oceania.

(specifically) An island in Hawaii archipelago, Pacific Ocean, of Hawaii County, State of Hawaii, United States. The largest of the Hawaiian Islands.


Highlander

From Highlands + -er, equivalent to a specific application of highlander.


Gaelic

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Irish Gaelic.

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Manx Gaelic.


Gaelic

Of or relating to the Gaels, the Goidel peoples of Scotland and Ireland, and the Manx, or their languages.


Gaelic

Undoubtedly, the main reasons why many gifted young Irish sportsmen such as Niall Quinn, Kevin Moran and Frank Stapleton opted to play soccer instead of Gaelic is^([sic]) that soccer afforded them the opportunity to display and test their abilities in an international arena and earn a good living.

1995, John Sugden, Alan Bairner, Sport, Sectarianism and Society, page 42:


London

en-proper noun

London (countable and uncountable, plural Londons)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: London

From Middle English London, from Old English Lunden, from Proto-Celtic via Latin Londinium – see for details. Doublet of Londinium.

Londens

of, from or pertaining to London in the UK

down to London (UK)

An eccentric city with a live-and-let-live vibe, London is a place where people can be free to be themselves, find the communities to which they belong and write whatever they want. There are, in a sense, many Londons for writers to explore.

2022 October 12, Bernardine Evaristo, “Read Your Way Through London”, in The New York Times:

The capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England. Situated on the tidal River Thames in southeast England, with a metropolitan population of more than 13,000,000.

A city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, with a population of approximately 300,000.

A small city in Pope County, Arkansas, with a population of approximately 900.

A city, the county seat of Laurel County, Kentucky, with a population of approximately 8,000.

A city, the county seat of Madison County, Ohio, with a population of approximately 9,000.


Englishwoman

From Middle English Englishwoman, equivalent to English + -woman. Compare Englishman.

A female native or inhabitant of England; a woman who is English by birth, descent or naturalisation.

إِنْجِلِيزِيَّة

a female native or inhabitant of England


Charles

Charles (countable and uncountable, plural Charleses)

From French Charles, from Old French Charles, Carles, from Latin Carolus, from and also reinfluenced by Frankish and Old High German Karl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”); compare the English word churl and the German Kerl. In reference to the Ecuadorian island, a clipping of the original name King Charles's Island, granted in honor of Charles II of England.

Synonym of Floreana, an island in Galapagos, Ecuador.


harp

From Middle English harpe, from Old English hearpe (“harp”), from Proto-West Germanic *harpā, from Proto-Germanic *harpǭ (“harp”). Cognate with Scots hairp (“harp”), West Frisian harpe, harp (“harp”), Low German Harp (“harp”), Dutch harp (“harp”), German Harfe (“harp”), Danish harpe (“harp”), Swedish harpa (“harp”).

More likely, it was the prospect of meat. Curwen was by now craving a juicy roast – 'even seal chop' – and was always loosing off at tickleasses and harps.

2006, John Gimlette, Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador, page 225:


Crete

An island in the Mediterranean, and the largest in Greece.


New Ireland

Bismarck Archipelago
Bismarck Archipelago

An island of the Bismarck Archipelago, a German colony from 1884 to 1921; governed by Australia from 1921 and then by Papua New Guinea from 1975 to the present day.


Channel Islands

Duchy of Normandy
Duchy of Normandy#English

A group of islands of the Duchy of Normandy in the English Channel: Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Brecqhou, Lihou, Jethou and Burhou.

A group of islands off the coast of California, United States: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, San Nicolas, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, San Clemente.

острова́ Ча́ннел

groups of islands off the coast of California


Guernsey

From Anglo-Norman, from Old Norse, compound of Grani (“Grani's”) and ey (“island”). Folk etymology points to a dialectal root for green.

An island, the second-largest of the Channel Islands


Majorca

/məˈd͡ʒɔɹ.kə/

/məˈd͡ʒɔː.kə/

From Latin īnsula maior (“larger island”); the intermediate form was *Maiōrica.

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

An island in the Mediterranean; largest of the Balearic Islands.


Tobago

/təˈbeɪ.ɡəʊ/

Probably from Spanish tabaco (“tobacco”), thus a doublet of tobacco.

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

An island and ward of the Caribbean, part of Trinidad and Tobago.


Glasgow

/ˈɡlɑːz.ɡəʊ/

/ˈɡlɐːz.ɡəʉ/

/ˈɡlɐːz.ɡɐʉ/

From Proto-Brythonic *glas cu (“green hollow”), from *glas (“green”) + *cöü (“hollow”) (for this element see Irish cuas (“hollow”), Welsh cau (“hollow”)); usually romantically translated as "the dear green place." Compare modern Scottish Gaelic Glaschu.

der

up to Glasgow (UK)

Central Glasgow is beautiful. Glasgow Central is also beautiful. Opened by the Caledonian Railway in 1879, it was rebuilt in the Edwardian era to a design by Robert Rowand Anderson.

2023 February 8, Greg Morse, “Crossing the border... by Sleeper”, in RAIL, number 976, page 40:

A major city and council area of Scotland, largest city in Scotland.

A number of places in the United States:

A home rule city, the county seat of Barren County, Kentucky.

A minor city in Howard County and Chariton County, Missouri.

A minor city, the county seat of Valley County, Montana.


Edinburgh

Edinburgh
Edinburgh (disambiguation)
Etymology of Edinburgh

From Middle English Edynburgh, from Old Welsh Eidyn, a Celtic/Brythonic region of uncertain origin (possibly a personal name; compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”)) + Old English burg (“castle, stronghold”). More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.


Rhodes

en-proper noun

Rhodes (countable and uncountable, plural Rhodeses)

From French Rhodes, from Latin Rhodus, from Ancient Greek Ῥόδος (Rhódos), of uncertain etymology. Possibilities include a pre-Greek name (cf. Phoenician 𐤄𐤓𐤏𐤃 (hrʿd), "snake"), ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), and ῥοιά (rhoiá, “pomegranate”).

An island in the Dodecanese, Greece, in the Aegean Sea.


Zanzibar

Ultimately from Classical Persian زنگبار (zangibār), literally meaning “black-skinned coast”.

An island region of Tanzania in the Indian Ocean.


Trinidad

Borrowed from Spanish trinidad (“trinity”), named after the Holy Trinity by Columbus to fulfill a religious vow.

bor+

An island in the Caribbean, part of Trinidad and Tobago.


Bali

From Balinese ᬩᬮᬶ, possibly from Sanskrit बलि-द्वीप (bali-dvīpa, “island of offerings”) or Sanskrit वली-द्वीप (valī-dvīpa, “island of waves”). Or from Sanskrit वली (valī) or Sanskrit वलि (vali) and from Sanskrit द्वीप (dvīpa). Cf. Java.

der

Holonym: Lesser Sunda Islands

An island in Indonesia, just east of Java.


Bali

Borrowed from Uneapa bali (“to not be”).

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English


Vancouver

en-prop

Vancouver (countable and uncountable, plural Vancouvers)

George Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver Expedition
Vancouver, Washington

The family name is from the Dutch place name Coevorden (“the place where cows ford the river”) via the Dutch family name van Coevorden (“a person from Coevorden”). The place names are derived from the family name, being named after George Vancouver, an English explorer who charted the northwestern Pacific coast of North America in a 1791–1794 expedition.

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A large island in British Columbia, Canada.


Sardinia

Nora, Italy
Sea People
Sherden
en:Sardinia

Borrowing from Latin Sardinia and Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ), which in turn derive from a pre-Roman substrate language, *sard, *shard. It is connected by some scholars to the name of the Sherden or Shardana, an ethnic group amongst the Sea Peoples. A Phoenician inscription found in Nora and dated to the 9th century B.C.E. identifies the island as Shardan.

An island and autonomous region of Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea.


Dublin

From Middle Irish Dublind, from dub (“black”) + lind (“pond”).

Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown

A traditional county of Ireland, now divided into the City of Dublin and three counties; Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin.

A city, the county seat of Laurens County, Georgia.

A city in Franklin County, Delaware County and Union County, Ohio.


Sicily

From Middle English Sicilie, Sicilye, from Old English Sicilia, from Latin Sicilia, from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”). Doublet of Sicilia.

The largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily.


Bermudan

A person from Bermuda or of Bermudian descent.


Bermudan

Of, from, or pertaining to Bermuda, or the Bermudian peoples.


Bermudan

Based on the geography of Bermuda, being somewhat European and somewhat American, but closer to American.

This chapter focuses on the pricing of various exotic interest rate derivatives including Bermudan swaptions, constant maturity swaps, trigger swaps, index amortizing swaps, and quantos.

2005, Justin London, Modeling Derivatives in C++, John Wiley & Sons, page 710:

A Bermudan callable has several call dates, usually coinciding with coupon dates.

2006, Business Knowledge for IT in Investment Banking: A complete handbook for IT Professionals (UK Edition), Essvale Corporation Limited, page 13

Multi-dimensional option pricing becomes an important topic in financial markets (Franker et al., 2008). Among which, the American-type derivative (e.g. the Bermudan option) pricing is a challenging problem.

2009, Shih-Feng Huang, Meihui Guo, Applied Quantitative Finance (Second Edition), Springer, page 295:

(finance, of an option) That can be exercised on specific dates between the issue date and the expiry date.


Jerusalem

en-proper noun

Jerusalem (countable and uncountable, plural Jerusalems)

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːsələm/

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːzələm/

From Late Latin Ierusalem, Hierusalem, from Latin Hierosolyma, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim), from a Western Semitic form attested in Ancient Egyptian as Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25 (ꜣwšꜣmm), a compound of Semitic *uru (“house, town”) and *salim, which meant either "peace" or "Shalim", Canaanite god of twilight.

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

A number of places elsewhere, usually named after the city in the Holy Land:

A census-designated place in Conway County, Arkansas.

census-designated place
census-designated place

An unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland.

An unincorporated community in Lima Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan.

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

Former name of Courtland, Southampton County, Virginia.


Liverpool

From Middle English Liverpul, from Old English lifer, læfer (“reed, rush”) + pōl (“pool”). Equivalent to laver + pool.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England; an important seaport in the United Kingdom, and once one of the biggest in the world.

A small city in Brazoria County, Texas, United States.


Java

Borrowed from Javanese ꦗꦮ (jawa), possibly from Sanskrit यव-द्वीप (yava-dvīpa, “island of barley”), used in reference to the coffee grown on Java and nearby islands since at least 1850. The programming language (initially called Oak) is a reference to java, the blend of coffee from the island.

An island in the Indonesian Archipelago, Indonesia.


Cyclades

From Ancient Greek Κυκλάδες (Kukládes), plural of Κυκλάς (Kuklás), from κύκλος (kúklos, “circle, ring”).

An Aegean island chain in southeast-central Greece, surrounding the main island Delos, further including the islands of Andros, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Syra, Tinos and Zea.


Lesbos

An island in Greece, in the northeastern Aegean Sea.


Coventry

From Old English Cofentrēo, Cofantrēo, of obscure origin. Believed to be derived from an Anglo-Saxon named Cofa, hence Cofantrēo (literally “Cofa's tree”).

unc

obscure

A place in the United States:
A town in Tolland County, Connecticut.

A place in the United States:
A town in Chenango County, New York.

A place in the United States:
A township in Summit County, Ohio.

A place in the United States:
A town in Kent County, Rhode Island.

A town and census-designated place therein, in Orleans County, Vermont.


Bermudian

A person from Bermuda or of Bermudian descent


Barking and Dagenham

A London borough of Greater London, England


Warwickshire

An inland county of England bordered by Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, West Midlands and Worcestershire.


Dodecanese

From Greek Δωδεκάνησα (Dodekánisa, “twelve islands”), from δώδεκα (dṓdeka, “twelve”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”).

bor

An island chain consisting of twelve main islands including Rhodes, its capital.

Dodekanes

an island chain consisting of twelve main islands


Brent

en-proper noun

Brent (countable and uncountable, plural Brents)

English surname from placenames in Devon and Somerset, from Old English brant (“steep”), referring to hills. Compare Brents.

A habitational surname from Old English.

A male given name transferred from the surname, of 20th century and later usage.

Only by the wet flapping of a barnacle goose did she know she now approached the River Brent, obscured as it was by a brickworks and yet more houses.

2023, Zadie Smith, The Fraud, Hamish Hamilton, page 189:

A small river in Greater London, England, United Kingdom, which joins the Thames at Brentford.

A London borough in Greater London, England, United Kingdom, created in 1965 from the merger of the boroughs of Wembley and Willesden.


Bromley

Bromley (countable and uncountable, plural Bromleys)

From Old English brōm (“broom”) + lēah (“wood”). Equivalent to broom + -ley and doublet of Brimley.; compare Broom.

Bromley (disambiguation)
London Borough of Bromley

A minor city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States.


Bouvet Island

Named after Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.

An uninhabited volcanic island and dependent territory of Norway in the South Atlantic Ocean, south-southwest of the South African Cape of Good Hope.

Bouvet Island
Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier

О́строви Буве

uninhabited volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean


British Isles

From British (“relating to Britons, Britain, or the Britains”) + isles (“islands”). Compare Ancient Greek Βρεττανίδες νῆσοι (Brettanídes nêsoi) and Latin Britannicae insulae (“British islands”).

der

Βρεττανίδες νῆσοι

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

An archipelago in Northern Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, Anglesey, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Channel Islands and many smaller islands.


Formosa

desc

→⇒ New Latin: Oncomelania hupensis formosana

/fɔːˈməʊ.sə/

Formosa (disambiguation)
Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

From Portuguese Formosa, as in Ilha Formosa (literally “Beautiful Island”) and Vila Formosa da Imperatriz (literally “Beautiful Town of the Empress”), from formosa (“beautiful”), from Latin fōrmōsus (“beautiful, well-formed”), from fōrma (“form, shape”) + -ōsus (“-ose: full of”). The Brazilian city is named in honor of the empress Teresa Cristina in the 1840s.

der

Heere we had the higheſt Land of Formoſa, South-eaſt, the neereſt land about eight leagues off, the neather point of it Eaſt by North ten leagues off our depth, fortie ſixe fathomes ozie : the latitude twentie fiue degree twentie minutes. From the high Land of Formoſa, ſtretcheth out a lower Land to the water-ſide, being a white ſandy ſhoare, and ſmooth ſand Hils farther vp the Countrey, much like to the Coaſt of Barbary.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume I, London, →OCLC, page 652:

The Iſland Formoſa, or the fair Iſland doth alſo belong to this Province ; as likewiſe the near adjacent Iſland called Teiwan, which the Hollanders poſſeſs, who have built a Fort there called new Zealand.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 16:

THE Iſland of Formoſa is about Eighty Leagues in compaſs ; ſo that the Hollanders were never in poſſeſſion of the whole Iſland, but were onely Maſters of four Fortreſſes, and two and fifty Villages, wherein they could number about fourteen or fifteen thouſand Inhabitants.

1684, A New and Particular Relation of the Kingdom of Tunquin, page 57:

We do not want Formosa or any part of Asia for ourselves. We believe that the future of Formosa should be settled peacefully by international action.

1950 September 1, Harry S. Truman, 3:42 from the start, in MP72-73 Korea and World Peace: President Truman Reports to the People, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives Identifier: 595162:

These two islands are in the area of freedom. The Nationalists have these two islands. We should not force our Nationalist allies to get off of them and give them to the Communists. If we do that, we start a chain reaction, because the Communists aren't after Quemoy and Matsu, they're after Formosa.

1960, 56:02 from the start, in Presidential Candidates Debate, Richard Nixon (actor), via C-SPAN:

The developing scene had ominous aspects. The Chinese Communists were constantly threatening aggressive action against Formosa and the government of Chiang Kai-shek. Ever since World War II, the United States had recognized the strategic necessity of maintaining the integrity of the Western Pacific island chain, including Formosa as one of its principal links. Our readiness to go to the defense of that island, if it were attacked, had been announced as a governmental policy before I was inaugurated, and I had personally emphasized the importance of this island's safety to our nation's security.

1963, Dwight Eisenhower, Mandate for Change 1953-1956, Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 168:

FORMOSA (TAIWAN) is an island separated from the southeast coast of China by the 121-mi.-wide Formosa strait (T’ai-wan hai-hsia) and one of a great island system rimming the western Pacific ocean.

1968, Norton S. Ginsburg, “FORMOSA”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 9, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 627, column 2:

When our airplanes first took off that morning, the Japs did come in. They hit the city of Baguio in the northern part of Luzon, and then went back to Formosa.

1984, Anton Bilek, “Anton Bilek”, in Studs Terkel, editor, "The Good War": An Oral History of World War Two, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 84:

(dated) Synonym of Taiwan, an island in East Asia.

Bissagos Islands
Bissagos Islands#English

An island in the Bissagos Islands, Guinea-Bissau.


Inner Hebrides

/ˌɪnə ˈhɛbɹɪdiːz/

The islands of the Hebrides along the west coast of Scotland, separated from the Outer Hebrides by the Little Minch.


Outer Hebrides

An archipelago of the Hebrides in Scotland, separated from the Inner Hebrides by the Little Minch.


Herm

Perhaps from Old Norse armr (“arm”), because of its shape.

One of the Channel Islands and part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey.


Sark

Unknown, but see Wikipedia. Richard Coates has suggested derivation from Proto-Semitic, although this is considered unlikely.

One of the Channel Islands; notable inter alia for its local government containing one of the last vestiges of feudalism in Europe.


Lipari Islands

An archipelago of Italy, off the north coast of Sicily.


Aegadian Islands

In the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas lie several archipelagos of small Italian islands, some measuring only a few hundred meters across: the Pontine Islands, southwest of Rome; the Aeolian Islands, north of Messina; the Aegadian Islands, west of Sicily; the Pelagie archipelago, some two hundred miles south of Sicily, closer to the shores of Tunisia; and, finally, the Tremiti Islands, off the coast of northern Puglia in the Adriatic.

2011, Michael R. Ebner, Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy, →ISBN, page 1:

A group of islands located off the western coast of Sicily.


Pelagian Islands

A group of islands of Italy south of Sicily.


Alderney

The third-largest island of the Channel Islands.


Saaremaa

The largest island of Estonia, and Saare County which contains it.


Orkney Islands

An island group off north-east Scotland, Great Britain island

A region of Scotland, British Isles comprising these islands.

A council area of Scotland, United Kingdom.


Shetland Islands

Shetland Islands
Shetland Islands Council

A group of islands of Scotland, roughly north-east of the Orkney Islands.

A council area of Scotland, one of the 32, the council was originally formed in 1975.


Hebrides

From Latin Hebudes or Haebudes, with u likely turned to ri by scribal error. Earlier origin unknown. Compare Ancient Greek Ἕβουδαι (Héboudai), islands mentioned by Ptolemy and Pliny, likely the Hebrides.

The islands off the west coast of Scotland, divided into the Inner Hebrides and the Outer Hebrides.


Lesvos

A borrowing or transliteration of Greek Λέσβος (Lésvos).


Thira

From Greek Θήρα (Thíra), inherited from Ancient Greek Θήρᾱ (Thḗrā).


Santorini

From Greek Σαντορίνη (Santoríni), from Medieval Latin Santa Irini (“Saint Irene”), from St Irene as the patron of the parish church at Perissa under the Latin Empire.


Delos

We may also conclude that as it was the Ionic γένη of the Attic tetrapolis who in the main achieved the Ionization of Athens, so it was a branch of this same stock that settled at Delos […]

2010, Lewis Richard Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States, page 108:


Chios

From Latin Chios, from Ancient Greek Χίος (Khíos).


Corfu

From Italian Corfù, from Ancient Greek Κορυφώ (Koruphṓ), from κορυφή (koruphḗ) ("summit", "mountain peak"). Named after the twin peaks of the Old Fortress of Corfu.

Κέρκυρα Κέρκυρα#Greek

An island in Greece, one of the Ionian Islands. The ancient name is Corcyra (Κόρκυρα (Kórkura)), in Modern Greek Kérkira (Κέρκυρα (Kérkyra)).


Maltese Islands

An archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea making up the Republic of Malta.


North East Land

Calque of Norwegian Nordaustlandet, from the definite singular of nord + aust + land.


White Island

An island of Svalbard, Norway, Kvitøya in Norwegian.

An uninhabitable volcanic island in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand.


Gozo

The second-largest island of the Republic of Malta.


Spitsbergen

From Dutch Spitsbergen, from spits (“pointed, pointy”) + bergen (“mountains”), see there.

(dated) Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago located to the east of Greenland.


South Holland

South Holland
South Holland, Illinois
South Holland, Lincolnshire

A village in Thornton Township, Cook County, Illinois, United States.


Londinium

Unadapted borrowing from Latin Londinium. Doublet of London.

ubor

(poetic) Synonym of modern London: A city in England, United Kingdom


tartan

en-noun

tartan (countable and uncountable, plural tartans)

→ Catalan: tartà

→ Scottish Gaelic: tartan

Blend of Middle English tartaryn (“rich material”), from Middle French tartarin (“Tartar cloth”), and Middle French tiretaine (“cloth of mixed fibers”), from Old French tiret (“kind of cloth”), from tire (“oriental cloth of silk”), from Medieval Latin tyrius (“material from Tyre”), from Latin Tyrus (“Tyre”).

der

Coordinate term: flannel

A kind of woven woolen cloth with a distinctive pattern of colored stripes intersecting at right angles, associated with Scottish Highlanders, different clans and some Scottish families and institutions having their own distinctive patterns; clothing made from this material.

tartà

woollen cloth with a distinctive pattern


Azores

Borrowed from Spanish Azores, from Portuguese Açores (“Azores”), from açores, plural of açor (“goshawk”).

Autonomous Region of the Azores
Autonomous Region of the Azores

An archipelago of nine volcanic islands in the North Atlantic and an autonomous region of Portugal comprising this archipelago, officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores.


Aberdonian

From Medieval Latin Aberdonia (“Aberdeen”) + -an.

(British English, Scotland, ethnography) A citizen or inhabitant of, or person born in, Aberdeen, NE Scotland.


ton

→ Tokelauan: tone, tane

Variant of tun (“cask”), influenced by Old French tonne (“ton”).

ton

various units of mass notionally equivalent to a tun

(colloquial, chiefly UK) Synonym of hundred, particularly

Synonym of hundred, particularly
100 pounds sterling.


Öland

Borrowed from Swedish Öland. Doublet of island.


Gotland

The largest island of Sweden, situated in the Baltic Sea.


Isle of Man

An island and crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea, part of the British Isles but not of the United Kingdom.


Cambridge

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Cambridge.wav

From Middle English Cantebrigge, Grentebrige, from Old English Grante bryċġ, Granta-briċġ, Grantanbryċġ (“Granta-bridge”). Granta is probably of Celtic origin, identified as Brythonic settlement, Cair Grauth. Doublet of Cam.
By Middle English when the name of the settlement had changed to "Cantebrigge" and eventually "Cambridge", the lower stretches of the River Granta were renamed Cam by back-formation from Cambridge.

Dorchester County
Dorchester County#English

A city, the county seat of Dorchester County, Maryland, United States.

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

A city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, famous for being the location of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was formerly one of the county seats.

A city, the county seat of Isanti County, Minnesota, United States.

A city, the county seat of Guernsey County, Ohio, United States.

A town and village in Lamoille County, Vermont, United States.


Big Ben

Ben Caunt
Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover
Big Ben

Disputed, possibly after Sir Benjamin Hall, who oversaw the installation of the Great Bell, or after English boxer Ben Caunt.

Houses of Parliament
Houses of Parliament

The hour bell in the Elizabeth Tower (formerly known as the Clock Tower), adjacent to the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, United Kingdom.


Andaman Islands

A group of islands in the Bay of Bengal.


anglo

(Southwestern US, informal, sometimes offensive) A North American, especially a white one (regardless of actual ethnicity), whose native language is English (as opposed to Americans who have another native language).

(Australia, informal) An Anglo-Australian (as opposed to Australians of Mediterranean or Middle Eastern background)

(nonstandard) A British person or person of British ancestry.


Manx

en-adj

Manx (comparative more Manx, superlative most Manx)

more Manx (comparative)
most Manx (superlative)

Altered from Maniske, from assumed Old Norse *manskr, an adjectival form of Mǫn (“Isle of Man”), from Old Irish Mana; compare with Norwegian Bokmål mansk.
Also influenced by Manx Manninagh, an adjectival form of Mannin (“Isle of Man”), Isle of Man; cf Scottish Gaelic Manainneach and Irish Manannach.

Relating to the Isle of Man and/or its Celto-Germanic people.

manx

relating to the Isle of Man and/or its people


Manx

en-noun

Manx (countable and uncountable, plural Manx or Manxes)

A member or descendant of the Celto-Germanic people of the Isle of Man; a Manxman or Manxwoman.

A breed of domestic cat native to the Isle of Man, principally characterized by suppression of the tail, and with a short-haired coat and rounded, cobby body.


Manx

(uncountable) A Goidelic language spoken on the Isle of Man.

մեներեն

a Goidelic language spoken on the Isle of Man

the long-haired version of the Manx cat breed


Scottish

From Middle English Scottich, from Old English Sċyttisċ, equivalent to Scot + -ish. Compare West Frisian Skotsk (“Scottish”), Dutch Schots (“Scottish”), German schottisch (“Scottish”), Danish skotsk (“Scottish”), Icelandic skoskur (“Scottish”). Doublet of Scotch and Scot.

(uncountable) short for Scottish English, the varieties of English spoken in Scotland.


provost

From Middle English, from late Old English prōfost, prāfost, from Late Latin prōpositus, variant of Latin praepositus (“[one] placed in command”). In some senses, via Anglo-Norman provolt; via Anglo-Norman and Old French provost (modern French prévôt). As a Central European ecclesiastical office, via German Propst, Danish provst, etc.

steward

deputy overseeing medieval estates or fees

police officer

deputy overseeing medieval law enforcement; military police

One placed in charge: a head, a chief, particularly:

(religion) The minister of the chief Protestant church of a town or region in Germany, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia.

(UK, higher education) The head of various colleges and universities.

The repairs were completed in the summer of last year, more than ten months after the line had been closed, and the branch was re-opened on June 29, when Mr. T. F. Cameron, Chief Regional Officer, Scottish Region, received Provost J. S. Collin, of Eyemouth, at the station. The 12.42. p.m. train to Burnmouth was signalled out of the station by the Provost, after he had been introduced to the crew.

1950 January, “Re-Opening of the Eyemouth Branch”, in Railway Magazine, page 52:

A mayor: the chief magistrate of a town, particularly (Scotland) the head of a burgh or (historical) the former chiefs of various towns in France, Flanders, or (by extension) other Continental European countries.

pormestari

equivalent of mayor in some Scottish cities


whisky

en-noun

whisky (countable and uncountable, plural whiskies)

Variant of usque, abbreviation of usquebaugh (compare obsolete whiskybae), from Scottish Gaelic uisge-beatha (“water of life”), calque of Medieval Latin aqua vitae. Compare akvavit, aquavit, aqua vitae, eau de vie, and water of life from the same source.

der

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter II, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(Scotland, Canada, Australia) Alternative form of whiskey, an alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented grain, usually aged in oak barrels, (particularly) Scotch; a drink of this liquor.


Jura

From Scottish Gaelic Diùra, from Old Norse Dýrey (literally “animal island”).

1839, Jura, entry in Thomas Curtis (editor), The London Encyclopaedia, page 275,
Between the north end of Jura and the small isle of Skarba there is a famous whirlpool, called Cory-vrekan, from Brecan, son of a king of Denmark, who perished in this gulph.

An island of the Inner Hebrides in Argyll and Bute council area, Scotland.

Jura

island in the inner Hebrides of Scotland


whiskey

en-noun

whiskey (countable and uncountable, plural whiskeys or whiskies)

→ Jersey Dutch: wäski

→ Punjabi: ਵਿਸਕੀ (viskī)

→ Welsh: chwisgi

Variant of usque, abbreviation of usquebaugh, from Irish uisce beatha, calque of Medieval Latin aqua vītae (“water of life”). Compare akvavit, aquavit, aqua vitae, eau de vie, and water of life from the same source and vodka from a Russian diminutive for water in reference to the dilution of pure grain spirits.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-عُثمان (Middle river exports)-whiskey.wav

NATO/ICAO Phonetic Alphabet
w:NATO Phonetic Alphabet

(international standards) Alternative letter-case form of Whiskey from the NATO/ICAO Phonetic Alphabet.


leek

→ Maori: riki

From Middle English leke, leek, lek, from Old English lēac (“a garden herb, leek, onion, garlic”), from Proto-West Germanic *lauk, from Proto-Germanic *lauką *laukaz (“leek, onion”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend”).
Cognate with Dutch look (“garlic, leek”), German Low German Look (“leek”), German Lauch (“leek, allium”), Danish løg (“onion”), Swedish lök (“onion”), Icelandic laukur (“onion, leek, garlic”). See garlic.

cog

Any of several species of Allium, broadly resembling the domesticated plant in appearance in the wild.