Rutland

Unclear. Attested in Old English as Roteland and Ritelanede. Perhaps hrīþer (“cattle”) + land (“land”), or from the personal name Rota + land.

unk

Unclear

A city, the county seat of Rutland County, Vermont; named for English nobleman John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland.

A city in Iowa; named for the city in Vermont.


Somerset

From Old English Sumorsǣte, which is short for Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "the people living at or dependent upon Sumortūn (Somerton)". An alternative suggestion is that the name derives from *Seo-mere-sætan meaning "settlers by the sea lakes".

A number of places in the United States:

A home rule city, the county seat of Pulaski County, Kentucky.


Suffolk

From Middle English Suffolk, from Old English Sūþfolc, a compound of sūþ (“south”) + folc (“folk”).

An independent city in Virginia, United States, formerly in Nansemond County, Virginia.


Surrey

From Old English Sūþrigē, Sūþrigēa (“southern region”), from sūþerne (“southern”) + -gē (“district, region”).

compound

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A city in British Columbia, Canada, near Vancouver.


Westmorland

From Old English folk name Westmōringas (“the people west of the moors”) + land.
The civil parish in New Brunswick is named analogously to Westmorland County.

A city in Imperial County, California, United States.


Avon

From Proto-Brythonic *aβon (“river”). Compare with Welsh afon.


Wilton

en-proper noun

Wilton (countable and uncountable, plural Wiltons)

From either Old English welig (“willow”) or wella (“spring, stream”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).

Muscatine County
Muscatine County#English

(uncountable) A number of places in the United States:

A city in Cedar County and Muscatine County, Iowa.

A small city in Beltrami County, Minnesota.

A small city in Burleigh County and McLean County, North Dakota.


Albion

Albion
Albion (disambiguation)
white cliffs of Dover

From Middle English Albion, from Old English Albion, from Latin Albiōn, an Ancient Gallo-Latin name for Britain (Middle Welsh Albbu, Old Irish Albu), from Proto-Celtic *Albiū, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *albʰós (“white”), whence also Latin albus (“white”) and Ancient Greek ἀλφός (alphós, “whiteness, white leprosy”). The primary meaning of the Common Celtic word is "upper world" (as opposed to underworld), with semasiological development similar to e.g. Russian свет (svet, “world; light”).
It is often hypothesised that the Romans took it as connected with albus (“white”), in reference to the white cliffs of Dover.

cog

Any of several places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Edwards County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Boone County, Nebraska.


Cleveland

en-prop

Cleveland (countable and uncountable, plural Clevelands)

From place names in England (i.e. Cleveland, England), from Middle English Cleveland, Clyveland, from Middle English clive, cleve, cleove (“cliff”) + land, equivalent to cliff + land.

The year is 1837, and the Cuyahoga is the sidewinding river separating the empire of Cleveland from the more rough-hewn frontier town of Ohio City.

2020 June 10, Stephen Markley, “Pete Beatty’s ‘Cuyahoga’ Images an Ohio, and a Country, Divided”, in The New York Times:

A major city, the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio.

A number of other places in the United States, including:

A city, the county seat of White County, Georgia, named after General Benjamin Cleveland, grandson of Colonel Benjamin Cleveland.

A small city, one of the two county seats of Bolivar County, Mississippi.

A small city in Le Sueur County, Minnesota.

A tiny city in Stutsman County, North Dakota.

A small city in Pawnee County, Oklahoma.

A small city, the county seat of Bradley County, Tennessee.

A small city in Chippewa County, Wisconsin.

A tiny city in Jackson County, Wisconsin.

A tiny city in Taylor County, Wisconsin.


Camden

From Old English campas (“enclosure”) + denu (“valley”).

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Wilcox County, Alabama; named for the city in South Carolina.

A city, the county seat of Ouachita County, Arkansas.

A minor city and inactive township in Ray County, Missouri; probably named for an early settler.

A city, the county seat of Camden County, New Jersey. Named for Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, for his legal and legislative advocacy of civil liberties and his opposition to harshness toward the North American colonies.

A city, the county seat of Kershaw County, South Carolina.

A city, the county seat of Benton County, Tennessee; named for the city in South Carolina.


Birmingham

/ˈbɜː.mɪŋˌhæm/

Beorma
Birmingham
Birmingham (disambiguation)

From Middle English, 1086, from Old English *Beormingahām, from Beornmund + ing + hām, "home of Beorma;" first element of uncertain origin but possibly from beorma (“yeast”). More at Beorma.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England, historically in Warwickshire with a population of over one million.

பர்மிங்காம் (parmiṅkām, literally “barmiṅgām”)

Birminghamian

native or resident of Birmingham, Alabama

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

A city, the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama.

Van Buren County
Van Buren County#English


Casey

en-proper noun

Casey (countable and uncountable, plural Caseys)

Anglicisation of an Irish surname Ó Cathasaigh (“descendant of (a person named) Watchful”).

Cumberland County
Cumberland County#English

A city in Clark County and Cumberland County, Illinois, United States.

A minor city in Adair County and Guthrie County, Iowa, United States.


Nagoya

Borrowed from Japanese 名古屋(なごや) (Nagoya).

The capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan.


Manchester

→ Finnish: Manse

From Old English Mameċeaster. The first element may be from a word related to Breton mamm (“mother; female animal; womb”), in reference to a breast-shaped hill.
The second part is known to be from Old English ceaster, from Latin castra (“camp”).

der

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

A major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England.

United States of America
United States of America

Meriwether County
Meriwether County#English

Any of several towns and cities in the United States of America:

A city in Meriwether County and Talbot County, Georgia.

A city, the county seat of Delaware County, Iowa.

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

A tiny city in Dickinson County, Kansas.

A home rule city, the county seat of Clay County, Kentucky.

A tiny city in Freeborn County, Minnesota.

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

Hillsborough County
Hillsborough County#English

The largest city in New Hampshire, United States and one of the two county seats of Hillsborough County.

A city, the county seat of Coffee County, Tennessee.


Vincent

en-proper noun

Vincent (countable and uncountable, plural Vincents)

→ Arabic: فينسنت (fīnsint)

→ Greek: Βίνσεντ (Vínsent)

desc

→ Japanese: ビンセント (Binsento), ヴィンセント (Vinsento)

Borrowed from French Vincent, from Latin Vincentius, from vincēns (“conquering”), from the verb vincō.

St. Clair County
St. Clair County#English

Talladega County
Talladega County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Shelby County, St. Clair County and Talladega County, Alabama.


Mercedes

en-prop

Mercedes (countable and uncountable, plural Mercedes)

From Spanish Mercedes (Mary, Our Lady of Mercy). The car was named for Mercédès Jellinek, the daughter of Austrian businessman Emil Jellinek who ordered 36 cars from Gottlieb Daimler.

A city in Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

A city, the capital of Mercedes department, Corrientes province, Argentina.

A city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States.

A city, the capital of Soriano department, Uruguay.


Dresden

Borrowed from German Dresden (“Dresden”) in the 1730s, from Middle High German Dresden, from a Sorbian source akin to Lower Sorbian Drježdźany, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *dręzga, of which the locative case is *dręzdzě.

The capital city of Saxony, Germany, on the River Elbe.

دْرِيسْدِن

capital city of the German Federal State of Saxony


Gordon

The main etymology, associated with Celtic names, is from the Scots surname Gordon, from a place name, but the origin is debated:
* If the English or Scots name is from a Brythonic language (such as Old Welsh or Old Breton), then possibly from a Proto-Brythonic compound such as *gor (“spacious”) + *din (“fort”);
* If the Scots name is itself from English, then possibly from French Gourdon, derived from Gallo-Roman Latin Gordus, from Gaulish *Gordos;
* Otherwise, possibly ultimately from Old English *gor-dūn (“mud hill”) whence a habitational name.

Wilkinson County
Wilkinson County#English

A city in Wilkinson County, Georgia; named for railroad official William Washington Gordon.

A city in Sheridan County, Nebraska; named for early settler John Gordon.

Palo Pinto County
Palo Pinto County#English

A minor city in Palo Pinto County, Texas.


Taipei

19th c., from Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 臺北／台北 (Tʻai²-pei³, literally “Taiwan north”), composed of 臺／台 (tái) (short for Taiwan) and 北 (běi, “north”).

zh-l

Tʻai-pei (alternative)
Taibei (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Taipeh (alternative)

In 1885 Governor LIU determined to reconstruct Taipei and make it the temporary capital until, the railway having on its way to Taiwan reached the old town of Changhua, in about the middle of Formosa, he should build a city near that place and make it, under the name of Taiwan, the capital of the province of Taiwan.

1896, J. D. Clark, Formosa, Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury, →OCLC, page 44:

Radiotelephonic communications were established in November 1946 between Taipei and Canton, thus augmenting the line already existing between Taipei and Shanghai.
The Chinese National Aviation Corporation, which operated air service between Shanghai and Taipei three times a week, has added weekly air service between Foochow and Taipei. The Southwest Aviation Corp. is reportedly planning a Canton-Taipei air service, and damaged Japanese military transport aircraft have been under repair for use on this route.

1947 February 1, “China”, in Foreign Commerce Weekly, volume XXVI, number 5, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 14, column 2:

The “Beautiful Island” wears a necklace of rails and new roads dangling from Taipei, such as the 17-mile MacArthur Expressway linking the capital to the seaport of Chilung. Taiwan has two other international seaports —recently opened Hualien, on the east coast, and Kaohsiung, facing the mainland a scant 200 miles away.

1964 November, “New Look at Changing China”, in National Geographic Magazine, volume 126, number 5, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 641, column 2:

In my bid for re-election as mayor of Taipei, I lost to Ma Ying- jeou, representing the Kuomintang (KMT), Taiwan's ruling party. Analysis of the election results revealed that the overwhelming majority of "mainlanders"² in Taipei cast their votes for Mr. Ma.

2000, Shui-Bian Chen, “Learning and Transformation”, in David J. Toman, transl., The Son of Taiwan: The Life of Chen Shui-Bian and His Dreams for Taiwan, Taiwan Publishing Co., Ltd., →ISBN, →OCLC, page 19:

Years later, when I was governor, I found myself in the same hotel with Nureyev in Taipei, Taiwan.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume I, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 219:

We lived in the county of Taoyuan, in northern Taiwan, around twenty-five miles south of the capital of Taipei.

2014, Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey, My Fight for a New Taiwan, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 19–20:

The bipartisan group, which will meet with Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen on Friday morning on their two-day visit, arrived at Taipei's downtown Songshan airport on a U.S. Air Force aircraft and were greeted by Taiwan Foreign Minister Joseph Wu.

2022 April 14, Ben Blanchard, “Six U.S. lawmakers arrive in Taiwan on unannounced trip”, in Raissa Kasolowsky, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-04-14, Asia Pacific:

The capital city of and a special municipality of Taiwan, located in the northern part of the island of Taiwan.


Irene

Borrowed from French Irène, from Ancient Greek Εἰρήνη (Eirḗnē, “peace”), name of a goddess of peace, of early Christian saints, and of an 8th-century Byzantine empress. Doublet of Eirini.

A city and town in South Dakota, United States.


Jodhpur

Named after Jodha of Mandore (1416–1489).

named-after

They marched, jaw-bound against blowing sand, across the salt desert to Jodhpur, where Mahbub and his handsome nephew Habib Ullah did much trading; and then sorrowfully, in European clothes, which he was fast outgrowing, Kim went second-class to St Xavier’s.

1900 December – 1901 October, Rudyard Kipling, chapter X, in Kim (Macmillan’s Colonial Library; no. 414), London: Macmillan and Co., published 1901, →OCLC:


Chicago

/ʃɪˈkɑː.ɡəʊ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Chicago.wav

Etymology tree
French Chécagoubor.
English Chicago
From French Chécagou, a transcription of Miami šikaakwa (“wild leek, ramp, Allium tricoccum; striped skunk”), from Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa; compare Ojibwe zhigaagawanzh / zhigaagawinzh (“onion, leek”), zhigaag (“striped skunk”). Doublet of skunk.

der

I am an American, Chicago born—Chicago, that somber city—and go at things as I have taught myself, free-style, and will make the record in my own way: first to knock, first admitted; sometimes an innocent knock, sometimes a not so innocent.

1953, Saul Bellow, The Adventures of Augie March, New York: Viking Press, →OCLC, page 3:

Chicago is now #1 in murder and sausages. That sounds like my kind of town!

2014, Norm Macdonald Live, season 2, episode 7, Norm Macdonald (actor):

Homan, who was on the ground in Chicago, maintained it was a “criminal operation.” Acting Deputy Attorney General Emil Bove was also in Chicago on Sunday to observe immigration enforcement operations.

2025 January 26, Priscilla Alvarez and Rosa Flores, “Trump administration launches nationwide immigration enforcement blitz”, in CNN:

A large city, the county seat of Cook County, in northeastern Illinois, United States, located on Lake Michigan.


Boston

→ Abenaki: Pastonki, pastoni

→ Klamath-Modoc: basdin

→ Lushootseed: pastəd

→ Mohawk: Wáhston

The US city is named after the English town (from which several prominent colonists had come), which itself is sometimes said to be named as a contraction of Botolph's town or Botolph's stone (the name Botolph itself coming from Old English Botwulf, from boda + wulf). However, this is uncertain.

The capital and largest city of Massachusetts, the informal capital of New England, and the county seat of Suffolk County.

A city in Georgia; named for Thomas M. Boston, who found a medicinal spring near the town site.


Thousand Oaks

Named for the large number of oak trees in this area.

A city in Ventura County, California, United States.


Noel

* (names): From Noel in the sense of Christmas; given since Middle Ages to children born at Christmastide.
* (city in Missouri): Named for brothers Clark Wallace and William Jasper Noel, stockmen and owners of a sawmill.
* (community of Nova Scotia, Canada): Named after its most prominent resident, Noël Doiron.


Samos

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Σάμος (Sámos).

An island belonging to the Sporades and a city on it, in the Aegean.

Са́мос

an island belonging to the Sporades and a city


Rennes

From French Rennes, from Old French Resnes, Rednes, from Latin Rēdonēs.

The capital city of Ille-et-Vilaine department, France; the capital city of the region of Brittany.


Arthur

From the name of the legendary king, from Middle English Arthure, from Medieval Latin Arthurus, probably from Middle Welsh arth (“bear”).
Other suggestions include Old Welsh arth (“bear”) and ur (“man”), or a Latinized (Romano-British) name; compare Latin Artorius, itself possibly of Etruscan origin, or more likely Messapic-Illyrian related to Proto-Albanian *artsa (“bear”).

A number of places in the United States:

A minor city in Cass County, North Dakota.


Columbia

From Columbus + -ia, the Latinized name of the European explorer, Christopher Columbus. Piecewise doublet of Colombia.

The capital city of South Carolina, and the county seat of Richland County.

Several places in the United States.
A city in Monroe County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Adair County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Marion County, Mississippi, named for the city in South Carolina.

A city, the county seat of Boone County, Missouri.

Several places in the United States.
A city in Brown County, South Dakota.

A city, the county seat of Maury County, Tennessee.


Provo

* The city in Utah is named after the mountain man and trapper Étienne Provost.
* The city in South Dakota is named after Bill Provost, Sr., an early resident.

A city, the county seat of Utah County, Utah, United States.


Viking

Borrowed from Old Norse víkingr (“Viking”). Already in Old English as wīċing and Old Frisian wītsing, but assumed extinct in Middle English and borrowed anew in the 19th century; any survivals in dialect through the Middle Ages are unknown.
Old Norse víkingr itself is from Old Norse vík (“inlet, cove, fjord”) + -ingr (“one belonging to, one who frequents”) (the -r is the nominative desinence). Thus, “one from or who frequents the sea’s inlets”.
The Old English and Anglo-Frisian form, existing since at least the eighth century, could also have been derived from or influenced by Old English wīc (“camp”), on account of the temporary encampments which were often a prominent feature of the Vikings’ raids.
Others proposals were made, like e.g. deriving víkingr from the root related to the verb víkja or deriving both English and Old Norse words to *wīkingaz related to víkja or wīc.


Russell

→ Translingual: russelianus

→ French: Russell

Inherited from Middle English Russel, from Anglo-Norman Russel. Doublet of Rousseau/Roussel. Equivalent to russel.

Roussel (alternative)
Rowsell (alternative)
Russel (alternative)

A city, the county seat of Russell County, Kansas.

A home rule-class city in Greenup County, Kentucky.


Auckland

Translingual: Aucklandia

Auckland
Auckland Castle
Auckland Region
Bishop Auckland
William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland

After William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland, patron of the founder of the city, after Bishop Auckland, formerly North Auckland in the UK, the site of Auckland Castle, from Ackland, possibly from Old Norse alka (“auk”) or from Middle English ak (“oak”) + land; similar, if not the same, to Oakland. In view of an earlier form, Alclit, this may represent an adaptation of a Cumbric [Term?] form, equivalent to Proto-Brythonic *alo- (“rock”) + Proto-Brythonic *clọ:tā, a river name.

Sam Ruthe had the eyes of thousands on him when he stepped onto a running track in Auckland just over a week ago.

2025 March 29, George Ramsay and Patrick Snell, “Aged 15, New Zealander Sam Ruthe has already run a four-minute mile. He would ‘love to try and qualify’ for the 2028 Olympics”, in CNN:

A city in the Auckland Region, New Zealand, on the North Island; the largest conurbation in the country.


Vernon

From Transalpine Gaulish uerna (“alder”) (from Proto-Celtic *wernā, from Proto-Indo-European *wern-) + -o, -onis (locative suffix, literally “place of alder trees”).

A city in British Columbia, Canada; named for Forbes George Vernon, former MLA for British Columbia.

A city, the county seat of Lamar County, Alabama.

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

A city in Los Angeles County, California.

A city in Florida; named for Mount Vernon.

Wilbarger County
Wilbarger County#English

A city, the county seat of Wilbarger County, Texas; named for Mount Vernon.


Philip

en-proper noun

Philip (countable and uncountable, plural Philips)

From Middle English Philip, ultimately from Ancient Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos), name of ancient kings of Macedonia, from φίλιππος (phílippos, “fond of horses”), from φιλέω (philéō, “I love”) + ἵππος (híppos, “horse”).

af

A small city, the county seat of Haakon County, South Dakota, United States.

appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober


Scott

en-proper noun

Scott (countable and uncountable, plural Scotts)

Scotts (plural)
Scot (alternative)
Scottie (alternative)
Scotty (alternative)

Lafayette Parish
Lafayette Parish#English

A number of places in the United States:


Lynn

A city in Essex County, Massachusetts; named for King's Lynn, Norfolk.


Beijing

Beijing
Encyclopædia Britannica
Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Peking University
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press
Xinhuamen
Yongle Emperor

/ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/

c. 1958, the atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), composed of 北 (“north, northern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Nanjing to the south, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

Peking (alternative dated)
Pei-ching (alternative)
Peiching (alternative)
Pekin (alternative obsolete)
Pachin (alternative obsolete)
Paquin (alternative obsolete)
Pequin (alternative obsolete)

Liu Lao-zheng sidled right up to Zao-hua and said: “That’s right. I went to Beijing [Peking] to visit with my daughter. Zao-hua, I hear that you have become the workpoint recorder.”[…]
Liu Lao-zheng pulled out an abacus from a sack he was carrying over his shoulder. “Huala, huala,” he shook it several times and said: “I bought one in Beijing. I’ll lend it to you to use.”

1976 [1966], Hao Ran, “Debut”, in Wong Kam-ming, transl., Revolutionary Literature in China: An Anthology, White Plains, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 92:

Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.

2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, Asia Pacific:

A protester unfurled two banners on a highway overpass in central Beijing on Oct. 13, denouncing Xi Jinping as a “despotic traitor.” China’s censors went to great lengths to scrub the internet of any reference to the act of dissent, prohibiting all discussion and shutting down many offending social media accounts.

2022 October 24, Yuan Li, “A Lonely Protest in Beijing Inspires Young Chinese to Find Their Voice”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-24, Business:

Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China.

2023 March 22, “China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

A direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Austin

Austen (alternative)
Austen (alternative)
Austyn (alternative)

From Middle English Austin, from Anglo-Norman Aostin, Austin, a contraction of Old French Agustin, from Latin Augustīnus, from Augustus (literally “majestic”). Doublet of Augustine.

The posterists of Austin chronicled the changing social landscape and graphically redefined Texas for the rest of the country and the world […]

2015, Alan Schaefer, Joe Nick Patoski, Nels Jacobson, Homegrown: Austin Music Posters 1967 to 1982, page 17:

The capital city of Texas, United States, and the county seat of Travis County; named for American empresario Stephen F. Austin.

A locale in the United States:
A city in Lonoke County, Arkansas.

A city in Jennings Township, Scott County, Indiana; named for the city in Texas.

A city, the county seat of Mower County, Minnesota; named for early settler Austin R. Nichols.


Durham

From Old English Dunholm, meaning "hill islet". In order to get from Dunholm to Durham, two major processes had to take place. Firstly, the n at the coda of the first syllable, dun, underwent dissimilation. Specifically, by influence of the m in the coda of the following syllable (holm), said n denasalised and lenited to the oral r, thus dur. Secondly, after a weakening of the vowel quality in the more weakly-stressed syllable holm, this ending was misanalysed as the similar-sounding toponymic suffix, -ham, meaning home or farm.
Doublet of Duresm and Dunelm.

A city in and the county town of County Durham, England.

A minor city in Marion County, Kansas; named for the breed of cattle.

A city, the county seat of Durham County, North Carolina; named for landowner Bartlett S. Durham.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A city in Washington County, Oregon; named for pioneer and Oregon Territory legislator Alberto Alonzo Durham.


Damascus

From Latin Dāmascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from a Semitic form akin to Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק. Doublet of Dimashq.
The etymology of the ancient name Damascus is uncertain. It is attested as Imerišú (𒀲𒋙) in Akkadian, T-m-ś-q (𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱) in Egyptian, Dammaśq (𐡃𐡌𐡔𐡒) in Old Aramaic and Dammeśeq (דַּמֶּשֶׂק) in Biblical Hebrew. A number of Akkadian spellings are found in the Amarna letters, from the 14th century BC: Dimasqa (𒁲𒈦𒋡), Dimàsqì (𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀), and Dimàsqa (𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡).

cog

Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק

The capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE.


Beirut

From Ottoman Turkish بیروت (beyrût), from Arabic بَيْرُوت (bayrūt), ultimately from Phoenician 𐤁𐤓𐤕 (brt /bērūt/), from Proto-West Semitic *biʾrāt- (“wells”). Doublet of Berytus and Beeroth.

An Israeli airstrike rocked southern Beirut on Sunday soon after the military issued an evacuation warning for the Lebanese capital.

2025 April 27, Oren Liebermann, Charbel Mallo, Michael Rios, Eyad Kourdi and Dana Karni, “Israeli airstrike rocks southern Beirut after military issues evacuation warning”, in CNN:

The capital and largest city of Lebanon.


Owen

A minor city in Clark County, Wisconsin; named for the John S. Owen Company.


Jackson

en-proper noun

Jackson (countable and uncountable, plural Jacksons)

Jacksons (plural)
Jaxon (alternative)
Jaxson (alternative)
Jaxxon (alternative)

⇒ Translingual: Jacksonaster

The capital city of Mississippi, and one of the two county seats of Hinds County.

A city, the county seat of Amador County, California.

A city, the county seat of Butts County, Georgia.

Breathitt County
Breathitt County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Breathitt County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Jackson County, Michigan.

A city, the county seat of Jackson County, Minnesota.

Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau County#English

A city, the county seat of Cape Girardeau County, Missouri.

A city, the county seat of Jackson County, Ohio.

A city, the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee.


Frederick

From German Friedrich, Friederich and influenced by Latin Friderīcus, Frederīcus, from Old High German Fridurih, from Frankish *Friþurīk, from Proto-Germanic *Friþurīks (“peace king, peaceful ruler”).

der

Frederick County
Frederick County#English

A city, the county seat of Frederick County, Maryland, United States.

A city, the county seat of Tillman County, Oklahoma, United States.


Kermit

Variant of English and Manx Kermode, cognate with Irish Mac Diarmata (“son of Dermot”). Popularized in the US by the naming of Kermit Roosevelt (after a Manx ancestor). The computing sense is named after the Sesame Street character, but later provided with a backronym ("KL10 Error-Free Reciprocal Microprocessor Interchange over TTY").

A city, the county seat of Winkler County, Texas, named after Kermit Roosevelt.


Lewis

en-proper noun

Lewis (countable and uncountable, plural Lewises)

From Middle English Lewis, Lowis, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French Louis, from Frankish *Hlūdawīg. Doublet of Louis.

A locale in the United States:
A minor city in Cass County, Iowa.

A minor city in Edwards County, Kansas; named for journalist M. M. Lewis.


Williams

Williams (countable and uncountable, plural Williamses)

威廉姆斯

transliterations of the English surname "Williams"

A city in Coconino County, Arizona; named for frontiersman Old Bill Williams.

A city in Colusa County, California; named for early resident W. H. Williams.

Lake of the Woods County
Lake of the Woods County#English

A minor city in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota; named for early settlers William Mason and George Williams.


Franklin

en-prop

Franklin (countable and uncountable, plural Franklins)

From Middle English frankelein (“freeholder”), see franklin. The place names are mostly named after American statesman Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790).

named-after

A small city, the county seat of Heard County, Georgia.

A city, the county seat of Johnson County, Indiana.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Simpson County, Kentucky.

A city, the parish seat of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana.

A small city, the county seat of Franklin County, Nebraska.

A city, the county seat of Venango County, Pennsylvania.

Williamson County
Williamson County#English

A city, the county seat of Williamson County, Tennessee.

Robertson County
Robertson County#English

A city, the county seat of Robertson County, Texas.

Milwaukee County
Milwaukee County#English

A city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin; a suburb of Milwaukee.


Istanbul

From Turkish İstanbul, from Ottoman Turkish استانبول (İstanbul), a corruption of Byzantine Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “to the City”), which is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks.

der

εἰς τὴν Πόλιν

İstanbul (alternative)
Stambul (alternative)
Stamboul (alternative)

second largest city and capital of the Republic of Turkey


Buenos Aires

bwā′nəs âr′ēz

bwĕ′nōs ī′rĕs

Borrowed from Spanish Buenos Aires, named after an epithet of the Virgin Mary, itself ultimately derived from Aragonese buen ayre (literally “good air”) or derived from Sardinian bonaria. The first English attestation dates to 1764.


Constantinople

From Middle English Constantinople, ultimately from Late Latin Constantinopolis, from Ancient Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις (Kōnstantinoúpolis, “City of Constantine”), after Roman emperor Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (also known as Constantine I, St. Constantine, and/or Constantine the Great).

der

Κωνσταντινούπολις

Constantinopolis (alternative)
Konstantinoupolis (alternative)

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

(historical) The former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that.

Konstantinopel

name of present-day Istanbul from 330–1930 C.E.; previously known as Byzantium

കോണ്സ്റ്റാന്റിനോപ്പിള്

kōṇsṟṟānṟinōppiḷŭ


Freiburg

From German frei (“free”) + Burg (“fortification”).

The capital city of Fribourg canton, Switzerland. (the German name)

A German city in Baden-Württemberg located in the Black Forest. The population is around 200,000.


Taylor

Tailor (alternative)
Tayler (alternative)

A minor city in Columbia County, Arkansas.

A city in Wayne County, Michigan; named for Zachary Taylor, 12th president of the United States.

A minor city in Stark County, North Dakota; named for railroad official David R. Taylor.

A city in Williamson County, Texas; named for railroad official Edward Moses Taylor.


Parsons

An occupational surname for a child or a servant of a parson.
* In the United States adopted by bearers of one or more similar sounding Jewish surnames, and of the Swedish surnames Pärsson and Persson.

A city, the county seat of Tucker County, West Virginia.


Charlotte

From French Charlotte in the 17th century, a female diminutive form of Charles, from Middle High German Karl, which came from the Germanic *karlaz. The civil parish is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1744-1818). Coined by British-Dutch surveyor Samuel Holland.

coin

A city, the county seat of Eaton County, Michigan, United States.

Mecklenburg County
Mecklenburg County#English

The largest city in North Carolina, United States and the county seat of Mecklenburg County.


Clark

Clarke (alternative)
Clerk (alternative)
Clerke (alternative)

From Old English clerc (“clergyman; learned man”), whence also clerk.

der

A minor city in Randolph County, Missouri; named for Confederate general John Bullock Clark Jr..

A city, the county seat of Clark County, South Dakota.


Lawrence

en-proper noun

Lawrence (countable and uncountable, plural Lawrences)

Lawrences (plural)
Lieurance (alternative)

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas.

A city in Massachusetts, and one of the two county seats of Essex County.


Vatican

→ Japanese: バチカン (Bachikan)

Learned borrowing from Latin Vātī̆cānus (“Vatican Hill”), further etymology unknown. The connection to vāticinārī (“to prophesy, oracle”) is folk-etymological.

lbor

A city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.


Davis

en-prop

Davis (countable and uncountable, plural Davises)

A city in Yolo County, California; named for agriculturalist Jerome C. Davis.

A city in Garvin County and Murray County, Oklahoma; named for early settler Samuel H. Davis.


Allen

en-proper noun

Allen (countable and uncountable, plural Allens)

Allens (plural)
Alan (alternative)
Allan (alternative)
Alen (alternative)

A city in Río Negro province, Argentina.


Bruce

From a Norman place name, Brix, of disputed meaning.

Brookings County
Brookings County#English

A minor city in Brookings County, South Dakota.


Roy

en-prop

Roy (countable and uncountable, plural Roys)

→ French: Roy

→ Norwegian: Roy

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Roy

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Roy

→ Swedish: Roy

From various sources:
* Anglo-Norman roy (“king”) a variant of Old French roi, from Latin rēx, rēgem from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”). Doublet of Rey.
* Scottish Gaelic ruadh (“red, red-haired”) from Old Irish rúad, from Proto-Celtic *roudos from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-.
* Anglicisation of Bengali রায় (raẏ, surname).

der

A placename
A city in Utah, United States.


Harvey

en-prop

Harvey (countable and uncountable, plural Harveys)

From Haerviu, name of a Breton saint, from Old Breton hoiarn (“iron”) + viu (“blazing”). Cognate with modern Breton Haerviu.
In Ireland, used as an anglicisation of Irish Ó hAirmheadhaigh and Ó hEarchaidh.
The civil parish in New Brunswick is probably named in honour of British colonial administrator John Harvey (1778 - 1852).


Miami

Miami
Miami (disambiguation)
en:Lake Okeechobee
en:Mayaimi
en:Miami River (Florida)

From Mayaimi, one of only ten words recorded from the language of the now-extinct Mayaimi people, meaning "big water", referring to the large lake on whose shores they lived, alternately called Lake Miami, Lake Mayimi, Lake Maymi, Lake Maimi; now called Lake Okeechobee. The Florida city is named for the Miami River. The river is named for its source, Lake Miami.

Miami-Dade County
Miami-Dade County#English

A city, the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida.

A city, the county seat of Ottawa County, Oklahoma.

A small city, the county seat of Roberts County, Texas.


Baltimore

/ˈbɔːltɪmɔː/

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Named after Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. "Baltimore" itself is an anglicization of Irish baile an tí mhóir, "settlement of the big house."

Note the presence in the foreground of the fronds of ailanthus, often called “ghetto palm,” now ubiquitous in Baltimore but apparently already common in the 1930s.

An independent city in central Maryland, United States.


Hamilton

en-proper noun

Hamilton (countable and uncountable, plural Hamiltons)

Translingual: ℍ

From Old English Hameldūne, from hamel (“blunt, flat-topped”) + dūne (“hill”). The Scottish surname is from the place in Leicestershire.

咸美頓

name of various cities in English-speaking countries

The capital city of Bermuda; named for Henry Hamilton.

A port city in Ontario, Canada; named for founder George Hamilton.

A city in Waikato, North Island, New Zealand; named for Cpt. John Fane Charles Hamilton, a commander in the Tauranga Campaign.

A city, the county seat of Marion County, Alabama; named for Alabama politician Cpt. Albert James Hamilton.

A small city, the county seat of Harris County, Georgia, United States; named for South Carolina Governor Paul Hamilton.

A small city in Hancock County, Illinois; named for early resident Artois Hamilton.

Places in the United States:
A tiny city in Marion County, Iowa.

Greenwood County
Greenwood County#English

A tiny city in Greenwood County, Kansas; named for Alexander Hamilton.

A small city in Caldwell County, Missouri; named for Alexander Hamilton and Joseph Hamilton, a lawyer and military leader.

A small city, the county seat of Ravalli County, Montana; named for railroad official J. W. Hamilton.

A tiny city in Pembina County, North Dakota; named for the city in Ontario.

A city, the county seat of Butler County, Ohio; named for Alexander Hamilton; officially "Hamilton!".

A city, the county seat of Hamilton County, Texas.


Wesley

Several places in England, from Old English west (“west”) + lēah (“wood, clearing”). Equivalent to west + -ley (“lea”).

A minor city and township in Kossuth County, Iowa.


Darlington

/ˈdɑːlɪŋtən/

-ɑː(ɹ)lɪŋtən

From Middle English Dearnington, Derlinton, from Old English Dēornōþingtūn, supposedly “the settlement of Dēornōþ's people”, from an unclear root + -ing + tūn. Compare Old English dīerling. The transistor configuration is named for its inventor, Sidney Darlington.

Darlington County
Darlington County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Darlington County, South Carolina.

Lafayette County
Lafayette County#English

A city, the county seat of Lafayette County, Wisconsin; named for landowner Joshua Darling.


Jaffa

Borrowed from Arabic يَافَا (yāfā), borrowed from Biblical Hebrew יָפוֹ (yāfō), equivalent to Hebrew יָפָה (yafá) "beautiful", related to Akkadian 𒅀𒁍 (yapu) "beautiful".


Jerome

From the Old French vernacular form of the saint's name Hieronymus, from Ancient Greek Ἱερώνυμος (Hierṓnumos). Doublet of Hieronymus.

A city, the county seat of Jerome County, Idaho.


Detroit

/dɪˈt͡ʃɹɔɪt/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Detroit.wav

From French détroit (“strait”) in Rivière du Détroit (Detroit River). Doublet of district, via Latin.

The largest city and former capital of Michigan, United States, a major port on the Detroit River, known as the traditional automotive center of the U.S. It is the county seat of Wayne County.


Stanley

From places in England, Old English stān (“stone”) + lēah (“meadow”). Equivalent to stone + -ley (“lea”).
* The given name has also been used as an anglicisation of Stanisław, Stanislav and related names.
The coastal town in Hong Kong is named after Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby.

named-after

Any of several places, outside England named for persons with the surname:

A town, the capital of the Falkland Islands, also known as Port Stanley.

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English

A tiny city in Buchanan County and Fayette County, Iowa.

A small city, the county seat of Mountrail County, North Dakota.

Mountrail County
Mountrail County#English

A small city in Chippewa County and Clark County, Wisconsin.


Adrian

From Latin Hadrianus (“from the Roman harbor Hadria”) a place name ultimately from Etruscan 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌀 (hatria). Doublet of Hadrian. See Adria.

der

A city in Emanuel County and Johnson County, Georgia.

A city, the county seat of Lenawee County, Michigan.

A city in Nobles County, Minnesota, United States.


Gary

en-prop

Gary (countable and uncountable, plural Garys)

Garys (plural)
Garry (alternative British)

Medieval short form of Germanic compound names beginning with gari/geri ("spear"), such as Gerard, Gerald, or Gerbert. Cognate with the Scottish and Irish Gaelic name Garaidh.
* The last-century popularity of the given name is due to the American actor Gary Cooper (1901–1961), whose stage name was invented by his agent, a native of Gary, Indiana.

Gary, Indiana!
 What a wonderful name
 Named for Elbert Gary of judiciary fame
 Gary, Indiana, as a Shakespeare would say
 Trips along softly on the tongue this way--

1957 December 19, Meredith Willson, “Gary, Indiana”, in The Music Man:

A city in Lake County, Indiana, named after Elbert Henry Gary.

A minor city in Norman County, Minnesota, named after Garrett L. Thorpe.

A minor city in McDowell County, West Virginia, named after Elbert Henry Gary, and incorporated in 1971.


Stewart

en-proper noun

Stewart (countable and uncountable, plural Stewarts)

Stewarts (plural)
Steward (alternative)
Stuart (alternative)

A minor city in McLeod County, Minnesota.


Joshua

/ˈd͡ʒɒʃ(j)ʊə/

From Biblical Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshúa'), perhaps from הוֹשֵׁעַ (Hoshéa') with addition of יהוה (YHWH, “Yahweh”), thus meaning "Yahweh is salvation". See הוֹשִׁיעַ (hoshía', “to save”). By cognate a direct equivalent to Jesus via Latin Iēsūs and Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) from Aramaic יֵשׁוּע (Yēšū́ʿ), akin to Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ (Yeshúa'), a variant of Yehoshúa'. The Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament consistently render the two Hebrew names Yehoshúa' (whence Joshua) and Yeshúa' (whence Jeshua) into Koine Greek as Iēsoûs (whence Jesus).

cog

Aramaic יֵשׁוּע (Yēšū́ʿ)

A city in Johnson County, Texas, United States, named after the biblical Joshua.


Kawasaki

en-proper noun

Kawasaki (countable and uncountable, plural Kawasakis)

Transliteration of Japanese 川崎 (Kawasaki).

translit

A major city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.


Hastings

The placename in England is derived from the Old English tribal name Hæstingas (“Hæsta's people, the family/followers of Hæsta”), which was later transferred to their settlement.
The family name has two possible sources:
* from the place name
* a patronymic surname derived from the Anglo-Norman personal name Hasten(c), Hastang
The later place names in other countries are named either after people with that family name, or after the town of Hastings in England.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Barry County, Michigan.

A city, the county seat of Dakota County, Minnesota, located in Dakota County and Washington County.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A city, the county seat of Adams County, Nebraska.

A place name, including:
A city in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.


Brno

South Moravian Region
w:South Moravian Region

The capital of the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic, and the second-largest city in the Czech Republic.


Alvin

From Old English Ælfwine, made up of ælf (“elf”) + wine (“friend”).

A city in Brazoria County, Texas, named after Santa Fe employee Alvin Morgan.


Westminster

From the abbey of Westminster; from Middle English Westmestre; equivalent to west + minster.

City of Westminster
Westminster (disambiguation)

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

A city in Adams County and Jefferson County, Colorado.

A city, the county seat of Carroll County, Maryland.

A city in Oconee County, South Carolina.


Prince Albert

Doug Malloy
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Queen Victoria

The name for the genital piercing derives from an urban myth, published by Doug Malloy, associating it with Queen Victoria's consort Albert.


Richmond

From Middle English Rychemund, from a name cognate to French Richemont (“town in Normandy”). Equivalent to rich + mound.

A common place name (Richmonds on Wikipedia):

A city on Lulu Island, in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia.

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A sizable port city in Contra Costa County, California.

Contra Costa County
Contra Costa County#English

A city, the county seat of Wayne County, Indiana.

A home rule city, the county seat of Madison County, Kentucky.

A city in Macomb County and St. Clair County, Michigan.

St. Clair County
St. Clair County#English

A small city in Stearns County, Minnesota.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Ray County, Missouri.

A city, the county seat of Fort Bend County, Texas.

Fort Bend County
Fort Bend County#English


Hughes

A minor city in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska.

St. Francis County
St. Francis County#English

A place in the United States:
A city in St. Francis County, Arkansas.


Indianapolis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Idianapolis.wav

From English Indiana + Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis, “city state”), equivalent to Indiana + -polis.

der

The capital city of Indiana, United States and the county seat of Marion County, with which the city is consolidated.


Cheyenne

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cheyenne.wav

Borrowed from French Cheyenne, from Dakota šahíyena, from Dakota šaia (“to speak incoherently”), from Dakota ša (“red”) and Dakota ya (“to speak”).

The capital and largest city of Wyoming, United States and the county seat of Laramie County; named for the people.


Ludlow

en-proper noun

Ludlow (countable and uncountable, plural Ludlows)

Ludlow
Ludlow (disambiguation)
River Teme

From the Old English rivername Hlūde, now the River Teme, + hlǣw (“mountain, hill, mound”).

A number of places in the United States:


Hercules

head

Hercules (plural Herculeses or Hercules or (obsolete) Herculesses or (obsolete) Hercules's)

Herculeses (plural)
Hercules (plural)
Herculesses (obsolete plural)
Hercules's (obsolete plural)

From Latin Herculēs, from Etruscan 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌋𐌄 (hercle), from Ancient Greek Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), apparently cognate of Ἥρα (Hḗra, “Hera”) and, according to Haudry, from Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year, season”) + κλέος (kléos, “glory”).

der

A city in Contra Costa County, California, United States.


Ulysses

From Latin Ulyssēs, a frequent alternative form of Ulixēs (“Odysseus”), influenced by the Ancient Greek Ὀδυσσεύς (Odusseús). Doublet of Odysseus.

A city, the county seat of Grant County, Kansas, United States. Named after Ulysses S. Grant.


Irving

Variant of the Scottish habitational surname Irvine, probably from a Celtic word cognate with Welsh ir, yr (“fresh”) + afon (“river”).

A city in Dallas County, Texas, possibly named after Washington Irving.


Effie

From Euphemia + -ie (diminutive form), or, very rarely, from modern Greek Eftychia or Euthemia (diminutive form).

A city in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States.


Guilin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 桂林 (Guìlín, “Laurel Forest”), with particular reference to the area's Cinnamomum cassia.

Kuei-lin (alternative)
Kweilin (alternative)

In early May, advance elements of Li Zong-ren’s Seventh Army of the Northern Expeditionary Force advanced from Guilin, securing Tang’s flanks and boosting his soldiers’ morale.

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Elites and the Mass Movement, 1926”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 235:

In 1945, Tom was sent into remote Kueilin, Kwangsi Province where primitive conditions necessitated bathing in a small round bamboo tub just big enough to hold him.

[2001, Nancy Y.W. Tom, “World War II”, in Fred Tom, son of Hawaiʻi, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside. After Guilin, we made a stop in Hong Kong to see Tung Chee-hwa, the chief executive chosen by the Chinese after the British left.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 436–437:

The West River was formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Hsun, which led further west to Kuanghsi’s new provincial capital of Nanning, and the Lichiang (or Kueichiang), which led north to the province’s old capital of Kueilin. Summer rains lifted the level of both rivers by as much as twenty meters, and summer was the only time of the year that Kueilin could be reached by boat.

[2015, Bill Porter, “Wuchou [梧州]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:

A city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China.


Sunderland

From sunder + -land (see Wikipedia article for further etymological information).

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear.


Sanya

zh-l

三亞／三亚 (Sānyà)

About forty bombers and fighters were based at the Hoihow Airport and at Sanya in the southern part of the island, both fields built by the Japanese and used in the war to strike at Allied positions in China and Southeast Asia.[...]CAT kept planes at its main base at Sanya on a standby basis for emergency evacuation in case of Communist invasion.

1972, Seymour Topping, “Departure”, in Journey Between Two Chinas, Harper & Row, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 102–103:

In mid-November, the commander of the Hainan Military Sub-district ordered troops stationed at Sanya Bay to join the demonstration.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

One sample question: How will Chinese ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs) based at Sanya, on Hainan Island, reach patrol grounds in the western Pacific should Beijing choose to send them out? To maintain stealth, SSBNs would first have to evade any adversary picket submarines lying offshore. Once in deep water, they would cruise eastward toward the Philippines. In all likelihood Chinese boats would exit through the Luzon Strait, the narrow sea between Taiwan and the Philippine island of Luzon.

2014, James R. Holmes, “Strategic Features of the South China Sea”, in Naval War College Review, volume 67, number 2, page 45:

A resort city, a prefecture-level city on Hainan island, Hainan province, China.


Robinson

en-proper noun

Robinson (countable and uncountable, plural Robinsons)

A placename given to several towns in the United States.

A city, the county seat of Crawford County, Illinois.

A minor city in Kidder County, North Dakota.


Wayne

An occupational surname for a cartwright, Old English wægen (“wagon”).

A city, the county seat of Wayne County, Nebraska, United States.


Köln

Borrowed from German Köln. Doublet of Cologne, Colonia, and colony.

Class A., for instance, comprised the English spies. They were to go to Köln.

1915, E. St. Clair Storbart, “Within the Enemy's Lands”, in The Fortnighty, volume 103, page 680:

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

(rare) Synonym of Cologne, the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany.


Gregory

Gregory (countable and uncountable, plural Gregorys)

→ French: Grégory

→ Hawaiian: Kelekolio

→ Maori: Kerekori

/ˈɡɹɛɡ(ə)ɹi/

Via Latin Grēgorius, from post-classical Ancient Greek Γρηγόριος (Grēgórios, “watchful, vigilant”), from Ancient Greek ἐγείρω (egeírō, “awaken, arouse”).

der

A city in Gregory County, South Dakota, United States.

San Patricio County
San Patricio County#English

A city in San Patricio County, Texas, United States.


Eugene

Borrowed from French Eugène, from Latin Eugenius, from Ancient Greek Εὐγένιος (Eugénios, “well born”), from εὖ (eû, “good, well”) + -γενής (-genḗs, “born a certain way”). Parallel to eugenics. Doublet of Yevgeny, Eugenius, and Owen.

suf

A city, the county seat of Lane County, Oregon, United States.


Napoleon

From French Napoléon, from Italian Napoleone, name of an early saint, of uncertain origin; possibly from the Germanic clan name Nibelung. By folk etymology explained as Napoli (“Naples”) + leone (“lion”).

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Logan County, North Dakota.

A city, the county seat of Henry County, Ohio.


Venezia

From Italian Venezia. Doublet of Venetia and Venice.

But it would have been so nice to have a private income, and to be able sometimes to go to Venezia, Firenze, Roma, those places with the beautiful names.

1896, W[alter] D[elaplaine] Scull, “Mrs. Platt”, in The Garden of the Matchboxes and Other Stories, London: Elkin Mathews, page 94:

When you plan your first visit to Italy, you will likely put Roma, Firenze, and Venezia at the top of your list, perhaps adding Milano and Napoli as well. These destinations make sense because they are all world-class cities with great history, art, architecture, culture, and food.

1996, Fred Plotkin, “Introduction: Garibaldi with a Fork”, in Italy for the Gourmet Traveler, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 5:

“[…] The only thing I really want to see is Venice. That is the place where they have the gondolas, right?” / “Right,” Marcos said. “That is where I live. Venezia.” […] “Do you have water right outside your front door and ride around in gondolas?” Katie asked. / “Of course. Venezia is built on more than a hundred islands. Nearly everyone has water outside the front door. My father owns a jewelry store near the Piazza San Marcos. Carlo Savini Jewelers. If you go to Venezia, you must go to his store.[…]”

2000, Robin Jones Gunn, chapter 6, in Until Tomorrow, Minneapolis, Minn.: Bethany House Publishers, →ISBN, pages 65–66:

By mid-morning, a squall came whipping up the Adriatic, the sea churning and frothing as it swept into the lagoon, stirring up the canals that made Venezia famous; […]

2014 December, Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, chapter 2, in Sustenance: A Novel of the Count Saint-Germain, New York, N.Y.: Tor, →ISBN, page 40:

Synonym of Venice (“the capital city of Veneto, Italy”).


Peking

Abraham Ortelius
Atlas Maior
Chinese Imperial Post
De Bello Tartarico Historia
Francis Xavier
Joan Blaeu
Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Martino Martini
Novus Atlas Sinensis
Peter Heylyn
Postal Romanization
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

c. 1655 romanization of the Nanking court dialect Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The early Portuguese and Jesuits such as Francis Xavier used the spelling Paquim; Abraham Ortelius used C. Paquin for his 1572 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas; Italian Jesuit Martino Martini used Peking in his 1654 Latin De Bello Tartarico Historia and 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis, which were quickly translated into English and later used by Joan Blaeu for his 1665 Atlas Maior. Peter Heylyn's Cosmographie changed its spelling from Paquin in the 1652 edition to Peking in the 1658 edition, but both Pekin and Peking were used interchangeably in English until the Chinese Imperial Post adopted Peking as its official transcription in the 1890s.

Pachin (alternative)
Paquin (alternative)
Pekin (alternative)
Pequin (alternative)

The Emperour hearing of the ill ſucceſſe of this Affairs, began to think of leaving the Northern parts, where his Royal City of Peking is ſituated, and to paſſe to Nankuing which is far more Southward; but he was diſſwaded from this intended courſe as well by his loyal, as diſloyal ſubjec͡ts : by theſe, that they might give him up more ſpeedily into the enemies hands, before their treachery was diſcovered; and by the others, leſt his flight might trouble the Kingdome more, and diſcourage all his Subjec͡ts from giving their beſt aſſiſtance; for they thought the City impregnable, being fortified with ſo ſtrong a Garriſon; nor did they doubt that the Kings preſence would draw the ſources of the whole Kingdom to him.

1655, The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, page 273:

This is not a time for a long speech but, I would not want this opportunity to pass without saying just a word with regard to the significance of this moment. Some of you may recall that it was two and a half years ago that right here in Guam, I announced a new direction for American foreign policy based on the principles of self-reliance, self-respect- equal dignity for all nations, large and small throughout the world. And tomorrow, I will take off from Guam for Shanghai and Peking, the first President of the United States ever to visit China. Guam, I know it is said, is where the American day begins. And I would hope that all of you today would join me in this prayer, that with this trip to China, a new day may begin for the whole world. Thank you very much.

1972 February 20, President Richard Nixon, 15:48 from the start, in Nixon in China (The Film), Agana, Guam: Richard Nixon Presidential Library:

The noise of gunfire rose from all over the center of Peking. It was unremitting.

1989 June 4, Kate Adie, 0:02 from the start, in Archive: Chinese troops fire on protesters in Tiananmen Square - BBC News, Peking: BBC News, published 2014:

Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.

2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29, Opinion:

Dated form of Beijing, a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.


Pisgah

From Biblical Hebrew פסגּה (Piṣgāh), a name for the peak of Mount Nebo, meaning literally “top of a mountain; summit”.


Arnold

From a French version of a Germanic name, from Proto-Germanic *arô (“eagle”) + *waldą (“power”). For the first part of the word doublet of erne, ornis, and ornitho-.
Compare the Latin male given name and cognomen Aquila, and female given name Aquilīna (whence Russian Акули́на (Akulína)), related to aquila (whence eagle).

Westmoreland County
Westmoreland County#English

A city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.


Raymond

en-proper noun

Raymond (countable and uncountable, plural Raymonds)

From Old French Raimund, from Frankish *Raginmund, from Proto-Germanic *Raginamunduz, composed of *raginą (“advice”) + *mundō (“protection”). Compare the first element in Reginald, Reynold, Ronald; the second element can be found in cognates Edmund, Sigmund, Osmond.

af

Black Hawk County
Black Hawk County#English

A minor city in Black Hawk County, Iowa.

Kandiyohi County
Kandiyohi County#English

A minor city in Kandiyohi County, Minnesota.

A city in Mississippi, and one of the two county seats of Hinds County.


Claude

en-proper noun

Claude (countable and uncountable, plural Claudes)

Roman family name Claudius, from Latin claudus (“lame”).

Armstrong County
Armstrong County#English

A city, the county seat of Armstrong County, Texas, United States.


Allison

en-prop

Allison (countable and uncountable, plural Allisons)

Allisons (plural)
Alison (alternative)
Alyson (alternative)
Allyson (alternative)

From a Middle English diminutive form of Alan, Alexander or Alice + -son.

A small city, the county seat of Butler County, Iowa.


Lisburn

From Irish lios + English burn (The fort on the river).

administrative region
administrative region

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

A city and administrative region mainly in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.


Tallahassee

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Tallahassee.wav

Borrowed from Creek tvlvhasse, pronounced [talaháːssi], from etvlw (“town”) + vhassē (“old”). Compare Tulsa, from the same or a similar term.

The capital city of Florida, United States and the county seat of Leon County.


Brooklyn

→⇒ Latin: brooklynensis

/ˈbɹʷʊk.ɫɪn/

[ˈbɹ̠ʷʊ̠kɫ̪ɪ̈n]

From Dutch Breukelen, from broek (“wetland, marsh”).

A small city Poweshiek County Iowa, United States.

A city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States.


Peterborough

From Peter + borough, referring to Saint Peter the Apostle. Doublet of Petersburg.

A cathedral city, unitary authority, and borough of Cambridgeshire, England.

Peterborough County
Peterborough County#English

An independent city, the county seat of Peterborough County, Southern Ontario, Canada, named in honour of Peter Robinson.


Aba

The largest city in Abia State, Nigeria.


Acre

Borrowed from French and Latin Acre, from Ancient Greek Ἄκο (Áko) or Ἄκη (Ákē), from Hebrew עכו (ʿAkko), of unknown origin.

A port city in northern Israel, holiest city in the Baháʼí Faith.


Ada

Short form of Germanic names beginning with adal (“noble”), such as Adelaide. Also Latinized form of Hebrew Adah. The programming language takes its name from Ada Lovelace.

A city, the county seat of Norman County, Minnesota, United States

A city, the county seat of Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, United States.


Adel

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *aþalaz. The female name is a rare variant of Adele. The surname is borrowed from German Adel.

A city, the county seat of Cook County, Georgia, United States.

A city, the county seat of Dallas County, Iowa, United States.


Aden

Borrowed from Arabic عَدَن (ʕadan), probably from Akkadian 𒂊𒁲𒉡 (idīnum, “plain, lowland; wilds, steppes; land naturally irrigated, untouched fertile land”), from Sumerian 𒂔 (eden, “plain, open country”).

der

A port city, the largest city in Yemen; the former capital of South Yemen.


Agenda

A city and village in Kansas, United States.


Alamo

Borrowed from Spanish álamo (“cottonwood tree”).

Alternative spelling of Álamo (“A city in Veracruz, Mexico”)

A city, the county seat of Wheeler County, Georgia, United States.


Alma

Usually explained as Latin alma (“nourishing, kind”). It has also been used as a short form of Germanic compound names beginning with the element Amal-, as in Amelia.

Places in the United States:
A city in Crawford County, Arkansas.

A city, the county seat of Bacon County, Georgia.

Wabaunsee County
Wabaunsee County#English

A small city, the county seat of Wabaunsee County, Kansas.

Places in the United States:
A city in Gratiot County, Michigan.

Lafayette County
Lafayette County#English

A small city in Lafayette County, Missouri.

A small city, the county seat of Harlan County, Nebraska.

A small city, the county seat of Buffalo County, Wisconsin.


Alpha

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Alpha.wav

A city and village in Minnesota, United States


Alpine

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Brewster County, Texas, United States.

A city in Utah County, Utah, United States.


Altus

A city, the county seat of Jackson County, in southwest Oklahoma, United States.


Amber

From a form of the Hindi आसमान (āsmān, “the heavens”).

A city in Rajasthan, India, also known as Amer.


Ana

Ana Island and a strip of flat land below the steep banks bordering the Euphrates, some 350 km (220 miles) due east of Palmyra, were occupied for millennia by the buildings of a succession of important settlements...

2012, David Kennedy et al., Rome's Desert Frontier from the Air, page 114:

Alternative spelling of Anah, a city in Anbar, Iraq.


Anna

→ Chinese: 安娜 (Ānnà)

From Late Latin Anna both directly and via numerous other languages, chiefly in reference to St Anne the apocryphal mother of Mary mother of Jesus but appearing in the Vulgate in reference to Anne the Prophetess, from Koine Greek Ἄννα (Ánna) in the New Testament, from Hebrew חַנָּה (Ḥannâ, “Hannah”), from חַנָּה (ḥannâ, “grace, gracious, graced with child”). As a city in Illinois, named for Anna Davie, wife of one of the initial settlers. Doublet of Ann, Anne, Ana, and Hannah.


Anna

(obsolete) Alternative spelling of Anah, a city in Anbar, Iraq.


Archer

A city in Alachua County, Florida, named after James T. Archer.

A minor city in O'Brien County, Iowa, named after townsite owner John Archer.


Asti

A comune, the capital of Asti province, Piedmont, Italy.


Aurora

/ʔaʊ̯ˈɾo.ɾɐ/

Aurora (disambiguation)
Gérard de Lairesse
Manuel Quezon

Ultimately from Latin Aurōra. The Philippine placenames were named after First Lady Aurora Quezon, the wife of Pres. Manuel Quezon, the 2nd president of the Philippines.

“Based on our initial investigative work, we believe reports of TdA influence in Aurora are isolated, police said in an August 28 statement.

2024 September 11, Caitlin Stephen Hu, Rafael Romo and Belisa Morillo, “How an empty apartment complex in Colorado became a national battleground over immigration”, in CNN:

A city in Colorado; named for the goddess.

A city mainly in DuPage County and Kane County, Illinois, and suburb of Chicago; named for the goddess.

A city in Indiana; named for the goddess.

A city in Iowa; named for the village of East Aurora, New York.

A city in Kansas; named for the city in Illinois.

Saint Louis County
Saint Louis County#English

A city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota.

A city in Missouri; named for the goddess.

A city, the county seat of Hamilton County, Nebraska; named for the city in Illinois.

A locale in the United States:
A city in Ohio.

A city in Oregon; named for the daughter of the founder, Prussian-American mystic William Keil.

A locale in the United States:
A city in Texas.

A city in Utah; named for the aurora borealis seen in the area.


Aztec

From Spanish azteca, from Classical Nahuatl aztēcah, plural of aztēcatl (“inhabitant of Aztlán”).

A city, the county seat of San Juan County, New Mexico, United States.


Bailey

Bailie (alternative)
Baily (alternative)
Bayly (alternative)
Bayley (alternative)
Bailee (alternative)
Baylee (alternative)

A number of places in the United States:


Baker

East Baton Rouge Parish
East Baton Rouge Parish#English

A city in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana.

A city, the county seat of Fallon County, Montana.


Barca

From Latin Barca, from Punic 𐤁𐤓𐤒 (Baraq), from Phoenician 𐤁𐤓𐤒 (baraq, “lightning”), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *baraḳ-.

Hamilcar Barca; Hannibal Barca

A surname from Punic, particularly (historical) a dynasty of Carthaginian leaders.


Barca

From Latin Barca, from Ancient Greek Βάρκη (Bárkē), from the local tribe of the Barraci.

(historical) Former name of Marj, a city in Libya.


Barca

2000 April 19, BBC Online, "Football News":

There's only one Barca

Chelsea and Barca clash once again

Giovani committed to Barca

association football
association football

(informal, soccer) FC Barcelona, a prominent Spanish association football club.


Bari

Borrowed from Italian Bari, ultimately from Latin Barium.

The city and port which is the capital of that region, and of Apulia.


Bath

From Middle English Bathe, from Old English Baþan, from the dative case of bæþ.

Bath and North East Somerset
Bath and North East Somerset#English

A city in Bath and North East Somerset district, Somerset, England, famous for its baths fed by a hot spring.

Sagadahoc County
Sagadahoc County#English

A city, the county seat of Sagadahoc County, Maine; named for the city in England.


Beaver

en-proper noun

Beaver (countable and uncountable, plural Beavers)

* As an English surname, capitalization of beaver. This sense is also translated from several Native American names such as Cheyenne homa'e and Creek Echaswvlke of the same meaning. Doublet of Bieber and Bever.
* Also as an English surname, from the placename Belvoir in Leicestershire.

A minor city in Amaqua Township, Boone County, Iowa.

A city, the county seat of Beaver County, Utah.


Bell

Bell (countable and uncountable, plural Bells)

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

A city in Los Angeles County, California.


Ben

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari#English

The capital city of Ben County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran.


Benedict

Benedict (countable and uncountable, plural Benedicts)

Benedicts (plural)
Bene't (alternative obsolete)

From Saint Benedict, founder of the Benedictine Order, from Late Latin benedictus (“blessed, well spoken of”), from Latin benedīcō (“I bless, I speak well of”). Doublet of Bennett, Benoit, and Benito.

der

A minor city in Wilson County, Kansas, United States, named after S. S. Benedict.

A city and village in North Dakota, United States.


Benjamin

en-proper noun

Benjamin (countable and uncountable, plural Benjamins)

From Late Latin Benjamin, from Ancient Greek Βενιαμίν (Beniamín), from Biblical Hebrew בִּנְיָמִין (binyamīn, literally “son of the right/south or son of days”). Authorities differ on the meaning of the original Hebrew. Philo of Alexandria, the Samaritan Pentateuch The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs and Midrash Leḳaḥ-Ṭob understand יָמִין to mean "days" (a meaning attested in Daniel 12:13) understanding the name to mean "son of days (i.e. old age)" (compare to the direct translations into Arabic بِنْ يَومِين (bin yawmīn) "son of the days" and Arabic بِنْ يَمِين (bin yamīn) "son of the right hand"), a formula paraphrased in Genesis 40:22 where Benjamin is described as a child of Jacob's old age. Rashi in his commentary on Genesis also gives this as a possible meaning but favors an understanding of יָמִין to mean "right" in the sense of "the south", noting that Benjamin was the only son of Jacob born in the south. Jerome understood the name to mean "son of the right hand" and Gesenius speculated that this expression might have meant "son of good fortune".

cog

بِنْ يَومِين

Arabic بِنْ يَومِين

A small city, the county seat of Knox County, Texas, United States.


Bergen

From Norwegian Bergen, from Old Norse Bjǫrgvin (“meadow between the mountains”).

der

Bergen, in Vestland county, is Norway's second-largest city.

A port city, municipality, and former county of the county of Vestland, Norway, formerly part of the county of Hordaland.


Bliss

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Bliss.wav

A place in the United States:
A minor city in Gooding County, Idaho.


Blunt

en-prop

Blunt (countable and uncountable, plural Blunts)

Two possible origins:
* From Anglo-Norman blunt (“blond”), a nickname for someone with fair hair or a light complexion.
* From Middle English blunt (“dull, stupid”), a nickname for a stupid person.

A minor city in Hughes County, South Dakota, United States.


Boo

A community in Nacka, Stockholm, central Sweden.


Brewer

Penobscot County
Penobscot County#English

A city in Penobscot County, Maine, United States.


Browning

From Old English Brūning, a patronymic for a person nicknamed Brūn (“brown”) (see Brown).
For the first half-century of their manufacturer, the majority of semi-automatic handguns in Europe were designed by John M. Browning.

A number of places in the United States:

A minor city in Linn County and Sullivan County, Missouri.


Buffalo

*(North America): Probably from buffalo (“American bison”) (Bison bison), since both cities are in regions that had wild herds at the time the names originated. Buffalo, New York was named after the Buffalo River, which an alternative etymology says is from French beau fleuve (“beautiful river”), but the more likely explanation is that it was named for the animal.
*(South Africa): From buffalo (Syncerus caffer), subsp. Cape buffalo commonly found in the region.

A major city, the county seat of Erie County, New York, USA; very near Niagara Falls.

A number of other places in the United States, including:

A city, the county seat of Wright County, Minnesota.

A city, the county seat of Dallas County, Missouri.

A city, the county seat of Johnson County, Wyoming.


Burke

en-proper noun

Burke (countable and uncountable, plural Burkes)

Burkes (plural)
de Burgh (alternative)
Burgh (alternative)
Bourke (alternative)
Burgo (alternative)
de Burgo (alternative)
de Búrca (alternative)
Bourke (alternative)

From an Anglo-Norman pronunciation of burg.

A small city, the county seat of Gregory County, South Dakota.


Butler

Butler (countable and uncountable, plural Butlers)

Butler (surname)
en:Butler (disambiguation)

* (English surname): From Middle English Butler.
* (Anglicized surname): From French Boutilier, Boutillier, Bouthillier.
* (placename): From the surname

der

United States of America
United States of America

A location in the United States of America:

A small city, the county seat of Taylor County, Georgia.

Pendleton County
Pendleton County#English

A home rule city in Pendleton County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Bates County, Missouri.

A city, the county seat of Butler County, Pennsylvania.


Camilla

en-proper noun

Camilla (countable and uncountable, plural Camillas)

From Latin Camilla, feminine form of old Roman family name Camillus, of obscure and probably non-Latin origin.

A city, the county seat of Mitchell County, Georgia, United States.


Canton

The town in Oklahoma was named for a nearby cantonment.

A city, the county seat of Cherokee County, Georgia.

Several places in the United States:
A city in Fulton County, Illinois.

McPherson County
McPherson County#English

A small city in McPherson County, Kansas; named for the city in Ohio.

A tiny city in Fillmore County, Minnesota; named for the city in Ohio.

A city, the county seat of Madison County, Mississippi.

A small city in Lewis County, Missouri; named for the city in Ohio.

A city, the county seat of Stark County, Ohio.

A city, the county seat of Lincoln County, South Dakota.

Van Zandt County
Van Zandt County#English

A city, the county seat of Van Zandt County, Texas.


Canyon

A city, the county seat of Randall County, Texas, United States.


Caro

Variant form of Cairo, the Egyptian city.

A city, the county seat of Tuscola County, Michigan, United States.


Cashmere

Borrowed from Hindustani कश्मीर / کشمیر (kaśmīr, “Kashmir”), from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).


Cedar

From cedar, because of the abundant local trees.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cedar.wav

A number of places in the United States:


Centre

A city, the county seat of Cherokee County, Alabama.


Chase

Chase (countable and uncountable, plural Chases)

en:Chase
en:Chase (surname)
en:Chase#Places


Cocoa

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cocoa.wav

A city in Brevard County, Florida, United States.


Concord

A city in Contra Costa County, California.

Contra Costa County
Contra Costa County#English

The capital city of New Hampshire, United States, and the county seat of Merrimack County.

Merrimack County
Merrimack County#English

A city, the county seat of Cabarrus County, North Carolina.


Cook

Cook (countable and uncountable, plural Cooks)

Cooks (plural)
Cooke (alternative)
Coke (alternative)

Audio (US)

Audio (AU)

some speakers from Northern England and Ireland

cuck (most accents without the foot-strut split)

A city in Minnesota; named for railroad official Wirth Cook.


Cork

From Irish Corcaigh (“bog, marsh, swamp”).

The principal city of County Cork, Ireland.


Dean

Dean (countable and uncountable, plural Deans)

The surname or given name is of multiple origins, depending on context:
* As an English surname, from Middle English dene (“valley”).
* Also as an English surname, from the noun dean. Cognate to Deacon.
* Also as an English surname, from the personal name Deyne, a rhyming form of Reynald (see Reginald).
* As an Irish surname, variant of Deane.
* As a Scottish surname, from Dean Castle in Kilmarnock, itself from the noun meaning valley.
* Old English Dene (“Dane, Norseman”)
* Hebrew דין (“law, judgment”) and Arabic دين (“way of life, creed”)


Delft

A city in South Holland, Netherlands known for its production of blue and white pottery.


Delgado

A city in San Salvador department, El Salvador


Delta

A city and home rule municipality, the county seat of Delta County, Colorado.

Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau County#English

A city in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri.


Diamond

Diamond (disambiguation)#Places
Diamond (surname)

A minor city in Newton County, Missouri.


Dickens

From Dicken, a medieval diminutive form of Dick + the patronymic suffix -s.

A small city, the county seat of Dickens County, Texas, United States.


Dickey

Dickie (alternative)
Dicky (alternative)

A small city in LaMoure County, North Dakota.


Dodge

Dodge (countable and uncountable, plural Dodges)

From a Middle English diminutive form of Roger.

A placename
A city and village in North Dakota.


Donna

A 19th-century invention from the Italian noun donna; also interpreted as a feminine form of Donald.

A city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States, named after postmistress Donna Fletcher.


Drake

* As an English surname, from both senses of the noun drake meaning "male duck" and "dragon."
* As a German surname, from Low German drake (“dragon”), related to the above.
* As a Dutch surname, Americanized/West Flemish variant of Draak, also related to the above.

A city in North Dakota; named for early settler Herman Drake.


Drama

East Macedonia and Thrace
East Macedonia and Thrace#English

A city, a municipality, a regional unit of the East Macedonia and Thrace region, in north-eastern Greece.


Drew

Sunflower County
Sunflower County#English

A city in Sunflower County, Mississippi, named after Miss Drew Daniel.


Dryden

From Old English drȳġe (“dry”) + denu (“valley”).

A city in Ontario, Canada; named for Canadian farmer and politician John Dryden.


Eagle

* As an English surname, from the noun eagle.
* As an English surname of Norman origin, from L'Aigle in Orne, first attested in 1055 and from Latin aquila, itself meaning "eagle."
* Also translated from names in other languages meaning "eagle," such as German Adler, Polish Orzeł, Orzel, Slovene Orel, Lakota waŋbli (compare Eagleman, Redeagle, Whiteeagle).
* The name of the English village is believed to be from Old English āc (“oak”) + lēah: compare with Acle.

A number of places in the United States:


Echo

60 Echo
Alexandre Cabanel
Echo (disambiguation)#Places
Echo (mythology)

Yellow Medicine County
Yellow Medicine County#English

A township and minor city therein, in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota.

A minor city in Umatilla County, Oregon.


Edo

From Japanese 江戸 (えど, Edo, literally “cove entrance”).

bor

Jeddo (alternative)
Yeddo (alternative)
Yedo (alternative)
Jendo (alternative)
Yendo (alternative)

(historical) The former name of Tokyo, the capital city of Japan.


Elma

A 19th-century creation, usually explained as a form of Wilhelmina or Italian Guglielma. It has also been recorded as a blend of Elizabeth and Mary.


Erin

Anglicisation of Irish Éirinn (dative singular and dialectal nominative singular of Éire (“Ireland”)).

dative singular and dialectal nominative singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">Éire</i> (“Ireland”)

Erin (disambiguation)
Thomas Buchanan Read

A locale in North America; named in honor of Ireland.

A city, the county seat of Houston County, Tennessee.


Essen

From the German city and surname, often confused with essen (“eating”), but this is not related. The city's oldest name, Astnide, could be related to Old High German asc (“ash tree”). The surname is from the city.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

A major industrial city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany.


Faith

en-proper noun

Faith (countable and uncountable, plural Faiths)


Faro

From Portuguese Faro, from Old Galician-Portuguese Faaron.


Fier

Borrowed from Albanian Fier, from fier (“fern”). Alternatively borrowed from Italian fiera (“trade fair”) due to the arrival of Venetian merchants during the Renaissance.

A city and municipality in southwestern Albania, located east of the Adriatic Sea on the river Gjanica, just south of its confluence with the river Seman; it is the seat of its eponymous county and municipality.


Fife

Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic Fìobha, said to date back to the eponym Fib, one of the seven sons of the legendary Pictish king Cruithne. Possibly related to the Uip attested in the Pictish kings lists, in turn possibly related to the Latin Vepogenus, in which the first element is the Proto-Brythonic predecessor of Welsh gwep (“face”).

A city in Pierce County, Washington, possibly named after William J. Fife.


Finger

English, German, and Jewish surname, from the noun finger.


Flint

Remember that so many of us click on links to CashApps, Venmos, PayPals, etc. to donate to bail funds, Flint Water reliefs, the next Ferguson, and the like without any thought of integrating ourselves into collective action?

2024, Too Black, Rasul A. Mowatt, “Conclusion”, in Laundering Black Rage: The Washing of Black Death, People, Property, and Profits, New York, N.Y.; Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, →DOI, →ISBN:

A city, the county seat of Genesee County, Michigan, United States.


Flora

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Flora.wav

From Latin Flōra (Roman goddess of flowers).


Ford

Ford (countable and uncountable, plural Fords)

Ford (disambiguation)#People
Ford (disambiguation)#Places

A placename:
A number of places in the USA:
A small city in Ford County, Kansas.


Fossil

From the standard noun fossil, because of fossil finds in the area.

A small city, the county seat of Wheeler County, Oregon, United States.


Fowler

From fowler. The medical term is named after Dr. George Ryerson Fowler, the German surgeon developer of the position.


Friend

English surname, from the noun friend, or adaptations of it in other languages such as German Freund, Dutch Vriend, Slovene Prijatelj.

A minor city in Saline County, Nebraska, named after Charles E. Friend.


Frost

en-prop

Frost (countable and uncountable, plural Frosts)

Faribault County
Faribault County#English

A minor city in Faribault County, Minnesota.


Garland

Garland (countable and uncountable, plural Garlands)

English surname, from the noun garland. Also derived from Garland in Devon, from an ancestor of the noun gore (“triangular piece of land”) + land.

A number of places in the United States, named for persons with the surname:

Box Elder County
Box Elder County#English


Gasconade

Gasconade County
Gasconade County#English

A small city in Gasconade County, Missouri, United States, named after the Gasconade River.


Grace

en-proper noun

Grace (countable and uncountable, plural Graces)

From the noun grace, first used by Puritans in the 16th century. In Roman Catholic use it may refer to Our Lady of Graces, cognate with Italian Grazia.

A placename in the United States:
A minor city in Caribou County, Idaho.


Granada

/ɡɹəˈnɑː.də/

From Spanish Granada, from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (ḡarnāṭa), originally the name of a medieval suburb that was incorporated into the city. Doublet of Grenada.

der

Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (ḡarnāṭa)

A minor city in Martin County, Minnesota.


Grant

en-proper noun

Grant (countable and uncountable, plural Grants)

From Scottish Gaelic Grannd, from Anglo-Norman graunt (“big, large”), from Old French grant, from Latin grandis. Doublet of grand.

Montgomery County
Montgomery County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A small city in Montgomery County, Iowa.

A small city in Newaygo County, Michigan.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A small city, the county seat of Perkins County, Nebraska.


Gray

Gray (surname)
Gray, Haute-Saône
Graye-sur-Mer
Grey (disambiguation)

* As an English, Irish, Scottish, and Norman surname, from the placename Graye-sur-Mer in Calvados, from Late Latin Graecus (“Greek”).
* Also as an English surname, from the adjective gray. Compare the Irish calque McGreevy.
* As a French surname, from Gray, Haute-Saône in France, from the personal name Gradus, a Gallo-Roman/Celtic pronunciation of Gratus, from the name Gratius.

A city, the county seat of Jones County, Georgia.


Green

Green (countable and uncountable, plural Greens)

Greens (plural)
Greene (alternative)
Grene (alternative)

English surname, a topographic name for someone who either lived near a village green, or was just fond of the colour. This name is also translated from other surnames, such as German Grün and Gruen, Dutch Groen, Irish Ó huainí (from uaine, see Honan), etc. The Irish surname was also erroneously translated from Ó Fathaidh, Ó Fathaigh, from faithche (“lawn”).

A city in Summit County, Ohio, formerly a township.


Griffin

A city, the county seat of Spalding County, Georgia, named for landowner Col. Lewis Lawrence Griffin.


Grove

* As an English surname, from the noun grove.
* As a French surname, Americanized from Le Groux, Le Greux, reduced from Gréoul, of Germanic origin, from *grēduz (“hunger”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).
* As a north German surname, from the Low German noun Graf (“ditch, grave”) (see grave). Also a Dutch and Low German form of Grub.
* As a German surname, variant of Graf.

A place in the United States:
A city in Delaware County, Oklahoma.


Guangzhou

/ˈɡwɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Mid 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu, “expansive district [capital]”).

der

GUZ (alternative initialism)
Kuang-chou (alternative)
Kwang-chow (alternative)
Kwangchow (alternative)

The Chinese side of the border, Shumchun, is a long building—a combination reception house, customs office, and dining facility. We were guided down corridors, past dining rooms crowded with businessmen noisily enjoying lunch before the train for Guangzhou pulled out.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

As a result, decisions to clean up the environment are routinely—and inaccurately—described as hurtful to prosperity. For example, in Guangzhou, China, the vice director of the city’s planning agency felt forced to defend a decision to limit automobile traffic as a means of reducing dangerous levels of air pollution by saying, “Of course from the government’s point of view, we give up some growth, but to achieve better health for all citizens, it’s worth it.”

2013, Al Gore, “Outgrowth”, in The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 163–164:

In a post on Chinese social media site Weibo, the woman, who remains unnamed, recounted how subway security in the southern city of Guangzhou had stopped her from travelling because of her heavy eye make-up and dark lipstick.

2019 March 19, Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “China's goths protest after woman told to remove 'distressing' make-up on subway”, in The Guardian:

Ten officials from Guangzhou have been disciplined after thousands of banyan trees, a mainstay of the southern Chinese city’s landscape, were cut down. The decision, announced over the weekend, was likely to have been approved by President Xi Jinping, who made an unusual intervention to signal his displeasure, experts said.
Li Xi, the Communist Party chief in Guangdong, the province in which Guangzhou is located, told state media Sunday that the tree removal “gravely damaged the city’s natural ecological environment” and “hurt the public’s fond memories and feelings.” Li added that local officials should realize that Xi paid significant attention to Guangzhou and recognize the severity of the problem.

2021 December 15, Amy Cheng, “Chinese officials axed for cutting down thousands of trees after Xi Jinping signals disapproval”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-15, Asia:

A major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Gunter

From German Gunther, from Proto-West Germanic *Gunþihari, from Proto-Germanic *Gunþiharjaz.

A city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.


Guy

For places which could be from either etymology above.

A minor city in Faulkner County, Arkansas.


Hale

* As an English surname, Old English dative form of halh (“hollow, nook”).
* Also as an English surname, from Old English hæle (“hero”). Compare Hain.
* As an Irish surname, from mac céile; see McHale.
* As a Jewish surname, variant of Halle.

A minor city in Carroll County, Missouri.


Hamlet

François de Belleforest
Hamlet
Hamlet (disambiguation)#Places
Hamlet (name)
Saxo Grammaticus

From Latin Amlethus, as written by 13th-century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, and borrowed into English by way of François de Belleforest's French Hamlet, originally rendered as Hamblet in English. Ultimately from Old Danish Amlethæ, corresponding to Old Norse Amlóði (“fool”), claimed to be suggestive of the way that Hamlet acts in the play, from ama (“to annoy”).

A city in Richmond County, North Carolina.


Hardy

* As an English, Scottish, and French surname, from Middle English hardy, hardi, from Old French hardi (“hardy, daring, stout, bold”).
* As an Irish surname, via mac giolla deacair (“son of the hard lad”) as a calque of the above.
* Also as a Scottish surname, variant of Hardie.

A minor city in Sharp County and Fulton County, Arkansas.


Hart

* As an English and north/Low German surname, from the noun hart (“stag”).
* As a German surname, variant of Hardt.
* As a Jewish/Yiddish and Dutch surname, from derivatives of *hertā (“heart”), *hard(ī) (“hard”), or *herut (“stag”), or converged senses of them. These senses are also translated from other languages such as French Francoeur, Jolicoeur, Vadeboncoeur, and Native American (Cheyenne) Homa'ehesta, from homa'e (“beaver”) + hesta (“heart”).
* As an Irish surname, from Ó hairt (“descendant of Art”), from the noun art (“bear”). Compare Hartin.

A city, the county seat of Oceana County, Michigan.


Hazel

en-proper noun

Hazel (countable and uncountable, plural Hazels)

Hazels (plural)
Hasell (alternative)
Hazell (alternative)

A minor city in Calloway County, Kentucky.


Hector

From Latin Hectōr or Ancient Greek Ἕκτωρ (Héktōr), from ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”), from ἔχω (ékhō, “to have, hold”), from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold; to overpower”).


Henry

Henrys (plural)
Henries (plural)
Henri (alternative)
Henrie (alternative)

From Middle English Henry, from Old French (and Anglo-Norman) Henri, from Frankish *Haimrik, from Proto-Germanic *Haimarīks. Cognate with German Heinrich, Dutch Hendrik, Estonian Hendrik, and Old Norse Heimríkr (Danish Henrik).

A small city in Marshall County, Illinois; named for Illinois militia officer James D. Henry.


Herne

A city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.


Holt

en-proper noun

Holt (countable and uncountable, plural Holts)

English, Dutch, north German, Norwegian and Danish surname, all from the noun holt (“copse, woodland”).

A number of places in the United States:

A minor city in Marshall County, Minnesota.

A minor city in Clay County and Clinton County, Missouri.


Hope

en-prop

Hope (usually uncountable, plural Hopes)

Nadine f (from Nadia (pet form from Надежда) + -ine)

Hempstead County
Hempstead County#English

A city, the county seat of Hempstead County, Arkansas.

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

A township and minor city therein, in Dickinson County, Kansas.

A minor city in Steele County, North Dakota.


Hull

en-proper noun

Hull (countable and uncountable, plural Hulls)

French: Hull, Hullois, hullois

The town in England is Inherited from Middle English Hull, Hul, Hulle, traditionally derived from Proto-Brythonic *hʉl, from Proto-Celtic *soulos, from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (“to press”); Breeze instead suggests derivation from hula, plural of hulu (“hut”). Chaucer's Hulle (for expected *Hul, *Hule) is presumably a hypersouthernism.
The surname is either from the English town or Middle English hulle, western variant of hylle (“hill”); many other place names are ultimately from the surname.

Any of various places in the United States:


Hunter

Hunter (countable and uncountable, plural Hunters)

A minor city in Mitchell County, Kansas; named for early settler Al Hunter.

A minor city in Cass County, North Dakota; named for local landowner John Hunter.


Hurricane

Hawker Hurricane
Hurricane (disambiguation)#Places
Hurricane, Utah
Hurricane, West Virginia

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Hurricane.wav


Jay

en-prop

Jay (countable and uncountable, plural Jays)

Jays (plural)
Jaye (alternative surname)

A city, the county seat of Delaware County, Oklahoma; named for Jay Washburn, nephew of Cherokee leader Stand Watie.


Jerez

Jerez de la Frontera
Jerez de la Frontera#English

A city in the province of Cádiz, western Andalusia, Spain. Official name: Jerez de la Frontera.


Johnson

en-proper noun

Johnson (countable and uncountable, plural Johnsons)

Johnsons (plural)
Jonson (alternative surname)

⇒ Translingual: johnsoni, johnsonii

A patronymic surname from John + -son, literally “son of John”.
* In the U.S. the name Johnson has been adopted by numerous European immigrant families originally named Johansson, Johnsson, Johansen, Jonsson, etc.
* Doublet of Johansson, Johansen, Jansen, and Hansen.

doublet

A number of places in the United States founded by people with the surname:

Big Stone County
Big Stone County#English

A minor city in Big Stone County, Minnesota.


King

en-prop

King (countable and uncountable, plural Kings)

→ Japanese: キング (Kingu)

A city in Stokes County and Forsyth County, North Carolina.


Koala

en-proper-noun

Koala (countable and uncountable, plural Koalas)

Koalas (plural)
Coala (alternative)
Coalla (alternative)
Koalla (alternative)

(historical, 18th century) A former settlement and capital of Koala, Liptako, West Africa, destroyed at the end of the eponymous kingdom by Fula rebellion


Lahti

en-proper noun

Lahti (countable and uncountable, plural Lahtis)

Päijänne Tavastia
Päijänne Tavastia#English

A city and municipality, the capital of Päijänne Tavastia, Finland.


Landen

A city and municipality of the province of Flemish Brabant, Flanders, Belgium.


Lane

As an English surname, from lane; as an Irish surname, from several origins, including Laighin. See Lane.

A number of places in the United States:

A minor city in Franklin County, Kansas.


Laurel

A city in Iowa; named for the community in Ohio.

A city in and one of the two county seats of Jones County, Mississippi; named for the laurel thickets in the area.

A city in Montana; named for the laurel bushes growing in the area.

A city in Nebraska; named for early settler Laura Martin.


Liberal

A city, the county seat of Seward County, Kansas, United States.

A small city in Barton County, Missouri, United States.


Lima

Borrowed from Spanish Lima, in turn, borrowed from Classical Quechua Limaq (“the one who speaks”), cognate with modern Quechua rimaq, from the name of a sanctuary identified as the Huaca de Santa Ana. The variation of /r/ > /l/ is product of the former "coastal" variety of Quechua spoken around modern-day Lima. The drop of final /q/ could be attributed either to another characteristic of Coastal Quechua or to Spanish adaptation. Ultimately, a derviation from rimay (“to speak”).

bor

A city, the county seat of Allen County, Ohio.


Limerick

en-proper noun

Limerick (countable and uncountable, plural Limericks)


Lincoln

Lincoln (countable and uncountable, plural Lincolns)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Lincoln.wav

Inherited from Middle English Lincolne, from Old English Lincolle, Lindcolen, Lindcylene, from Latin Lindum Colōnia (“the Roman settlement Lindum Colonia”), from Proto-Brythonic *llɨnn (“pool”), from Proto-Celtic *lindos (“lake, liquid”), in reference to the Brayford. In the United States, many of the places established since 1865 are named after Abraham Lincoln.

der

After crossing the flatlands Lincoln, with its magnificent hilltop cathedral, comes into view before we pull into the station, with its lovely Tudor revival-style buildings.

2024 October 30, Paul Bigland, “The heat is on... and will the railway fray?”, in RAIL, number 1021, page 48:

A city and local government district in Lincolnshire, England (OS grid ref SK9771).

Lancaster County
Lancaster County#English

The capital city of Nebraska, and the county seat of Lancaster County.

Talladega County
Talladega County#English

A city in Talladega County, Alabama, named after Benjamin Lincoln.

A city, the county seat of Logan County, Illinois.

A city in Burleigh County, North Dakota.

A city in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, named after Abraham Lincoln.


Liège

A city in Belgium, a provincial capital in Wallonia.


Logan

From Scottish Gaelic lag (“little hollow”).

A city, the county seat of Cache County, Utah; named for the river rising in the Bear River Mts.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Hocking County, Ohio; named for Mingo leader Chief Logan.

A city, the county seat of Logan County, West Virginia; named for Chief Logan.

A city, the county seat of Harrison County, Iowa; named for Union Army general John A. Logan.

A city in Kansas; named for John A. Logan.


Lupus

A city and village in Missouri, United States.


Macao

A city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong


Madeira

From Portuguese Madeira, from Portuguese madeira (“wood”), from Latin materia, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (“mother”). Doublet of matter.

A city in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, named after landowner John Madeira.


Malin

The surname is from a Middle English diminutive of the given name Mary.

A city in Klamath County, Oregon, United States.


Man

Abbreviation of Manchester, a city in England (especially in football).


Manhattan

[mn̩ˈhæʔɪ̃n̩]

From the earlier form Manna-hata recorded by Dutch travelers and settlers, from its name in Unami, the local Algonquian language. That name is usually taken to be a compound of Unami mënatay (“island”) or Munsee munahan (compare Abenaki manahan) and another element.
Based on a report by Anthony Heckewelder that the name Manhattan derives from the wooded area whose trees were suitable for making bows, Goddard explains the early forms Manna-hatta(n) and Mannahachtink as spellings of manaháhtaan "place for gathering the wood to make bows" and a related locative form manaháhteenk. compound of Munsee manah- (gather) + -aht (bow) + -aan (place).

A city, the county seat of Riley County, Kansas, United States.