Slovakia

→ Japanese: スロバキア (Surobakia)

First attested to in German in 1586, itself apparently derived from Slovak Slováky, equivalent to English Slovak + -ia.

Hungary, Austria and Poland are still refusing to participate in the resettlement plan, due to end in September. Other Eastern European countries, such as the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovakia, are only doing so on a limited basis, the commission said.

2017 March 2, Eliza Mackintosh, “No more excuses on resettling refugees, European Commission warns”, in CNN:

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Slovak Republic. Capital and largest city: Bratislava.


San Marino

/ˌsæn məˈɹiː.nəʊ/

From Italian San Marino (“Saint Marinus”).

Republic of San Marino
Republic of San Marino#English

A landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy. Official name: Republic of San Marino.


Senegal

/ˌsɛn.ɪˈɡɔːl/

/ˌsɛn.ɪˈɡɑːl/

Probably from a Portuguese transliteration of the name of the Zenaga (possibly from Arabic زنجي (“Zanj, Negro”), from Persian زَنگ (“Land of the Blacks”) Etymology 3}. Or a combination of the supreme deity in Serer religion (Rog Sene) and o gal meaning body of water in the Serer language.

Republic of Senegal
Republic of Senegal#English

A country in West Africa. Official name: Republic of Senegal.


El Salvador

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Saviour”). Named in honor of Jesus Christ.

ubor

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio will discuss the possibility of deporting suspected Tren de Aragua gang members to El Salvador in an upcoming meeting with Salvadorean president Nayib Bukele, according to State Department Special Envoy for Latin America Mauricio Claver-Carone.

2025 January 31, Stefano Pozzebon, “Rubio and Bukele to discuss sending suspected gang members from US to El Salvador”, in CNN:

Republic of El Salvador
Republic of El Salvador#English

A country in Central America. Official name: Republic of El Salvador.


Syria

From Middle English Sirie, from Latin Sȳria, from Ancient Greek Σῠρῐ́ᾱ (Sŭrĭ́ā), ultimately from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “Assur”) and hence originally synonymous to Assyria.

Syrian Arab Republic
Syrian Arab Republic#English

A country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Syrian Arab Republic. Capital: Damascus.


Swaziland

→ Japanese: スワジランド (Suwajirando)

“I don’t think we’ve quite found it yet,” she adds, “but definitely Swaziland is buzzing with new material.”

2017 January 11, “Why music celebrities in Swaziland have day jobs”, in CNN:

(historical) Former name of Eswatini: a country in Southern Africa; used until 2018.

Swaziland

Kingdom of Swaziland — see also Eswatini

Swazilands

attributive form - relating to Swaziland


Chad

→ Welsh: Tsiad

Believed to be from Kanuri tsade (“lake”). The country is named after the lake.

Though foreigners did play some part in fighting as mercenaries for Gadhafi during the bloody Libyan war, the IOM and local leaders in Chad say the vast majority of Chadians, like Mohammed, were working to send remittances home.

2012 April 18, David McKenzie, “Chad’s migrant workers pay price for Libya conflict”, in CNN:

Republic of Chad
Republic of Chad#English

A country in Central Africa. Official name: Republic of Chad.


Togo

From Togoville, from Ewe to (“to pound”) + go (“shore”).

It was on the plane to Togo, six months earlier, back when Togo was still on the shortlist, before Aimee had offended that tiny nation by suggesting, in an interview, that its government did ‘nothing for their people’.

2016, Zadie Smith, Swing Time, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Press, →ISBN, page 194:

Togolese Republic
Togolese Republic#English

A country in West Africa. Official name: Togolese Republic.


Thailand

→ Thai: ไทยแลนด์ (tai-lɛɛn)

From Thai + -land, from Thai ไทย (tai), from ไท (tai, “Tai, or 'free' via folk etymology”).

Are you from Thailand? I got you soup from Thailand!

2011 November 2, 00:07:14 from the start, in Conan Delivers Chinese Food in NYC (Conan), Conan O'Brien (actor), Team Coco:

Bangkok typically sees temperatures between 73 and 91 degrees Fahrenheit (23 to 33 degrees Celsius) during January, according to the Tourism Authority of Thailand – one reason why it’s a paradise for many tourists looking to escape winter in the northern hemisphere.

2025 January 14, Jay Ganglani and Kocha Olarn, “59 degrees Fahrenheit might not sound that chilly. In Thailand’s capital, it’s a shock to the system”, in CNN:

Kingdom of Thailand
Kingdom of Thailand#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Kingdom of Thailand. Capital: Bangkok. Former name: Siam.


Tonga

From Tongan Tonga, from Samoan toga (“southern”).

Kingdom of Tonga
Kingdom of Tonga#English

A country and archipelago of Polynesia in Oceania. Official name: Kingdom of Tonga. Capital and largest city: Nuku'alofa.


Trinidad and Tobago

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Trinidad and Tobago.wav

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago#English

A country consisting of two main islands and several smaller islands in the Caribbean, off the coast of Venezuela. Official name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.

ട്രിനിഡാഡ് ടൊബാഗോ

ṭriniḍāḍŭ ṭobāgō


Tanzania

Blend of Tanganyika + Zanzibar + -ia, combining the names of the former countries that merged to form Tanzania in 1964.

United Republic of Tanzania
United Republic of Tanzania#English

A country in East Africa. Official name: United Republic of Tanzania.

Beʼekʼid Honeezítsoh Bibąąhgi Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah


Ukraine

Ukraine (canonical)
the Ukraine (canonical)
Ucrania (alternative obsolete)
Ukrain (alternative obsolete)
Ukrainia (alternative obsolete)
Ukrania (alternative obsolete)
Ukraina (alternative rare)

→ Assamese: ইউক্ৰেইন (iukrein)

→ Bengali: ইউক্রেন (iukren)

desc

→ Cherokee: ᏯᎧᏪᏂ (yakaweni), ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ (yugvlainv)

→ Chinese: 烏克蘭 /乌克兰 (Wūkèlán)

→ Vietnamese: Ô Khắc Lan

→ Dhivehi: ޔުކްރެއިން (yuk̊rein̊)

→ Gujarati: યૂક્રેઇન (yūkreina)

→ Hawaiian: ʻUkelena

→ Hindi: यूक्रेन (yūkren)

→ Kannada: ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್ (yukrēn)

→ Malay: Ukraine

→ Malayalam: യുക്രെയിൻ (yukreyiṉ)

→ Maori: Ūkareinga

→ Marathi: युक्रेन (yukren)

→ Nepali: युक्रेन (yukrena)

→ Odia: ୟୁକ୍ରେନ (yukrena)

→ Punjabi: ਯੂਕ੍ਰੇਨ (yūkren)

→ Samoan: 'Iukureini

→ Sinhalese: යුක්රේන් (yukrēn)

→ Telugu: ఉక్రెయిన్ (ukreyin)

→ Thai: ยูเครน (yuu-kreen)

→ Tigrinya: ዩክረይን (yukräyn)

→ Tongan: ʻIukuleini

→ Ukrainian: Юкре́йн (Jukréjn)

→ Urdu: یُوکْرین (yūkren)

→ Yoruba: Yukíréènì

Borrowed from Polish Ukraina or Russian Украи́на (Ukraína), from Old East Slavic оукраина (ukraina), which is most commonly taken to have meant "borderland, marches" in this context, though for about a century now Ukrainian scholars have articulated an alternative theory that it meant "region, country, the land around (a given center)" in this context instead. See Name of Ukraine for more.

An IAF representative told an Indian parliamentary committee that due to the Ukraine war a “major delivery” from Moscow “is not going to take place.”

2023 March 24, Rhea Mogul, “Russia can’t meet India arms deliveries due to Ukraine war, Indian Air Force says”, in CNN:

A country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea. Capital and largest city: Kyiv.


Uganda

→ Japanese: ウガンダ (Uganda)

→ Welsh: Wganda

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”), possibly from Proto-Bantu *ngàndá (“family”).

der

Republic of Uganda
Republic of Uganda#English

A country in East Africa. Official name: Republic of Uganda.


United States

desc

ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܕܐ

uḥdānē mḥūyḏē

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܕܐ (uḥdānē mḥūyḏē) (calque)

→ Chinese: 合眾國 /合众国 (hézhòngguó) (calque)

⇒ Japanese: 合衆国 (Gasshūkoku)

→ Corsican: Stati Uniti (calque)

→ Dutch: Verenigde Staten (calque)

→ French: États-Unis (calque)

Haitian Creole: Etazini

⇒ Louisiana Creole: Létazini

→ Persian: اتازونی (etâzuni)

→ German: Vereinigte Staaten (calque)

Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες

→ Greek: Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες (Inoménes Politeíes) (calque)

→ Irish: Stáit Aontaithe (calque)

→ Italian: Stati Uniti (calque)

→ Maltese: Istati Uniti

→ Polish: Stany Zjednoczone (calque)

→ Sardinian: Istados Unidos (calque)

එක්සත් ජනපදය

→ Sinhalese: එක්සත් ජනපදය (eksat janapadaya) (calque)

→ Spanish: Estados Unidos (calque)

→ Tagalog: Estados Unidos

ریاستہائے متحدہ

→ Urdu: ریاستہائے متحدہ (riyāsat’hā-e-muttahida) (calque)

As soon as the war in Europe had embraced those powers with whom the United States have the most extensive relations there was reason to apprehend that our intercourse with them might be interrupted and our disposition for peace drawn into question by the suspicions too often entertained by belligerent nations.

1793 December 3, George Washington, Fifth State of the Union Address

As we have seen, people migrated to the United States for a variety of reasons. But nearly all shared two great hopes: the hope for personal freedom and the hope for economic opportunity.

1964, John F. Kennedy, “The Immigrant Contribution”, in A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 64:

I used to have a sign on my desk that said, "The Buck Stops Here." The buck stops at the president's desk when he's president of the United States, and he either makes the decisions or he lets them go by default, and you can't afford to do that when you're president.

1965, Harry S. Truman, 0:26 from the start, in MP2002-401 Former President Truman Discusses "The Buck Stops Here", Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives Identifier: 595162, archived from the original on 2021-02-02:

“King Homer” follows the story of King Kong closely, with Mr. Burns taking the freakishly over-sized King Homer from his native Africa, where he lives proud as a simian god, to the United States, where he is an initially impressive but ultimately rather limited Broadway attraction.

2012 April 29, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Treehouse of Horror III” (season 4, episode 5; originally aired 10/29/1992)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

United States of America
United States of America#English

(in the singular, formerly also plural) A country in North America, also including Hawaii in Oceania; in full, United States of America.


Uruguay

/ˈjʊə.ɹə.ɡwaɪ/

/ˈʊɹ.ə.ɡweɪ/

/ˈʊɹ.ə.ɡweɪ/

Disputed; Guaraní urugua (“shellfish”) y (“water”) or uru (“kind of bird”) gua (“from”) y (“water”).

The conflict was finally settled in 1828 with the creation of the buffer state of Uruguay, but the prestige of the emperor had suffered a further blow as a result of this reverse, as it was perceived.

1992, Edwin Williamson, The Penguin history of Latin America, London, New York: Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 249:

Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Oriental Republic of Uruguay#English

A country in South America. Official name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Capital and largest city: Montevideo.


Venezuela

Borrowed from Spanish Venezuela, from Italian Veneziola, diminutive of Venezia (“Venice”), after the stilt houses reminiscent of Venetian architecture.

The legislation is named after Laken Riley, a 22-year old Georgia student who was killed last year while out for a run. An undocumented migrant from Venezuela was convicted and sentenced to life without parole in the case that reignited a national debate over immigration and crime.

2025 January 22, Clare Foran, Haley Talbot and Priscilla Alvarez, “Congress passes immigrant detention bill in first legislative win for Trump”, in CNN:

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela#English

A country in South America. Official name: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Capital and largest city: Caracas.

ເວເນຊູເອລາ

wē nē sū ʼē lā

ເວເນຊຸເອລາ

wē nē su ʼē lā


Vietnam

→ Burmese: ဗီယက်နမ် (biyaknam)

→ Japanese: ベトナム (Betonamu)

/ˌvjɛʔˈnɑːm/

US, rare, perhaps modeled on piece etc, or the South Vietnamese pronunciation

Borrowed from Vietnamese Việt Nam. Extended senses come from the Vietnam War.

Viet-Nam (alternative)
Viet Nam (alternative)

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Socialist Republic of Vietnam#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Capital: Hanoi.


Yemen

From Arabic اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman), from Proto-Semitic *yamīn- (“right; right hand”).

der

Unlike in Somalia, Iraq and Afghanistan, in Yemen they are trying to implement sharia by winning over the hearts and minds of the people.

2012 April 30, Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, “Al-Qaida's wretched utopia and the battle for hearts and minds”, in The Guardian:

Republic of Yemen
Republic of Yemen#English

A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Republic of Yemen. Capital: Sanaa.


Zambia

Republic of Zambia
Republic of Zambia#English

A country in Southern Africa. Official name: Republic of Zambia. Formerly called Northern Rhodesia.


Zimbabwe

From Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“houses of stones”) (see imba (“house”), ibwe (“stone”)), in reference to Great Zimbabwe.

According to Ncube, the MDC believed, from 2000, that Britain's interest in Zimbabwe had more to do with concern for white farmers than black Zimbabweans.

2009 June 17, Blessing-Miles Tendi, “Tsvangirai's dicey strategy”, in The Guardian:

Republic of Zimbabwe
Republic of Zimbabwe#English

A country in Southern Africa. Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe. Formerly called Southern Rhodesia or Rhodesia.


Australia

→ Japanese: オーストラリア (Ōsutoraria)

→ Maori: Ahitereiria

→ Tokelauan: Auhitalia

General Australian, Macquarie Dictionary

/əˈstɹæɪ.jə/

First attested 16th century, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”). Used also in 1693 (quotation below). Popularised by Matthew Flinders in 1814 (quotation below).
Distantly cognate to Austria, containing the same Proto-Indo-European root, but through German where it retained the earlier sense of “east” rather than “south”.
See also Terra Australis.

uder

Straya (alternative informal)
'Straya (alternative informal)

The statement did not specify the location of that trip, but provided further details of her romantic life, stating that Saroukos and her husband spent eight days together before she returned to Australia on Dec. 21.

2025 May 30, Riley Cedar, “Soldier’s wife deported to Australia after detainment in Hawaii”, in Military Times:

Commonwealth of Australia
Commonwealth of Australia#English

A country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire. Official name: Commonwealth of Australia. Capital: Canberra.


Bosnia and Herzegovina

bŏz′·nē·ə and hûrts′·ə·gōv′·ĭn·ə

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Bosnia and Herzegovina.wav

BiH (alternative)
Bosnia-Herzegovina (alternative)
Bosnia (alternative)
Bosnia and Hercegovina (alternative)
Bosnia-Hercegovina (alternative)
Herzeg-Bosnia (alternative)

Mr. Parenti is the leader of a campaign to defend Slobodan Milosovic, who was charged and tried with war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina but died before his victims were able to justice achieved.

2015, Various Authors, “Responses to David N. Gibbs Article by John Theis, Scott Laderman, Jean Bricmont, Latha V Laderman, Jean Bricmont, Latha Varadarajan, K ajan, Kees van der Pijl, an der Pijl, and John Feffer”, in Class, Race and Corporate Power, volume 3, number 2, page 14:

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Capital and largest city: Sarajevo. Part of Yugoslavia until 1992.

မိူင်းပေႃးသၼီးယႃး လႄႈ ႁႃႇၸီႇၵူဝ်းဝီးၼႃး

móeng páu sǎ níi yáa lāae hàa tsìi kó wíi náa


Barbados

From Portuguese barbados (“bearded ones”), from barba (“beard”), due to the dense hanging moss or vines in the island.


Burkina Faso

From Moore burkĩna (“honest”) + Dyula faso (“father's house”), coined by Thomas Sankara. Roughly translatable as "fatherland of the upright people".

A country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta. Official name: Burkina Faso.


Benin

→ Japanese: ベニン (Benin)

From Portuguese Benim, from Itsekiri Ubinu, from Yoruba ile ibinu (“house of vexation”).

A country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey.

People's Republic of Benin, from 1975 to 1990


Brunei

From Malay Brunei, probably ultimately from Sanskrit वरुण (váruṇa), which also referred to the island of Borneo (a likely cognate to Brunei).

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan.


Belarus

Borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ).

bor+

Biełaruś (alternative rare)
Bielarus (alternative rare)
Bielarus' (alternative rare)
Belarus' (alternative rare)

Republic of Belarus
Republic of Belarus#English

A country in Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Belarus. Capital and largest city: Minsk.


Vanuatu

Republic of Vanuatu
Republic of Vanuatu#English

A country and archipelago of Melanesia in Oceania. Official name: Republic of Vanuatu. Capital and largest city: Port Vila.


Uzbekistan

From Russian Узбекистан (Uzbekistan), itself from Classical Persian اُزْبَکِسْتَان (uzbakistān). Ultimately uncertain; possibly from Turkic uz (“genuine”) + Sogdian [Term?] (/bek/, “master”) (for the second element, see Turkish bey). The suffix is known to be from Classical Persian ـِستان (istān, “place of”).

der

اُزْبَکِسْتَان

In Uzbekistan, forced sterilizations apparently began in 2004 and became official state policy in 2009.

2013, Al Gore, The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 234:

Republic of Uzbekistan
Republic of Uzbekistan#English

A country in Central Asia. Official name: Republic of Uzbekistan. Capital: Tashkent.


Tuvalu

/tʉːˈvɐːlʉː/

From Tuvaluan Tuuvalu (literally “eight standing together”) in reference to the eight inhabited islands of Tuvalu, although Tuvalu consists of nine islands. The ninth island, Niulakita, was inhabited in 1949. Compare to Proto-Austronesian *walu (“eight”).

bor

Tuvalu, a string of islands northwest of Australia, sold the rights to its suffix, “.tv,” to a Canadian entrepreneur for $50 million, and used the money to put electricity on the outer islands, create scholarships and finance the process to join the United Nations.

2024 March 22, Emma Bubola, “The A.I. Boom Makes Millions for an Unlikely Industry Player: Anguilla”, in The New York Times:

A country and archipelago of Polynesia in Oceania. Capital and largest city: Funafuti.


Turkmenistan

From Turkmen Türkmenistan, from Türkmen (“Turk-like; Turkmen”) + Classical Persian ـستان (-istān, “-stan”).

der

A country in Central Asia. Capital: Ashgabat.


East Timor

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste#English

A country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor. Official name: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Capital: Dili.


Tajikistan

/təˈdʒɪkɪˌstɑːn/

Borrowed from Tajik Тоҷикистон (Tojikiston), from Classical Persian تاجیکستان (tājīkistān).

der

Tadjikistan (alternative)
Tadzhikistan (alternative)

Rahmon, addressing Putin directly, said that Tajikistan and other countries in the vast region have been treated like outsiders and indicates that the region deserves more investment from Moscow.[…]
Rahmon said the neglect of Tajikistan and the other countries of Central Asia, which he said were only used for their raw materials during the Soviet era, was one of the reasons for the collapse.

2022 October 15, “Tajik President's Demand For 'Respect' From Putin Viewed Millions Of Times On YouTube”, in Radio Free Europe, archived from the original on 2022-10-17:

Republic of Tajikistan
Republic of Tajikistan#English

A country in Central Asia. Official name: Republic of Tajikistan. Capital: Dushanbe.


São Tomé and Príncipe

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-São Tomé and Príncipe.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-São Tomé and Príncipe.wav

Partial calque of Portuguese São Tomé e Príncipe (literally “Saint Thomas and Prince”), the two major islands which form the nation.

pcal

Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe#English

A country and archipelago of Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean. Official name: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Capital: São Tomé.

São Tomé en Principe

Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe


Suriname

/ˌsʊə.ɹɪˈnæm/

/ˌsjʊə.ɹɪˈnæm/

/ˌsʊɹ.ɪˈnɑm/

From English Surinam, from the name of the Surinen people, likely Lokono.

Republic of Suriname
Republic of Suriname#English

A country in South America. Official name: Republic of Suriname. Capital and largest city: Paramaribo.


Somalia

→ Japanese: ソマリア (Somaria)

Federal Republic of Somalia
Federal Republic of Somalia#English

A country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa. Official name: Federal Republic of Somalia. Capital: Mogadishu.


Sierra Leone

From Italian sierra (“mountain range”) + leone (“lion”) (via Venetian), itself from Portuguese Serra Leoa (“lioness mountains”), as the area was described to the rest of Europe by Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto; in reference to the Lion Mountains (named by Pedro de Sintra in 1462).

der

Republic of Sierra Leone
Republic of Sierra Leone#English

A country in West Africa. Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone.

Alvise Cadamosto
Lion Mountains
Pedro de Sintra
Sierra Leone

Náshdóítsoh Bitsiijįʼ Daditłʼooʼígíí Dziil


Sri Lanka

→ Japanese: スリランカ (Suri Ranka)

/ʃɹiˈlɑːŋkə/

/sɹiˈlɑːŋkə/

Borrowed from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකාව (śrī laṁkāwa), from Sanskrit श्री लङ्का (śrī laṅkā, literally “holy Lanka”).

der

Sri Lanka has asked the IMO to classify plastic pellets as toxic substances, and Vanuatu is calling for better reporting of containers lost at sea.

2022 February 9, Karen McVeigh, “‘Oil spills of our time’: experts sound alarm about plastic lost in cargo ship disasters ”, in The Guardian, Guardian Media Group, retrieved 2022-02-11, Seascape: the state of our oceans:

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka#English

An island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India. Official name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Capital: Colombo.


South Korea

From south + Korea, due to its southerly position on the Korean peninsula.

HSI data indicates that up to a million dogs are bred and sacrificed annually in South Korea for human consumption, even though demand is at a “historic low,” with about 6 million dogs residing in South Korean homes and 57 percent of the population supporting the ban.

2024 January 9, “South Korea bans dog meat trade for human consumption”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-01-10:

Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea#English

A country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Official name: Republic of Korea. Capital: Seoul.

Аладатәи Кореа

a country in East Asia, comprising the southern half of the Korean Peninsula

Shádiʼááhjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí


North Korea

/noɹθ ˌkəˈɹi.ə/

/nɔːθ ˌkəˈɹiː.ə/

From north + Korea, due to its northerly position on the Korean peninsula.

The Little Assembly directed the commission to hold elections "wherever possible" which means, in effect, the United States-occupied zone. Russia, occupying North Korea, has boycotted the commission completely.

1948 March 9 [1948 March 8], “U.N. Officials Fight Korea Voting Plan”, in The Washington Post, number 26,199, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

A few species such as bat, shrew, striped hamster and muskrat are found only in North Korea. Also only in North Korea are tiger, lynx, two species of deer, Manchurian weasel and northern pika in the plateau regions of Paektusan.

1985, H. Edward Kim, “Land and People”, in Facts about Korea, 18th Revised edition, Seoul: Hollym Corporation, →OCLC, page 22:

North Korea is currently experiencing a dire food crisis, with analysts warning the present situation could deteriorate into a similar humanitarian disaster seen during the four-year famine in the mid-1990s — referred to as the "Arduous March" by the regime — which led to the deaths of millions of people.

2023 January 27, Julian Ryall, “North Korea teetering on the brink of a humanitarian crisis”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2023-01-27:

Some 200 hectares of rice paddies in Kangwon Province are reported to have been flooded by tropical storm Khanun, which swept across North Korea last week after battering Japan’s Okinawa.

2023 August 18, Gavin Blair, “Kim Jong-un at typhoon-hit farms as North Korea rebuked over starvation”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-18:

North Korea has traditionally been especially strong in weightlifting, dominating the event at the Jakarta Asian Games in 2018 with eight golds.

2023 September 14, “North Korea set to end years-long sporting isolation at Asian Games”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-09-14:

Satellite images show an “unprecedented” number of freight railcars on the border between Russia and North Korea following a summit between the countries’ leaders in which they discussed military cooperation.

2023 October 7, “‘Unprecedented’ freight rail cars on North Korea’s border with Russia: satellite images”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-10-08:

Democratic People's Republic of Korea#English

A country in East Asia, whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea. Official name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Capital: Pyongyang.

Noord-Korea

a country in East Asia whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea

Náhookǫsjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí


Saudi Arabia

I’ve been visiting Saudi Arabia for close to two decades and in that time I’ve experienced some incredible things.

2020 December 5, Nic Robertson, “Saudi Arabia has changed beyond recognition. But will tourists want to visit?”, in CNN:

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia#English

A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Capital: Riyadh.

الْمَمْلَكَة الْعَرَبِيَّة السُّعُودِيَّة

Саӏудийн ӏаьрбийчоь

Saˀwdiı̇n ˀärbiı̇čö

沙烏地阿拉伯 /沙乌地阿拉伯

Shāwūdì Ālābó

ອາຣາບີຊາອູດີ

ʼā rā bī sā ʼū dī


Seychelles

→ Japanese: セイシェル (Seisheru)

After French official and politician Jean Moreau de Séchelles.

Republic of Seychelles
Republic of Seychelles#English

An archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean. Official name: Republic of Seychelles.


Russia

en-prop

Russia (countable and uncountable, plural Russias)

→ Bengali: রাশিয়া (raśiẏa)

→ Burmese: ရုရှား (ru.hra:)

→ Dhivehi: ރަށިއާ (raṣiā)

→ Hausa: Rasha

→ Hawaiian: Lūkia, Rūsia

→ Hindi: रशिया (raśiyā)

→ Korean: 러시아 (reosia)

desc

→ Lao: ລັດເຊັຽ (lat sīa), ຣັດເຊັຽ (rat sīa)

→ Malay: Rusia

→ Malayalam: റഷ്യ (ṟaṣya)

→ Maori: Rūhia

→ Marathi: रशिया (raśiyā)

→ Rarotongan: Rūtia

→ Russian: Ра́ша (Ráša)

→ Swazi: iRashiya

→ Tamil: ரஷ்யா (raṣyā)

→ Thai: รัสเซีย (rát-siia)

→ Ukrainian: Ра́ша (Ráša)

→ Xhosa: IRashiya

→ Yoruba: Rọ́ṣíà

→ Zulu: iRashiya

1390s, from Medieval Latin Russia, from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ) (whence Arabic رُوس (rūs) and Byzantine Greek Ῥῶς (Rhôs)), which originally referred to a group of Varangians who established themselves near Kiev in the 9th century and ruled Kievan Rus; probably from Proto-Finnic *roocci, from Old East Norse *roþs- (“related to rowing”); related to Old Norse Roþrslandi (“the land of rowing”), an older name of Roslagen, where the Finns first encountered the Swedes. Ultimately from Old Norse róðr (“steering oar”), from Proto-Germanic *rōþrą (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”).

der

“Revoking PNTR for Russia is going to make it harder for Russia to do business with the United States and doing it in unison with other nations that make up half of the global economy will be another crushing blow to the Russian economy that’s already suffering very badly from our sanctions,” Biden said.

2022 March 10, Kaitlan Collins, Manu Raju, Kate Sullivan, MJ Lee and John Harwood, “Biden calls for suspending normal trade relations with Russia and will ban imports of vodka and seafood”, in CNN:

Russia is unable to honor its arms delivery commitments to India because of the war in Ukraine, the Indian Air Force (IAF) said, placing a potential strain on New Delhi’s relationship with its largest defense supplier as Moscow attempts to ramp up weapons production.

2023 March 24, Rhea Mogul, “Russia can’t meet India arms deliveries due to Ukraine war, Indian Air Force says”, in CNN:

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. Official name: Russian Federation. Capital and largest city: Moscow. It borders the Pacific and Arctic Oceans and the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. Part of the Soviet Union from 1917 through 1991.

俄羅斯 /俄罗斯

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆


Palau

Borrowed from Palauan Belau (“Palau”), traditionally derived from aidebelau (“indirect replies”) in reference to the island's creation story, or from beluu (“village”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banua (“inhabited land, territory”).

Another society in which wealth per se was highly valued was Palau, but wealth belonging to descent units and not to individuals.[…]
Palau society was divided into a large number of individually named, exogamous matriclans, and these were in turn subdivided into named matrilineages, each of which was a land-owning corporation and localized within a single community.

1989, Douglas L. Oliver, “Social Relations”, in Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 146:

The president of Palau declared Tuesday that his Pacific island nation will ban commercial fishing and become a marine sanctuary.[…]
Remengesau said establishing “a 100 percent marine sanctuary” will enable Palau to preserve “a pristine environment” and promote snorkeling, scuba diving and ecotourism as an alternative way to grow its economy.

2014 February 5, Edith M. Lederer, “Palau to ban commercial fishing, promote tourism”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-07-19:

Few places on the planet are as isolated as Palau, or as sprawling. Its 21,000 residents are scattered across a handful of its 250 islands, which take up just 177 square miles combined. Relatively poor, and with no military of its own, Palau employs a marine police division with just 18 members and one patrol ship.

2016 February 17, Ian Urbina, “Palau vs. the Poachers”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-02-17:

Fully 99% of Palau's population over 12 has had both shots of vaccine for the new coronavirus, the International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) said, citing government figures which also show that this amounts to 16,152 people.
That puts Palau, an archipelago of 500 islands in the western Pacific Ocean, in the "top spot", the IFRC said in a statement, ahead of countries like Portugal which was named one of the world's most vaccinated countries when 80% of its 10 million people were fully immunized last month.

2021 October 14, Byron Kaye, “Tiny Pacific nation beats the world with 99% COVID vaccination, says Red Cross”, in Raju Gopalakrishnan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-14, Asia Pacific:

While in Palau, Lai delivered a speech at its legislature and plans to open a government building complex that Taiwan helped to build. On Friday, Taiwan and Palau are set to conduct a joint maritime rescue drill, with Taiwan’s coast guard sending one of its newest domestically-made vessels from its southern port of Kaohsiung, in a possible rehearsal for showdowns with Chinese coast guard vessels in disputed regional waters.

2024 December 5, Joyu Wang, Austin Ramzy, “Beijing Has Picked Off Taiwan’s Remaining Allies. Taiwan Is Fighting Back.”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-12-06:

Republic of Palau
Republic of Palau#English

A country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania. Official name: Republic of Palau. Capital: Ngerulmud.


Niue

From Niuean Niuē (“behold the coconut palm”), from niu (“coconut”) + ē (“o (vocative particle)”).

Republic of Niue
Republic of Niue#English

An island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. Official name: Republic of Niue. Capital: Alofi.


Lesotho

From Sotho Lesotho (“Land of the Basotho (Sotho people)”).

bor

Land of the <i class="Latn mention" lang="st">Basotho</i> (Sotho people)

Lesuto (alternative)
Lesutho (alternative)
Lesoto (alternative)

Kingdom of Lesotho
Kingdom of Lesotho#English

A country in Southern Africa. Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho. Capital: Maseru.


Kyrgyzstan

/ˈkɪə.ɡɪˌstɑːn/

/ˈkɛː.ɡɪˌstɑːn/

/ˌkɪəɹ.ɡɪˈstɑːn/

/ˌkɛːɹ.ɡɪˈstɑːn/

From Kyrgyz Кыргызстан (Kırgızstan), from кыргыз (kırgız, “Kyrgyz”) + -стан (-stan, “-stan”). Equivalent to Kyrgyz + -stan. More at Kyrgyz.

suf

Kirgizstan (alternative)
Kirghizstan (alternative)
Kyrghyzstan (alternative)
Kirgizia (alternative)
Kirghizia (alternative)
Kyrgyzia (alternative)
Kyrghyzia (alternative)

A country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China. Official name: Kyrgyz Republic. Capital: Bishkek.


Kazakhstan

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán). Analyzable as Kazakh + -stan.

bor+

Kazakstan (alternative)
Qazaqstan (alternative)

Longtime NASA astronaut Don Pettit, who has ventured to space four times, returned to Earth on Saturday night from the International Space Station. Pettit, who turned 70 on Sunday, landed at 9:20 p.m. ET in a Soyuz spacecraft with Roscosmos cosmonauts Alexey Ovchinin and Ivan Vagner near Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, after a seven-month stay aboard the orbiting laboratory.

2025 April 19, Ashley Strickland, “An astronaut’s awe-inspiring views from life in space”, in CNN:

Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kazakhstan#English

A country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Kazakhstan.


Zaïre

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Alternative spelling of Zaire: (historical) Former name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a country in Central Africa; used from 1971–1997


Congo

Congo (canonical)
the Congo (canonical)
Congos (plural)

After Kongo, from Kongo nkongo (“hunter”). Compare Kongo dikongo (“spear”), Zulu umkhonto, Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀kóndó.

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo; official name: Democratic Republic of the Congo; capital: Kinshasa).

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo, Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; official name: Republic of the Congo; capital: Brazzaville).


Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast (canonical)
the Ivory Coast (canonical)

In a continent with a long history of ethnic strife, the Ivory Coast has maintained an open immigration policy.

1988 April 26, James Brooke, “Ivory Coast: African Success Story Built on Rich Farms and Stable Politics”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-10-30:

Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
Republic of Côte d'Ivoire#English

A country in West Africa. Official names: Republic of Côte d'Ivoire and Côte d'Ivoire.


Central African Republic

the Central African Republic (canonical)
CAR (alternative initialism)

/ˈsɛntɹəl ˈæfɹɪkən ɹɪˈpʌblɪk/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Central African Republic.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Central African Republic.wav

“This is connected to the fact that we are developing relations with the Central African Republic in all possible areas, including highly sensitive areas related to security. And we intend to develop this cooperation further,” said Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov ahead of the meeting.

2025 January 18, Nimi Princewill, “Across Africa, Russia is growing in influence. What might Moscow want?”, in CNN:

quṭnāyūṯā āprīqāyṯā qinṭrōnāyṯā

ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܐܵܦܪܝܼܩܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ ܩܸܢܛܪܘܿܢܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ

הַרֶפּוּבְּלִיקָה הַמֶרְכָּז־אַפְרִיקָנִית

中央アフリカ共和国

ちゅうおうアフリカきょうわこく

Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àárín-Gbùngbùn Áfíríkà

Eswatini Central African Republic eSwatini


Cook Islands

An archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand.


Costa Rica

Republic of Costa Rica
Republic of Costa Rica#English

A country in Central America. Official name: Republic of Costa Rica.


Croatia

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Croātia, equivalent to modern Croat + -ia.

The violence began when Serbian troops went into Croatia ostensibly to aid armed ethnic Serbians trying to create their own autonomous states there.

2015 February 3, Greg Botelho, “U.N. court: Serbs’ actions in Croatia not considered genocide”, in CNN:

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Republic of Croatia
Republic of Croatia#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Croatia. Capital and largest city: Zagreb. Part of Yugoslavia until 1991.


Dominica

Borrowed from Latin Dominica (“Lord's Day [Island], Sunday [Island]”) due to being sighted by Columbus on a Sunday.

Commonwealth of Dominica
Commonwealth of Dominica#English

An island and country in the Caribbean. Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica.

Donminik

island and country (Commonwealth of Dominica) in the Caribbean


Eritrea

/ˌɛɹ.ɪˈtɹeɪ.ə/

/ˌɛɹ.ɪˈtɹiː.ə/

Borrowed from Italian (l')Eritrea, first used in Italian as an ellipsis of la Colonia eritrea (“Italian Eritrea”, literally “the Erythraean colony”), from eritrea, feminine of eritreo (“Erythraean (of or relating to the Erythraean Sea)”), from Latin erythraeus (“reddish”), from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”).

A country in East Africa, on the Red Sea. Capital: Asmara.

The modern State of Eritrea (since the 1990s).

(historical) A former province of or in union with Ethiopia.

(historical, from 1890) A former colony of Italy.


Fiji

→ Japanese: フィジー (Fijī)

Borrowed from Fijian Viti, from Proto-Central Pacific *viti "east, sunrise".

Viti (alternative)
Feejee (alternative)
Fejee (alternative)
Feegee (alternative)

A country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania. Capital and largest city: Suva.

Fidji

Fiji - a country in Oceania comprising over 300 islands


Georgia

→ Burmese: ဂျော်ဂျီယာ (gyaugyiya)

→ Hindi: जॉर्जिया (jŏrjiyā)

→ Japanese: ジョージア (Jōjia)

→ Korean: 조지아 (Jojia)

→ Mandarin: 喬治亞 /乔治亚 (Qiáozhìyà)

→ Maori: Hōria

→ Navajo: Jóojah

→ Thai: จอร์เจีย (jɔɔ-jiia)

A borrowing from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, itself a borrowing from Classical Persian گرج (gurj) (with influence from (sānctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”), alluding to the saint's popularity in the country), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”). The term's further history is unknown; it may ultimately be a derivation from Middle Persian 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gurg, “wolf”), though that would be phonologically challenging; compare Parthian 𐭅𐭉𐭓𐭔𐭍 pl (wiruž-ān), Old Armenian վիր-ք (vir-kʻ), Old East Slavic гурзи (gurzi). Replaced earlier Georgie, from the same source via a Middle French intermediary.
Early medieval sources hypothesize that the country was named after Saint George, while later European accounts connect the name with agricultural tribes called "Georgi" (from Ancient Greek γεωργός (geōrgós, “farmer”)) mentioned by classical authors (Pliny, IV.26, VI.14; Mela, De Sita Orb. i.2); neither of these etymologies is accepted today.

noncog

/ˈd͡ʒɔː.d͡ʒə/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹ.d͡ʒə/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒə/

Though this be held his laſt daies dꝛeadfull ſiege,
 Wherein he ſpareth neither man noꝛ childe,
 Yet are there Chꝛiſtians of Georgia here,
 Whoſe ſtate who euer pitied and relieu'd:

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The Second Part […], 2nd edition, part 2, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act V, scene i:

The practice of raiſing ſlaves to the great offices of ſtate is ſtill more common among the Turks than among the Perſians. The miſerable countries of Georgia and Circaſſia ſupply rulers to the greateſt part of the eaſt.

1776, Edward Gibbon, chapter III, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, page 619:

During our stay in Georgia Mr. Chmarsky's gremlin hardly operated at all, and that made us feel better toward him, and made him feel better toward us.

1948, John Steinbeck, chapter 7, in A Russian Journal, New York: The Viking Press, →ISBN, →OCLC:

A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe. Official name: Georgia. Capital: Tbilisi.


Guinea

→ Japanese: ギニア (Ginia)

Borrowed from Portuguese Guiné, which is of uncertain origin.

Among the frontrunners before the conclave began were Pietro Parolin, the Vatican’s secretary of state; Luis Antonio Tagle, a reformer from the Philippines; Péter Erdő, a traditionalist from Hungary; Robert Sarah, a cardinal from Guinea who criticised Francis’s papacy; and the moderate US cardinal Robert Prevost.

2025 May 8, Angela Giuffrida and Harriet Sherwood, “White smoke from Sistine Chapel chimney signals election of new pope”, in The Guardian:

Republic of Guinea
Republic of Guinea#English

A country in West Africa. Official name: Republic of Guinea.


Guinea-Bissau

→ Japanese: ギニアビサウ (Ginia-Bisau)

Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Republic of Guinea-Bissau#English

A country in West Africa. Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau.


Jordan

en-proper noun

Jordan (countable and uncountable, plural Jordans)

From Latin Iordanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰορδάνης (Iordánēs), from Biblical Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén, “Jordan (river)”). Doublet of Yarden.

der

Early the next morning I met with King Hussein of Jordan and then drove to the airport with the shah. All three of us agreed that we ought to give Sadat our support, and on the basis for a Middle East peace.

2011 [1978 January 1], Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 159:

Ghamr and Baqura became part of Jordan after the country gained independence from Britain in 1946. The areas were later seized by Israel but eventually incorporated into a peace treaty between the two countries in 1994. The treaty included a long-term lease that would allow Israeli farmers to cultivate the land.

2019 November 10, “Jordan reclaims 'every inch' of land leased to Israeli farmers”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-11-11, News:

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan#English

A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Capital and largest city: Amman.


Moldova

Unclear; see Romanian Moldova for theories.

Moldava (alternative)
Moldavia (alternative)
Moldovia (alternative)

Republic of Moldova
Republic of Moldova#English

A country in Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Moldova. Capital and largest city: Chișinău.


Myanmar

/ˈmaɪ̯ænˌmɑː/

From Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma), the formal Burmese name of the main ethnic group in Myanmar; ဗမာ (ba.ma), from which Burma is derived, is the informal name. Both Burmese terms are also adjectives meaning "Burmese" (related to Myanmar/Burma, its, people, language, etc). When certain words are attached, the combination may mean specifically Myanmar (Burma) (country) or Burmese (person, language, etc.) - a noun.

Republic of the Union of Myanmar#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Capital: Naypyidaw. Also known as Burma (which was formerly the official name).

Mianmar

Southeast Asian country — see also Burma


Burma

From Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma), colloquial form of မြန်မာ (mranma); see Myanmar for more.

Birma (alternative obsolete)
Birmah (alternative obsolete)
Burmah (alternative archaic)

The province of Yunnan lies in the extreme southwest of the Empire, its southern and western borders forming the northern frontiers of Tongking and Burma respectively. On the north it is bordered by Szechuan, and on the east by Kweichau and Kwangsi. It is the third largest province of the Empire, its area measuring 122,000 square miles, but, as elsewhere remarked, owing to the devastatations^([sic – meaning devastations]) of the Mohammedan rebellion and ensuing plague, its population has been greatly reduced, and now is not more than 6,000,000. Yet its mineral wealth is greater and more varied than that of any other province. Its capital is Yunnan, between which town and Burma a considerable trade is carried on.

1898, Archibald R. Colquhoun, “The Geographical Question”, in China in Transformation, Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 14:

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Capital: Naypyidaw. Officially known as Myanmar.

بُورْمَا

Southeast Asian country (former name) — see also Myanmar


Western Sahara

A territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory.

ܣܲܚܵܪܵܐ ܡܲܥܪܒ݂ܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ

saḥḥārā maˁrḇāyṯā


Saint Lucia

From Latin sancta (“saint”) Lucia (“Lucy”) (landed on by French sailors on St. Lucy's Day, 13 December 1502).

Dr. Lewis also praised Taiwan’s technological prowess, calling it a “world leader” in the tech industry. He said Saint Lucia has sought closer cooperation with Taiwan to improve digital literacy in its schools.

2022 August 11, Kelvin Chen, “Saint Lucia ambassador stands with Taiwan”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2022-08-12:

An island and country in the Caribbean. Capital: Castries.


Samoa

Borrowed from Samoan Sāmoa. See there for more.

Independent State of Samoa
Independent State of Samoa#English

A country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania. Official name: Independent State of Samoa. Capital and largest city: Apia. Formerly Western Samoa, and, before that, German Samoa. It is distinct from American Samoa.


Micronesia

Japanese: ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia)

/ˌmaɪ.kɹəʊˈniː.ʒə/

/ˌmaɪ.kɹəʊˈniː.ʃə/

From Ancient Greek μικρόνησος (mikrónēsos, “small island”, from μικρός (mikrós, “small, minimum”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”)) + -ia.

af

Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia

Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia#English

A country consisting of about 2000 islands in the Micronesia region. Official name: Federated States of Micronesia. Capital: Palikir.

Eʼeʼaahjí Tónteel bikáaʼgi Kéyah Yázhí dah Ndaaʼeełgo Ałhidadiidzooígíí


Grenada

1763 Treaty of Paris
Grenada
Grenada (disambiguation)
Seven Years' War

From anglicization/latinization of French Grenade upon the island's cession to the United Kingdom under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years' War, from Spanish Granada and Los Granadillos on Spanish maps from at least the 1520s, from Granada in Spain, from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa), originally a suburb of the city. Doublet of Granada.

der

Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa)


Saint Kitts and Nevis

desc

→ Japanese: セントキッツ・ネイビス (Sento Kittsu Neibisu) (calque)

St. Kitts and Nevis (alternative)
St Kitts and Nevis (alternative)
St. Kitts & Nevis (alternative)
St Kitts & Nevis (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Saint Kitts and Nevis.wav

The Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TVGH) announced in a press release on Monday that its medical team participated in the 2024 Lesser Antilles Medical Assistance Team (LAMAT) in Saint Kitts and Nevis this March, embarking on a 10-day mission to provide community medical services at the local hospital. The hospital stated that this cross-national medical cooperation has proven successful and received high praise.[…]
Taiwan's ambassador to Saint Kitts and Nevis, Michel Lin (林昭宏), expressed gratitude for TVGH's contributions to diplomatic relations. He emphasized that the medical mission has significantly bolstered medical cooperation between the two nations, establishing a strong foundation for expanded collaboration across various fields in the future.

2024 April 8, Ching-en Chiou, “Taiwan’s hospital completes medical assistance to Saint Kitts and Nevis”, in Radio Taiwan International, archived from the original on 2024-05-04:

Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis#English

A country comprising the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean. Official name: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis.


Macedonia

From Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”), from μακεδονία (makedonía, “highland”), from μακεδνός (makednós, “high, tall”). Doublet of macedoine.

bor

Macedonia
Macedonia (terminology)
Macedonia naming dispute

Former name of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans.


Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

desc

セントビンセント・グレナディーン

→ Japanese: セントビンセント・グレナディーン (Sento Binsento Gurenadīn) (calque)

/se(ɪ)nt ˈvɪn(t).sənt ən ðə ˈɡɹɛn.əˌdiːnz/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.wav

en-us-Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.ogg

After Saint Vincent (sighted by Columbus on St Vincent's Day, 22 January 1498) and the city of Granada in Spain.

St. Vincent and the Grenadines (alternative)
St Vincent and the Grenadines (alternative)
St. Vincent & the Grenadines (alternative)
St Vincent & the Grenadines (alternative)

An archipelago and country in the Caribbean, comprising the islands of Saint Vincent and the island chain of the Grenadines.

Naomh Bhionsant agus Eileanan Greanadach

မိူင်းသဵင်ႉဝိၼ်းသႅၼ်ႉ လႄႈ ၵရႄးၼႃးတိၼ်း

móeng sâ̰eng wín sḛ̂n lāae kǎ ráae náa tín

செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள்


Vatican City

Calque of Italian Città del Vaticano, from Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna (“Vatican City”), referring to the Vatican hill, further etymology unknown.

Vatican City State
Vatican City State#English

A city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. Official name: Vatican City State.


Taiwan

/ˌtaɪ̯ˈwɑːn/

Anping District
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)
Taiwan

The specific form "Taiwan" in English emerged from the letters of Wade–Giles Tʻai²-wan¹ romanization of Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān) and also possibly the romaji of Japanese 臺灣(たいわん) (taiwan), which both of whom are ultimately from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Cognate with Dutch Tayouan / Taioan / Taiwan / etc., and other early variant forms of Hokkien 臺窩灣 /台窝湾 (Tâi-o-oân), etc. The name is sometimes folk-etymologized to supposedly originally mean "terraced bay" (臺灣 /台湾) or "great bay" (大灣 /大湾) or similar parsings from interpreting the meaning from the Chinese characters alone.

zh-l

臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān)

Taïwan (alternative)
Tai-wan (alternative)
T'ai-wan (alternative)
Tywan (alternative)
Taywan (alternative)
Tay-wan (alternative)
Tayuan (alternative)
Tayoan (alternative)
Tayouan (alternative)

India was not alone in its predicament or in its policy. While a few developing countries like Taiwan, Mexico, and Thailand had made remarkable progress in agriculture and had experienced success in curbing their population increases, others were nearly as bad off as India, even without a drought.

1971, Lyndon Johnson, “Feeding the Hungry: India's Food Crisis”, in The Vantage Point, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 224:

Pei Ling Wu, 30, said: "I am worried about my family, but they do not want to leave Taiwan. They want to defend their country and fight to the end. If China continues to push us, independence is the only solution."

1996 March 15, Leyla Linton, “London students sing their defiance”, in The Times, number 65,528, →ISSN, →OCLC, Overseas News, page 14, column 2:

Taiwan carried out an unprecedented military drill Tuesday, a day ahead of its National Day celebrations, in Taoyuan in northern parts of the country.
The drill was attended by Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen, and President of Paraguay Mario Abdo Benitez, who is on a state visit to Taiwan until Thursday.

2018 October 9, “Taiwan conducts massive military drills ahead of National Day”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-08-18:

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

A partly-recognized country in East Asia consisting of a main island and 167 smaller islands. Official name: Republic of China. Capital: Taipei.

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Korea

en-proper noun

Korea (countable and uncountable, plural Koreas)

Koreas (plural)
Corea (alternative archaic)

→ Welsh: Corea

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Korea.wav

First attested as Core in the 1598 English translation of the 1596 Itinerario of Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, from the original Dutch Core, itself from Portuguese according to van Linschoten's account. The spelling Corea was more common in Early Modern English, likely through Core + -ia.
Ultimately a sixteenth-century borrowing by Europeans from some variety of Chinese. Compare Mandarin 高麗 /高丽 (Gāolí) but especially Hokkien 高麗 /高丽 (Ko-lê), which matches the Dutch-Portuguese vowels exactly.
These are Chinese pronunciations of Sino-Korean 고려(高麗) (Goryeo), Korea's official name between 918 and 1394 and still used by Chinese people to refer to the country for centuries thereafter; this itself being a shortening of 高句麗 (“Goguryeo”), an ancient Korean kingdom in the first millennium. Doublet of Goryeo, directly from Korean.
Some Korean authors claim an Arabic intermediary instead, but this is impossible because the actual medieval Arabic word for Korea was a variant of السيلى (al-sīlā, see also Silla).

Кореа

ancient country or both Koreas as a whole

A geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country.

(informal) South Korea: A country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

(rare) North Korea: A country in East Asia, whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea.

After the death of the empreſs Papûſha he had been baniſhed into Korea, from whence he was removed to Quey-lin Fû, the capital of Quang-ſi.

1780, “The Hiſtory of Jenghîz Khan's Succeſſors in Tartary and China”, in The Modern Part of an Univerſal History from the Earlieſt Accounts to the Preſent Time, volume IV, page 297:

Then I told the delegates of the trip which I had taken with my wife, Jane, into Korea on the previous Thanksgiving, and of how I had celebrated my seventy-fourth birthday on the snowy mountains of Korea, eating from a mess kit with the men in uniform.

1954, Alben W. Barkley, “What Happened at Chicago”, in That Reminds Me, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 246:


SA

Initialism of South Africa: a country in Southern Africa.

Initialism of Saudi Arabia: a country in Western Asia, on the Arabian Peninsula.


SK

Initialism of South Korea: a country in East Asia.


JA

Abbreviation of Japan: a country in East Asia (NATO country code).

Japan

Abbreviation of Jamaica: a country in the Caribbean.


CA

Abbreviation of Canada: a country in North America.


US

U.S. (alternative US)
U. S. (alternative)

ICANN is based in the US.

legal residents of the contiguous US

Some 35 states, all five US territories and four tribes have told the US Department of Agriculture that they will participate in Summer EBT this year, covering about 70% of the children eligible for the program.

2024 January 10, Tami Luhby, “New program will help feed millions of kids over the summer, but not all states are participating”, in CNN:

From the perspective of foreign producers, it is more difficult to export tariffed goods to the US because US importers have to pay the tariff.

2024 December 5, Madison Minges, “Understanding Trump Tariffs 2.0”, in American University:

Initialism of the United States: a country in North America.

VS

abbreviation of United States — see also USA


USA

USA (canonical)
the USA (canonical)
U.S.A. (alternative)
U. S. A. (alternative)

→ German: USA

→ Ido: Usa

VSA

abbreviation of the United States of America

United States of America
United States of America#English

Initialism of the United States of America: a country in North America.


Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Alternative form of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe


Palestine

→ Korean: 팔레스타인 (Palleseutain)

→ Malay: Palestin

Medinet Habu
Padiiset's Statue
Palestine

From Middle English Palestyne, from Old English Palestina, from Latin Palaestīna (“Roman province of Palestine”), from Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistínē, “Philistia and the surrounding region”), from Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת (p'léshet, “Philistia, land of the Philistines”). The term P-l-s-t or P-r-s-t, found in five Ancient Egyptian inscriptions (beginning with one at Medinet Habu from circa 1170 BCE and ending with Padiiset's Statue inscription from circa 900-850 BCE) as the name of a people near Egypt, is traditionally taken to be cognate. Seven Assyrian inscriptions contain the word "Palas(h)tu" or "Pilistu", which is usually also taken to be cognate.

der

Jews and Israel are not synonymous; nor is support for Palestine synonymous with anti-Semitism; nor is questioning the orthodoxy of the Republican party, which the majority of us do with relish, an insult to Jewry.

2019 July 17, Talia Levin, “When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, in GQ:

A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East; the State of Palestine; the homeland of the Palestinian people.

(sometimes strictly) The West Bank and Gaza Strip.


Britain

en-proper noun

Britain (countable and uncountable, plural Britains)

Britains (plural)
Brittain (alternative obsolete)

→ Hawaiian: Pelekāne

→ Tokelauan: Peletānia

From Middle English Britayne, Breteyn, from Anglo-Norman Bretaigne, Bretaine, from Latin Brittannia, variant of Latin Britannia, from Britannī; reinforced by native Old English Breten, from the same Latin source. Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Prɨdėn (“Britain”) from *Pritanī (also compare *Prɨdɨn (“Picts”) from *Pritenī), attested to in Ancient Greek as Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ), compare Welsh Prydain. Doublet of Britannia and Brittany. More at Britto.

(loosely) The United Kingdom, a kingdom and country in Northern Europe including the island of Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland on the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland.


Czechia

“Kłodzko Land,” as the basin is also called, forms a rectangular jut into Czechia that is sealed at its southwestern back by a fifty-kilometer-long ridge known as the Orlické (Eagle) Mountains […]

2020, Alan E. Sparks, Into the Carpathians:

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Czech Republic. Capital and largest city: Prague.


Surinam

desctree

→ Dutch: Suriname
→ Caribbean Javanese: Srinama, Srinamah
→ English: Suriname

Alternative spelling of Suriname: A country in South America


Turkia

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Synonym of Turkiye (“Turkey”); A country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia.


New Guinea

Niugini (alternative)
Niu Gini (alternative)

(informal) Papua New Guinea: A country in Oceania.


Holland

From Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”). A popular but false etymology holds that it is derived from hol land (“hollow land”), inspired by the low-lying geography of both the Dutch and the English region (Holland, Lincolnshire).

(metonymic, informal, proscribed, see usage notes) the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe).


UAE

Kuwait immediately put its small forces on alert (although it did not request US help). The UAE, whose offshore oil rigs Baghdad had attacked during the Iran-Iraq war, followed suit on July 22, but they also asked us to send aerial tankers and participate in a joint military exercise.

1998, George H. W. Bush, Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 309:

US-Gulf relations have improved significantly since Trump returned to office. Frustrated at the perceived lack of US interest in their needs under the Biden administration, Saudi Arabia and the UAE had sought to diversify their military, technological and economic ties.

2025 May 11, Nadeen Ebrahim and Abbas Al Lawati, “Trump is visiting three of the world’s richest nations. Here’s what’s on their wish list”, in CNN:

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Initialism of the United Arab Emirates: a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.


Aotearoa

/ˌɑː.əʊ.teəˈrəʊ.ə/

/aʊˌtæɪ.əˈrɐʉ.ə/

Borrowed from Maori Aotearoa (“long white cloud; North Island; New Zealand”), see there for more.

bor+

Aotearoa / rugged individual / glistens like a pearl at the bottom of the world [...].

1981, Tim Finn, Split Enz, “Six Months in a Leaky Boat”:

The Maori in Aotearoa (the pair of major islands which Europeans have known as New Zealand) were part of the same oceanic culture.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, page 877:

You were a professor at the University of Hawai'i at Hilo and I know you went to Aotearoa to have some time there and gain some experiences.

2019, Kamaka Pili, “Ep. 37: Manulani Aluli Meyer - Hawaiian Epistemology” (4:35 from the start), in Aloha Authentic, via YouTube:

There then arose a triangle of settlement across the vast Pacific, which had as its points Hawai‘i, Rapa Nui and Aotearoa.

2020, Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South, William Collins, published 2021, page 10:

"We set a target for ourselves, Aotearoa, you've done it, but let's keep going," Ardern said, using a Maori name for New Zealand at a vaccination site, according to the Newshub news service.

2021 October 16, Lidia Kelly, “New Zealand vaccinates 2.5% of its people in a day in drive to live with COVID-19”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-16, Asia Pacific:

(chiefly New Zealand) New Zealand, a country in Oceania; the Māori name, used especially in a Polynesian or pre-colonial context.


Kampuchea

/kæmpəˈt͡ʃiːə/

Transliteration of Khmer កម្ពុជា (kampuciə). Doublet of Cambodia and gamboge.

translit

(historical) Former name of Cambodia: a country in Southeast Asia, used from 1975 to 1989.

Կամպուչիա

former name for Cambodia — see also Cambodia


Persia

/ˈpɜː(ɹ).ʒə/

From Latin Persia, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /pārsa/).

(historical, archaic) Territories corresponding to either of the two Persian Empires ruled by dynasties from Persis, especially the first of the two.


America

→ Burmese: အမေရိက (a.meri.ka.)

desc

→ Chinese: 亞美利加 /亚美利加

→ Chinese: 亞美利加 /亚美利加

→ Japanese: アメリカ

→ Malay: Amerika

→ Maori: Amerika

→ Tagalog: Amerika

→ Tokelauan: Amelika

/əˈmɛɹ.ɪ.kə/

/əˈmɛɹ.ə.kə/

/əˈmɛɹ.ɪ.kɔː/

Amerigo Vespucci
Martin Waldseemüller
Naming of the Americas
Richard Amerike

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *amalą
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Celtic *rīxsbor.
Proto-Germanic *rīks
Proto-Germanic *Amalarīksder.
Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-
Proto-Indo-European *-mos
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos
Proto-Indo-European *tḱóymos
Proto-Germanic *haimaz
Proto-Germanic *rīks
Proto-Germanic *Haimarīksder.?
Italian Amerigoder.
New Latin Americalbor.
English America
Learned borrowing from New Latin America, feminine Latinized form of the Italian first name of Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512). Amerigo is an Italian name derived from a Germanic language and is etymologically related to Henry and Emmerich. The earliest known use of America for the (South) American continent is on a 1507 map by Martin Waldseemüller; see Naming of the Americas for more.
Although this is the most widely accepted derivation, it has also been suggested that it could originate from the name of the Amerrisque mountains in Nicaragua (from Mayan), and another disputed theory is that it derives from the surname of Richard Amerike (1440–1503), whose surname is an anglicised form of Welsh ap Meurig (“son of Meurig”), from Old Welsh Mouric, which could be a rendition of Latin Mauritius (compare Maurice).

lbor

For a long time the dormouse and polecat had seemed to him overfeeble enemies for his restless valour, even as the granary floor seemed to afford too narrow a field. Every day he read the papers of the previous day in the servants' hall of the houses he visited, and it appeared to him that this war in America, which was hailed as the awakening of the spirit of liberty and justice in the New World, ought to produce a revolution in France.

1837, George Sand, translated by Stanley Young, Mauprat, Cassandra Editions, published 1977, →ISBN, page 237:

So that there can be no possible misunderstanding, both Germany and Japan can be certain beyond any shadow of a doubt that America will continue to fight for freedom until no vestige of resistance remains. Our demand has been and it remains unconditional surrender.

1945 April 16, Harry S. Truman, 10:06 from the start, in MP72-20 President Roosevelt’s Funeral and Procession; Truman – New President of U.S., Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives Identifier: 595162:

In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year. Yet of those who received unsolicited adverts through the post, only 3% bought anything as a result.

2013 May 25, “No hiding place”, in The Economist, volume 407, page 74:

And once gain, America is saved from destruction by the heroes in “MEAL Team Six”.

2014 July 27, “Nuclear Weapons”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 12, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

Captain America, how did he get his powers?
I think he... he got bitten by America.

2022 April 3, Roisin Conaty & al., Big Fat Quiz of Everything, Channel 4

A country in North America; in full, United States of America.


Great Britain

Of the island of Great Britain, to disambiguate Britain from Brittany, i.e. Lesser Britain. From Middle English Great Brittaigne, Grete Britaigne, Grete breteygne, grete Bretayne, grete breteyne, parallelling Anglo-Norman Grande Brettayne and c. 12th-century Medieval Latin Britannia Maior. Equivalent to Great + Britain.
King James VI and I in 1604 proclaimed himself “King of Great Britain, France and Ireland”.

Iso-Britannia

the United Kingdom national team in a sports context

ഗ്രേറ്റ് ബ്രിട്ടൺ

grēṟṟŭ briṭṭaṇ

Groot-Brittanje

United Kingdom — see also United Kingdom


Republic of China

/ɹɪˈpʌblɪk əv ˈt͡ʃaɪnə/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-AnotherFriendlyHuman-Republic of China.wav

While we shall never timidly retreat before the threat of armed aggression, we would welcome, in the present circumstances, negotiations that could have a fruitful result in preserving the peace of the Formosa area and reaching a solution that could be acceptable to all parties concerned, including of course our ally the Republic of China.

1958, President Dwight Eisenhower, 0:21 from the start, in President Eisenhower Speaks On The Formosa Situation (1958), British Pathé:

As for us, free Chinese in the Republic of China, in spite of the changing world situation, we have never faltered in our resolve to liberate the mainland and restore freedom to the hundreds of millions of Chinese who still suffer under Communist oppression.

1965 May 4, Kai-shek Chiang, “Foreword to the Abridged Edition”, in Madame Chiang Kai-shek, transl., Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy, Shihlin, Taipei: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →OCLC, page viii:

From now on, we must work harder to prove two points:[...]Second, that the Chinese Communists are not to be trusted and that sooner or later, in one way or another, they are going to attempt to destroy the Republic of China and seize Taiwan.

1982 January 17, “U.S., ROC and Red China”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 3, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Now, on the eve of my second term as President of the Republic of China, it is time to put forward a blueprint for national development based upon the mandate my compatriots have given me through my reelection. With the blueprint I pledge myself to working hand in hand with my fellow citizens for the cause of my country.

1996 May, Teng-hui Lee, “Preface”, in Peace Through Democratic Reforms, Taipei: Wen Ying Tang Press Inc., →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://archive.org/details/peacethroughdemo0000teng/page/n13/:

Fortunately, in April 1979, Congress codified the United States’ support for the brave people of the Republic of China with the passage of the Taiwan Relations Act. This gave our friends the cover to develop the vibrant economy and flourishing democracy we see today and prevented them from being overrun by the same tyrants who are now in the process of eradicating democracy in Hong Kong.

2005, Jesse Helms, “Jimmy Carter”, in Here's Where I Stand: A Memoir, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 106–107:

Official name of Taiwan: a partly-recognized country in East Asia; the rump state left over from the Republic of China on the mainland after 1949.

I met in the Generalissimo a man of great vision, great courage, and a remarkably keen understanding of the problems of today and tomorrow. We discussed all the manifold military plans for striking at Japan with decisive force from many directions, and I believe I can say that he returned to Chungking with the positive assurance of total victory over our common enemy. Today we and the Republic of China are closer together than ever before in deep friendship and in unity of purpose.

1943 December 24, Franklin Roosevelt, 9:20 from the start, in Fireside Chat 27: On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences, Miller Center:

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(historical) Former official name of China: the noncommunist country in East Asia that controlled mainland China from 1912 to 1949, which succeeded the Qing dynasty and preceded the People's Republic of China.


Estland

From Middle English Estlond, from Old English Ēstland, equivalent to Est + -land.

Thus, by the middle of the 19th century the Russian Empire had expanded to include extensive parts of Poland, a large part of Livonia and Estland (Estonia).

2011, Armin G. Stromberg, R. G. Compton, A.G. Stromberg:

One summer, he brought out his army, went to Estland, and harried there during the summer in a spot called Stein.

2012, Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: or, The Lives of the Norse Kings, page 24:

The Russian revolutions of 1917 and the Russian civil war provided the background for this struggle, which resulted in Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian nationhood as the former Russian provinces of Estland (Estonia), Livland (Livonia) and Kurland became the independent republics of Estonia (February 1918) and Latvia (November 1918) and much of the three former Russian provinces of Kaunas, Vilnius, and Suvalkai became independent Lithuania (November 1918).

2019, David Crowe, The Baltic States And The Great Powers:

(rare) A country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea.


Zaire

Truncation of Kongo nzadi o nzere (“river swallowing rivers”) which refers to the Congo river; adopted in accordance with the Authenticity Movement.

der

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

(historical) Former name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a country in Central Africa; used from 1971–1997.


Türkiye

Unadapted borrowing from Turkish Türkiye. First adopted in 2020 by the Turkish Exporters Assembly and then by the Turkish government in December 2021 to replace the exonyms of Turkey in other languages. In English, the change has been attributed to confusion with the noun senses of the homonym turkey. In June 2022, the United Nations accepted the country's request to change its official name there.

ubor

THE IRAQI ASYLUM SEEKERS AND TÜRKİYE

1992 January, The Iraqi Asylum Seekers and Türkiye (1988-1991), Ankara: Tanmak Publications, →ISBN, title page:

Türkiye is going to commemorate March 18th Çanakkale Victory and Martyrs’ Day and 105th anniversary of the Çanakkale Land Battles held at Gallipoli Peninsula in Çanakkale on March 18th.

2020 March, “March 18th to be commemorated together with Anzac descendants”, in The Turkish Perspective, number 80, Turkish Exporters Assembly, page 7:

The two Ministers welcomed the close relations between Türkiye and Hungary, and affirmed their determination to further develop them in line with our strategic partnership.

2021 December 21, “Participation of Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu in the 6th Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Visegrad Group + Türkiye, 21 December 2021”, in Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey):

This year, Somalia celebrated the 10th anniversary of its special relationship with Turkiye.

2021 December 24, “Why is 'Istanbul' a common female name in Somalia?”, in TRT World:

Dorce is one of the leading companies in emergency settlement field globally, he said, adding that the firm is trying to meet all the vital needs of more than 100,000 people in the modular prefabricated integrated living spaces in different regions of Turkiye.

2022 January 1, “'Modular, prefabricated construction sector to thrive in 2022'”, in Anadolu Agency, archived from the original on 2022-05-26:

(neologism, official, uncommon) A country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia


People's Republic of China

the People's Republic of China (canonical)
PRC (alternative initialism)
PR China (alternative initialism)

Calque of Chinese 中華人民共和國 /中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).

calque

Meronym: mainland China

While the People's Republic of China claimed in the late 1950s that Shanghai had regained its importance as a leading seaport, this was not borne out by observations of foreign travelers nor by official shipping statistics.

1968, “Shanghai (Shang-hai)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 20, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 346, column 1:

I disagreed completely—and still do—with President Nixon's initiative to "normalize" relations with the People's Republic of China. The American people […] have been forced to go along with the Carter administration's decision to repudiate our mutual defense treaty with the free Chinese regime on Taiwan […]

1980, Spiro Agnew, Go Quietly . . . Or Else, New York: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, page 34:

Politically, China proper […] and frontier areas of China were brought together under the Qing dynasty, mostly during the 18th century. Incursions by earlier dynasties into Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and southern Manchuria did occur, but were later reversed. It is this latest process of expansion that accounts for the enormous size of the People's Republic of China today.

1991, Carol Stepanchuk, Charles Wong, “Festivals of Earth, Water, Wind, and Fire”, in Mooncakes and Hungry Ghosts: Festivals of China, San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 108:

Before the death of Deng Xiaoping, many observers were debating whether the People’s Republic of China (PRC) would collapse, just like the former Soviet Union. It did not come to pass.

2005, Peter Kien-hong Yu, Hu Jintao and the Ascendancy of China: A Dialectical Study, →ISBN, page xi:

Official name of China: a country in East Asia.

ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܥܲܡܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܟ̰ܝܼܢܵܐ

quṭnāyūṯā ˁammāytā dčīnā

中華人民共和国

ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく

junghūwa niyalma irgen uhe hūwaliyambure gurun

ᠵᡠᠩᡥᡡᠸᠠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡠᡥᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠮᠪᡠᡵᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab


Éire

British subjects in Éire could not vote, hold public office, or work in the government service of Éire, whereas Éire citizens in Britain could do all of these.

1989, Thomas E. Hachey, Joseph M. Hernon, Jr., Lawrence J. McCaffrey, “The de Valera Era, 1932–1959: Continuity and Change in Irish Life”, in The Irish Experience, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, →ISBN, section “The Irish Republic, 1948–1959”, page 217:

In the light of modern scholarship it now seems highly likely that the total recruitment figure for both Northern Irish and Éire citizens in the British Armed Forces stood at around 100–120,000 men and women.

2011, Gavin Hughes, “Commitment, Casualties and Loss: Comparative Aspects of Irish Regiments at Dunkirk 1940 and in Western Europe, 1944–1945”, in Gerald Morgan, Gavin Hughes, editors, Southern Ireland and the Liberation of France: New Perspectives (Reimagining Ireland; volume 33), Peter Lang, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 85:

Since Éire remained in the Commonwealth during the war—leaving in 1949—it could be argued that volunteers and war workers from Éire belong in this list. Éire was the only Commonwealth country to remain neutral throughout the war.

2018, Wendy Webster, “Introduction: ‘The Big Proposition’”, in Mixing It: Diversity in World War Two Britain, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 9:

Alternative spelling of Eire: an island and country in northwestern Europe


Bosnia

On behalf of many Bosnian war victims’ and survivors’ organizations in Bosnia and North America we urge you to end all contact and co-operation with Mr. Parenti without delay or hesitation.

2015, Various Authors, “Responses to David N. Gibbs Article by John Theis, Scott Laderman, Jean Bricmont, Latha V Laderman, Jean Bricmont, Latha Varadarajan, K ajan, Kees van der Pijl, an der Pijl, and John Feffer”, in Class, Race and Corporate Power, volume 3, number 2, page 14:

A country in southeast Europe; in full, Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Deutschland

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Deutschland.wav

Unadapted borrowing from German Deutschland.

ubor

1993 May 23, Daniel Van Der Weide, “Taking a Harley to Deutschland?”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1997 July 22, Dwight Johnson, “Transfer of $ to Deutschland”, in de.etc.finanz (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1999 July 15, Rob Strickland, “Moving to Deutschland”, in soc.culture.german (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1999 November 11, jeff freeman, “trip to deutschland?”, in alt.autos.porsche (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

2002 May 15, Skriptis, “I don't see how hese topics are related to Deutschland and its culture??”, in soc.culture.german (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

(rare) Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany).


Islamic Republic of Iran

the Islamic Republic of Iran (canonical)

Calque of Iranian Persian جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران (jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye irân).

cal

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران

Carolina Chandlers Corp. has filed suit in U.S. District Court charging the Islamic Republic of Iran and its nationalized shipping line with failing to pay outstanding debts.

1979 December 1, Debra Furr, “Chandler sues Iran shippers”, in Wilmington Morning Star, volume 113, number 42, Wilmington, North Carolina, page 1:

Ms. Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman known as Jina in Kurdish, was stopped on Sept. 13 by the Islamic Republic of Iran’s morality police as she came out of Tehran’s Haghani metro station.

2022 September 30, Mahsa Alimardani, Kendra Albert, Afsaneh Rigot, “Big Tech Should Support the Iranian People, Not the Regime”, in The New York Times:

Official name of Iran: a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East.

イラン・イスラム共和国

イラン・イスラムきょうわこく


Irak

Ben Shohnah relates, that in the year 456 of the Hejira, in the reign of Caiem, the twenty-sixth caliph of the house of Abbas, a report was raised in Bagdad which immediately spread throughout the whole province of Irak, that some Turks being out hunting saw in the desert a black tent, beneath which there was a number of people of both sexes, who were beating their cheeks, and uttering loud cries, as is the custom in the East when any one is dead.

1828, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, volume I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth, page 41:

(dated and non-native speakers' English) Rare spelling of Iraq.


Commonwealth of Australia

the Commonwealth of Australia (canonical)

Official name of Australia: a country in Oceania.

Tuhinga o mua Whakaminenga o Ahitereiria


Republic of the Congo

the Republic of the Congo (canonical)
Republic of Congo (alternative)

A country in Central Africa, the smaller of the two countries named Congo. Capital: Brazzaville.

Republiek die Kongo

smaller of the two countries named Congo — see also Congo-Brazzaville

a country in Africa whose capital is Kinshasa


Vatican

→ Japanese: バチカン (Bachikan)

Learned borrowing from Latin Vātī̆cānus (“Vatican Hill”), further etymology unknown. The connection to vāticinārī (“to prophesy, oracle”) is folk-etymological.

lbor

A city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.


Brit

1901, either a shortening of Britisher or Briton, or a back-formation from British.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of British English.


Etruria

/ɪˈtɹʊə.ɹɪ.ə/

Italian Peninsula
Italian Peninsula#English

(historical) An ancient country in Italian Peninsula, located between the Arno and Tiber rivers, corresponding to modern day Tuscany in Western Italy; the home of Etruscans.

(historical) A former kingdom in Northern Italy, lasted between 1801 and 1807.

A suburb of Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England (OS grid ref SJ8646).


Serbia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Serbia, equivalent to modern Serb + -ia.

The 153-page ruling from the International Court of Justice means that modern-day Serbia will not have to pay restitution to Croatia, which in 1991 split from what was then Yugoslavia.

2015 February 3, Greg Botelho, “U.N. court: Serbs’ actions in Croatia not considered genocide”, in CNN:

Republic of Serbia
Republic of Serbia#English

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Serbia. Capital and largest city: Belgrade. Part of Yugoslavia until 1992, then part of Serbia and Montenegro until 2006.


Montenegro

→ Japanese: モンテネグロ (Monteneguro)

/mɒn.tɪˈnɛɡ.ɹəʊ/

Borrowed from Venetan Montenegro (from monte + negro, literally “black mountain”), a calque of Serbo-Croatian Cȓnā Gòra, referring to Mt Lovćen.

bor+

A man shot dead 12 people in a rampage in a small town in Montenegro before dying from self-inflicted injuries early on Thursday, authorities said, in one of the tiny Balkan nation’s worst mass killings.

2025 January 1, Reuters, “Suspect in Montenegro shooting dies from self-inflicted injuries after killing at least 12 people”, in CNN:

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Capital and largest city: Podgorica. Part of Yugoslavia until 2003, then part of Serbia and Montenegro until 2006.


Turkey

desc

→ Chinese: 土雞 /土鸡 (tǔjī) (phono-semantic matching)

→ Hindi: तुर्की (turkī) (phono-semantic matching)

→ Korean: 터키 (Teoki)

→ Manx: Turkee

→ Urdu: تُرْکی (turkī) (phono-semantic matching)

From Middle English Turkye, from Anglo-Norman Turkye, Medieval Latin Turcia, from Turcus (“Turk”), from Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos), from Classical Persian تُرْک (turk), from Middle Persian [script needed] (twlk' /turk/), from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥).

der

One Terrorgram user livestreamed himself stabbing five people outside of a mosque in Turkey, she said, and a 19-year-old Slovakian man praised the group in a manifesto before killing two people at an LGBTQ bar in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia.

2024 September 9, Hannah Rabinowitz, “Alleged leaders of White supremacist group charged in effort to encourage terrorism and hate crimes”, in CNN:

Republic of Türkiye
Republic of Türkiye#English

A country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia. Official name: Republic of Türkiye. Capital: Ankara.

Ҭырқтәыла

country at intersection of Europe and Asia


Zealand

(uncommon) Ellipsis of New Zealand: a country in Oceania.


Republic of Macedonia

(historical) Former official name of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.

Մակեդոնիայի Հանրապետություն

former official name of the Republic of North Macedonia — see also Macedonia


Côte d'Ivoire

Unadapted borrowing from French Côte d'Ivoire.

ubor

The Ivory Coast, a country in West Africa.

Chį́į́h Yee Adilohii Bideeʼ Tónteel Bibąąh


Ind.

Abbreviation of India: a country in South Asia.


Russian Federation

Calque of Russian Росси́йская Федера́ция (Rossíjskaja Federácija).

calque

Росси́йская Федера́ция

The deepening strategic partnership between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation and their mutually reinforcing attempts to undercut the rules-based international order run counter to our values and interests.

2022, NATO 2022 Strategic Concept, NATO, archived from the original on 2022-06-29, page 5:

Official name of Russia: a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia.

(much less common but more accurate translation from Russian) Russländische Föderation f

റഷ്യൻ ഫെഡറേഷൻ

ṟaṣyaṉ pheḍaṟēṣaṉ

Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí


Abyssinia

From Renaissance Latin Abyssīnī (“the Abyssinians”), from Arabic الْحَبَشَة (al-ḥabaša), from حَبَش (ḥabaš, “Abyssinian”). The humorous use of Abyssinia as a parting phrase is due to its phonetic resemblance to I'll be seeing ya.

der

(historical) Former name of Ethiopia: a country and former empire in East Africa; used as an exonym until the mid 20th century.

አቢሲንያ

historical exonym of Ethiopia, used until the mid 20th century


Lettland

[…] homestead of this nation is not the whole of Livonia, but only a part of which is called Lettland; […]

1800, William Tools, View of the Russian Empire:

The Government of Lettland since July 1 last pays a bonus on farm tractors put into service in that country […]

(rare, dated, puristic) The land of the Lettish people; A country in northeastern Europe.


Danmark

For Youth for Christ in Danmark I'm looking for an inernet service provider in Danmark. Please post a reply or mail me I you have some information on this.

1995 January 12, Peter Brouwer, “Internet service providers in Danmark?”, in soc.religion.christian.youth-work (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

Is there a list from running-competitions in Danmark.
I´ll spend my holidays in Danmark, and try to to some competitions in running-sports.

1998 January 1, G.Henke, “Running in Danmark”, in dk.sport (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

(non-native speakers' English) a country in Northern Europe


Kirgizstan

Alternative form of Kyrgyzstan: A country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China


Republic of Turkey

Former official name of Turkey: a country in West Asia and Southeast Europe.

Republiek van Turkye

former official name of the country of Turkey


FYROM

former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia#English

(historical) Acronym of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, former long form of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe on the Balkan Peninsula.

MJEO

abbreviation of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia


Luxemburg

→ Japanese: ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu)

Alternative spelling of Luxembourg: A small country in Western Europe.


Phoenicia

Borrowed from Latin Phoenicia, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Φοινίκη (Phoiníkē).
The word is already found in the Mycenaean Greek ethnonym 𐀡𐀛𐀑𐀍 (po-ni-ki-jo). Ultimately from Egyptian fnḫw, f:n:x-w-V12:Z2 ‘Canaanites, Syrians’.

Phenicia (alternative nonstandard)
Phœnicia (alternative archaic)

The land of city states of the Phoenicians which around 1000 BC was situated on the coast of present day Syria and Lebanon, and included the cities of Tyre and Sidon.


Kosovo

Shortened form of Serbo-Croatian Косово поље (“blackbirds’ field”), from косово (kosovo), possessive form of кос (kos, “blackbird”), and поље (polje, “field”).

bor

Kosova (alternative)
Kossovo (alternative obsolete)

Yugoslavia’s President, Slobodan Milosevic, has rejected all efforts at meaningful diplomacy and, in violation of his own previous commitments, has ratcheted up his military campaign against the innocent civilians of Kosovo.

1999 March 25, “Air Campaign Against Yugoslavia”, in The New York Times, New York:

After Milosevic’s overthrow in October 2000, international pressure on the new authorities in Belgrade to extradict Milosevic for alleged war crimes committed during the Kosovo conflict was intense.

A prominent Kosovo Serb politician, Oliver Ivanovic, was shot dead outside his party offices Tuesday morning, halting talks between Kosovar and Serb delegates that had been set to resume that day.

2018 January 16, Milena Veselinovic and Sheena McKenzie, “Leading Kosovo Serb politician Oliver Ivanovic shot dead outside office”, in CNN:

Republic of Kosovo
Republic of Kosovo#English

A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Kosovo. Capital and largest city: Pristina. Considered by the Republic of Serbia to be one of its two autonomous provinces.


Upper Volta

Former name of Burkina Faso: a country in West Africa, used from 1958-1984.


Democratic Republic of the Congo

the Democratic Republic of the Congo (canonical)

/ˌdɛməˈkɹætɪk ɹɪˈpʌblɪk əv ðə ˈkɒŋɡəʊ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Democratic Republic of the Congo.wav

The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s negotiator appeared to block the final deal presented by China, telling the plenary that he could not support the agreement in its current form because it did not create a new fund for biodiversity, separate to the existing UN fund, the global environment facility (GEF).

2022 December 19, Patrick Greenfield, Phoebe Weston, “Cop15: historic deal struck to halt biodiversity loss by 2030”, in The Guardian:

The evidence of supposed mass killings of white South Africans presented by Donald Trump in a tense White House meeting on Wednesday were in some cases images from the Democratic Republic of Congo, while footage shown during the meeting was falsely portrayed as depicting “burial sites”.

2025 May 22, “Trump’s evidence of South Africa ‘white genocide’ contains images from Democratic Republic of Congo”, in The Guardian:

A country in Central Africa, the larger of the two countries named Congo. Capital: Kinshasa.

Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo

large central African nation, formerly called Zaire

جُمْهُورِيَّة الْكُونْغُو الدِّيمُقْرَاطِيَّة

ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܹܝܡܘܿܩܪܵܛܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ

quṭnāyūṯā dēmōqrāṭāyṯā d-kōngō

ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາທິປະໄຕຄອງໂກ

sā thā la na lat pa sā thi pa tai khǭng kō

Zaire

names of predecessors of the modern state

a country in Africa whose capital is Brazzaville

Eswatini Democratic Republic of the Congo eSwatini


Principality of Andorra

Official name of Andorra: a microstate in Southern Europe.


Phœnicia

Here we came into the part of Syria, which was the ancient Phœnicia, a country always remarkable for its commerce, the inhabitants of which went out in many colonies, and peopled Carthage, Sicily, and ſeveral other countries.

1811, John Pinkerton, A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world, page 469:


Nihon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nihon.wav

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 日本 (Nihon). Doublet of Nippon and Japan.

ubor

1993 November 17, David Richardson, “Exchange student to Nihon!”, in sci.lang.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1993 December 26, Gabriele Schramm, “places to live in Nihon?”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

It is stooopid and insensative for you to indirectly say that AIDS will come to Nihon via Thailand. AIDS is already in Nihon! And your attempt to make Japanese racists on the incorrect fear that Thailand will bring this disease to Nihon is out of line and very evil which is a characteristic of your race!

1994 January 16, Rikiya Asano, “AIDS on the way to Japan”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-01:

1996 February 5, sumimasen... ima nanji desu ka, “pen pals in nihon? 8)”, in sci.lang.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

1996 February 25, Kurt Pertsch, “WORKING IN NIHON”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

2010 August 1, mtfe...@netmapsonscape.net, “Back from Nihon”, in fj.life.in-japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:


Maoriland

1900, Henry Lawson A Daughter of Maoriland (title of a story)

Nickname for New Zealand: an island country in Polynesia.


DPRK

In addition, on the basis of making full use of Dalian and Qinhuangdao ports for exports, we should fully use Qingjin and Luojin ports in the DPRK to expand our province's export commodity capacity.

1984 December 26 [1984 September 20], Chen Lei, “Further Emancipate the Mind and Penetratingly Carry Out Reform and Open-Door Policy”, in China Report: Economic Affairs, number 84-107, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →OCLC, page 18:

There are plenty of soldiers in the surrounding Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, the official Chinese name for the region, mounting guard along the nearby border with the DPRK. […] Yanbian, Yanji apart, is one of the least densely populated regions of China outside the high plateau of Tibet and the deserts of Xinjiang.

2014, David Eimer, The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China, Bloomsbury USA, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 254:

Democratic People's Republic of Korea#English

Initialism of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, official name of North Korea: a country in East Asia.

ԿԺԴՀ

Democratic People's Republic of Korea — see also North Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea


Annam

Borrowed from Vietnamese An Nam, from Chinese 安南 (Ānnán).

(history) A former colonial province of China, now part of Vietnam's present-day Tonkin.


Annam

Borrowed from French Annam, from Vietnamese An Nam, from Chinese 安南 (Ānnán).

(history) One the French protectorates in Vietnam, located in Central Vietnam.


Bahrein

Alternative spelling of Bahrain: An archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf


Ceylon

Borrowed from Portuguese Ceilão, from Old French Seilan (Marco Polo), from Persian سیلان (saylān), ultimately from Pali sīhaḷa, from Sanskrit सिंहल (siṃhala). Doublet of Sinhala.

Ceylone (alternative obsolete)
Zeyloon (alternative obsolete)

Brush supplied shunters to industrial clients, but the first significant main line order came from the Ceylon Government Railway in 1950 for 25 diesel-electrics.

2021 June 30, David Clough, “Brush: a UK rail icon”, in RAIL, number 934, page 55:

(archaic, historical) Former name of Sri Lanka: an island country in South Asia .


Republic of Djibouti

Official name of Djibouti: a country in East Africa.


Eire

[…]; above all, from their language, which, to this day, has left its impress on the lands through which they journeyed from Aria to Ara, from Iberia to Eire.

1887, U. J. Bourke, Pre-Christian Ireland, Browne & Nolan, page 1:

Eire - now an oddity rarely used, an out-of-date reference.

1996, John Wilson, Understanding Journalism; A Guide To Issues, Routledge., →ISBN, page 269:

“No. My father and Uncle Terry agreed on most things, including a united Irish Republic that included all of Eire. […]”

2004, Douglas Clark, Belfast: A Novel of the Troubles, Virtualbookworm.com Publishing, →ISBN, page 211:

“No, I do not,” she replied. “Eire was not meant to be won by force, as the Romans intend. […] In attacking them, you avenge your kin and maintain the peaceful island of Eire. […]”

2005, Kieran Wasserman, The Battle for Eire, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 310:

The island of Ireland, consisting of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland


Nagorno-Karabakh

/nəˌɡɔːnəʊ kɑːɹəˈbɑːk/

Borrowed from Russian нагорно-караба́хский (nagorno-karabáxskij) (without the adjectival ending), the relational adjective of Russian Наго́рный Караба́х (Nagórnyj Karabáx), as in Russian Наго́рно-Караба́хская автоно́мная о́бласть (Nagórno-Karabáxskaja avtonómnaja óblastʹ, “Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast”).

bor

нагорно-караба́хский

Наго́рный Караба́х

m+

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic


Siam

Borrowed from Portuguese Sciam (“Thailand”), from Thai สยาม (sà-yǎam, “Siam, historical name”), from Pali suvaṇṇabhūmi (“land of gold”) or Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma, “dark”) or Mon ရာမည (rhmañña, “stranger”), the same root as Shan and probably Assam.

der

From hence we firſt ſailed to Achin, in the iſland of Sumatra, and then to Siam, where we bartered our wares for ſome arrack and opium, the laſt of which bore a great price among the Chineſe:[…]

1777, [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Most Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], 7th edition, London: […] S. Crowder, […]; J. Sewell, […]; W. Johnston, […]; and B. Law, […], →OCLC, page 277:

(historical) Former name of Thailand: a country in Southeast Asia.


Norwegia

From Old English Norweġ, Norþweġ (“Norway”), from Old Norse *Norðvegr, Norvegr, and later Noregr (“Norway (north way)”), from norðr (“north”) + vegr (“way”).

Synonym of Norway: a country in Northern Europe.


Western Samoa

(historical) Former name of Samoa: an island country in Polynesia, from 1914 to 1997.


Tadjikistan

(dated) Alternative spelling of Tajikistan: A country in Central Asia


Republic of Ireland

Long form of Ireland: an island country in northwestern Europe.


Naija

We stopped at the mudhif of an important Sayid, and even a spectacled white-turbaned priest from Naija treated us with courtesy, and did not, as did most of those whom we met later, leave the building as soon as we had entered it.

1957, Gavin Maxwell, People of the Reeds, page 102:

There were obituaries, poems, hastily scratched out but very heartfelt dirges, and a unity that I have never before seen in Naija: a unity that, although it technically lasted about a week, still has lingering effects to the present day.

2000, Ken Saro-Wiwa: Writer and Political Activist, page 139:

But, it is correct to say most of our leaders in Naija are not leaders but looters.

2005, Shrubs and Trees: A Collection of Short Stories, page 31:

He remembered that the process of clearing immigration and locating your luggage in Murtala Muhammad Airport was no small feat for a first time visitor to Naija.

2011, Peter Ladi Thompson, The New Eden, page 10:

(slang) Nigeria (a country in West Africa).


Russian Empire

(historical) The Russian state from 1721 to 1917.


Hibernia

/hɪˈbɜː(ɹ)nɪə/

Learned borrowing from Latin Hibernia, which see.

(poetic) an island and country in northwestern Europe.


Bosnia and Hercegovina

Alternative spelling of Bosnia and Herzegovina.