Mexico

→ Assamese: মেক্সিকো (meksikü)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܟܣܝܩܘ (mksiqw)

→ Burmese: မက္ကဆီကို (makka.hcikui)

→ Chinese: 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē)

→ Dhivehi: މެކްސިކޯ (mek̊sikō)

→ Finnish: Meksiko

→ Hebrew: מֶקְסִיקוֹ (méksiko)

→ Hindi: मेक्सिको (meksiko)

→ Irish: Meicsiceo

→ Japanese: メキシコ (Mekishiko)

→ Korean: 멕시코 (Meksiko)

→ Thai: เม็กซิโก (mék-sí-goo)

→ Yoruba: Mẹ́síkò

Borrowed from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco, a place-name referring to the Mēxihcah (Mexica/Aztecs).

México (alternative)
Mehico (alternative humorous pronunciation-spelling)

Aguascalientes · Baja California · Baja California Sur · Campeche · Chiapas · Chihuahua · Coahuila · Colima · Durango · Guanajuato · Guerrero · Hidalgo · Jalisco · Mexico · Michoacán · Morelos · Nayarit · Nuevo León · Oaxaca · Puebla · Querétaro · Quintana Roo · San Luis Potosí · Sinaloa · Sonora · Tabasco · Tamaulipas · Tlaxcala · Veracruz · Yucatán · Zacatecas

(rare) Ellipsis of Mexico City, the capital city of Mexico.

A city, the county seat of Audrain County, Missouri, United States.


Norway

→ Japanese: ノルウェー (Noruwē)

From Middle English Norwey, Norweye, Northwey, Norweȝe, Norewæiȝ, Norwæge, from Old English Norþweġ, a calque of Old Norse Norðvegr (“north way”), from norðr (“north”) + vegr (“way”), contrasted with suðrvegr (“south way”), i.e. Germany, and austrvegr (“east way”), the Baltic lands. Norwegian (1607) is from Medieval Latin Norvegia, with the -w- from Norway. Equivalent to North + way.

Norroway (alternative archaic)
Norwey (alternative obsolete)

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

A small city in Dickinson County, Michigan.


Greenland

From green + land, calque of Old Norse Grǿnland, from grǿnn (“green”) + land (“land”).


Armenia

From Latin Armenia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía) (early 5th century BC), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/) (late 6th century BC); see it for more. The Old Persian name is an exonym: see հայ (hay) for the native name. Attested in English since late 14th century.

The capital city of Quindío department, Colombia


Angola

→ Gujarati: અંગોલા (aṅgolā)

→ Welsh: Angola

From Portuguese (Reino de) Angola (“(kingdom of) Angola”), from Kimbundu ngola, title held by native kings at the time of the Portuguese colonization in the 15th century AD. Compare Kituba ngolo (“strength”).
The Louisiana State Penitentiary is named "Angola" after the Angola slave plantation it replaced, which was named after the country, from which many enslaved people in Louisiana had been taken.

bor

A city, the county seat of Steuben County, Indiana, United States.


Brazil

From Portuguese Brazil, older spelling of Brasil, from brasil (“brazilwood”), originally ‘red like an ember’, from brasa (“ember”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brasō (“gleed, crackling coal”), and -il (“-ile, -like, -y”) from Latin -īlis (“adjective suffix”).

der

A city, the county seat of Clay County, Indiana, United States.


China

en-prop

China (usually uncountable, plural Chinas)

Chinas (plural)
Chin (alternative obsolete)
Chyna (alternative)

→ Amharic: ቻይና (čayna)

→ Chinese: 猜拿 (Cāiná)

→ Hindi: चाइना (cāinā)

→ Maori: Haina

→ Telugu: చైనా (cainā)

→ Tigre: ቻይና (čayna)

→ Tigrinya: ቻይና (čayna)

→ Tokelauan: Haina

→ Welsh: Tsieina

→ Yoruba: Ṣáínà

[ˈt͡ʃ(ʰ)aɪ̯nə]

China (disambiguation)
Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India
Duarte Barbosa
Garcia de Orta
Marco Polo
The Travels of Marco Polo
states of ancient China

From Portuguese China, from possibly Venetan Cina probably under influence from Old French Chin, from Classical Persian چین (čīn) under influence from Medieval Latin Sina (“China”), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (Čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “the Chinese; China”) of uncertain etymology. It is usually thought to be derived from Chinese 秦 (Qín) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state, but other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉 /晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state; 荊 /荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state; or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom. See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia. As a female name, usually derived via china (“porcelain”) and china doll, ultimately from the same source.

der

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

A small city in Jefferson County, Texas, United States.


Cuba

→ Japanese: キューバ (Kyūba)

→ Hawaiian: Kupa

Disputed; likely from Taíno cubao (“abundant fertile land”) or coabana (“great place”).

unk

Disputed

A locale in the United States; named for the island country.

A minor city in Republic County, Kansas.


Djibouti

Unknown; the country of Djibouti was named after its capital city. Multiple theories exist as to the origin of the lemma, including derivation from Afar gabouti (“plate”) or gabood (“plateau”).

The French have been having a great deal of trouble at Djibouti with a tribe of the interior, the Issas, who are vehemently opposed to the progress of the railway through their country. Throughout the first half of March, raids were incessant on parties in and about the town itself. A detachment of marines was sent out and restored peace, at all events for the moment. In the meantime fifty Hausas from the Ivory Coast are on their way to form a nucleus of a permanent garrison at Djibouti, and their sergeant is no less a person than Koulery the brother of Behanzin late King of Dahomey.

1899 April 8, “Notes”, in Saturday Review, volume 87, number 2267, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 418, column 1:


Denmark

→ Japanese: デンマーク (Denmāku)

→ Korean: 덴마크 (Denmakeu)

→ Malay: Denmark

Indonesian: Denmark

From Middle English Denmark, from Danish Danmark, from dansk (“Danish”) + Old Norse merki (“boundary”) or mǫrk (“borderland”). Cognate with (and perhaps influenced by) Old English Denemearc.

something is rotten in the state of Denmark

A city in Bamberg County, South Carolina.


Kuwait

From Arabic الْكُوَيْت (al-kuwayt), diminutive of اَلْكُوت (al-kūt).

Koweit (alternative obsolete)
Kuwayt (alternative)

Alternative form of Kuwait City: The capital city of Kuwait.


Lebanon

en-proper noun

Lebanon (usually uncountable, plural Lebanons)

→ Japanese: レバノン (Rebanon)

The country's name comes from the name of the mountain range, which in turn comes from Biblical Hebrew לְבָנוֹן (ləḇānôn), from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”) (compare Hebrew לָבָן (lāḇān, “white”), Arabic لَبَن (laban, “milk”)).

Various places in the United States of America:

St. Clair County
St. Clair County#English

A city, the county seat of Boone County, Indiana.

A home rule city, the county seat of Marion County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Laclede County, Missouri.

A city in Grafton County, New Hampshire.

A city, the county seat of Warren County, Ohio.

A city, the county seat of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania.

A city, the county seat of Wilson County, Tennessee.


Liberia

The provincial capital of Guanacaste, Costa Rica.


Luxembourg

From Middle High German Luccelemburc, from Old High German Lucilinburhuc, ultimately from luzil (“little”) + burg (“castle”), from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz and *burgz. Piecewise doublet of Littleborough and Littlebury.

piecewise doublet

Luxemburg (alternative)
Luxemburg City (alternative)
Lëtzebuerg (alternative)


Monaco

/mɒˈnɑː.kəʊ/

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μόνοικος (Mónoikos), which is of unknown (possibly Ligurian) origin. The name was associated at an early date with Hercules, who had a temple here, and was said to mean “he who dwells alone”; see μόνος (mónos) and οἰκέω (oikéō).

Principality of Monaco
Principality of Monaco#English

A city-state in Western Europe. Official name: Principality of Monaco.


Malta

Antonine Itinerary
Malta
Malta (disambiguation)

From Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā, “Māliṭā”) etc., from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek Μελίτη (Melítē), apparently from μέλι (méli, “honey”) + -η (-ē, “-a: forming feminine place names”) although its use for the island of Malta is considered uncertain. Some scholars consider it to represent the importance of the islands' indigenous bees and their output. Others consider it a transcription of Phoenician 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ, “Grand Harbor, Cospicua”), from 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ, “refuge, port”), reapplied first to the island and then, after the Punic Wars, to its Roman seat of government at Mdina. Note however that Latin Malta is already attested in some medieval manuscripts of the Antonine Itinerary. See Wikipedia's articles on Melite and Malta. Doublet of Meleda and Mljet.

der

Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā, “Māliṭā”)

A small city, the county seat of Phillips County, Montana, United States.


Peru

→ Japanese: ペルー (Perū)

Borrowed from Spanish Perú, possibly from the personal name Birú, or from the Quechua pelu (“river”).

Places in the United States:
A city in Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Miami County, Indiana.

Places in the United States:
A city in Kansas.

Places in the United States:
A city in Nebraska.


Sudan

en-proper noun

Sudan or the Sudan (countable and uncountable, plural Sudans)

Sudan (canonical)
the Sudan (canonical)
Sudans (plural)
Soudan (alternative)

From Arabic سُودَان (sūdān, “black people”), plural of أَسْوَد (ʔaswad).

A minor city in Lamb County, Texas, United States, apparently named after the African region.


Singapore

→ Hawaiian: Sinapoa

→ Japanese: シンガポール (Shingapōru)

/ˈsɪŋɡəpɔː(ɹ)/

/sɪŋɡəˈpɔː(ɹ)/

From Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).

compound

Republic of Singapore
Republic of Singapore#English

An island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965). Official name: Republic of Singapore.

Singapoer

an island and city-state in Southeast Asia


San Marino

/ˌsæn məˈɹiː.nəʊ/

From Italian San Marino (“Saint Marinus”).

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

A city in Los Angeles County, California, United States.


El Salvador

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Saviour”). Named in honor of Jesus Christ.

ubor

Misamis Oriental
Misamis Oriental#English

El Salvador, Misamis Oriental
w:El Salvador, Misamis Oriental

A city in Misamis Oriental, Philippines.


Wales

en-prop

Wales (countable and uncountable, plural Waleses)

wails (whales in accents with wine-whine merger)

From Middle English Wales, from Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”), from Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.

A number of places in the United States:


Saint Helena

A city in Napa County, California, United States.


Jordan

en-proper noun

Jordan (countable and uncountable, plural Jordans)

From Latin Iordanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰορδάνης (Iordánēs), from Biblical Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén, “Jordan (river)”). Doublet of Yarden.


Grenada

1763 Treaty of Paris
Grenada
Grenada (disambiguation)
Seven Years' War

From anglicization/latinization of French Grenade upon the island's cession to the United Kingdom under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years' War, from Spanish Granada and Los Granadillos on Spanish maps from at least the 1520s, from Granada in Spain, from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa), originally a suburb of the city. Doublet of Granada.

Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa)

A city, the county seat of Grenada County, Mississippi, United States.


Vatican City

Calque of Italian Città del Vaticano, from Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna (“Vatican City”), referring to the Vatican hill, further etymology unknown.

Vatican City State
Vatican City State#English

A city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. Official name: Vatican City State.


Taiwan

/ˌtaɪ̯ˈwɑːn/

Anping District
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)
Taiwan

The specific form "Taiwan" in English emerged from the letters of Wade–Giles Tʻai²-wan¹ romanization of Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān) and also possibly the romaji of Japanese 臺灣(たいわん) (taiwan), which both of whom are ultimately from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Cognate with Dutch Tayouan / Taioan / Taiwan / etc., and other early variant forms of Hokkien 臺窩灣 /台窝湾 (Tâi-o-oân), etc. The name is sometimes folk-etymologized to supposedly originally mean "terraced bay" (臺灣 /台湾) or "great bay" (大灣 /大湾) or similar parsings from interpreting the meaning from the Chinese characters alone.

zh-l

臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān)

Taïwan (alternative)
Tai-wan (alternative)
T'ai-wan (alternative)
Tywan (alternative)
Taywan (alternative)
Tay-wan (alternative)
Tayuan (alternative)
Tayoan (alternative)
Tayouan (alternative)

The ports of Cháu-chau or Swatau, in the province of Kwangtung, and Taiwan on Formosa in the province of Fuhkien, will be opened to American commerce, and for Americans to reside with their families, on and after the first day of January, 1860.

1862 [1859], John E. Ward, “Proclamation of JOHN E. WARD announcing exchange of ratifications of Treaty”, in Treaties between the United States of America and China, Japan Lewchew and Siam, Acts of Congress, and the Attorney-General's Opinion, with the Decrees and Regulations Issued for the Guidance of U.S. Consular Courts in China, Hongkong, →OCLC, page 22:

In 1860 Mr. Swinhoe attended Gen. Napier, and afterwards Sir Hope Grant, the Commander-in-Chief, as interpreter, and received a medal for war service. At the end of the same year he was appointed Vice-Consul at Taiwan, Formosa, and in 1865 to the full Consulship.

1877 November 8, “Robert Swinhoe, F.R.S.”, in Nature, volume XVII, number 419, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 35, column 2:

Evidently the French blockade of Formosa is not very effective, or else the Pescadores are not included in the blockaded district. The Daily Press of 31st December states:—We learn by private letter that there have been no blockading ships at Taiwan or at Takao during the last seven days. The blockade is a purely paper one. Troops and treasure are pouring into South Formosa.

1885 January 7, “Summary of News”, in North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, volume XXXIV, number 913, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

In 1885 Governor LIU determined to reconstruct Taipei and make it the temporary capital until, the railway having on its way to Taiwan reached the old town of Changhua, in about the middle of Formosa, he should build a city near that place and make it, under the name of Taiwan, the capital of the province of Taiwan.

1896, J. D. Clark, Formosa, Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury, →OCLC, page 44:

(historical) Synonym of Tainan, a city of Taiwan, former capital of Taiwan Province.

Tainan

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang


England

en-prop

England (usually uncountable, plural Englands)

Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Welsh Language Act 1967

desc

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Burmese: အင်္ဂလန် (angga.lan)

→ Chichewa: Mángalande

→ Chinese: 英格蘭 /英格兰 (Yīnggélán)

→ Hawaiian: ʻEnelani

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंग्लैंड (iṅglaiṇḍ)

اِن٘گْلَینْڈ

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

→ Japanese: イングランド (Ingurando)

→ Korean: 잉글랜드 (inggeullaendeu)

→ Lao: ອັງກິດ (ʼang kit)

→ Maori: Ingarangi

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ايڠلند

Latin script: England

→ Marshallese: In̄len

desctree

→ Spanish: Inglaterra (calque)
→ Classical Nahuatl: Inglatera
→ Tagalog: Inglatera

→? Swedish: England
→ Finnish: Englanti

→ Tamil: இங்கிலாந்து (iṅkilāntu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
Middle English Engelond
English England
From Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land (literally “land of the Angles”), from genitive of Engle (“the Angles”) + land (“land”).

inh

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland

(US) A city in Lonoke County, Arkansas, United States.


Quebec

en-proper noun

Quebec (usually uncountable, plural Quebecs)

Quebecs (plural)
Québec (alternative)
Kebec (alternative archaic)

Canada

Quebec
Quebec (disambiguation)
en:Quebec City
en:Saint Lawrence River

From French Québec, from Algonquin kepék (“(it) narrows”). Cognate with Mi'kmaq gepe'g (“plug”), and Mi'kmaq Kepinkek; compare Proto-Algonquian *kepahikani (“obstruction”). It originally referred to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. The name of the city preceded that of the province.

The capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada.


Montreal

/ˌmɔ̃ɹeɪˈæl/

From French Montréal; from Mont Royal (“Mount Royal”) (mont + royal), after the nearby hill by Jacques Cartier. It is uncertain how Royal became -real. A common explanation is that real is the Middle French form of Royal, but Cartier himself recorded le mont Royal when he named it. It may have perhaps been from the Italian G.B. Rasmusio's 1556 map translating the name to Italian Monte Real.

A place in Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Ottawa and Saint-Lawrence Rivers

A river port, the largest city in Quebec, Canada.

A small city in Iron County, Wisconsin, United States.


SA

(sports) Initialism of San Antonio, a city in Texas, United States.


Victoria

Victoria (countable and uncountable, plural Victorias or Victoriae)

From Latin Victōria, from victōria (“victory”). Doublet of Vitória. The given name can also be analyzed as the male name Victor + -ia. The places were named in honour of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.

A placename:
A city, the capital of Seychelles.

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

A city, the capital of British Columbia.

A placename:
A commune and city in Chile.

The capital city of Gozo, the second-largest island of Malta.

A city, the county seat of Victoria County, Texas.


PA

Initialism of Prince Albert, a city in Saskatchewan, Canada.


PR

Initialism of Port Republic, a small city in New Jersey, United States.


RR

Initialism of Rocky River, a city in Ohio, United States.


TO

(informal) Abbreviation of Toronto, the largest city in Ontario and in Canada.


NU

Abbreviation of Nuoro, a city in Sardinia, Italy.


QC

→ Tagalog: Kyusi

Alternative forms: Q.C., Q. C.

(Canada) Initialism of Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec, Canada.

Quebec City

(Philippines) Initialism of Quezon City, a city in Metro Manila, Philippines; the former capital of the Philippines.


LA

Alternative forms: L.A., L. A.

LA is the loneliest and most brutal of American cities; New York gets god-awful cold in the winter but there’s a feeling of wacky comradeship somewhere in some streets. LA is a jungle.

1957, Jack Kerouac, chapter 13, in On the Road, Penguin, published 1976, →OCLC, part 1, page 86:

Speaking as an LA native, this is the longest earthquake I’ve ever felt!

2005 May 1, Robert Lamoreaux, Michelle Lamoreaux, Nicole Demerse, Jef Biederman, Richard Clark, “Evil Promotion Much?”, in Totally Spies!: Undercover, season 3, episode 24, spoken by Clover (Andrea Baker), Marathon Media, via Teletoon:

Initialism of Los Angeles, a city in California, United States.

Initialism of Las Anod, a city in Somalia.


NY

Abbreviation of New York, a city in the state of New York, United States.


Rio de Janeiro

/ˈɹiːoʊ dɪ ʒəˈnɪəɹoʊ/

/ˈɹiːoʊ dɪ ʒəˈnɛəɹoʊ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-Rio de Janeiro.wav

From Brazilian Portuguese Rio de Janeiro (literally “River of January”).

bor

A municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the former capital of Brazil.


São Paulo

Saint Paul
São Paulo
São Paulo (state)
Tietê River

From Portuguese, named after Saint Paul. Doublet of Saint Paul. The city was originally named "São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga" meaning "Saint Paul of the fields of Piratininga". "Piratininga" comes from Old Tupi pirá (“fish”) and Old Tupi tininga (“to dry”) meaning "dried fish", after the fish that would be stranded on the shore of the Tietê River after a flood and left to dry out.

A municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil.


Paraná

/ˌpæ.ɹəˈnɑː/

From Spanish Paraná or Portuguese Paraná, both from Old Tupi paranã (“river”).

The provincial capital of Entre Ríos, Argentina.


Canadian

A name of uncertain origin. The city and town names are after the river.

A city, the county seat of Hemphill County, Texas, situated on the Canadian River.


Ontario

/ɒnˈtɛə.ɹi.əʊ/

Probably from Wyandot ontari꞉io (literally “great lake”). If so, ultimately from Proto-North Iroquoian *-õtaɹeɁ and Proto-Iroquoian * -õːtaɹiɁ.

Օնտարիո

lake between Ontario province and New York State — see also Lake Ontario

San Bernardino County
San Bernardino County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city in San Bernardino County, California.


New Brunswick

New Brunswick
en:George III of the United Kingdom

From new + Brunswick (“Braunschweig”), after the German duchy, the ancestral home of George III of the United Kingdom (1738–1820).

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

A city, the county seat of Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.


Chandigarh

/ˌt͡ʃʌndɪˈɡɑː(ɹ)/

/ˌt͡ʃɑːndɪˈɡɑː(ɹ)/

From Chandi + Garh. Chandi refers to a Hindu Goddess, the warrior avatar of Goddess Parvati, while Garh means "fort". The name is derived from Chandi Mandir, an ancient temple devoted to this goddess, near the city in Panchkula District.

A city and union territory in northern India, located between Punjab and Haryana; the capital city of Haryana and Punjab.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu


Delhi

→ Arabic: دِلْهِي (dilhī)

→ Chinese: 德里 (Délǐ)

→ Greek: Δελχί (Delchí)

→ Hebrew: דֵלְהִי (delhī)

→ Japanese: デリー (Derī)

→ Tamil: டெல்லி (ṭelli)

→ Turkish: Delhi

Corrupted from Hindustani دہلی (dihlī, dêhli) / देहली (dehlī), of uncertain origin. See Delhi § Toponym at Wikipedia. Compare Hindi दिल्ली (dillī).

A megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi.


Delhi

A locale in North America; named for the city in India.


Pondicherry

Borrowed from Tamil பாண்டிச்சேரி (pāṇṭiccēri, literally “pandi town”).

bor+

பாண்டிச்சேரி

Former name of Puducherry: The capital city of the union territory of Puducherry, India.


Canberra

Canberra
History of Canberra#The name Canberra

Uncertain. Most commonly said to be from Ngunawal kamberra (“meeting place”). See more theories on Wikipedia.

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

The capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory.


Sydney

en-proper noun

Sydney (countable and uncountable, plural Sydneys)

For the surname and given name, see Sidney. The cities in Australia and Canada are named after British politician Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (1733–1800).

named-after

(uncountable) A major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia, and the most populous city in Australia.


Brisbane

Brisbane
Brisbane River
Sir Thomas Brisbane

From Scottish Gaelic bris (“break, smash”) + Old English bān (“bone”), a nickname given to someone who was often involved in fights, resulting in the breaking of bones. The city and river in Australia are named after Sir Thomas Brisbane, 1773–1860; governor of New South Wales (which at the time included the area of modern Queensland) from 1821 to 1825.

A large city, the capital city of Queensland, Australia.

San Mateo County
San Mateo County#English

A city in San Mateo County, California, United States.


Darwin

From Middle English Darwin, Derwin, from Old English Dēorwine (“a given name”), composed of dēore (“dear”) + wine (“friend”).
The city in Australia is named after Charles Darwin.

Darwen (alternative)
Derwin (alternative)

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

The capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia.

A township and minor city in Meeker County, Minnesota.


Perth

From Scottish Gaelic Peairt, from Pictish *ᚚᚓᚏᚈ (pert) meaning “wood, copse, thicket”, related to Welsh perth and perhaps Proto-Celtic *kʷerxtā (from Proto-Indo-European *pérkʷus (“oak”).

Perth and Kinross
Perth and Kinross#English

A city in Perth and Kinross council area, Scotland, historically in Perthshire.

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

A minor city in Towner County, North Dakota.


Adelaide

→ Greek: Άντελαϊντ (Ántelaïnt)

Borrowed from French Adélaïde, from Old High German Adalheidis (from adal (“noble”) + -heit (“nature, character”)), modern German Adelheid; doublet of Alice.

Adelaide (given name)
Adelaide River
Adelaide, South Australia

Diana Allers: Breaking now: A city of four million, blasted from orbit. Adelaide, Australia is no more.
Diana Allers: New footage from Earth reveals the Reapers' plans to attack large industrial centers.
Diana Allers: Which cities are next? Find out--inside the Battlespace.

2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Normandy SR-2:

Queen Adelaide
w:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen

William IV
w:William IV of the United Kingdom

Places named for Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV.

The state capital and largest city in South Australia.


Melbourne

Named after the 2nd Viscount of Melbourne, Derbyshire, itself deriving from the Old English mylen (“mill”) + burne (“stream”).

The capital city of Victoria, Australia and former capital of Australia (1901–1927).

A small city, the county seat of Izard County, Arkansas, United States.

A city in Brevard County, Florida, United States.

A small city in Marshall County, Iowa, United States.

A tiny home rule city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States.


Hobart

The capital city of Tasmania, Australia, named for a Lord Hobart.

A city, the county seat of Kiowa County, Oklahoma.


Edmonton

From Middle English Adelmetone, from Old English Ēadhelm + tūn (“town”). The Canadian city was named after the area of London.

Edmonton, Kentucky
Edmonton, London
en:Edmonton
en:Edmonton (disambiguation)

A city, the county seat of Metcalfe County, Kentucky, United States.


Winnipeg

/ˈwɪn.əˌpɛɡ/

* From Ojibwe wiinibig (“dirty waters”), from wiini’ (“to make someone dirty”), wiinad (“it is dirty”), + nibi (“water”), plural nibig (“waters”).
* After the lake, from Cree/Swampy Cree ᐑᓂᐯᐠ (“muddy waters”), describing the river's water entering the lake (CanOD).

Winnipeg (disambiguation)
Winnipeg, Manitoba


Toronto

[tʰəˈɹɑɾ̃o(ʊ)]

[t͡ʃəˈɹɑno(ʊ)]

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɑɾ̃ə]

Lake Couchiching
Lake Simcoe
The Globe and Mail
Toronto
Toronto (disambiguation)

From Mohawk tkaronto (“where trees stand in water”), originally referring to the strait between Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching. Compare karón:ta (“tree”) from Proto-North Iroquoian *-ɹõt-.

bor

As Toronto slowly comes back to life after two years of repeated lockdowns and closures, the wreckage of the pandemic is surfacing like cigarette butts in melted snow drifts.

2022 April 18, Catherine Porter, “A ‘Wild West’ of Marijuana Shops Grows in Toronto”, in The New York Times:

The capital city of Ontario, Canada and largest city in Canada.

A tiny city in Woodson County, Kansas, named after Toronto, Ontario.

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

A city in Jefferson County, Ohio, named after Toronto, Ontario.


Fredericton

→ French: Fredericton

From Fredericston, from Frederic + -s- + -ton. The city was named after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1763–1827), by colonial governor Thomas Carleton.

The capital city of New Brunswick, Canada.

en:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany


Halifax

From Old English halh-ġefeaxe (literally “grassy corner”), compounded from halh + ġefeaxe. Folk etymology suggests Old English hāliġfeax (literally “holy hair”), as compounded from hāliġ + feax, from a local legend that the town is said to have received the name from the fact that the hair of a murdered virgin was hung up on a tree in the neighborhood, which became a resort of pilgrims. Compare also Fairfax.
The capital city of Nova Scotia is named after statesman George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (1716–1771).
The civil parish is also named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax. Coined by British-Dutch surveyor Samuel Holland.

coin

A regional municipality, the capital city of Nova Scotia, Canada.


Charlottetown

/ˈʃɑɹ.ləˌtaʊn/

The name of the city on Prince Edward Island is Charlotte + town. The city is named after Queen Charlotte (1744-1818). The town in Labrador was named after the city on Prince Edward Island by the local resident Benjamin Powell, who had hoped that the settlement might one day reach a similar size and importance.

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island#English

The capital city and county seat of Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada.


Saint John's

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador#English

The capital city of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.


Iqaluit

Borrowed from Inuktitut ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ (iqaloit, “place of fish”), plural of ᐃᖃᓗᒃ (iqalok, “fish”).


Yellowknife

From yellow (“a colour like that of copper”) + knife (“a tool prominently made, used, owned, and traded, by the T'satsąot'ınę”).
From Dogrib T'satsąot'ınę.
Named after the Tsatsaotine (“Copper People”) (the Yellowknives), a local Dene tribe that made copper tools.

compound

Northwest Territories
Northwest Territories#English

The capital of and only city in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

يلونايف

capital city of the Northwest Territories, Canada


Whitehorse

From white + horse.
* In Yukon, from the appearance of the White Horse Rapids, which looked like the manes of white horses.


Ottawa

→ French: Ottawa

→ Japanese: オタワ

desctree

→ Russian: Оттава (Ottava)
→ Armenian: Օտտավա (Ōttava)

[ˈɔɾ̥əwa(ː)]

From Ojibwe odaawaa/ᐅᑡᐙ (“an Ottawa; a trader”), from Proto-Algonquian *atawewa (“to trade”).

Odawa (alternative)
Odaawaa (alternative)
Ottowa (alternative)

And of course, in July 1967 De Gaulle did come to Canada. He made his speeches in Quebec, was enthusiastically received on the Chemin du Roy, shouted “Vive le Quebec libre” in Montreal and, on learning of the reaction of the Canadian government, returned to Paris without going to Ottawa.

1996, Eldon Black, “Prologue: 1960-1967”, in Direct Intervention: Canada-France Relations, 1967-1974, Carleton University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:

A city in Ontario, Canada; the capital city of Canada.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of LaSalle County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Franklin County, Kansas.


Rio Branco

A municipality, the state capital of Acre, Brazil


Maceió

A municipality, the state capital of Alagoas, Brazil


Macapá

A municipality, the state capital of Amapá, Brazil


Manaus

Borrowed from Portuguese Manaus, after the Manáo, a native Lokono tribe of the Amazon. Manáo is said to mean mother of the gods.

A municipality, the state capital of Amazonas, Brazil.


Salvador

From Spanish and Portuguese Salvador, chiefly various placenames honoring Jesus Christ, from Spanish and Portuguese salvador (“savior”), from Latin salvator, from salvāre (“to save”) + -tor (forming agent nouns). In Spanish placenames, frequently a clipping of Spanish San Salvador (“Holy Savior”). Doublet of savior, Salvator, and Salvatore.

doublet

A municipality, the state capital of Bahia, Brazil.


Fortaleza

A municipality, the state capital of Ceará, Brazil.


Vitória

A municipality, the state capital of Espírito Santo, Brazil

व्हिटोरिया

Brazilian state capital of Espírito Santo


Goiânia

A municipality, the state capital of Goiás, Brazil.


São Luis

State capital of Maranhão, Brazil, population 998,385 (2006 IBGE)


Cuiabá

A municipality, the state capital of Mato Grosso, Brazil


Campo Grande

Mato Grosso do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul#English

A municipality, the state capital of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil


Belo Horizonte

From Portuguese Belo Horizonte (“Beautiful Horizon”).

bor

A municipality, the state capital of Minas Gerais, Brazil.


Belém

Borrowed from Portuguese Belém. Doublet of Bethlehem.

A municipality, the state capital of Pará, Brazil.


João Pessoa

A municipality, the state capital of Paraíba, Brazil


Curitiba

A municipality, the state capital of Paraná, Brazil.


Recife

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese Recife, from recife (“reef”).

bor+

The veranda was shaded by the roof, and from the shade you could see [...] the skyscrapers and the tower blocks of the city of Recife.

2022, Yara Rodrigues Fowler, there are more things, Abacus (2023), pages 229-230:

A municipality, the state capital of Pernambuco, Brazil.


Teresina

A municipality, the state capital of Piauí, Brazil


Porto Alegre

Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul#English

A municipality, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

पोर्तू आलेग्री

Brazilian state capital of Rio Grande do Sul


Porto Velho

A municipality, the state capital of Rondônia, Brazil


Boa Vista

From Portuguese boa vista. Doublet of Buena Vista.

A municipality, the state capital of Roraima, Brazil


Florianópolis

From Brazilian Portuguese Florianópolis.

A municipality, the state capital of Santa Catarina, Brazil

फ्लोरियानॉपोलिस

Brazilian state capital of Santa Catarina


Aracaju

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese Aracaju, from Old Tupi Arákaîu, from ará (“macaw”) + akaîu (“cashew”), literally “cashew of the macaw(s)”.

af

A municipality, the state capital of Sergipe, Brazil


Palmas

A municipality, the state capital of Tocantins, Brazil


Malacca

From Malay Melaka, probably after melaka, a kind of tree that grows in the region.

The capital city of Malacca State, Malaysia.


Kuala Lumpur

/kuˈɑːlə ˈlʊmpʊə/

A federal territory, the capital and largest city of Malaysia, located in the western part of the country.


Putrajaya

From Malay Putrajaya; from Sanskrit पुत्र (putra, “son”) + जय (jayá, “victory”).

The administrative capital of Malaysia, located in the federal territory of the same name.

بوتراجايا

federal territory and administrative capital of Malaysia


Leon

David Camden de Leon
Independence, Iowa
Juan Ponce de Leon
Legio VII Gemina
Martín De León
Mexican–American War

From Spanish León, from Latin legiō (“legion”), named for the Legio VII Gemina, which settled there. In reference to the New York town and Texan river, taken from the former Spanish kingdom. The Texan lake is named for the river. The Floridian county is named for the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon. The Texan county is named for Martin de Leon, founder of Victoria, Texas. The town in Monroe Co., Wisconsin, was named for the Mexican city. The Iowan town was changed to honor the "Fighting Doctor" of the Mexican–American War David Camden de Leon after it was discovered that Iowa already had a city named Independence. The Kansan town was named for the one in Iowa. Doublet of legion via Old French. The California town was named for the nearby Leon Mine.

A city in northwestern Spain, the former capital of the Kingdom of Leon.

A city, the county seat of Decatur County, Iowa, United States.

A city in Butler County, Kansas, United States.


Port Blair

Named after British surveyor Archibald Blair.

named-after

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands#English

The capital city of the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

বন্দর ব্লেয়ার

capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India


Hyderabad

/ˈhaɪdəɹəbɑːd/

Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Hyderabad, India
Hyderabad, Sindh

Borrowed from Hindi हैदराबाद (haidarābād) / Urdu حیدرآباد (haidarābād), from हैदर (haidar) / حیدر (haidar, “lion”) + -आबाद (-ābād) / آباد (ābād, “-ābād”, placename suffix). Named in honour of the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, nicknamed "Haidar" for his lion-like valour in battles.

bor+

The capital and largest city of Telangana, India.


Itanagar

Borrowed from Assamese ইটানগৰ (itanogor). ইটা (ita, “brick”) + নগৰ (nogor, “city”).

compound

Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh#English

A city, the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh, India


Dispur

A city, the state capital of Assam, India.


Patna

From Hindi पटना (paṭnā), also known as पाटलिपुत्र (pāṭliputra) at one time.

The capital and largest city of Bihar, India.


Raipur

A Brahman, resident in a village near Raipur, stated that he had eaten food (rice and milk) out of the hand of the dead Rajah of Bilaspur.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 9, page 44:

A city, the state capital of Chhattisgarh, India.


Silvassa

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Dadra and Nagar Haveli#English

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu#English

The capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli district, union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India.


Daman

The given name derives from the Sanskrit equivalent of Ancient Greek Damian, the brother of Cosmas.

The capital of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India.

達曼 /达曼

state capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India


New Delhi

The capital city of India, located in the national capital territory of Delhi.


Panaji

Panjim (alternative)
Ponjim (alternative)
Ponnji (alternative)


Gandhinagar

Unadapted borrowing from Gujarati ગાંધીનગર (gā̃dhīnagar), Hindi गाँधीनगर (gāndhīnagar); named in honor of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

ubor

A city, the state capital of Gujarat, India.


Shimla

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh#English

A city and district, the state capital of Himachal Pradesh, India.


Srinagar

/ˈʃɹi.nəˌɡɑɹ/

Transliteration of Hindi श्रीनगर (śrīnagar), from Sanskrit श्री (śrī) + नगर (nagara, “town, city”). Compare Urdu سِرِی نَگَر (sirī nagar).

transliteration

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English

A city and district, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated in the Kashmir valley on the banks of the river Jhelum and famous for its gardens.


Ranchi

A city, the state capital of Jharkhand, India.


Bangalore

/ˌbæŋ.ɡəˈlɔː/

/ˌbæŋ.ɡəˈloɹ/

From Kannada ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು (beṅgaḷūru). See Bengaluru for details.

Synonym of Bengaluru, a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India.


Thiruvananthapuram

/tɪˌɹuːvəˌnʌntəˈpuːɹəm/

Borrowed from Malayalam തിരുവനന്തപുരം (tiruvanantapuraṁ).

bor+

തിരുവനന്തപുരം

A city and district, the state capital of Kerala, India, formerly known as Trivandrum.


Bhopal

The state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India.


Mumbai

From Marathi मुंबई (mumbaī), from मुंबा (mumbā, “the goddess Mumba, the local mother goddess”)+आई (āī, “mother”).

A megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India, also known as Bombay.

Moembaai

state capital of Maharashtra — see also Bombay


Bombay

From Portuguese Bombaim, possibly from Marathi मुंबादेवी (mumbādevī, “goddess Mumba”) or from bom + baim. Most likely a combination of both.

der

Bombay
Bombay cat
en:Bombay (disambiguation)

Have you heard any word
Of that bloke in the "Third" -
Was it Sotherby, Sedgewick or Sim?
They had him chucked out of a club in Bombay.
But apart from his mess bills exceeding his pay,
He took to pig-sticking in quite the wrong way.
I wonder what happened to him?

1945, Noël Coward, I Wonder What Happened to Him?:

(dated) The former name of Mumbai, the state capital of Maharashtra, India.


Imphal

A city, the state capital of Manipur, India.


Shillong

A city, the state capital of Meghalaya, India.


Aizawl

A city, the state capital of Mizoram, India


Kohima

Borrowed from Angami Kewhira (“the land where the kewhi flower grows”).

bor+

A city, the state capital of Nagaland, India


Gangtok

A city, the state capital of Sikkim, India.


Chennai

The capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India, formerly known as Madras.


Madras

The etymology is uncertain; it may derive from Madraspattinam. See Wikipedia for several possible etymologies.

Former name of Chennai, the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India.

A city, the county seat of Jefferson County, Oregon, United States.


Agartala

A city, the state capital of Tripura, India


Lucknow

‘Lucknow is not a village. It is a city with a thousand years of civilization. It was the capital of the Awadh kingdom.ʼ

2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, page 11:

A city, district, and division, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh, India.


Calcutta

Anglicization of Bengali কলকাতা (kolkata), which is now rendered Kolkata.

Former name of Kolkata, the state capital of West Bengal, India

Kolkata

former name of Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal


Alor Setar

/əˈloɹ səˌtɑɹ/

/əˈlɔː sɛˌtɑː/

From Malay Alor Setar, see also Alor Star.

The capital city of the state of Kedah, Malaysia.


Seremban

The capital city of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.


Georgetown

/ˈd͡ʒɔː(ɹ)d͡ʒtaʊn/

The capital city of Guyana; named for George III of the United Kingdom.

She comes onto the single road intersecting Georgetown, and notes that every single building, including the Anglican church, has been prefabricated, fitted together like three-dimensional jigsaws from block pieces carried over the sea.

2023, Martin MacInnes, In Ascension, Atlantic Books, page 467:

Ascension Island
Ascension Island#English

The capital city of Ascension Island; named for George III.

A city, the county seat of Quitman County, Georgia, United States, named for the neighborhood of Washington, D.C.

A city in Idaho; named for George Q. Cannon, an early high-ranking Mormon.

A city in Illinois; perhaps named for landowner George Beckwith, or George Haworth, son of James Haworth, who platted the city.

A city, the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky; named for George Washington.

Places in the United States of America:
A city in Minnesota.

A city, the county seat of Georgetown County, South Carolina; named for George III.

Georgetown County
Georgetown County#English

A city, the county seat of Williamson County, Texas; named for landowner George Washington Glasscock.

Williamson County
Williamson County#English


Ipoh

From Malay Ipoh, from ipuh (“upas (a tree local to Ipoh)”).

The capital city of the state of Perak, Malaysia.


Kota Kinabalu

The capital city of Sabah, Malaysia, formerly known as Jesselton.

哥打基納巴盧 /哥打基纳巴卢

Gēdǎjīnàbālú


Kuching

From Malay Kuching, possibly from kucing (“cat”).


Kuala Terengganu

The capital city of Terengganu, Malaysia.


Hong Kong

[hɔŋ˥ kʰɔŋ˥]

Columbia University Press
Hong Kong
Saul B. Cohen

Etymology tree
Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²)bor.
English Hong Kong
From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “incense harbor”), the former name of a settlement in what is now Aberdeen on the southwest side of Hong Kong Island, where joss stick incense was stored for export, made from agarwood.

bor

HK (alternative initialism)
Hong-Kong (alternative obsolete)
Hong-kong (alternative obsolete)
Honkong (alternative obsolete)
Hongkong (alternative dated)

Ҳонқонг

coastal administrative region in south-east China

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing

CHINA.
A rebellion of more than ordinary importance is in progress in this country. At the departure of the last mail from Hong Kong numerous bands of robbers were plundering and burning throughout the provinces of Kangsi and Canton, and, having captured the city of Kintschan, had advanced to within 120 English miles of Canton.

1850 December, “Foreign News”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XXXIV, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, page 645:

In 1962 a special law had to be passed to permit the immigration of several thousand Chinese refugees who had escaped from Communist China to Hong Kong.

1964, John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 78–79:

The Chinese had promised to let Hong Kong keep its much more democratic political system, but I had the clear impression that the details of their reunion were still being worked out, and that neither side was fully satisfied with the present state of affairs.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 437:

A 90-year-old Roman Catholic cardinal, a singer and at least two others have been arrested in Hong Kong on suspicion of colluding with foreign forces to endanger China’s national security, in an action widely condemned as a further sign of Beijing’s erosion of rights in the city.

2022 May 11, “Reports: Hong Kong arrests Roman Catholic cardinal, 3 others”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-12:

A city and special administrative region in southeastern China, located on an island east of the Pearl River delta in the South China Sea; a former British colony.


Milton

The English place names are from Old English mylen (“mill”) or middel (“middle”) + tun (“settlement”).

Santa Rosa County
Santa Rosa County#English

A city, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, Florida; perhaps named for poet John Milton, or for the local lumber mill industry.

A city in Fulton County, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta; named for Revolutionary War officer John Milton.

Van Buren County
Van Buren County#English

A minor city in Van Buren County, Iowa; named for the town in Delaware.

A minor city in Trimble County, Kentucky.

A minor city in Cavalier County, North Dakota.

A city in King County and Pierce County, Washington.

A town and city therein, in Rock County, Wisconsin; named for poet John Milton.


Webster

en-proper noun

Webster (countable and uncountable, plural Websters)

A number of places in the United States:

A small city, the county seat of Day County, South Dakota.


Palestine

→ Korean: 팔레스타인 (Palleseutain)

→ Malay: Palestin

Medinet Habu
Padiiset's Statue
Palestine

From Middle English Palestyne, from Old English Palestina, from Latin Palaestīna (“Roman province of Palestine”), from Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistínē, “Philistia and the surrounding region”), from Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת (p'léshet, “Philistia, land of the Philistines”). The term P-l-s-t or P-r-s-t, found in five Ancient Egyptian inscriptions (beginning with one at Medinet Habu from circa 1170 BCE and ending with Padiiset's Statue inscription from circa 900-850 BCE) as the name of a people near Egypt, is traditionally taken to be cognate. Seven Assyrian inscriptions contain the word "Palas(h)tu" or "Pilistu", which is usually also taken to be cognate.

der

A city, the county seat of Anderson County, Texas, United States.


Amsterdam

The Dutch seat of government is not the metropolis of Amsterdam but The Hague.

While Amsterdam is the largest city in the province of Noord-Holland, Haarlem is the province capital.

A city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands; the capital city of the Netherlands.

A number of places in the United States, most being named after the Dutch city:

Montgomery County
Montgomery County#English

A town and city in Montgomery County, New York.


Brussels

From Dutch Brussel and French Bruxelles, from Proto-Germanic, composed of the words *brōk (“marsh”) + *sali (“building, room”). The metonymic meaning of Brussels as the European Union stems from the fact that the EU headquarters is based in Brussels.

Buying bread from a man in Brussels / He was 6'4", and full of muscle

1981, Men At Work, “Down Under”, in Business as Usual:


Genoa

/ˈdʒɛn.əʊ.ə/

/d͡ʒɛnˈoʊ.ə/

From Latin Genua (influenced by Italian Genova), as the city was known by the ancient Ligurians. Probably from the Ancient Ligurian word for “knee”, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénw-eh₂ (“knee”), a thematic derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu; in this sense “angle”, from its geographical position, thus akin to Geneva.

The capital city of Liguria, Italy, and also of the province of Genoa.


Watson

⇒ Translingual: Watsonia

and narrator of the Sherlock Holmes stories

A minor city in Chippewa County, Minnesota.


Bentley

From Old English Beonetlēah. Originally a Sussex habitational name, the word leah or leag meaning field in Old English. Hence, equivalent to bent (“bent-grass”) + -leigh/lea (“meadow, field”); compare Bentham.

A small city in Sedgwick County, Kansas.


Athens

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Athens.wav

From Middle English Athens, from Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”) (q.v.), the goddess. More at Athena. Doublet of Athina.

[T]he law codes drafted in Athens in the late seventh and early sixth centuries were the work of individuals, Drakon and then Solon.

1976, L[ilian] H[amilton] Jeffery, “Kylon and Drakon”, in Archaic Greece: The City-States, c. 700-500 b.c., New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, section II (Central and Northern Greece), subsection 7 (Athens and Attica), page 86:

Limestone County
Limestone County#English

A city, the county seat of Limestone County, Alabama.

A sizable city, the county seat of Clarke County, Georgia, consolidated with Clarke County as Athens-Clarke County.

Several places in the United States:
A city in Menard County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Athens County, Ohio.

A city, the county seat of McMinn County, Tennessee.

Henderson County
Henderson County#English

A city, the county seat of Henderson County, Texas.


Paris

Paree (alternative deliberate humorous misspelling)
Parish (alternative)
Parris (alternative)
Parrish (alternative)
Pares (alternative)

desctree

→ Arabic: بارِيس (bārīs), بَارِيز (bārīz) — dated, پَارِيس (pārīs) — rare
→ Afar: Baaríis
→ Somali: Baaríis

→ Hindi: पेरिस (peris)

→ Urdu: پَیرِس (pairis)
→ Punjabi: پَیرَس (pairas)

From Middle English Parys, Paris, from Old French Paris, from the Late Latin name of an earlier settlement, Lutetia Parisiorum (“Lutetia of the Parisii”), from Latin Parīsiī, a Gaulish tribe, from Transalpine Gaulish *parios (“cauldron”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Doublet of Parizh.

der

General American, Canada, Mary–marry–merry merger

While the concept of remigration has long existed in academia, its hijacking by the far right on social media appears to have begun about a decade ago when French adherents to identitarianism, an ethno-nationalist movement, organised what they described as the inaugural meeting in Paris on remigration.

2024 October 3, Ashifa Kassam, “How remigration became a buzzword for global far right”, in The Guardian:

A city in Arkansas, United States and one of the two county seats of Logan County.

A city, the county seat of Bear Lake County, Idaho.

Bear Lake County
Bear Lake County#English

A city, the county seat of Edgar County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Bourbon County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Monroe County, Missouri; named for the city in Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Lamar County, Texas.

A city, the county seat of Henry County, Tennessee.


Moscow

Ultimately from Old East Slavic Москов- (Moskov-), originally referring to the Moskva River, probably from Proto-Slavic *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”). Perhaps related to Czech moskva (“raw bread”), Slovak mozga (“puddle”), Polish Mozgawa, and more distantly Latvian mazgāt (“to wash, rinse”), Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “to sink”), Latin mergō (“to dive”), all from Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to plunge, dip”). Cognate with Russian промозглый (promozglyj, “dank”). Doublet of Moskva.

Alternative form: Moskva

The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.

1917, Anton Chekhov, translated by Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories, Project Gutenberg, published 9 September 2004, →ISBN, page 71:

I was inclined to accept Yeltsin's invitation to go to Russia, but Tony Lake said Moscow shouldn't be my first foreign stop, and the rest of my team said it would divert attention from our domestic agenda.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 49:

An IAF representative told an Indian parliamentary committee that due to the Ukraine war a “major delivery” from Moscow “is not going to take place.”

2023 March 24, Rhea Mogul, “Russia can’t meet India arms deliveries due to Ukraine war, Indian Air Force says”, in CNN:

A federal city, the capital and largest city of Russia.

A large number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Latah County, Idaho; probably named after the Russian city.

A small city in Fayette County, Tennessee; named after Mosgo, a Cherokee chief.

A tiny city in Stevens County, Kansas; said to be named after Luis de Moscoso Alvarado, a Spanish explorer.


London

en-proper noun

London (countable and uncountable, plural Londons)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: London

From Middle English London, from Old English Lunden, from Proto-Celtic via Latin Londinium – see for details. Doublet of Londinium.

Londens

of, from or pertaining to London in the UK

An eccentric city with a live-and-let-live vibe, London is a place where people can be free to be themselves, find the communities to which they belong and write whatever they want. There are, in a sense, many Londons for writers to explore.

2022 October 12, Bernardine Evaristo, “Read Your Way Through London”, in The New York Times:

The capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England, within Greater London. Situated on the tidal River Thames in southeast England, with a metropolitan population of more than 13,000,000.

A city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, with a population of approximately 300,000.

A small city in Pope County, Arkansas, with a population of approximately 900.

A city, the county seat of Laurel County, Kentucky, with a population of approximately 8,000.

A city, the county seat of Madison County, Ohio, with a population of approximately 9,000.


Stockholm

From Swedish Stockholm, compound of stock (“log”) + holme (“islet”), possibly referring to logs put outside of the Stockholm shores to prevent ships from invading.

A municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; the county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden.


Madrid

I usually walked home because I loved Madrid; I recognized myself in how difficult it was to perceive its truth, in its elusive charm, and in how poignant its nooks and crannies could be.

2024, Alana S. Portero, translated by Mara Faye Lethem, Bad Habit, 4th Estate, page 148:

A small city in Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa.


Ankara

From Turkish Ankara and Ottoman Turkish آنقره (Ankara), from Byzantine Greek and Ancient Greek Ἄγκυρα (Ánkura), from ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor, hook”) in reference to the bend in the Çölova River before it merges with the Cubuk to become the Ankara but probably also calquing a local name ultimately derived from Hittite [script needed] (Ankuwaš), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“elbow, bend, curve”). The river and province are named for the city. Doublet of Angora, angle, and anchor.

der

The capital city of Turkey and the capital of Ankara Province.


Naples

From French Naples, from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polĭs), from νέᾱ (néā, “new”) + πόλῐς (pólĭs, “city”) after the relocation of the original Greek settlement in the area. Doublet of Nabeul, Nablus, Napoli, Neapoli, and Neapolis. Compare Newton.

doublet

The capital city in the region of Campania in Italy; capital of the surrounding province.

A city in Collier County, Florida, United States.


California

en-prop

California (countable and uncountable, plural Californias)

Etymology of California
Las sergas de Esplandián

Probably Spanish after California, a Utopian island of the Amazons described in Las sergas de Esplandián, a 16th-century Spanish novel. The name comes from the fictional island's Muslim-allied queen, Calafia, whose name is a play on Arabic خَلِيفَة (ḵalīfa, “caliph”). For more information see: Etymology of California.

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

A city, the county seat of Moniteau County, Missouri.

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands

Several places in the United States.
A city in Campbell County, Kentucky.


NYC

Co-owner Peter Ryan learned his craft in the bagelries of NYC, and most of his bosses weren't Jewish either, so he has no qualms about offering such un[-]kosher concoctions as ham and Swiss with mayo and sprouts on a whole-wheat bagel.

1990, Kathryn Robinson, Stephanie Irving, editors, Seattle Cheap Eats: 300 Terrific Bargain Eateries, Sasquatch Books, →ISBN, page 23:

Initialism of New York City, a city in New York, United States.


Arcadia

From Latin Arcadia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρκαδία (Arkadía).

Arcadia
Arcadia (ancient region)
Arcadia (utopia)

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Los Angeles County, California.

A city, the county seat of DeSoto County, Florida

A minor city and township in Carroll County, Iowa.

A minor city in Crawford County, Kansas.

A minor city and inactive township in Iron County, Missouri.

Trempealeau County
Trempealeau County#English

A city and town in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin.


Albert

Albert (countable and uncountable, plural Alberts)

From Old English Æþelbeorht, from Proto-West Germanic *Aþalberht, a compound of *aþalaz (“noble”) + *berhtaz (“bright, famous”), or from Old French Albert, from Latin Albertus, itself from the Germanic name. Regardless of the exact route, it is a doublet of Ethelbert. It became popular in 19th-century England due to Queen Victoria’s consort, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.


Vulcan

From Latin Vulcānus, probably from Etruscan although very unclear, but unknown meaning and further origin (see more in Latin entry). Doublet of bolcane and volcano.

A placename.
A place in Romania
A city in Hunedoara County, Romania.

Hunedoara County
Hunedoara County#English


Budapest

From Hungarian Budapest, from Buda + Pest.

The capital and the most populous city of Hungary.


Aachen

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

A city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.


Abu Dhabi

Borrowed from Arabic أَبُو ظَبْي (ʔabū ẓaby, “father of the gazelle”).

bor+

Abu Zabi (alternative)
Abu Zaby (alternative)
Abū Ẓaby (alternative)

Abu Dhabi has even branded itself “the capital of capital.”

2025 May 11, Nadeen Ebrahim and Abbas Al Lawati, “Trump is visiting three of the world’s richest nations. Here’s what’s on their wish list”, in CNN:

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

The capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital of Abu Dhabi emirate.


Addis Ababa

/ˌædɪs ˈæbəbə/

From Amharic አዲስ አበባ (ʾädis ʾäbäba, “new flower”).


Algiers

From French Algiers, from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers. Doublet of Algeria and Algeciras.

der

اَلْجَزَائِر

The capital and largest city of Algeria.


Baghdad

Borrowed from Arabic بَغْدَاد (baḡdād), from Classical Persian بَغْدَاد (baġdād) (see there for more).

Bagdad (alternative)
Bagdat (alternative)


Bangkok

Bankok (alternative archaic)
Bancock (alternative obsolete)
Bangkock (alternative obsolete)

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958, Russell H. Fifield, The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958, New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 263:

Temperatures in Bangkok fell as low as 59.3 degrees Fahrenheit (15.2 degrees Celsius) on Monday, the lowest the capital has seen in years, as the country’s weather agency warned cool conditions could persist through mid-February.

2025 January 14, Jay Ganglani and Kocha Olarn, “59 degrees Fahrenheit might not sound that chilly. In Thailand’s capital, it’s a shock to the system”, in CNN:


Barcelona

/ˌbɑːsəˈləʊnə/

/ˌbɑɹsəˈloʊnə/

/ˌbɑɹsɪˈloʊnə/

Ultimately borrowed from Catalan Barcelona.

Sarah Harvey, an NHS worker from Brighton, was also told by Vodafone that she had to pay a £5,800 bill run up after she was hit on the head by a cyclist, again in Barcelona this summer.

2014 November 22, Miles Brignall, “Victory against Vodafone for schoolteacher billed £15,000”, in The Guardian:

The capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela.


Basel

The capital city of Basel-Stadt canton, Switzerland.


Belfast

From Irish Béal Feirste (literally “mouth of the River Farset”).

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

The capital and largest city of Northern Ireland.

A place named for either the city in Northern Ireland or another place also named as such.

A city, the county seat of Waldo County, Maine.


Berlin

en-prop

Berlin (countable and uncountable, plural Berlins)

Baden-Württemberg · Bavaria · Brandenburg · Hesse · Lower Saxony · Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania · North Rhine-Westphalia · Rhineland-Palatinate · Saarland · Saxony · Saxony-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringia

Ironically enough, it was the anti-war stirrings of Dada that bore out its most immediate influence, first in Switzerland and then post-war Berlin.

2014 October 30, Ara Merjian, “How World War I gave birth to the modern”, in CNN:

The capital and largest city of Germany.

The former name of Kitchener, a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

A small city in Colquitt County, Georgia, United States.

A city in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States.

A tiny city in LaMoure County, North Dakota, United States.

Green Lake County
Green Lake County#English

A city in Green Lake County and Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States.


Cairo

Borrowed from Italian Il Cairo, from Arabic الْقَاهِرَة (al-qāhira)

Caherah (alternative)
Al-Caherah (alternative)

A city, the county seat of Grady County, Georgia.

Alexander County
Alexander County#English

A city, the county seat of Alexander County, Illinois.


Cape Town

The legislative capital of South Africa.


Caracas

From Spanish Caracas. Named after the Caraca tribe.


Cologne

From Middle English Coloyne, from Old French Cologne, from Latin Colōnia Agrippīna (“Agrippine Colony”), a settlement named after Agrippina, the mother of Roman Emperor Nero; colōnia (“colony”) comes from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from verb colo, colere (“till, cultivate, worship”). Doublet of Colonia, colony, and Köln, from German.

der

Collen (alternative obsolete)
Cologn (alternative obsolete)
Köln (alternative rare)

The largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany, on the Rhine River.

A city and town in Minnesota, United States.


Copenhagen

Norwegian Bokmål: Copenhagen

/ˌkəʊpənˈheɪɡən/

/ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːɡən/

From Low German Kopenhagen, a calque (perhaps modified by folk etymology) of Danish København.

Copenhagen (disambiguation)
Copenhagen County
Copenhagen, Louisiana

In 2015, one person was killed in Copenhagen at a meeting meant to mark the 25th anniversary of an Iranian fatwa against British writer Salman Rushdie, which Vilks attended.

2021 October 4, Reuters, “Lars Vilks, Swedish cartoonist who depicted Mohammed, killed in car crash”, in CNN:


Dublin

From Middle Irish Dublind, from dub (“black”) + lind (“pond”).

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Laurens County, Georgia.

A city in Franklin County, Delaware County and Union County, Ohio.


Edinburgh

Edinburgh
Edinburgh (disambiguation)
Etymology of Edinburgh

From Middle English Edynburgh, from Old Welsh Eidyn, a Celtic/Brythonic region of uncertain origin (possibly a personal name; compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”)) + Old English burg (“castle, stronghold”). More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.


Florence

Florence (disambiguation)
Florence Nightingale

Borrowed from French Florence, from Latin Flōrentia (as a given name, a feminine form of Flōrentius), from flōrens (“flowering, flourishing”), from flōs (“flower”), connected with English bloom and blossom. Doublet of Firenze.
The female given name gained popularity from Florence Nightingale who was born in the Tuscan city.

The capital city of Tuscany, Italy, and capital city of the Metropolitan City of Florence.

Lauderdale County
Lauderdale County#English

A city, the county seat of Lauderdale County, Alabama.

A statutory city in Fremont County, Colorado.

A minor city in Marion County, Kansas, named after daughter of Samuel J. Crawford.

A home rule city in Boone County, Kentucky.

A city, the county seat of Florence County, South Carolina.


Florida

New York City, Philadelphia, traditional Eastern New England (except for Boston), Ireland

From Spanish florida (“flowery”), often referring to a place's abundance of flowers. The state's name specifically is a shortening of la Florida (“the flowery one”) or Pascua Florida (“flowery Easter”). It is the oldest surviving European-given place-name in the US. The village in Orange County, New York was named in the 1760s from Latin flōrida (“flowery”).

Several places in South and Central America:

Two adjacent cities in Vicente López department, Buenos Aires province, Argentina: Florida Este and Florida Oeste.

A city, the capital of Florida department, Uruguay.


Glasgow

/ˈɡlɑːz.ɡəʊ/

/ˈɡlɐːz.ɡəʉ/

/ˈɡlɐːz.ɡɐʉ/

From Cumbric, from Proto-Brythonic *glas (“green”) + *cöü (“hollow”) (for this element see Irish cuas (“hollow”), Welsh cau (“hollow”)); usually romantically translated as "the dear green place." Compare modern Scottish Gaelic Glaschu.

up to Glasgow

Central Glasgow is beautiful. Glasgow Central is also beautiful. Opened by the Caledonian Railway in 1879, it was rebuilt in the Edwardian era to a design by Robert Rowand Anderson.

2023 February 8, Greg Morse, “Crossing the border... by Sleeper”, in RAIL, number 976, page 40:

A major city and council area of Scotland, largest city in Scotland.

A home rule city, the county seat of Barren County, Kentucky.

A minor city in Howard County and Chariton County, Missouri.

A minor city, the county seat of Valley County, Montana.


Guernsey

From Anglo-Norman, from Old Norse, compound of Grani (“Grani's”) and ey (“island”). Folk etymology points to a dialectal root for green.


The Hague

From the French translation (confused with La Hague) of Dutch Den Haag, short form of 's-Gravenhage, from Middle Dutch des Graven hage (1400s), literally, "the Count's hedge[-enclosed hunting grounds]",

A city and capital of South Holland, Netherlands; the administrative capital of the Netherlands.


Havana

Cacique
Habaguanex
Havana
Havana (disambiguation)

From Spanish La Habana, from Habaguanex, the native American chief (Cacique) who controlled the area, from Taíno sabana ("savanna"), with the h perhaps being an anthroponymic inflection.

Havanna (alternative dated)
Havannah (alternative dated)

A city, the county seat of Mason County, Illinois, United States.

A minor city in Montgomery County, Kansas, United States.


Helsinki

My doctors didn't want me to go to Helsinki, but staying home wasn't an option. Yeltsin had been reelected and NATO was about to vote to admit Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic; we had to have an agreement on how to proceed.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 376–377:

The capital city of Finland; a municipality, the capital of the region of Uusimaa, Finland.


Honolulu

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Honolulu.wav

From Hawaiian Honolulu, from hono (“bay, harbor” – cognate with Maori whanga) + lulu (“shelter” – cognate with Maori ruru); see also toponym Whangaruru in North Island, New Zealand.

United States of America
United States of America

A port on Oahu Island, the capital city of the state of Hawaii in the United States of America.


Jakarta

/d͡ʒəˈkɑː(ɹ)tə/

From Indonesian Jakarta, from Sanskrit जयकर्ता (jayakartā, “that which causes victory”).

And in fact, forgetting the past was easy to do in Indonesia. Jakarta was still a sleepy backwater in those days, with few buildings over four or five stories high, cycle rickshaws outnumbering cars, the city center and wealthier sections of town—with their colonial elegance and lush, well-tended lawns—quickly giving way to clots of small villages with unpaved roads and open sewers, dusty markets, and shanties of mud and brick and plywood and corrugated iron that tumbled down gentle banks to murky rivers where families bathed and washed laundry like pilgrims in the Ganges.

2006, Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, New York, N.Y.: Crown Publishers, →ISBN, page 273:

A province and capital city of Indonesia.


Jerusalem

en-proper noun

Jerusalem (countable and uncountable, plural Jerusalems)

→ Maori: Hiruharama

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːsələm/

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːzələm/

From Old English Hierusalem or Old French Jherusalem or Late Latin Ierusalem, Hierusalem, from Latin Hierosolyma, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

Meronyms: East Jerusalem (EJ, East al-Quds); West Jerusalem (WJ)

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

Hierosolyma

chiefly in reference to the ancient Roman or Crusader era city

A city in the Holy Land between the Mediterranean Sea and Dead Sea, holy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam; the claimed capital cities of both Israel and Palestine.

꾸드스

North Korea and South Korean Islamic contexts


Juneau

en-proper noun

Juneau (countable and uncountable, plural Juneaus)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Juneau.wav

From French Juneau.
The Alaskan city was named after Joe Juneau, whose French surname derives from jeune (“young”).

The capital city of Alaska, United States.

A city, the county seat of Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States.


Kabul

Cabool (alternative)
Cabul (alternative)
Caubool (alternative)
Caubul (alternative)
Kabol (alternative)

The capital and largest city of Afghanistan.


Kathmandu

From Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u), from Sanskrit काष्ठमण्डप (kāṣṭhamaṇḍapa), from काष्ठ (kāṣṭha, “wood”) + मण्डप (maṇḍapa, “pavilion”).

bor

Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u)

Katmandu (alternative)
Káthmándú (alternative)

Nepal’s new road connecting the Everest region to Kathmandu promises to transform travel and commerce, fueling hopes for economic growth while raising environmental concerns.

2025 January 19, Sangam Prasain, “Road to Everest: Nepal opens new link to the top of the world”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2025-01-19:


Khartoum

Possibly from Arabic خُرْطُوم (ḵurṭūm, “elephant trunk”), but more likely from Arabic قُرْطُم (qurṭum, “safflower”).


Kiev

From Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev), from Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ), which folk-etymology derives from the name of city's legendary founder Kyi. Other proposals derive it from Proto-Slavic *kyjь (“stick, club, hammer”) (compare to Russian кий (kij)). See also at the article about Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ).

der

The capital city of Ukraine and the administrative centre of Kyiv Oblast.


Lagos

Borrowed from Portuguese Lagos (literally “lakes”).

bor+

‘Lagos is just a noise-making place with too much light and glass.’

2020, Abi Daré, The Girl With The Louding Voice, Sceptre, page 120:

“Covid has ramped up the level of work we do because hospitals are too busy,” he told CNN over the phone from his home in Lagos, Nigeria’s biggest city.

2021 February 10, Eoin McSweeney, “As Covid-19 cases rise in Nigeria, a government policy is creating crowds and chaos”, in CNN:

The largest city and former capital of Nigeria, in Lagos State.

A city and municipality of Faro district, Portugal.


La Paz

Borrowed from Spanish La Paz (literally “the peace”).

Baja California Sur
Baja California Sur#English

The capital city of Baja California Sur, Mexico


Lhasa

From Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

Lh'asa (alternative)
Lasa (alternative)
La-sa (alternative)

The earliest historical relic of the Tibetans—like that of many, perhaps of most, other races—is a weather-beaten stone, the Do-ring. It stands in the center of Lhasa, across the courtyard in front of the western doors of the Cathedral or Jokang, beneath the famous willow-tree.

1905, Perceval Landon, The Opening of Tibet: An Account of Lhasa and the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission Sent There by the English Government in the Year 1903-4, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., page 3:

The 37bn-yuan ($5.7bn) track extends from the region’s capital Lhasa eastward to the city of Nyingchi, which is Tibetan for “Throne of the Sun”.

2021 June 5, “Fast track to the throne”, in The Economist, volume 439, number 9248, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 36:

The most notable stop on the president's itinerary was the Lhasa, the Tibetan city that was once home of the Dalai Lama.
Xi visited the public square in front of the Potala Palace, the traditional seat of the Dalai Lama's power. Tibet's religious leader has been living in exile since 1959 following a failed uprising against the Chinese rule. While in Lhasa, Xi visited a monastery and "inspected ethnic religion" and Tibetan cultural heritage protection,[…]

2021 July 23, “China: Xi visits Tibet for the first time as president”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-23, News:

There has been a widespread outcry from the residents of Lhasa, the capital of the Chinese autonomous region of Tibet, about how local authorities are managing a Covid-19 lockdown, instated on August 9.

2022 September 30, “How China uses zero-Covid policy to crack down on Tibetans”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-09-30:

Prayers are a part of daily life in Tibet, and in counties such as Nyemo, on the outskirts of Lhasa, its inhabitants try to make a living by making incense to be used in temples.

2023 August 4, Jesus Centeno, “Tibet prays under the Chinese flag”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-08-06:

The capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Lisbon

As the capital of Portugal, from French Lisbonne, from Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna), from Latin Olisīpō, the origin of which is uncertain. Older spellings include Ulixbona and Ulixbuna (in the Visigothic era); Ὀλισσιπών (Olissipṓn) or Ὀλισσιπόνα (Olissipóna) (by Greek writers), Olisippo (by Pliny the Elder), and Ulyssippo (by Pomponius Mela of Hispania), the last of which relates to the first-century Roman folk etymology that it was founded by and named after Ulysses; another common folk etymology is the Phoenician 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤑 𐤏𐤁𐤀 (ʿlyṣ ʿbʾ /ʿaliṣ-ʿuboʾ/, “safe harbour”), but there is not much evidence for such words. Another possibility, based on hydronymy of the area, derives the name from Paleo-Hispanic's appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.
In other senses, with reference to the Portuguese city.
More at Lisbon.

noncog

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

A port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; the capital city of Portugal.

A city, the county seat of Ransom County, North Dakota, United States.


Liverpool

From Middle English Liverpul, from Old English lifer, læfer (“reed, rush”) + pōl (“pool”). Equivalent to laver + pool.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England; an important seaport in the United Kingdom, and once one of the biggest in the world.

A tiny city in Brazoria County, Texas, United States.


Los Angeles

/lɔs ˈæŋɡələs/

/loʊs ˈæŋɡələs/

An anglicized form of Spanish Pueblo de los Ángeles (City of the Angels), a clipping of Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (“Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porziuncola”), taken from the Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí's name for the nearby Los Angeles River, first sighted by the Portolá expedition on August 2, the feast day of the dedication of the chapel of Porziuncola (from Latin portiuncula, “little portion”) in Santa Maria degli Angeli (Italian for “Saint Mary of the Angels”) near Assisi, Italy, where St Francis began his order.

It is projected that the ride from Los Angeles to Las Vegas on such a supertrain would take 75 minutes.

2018, Michael G. Zey, Seizing the Future: Dawn of the Macroindustrial Era:

Los Angeles would still be a piddling little town in a desert if it weren’t for Sierra snowmelt and city officials crafty enough to snooker eastern California farmers out of their water rights.

2023 August 6, Daniel Duane, “It’s August. Californians Are Still Skiing. Don’t Ask.”, in The New York Times:

A city and port, the county seat of Los Angeles County, the largest city in California, and the 2nd largest in the United States, famed for being the center of the American film industry.


Louisiana

From French Louisiane, named for King Louis XIV of France.

A city in Pike County, Missouri, named for the founder's daughter, Louisiana Bayse.


Lusaka

A Lusaka evening: a purpling sky, woodsmoke from supper fires, mosquitoes singing delirious rounds, the clapping and chanting of a church meeting, the bitter smell of car exhaust.

2019, Namwali Serpell, The Old Drift, Hogarth, page 238:


Manila

From Spanish Manila, from Tagalog Maynila, from may (“there is”) + nila (“indigo”), Tagalog nila from Sanskrit नील (nīla).

Maynila (alternative nonstandard)
May-nilad (alternative historical)
Manilla (alternative archaic historical misspelling)

Meronyms: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa, Tondo — districts of Manila

Chinese traders, mostly from the southern ports of Amoy (Hsia-men) and Canton, took raw silk, fabrics, and apparel to Manila, where these cargoes were sold for silver and carried back for sale in the New World.

2007, Ronald Findlay, Kevin O'Rourke, Power and Plenty, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 173:

The capital city of the Philippines; the regional capital of Metro Manila, in the island of Luzon.

Mississippi County
Mississippi County#English

A city in Mississippi County, Arkansas, United States


Marseilles

for the French city; for the Illinois city

From Old French Marseilles (nominative of Marseille), from Latin Massilia, Marsilia, from Ancient Greek Μασσαλία (Massalía), probably from a pre-Latin language of Italy, perhaps Ancient Ligurian mas (“spring”).

bor

nominative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">Marseille</i>

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Alternative spelling of Marseille, the capital city of Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; the capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

Marseille

A city in LaSalle County, in northern Illinois, United States.


Milan

Inherited from Middle English Milane, Melan, etc., from Old English Mæġelan, Megelan, Mediolanaburg, etc. under influence from early forms of French Milan, from Medieval Latin Mediolāna etc., from Latin Mediolānum, q.v. As American settlements, typically after the Italian city. Doublet of Milano.

A city in northern Italy; the capital of Lombardy.

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Dodge County and Telfair County, Georgia.

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

A city in Monroe County and Washtenaw County, Michigan.

A city, the county seat of Sullivan County, Missouri.


Montevideo

/ˌmɒntɪvɪˈdeɪəʊ/

There is general agreement that the first two syllables come from Spanish or Portuguese monte (“hill”), in reference to the prominent hill to the west of the city. Beyond that, explanations differ. Two of the most popular stories are that the name comes from a reading of the abbreviated MONTE-VI-D-E-O ("sixth hill from east to west"), or that it comes from a Portuguese sailor's shout of "Monte vide eu".

The Tower of Montevideo has many rooms / Some of them are empty since I left you

2021, Damon Albarn, “The Tower of Montevideo”, in The Nearer the Fountain, More Pure the Stream Flows:

A city, the county seat of Chippewa County, Minnesota, United States.


Nairobi

From Maasai enkare nyrobi (“cold water, cold river”), the name of the Nairobi river.

By 1899 the railhead had reached the further edge of the Athi Plain at mile 315, and halted while the survey parties went ahead, and a supply base was established at the foot of the hills. This spot has become Nairobi.

1950 April, Timothy H. Cobb, “The Kenya-Uganda Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 262:


Nassau

Borrowed from German Nassau, from German nass (“wet”). The Bahamian city is named after the German one.

A city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.


New England

The name of the American region was coined by English explorer John Smith in 1616.

Nieu-Engeland

six states in the northeast of the United States

A minor city in Hettinger County, North Dakota.

Hettinger County
Hettinger County#English


New York

Charles II of England
James II of England
Province of New York

From New + York. While sharing a name with the city in northern England, the American placename originated with the English colonial Province of New York (previously Dutch colony New Amsterdam), named in 1664 by King Charles II for his younger brother James, Duke of York, to whom the land was granted; New York's eponymous Duke of York himself was later crowned King James II.

न्यू यॉर्क

village in Wildmore, East Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England

New York is a former capital of the USA.

The largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey.


Nicosia

/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/

From Medieval Latin and Old French Nicosia, from Byzantine Greek Λευκωσία (Leukōsía), variant of Λευκουσία (Leukousía), equivalent to λευκός (leukós, “white”) or λεύκη (leúkē, “poplar”) + οὐσία (ousía, “property, estate”), but deriving from various Ancient Greek forms including Λευτεῶν (Leuteôn), Λευκοθέον (Leukothéon), and Λευκούπολις (Leukoúpolis) adapting an early or pre-Greek name variously recorded as Λέδραι (Lédrai), Λῆδρον (Lêdron), Λεδρῶν (Ledrôn), Λήδρα (Lḗdra), etc. Doublet of Lefkosia.

The capital city of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.


Normandy

From Middle English Normandie, Normandye, from Old English Normandiġ, from Old French Normendie, from normant + -ie. Compare Old Norse Norðmanndi (“Normandy”). Normant refers to the Germanic words for 'north' and 'man', as the original Normans were of Scandinavian origin. More at Norman.

A number of other places:
In the United States:
A city in Saint Louis County, Missouri.

Saint Louis County
Saint Louis County#English


Orleans

/ˌɔɹ.leɪˈɑ̃/

/ˌɔɹ.liˈɑːn/

From French Orléans, ultimately from Latin Aurelianum, from the name of the Roman emperor Aurelian, who rebuilt the city. More at Aurelius.

Centre-Val de Loire
Centre-Val de Loire#English

A city, the capital of Loiret department, France; the regional capital of Centre-Val de Loire.

Orléans

capital city of Centre-Val de Loire, France


Oslo

From Norwegian Oslo, from Old Norse Ósló, Ásló f or n. The first element is disputed, but is likely from ǫ́ss, áss (“god; one of the Æsir”), from Proto-Germanic *ansuz. Another theory is that it comes from áss (“hill, beam”), from Proto-Germanic *ansaz, but this is unlikely. The second element is ló f or n (“meadow”), from Proto-Germanic *lauhō f, *lauhaz m (compare the suffix -ley in English place-names).

A county and municipality, the capital city of Norway. Formerly called Christiania and Kristiania.

Oslo

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital city of Norway)

أوسلو

ʔōslū, ʔōslō

A tiny city in Marshall County, in northwest Minnesota, United States.


Oxford

From Middle English Oxenford, Oxneford, from Old English Oxnaford (“Oxford”, literally “oxen's ford”), equivalent to ox + ford. Compare Old Norse Öxnafurða.

inh

A city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, famous for its university.

Talladega County
Talladega County#English

A city in Calhoun County, Talladega County and Cleburne County, Alabama.

A city in Newton County, Georgia; named for the university.

A minor city and township in Johnson County, Iowa; named for its township, itself named for the town in New York.

A number of places in the United States:

Lafayette County
Lafayette County#English

A city, the county seat of Lafayette County, Mississippi; named for the city in England.


Padua

From Medieval Latin Padua, from Venetan Padoa, from Latin Patavium.


Palermo

/pəˈlɜː(ɹ)məʊ/

/pəˈlɛə(ɹ)məʊ/

From Italian Palermo, from Sicilian Palermu, from Arabic بَلَرْم (Balarm), from Latin Panormus, from Ancient Greek Πάνορμος (Pánormos), from πᾰν- (păn-, “all”) + ὅρμος (hórmos, “port”) for its natural harbor.

A city in Italy, capital city of the Metropolitan City of Palermo, capital city of Sicily.


Panama City

A city, the county seat of Bay County, Florida, United States.


Philadelphia

[fɪɫəˈdɜɫfi.ə]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Philadelphia.wav

Attalus II Philadelphus
Kingdom of Pergamon
Philadelphia (disambiguation)
Ptolemaid Egypt
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
William Penn

From Latin Philadelphia, from Ancient Greek Φιλαδέλφεια (Philadélpheia), from φιλάδελφος (philádelphos, “brother/sibling-loving”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming placenames”), from the combining form of φῐλέειν (phĭléein, “to love”) + ἀδελφός (adelphós, “brother, sibling”). In reference to the city in Turkey, named for the loyal Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon. In reference to the city in Jordan, named for the incestuous Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt. In reference to the American city, named for the ancient towns as well as the Quaker William Penn's aim of fostering religious tolerance. Doublet of Filadelfia.

der

Philadelphia police said they were investigating. No charges were immediately filed.

2025 May 5, “Barstool Sports founder retracts Auschwitz tour offer to customer in antisemitic sign incident”, in Associated Press:

Philadelphia County
Philadelphia County#English

The largest city in Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of coterminous Philadelphia County; the former capital of the United States.

(historical) Former name of Amman, the capital of Jordan.

(historical) Former name of Alasehir, a city in Turkey.

A locale in the United States; named for the city in Pennsylvania.

A city, the county seat of Neshoba County, Mississippi.

A small city in Loudon County, Tennessee.


Piedmont

Derived from Italian Piemonte (“mountain foot”), from Medieval Latin Pedemontium, Pedemontis, from Latin ad pedem montium.

der+

A small city in Calhoun County and Cherokee County, Alabama, United States.

A city in Alameda County, California, United States.

A small city in Wayne County, Missouri, United States.

Kingfisher County
Kingfisher County#English

A city in Canadian County and Kingfisher County, Oklahoma, United States.

A small city in Meade County, South Dakota, United States.


Quito

Borrowed from Spanish Quito. Named after the Quitu tribe. The name is a combination of two Tsafiki words: quitso (“center”) + to (“the world”); roughly translating as "center of the world."


Rhodes

en-proper noun

Rhodes (countable and uncountable, plural Rhodeses)

From French Rhodes, from Latin Rhodus, from Ancient Greek Ῥόδος (Rhódos), of uncertain etymology. Possibilities include a pre-Greek name (cf. Phoenician 𐤄𐤓𐤏𐤃 (hrʿd), "snake"), ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), and ῥοιά (rhoiá, “pomegranate”).

A city on the island of Rhodes, Greece, and the capital of the Dodecanese.


Rhodes

Rhodeses (plural)
Rhoades (alternative)
Rhoads (alternative)
Rodes (alternative)
Roades (alternative)
Royds (alternative)
Rhode (alternative)

From rodes, the plural form of Middle English rode, from Old English rod, rodu.
The Rh- form—a 16th century spelling modification—was created by analogy with the unrelated Rhodes, Greece.

A minor city in Marshall County, Iowa; named for Conway B. Rhodes.


Riyadh

From Arabic الرِّيَاض (ar-riyāḍ, literally “the meadows”).


Rome

→ Hindi: रोम (rom)

→ Thai: โรม (room)

From Middle English Rome, from Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō and influenced by Late Latin Rōma (“Rome, Constantinople”), from Classical Latin Rōma (“Rome”). In Roman mythology, the name was said to derive from Romulus, one of the founders of the city and its first king.
The name appears in a wide range of forms in Middle English, including Rom, Room, Roome, and Rombe as well as Rome; by early modern English, it appeared as Rome, Room, and Roome, with the spelling Rome occurring in Shakespeare and common from the early 18th century on. The final spelling was influenced by Norman, Middle French, Anglo-Norman, and Old French Rome. Doublet of Roma and Rum.

der

Rom (alternative archaic)
Roome (alternative archaic)
Room (alternative archaic)
Rhoome (alternative archaic)
Romme (alternative archaic)
Rowme (alternative archaic)
Roym (alternative archaic)
Rum (alternative archaic)
Roma (alternative uncommon)

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope

When could they say (till now) that talk'd of Rome,
That her wide Walles incompast but one man?
Now is it Rome indeed, and Roome enough
When there is in it but one onely man.

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], line 157:

Within the last thirty weeks I have heard the word Rome pronounced Room by several old-fashioned people in the north of Ireland, some of my own relations among the number. On remonstrating with one of these, she said, "It was always Room when I was at school (say about 1830), and I am too old to change it now."

1866 December 8, 'Filius Ecclesiæ', Notes & Queries, "Rome:Room", 456 1

A major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire.

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Floyd County, Georgia.


Saint-Pierre

/ˌsæ̃ piˈɛə(ɹ)/

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon#English

A commune, the capital of the overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France.

سان بيير

capital city of Saint Pierre and Miquelon


Saint Petersburg

Peter the Great
Saint Peter
Saint Petersburg

Calque of Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg) equivalent to Saint Peter + -s- + -burg, from German Sankt Petersburg (“Saint Peter's City”), referring to Saint Peter the Apostle and alluding to its founder Tsar Peter the Great. Doublet of Peterborough.

calque

Санкт-Петербу́рг

der

St. Petersburg (alternative)
St.-Petersburg (alternative)
St Petersburg (alternative)
St-Petersburg (alternative)
Saint-Petersburg (alternative)
St. Petersburgh (alternative)

Leningrad

still the name of the surrounding oblast

Alternative form of St. Petersburg:
A city in Florida, United States.


San Francisco

From Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”). Doublet of São Francisco.

San Francisco
San Francisco (disambiguation)

A major coastal city and county in California, United States, formerly Yerba Buena (pre-1847).


Seoul

From Korean 서울 (Seoul, literally “capital city”), originally from Claude-Charles Dallet's French-based romanization of Korean, reinforced by the 1959 South Korean Ministry of Education romanization of Korean, which transcribed the Korean vowel ㅓ (/ʌ/) with the digraph "eo" and which was official until 1984.
Note that English Seoul predates the Revised Romanization romanization of Seoul. The two romanization systems simply produce identical forms.

bor

The Joint Commission provided for in the Moscow agreement began its work at Seoul, the ancient capital of Korea, on March 20, 1946. This Commission, which was, of course, the key element in the plan agreed upon at Moscow, was deadlocked almost from the start.

1956, Harry S. Truman, chapter 21, in Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial And Hope, volume II, Doubleday & Company, →OCLC, page 320:

With almost 10 million people living in 25 different districts and the Han River through the middle, Seoul offers more than even most locals who spend a considerable amount of time have time to see for themselves.

2023 March 21, Dong-hwan Ko, “Possibly next SOHO, Seoul selects 5 neighborhoods for new signature 'K-alleys'”, in The Korea Times, archived from the original on 2023-05-13, National:

Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on Sunday met with South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol in Seoul, reciprocating Yoon’s visit to Tokyo in March. In doing so, the two leaders marked the revival of their “shuttle diplomacy” to hold negotiations in each other’s countries and work through a series of thorny issues that have complicated their ties.

2023 May 7, Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “Japanese prime minister visits Seoul, resuming ‘shuttle diplomacy’”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-07, Asia:

The capital city of South Korea, also the historical capital of Korea from 1394 until the country was divided in 1945.


Seville

From (possibly through a Middle French form) Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”). Compare Hebrew שפלה (shfela, “lowland”), Arabic سافل (safil, “lowly”).

der

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)


Stuttgart

Unadapted borrowing from German Stuttgart, from Old High German stuotgarten (“stud farm”), from stuot (stud) + garten (garden).

der

/ˈʃtʊtɡɑː(ɹ)t/

Alternative forms: (both obsolete) Stuttgardt, Stuttgard

The largest city and state capital of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Շտուտգարտ

the capital and largest city of the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany

A city in Arkansas County, Arkansas; it is the county seat of Arkansas County's northern district.


Syracuse

en-proper noun

Syracuse (countable and uncountable, plural Syracuses)

→ Italian: Syracuse

→ Japanese: シラキュース (Shirakyūsu)

desc

→ Mandarin: 錫拉丘茲 /锡拉丘兹 (Xīlāqiūzī, Xílāqiūzī)

→ Portuguese: Syracuse

From French Syracuse, from Latin Syrācūsae, from Ancient Greek Συρᾱ́κουσαι (Surā́kousai) attested from 8th century BC, from a Pre-Greek name, possibly Phoenician 𐤔𐤄𐤓𐤀𐤇 (šhrʾḥ, “to feel ill”) in reference to the ancient port's proximity to a swamp. As a surname, an anglicized form of Italian Siracusa. Doublet of Siragusa. Compare Sicilian Saragusa.

A city and port in Sicily, Italy; the capital city of the province of Syracuse.

Sirakuse

city and port in the province of Syracuse, Sicily

A city, the county seat of Hamilton County, Kansas.

A minor city in Morgan County, Missouri.

A city, the county seat of Onondaga County, New York.


Johannesburg

/d͡ʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/

/d͡ʒœʊ̯ˈhɛnɨsbøːɡ/

/d͡ʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/

/d͡ʒoʊˈhɑːnɪsbɜːrɡ/

The P39-1 is an anonymous stretch of thinly tarred highway connecting the small towns of Newcastle and Normandein in South Africa, a four-hour drive from Johannesburg.

2025 May 22, Pumza Fihlani, “On the South African road incorrectly identified as a 'burial site' by Trump”, in BBC:


Durban

en-prop

Durban (countable and uncountable, plural Durbans)

From D'Urban, from French d’Urbain, from Urbain, from Latin Urbanus, from urbanis, from urbs.
* The city in South Africa is named after Benjamin D'Urban.

Another ANC splinter party, the uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MK), led by former President Jacob Zuma appears to be on course to do well in KwaZulu-Natal, the eastern coastal province where Durban is located.

2024 May 30, Sarah Dean and David McKenzie, “First results in South Africa’s election suggest it is heading for biggest political shift since apartheid”, in CNN:

A city and seaport in KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa.


Port Elizabeth

In South Africa, named by Sir Rufane Shaw Donkin after his late wife, Elizabeth.

A city and port in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa, officially now named Gqeberha.


Oran

Ultimately Borrowed from Arabic وَهْرَان (wahrān), from a Berber term meaning "lion".


Hamburg

The second largest city in, and a state of, Germany.

Any of various communities in the United States; named for the German city:

A city, the county seat of Ashley County, Arkansas.

A small city in Carver County, Minnesota.


Hanoi

From Vietnamese Hà Nội, which is a Sino-Vietnamese word, 河內.

Ha Noi (alternative)
Hà Nội (alternative)

If you have seventeen days and £168 to spare, can satisfy the Iron Curtain authorities of your bona fides and your taste runs to marathon rail travel, you can now board the "Night Ferry" at Victoria and ride across the whole of Europe and Asia to Hanoi, capital of North Viet-Nam, changing carriage only at Brussels, Berlin, Moscow and Pekin.

1959 December, “Talking of Trains: Five trains to Hanoi”, in Trains Illustrated, page 579:

YOUR SON WAS SERIOUSLY WOUNDED WHEN SHOT DOWN IN HANOI BUT HAS MADE FINE RECOVERY AND NOW, ACCORDING THIS GROUP, LOOKS "QUITE WELL." HE HAS BEEN EVERYTHING YOU WANT YOUR SON TO BE AND HAS STOOD UP MANFULLY AGAINST ALL EFFORTS TO PERSUADE HIM TO UTTER TRAITOROUS STATEMENTS.

1999, John McCain, Faith of My Fathers, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 285:

An Giang · Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu · Bắc Giang · Bắc Kạn · Bạc Liêu · Bắc Ninh · Bến Tre · Bình Định · Bình Dương · Bình Phước · Bình Thuận · Cà Mau · Cao Bằng · Đắk Lắk · Đắk Nông · Điện Biên · Đồng Nai · Đồng Tháp · Gia Lai · Hà Giang · Hà Nam · Hà Tĩnh · Hải Dương · Hậu Giang · Hoà Bình · Hưng Yên · Khánh Hoà · Kiên Giang · Kon Tum · Lai Châu · Lâm Đồng · Lạng Sơn · Lào Cai · Long An · Nam Định · Nghệ An · Ninh Bình · Ninh Thuận · Phú Thọ · Phú Yên · Quảng Bình · Quảng Nam · Quảng Ngãi · Quảng Ninh · Quảng Trị · Sóc Trăng · Sơn La · Tây Ninh · Thái Bình · Thái Nguyên · Thanh Hoá · Thừa Thiên Huế · Tiền Giang · Trà Vinh · Tuyên Quang · Vĩnh Long · Vĩnh Phúc · Yên Bái

Cần Thơ · Da Nang · Haiphong · Hanoi · Ho Chi Minh City