Hanover

From German Hannover, meaning "on the higher ridge", from Middle Low German hoch (“high”) (from Old Saxon hōh) + over (“edge, shore”).

The capital city of Lower Saxony, Germany.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A minor city in Washington County, Kansas.

A city in Wright County and Hennepin County, Minnesota.


Frankfurt

Francfort (alternative obsolete)
Frankfort (alternative obsolete)

The poor third-quarter results from Frankfurt had the broadest impact because they spotlighted the vulnerability of the listed German universal banks to the financial crisis spreading from Asia.

1998, Franfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH Information Services, German Brief, volume 10:

Frankfurt am Main, the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany.

(metonymic) The German financial industry.

Despite this risk, little has happened in the six months since Frankfurt cut interest rates causing one to wonder how different Draghi is from his predecessor.

2014 May 9, Dan O'Brien, “Trichet like a broken record when what we need is fresh thinking”, in Irish Independent:


Munich

Ultimately from German München or Münichen (the earliest attested form, common in the late Middle Ages), probably via French Munich, like many other city names (Cologne, etc). First attested in the early 1600s; compare the slightly earlier English form Miniken (whence minikin) which is attested prior to 1566 and derives directly from the German name.

München (alternative)
Münich (alternative uncommon)

The capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany.


Tarragona

/tɑːɹəˈɡəʊnə/

/tæɹəˈɡəʊnə/

Borrowed from Catalan Tarragona, ultimately from Latin Tarracō.

Province of Tarragona
Tarragona
Tarragona, Davao Oriental


Tashkent

/ˌtɑːʃˈkɛnt/

Borrowed from Russian Ташкент (Taškent), from Uzbek Toshkent, from Chagatai تاشکند (taškänd), compound of tosh (“stone”) + Old Turkic [script needed] (kend, “city”) (compare Turkish kent), the latter borrowed from Sogdian [Term?] (/kand/, “city”).

der

Tashkand (alternative)
Tashkend (alternative)

The Uzbek opera house and the Uzbek dramatic theater, both in Tashkent, are of recent origin and arose under Soviet influence.

1948, Henry A. Wallace, Andrew Jacob Steiger, Soviet Asia Mission, →OCLC, →OL, page 103:


Tehran

Diacriticless transliteration of Iranian Persian تِهران (tehrân), from Classical Persian تَهران (tahrān). See there for more.

translit

Teheran (alternative dated)
Tehrân (alternative)

The capital city of Iran, the seat of Tehran County's Central District, and the capital of Tehran Province.


Tel Aviv

From Hebrew תֵּל אָבִיב (tel 'avív), from the title of Nahum Sokolow's translation of Theodor Herzl's Altneuland (“The Old New Land”). From תֵּל (tél, “hill formed by ancient ruins”), symbolizing the Old, and אָבִיב ('avív, “Spring”), symbolizing the New.

Israel intercepted a missile fired by Hezbollah near Tel Aviv on Wednesday, an unprecedented attack by the militant group that reached deep into the country’s commercial heartlands and marked a new escalatory step in the conflict between the two sides.

2024 September 25, Irene Nasser, Dana Karni, Helen Regan and Sophie Tanno, “Israel intercepts Hezbollah ballistic missile near Tel Aviv in first such attack”, in CNN:

A city in Israel that later merged with Jaffa to form Tel Aviv-Yafo.

Тель-Ави́в — Я́ффо m (Telʹ-Avív — Jáffo)


Tirana

A municipality, the capital and largest city of Albania, located in the center of the country west of the mountain of Dajti on the plain of Tirana; it is the seat of its eponymous county and municipality.


Tokyo

Borrowed from Japanese 東(とう)京(きょう) (Tōkyō, literally “eastern capital”), as opposed to Kyoto in the west, from Middle Chinese 東 (tuwng, “east”) + 京 (kjaeng, “capital”).

ja-r

Tokio (alternative obsolete)
Tōkyō (alternative Japanese alt-of romanization)
Tôkyô (alternative Japanese alt-of romanization)

A prefecture, the capital city of Japan.


Trinidad

Borrowed from Spanish trinidad (“trinity”), named after the Holy Trinity by Columbus to fulfill a religious vow.

bor+

‘Some trouble on the road up north around Trinidad.’

1998, Octavia E. Butler, Parable of the Talents, HEADLINE PUBLISHING GROUP (2019), page 159:

A place in the United States:
A city in Humboldt County, California.

Henderson County
Henderson County#English

A minor city in Henderson County, Texas.

A city, the capital of Beni department, Bolivia.

A city, the capital of Flores department, Uruguay.


Tripoli

From Italian Tripoli, from Latin Tripolis, from Ancient Greek Τρίπολις (Trípolis), from τρι- (tri-, “three”) + πολις (polis, “city, city-state”). In reference to American cities, after US actions off Tripoli in Libya during the First Barbary War. Doublet of Tripolis and Tirebolu.

Tripoly (alternative obsolete)
Tripolis (alternative obsolete)

A city in the Peloponnese region, Greece, also known as Tripolis.

The capital city of Libya, originally three separate settlements known as Oea, Sabratha, and Leptis Magna.

A city in Lebanon, originally jointly administered by the three cities of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus.

A city in Bremer County, Iowa, United States.

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

An unincorporated community in Lincoln County and Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States.


Tripoli

From modern Greek Τρίπολη (Trípoli) used from the 19th century in place of Byzantine Greek Τριπολιτσά (Tripolitsá), probably from Slavic Droboliza.


Tunis

Borrowed from Arabic تُونِس (tūnis). Further derivation uncertain, but some possibilities are:
* Derived from a Berber root ens "to lie down", tansawt "to pass the night", thus "encampment".
* Related to the Phoenician goddess Tanit.

Tunis, the capital of the above country, with a citadel of eminence, and the fortress of Goletta on the side of a canal, which is the greatest naval and military depot belonging to the bey.

1827, Richard Brookes, “Tunis”, in The General Gazetteer; or, Compendious Geographical Dictionary:

The capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia.


Turin

en-proper noun

Turin (countable and uncountable, plural Turins)

From Piedmontese Turin, from the Roman name, Latin Augusta Taurinōrum, ultimately from the name of the Taurini tribe. Connections to Latin taurus (“bull”) are folk etymology. Doublet of Torino, the Italian name.

Alternative form: Torino


Valencia

From Spanish Valencia, from Latin Valentia, from valentia (“power, vigor”). Doublet of Valence.

The capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain.

The capital city of Valencia canton, Ecuador.

Several places in the Philippines:
A city in Bukidnon, Philippines.

The capital city of the state of Carabobo, Venezuela.


Valparaiso

Borrowed from Spanish Valparaíso, from val (short for valle (“valley”)) + paraíso (“paradise”).

A city, the county seat of Porter County, Indiana.


Vancouver

en-prop

Vancouver (countable and uncountable, plural Vancouvers)

George Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver Expedition
Vancouver, Washington

The family name is from the Dutch place name Coevorden (“the place where cows ford the river”) via the Dutch family name van Coevorden (“a person from Coevorden”). The place names are derived from the family name, being named after George Vancouver, an English explorer who charted the northwestern Pacific coast of North America in a 1791–1794 expedition.

PS: The average commute time in the freewayless City of Vancouver is 27 minutes, while outside of the City of Vancouver the average commute time is 31 minutes.

2012 July 12, Nathan Pachal, “TomTom Congestion Index Useless for Metro Vancouver”, in The South Fraser Blog:

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada.

A city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States.


Venice

en-proper noun

Venice (countable and uncountable, plural Venices)

→ Japanese: ベニス (Benisu), ヴェニス (Venisu)

→ Korean: 베니스 (Beniseu)

→ Mandarin: 威尼斯 (Wēinísī)

→ Cantonese: 威尼斯 (wai1 nei4 si1)

→ Welsh: Fenis

→ Malay: Venis

Adriatic Veneti
Trojan War
Venice
Venice (disambiguation)

From Middle English Venyse, from Old French Venise or Old Italian, from Medieval Latin Venetia, from Latin Venetī + -ia (suffix forming place names), a local tribe in antiquity whose own little-attested language is now known as Venetic. Initial scholarly agreement that they were Illyrian was based on arguments since refuted. They worshipped Belenus and were possibly Celtic or heavily influenced by Celtic culture, despite repeatedly supporting the Romans against the Gauls. Compare the identical ethnonym Venetī used for Celts of Armorica (ancient Britanny) from Gaulish Uenetoi (“friendly ones, kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a modified form of *wenyā (“kindred”). Widely but mistakenly derived by the ancient Greeks and Romans from the Eneti of Pamphylia, supposed to have fled to the Adriatic and become the Veneti after supporting the losing side of the Trojan War. As American places, named after the Italian city. Doublet of Venetia and Venezia.

An. The Duke cannot denie the courſe of law:
for the commoditie that ſtrangers haue
vvith vs in Venice, if it be denyed,
will much impeach the iuſtice of the ſtate,
ſince that the trade and profit of the citty
conſiſteth of all Nations.

1600, William Shakespeare, The Most Excellent Hiſtorie of the Merchant of Venice, Act III, Scene iii

As I indicated at the outset, for us Shakespeare's Venetian plays lie between the early modern republic described in Chapter 2, and all the subsequent Venices of our experience, education and imagination, […]

2010, Graham Holderness, Shakespeare and Venice, →ISBN, page 141:

the port city in Veneto, on the Adriatic, in northeastern Italy, former capital of an independent republic.


Verona

From the Italian Verona and the Latin Vērōna.

Two households, both alike in dignity, // In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, // From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, // Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act PROLOGUE, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

...it was nearly the middle of August before he went out to meet Harriet in the Tirol. He found his sister in a dense cloud five thousand feet above the sea, chilled to the bone, overfed, bored, and not at all unwilling to be fetched away. … They travelled for thirteen hours down-hill, whilst the streams broadened and the mountains shrank, and the vegetation changed, and the people ceased being ugly and drinking beer, and began instead to drink wine and to be beautiful. And the train which had picked them at sunrise out of a waste of glaciers and hotels was waltzing at sunset round the walls of Verona.

1905, E. M. Forster, Where Angels Fear to Tread, chapter 6

A city, the capital of the province of Verona, straddling the river Adige in Veneto, northern Italy.

فيرونا

city straddling the river Adige in Veneto, northern Italy


Virginia

en-prop

Virginia (countable and uncountable, plural Virginias)

→ Creek: wvcenv

From Latin Virginia, feminine form of Virginius or Verginius, a Roman family name, possibly identical with Vergilius. The state/colony was named for Elizabeth I as the Virgin Queen, equivalent to virgin + -ia.

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands

Any of several places, in the United States and elsewhere:

A city, the county seat of Cass County, Illinois, United States.

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

A city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.


Vienna

From Italian and Medieval Latin Vienna, from German Wien, Middle High German Wienne, and Old High German Wienna, probably from Proto-Celtic *widus (“wood”) or *weidus (“wild”) via unattested Vulgar Latin *Vedunia. Doublet of Wien.

From several magnets combined von Hellenbach and Gessmann in Vienna constructed considerably stronger hypnoscopes, through which 66 per cent. of those examined showed the above mentioned sensitiveness […]

1889, Humboldt library of science, number 113, page 13:

He designed several remarkable buildings in and around Vienna, like the factory for the Zacherl family’s insecticide business, a striking polychromed brick building with pointed arches, minarets and a dome, explicitly Islamic in style.

2007 July 8, Christopher Gray, “Beyond Decay, a Fantastical Three-Story Concoction”, in The New York Times:

The capital and largest city of Austria.

A state of Austria, including the city, within the state of Lower Austria.

A locale in the United States.
A city in West Virginia.

A city, the county seat of Dooly County, Georgia.

A city, the county seat of Johnson County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Maries County, Missouri.


Vientiane

From French Vientiane, from Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan).

From Saigon we flew to Vientiane, the capital of Laos, where I had a long meeting with Prince Souvanna Phouma, a young, Paris-educated member of the Laotian ruling family, who was then Prime Minister.

1978, Richard Nixon, “Vice President 1953-1960”, in RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 122:


Vladivostok

Only after it was all over did I learn of their plan to seize me on board the Chungshan when I was to take it to go back to the Military Academy at Whampoa from Canton. They would then send me as a prisoner to Russia via Vladivostok, thereby removing the major obstacle to their scheme of using the National Revolution as a medium for setting up a "dictatorship of the proletariat."

1957, Chung-cheng (Kai-shek) Chiang, “Beginnings”, in Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 39:

Brezhnev shared my enthusiasm. Impulsively, after a late lunch, he invited me to accompany him on a tour of Vladivostok. We climbed into the back seat of a long black limousine and headed toward the city, thirteen miles away. The local commissar, a large, dark-complexioned man wearing a thick wool coat, sat in the jump seat in front of Brezhnev, and the interpreter, Victor Sukhodrev, sat in front of me. Our conversation was natural and uninhibited. How many people lived in Vladivostok? What was the main industry? And was it always this cold? Twenty minutes later, we drove down a steep hill, entered the city and swung around the main square. A small crowd was there, and even though it was dusk, they recognized the car and applauded. The city itself reminded me of San Francisco, and I wished that I'd had more time to explore the place. But it was starting to get dark and we headed back toward Okeanskaya.

1980, Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, New York: Berkley Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 213:

Commenting acidly on the loss of Vladivostok 115 years later (and on President Ford’s summit with Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev in that city), Deng Xiaoping told me that the different names given to the city by the Chinese and the Russians reflected their respective purposes: the Chinese name translated roughly as “Sea Slug,” while the Russian name meant “Rule of the East.” “I don’t think it has any other meaning except what it means at face value,” he added.

2011, Henry Kissinger, quoting Deng Xiaoping, “Notes”, in On China, New York: Penguin Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 536:

Li Zhanshu, the third-ranking member of the Communist Party of China, visited Moscow last week after attending an economic forum in the eastern Russian city of Vladivostok, where he met with President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia.

2022 September 11, Austin Ramzy, “Russia says that a senior Chinese official expressed support for the invasion of Ukraine.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-11, Russia-Ukraine War:

The Chinese government has kept quiet about it, but Radio France International reported in March 2023 that China’s Ministry of Natural Resources had issued new guidelines for maps, requiring the addition of old Chinese names alongside Russian geographical names in eight places along the Russian-Chinese border, including Vladivostok, which should now be referred to as Haishenwai. As if bowing to Beijing, Moscow has said it will open the port of Vladivostok to Chinese transit trade for the first time in 163 years.

2023 June 20, Radek Sikorski, “Europe’s Real Test Is Yet to Come”, in Foreign Affairs, archived from the original on 2023-07-18:

Russian Far East
Russian Far East#English

A city and seaport in the Russian Far East, on the Sea of Japan, near North Korea; the administrative centre of Primorsky Krai.


Warsaw

en-proper noun

Warsaw (countable and uncountable, plural Warsaws)

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

The capital city of Poland; the capital city of Masovian Voivodeship.

Kosciusko County
Kosciusko County#English

A city, the county seat of Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States.

A home rule city, the county seat of Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States.

A city, the county seat of Benton County, Missouri, United States.


Wellington

en-prop

Wellington (countable and uncountable, plural Wellingtons)

Wellingtons (plural)
wellington (alternative)

From earlier Weolingtun, from:
# For the place in Shropshire, England: Partly uncertain. The second element from Old English tūn (“estate”), while the first element could come either from *wœling (“ridge, bank”), or else from *wēoling (“device, artefact”).
# For the place in Somerset, England: Partly obscure. The last element from Old English tūn (“estate”), while the first element could come from either the personal name *Wēola + ing, or else *wēoling (“trap”).
# Many places with this name are named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British soldier and statesman.

Abbreviation: Wgton.

After two pylonless months, July's pylon comes all the way from the hills outside Wellington, New Zealand.

2023 July 8, “Pylon of the Month - July 2023”, in Pylon of the Month:

The capital city of New Zealand, in the Wellington region.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Sumner County, Kansas.

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

A home rule city in Jefferson County, Kentucky; a suburb of Louisville.

Piscataquis County
Piscataquis County#English

A small city in Piscataquis County, Maine.

Collingsworth County
Collingsworth County#English

A city, the county seat of Collingsworth County, Texas.


Zurich

The Zurich group has shared a preliminary writeup of its findings.

2025 April 28, Kate Travis, “Experiment using AI-generated posts on Reddit draws fire for ethics concerns”, in Retraction Watch:

The capital city of Zurich canton, Switzerland, on Lake Zurich.


Zagreb

The capital and largest city of Croatia.


Salzburg

From German Salzburg, from Salz (“salt”) + Burg (“castle, fort”), from its former importance protecting the salt trade on the Salzach, itself derived from Salz + Aach, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō (“waters, river”).

Take Salzburg. By no means the chief city of Austria, but a Jerusalem to any music lover.

1991 September, Stephen Fry, “[Prelude to chapter 1]”, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, section, page 1:

A city, the capital of the state of Salzburg, western Austria, famed for its baroque architecture and importance in musical history.


Alessandria

A city and associated province of Piedmont, Italy.


Cuneo

en-proper noun

Cuneo (countable and uncountable, plural Cuneos)

Borrowed from Italian Cuneo, from Latin cuneus (“wedge”), after the shape of the city, which is at the confluence of two rivers. Doublet of coin.

A city, the capital of the province of Cuneo, Piedmont.


Novara

A city and comune, the capital of the province of Novara, Piedmont region, Italy.


Agrigento

/ˌæɡɹɪˈd͡ʒɛntəʊ/

/ˌæɡɹɪˈd͡ʒɛntoʊ/

Borrowed from Italian Agrigento, from Latin Agrigentum, possibly from the root words ager (“field”) and gēns (“clan, kin”), but more likely to be a corruption of Ancient Greek Ἀκράγᾰντᾰ (Akrágăntă), accusative of Ἀκράγᾱς (Akrágās), from ἄκρος (ákros, “at the edge”).


Ancona

From Italian Ancona, from Latin Ancōna, from ancōn (“curve, elbow”).

A port city and comune, the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region of Marche, Italy.


Aosta

From Italian Aosta, ultimately from the Latin name Augusta Praetōria Salassōrum.

The capital city of Aosta Valley, Italy.


Arezzo

Borrowed from Italian Arezzo, from Latin Ārrētium, from Etruscan 𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌉𐌌 (aritim).


Avellino

Borrowed from Italian Avellino, from Latin Abellinum, from Abella + -inum (equivalent to Avella + -ino). From Proto-Italic *abelnā (“apple-bearing”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (“apple, apple-tree”).


Benevento

From Italian Benevento, from Latin Beneventum, from bene (“good, well”) + ventum (“air”), probably an avoidance term for an earlier Maleventum ("Bad Air").


Bergamo

Bergamo (countable and uncountable, plural Bergamos)

/ˈbɜːɡəˌməʊ/

A city, the provincial capital of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy.


Biella

A city, the provincial capital of Biella, Piedmont, Italy.


Bologna

Bologna (countable and uncountable, plural Bolognas)

From Italian Bologna, from Latin Bonōnia, ultimately from Celtic. Doublet of Boleyn and Boulogne.

The capital city of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, the capital of Bologna and also of Emilia-Romagna.


Bolzano

Trentino-Alto Adige
Trentino-Alto Adige#English

The provincial capital of South Tyrol, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy.


Brescia

Brescia (countable and uncountable, plural Brescias)

Borrowed from Italian Brescia, Lombard Brèsa.

The capital city of Brescia province, Lombardy, Italy.


Brindisi

Brindisi (countable and uncountable, plural Brindisis)

From Italian Brindisi, from Latin Brundisium, from Ancient Greek Βρεντέσιον (Brentésion), said to be from Messapic.


Cagliari

/ˌkæliˈɑːɹi/

From Italian Cagliari, from Latin Calaris, a form of Caralis.

A port city and municipality, the capital of the province of Cagliari and of Sardinia as a whole.


Caltanissetta

From Italian Caltanissetta, from its ancient Arabic toponym قَلْعَة النِسَاء (qalʕa an-nisāʔ, “Fort of the Women”).


Caserta

The capital of Caserta province in Campania, Italy.


Catania

Catania (countable and uncountable, plural Catanias)

The capital city of the Metropolitan City of Catania, Sicily, Italy.


Catanzaro

The capital city and province of Calabria, Italy


Chieti

The capital city of the province of Chieti, Abruzzo, Italy.


Como

A city, the capital of Como province, Lombardy.


Cremona

From Italian Cremona, from Latin Cremōna.


Cremona

A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona in Italy.


Crotone

Borrowed from Italian Crotone. Doublet of Croton.

A city and comune, the capital of the province of Crotone, Calabria, Italy.


Enna

[…] she that was rapt by the Dark God from the flowering fields of Enna, to be Queen for ever among the dead that be departed.

1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros, London: Jonathan Cape, page 4:


Ferrara

City, archbishopric and capital of Ferrara.


Forli

The capital city of the province of Forlì-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.


Frosinone

A city, the provincial capital of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy.


Grosseto

A city, the capital of Grosseto province, Tuscany.


L'Aquila

The capital city and province of Abruzzo, Italy.


La Spezia

Borrowed from Italian La Spezia, from Latin Spedia.

A city, the capital of La Spezia, Italy; a major industrial port in northwestern Italy.


Latina

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Latina.wav

A town, the provincial capital of Latina, Lazio, Italy.


Lecco

A city and comune, the capital of the province of Lecco, Lombardy region, Italy.


Livorno

Borrowed from Italian Livorno, from Old Italian Legorno, from Latin Liburnus, from Liburnī, name of the ancient population of Liburnians. Doublet of Leghorn.

A city, the capital of Livorno, Italy; a port on the Ligurian Sea.


Lodi

A town, the capital of Lodi province, Lombardy.

洛迪

a town and capital of the province of Lodi

San Joaquin County
San Joaquin County#English

A city in San Joaquin County, in central California, United States.

A city and town in Columbia County, Wisconsin.


Lucca

The capital city of the province of Lucca, Tuscany, Italy.

Hugh of Lucca - Father of Theodoric of Lucca


Matera

A city, the capital of Matera province, Basilicata.


Messina

From Italian Messina. Doublet of Messene.

A city, formerly the provincial capital of Messina province, Sicily.


Modena

From Italian Modena, from Latin Mutina, from Etruscan 𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌍𐌀 (mutna).

The capital city of Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.


Nuoro

Borrowed from Italian Nuoro, related to Nuragic.


Oristano

The capital city of the province of Oristano, Sardinia, Italy.


Pavia

The capital city of the province of Pavia, Lombardy, Italy.


Perugia

Unadapted borrowing from Italian Perugia, from Latin Perusia.

ubor

The capital city and associated province of Umbria, Italy.


Pescara

The capital city of the province of Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy.


Piacenza

From Italian Piacenza, from Latin Placentia. Doublet of pleasance.

A city, the capital of the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna.


Pistoia

A comune, the capital city of the province of Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy.


Pordenone

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia#English

The capital city of the province of Pordenone, Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy.


Potenza

From Italian Potenza. Doublet of potency.

A city, the provincial capital, a in Potenza, and regional capital of Basilicata, Italy


Prato

The capital city of the province of Prato, Tuscany, Italy.


Ragusa

en-proper noun

Ragusa (countable and uncountable, plural Ragusas)

Borrowed from Italian Ragusa, from Latin Ragusia. Probably from Proto-Albanian *rāguša (“grape”) (modern Albanian rrush)


Ravenna

Borrowed from Italian Ravenna, from Latin Ravenna.

A city, the county seat of Portage County, Ohio, United States, named after the Italian city.


Rieti

The capital city of the province of Rieti, Lazio, Italy.


Rimini

From Italian Rimini, from Latin Arīminium.

A resort city, the capital of the province of Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.


Rovigo

A commune and town, the capital of the province of Rovigo, Veneto, Italy.


Salerno

From Italian Salerno, from Latin Salernum.

A city, the provincial capital of Salerno, Campania, Italy.


Sassari

A city and commune, the capital city of the province of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.


Savona

Savona (countable and uncountable, plural Savonas)

The capital city of the province of Savona, Liguria, Italy.


Taranto

/ˈtɑːɹəntoʊ/

/tɑˈɹɑːntoʊ/

From Italian Taranto, from Latin Tarentum, from Ancient Greek Τάρᾱς (Tárās), probably from Illyrian *darandos (“oak”), from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), which also yields Albanian dru (“wood, tree”). Doublet of Taras and Tarentum.

A port city in Apulia, in southeastern Italy.


Teramo

The capital city of the province of Teramo, Abruzzo, Italy.


Terni

The capital city of the province of Terni, Umbria, Italy.


Trapani

The capital city of the province of Trapani, Sicily, Italy.


Trento

Borrowed from Italian Trento. Doublet of trident.

The provincial capital of Trentino, and regional capital of Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy.


Treviso

A town, the capital of Treviso province, Italy.


Trieste

A city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy, the capital of the province.


Udine

A city and comune in Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy.


Varese

The capital city of the province of Varese, Lombardy, Italy.


Vicenza

A city and associated province of Veneto, Italy.


Viterbo

A town, the provincial capital of Viterbo, Lazio, Italy.


Andalusia

/ˌændəˈluːʃə/

/ˌændəˈluːʒə/

From the Arabic الْأَنْدَلُس (al-ʔandalus), الْأَنْدُلُس (al-ʔandulus, “Iberia”), from Vulgar Latin *Vandalicia (“land of the Vandals”), or possibly from Vandalic *Wandalitia (“land of the Vandals”) (or *Vandalitia) of the same Latin source, from Proto-Germanic *wandilaz. Alternatively, Halm (1989) suggests it may derive from (unattested) Gothic *𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (*landahlauts), from 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land, “land”) + 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (hlauts, “allotment, inheritance”).

der

الْأَنْدَلُس

*𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃

Covington County
Covington County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Covington County, Alabama.


Laconia

A city, the county seat of Belknap County, New Hampshire; named for the Laconia Car Company, a railroad car manufacturer.


Larissa

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Λάρισσα (Lárissa).

bor+

Larissa, 107 miles from Salonica, is reached at 10.33, and there is a halt of 17 min. while vendors of oranges, cheese, meat on skewers, sweetmeats, and Turkish coffee do a brisk trade.

1951 November, 'Pausanias', “To Greece by the "Simplon-Orient Express"”, in Railway Magazine, page 731:

A city in north-central Greece, the capital of Thessaly.

A city in western Asia Minor, close to the ancient Greek city of Smyrna and to present-day Menemen, Turkey.


Edessa

From Latin Edessa, from Ancient Greek Ἔδεσσα (Édessa).

A city in Greece, capital in Pella Prefecture, in periphery of Central Macedonia.

اَلرُّهَا

city in Mesopotamia — see also Sanliurfa

(chiefly historical) Synonym of Urfa, a city in southeastern Turkey.


Formosa

desc

→⇒ New Latin: Oncomelania hupensis formosana

/fɔːˈməʊ.sə/

Formosa (disambiguation)
Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

From Portuguese Formosa, as in Ilha Formosa (literally “Beautiful Island”) and Vila Formosa da Imperatriz (literally “Beautiful Town of the Empress”), from formosa (“beautiful”), from Latin fōrmōsus (“beautiful, well-formed”), from fōrma (“form, shape”) + -ōsus (“-ose: full of”). The Brazilian city is named in honor of the empress Teresa Cristina in the 1840s.


Formosa

From Spanish Formosa, from Vuelta la Formosa and Vuelta Fermosa (“Beautiful Turn”) in reference to a bend in the Paraguay River near the city, from Old Spanish fermosa, from Latin formosa.


Coventry

Inherited from Middle English Coventre, from Old English Cofentrēo, Cofantrēo, of obscure origin. Believed to be derived from an Anglo-Saxon named Cofa, hence Cofantrēo (literally “Cofa's tree”).

unc

obscure

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A cathedral city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, in central England, historically in Warwickshire.


Antwerp

The second-largest city in Belgium, and the capital of its province.


Bruges

From French Bruges, from Old French, from Old Dutch Bruges, Bruggas, Brugias, probably from brugga (“bridge”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ. Doublet of bridge and Brigg.

The capital city of West Flanders province, Belgium.


Ghent

From Dutch Gent, from its early form Ganda, probably of Celtic origin.

The higher levels of chlorate were discovered during routine testing at the company's production facility in Ghent, Belgium, according to an unnamed company spokesperson quoted by the AFP news agency.

2025 January 29, Lucy Hooker, “Coca-Cola recalls drinks in UK due to chemical levels”, in BBC News:

The capital city of the province of East Flanders, Belgium.


Mechelen

A city and municipality in Antwerp province, Belgium.


Ostend

From Dutch Oostende, from oost (“east”) + ende (“end”); in the middle ages the city was on the easter end of an island, Testerep, which is now attached to the main land. Doublet of East End.

A coastal city and municipality in West Flanders, Belgium.


Charleroi

/ˈʃɑː(ɹ)ləɹwɑː/

/ˈʃɑː(ɹ)ləɹɔɪ/

From French Charleroi, from Charles (“Charles”) roi (“king”).

The largest city of Wallonia, in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.


Cluj

Borrowed from Romanian Cluj; see below for more.

(informal or historical) Cluj-Napoca, a capital city of Cluj County, Romania


Sarajevo

From Serbo-Croatian Sarajevo, from Ottoman Turkish سرای, Turkish Saray-ovası, from saray (“palace”), from Persian سرای (sarây, “inn”).), and ova "plain, lowland".

I had planned a stop in Sarajevo to meet with a multiethnic delegation to hear their ideas about what the United States government and private organizations could do to help heal a society ripped apart by war. The security situation forced me to cancel my trip to Sarajevo, but the people I was to meet were so disappointed that they insisted on braving the journey along fifty miles of treacherous roads to meet me in Tuzla.

2003, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “War Zones”, in Living History, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 344:

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

The capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, built on the Miljacka river.


Blagoevgrad

布拉戈耶夫格勒

Bùlāgēyéfūgélè


Burgas

There are several possible origins for the name of the city, which is similar to Burgos, a city in Spain. When the city was founded, the inhabitants of the surrounding country got into the fortified village, named πύργος (púrgos, “fortress”). By another theory, the city's name comes from Latin burgus (“tower, fortress”), or Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs, “consolidated walled village”).


Plovdiv

From Bulgarian Пловдив (Plovdiv), of uncertain origin; possibly from Thracian Pulpudeva, from *Pulpu- (“Philip”) + deva (“city”), itself being a calque of Ancient Greek Φιλιππόπολις (Philippópolis). Doublet of Philippopolis if this name is indeed related.

der

Φιλιππόπολις


Sofia

Variant spelling of Sophia and from various other languages' own adaptations of Ancient Greek Σοφία (Sophía, “wisdom, especially divine wisdom”). Sometimes borrowed into English as an anglicization of an accented or closely related form, as with Spanish Sofía, Welsh Soffia, and Hungarian Zsófia.
As the capital of Bulgaria, via nonstandard romanization of Bulgarian Со́фия (Sófiya), from църква „Света София“ (cǎrkva "Sveta Sofija"), from Byzantine Greek Ναός Ἁγίας Σοφίας (Naós Hagías Sophías, “Church of Holy Wisdom”), the city's prominent 6th-century Byzantine Greek church, first attested being used as the name for the city in the 14th century and reinforced under Ottoman rule as Ottoman Turkish صوفیه (Sofya). Compare the name of the Hagia Sophia.


Prague

From German Prag, from Slavic. See Czech Praha for further origin.

I said, I've always wanted to visit Prague.

1998 June 3, “Conjoined Fetus Lady”, in South Park, season 2, episode 5:

Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia#English

The capital city of the Czech Republic; the former capital of Czechoslovakia; the former capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia.


Bromley

en-proper noun

Bromley (countable and uncountable, plural Bromleys)

From Old English brōm (“broom”) + lēah (“wood”). Equivalent to broom + -ley and doublet of Brimley.; compare Broom.

Bromley (disambiguation)
London Borough of Bromley

A minor city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States.


George Town

Both capitals were named after King George III of the United Kingdom.


Alexander

/ˌælɪɡˈzændɚ/

[ˌælɪɡˈzeəndɚ]

[ˌælɪɡˈzeəndə]

/ˌalɪɡˈzɑːndə/

Borrowed from Latin Alexander, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros), from ἀλέξω (aléxō, “I defend”) + ἀνδρ- (andr-), the stem of ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of Alastair, Alejandro, Iskandar, Sikandar, Alessandro, and Alexandre.

doublet

A city in Pulaski County and Saline County, Arkansas.

A place in the United States:
A minor city in Franklin County, Iowa.

A minor city in Rush County, Kansas; named for early settler Alexander Harvey.

A minor city in McKenzie County, North Dakota; named for early North Dakota politician Alexander McKenzie.


Saint Helier

St Helier (alternative)
St. Helier (alternative)

A town, the capital of Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom.


Saint Peter Port

From Peter + port, referring to Saint Peter the Apostle.

A town, the capital of Guernsey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom.


Espoo

A city and municipality of Uusimaa, Finland.


Oulu

North Ostrobothnia
North Ostrobothnia#English

A municipality, the capital city of North Ostrobothnia, Finland.


Vaasa

A municipality, the capital city of the region of Ostrobothnia, Finland.


Pori

A municipality, the capital city of the region of Satakunta, Finland.


Turku

From Finnish Turku, from Old East Slavic търгъ (tŭrgŭ, “market place”).

der

Southwest Finland
Southwest Finland#English

A municipality, the capital city of the region of Southwest Finland.


Tampere

A municipality, the capital city of the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland.


Brandenburg

* From German Brandenburg.
* (city in Kentucky): Named after Solomon Brandenburg, a land owner.

A home rule city, the county seat of Meade County, Kentucky, United States.

Baden-Württemberg · Bavaria · Brandenburg · Hesse · Lower Saxony · Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania · North Rhine-Westphalia · Rhineland-Palatinate · Saarland · Saxony · Saxony-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringia


Bremen

The capital city of the state of Bremen, in northwest Germany, on the Weser river.

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Haralson County and Carroll County, Georgia.

Muhlenberg County
Muhlenberg County#English

A minor city in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.


Holland

From Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”). A popular but false etymology holds that it is derived from hol land (“hollow land”), inspired by the low-lying geography of both the Dutch and the English region (Holland, Lincolnshire).

A minor city in Faulkner County, Arkansas.

A city in Ottawa County and Allegan County, Michigan.

Pipestone County
Pipestone County#English

A minor city in Pipestone County, Minnesota.


Corfu

From Italian Corfù, from Ancient Greek Κορυφώ (Koruphṓ), from κορυφή (koruphḗ) ("summit", "mountain peak"). Named after the twin peaks of the Old Fortress of Corfu.

Κέρκυρα Κέρκυρα#Greek

An island in Greece, one of the Ionian Islands. The ancient name is Corcyra (Κόρκυρα (Kórkura)), in Modern Greek Kérkira (Κέρκυρα (Kérkyra)).


Mytilene

Mytilini (alternative)
Mitylene (alternative)


Alexandria

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Alexandria.wav

From Middle English Alexandria, from Old English Alexandria, from Latin Alexandrīa, from Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia), from Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros, “Alexander”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming place names”), initially chiefly places founded by Alexander the Great of Macedonia and subsequently usually with reference to Alexandria in Egypt, a major Hellenistic cultural center, center of early Christianity, and continuing major international port. Compare Antioch, Seleucia, and Ptolemais. Doublet of Kandahar, Iskenderun, Scandaroon, and Alexandretta.

Алекса́ндрия

any of a number of cities bearing the same name

A city, port, and former capital of Egypt famed for its ancient library and lighthouse.

Southwestern Asia
Southwestern Asia#English

(historical) Various other former cities in Southwestern Asia founded by Alexander the Great, including

Former name of Iskandariya, a city in central Iraq.

Former name of Iskenderun, a city in southeastern Turkey.

Former name of Kandahar, a city in southern Afghanistan.

Former name of Bagram, a city in eastern Afghanistan.

Former name of Ghazni, a city in eastern Afghanistan.

Former name of Mary, a city in Turkmenistan.

Former name of Khujand, a city in Tajikistan.

Alternative form of Alessandria, a city in Piedmont, Italy.

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Monroe Township, Madison County, Indiana.

A city in Kentucky, and one of the two county seats of Campbell County.

A city, the parish seat of Rapides Parish, Louisiana.

A city, the county seat of Douglas County, Minnesota.

A minor city, the county seat of Hanson County, South Dakota.

Arlington County
Arlington County#English

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

An independent city in Virginia, next to Arlington County, Fairfax County and Washington, D.C.


Chios

From Latin Chios, from Ancient Greek Χίος (Khíos).

Khios (alternative)
Chio (alternative)
Scio (alternative)
Xio (alternative)

The capital of the island of Chios, Greece.


Chania

From Latin Chania, from Byzantine Greek Χανιά (Khaniá), from Arabic الخان (al-ḵān) + -ιά (-iá, “-ia: forming place names”), literally from ال (al-, “the, place of the”) + خان (ḵān, “caravanserai, inn”) but possibly transliterating a neighborhood whose named derived from its former importance in the worship of the Minoan god Velchanos, whose Minoan name was transcribed into Ancient Greek as Ϝελχάνος (Welkhános).


Hania

From Ottoman Turkish خانیه (Hanya) and irregular romanization of Greek Χανιά (Chaniá), q.v.

Alternative spelling of Chania, a city and regional unit on the island of Crete, Greece.


Corinth

From Latin Corinthus, from Ancient Greek Κόρινθος (Kórinthos). Doublet of currant.

A minor city mostly in Grant County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Alcorn County, Mississippi.


Delphi

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Δελφοί (Delphoí).

A city, the county seat of Carroll County, Indiana, United States.


Iraklion

Borrowed from Greek Ηράκλειο (Irákleio).

Heraklion (alternative)
Iráklion (alternative)


Ioannina

From Greek Ιωάννινα (Ioánnina), possibly after Άγιος Ιωάννης (Ágios Ioánnis, “Saint John”).

Ioánnina (alternative)
Yannina (alternative)
Yanina (alternative)
Yannena (alternative)

The largest city and capital of Epirus, Greece.


Salonika

From incomplete latinization of Byzantine Greek Σαλονίκη (Saloníkē), clipping of Ancient Greek Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníkē), named for Thessalonike daughter of Philip II, half-sister of Alexander the Great, and wife of Cassander of Macedonia, from Θεσσᾰλός (Thessălós, “Thessalian”) + νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”), possibly named for her birth on the anniversary of the Battle of Crocus Field. Used chiefly as a calque of Ottoman Turkish سلانیك (Selânik) but with occasional reference to modern Greek Σαλονίκη (Saloníki).

der

Alternative spelling of Salonica, Thessaloniki, a port city in northern Greece.

Alexander the Great
Battle of Crocus Field
Cassander
Philip II of Macedonia
Thessalonike of Macedon


Trikala

From Greek Τρίκαλα (Tríkala), from Ancient Greek Τρίκκη (Tríkkē), named after the nymph daughter of Penaeus in mythology.


Nuuk

Borrowed from Danish Nuuk.
From Greenlandic Nuuk, a capitalization of Greenlandic nuuk (“cape”).

Dans added: “We talk about outer space and trips to Mars and then when you realise Nuuk is a three-hour flight from New York City, or thereabouts, it gets interesting.”

2025 March 8, Miranda Bryant, quoting Tom Dans, “‘It’s very unpredictable’: divided Greenland prepares to vote amid Trump-inspired existential crisis”, in The Observer, →ISSN:


Reykjavík

Unadapted borrowing from Icelandic Reykjavík (literally “bay of smokes”). Literally translated as Reekwich.


Skopje

Transliteration of Macedonian Скопје (Skopje).


Vaduz

Via Rhaeto-Romance auadutg from latin aquaeductus.

A town and municipality, the capital of Liechtenstein.


Valletta

Named after Jean de Valette, a French nobleman and 49th Grand Master of the Order of Malta


Groningen

/ˈɡɹoʊnɪŋən/

A city and capital of Groningen, Netherlands.


Utrecht

From Dutch Utrecht, from Middle Dutch and Old Dutch variants of ūt (“out, outside”) + Latin Trāiectum ad Rhēnum (“Crossing-on-the-Rhine”), the Roman fort at the location, from trāicere (“to cross, to send across”), from trāns- (“trans-: through, across”) + iacere (“to throw”).

der

The Treaty of Utrecht (11 April 1713) recognized Anne as the rightful queen of England and yielded St Kitts and much of Canada to the English.

A city, the capital of Utrecht province, Netherlands.


Zeeland

A city in McIntosh County, North Dakota.


Chickasaw

Some place names in the United States:
A city in Mobile County, Alabama.


Phnom Penh

From Khmer ភ្នំពេញ (phnum pɨñ, literally “Penh’s hill”).


Rangoon

From the pronunciation of Burmese ရန်ကုန် (rankun) in the Rakhine dialect.

(historical) Yangon, the former capital of Myanmar before Naypyidaw was made the capital in 2006.


Yangon

Borrowed from Burmese ရန်ကုန် (rankun), pronounced /jàɴɡòʊɴ/ in standard Burmese.

The largest city and former capital of Myanmar (Burma).


Cherokee

/ˌt͡ʃɛ.ɹəˈkiː/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cherokee.wav

Most likely from the Cherokee autonym ᏣᎳᎩ (tsalagi). Derivation from a Choctaw exonym meaning "those who live in caves" (compare chiluk (“cave”)) has also been suggested — the Iroquois term for the Cherokee was Oyata'ge'ronon (“inhabitants of the cave country”) — as has derivation from a Creek term for "person(s) who speak(s) a non-Creek language" (see celokketv (“to speak a non-creek language”)).
Whatever its origin, the ethnonym entered European languages at an early date, perhaps as early as the 1670s; in Spanish, the people are called the Tchalaquei as early as 1755.

A city, the county seat of Cherokee County, Iowa.

A city, the county seat of Alfalfa County, Oklahoma.


Petrograd

Petrograd
Petrograd (disambiguation)
en:Apostle Peter
en:Peter the Great

From Russian Петрогра́д (Petrográd). The portion Петро (Petro, “Petros”), from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros) and German Peter, from Dutch Pieter, from Sankt Pieter (“Saint Peter”), from Apostle Peter and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia and then Emperor. The portion град (grad, “city”), from German Burg (“city, castle”), from Dutch burch (“town, fortress”). Петрогра́д (Petrográd, “Petrograd”) from German Sankt Petersburg (“Санкт-Петербургъ (Sankt-Peterburg)”), from Dutch Sankt-Pieter-Burch (“Сант-Питер-Бурхъ (Sant-Piter-Burx)”), the Russian city was named in Dutch instead of Russian by Peter the Great.

der

(historical) The former name, from 1914 (when Russia entered World War I) to 1924 (when Lenin died), of Saint Petersburg, a major city in Russia.


Leningrad

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Leningrad.wav

Leningrad Oblast
Saint Petersburg
en:Vladimir Lenin

Borrowed from Russian Ленингра́д (Leningrád), from Ле́нин (Lénin, “Lenin”) + град (grad, “city”). Named in honour of Vladimir Lenin.

(historical) Saint Petersburg, a major city in Russia, from the time of Lenin's death in 1924 until 1991.


Londinium

Unadapted borrowing from Latin Londinium. Doublet of London.

ubor

(poetic) Synonym of modern London: A city in England, United Kingdom


Tarentum

From Latin Tarentum, from Ancient Greek Τάρᾱς (Tárās), of uncertain origin but probably Pre-Greek and related to Illyrian *darandos (“oak”). Doublet of Taras and Taranto.

(historical) Former name of Taranto, a city in Italy.


Gdansk

Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Alternative spelling of Gdańsk, the capital city of Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland


Gdańsk

Borrowed from Polish Gdańsk. Doublet of Danzig.


Cracow

Borrowed from Middle English crakou, crawcow.

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Alternative form of Krakow: A city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole.


Krakow

Cracow (alternative common variant)
Kraków (alternative common variant)
Cracov (alternative obsolete rare)
Krakau (alternative obsolete rare)

A city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole.


Kraków

Alternative (native Polish) spelling of Krakow: A city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole.


Oporto

/əˈpɔː(ɹ)təʊ/

From Portuguese o (“the”) + Porto (“Oporto”), from porto (“port; harbour”).


Bucharest

Borrowed from Russian Бухаре́ст (Buxarést), from Romanian București, from Bucur (personal name) + -ești (patronymic, personal name suffix).

bor+

The capital and largest city of Ilfov County, Romania


Cambridge

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Cambridge.wav

From Middle English Cantebrigge, Grentebrige, from Old English Grante bryċġ, Granta-briċġ, Grantanbryċġ (“Granta-bridge”). Granta is probably of Celtic origin, identified as Brythonic settlement, Cair Grauth. Doublet of Cam.
By Middle English when the name of the settlement had changed to "Cantebrigge" and eventually "Cambridge", the lower stretches of the River Granta were renamed Cam by back-formation from Cambridge.

A city and local government district with borough status of Cambridgeshire, England, famous for its university.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A city in Washington County, Idaho, United States.

Dorchester County
Dorchester County#English

A city, the county seat of Dorchester County, Maryland, United States.

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

A city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, famous for being the location of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was formerly one of the county seats.

A city, the county seat of Isanti County, Minnesota, United States.

A city, the county seat of Guernsey County, Ohio, United States.

A city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.


Douglas

en-proper noun

Douglas (countable and uncountable, plural Douglases)

Douglases (plural)
Douglass (alternative)

desc

→ Translingual: douglasi, douglasii (learned)

From a place name, Scottish Gaelic dubh (“black”) + glais (“stream”).

A place name or the name of a geographical feature, often given after a person, notably held by:

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Coffee County, Georgia.

A tiny city in Ward County, North Dakota.

A small city, the county seat of Converse County, Wyoming.


Napoli

en-prop

Napoli (countable and uncountable, plural Napolis)

Borrowed from Italian Napoli, from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polĭs), from νέᾱ (néā, “new”) + πόλῐς (pólĭs, “city”). Doublet of Nabeul, Nablus, Naples, Neapoli, and Neapolis.

doublet

When you walk in a dream
but you know you're not dreaming,
Signore,
scuzza me
but you see,
back in old Napoli,
that's amore!

(rare) Synonym of Naples, a city and province in Campania, in southwestern Italy.


Alton

From Old English ǣwell (“river source”) + tūn (“settlement, town”).

A city on the Mississippi in Madison County, Illinois.

A minor city, the county seat of Oregon County, Missouri.


Tucson

From the Mexican Spanish Tucsón [tuɣ̞ˈson], from the O'odham Cuk Ṣon (literally “[at the base of the] black mountain”) [tʃʊk ʂɔːn], referring to Sentinel Peak (colloquially known as '"A" Mountain') visible in the west of Tucson’s downtown area.

der

A city, the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, in the southwestern United States.


Strasburg

A city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

A tiny city in Emmons County, North Dakota.


Blackfoot

Blackfoot (disambiguation)
Blackfoot Confederacy

A city, the county seat of Bingham County, Idaho, United States.


Andover

From Middle English Andever, Andeafara, from Old English Andefera (“Andover”); possibly from Old English *Ande + ēa + fara (literally “farer over the river Ande”) or from Old English *Ande + ōfer (literally “[town situated on the] bank of the river Ande”).

A minor city in Clinton County, Iowa, named after Andover, Vermont.


Bloemfontein

Borrowed from Afrikaans Bloemfontein, from Dutch Bloemfontein.

A major city, the capital of the Free State province, and judicial capital of South Africa.


Danube

→ Hindi: डेन्यूब (ḍenyūb)

→ Korean: 다뉴브 (danyubeu)

→ Marathi: डॅन्यूब (ḍĕnyūb)

→ Thai: ดานูบ (daa-núup)

→ Urdu: ڈینیوب (ḍēn'yūb)

→ Vietnamese: Đa Nuýp

Attested since at least 1598 (also note Middle English Danby (“Danube”) att. in 15th c. Mandeville's Travels).
Borrowed from Middle French Danube, from Old French Danube, from Latin Dānubius, from Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos (compare Welsh river name Donwy), an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river, river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”).
Cognate with Latin fōns (“spring”), Persian دنیدن (danidan, “to hasten, run”), Ossetian дон (don, “water, river”), Sanskrit धन्वति (dhánvati, “it flows, runs”). More at Danube.

cog

A locale in the United States, named for the river.


Bratislava

/ˌbɹætɪˈslɑːvə/

/ˌbɹɑːtɪˈslɑːvə/

One Terrorgram user livestreamed himself stabbing five people outside of a mosque in Turkey, she said, and a 19-year-old Slovakian man praised the group in a manifesto before killing two people at an LGBTQ bar in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia.

2024 September 9, Hannah Rabinowitz, “Alleged leaders of White supremacist group charged in effort to encourage terrorism and hate crimes”, in CNN:

布拉迪斯拉發 /布拉迪斯拉发

Bùlādísīlāfā


George

→ Arabic: جورج (jorj)

→ Cebuano: George

→ Cantonese: 佐治 (zo2 zi6)

→ Chinese: 喬治 /乔治 (Qiáozhì)

→ Hawaiian: Keoki

→ Japanese: ジョージ (Jōji)

→ Korean: 조지 (Joji)

→ Maori: Hōri
→ English: hori

→ Persian: جورج (jorj)

→ Swedish: George

Name of an early saint, from Middle English George, from Latin Geōrgius, from Ancient Greek Γεώργῐος (Geṓrgĭos), from γεωργός (geōrgós, “farmer, earth worker”), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) (combining form γεω- (geō-)) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”) Doublet of Jorge and Geevarghese.
The aircraft autopilot sense is probably from George DeBeeson, who patented an early (1931) autopilot system, and/or a reference to the expression let George do it. The Pullman porter sense derives from George Pullman, who hired Black people to staff his sleeping cars, and the patrons of the service seeing the Black people as servants of George Porter, much like how an enslaved person was named after the enslaver.

A city in the Western Cape province, South Africa; named for George III of the United Kingdom.

A city in Lyon County, Iowa; named for the son of a railroad official.

A minor city in Grant County, Washington; named for George Washington, 1st president of the United States.


Thomas

en-proper noun

Thomas (countable and uncountable, plural Thomases)

→ Hawaiian: Kamaki

→ Maori: Tāmati

→ Scottish Gaelic: Tòmas

Thomas of Bayeux
Thomas the Presbyter
Thomas the Slav

Inherited from Middle English Thomas, from Latin Thōmās m (as in the Vulgate), from Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς m (Thōmâs), the Biblical Greek transcription of Aramaic תאומא or תאמא (“twin”), the nickname of one of the Twelve Apostles.
In the gospel of John (11:16, 20:24), the Aramaic nickname is also translated into Greek, as δίδυμος m (dídumos). Used as a given name since the Middle Ages, e.g. Thomas the Presbyter (7th century), Thomas the Slav (8th century), Thomas of Bayeux (died 1100).
(infidel or doubter): In reference to the doubting Apostle.

Located in northeastern Custer County, Thomas is situated at the intersection of State Highways 33 and 47. Originally, Thomas was a trading point where William Thomas had a general store and served as the first postmaster of a post office designated on February 12, 1894.

2009, Linda D. Wilson, “Thomas”, in The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society, retrieved 2020-03-13:

A number of places in the United States:

A minor city in Tucker County, West Virginia.


Joseph

Joseph (countable and uncountable, plural Josephs)

→ Maori: Hohepa

From Middle English Ioseph, ultimately from Biblical Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Yoséf, literally “(God) shall add”); a son of Jacob.

der

A city in Wallowa County, Oregon; named for Nez Perce chief Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it (called "Chief Joseph" in English).


Bern

en-proper noun

Bern (countable and uncountable, plural Berns)

Bern zinc tablet
Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
en:Bern
en:Bern (disambiguation)

From Alemannic German Bärn, of uncertain further origin.
A popular folk etymology says it was named by its founder, Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, after the first animal he saw in the area, a Bär(in) (“bear”) (compare Berlin, subject to a similar folk etymology).
The name is now thought to be connected to a Celtic word, Proto-Celtic *berna (“cleft”) (from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to carve out, cut”)) and *branos (“raven”) (compare the name ΒΡΕΝΟΔΩΡ (BRENODŌR), on the Bern zinc tablet, which has also been connected with the Gaulish name Brennus). More at Bern.

der

The capital city of Switzerland; the capital city of Bern canton.


Berne

en-proper noun

Berne (countable and uncountable, plural Bernes)

Alternative form of Bern: the capital city of Switzerland; the capital city of Bern canton.


Fribourg

The capital city of Fribourg canton, Switzerland. (the French name)


Geneva

Mentioned in Latin texts as Genava. Probably via a Proto-Celtic *genwā from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénw-eh₂ (“knee”), a derivative of *ǵónu in the sense of a bending river or estuary, possibly akin to Genoa.

/d͡ʒəˈniːvə/

The capital city of Geneva canton, Switzerland.

A number of places in the United States, including:

A city, the county seat of Geneva County, Alabama.

A city, the county seat of Kane County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Fillmore County, Nebraska.

A city and town in Ontario County, New York, an area of water in the city is in Seneca County.


Glarus

A town, the capital of Glarus canton, Switzerland.


Lucerne

From French Lucerne, known in Swiss German as Lozärn, from Medieval Latin Lucernense, Luciaria, Lucerna, of uncertain origin, but possibly from Latin lūcĭus (“pike”) with the suffix -ārĭa, as in "place with a large number of pike." Popular etymology associated it with lucerna (“lantern”), though both words are related to lux (“light”). Also compare Leodegar, Burgundian bishop of Autun.

The capital city of Lucerne canton, Switzerland.


Neuchâtel

/ˌnɜːʃæˈtɛl/

/ˌnɜːʃɑːˈtɛl/

The capital city of Neuchâtel canton, Switzerland.


Schaffhausen

The capital city of Schaffhausen canton, Switzerland.


Schwyz

A town, the capital of Schwyz canton, Switzerland.


Solothurn

The capital city of Solothurn canton, Switzerland.


St. Gallen

St Gallen (alternative)
Saint Gallen (alternative)

The capital city of St. Gallen canton, Switzerland.


Wallis

Wallis (countable and uncountable, plural Wallises)

* (surname): The surname is an Old English byname for a Welshman or Breton, from Old French waleis (“foreign”). The Welsh hamlet may be derived from this.

A city in Austin County, Texas, United States, named after railroad director J. E. Wallis.


Zug

The capital city of Zug canton, Switzerland.


Cali

A city in western Colombia, southwest of Bogotá.


Macau

Borrowed from Portuguese Macau, from Hokkien. See Portuguese Macau for more info.

Macao (alternative)
Amacao (alternative)

Open 24 hours a day and seven days a week, Macau's 35 casinos entertain around 30 million visitors each year, making over 30 billion euros in revenue. These are figures which make the US gambling city of Las Vegas look like a desert village.[…]
Macau is the only place in China where gambling is officially permitted. Until the end of 1999, the peninsula was a Portuguese colony. Since it was handed back to China, the city of 600,000 people located at the mouth of the Pearl River has been a largely autonomous Special Administrative Region (SAR).

2015 September 12, Jochen Faget, “Crisis in China's gambling paradise”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2015-09-12:

At the height of the Covid wave, some mainland residents ventured across the border to the Chinese territory of Macau to find foreign-made mRNA vaccines.

2023 March 22, Nicole Hong, Alexandra Stevenson, “China Approves an mRNA Covid Vaccine, Its First”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-23, Business:

A city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Atkins

Atkins (countable and uncountable, plural Atkinses)

A number of places in the United States:


Belgrade

From French Belgrade, from Medieval Latin Belgradum and Belogradum, ultimately from South Slavic forms of Proto-Slavic *bělъ (“white”) and *gȏrdъ (“fortress, city”), after the white walls of its medieval fortress. Doublet of Beograd, Berat, and Belgorod.

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro#English

The capital city of Serbia; the former capital of Yugoslavia; the former capital of Serbia and Montenegro.


Paul

From Latin Paulus, from paulus (“small”). Doublet of Pablo and Paolo.

A city in Minidoka County, Idaho, United States.


Okinawa

/ˌɒkiːˈnɑːwə/

/ˌəʊkiːˈnɑːwə/

Borrowed from Japanese 沖縄(おきなわ) (Okinawa).

Okinawa City
Okinawa Island
Okinawa Islands
Okinawa Prefecture

The second-largest city on Okinawa Island, in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.


Abbeville

From French Abbeville, from Old French Abevile.

A city, the county seat of Henry County, Alabama, United States.

A city, the county seat of Wilcox County, Georgia, United States.

Vermilion Parish
Vermilion Parish#English

A city, the parish seat of Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Abbeville County
Abbeville County#English

A city, the county seat of Abbeville County, South Carolina, United States.


Abilene

After Abilene, a region mentioned in the Bible (Luke 3:1).

A city, the county seat of Taylor County, in west-central Texas, west-southwest of Fort Worth; founded in 1881 with the coming of the railroad, the city first prospered as a shipping center for cattle.

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

A city, the county seat of Dickinson County, Kansas.


Nottingham

Inherited from Old English Snotingahām. The Normans found the consonant cluster /sn/ difficult to pronounce, so the initial S was dropped.

A city, unitary authority, and borough of Nottinghamshire, England.


Odessa

Borrowed from Russian Оде́сса (Odéssa), named after an Ancient Greek settlement thought to have been located nearby. Ancient Greek Ὀδησσός (Odēssós). Compare Ukrainian Оде́са (Odésa). The city was on the former Turkish territory of Yedisan, which may have influenced the choice of name. Yedisan means "seven titles" i.e. tribes, from yedi + san.

Odessa Oblast
Odessa Raion
en:Odessa
en:Odessa (disambiguation)

Alternative form: Odesa

A port city and administrative center of Odessa Raion, Odessa Oblast, Ukraine, situated on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.

Big Stone County
Big Stone County#English

A tiny city in Big Stone County, Minnesota, United States.

Lafayette County
Lafayette County#English

A city in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States.

A city, the county seat of Ector County, Texas, United States.


Hannah

Hannah (countable and uncountable, plural Hannahs)

desc

⇒ Danish: Hannah

⇒ Norwegian: Hannah

→ Portuguese: Hanna

desctree

⇒ Swedish: Hannah
→ Chinese: 漢娜 /汉娜 (Hànnà) (transliteration)

→ Tagalog: Hannah

From previous romanizations of Hebrew חַנָּה (Ḥannâ), chiefly for the mother of Samuel, from חַנָּה (ḥannâ, “grace, gracious, graced with child”). As a Wren with the Royal Marines, after Hannah Snell (1723–1792) who disguised herself as a man to serve in the British military. Doublet of Ann, Anne, Anna, and Ana.

A place name in the United States, which could be from the given name or surname:

A minor city in Cavalier County, North Dakota.


Avignon

Borrowed from French Avignon, Occitan Avinhon.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

A city, the capital of Vaucluse department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.


Ryan

en-prop

Ryan (countable and uncountable, plural Ryans)

Ryans (plural)
O'Ryan (alternative)
Rian (alternative)
Ryann (alternative)
Ryanne (alternative)
Ryana (alternative)

Bryan

linguistically unrelated but often confused in spoken English

A placename
A locale in the United States.
A minor city in Delaware County, Iowa.


Kolkata

/kɔːlˈkɑːtə/

From Bengali কলকাতা (kolkata); further etymology disputed. More on the Wikipedia page.

The capital city of West Bengal, India, formerly known in English as Calcutta.


Colombo

From Portuguese Colombo, modification (under the influence of the Italian surname, see below) of Sinhalese කොලොන් තොට (kolon toṭa, literally “port on the river Kelani”). Other theories derive the name from Veddah; see w:Colombo § Etymology for more.

der

From this height, Colombo does not look like a mess. It sleeps in shadows decorated with trees and lights.

2022, Shehan Karunatilaka, The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida, Sort Of Books, page 266:

The commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka.


Jaffna

bor

Tamil யாழ்ப்பாணம் (yāḻppāṇam)


David

en-prop

David (countable and uncountable, plural Davids)

From Middle English David, Davyd, Davyde, from Old English Dauid, David, from Latin David, Davidus, from Koine Greek Δαυίδ (Dauíd), Δαβίδ (Dabíd), borrowed from Biblical Hebrew דּוד (Dāwîḏ, literally “beloved”).

der

A city, the capital of Chiriquí province, Panama.


Arab

From Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab, “Arabs”) or back-formation from Arabic.

A city in Marshall County, Alabama, United States.


Alice

From Middle English Alice, from Old French Alys, Alice, from Old High German Adalheidis, proposed to derive from Proto-Germanic *aþalaz (“noble”) + *haiduz (“character”). Doublet of Adelaide.

af

Jim Wells County
Jim Wells County#English

A city, the county seat of Jim Wells County, Texas.


Wien

From German Wien (“Vienna”); a habitational surname for the city. Doublet of Vienna.

The growth of Wien’s population during the first twelve months of the Nazi régime was due neither to biological reasons nor to immigration, but was caused by an extension of the administrative territory of the city.

1945, Austrian Basic Handbook, [London]: [Foreign Office], →OCLC, page 11, column 2:

Liebscher & Hübel and Neudorfer Griensteidl Hahnkamper & Stapf have until recently worked in co-operation but Dr Christoph Liebscher’s move to Wien to open an office has emphasised the incompatibility of two Kanzleien from the same city forming a close partnership.

1997, The European Legal 500, 7th edition, London: Legalease, →ISBN, page 19, column 2:

The city of Wien in Austria (also known as Vienna) is an instance of Smart City.

2017, Norman Flynn, Alberto Asquer, “Open Data, Open Government and Smart Cities”, in Public Sector Management, 7th edition, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, →ISBN, page 99:

Synonym of Vienna (“the capital and largest city of Austria”).


San Sebastián

Donostia / San Sebastián
Donostia / San Sebastián#English

A coastal city and municipality, the capital of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Official name: Donostia / San Sebastián.


Bilbao

Borrowed from Spanish Bilbao, of Basque origin.

The largest city in the Basque Country, in northern Spain, and capital city of the province of Biscay, Spain.


Pamplona

From the Roman name, Latin Pompeiopolis, named for Pompey, Roman general who founded it in 68 BC.

running of the bulls
running of the bulls

A city in Navarre, northern Spain, famous for the running of the bulls.


Tbilisi

From Russian Тбили́си (Tbilísi) and Georgian თბილისი (Tbilisi), variant of Old Georgian ტფილისი (Ṭpilisi), from ტფილი (ṭpili, “warm”) + -ისი (-isi).

The capital city of the country of Georgia.

Қарҭ

the capital city of the country of Georgia — see also Tiflis


Linköping

A city, the seventh-largest in Sweden, and the capital of Östergötland county.


Milano

Not certain; see Milano § History on Wikipedia.

uncertain

Not certain

A minor city in Milam County, Texas, United States.


Milano

Folko was not displeased to find that the ladies felt anxious to see beautiful Milano, and to leave Genoa on the morrow, as the autumnal gales were beginning to blow bleakly from the sea.

1876, [Friedrich] de la Motte Fouqué, anonymous translator, chapter X, in The Magic Ring: A Knightly Romance, London; New York, N.Y.: George Routledge and Sons, →OCLC, book III, page 254:

The need to be competent is made extreme in a town like Milano, Italy, which can be compared, in management terms, to a huge company.

2014, Cristina Archetti, “The nature of the issues with which politicians deal”, in Politicians, Personal Image and the Construction of Political Identity: A Comparative Study of the UK and Italy, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, chapter 4 (Findings):

After admiring Milano’s skyline, he was hungry and tired from his flights. He wheeled his suitcase across the piazza, focusing on his reason for being in Milano: to track Chiara, who he thought would lead him to her father.

2020, Jack Erickson, chapter 16, in The Lonely Assassin (Milan Thriller Series; 4), RedBrick Press, →ISBN:

Synonym of Milan (“a city in northern Italy; the capital of Lombardy”).


Barry

Barry, Angus
Barry, Vale of Glamorgan
Baruc

In Wales, said to be named after Saint Baruc, who was buried on Barry Island, from Welsh Barrwg, a name of uncertain origin but possibly related to Irish barr (“hill, summit”).

A city and township in Pike County, Illinois.

A minor city in Big Stone County, Minnesota.

Any of a number of places:
A place in the United States:
A minor city in Navarro County, Texas.


Norman

From Middle English Norman, from Old English Norman (a variant of Norþman) and Old French Normant.
It is certain that the word is derived from the base of the Germanic words for north and the Germanic base of the words for man. However, given the frequent movement of Germanic groups especially into and out of Britain in the post-classical world, it is unclear in what tongue it came to be used first. In addition, the generally accepted meaning, a person from Normandy or one of the many French-speaking invaders to Britain, was used chiefly by Anglo-Norman and Old French, though it originally referred to any Scandinavian of the time. See also Northman.

Cleveland County
Cleveland County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Cleveland County, Oklahoma.


Dana

Of uncertain origin. Possibly from Dawnay, or else an altered form of Dan or Daniel.

A city in Iowa; named for Samuel Dana, an early settler.


Cebu

From Spanish Cebú, from Cebuano Sugbo, from sugbo (“to dive into the water”).

Cebu City (a city, the provincial capital of Cebu, Philippines)


Anthony

From Latin Antōnius, name of a Roman gens (with excrescent -h- suggested by an unetymological association with Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”)). The Roman clan name is of uncertain etymology, but is not Greek or Hebrew; most likely of Etruscan origin, possibly derived from Ani, the Etruscan god of the sky. Doublet of Antoine.

A city, the county seat of Harper County, Kansas.

A city in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, bordering onto Anthony, Texas.


Bukhara

From Classical Persian بخارا (buxārā), ultimately from Sogdian.

Bukhoro (alternative)
Bokhara (alternative)

A city in Uzbekistan, founded in the 6th century BCE.


Xanadu

From Mandarin 上都 (Shàngdū). The first Romanized form comes from Marco Polo's writings in Italian as Shan-Du. In 1617, Purchas his Pilgrimage […] by Samuel Purchas was published in London, containing the phrase “In Xamdu did Cublai Can build a stately Palace” on page 472. This was the inspiration for Coleridge's poem which uses the spelling Xanadu.

A place where nobody dared to go
The love that we came to know
They call it Xanadu
And now, open your eyes and see
What we have made is real
We are in Xanadu

That's from the poem of the legend of Kubla Kahn's palace in the lost valley of Xanadu! Alph was the river in the legend! Unca Scrooge, this is the road to Xanadu! You've hit the jackpot! The most wondrous valley on earth! The land of milk and honey!

1991, Don Rosa, “Return to Xanadu”, in Uncle Scrooge, volumes 261-262, page 5:

The lyric, as the ideological critics in particular would have it, plays host to a panoply of enticing pipe dreams conjured up by benighted idealists whose visions are doomed in advance to frustration as reality fails, time and again, to ratify their various Xanadus and Byzantiums.

2013, Esther Allen, Susan Bernofsky, In Translation: Translators on Their Work and What It Means, page 240:

I never guessed that when I stumbled into the sheriff's office on a warm August afternoon, I'd met my future. I'd had no dream of finding my own little Eden, my snowcapped paradise, my Xanadu in the Valley of the Sky.

2013, Mary Daheim, The Alpine Xanadu, page 319:

(figurative) A place full of beauty, happiness and wonder.


Ferguson

en-prop

Ferguson (countable and uncountable, plural Fergusons)

Fergusons (plural)
Fergusson (alternative)
Furgason (alternative)
Furgerson (alternative)
Furgeson (alternative)

From Fergus + -son, translation of Gaelic MacFhearguis, "son of Fergus".

A place in the United States:
A tiny city in Marshall County, Iowa.

A small home rule city in Pulaski County, Kentucky.

Remember that so many of us click on links to CashApps, Venmos, PayPals, etc. to donate to bail funds, Flint Water reliefs, the next Ferguson, and the like without any thought of integrating ourselves into collective action?

2024, Too Black, Rasul A. Mowatt, “Conclusion”, in Laundering Black Rage: The Washing of Black Death, People, Property, and Profits, New York, N.Y.; Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, →DOI, →ISBN:

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

A city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States.


Newcastle

[ˈnjʉˌkʰɑːsɫ̩]

From new + castle. Doublet of Neuchâtel.

A large city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in northeastern England.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A large city in New South Wales, Australia, situated at the mouth of the Hunter River.

The P39-1 is an anonymous stretch of thinly tarred highway connecting the small towns of Newcastle and Normandein in South Africa, a four-hour drive from Johannesburg.

2025 May 22, Pumza Fihlani, “On the South African road incorrectly identified as a 'burial site' by Trump”, in BBC:

A large city in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

A city in McClain County, Oklahoma, United States; a suburb of Oklahoma City.

A small city in Young County, Texas, United States.

A city in King County, Washington, United States.

A city, the county seat of Weston County, Wyoming, United States.


Dewar

Dewar (countable and uncountable, plural Dewars)

Dewar, Scottish Borders
James Dewar
en:Dewar
en:Dewar flask

From Scottish Gaelic deoradh (“pilgrim, stranger”), an occupational surname for a custodian of holy relics. It could also be an habitational surname, from Dewar, Scottish Borders. The flask is named for James Dewar, who is credited with its invention.

der

A city in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, United States.


Santa Claus

Santa Clauses (plural)
Santa Clause (alternative)
Santaclaus (alternative)
Santa Klaus (alternative)
Santiclaus (alternative)
Santy Claus (alternative)
Santeclaus (alternative)

Borrowed from Dutch Sinterklaas (“Saint Nicholas”). Doublet of Sinterklaas.


Huancayo

A city and province, the capital of the Junín region, Peru.


Murray

en-proper noun

Murray (countable and uncountable, plural Murrays)

Scottish surname derived from the place name Moray in northeastern Scotland, from Medieval Latin Moravia, Morauia, from Scottish Gaelic Moireibh, Moireabh, Moreb, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *mori (“sea”) + *trebā (“settlement”).

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Calloway County, Kentucky.

Salt Lake County
Salt Lake County#English


Oregon

Oregon, Washington, California, in casual speech

Columbia River
Oregon (disambiguation)
Oregon (toponym)

From earlier Ouragon, likely corruption of Spanish orejón (“big ears”), probably describing the banks of the Columbia River, although this remains uncertain. Multiple theories of further origins persist, usually an ultimate derivation from a Native American language:
* A clipping of French Ouariconsint, itself a corruption of Ouisconsin(k), allegedly from Algonquin meskousing (“it lies in red, Wisconsin”).
* Corruption of French ouragan (“hurricane”)
* Borrowing from Abenaki wligen (“good”), cf. Algonquin wauregan (“beautiful”)
* Borrowing from Shoshone ogoe (“river”) + paanangkwa (“west”)
* Borrowing from Chinook Jargon ulakan (“candlefish”)
See Wikipedia article on the toponym Oregon for more information.

أُورِيغُون

northwestern state of the United States of America

Several other locations in the United States:

A small city, the county seat of Ogle County, Illinois.

A minor city, the county seat of Holt County, Missouri.


Lewes

en-proper noun

Lewes (countable and uncountable, plural Leweses)

From Middle English Lewes, from late Old English Lewes, a variant of earlier Lǣwe, of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from Old English hlǣw (“hill”), referring to the several mounts in Lewes. Alternatively, perhaps derived from Old English lǣw (“cut, incision, gash”), referring to the narrow, steep-sided 'gash' where the River Ouse cuts through the line of the South Downs.

unc

uncertain

A city in Sussex County, Delaware, United States.


Bristol

→⇒ Latin: bristoliensis

Inherited from Middle English Brigstow, from Old English Bryċġstōw (literally “the place by the bridge”), from bryċġ + -stōw, with additional final /l/ due to hypercorrection from l-vocalizing accents. See bridge and stow for more.
The tiddlywinks sense is associated with players from Bristol University.

inh

Bristole (alternative obsolete)
Brigstow (alternative obsolete)
Bristou (alternative obsolete)
Bristow (alternative obsolete)
Brizzle (alternative informal)

A city, ceremonial county, and unitary authority in southwest England bordering Gloucestershire, Somerset and The River Severn.

A suburban city in Hartford County, Connecticut.

A small city, the county seat of Liberty County, Florida.

A tiny city in Day County, South Dakota.

Several places in the United States:
A city in Sullivan County, Tennessee.

Several places in the United States:
An independent city in Virginia.


New Orleans

→ Greek: Νιου Ορλίνς (Niou Orlíns)

→ Vietnamese: Ngọc Lân

N'Orlins (alternative)
N'orlins (alternative)
N' Orlins (alternative)
Norlins (alternative)
Nawlins (alternative)

The largest city in Louisiana, United States and the parish seat of Orleans Parish, which is coterminous with the city.


Garfield

Also Garfeld, from Old English gār (“spear”) + feld (“field”).

A minor city in Emanuel County, Georgia.

A minor city in Douglas County, Minnesota, named after the president.

A city in Bergen County, New Jersey, renamed after the president.

A minor city in Whitman County, Washington, named after the president.


Firenze

From Italian Firenze. Doublet of Florence.

But it would have been so nice to have a private income, and to be able sometimes to go to Venezia, Firenze, Roma, those places with the beautiful names.

1896, W[alter] D[elaplaine] Scull, “Mrs. Platt”, in The Garden of the Matchboxes and Other Stories, London: Elkin Mathews, page 94:

When you plan your first visit to Italy, you will likely put Roma, Firenze, and Venezia at the top of your list, perhaps adding Milano and Napoli as well. These destinations make sense because they are all world-class cities with great history, art, architecture, culture, and food.

1996, Fred Plotkin, “Introduction: Garibaldi with a Fork”, in Italy for the Gourmet Traveler, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 5:

His black slacks were the handiwork of his British tailor of a wool-and-Angora blend; his thick-soled shoes were made in Firenze of black leather, and fitted more like gloves than shoes.

2014 December, Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, chapter 2, in Sustenance: A Novel of the Count Saint-Germain, New York, N.Y.: Tor, →ISBN, page 40:

Synonym of Florence (“the capital city of Tuscany, Italy”).


Haskell

* The programming language is named after American logician Haskell Curry (1900–1982).
* As an English surname, from the Middle English personal name Askell, from Old Norse Áskell. Compare Axtell, Askin, Haskin, Hasty, Astin.
* As a surname in the Isle of Man, a variant of Castell, itself related to the above.
* As a Jewish surname, from Khaskl, a Yiddish form of Yeḥezqel, see Ezekiel.

named-after

Hascall (alternative)
Heiskell (alternative)

A city, the county seat of Haskell County, Texas, United States.


Hoover

The surname is an anglicization of German Huber or Low German Hufer, originally designating a landowner or a prosperous small-scale farmer. The common noun and verb are taken from the brand name of one of the first vacuum cleaners (see hoover).

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Jefferson County and Shelby County, Alabama, incorporated in 1967 and named after William H. Hoover.


Mexico City

desc

מֶקְסִיקוֹ סִיטִי

→ Hebrew: מֶקְסִיקוֹ סִיטִי (meksiko siti)

→ Japanese: メキシコシティ (Mekishiko Shiti)

→ Korean: 멕시코시티 (meksikositi)

เม็กซิโกซิตี้

→ Thai: เม็กซิโกซิตี้ (mék-sí-goo-sí-dtii)

Calque of Mexican Spanish Ciudad de México.

calque

I went to Mexico City on April 15, 1966, to unveil a statue of Abraham Lincoln, who had been a contemporary of Mexican leader Benito Juarez and was revered in Mexico, as in so many other nations.

1971, Lyndon Johnson, “The New Age of Regionalism”, in The Vantage Point, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 348:

Aguascalientes · Baja California · Baja California Sur · Campeche · Chiapas · Chihuahua · Coahuila · Colima · Durango · Guanajuato · Guerrero · Hidalgo · Jalisco · Mexico · Michoacán · Morelos · Nayarit · Nuevo León · Oaxaca · Puebla · Querétaro · Quintana Roo · San Luis Potosí · Sinaloa · Sonora · Tabasco · Tamaulipas · Tlaxcala · Veracruz · Yucatán · Zacatecas


Mecca

From Arabic مَكَّة (Makka) of uncertain etymology. In American place names, in reference to the Arabian city.

Macca (alternative)
Makka (alternative)
Makkah (alternative)
Mekka (alternative)
Makkah al-Mukarramah (alternative)

A large city, the provincial capital of Mecca Province in the in the Hejaz region, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam, location of the sacred Ka'ba, and to which Muslims are required to make a hajj at least once in their lifetime, if possible.


Henrietta

en-proper noun

Henrietta (countable and uncountable, plural Henriettas)

Latinate form of French Henriette, derived from the male given name Henry.

A city, the county seat of Clay County, Texas, United States.


Athena

From Middle English Athena, from Latin Athēna, from Ancient Greek Ἀθηνᾶ (Athēnâ). Doublet of Athina.

A city in Umatilla County, Oregon, United States.


Clio

In 1891, he settled in tiny Clio, Alabama, a hamlet of 13 families founded after the Civil War without the antebellum pretensions of nearby Eufala.

2010, Donald J. Green, Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History, Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 63:


Geelong

A port city in Victoria, Australia, 75 km south-west of Melbourne, Australia. Gateway to the surfcoast of Victoria, and Great Ocean Road.


Gibraltar

/d͡ʒɪˈbɹɔːltə(ɹ)/

/d͡ʒɪˈbɹɒltə(ɹ)/

Pillars of Hercules
Rock of Gibraltar
Tariq ibn Ziyad
Umayyad conquest of Hispania

From Spanish Gibraltar, from Arabic جَبَل طَارِق (jabal ṭāriq, “Mount Tariq”), named after Tariq ibn Ziyad, who led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in 711. Replaced earlier Latin Mons Calpe (“Mount Calpe”) for the land, and Columnae Herculis, from Ancient Greek Ἡράκλειαι στῆλαι (Hērákleiai stêlai, “Pillars of Hercules”), for the strait.
The barangay in Baguio, Philippines is named by a German national "Jonathan Speth" after the Rock of Gibraltar in Europe. He lived and died in the barangay.

der

جَبَل طَارِق

cog

Ἡράκλειαι στῆλαι

A peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia.

A place in the United States:
A city in Wayne County, Michigan.


Iberia

From Latin Iberia, from Ancient Greek Ἰβηρία (Ibēría), after the river Ἴβηρος (Íbēros). See Iberia on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

/aɪˈbɪə̯.ɹi.ə/

/aɪˈbɪə̯ɹ.i.ə/


Howard

en-proper noun

Howard (countable and uncountable, plural Howards)

Medieval personal name from Middle English Howard, Howarde, from Old Norse Hávarðr, from hár (“high”) + varðr (“guard”). In some cases a variant of Heward, from Old French Huard.

A small city, the county seat of Elk County, Kansas.

A small city, the county seat of Miner County, South Dakota.


Navidad

Navidad (countable and uncountable, plural Navidads)

Borrowed from Spanish Navidad. The surname is mostly found in the Philippines.


Lakota

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Lakota.wav

From Lakota Lakȟóta (“alliance of friends”).

Lakhota (alternative)
Lak'ota (alternative)

A small city, the county seat of Nelson County, North Dakota, United States.


Aberdeen

Aberdeen
Aberdeen (disambiguation)
Old Aberdeen

The first element is either Scottish Gaelic aber (“river mouth”) or Pictish aber (“confluence”), both from Proto-Celtic *abū (“river”). The second element is Don (“river in Scotland”) (the site of Old Aberdeen). Written Aberdon circa 1187 and Aberden circa 1214.
The area and town in Hong Kong is named after George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen.

named-after

Nickname: the Granite City

A port city in Aberdeen council area, Scotland, on the North Sea.

A city in Harford County, Maryland, home of the Aberdeen Proving Grounds.

A city, the county seat of Monroe County, Mississippi.

A city, the county seat of Brown County, in northeastern South Dakota, United States.

Grays Harbor County
Grays Harbor County#English

A city in Grays Harbor County, Washington.


Inverness

Inverness
Inverness (disambiguation)
River Ness

From Inver- + Ness, from the River Ness.

A city, the administrative centre of Highland council area, Scotland.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Citrus County, Florida.


Stephen

From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek Στέφανος (Stéphanos), from στέφανος (stéphanos, “crown, wreath”), from στέφω (stéphō, “to put round, to surround”).
From *stegʷʰ- (“to enlace”) + -νος (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem).

der

A minor city in Marshall County, Minnesota, United States, named after George Stephen.


Zion

Zion
Zion (Latter Day Saints)
Zion (disambiguation)#Places

Inherited from Old English, from Ecclesiastical Latin Sion, from Hebrew ציון (tsiyón).

A city and township in Lake County, Illinois, United States.


Pyongyang

/ˌpjʌŋˈjɑːŋ/

Borrowed from Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang, literally “flat land”), from the McCune–Reischauer (MR) romanisation P'yŏngyang, a Sino-Korean word from 平壤.

bor+

Pyeongyang (alternative)
Pyengyang (alternative)

The British and subsequent Foreign Treaties with Korea stipulated for the opening of a further Treaty Port, Yang-hwa-chin on the river Han, as a river-port for the capital. If the steam-traffic on the Han is developed, Yong-san or Byong-san, which is only three miles from Söul, might be selected. The greatest advantage would result to the country from the opening of Pyong-yang on the Taidong river, which is only served by small native steamers and junks.

1894, George N. Curzon, “Political and Commercial Symptoms in Korea”, in Problems of the Far East: Japan—Korea—China, 2nd edition, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 174:

Forty-seven countries host a North Korean embassy, while 24 have an embassy in Pyongyang. Most of the countries that do not have an embassy in North Korea handle their diplomatic affairs with the country from their embassies in neighboring China or South Korea.

2017 November 30, Alexander Pearson, “Which countries have diplomatic relations with North Korea?”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2017-12-01, News:

Hundreds of personnel in camouflage uniforms from the Korean People's Army medical units were seen rallying in the capital Pyongyang in photos released by the official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA).
The military "urgently deployed its powerful forces to all pharmacies in Pyongyang City and began to supply medicines under the 24-hour service system", KCNA said.

2022 May 17, “North Korean military ramps up Covid response as outbreak grows”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-17:

While other cities remain far behind, Mr. Kim has concentrated his resources on the capital, positioning Pyongyang as a model of urban development. Under Mr. Kim, North Korea has opened a new terminal at the city’s international airport, renovated subway stations and opened new amusement parks.

2022 December 9, Choe Sang-hun, Pablo Robles, “North Korea Wants Dollars. It’s a Sign of Trouble.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-09:


Atlantic

[ætˈlæɾ̃.ɪk]

From Middle English Atlantyke, from Latin Ā̆tlanticus, from Ancient Greek Ἀτλαντικός (Atlantikós, “Atlantean, of Atlas”), from Ancient Greek Ἄτλᾱς (Átlās), either from ἁ- (ha-, copulative prefix) + Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“bear, undergo, endure”) or of Pre-Greek origin.

der

A city, the county seat of Cass County, Iowa, United States.


Elizabeth

en-proper noun

Elizabeth (countable and uncountable, plural Elizabeths)

Elizabeths (plural)
Elisabeth (alternative)

From Middle English Elizabeth, from the Ancient Greek Ἐλισάβετ (Elisábet), a transliteration of the Old Testament Biblical Hebrew אלישבע (Elisheva, “my God is an oath”). See El and שבועה. Doublet of Elisheba and Isabel.

der

A city in Minnesota; named for early settler Elizabeth Niggler.

A city, the county seat of Union County, New Jersey; named for Elizabeth de Carteret, wife of George Carteret, one of two original Lords Proprietor of the Colony New Jersey.


Duncan

en-prop

Duncan (countable and uncountable, plural Duncans)

Duncans (plural)
Donkin (alternative)
Dunkin (alternative)

* As a Scottish Gaelic and Irish surname, from Donnchadh, a name composed of donn (“brown”) + cath (“battle”). Also spelled as Donagh and Donaghue, Donahue.
* Also as an Irish surname, Anglicized from ó Duinnchinn, from donn (“brown”) + ceann (“head”).

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A city in the Regional District of Cowichan Valley, British Columbia, Canada; named for early settler William Chalmers Duncan.

A city, the county seat of Stephens County, Oklahoma; named for early settler William Duncan.


Oliver

en-proper noun

Oliver (countable and uncountable, plural Olivers)

From Middle English Oliver, from Old French Olivier, by folk etymology derived from the Latin name Olīvārius, but probably representing an Old High German form of Old Norse Óleifr (“ancestral + relic”) (modern Danish Olaf and Swedish Olof), or Proto-Germanic *ala- (“all”) + *wēraz (“true”) (modern Swedish allvar). Name of a paladin of Charlemagne in medieval French romance.


Churu

A city in Churu district, Rajasthan, India.


Sikar

A city in Sikar district, Rajasthan, India


Saku

A town and city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan.


Wilson

Wilson (countable and uncountable, plural Wilsons)

From Will (short form of William) + -son.

affix

short form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">William</i>

Mississippi County
Mississippi County#English

A minor city in Mississippi County, Alabama.

Ellsworth County
Ellsworth County#English

A minor city in Ellsworth County, Kansas.

A city, the county seat of Wilson County, North Carolina.


Hollywood

en-proper noun

Hollywood (countable and uncountable, plural Hollywoods)

The name of the neighbourhood in Los Angeles (sense 1) was coined by real estate developer H. J. Whitley, from holly + wood. By metonymy, it became the name of the industry, and eventually also a name for decadence.

coin

Other places in the United States:
A city in Broward County, Florida.


Nagasaki

Borrowed from Japanese 長崎(ながさき) (Nagasaki).

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Nangasaki (alternative)
Nangasacq (alternative)
Nangasac (alternative)

VINCENT: Tens of thousands killed before sundown; nobody's killed people that fast since Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

2004, Stuart Beattie, Collateral, DreamWorks Pictures:

This slab is where the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 75 years ago were put together. It’s the assembly point for the dawning of the atomic age.

2020 August 6, Brad Lendon, “Hiroshima after 75 years: Walking the path of the atomic bomb”, in CNN:

A port city, the capital and largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture, in southwestern Kyushu, Japan, famous as the country's early modern entrepot and for its nuclear bombing on 9 August 1945 at the end of World War II.


Narita

Narita City spread out below her, a vast, sprawling patchwork of densely packed residential neighborhoods and industrial farmlands, threaded through by freeways and broken up by small, rectilinear forests.

2021, Ruth Ozeki, The Book of Form and Emptiness, Canongate Books (2022), page 473:


Delaware

The river in the northeastern United States was named for Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (1577–1618). The people and the state were named for the river.

Several places in the United States, named for the people or the state.

A city, the county seat of Delaware County, Ohio.


Nevada

Several other locations in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Story County, Iowa, named for the Sierra Nevada mountains.

A city, the county seat of Vernon County, Missouri, named for Nevada City, California.

A city in Collin County, Texas, named for the Territory.


Washington

en-proper noun

Washington (countable and uncountable, plural Washingtons)

Washington (the town in Tyne and Wear, northeast England): probably from the Old English place name Hwæssingatūn (literally “a settlement of the household of Hwæssa”), from Hwæssa (a Saxon chieftain's name) + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“homestead, settlement”). It was attested in 1096 as Wasindone. Hwæssa is of uncertain origin, said to possibly correspond to waþ (“hunt”) + sige (“victory”), or possibly related to hwæte (“wheat”). There are other theories; more on Wikipedia.
The surname derives from the town, and most places in the United States are named for George Washington.

DC

The federal district and city are coterminous and the city government administers the district, so are jurisdictionally equivalent

Taiwanese presidents, including Tsai, have a record of travelling through the U.S. en route to other countries, usually for a day or two, though the U.S. government has generally avoided meeting senior Taiwanese officials in Washington.

2023 March 7, Ben Blanchard, Yimou Lee, “China 'seriously concerned' by Taiwan president 'transit' plans amid reported US trip”, in Muralikumar Anantharaman, Robert Birsel, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-08, Asia Pacific:

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States).

District of Columbia
District of Columbia#English

District of Columbia (a district of the United States, coterminous with the city of Washington)

Hempstead County
Hempstead County#English

Several other locations in the United States, most of which are named for George Washington:

A very small city in Hempstead County, Arkansas.

A small city, the county seat of Wilkes County, Georgia.

A city, the county seat of Daviess County, Indiana.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A small city, the county seat of Washington County, Iowa.

A small city, the county seat of Washington County, Kansas.

A small city, the county seat of Beaufort County, North Carolina.

A city, the county seat of Washington County, Pennsylvania.


Wyoming

The state is named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, which derives its name from Munsee xwé:wamənk (literally “at the big river flat”).
The village of Wyoming, Plympton Township, Ontario, Canada may have a different origin: "...to the Chippewas, the 'oat planters' were known as moonooming. The white settlers took this to sound like 'Wyoming.'"

der

A number of other places in the United States:

A city in Stark County, Illinois; a suburb of Peoria.

A small city in Jones County, Iowa; a suburb of Cedar Rapids.

A sizable city in Kent County, Michigan; a suburb of Grand Rapids.


Maricopa

Borrowed from Spanish, of uncertain origin.

A city in Pinal County, Arizona, United States.


Sidney

en-proper noun

Sidney (countable and uncountable, plural Sidneys)

Sidneys (plural)
Sydney (alternative)
Cydney (alternative)
Sydnie (alternative)
Sydne (alternative)

English surname, from several placenames in England, from Old English sīdan, dative of sīd (“spacious, wide”) + īeġ (“island”).

A city, the county seat of Fremont County, Iowa; named for Sidney, Ohio.

A city, the county seat of Richland County, Montana; named for Sidney Walters, a 6-year-old early settler.

A city, the county seat of Cheyenne County, Nebraska; named for railroad executive Sidney Dillon.

A city, the county seat of Shelby County, Ohio; named for English poet Philip Sidney.


Cornwall

From Middle English Cornwaile, Cornwayle, a modification of Cornwale (after Old French Cornuaille), from Old English Cornwēalas (“Cornwall, inhabitants of Cornwall”), from Proto-Celtic *kornu (“horn”) + Old English wealh (“stranger, foreigner”). Compare Wales/Welsh, Walloon, Gaul.


Cumberland

Cumberland
Cumberland (disambiguation)
Cumberland, Maryland

A city, the county seat of Allegany County, Maryland, United States.


Essex

Inherited from Old English Ēastseaxan (literally “East Saxons”), which stood for both Essex and the people of Essex.

Essex

small unincorporated community in San Bernadino County, California

Essex

coastal town in Essex County, Massachusetts

A number of places in the United States:


Kent

Inherited from Middle English Kent, from Old English Cent, from Latin Cantium, from Brythonic *Cantio (compare Old Irish céite (“gathering, folkmoot, hillock”)), from Proto-Celtic *kantos (“corner, rim”).

cog

A tiny city in Wilkin County, Minnesota.

A city in King County, Washington, United States; a suburb of Seattle.


Norfolk

⇒ Translingual: norfolkensis

Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk
James Cook
Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk
Norfolk
Norfolk (disambiguation)
William Ambrosia Cowley

From Middle English Northfolk, from Old English Norþfolc (literally “northern people”), from norþ (“north, northern”) + folc (“folk, people, race, nation”). As an Ecuadorian island, clipping of Duke of Norfolk's Island, bestowed by William Ambrosia Cowley in 1684 honor of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk; his son Henry, the 7th duke; or both. As an Australian island and territory, bestowed by James Cook in 1774 in honor of Mary Howard, wife of the 9th duke.

der

An independent city in Virginia, United States; the largest naval base in the world, situated there.