Hong Kong

[hɔŋ˥ kʰɔŋ˥]

Columbia University Press
Hong Kong
Saul B. Cohen

Etymology tree
Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²)bor.
English Hong Kong
From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “fragrant harbor”), the former name of a settlement in what is now Aberdeen on the southwest side of Hong Kong Island, where incense was stored for export.

bor

CHINA.
A rebellion of more than ordinary importance is in progress in this country. At the departure of the last mail from Hong Kong numerous bands of robbers were plundering and burning throughout the provinces of Kangsi and Canton, and, having captured the city of Kintschan, had advanced to within 120 English miles of Canton.

1850 December, “Foreign News”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XXXIV, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, page 645:

In 1962 a special law had to be passed to permit the immigration of several thousand Chinese refugees who had escaped from Communist China to Hong Kong.

1964, John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 78–79:

The Chinese had promised to let Hong Kong keep its much more democratic political system, but I had the clear impression that the details of their reunion were still being worked out, and that neither side was fully satisfied with the present state of affairs.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 437:

A 90-year-old Roman Catholic cardinal, a singer and at least two others have been arrested in Hong Kong on suspicion of colluding with foreign forces to endanger China’s national security, in an action widely condemned as a further sign of Beijing’s erosion of rights in the city.

2022 May 11, “Reports: Hong Kong arrests Roman Catholic cardinal, 3 others”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-12:

A city in southeastern China, located on an island east of the Pearl River delta in the South China Sea; formerly owned by the United Kingdom.


Lhasa

From Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

The earliest historical relic of the Tibetans—like that of many, perhaps of most, other races—is a weather-beaten stone, the Do-ring. It stands in the center of Lhasa, across the courtyard in front of the western doors of the Cathedral or Jokang, beneath the famous willow-tree.

1905, Perceval Landon, The Opening of Tibet: An Account of Lhasa and the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission Sent There by the English Government in the Year 1903-4, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., page 3:

The 37bn-yuan ($5.7bn) track extends from the region’s capital Lhasa eastward to the city of Nyingchi, which is Tibetan for “Throne of the Sun”.

2021 June 5, “Fast track to the throne”, in The Economist, volume 439, number 9248, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 36:

The most notable stop on the president's itinerary was the Lhasa, the Tibetan city that was once home of the Dalai Lama.
Xi visited the public square in front of the Potala Palace, the traditional seat of the Dalai Lama's power. Tibet's religious leader has been living in exile since 1959 following a failed uprising against the Chinese rule. While in Lhasa, Xi visited a monastery and "inspected ethnic religion" and Tibetan cultural heritage protection,[…]

2021 July 23, “China: Xi visits Tibet for the first time as president”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-23, News:

There has been a widespread outcry from the residents of Lhasa, the capital of the Chinese autonomous region of Tibet, about how local authorities are managing a Covid-19 lockdown, instated on August 9.

2022 September 30, “How China uses zero-Covid policy to crack down on Tibetans”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-09-30:

Prayers are a part of daily life in Tibet, and in counties such as Nyemo, on the outskirts of Lhasa, its inhabitants try to make a living by making incense to be used in temples.

2023 August 4, Jesus Centeno, “Tibet prays under the Chinese flag”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-08-06:

The capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Xanadu

From Mandarin 上都 (Shàngdū). The first Romanized form comes from Marco Polo's writings in Italian as Shan-Du. In 1617, Purchas his Pilgrimage […] by Samuel Purchas was published in London, containing the phrase “In Xamdu did Cublai Can build a stately Palace” on page 472. This was the inspiration for Coleridge's poem which uses the spelling Xanadu.

That's from the poem of the legend of Kubla Kahn's palace in the lost valley of Xanadu! Alph was the river in the legend! Unca Scrooge, this is the road to Xanadu! You've hit the jackpot! The most wondrous valley on earth! The land of milk and honey!

1991, Don Rosa, “Return to Xanadu”, in Uncle Scrooge, volumes 261-262, page 5:

A place where nobody dared to go
The love that we came to know
They call it Xanadu
And now, open your eyes and see
What we have made is real
We are in Xanadu

2003, Party Animals (lyrics and music), “Xanadu”:

The lyric, as the ideological critics in particular would have it, plays host to a panoply of enticing pipe dreams conjured up by benighted idealists whose visions are doomed in advance to frustration as reality fails, time and again, to ratify their various Xanadus and Byzantiums.

2013, Esther Allen, Susan Bernofsky, In Translation: Translators on Their Work and What It Means, page 240:

I never guessed that when I stumbled into the sheriff's office on a warm August afternoon, I'd met my future. I'd had no dream of finding my own little Eden, my snowcapped paradise, my Xanadu in the Valley of the Sky.

2013, Mary Daheim, The Alpine Xanadu, page 319:

(figurative) A place full of beauty, happiness and wonder.


Beijing

Beijing
Encyclopædia Britannica
Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Peking University
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press
Xinhuamen
Yongle Emperor

/ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/

c. 1958, the atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng) was established, composed of 北 (“north, northern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Nanjing to the south, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

Liu Lao-zheng sidled right up to Zao-hua and said: “That’s right. I went to Beijing [Peking] to visit with my daughter. Zao-hua, I hear that you have become the workpoint recorder.”[…]
Liu Lao-zheng pulled out an abacus from a sack he was carrying over his shoulder. “Huala, huala,” he shook it several times and said: “I bought one in Beijing. I’ll lend it to you to use.”

1976 [1966], Hao Ran, “Debut”, in Wong Kam-ming, transl., Revolutionary Literature in China: An Anthology, White Plains, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 92:

Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.

2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, Asia Pacific:

A protester unfurled two banners on a highway overpass in central Beijing on Oct. 13, denouncing Xi Jinping as a “despotic traitor.” China’s censors went to great lengths to scrub the internet of any reference to the act of dissent, prohibiting all discussion and shutting down many offending social media accounts.

2022 October 24, Yuan Li, “A Lonely Protest in Beijing Inspires Young Chinese to Find Their Voice”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-24, Business:

Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China.

2023 March 22, “China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

A direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Guilin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 桂林 (Guìlín, “Laurel Forest”), with particular reference to the area's Cinnamomum cassia.

In early May, advance elements of Li Zong-ren’s Seventh Army of the Northern Expeditionary Force advanced from Guilin, securing Tang’s flanks and boosting his soldiers’ morale.

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Elites and the Mass Movement, 1926”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 235:

In 1945, Tom was sent into remote Kueilin, Kwangsi Province where primitive conditions necessitated bathing in a small round bamboo tub just big enough to hold him.

[2001, Nancy Y.W. Tom, “World War II”, in Fred Tom, son of Hawaiʻi, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside. After Guilin, we made a stop in Hong Kong to see Tung Chee-hwa, the chief executive chosen by the Chinese after the British left.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 436–437:

The West River was formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Hsun, which led further west to Kuanghsi’s new provincial capital of Nanning, and the Lichiang (or Kueichiang), which led north to the province’s old capital of Kueilin. Summer rains lifted the level of both rivers by as much as twenty meters, and summer was the only time of the year that Kueilin could be reached by boat.

[2015, Bill Porter, “Wuchou [梧州]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:


Sanya

zh-l

三亞／三亚 (Sānyà)

About forty bombers and fighters were based at the Hoihow Airport and at Sanya in the southern part of the island, both fields built by the Japanese and used in the war to strike at Allied positions in China and Southeast Asia.[...]CAT kept planes at its main base at Sanya on a standby basis for emergency evacuation in case of Communist invasion.

1972, Seymour Topping, “Departure”, in Journey Between Two Chinas, Harper & Row, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 102–103:

In mid-November, the commander of the Hainan Military Sub-district ordered troops stationed at Sanya Bay to join the demonstration.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

One sample question: How will Chinese ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs) based at Sanya, on Hainan Island, reach patrol grounds in the western Pacific should Beijing choose to send them out? To maintain stealth, SSBNs would first have to evade any adversary picket submarines lying offshore. Once in deep water, they would cruise eastward toward the Philippines. In all likelihood Chinese boats would exit through the Luzon Strait, the narrow sea between Taiwan and the Philippine island of Luzon.

2014, James R. Holmes, “Strategic Features of the South China Sea”, in Naval War College Review, volume 67, number 2, page 45:

The aircraft can fly to the southernmost edge of China's territorial claims -- the James Shoal -- in just four hours from the southern city of Sanya, state-owned Global Times reported.

2017 December 24, “World's largest amphibious aircraft takes off in China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2017-12-24:

A resort city, a prefecture-level city on Hainan island, Hainan province, China.


Peking

Abraham Ortelius
Atlas Maior
Chinese Imperial Post
De Bello Tartarico Historia
Francis Xavier
Joan Blaeu
Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Martino Martini
Novus Atlas Sinensis
Peter Heylyn
Postal Romanization
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

c. 1655 romanization of the Nanking court dialect Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The early Portuguese and Jesuits such as Francis Xavier used the spelling Paquim; Abraham Ortelius used C. Paquin for his 1572 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas; Italian Jesuit Martino Martini used Peking in his 1654 Latin De Bello Tartarico Historia and 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis, which were quickly translated into English and later used by Joan Blaeu for his 1665 Atlas Maior. Peter Heylyn's Cosmographie changed its spelling from Paquin in the 1652 edition to Peking in the 1658 edition, but both Pekin and Peking were used interchangeably in English until the Chinese Imperial Post adopted Peking as its official transcription in the 1890s.

The Emperour hearing of the ill ſucceſſe of this Affairs, began to think of leaving the Northern parts, where his Royal City of Peking is ſituated, and to paſſe to Nankuing which is far more Southward; but he was diſſwaded from this intended courſe as well by his loyal, as diſloyal ſubjec͡ts : by theſe, that they might give him up more ſpeedily into the enemies hands, before their treachery was diſcovered; and by the others, leſt his flight might trouble the Kingdome more, and diſcourage all his Subjec͡ts from giving their beſt aſſiſtance; for they thought the City impregnable, being fortified with ſo ſtrong a Garriſon; nor did they doubt that the Kings preſence would draw the ſources of the whole Kingdom to him.

1655, The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, page 273:

This is not a time for a long speech but, I would not want this opportunity to pass without saying just a word with regard to the significance of this moment. Some of you may recall that it was two and a half years ago that right here in Guam, I announced a new direction for American foreign policy based on the principles of self-reliance, self-respect- equal dignity for all nations, large and small throughout the world. And tomorrow, I will take off from Guam for Shanghai and Peking, the first President of the United States ever to visit China. Guam, I know it is said, is where the American day begins. And I would hope that all of you today would join me in this prayer, that with this trip to China, a new day may begin for the whole world. Thank you very much.

1972 February 20, President Richard Nixon, 15:48 from the start, in Nixon in China (The Film), Agana, Guam: Richard Nixon Presidential Library:

The noise of gunfire rose from all over the center of Peking. It was unremitting.

1989 June 4, Kate Adie, 0:02 from the start, in Archive: Chinese troops fire on protesters in Tiananmen Square - BBC News, Peking: BBC News, published 2014:

Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.

2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29, Opinion:

Dated form of Beijing, a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.


Guangzhou

/ˈɡwɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu, “expansive district [capital]”).

der

The Chinese side of the border, Shumchun, is a long building—a combination reception house, customs office, and dining facility. We were guided down corridors, past dining rooms crowded with businessmen noisily enjoying lunch before the train for Guangzhou pulled out.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

As a result, decisions to clean up the environment are routinely—and inaccurately—described as hurtful to prosperity. For example, in Guangzhou, China, the vice director of the city’s planning agency felt forced to defend a decision to limit automobile traffic as a means of reducing dangerous levels of air pollution by saying, “Of course from the government’s point of view, we give up some growth, but to achieve better health for all citizens, it’s worth it.”

2013, Al Gore, “Outgrowth”, in The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 163–164:

In a post on Chinese social media site Weibo, the woman, who remains unnamed, recounted how subway security in the southern city of Guangzhou had stopped her from travelling because of her heavy eye make-up and dark lipstick.

2019 March 19, Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “China's goths protest after woman told to remove 'distressing' make-up on subway”, in The Guardian:

Ten officials from Guangzhou have been disciplined after thousands of banyan trees, a mainstay of the southern Chinese city’s landscape, were cut down. The decision, announced over the weekend, was likely to have been approved by President Xi Jinping, who made an unusual intervention to signal his displeasure, experts said.
Li Xi, the Communist Party chief in Guangdong, the province in which Guangzhou is located, told state media Sunday that the tree removal “gravely damaged the city’s natural ecological environment” and “hurt the public’s fond memories and feelings.” Li added that local officials should realize that Xi paid significant attention to Guangzhou and recognize the severity of the problem.

2021 December 15, Amy Cheng, “Chinese officials axed for cutting down thousands of trees after Xi Jinping signals disapproval”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-15, Asia:

A major city and port, the capital city of Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Shanghai

Shanghai
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press

c. 1840, likely from an English-derived romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of Chinese 上海 (Shànghǎi), reinforced by Wade–Giles, Postal Romanization, and Hanyu Pinyin.

SHANGHAI (the emporium of Nanking) is the first town of any importance on the coast of Kiangnan province.[…]If, however, these difficulties were surmounted, and suitable precautions taken against existing dangers, the embouchure of this river would be one of the most eligible points for the establishment of British commerce in the whole empire. Be this as it may, however, certain it is that even now Shanghai carries on the greatest native trade of any port on the coast.[…]
The city of Shanghai is built on the left bank, some distance from the mouth. It is laid out with sufficient elegance, and numerous temples.

1840 September 12, “IX.—From Shanghai to Pekin.”, in The Penny Magazine, number 542, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, →OCLC, page 358, column 2:

In January 1901, we reached Japan where Mrs. Hoover remained for the winter while I went to Shanghai in search of a method of reaching North China. The Port of Taku being frozen and there being then no railway connection between Shanghai and the north, all communication had been suspended for the winter.

1951, Herbert Hoover, “Engineering in China—1899–1902”, in The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 55:

By the year 2000, Shanghai is scheduled to become an international center of commerce and finance; economic strategists predict that by 2010 the city will have become the world's largest trading center. This "secret capital" of China has set some ambitious goals for itself. The population is proudly celebrating their collective "coming out," and business is booming.

1999, “Shanghai”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 411, column 1:

Victor Li is determined to get married soon, but like many other young Chinese grappling with an uncertain economic outlook, the well-heeled Shanghai entrepreneur isn't sure he can afford to.
"It's very expensive for us to get married, especially in a big city like Shanghai," the 32-year-old said, as he took a break from a ticketed networking event for wealthier, top university-educated singles at an upmarket Shanghai jazz bar.

2024 January 17, Nicoco Chan, “Some Shanghai singles struggle to get married as economy slows”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-01-21, China:

A major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China.


Ningbo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 寧波／宁波 (Níngbō), literally "Peaceful Waves".

zh-l

寧波／宁波 (Níngbō)

The containers were shipped from the eastern Chinese port of Ningbo to Piraeus by sea, and were then transported to Budapest in two trains that reached on Jan. 29 and Feb. 5, according to China's official People's Daily newspaper.

2017 February 8, “New land-sea route opens between China and central Europe”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2017-02-08:

Congestion off China's top two container ports Shanghai and Ningbo is worsening following the shutdown of a container terminal in Ningbo where a COVID-19 case was detected this week.

2021 August 12, Muyu Xu, Gavin Maguire, “Major container ports in eastern China see worsening congestion after COVID-19 cases”, in Kim Coghill, David Evans, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-08-12, China:

A port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China.


Tianjin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 天津 (Tiānjīn, literally “heavenly ford; heavenly crossing”).

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The vast majority of factories are state owned. We visited state-owned factories ranging in size from the one thousand six hundred-worker Dong Feng (“East Wind”) Watch Factory in Tianjin to the huge one hundred fifty thousand-worker Anshan Iron and Steel Company in the Northeast.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 38:

Watch or run in the fourth annual 42-kilometer Tianjin race on a 15-day tour starting October 23 in Beijing.

1985 July, “For travel planners, a July 1985 check list”, in Sunset, volume 175, number 1, page 8:

As of March this year, pipelines accommodating 17 MW were already installed between Donghai and a pilot wind project in Bohai Bay near Tianjin.

2010 September 7, Manuela Zoninsein, “Chinese Offshore Development Blows Past U.S.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-17, ClimateWire:

Fears that the death toll from the explosion disaster in Tianjin, northeast China, could top 200 were stoked today as state media declared that 112 people had died as a result of Wednesday’s accident, with 95 more missing.

2015 August 16, Jamie Fullerton, “Tianjin disaster death toll may top 200”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-03:

Germany's Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock arrived in the Chinese port city of Tianjin on Thursday to begin her three-day tour of the country.[…]
On Thursday, Baerbock is set to visit a school in Tianjin that teaches German as part of the German Foreign Office's PASCH initiative.

2023 April 13, “Germany: EU 'cannot be indifferent' to China-Taiwan tensions”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2023-04-14, Politics:

A direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China, between Beijing and the Bohai Bay.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang


Harbin

From Manchu ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (harbin)- in the late 19th century, the area was a fishing village.

The headquarters of the Chinese-Eastern road is at Harbin, a town situated at about the centre of northern China, and there located for the purpose of administering the affairs of the railway.

1899 July 29, H. E. Rood, “American Locomotives in Siberia”, in Harper's Weekly, volume XLIII, number 2223, page 749:

Manchuria is crossed by the Chinese Eastern Railway (the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway), which enters the Hei-lung-chiang Province from the north-west and divides at Harbin (哈爾賓^([sic – meaning 哈爾濱])) in the Chi-lin Province, one branch going to Vladivostock (海参威) and the other to Dalny and Port Arthur.

1904, Charles Daniel Tenney, Geography of Asia, Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 23:

The Russians of Manchuria, who had built Harbin forty-five years ago, were now invited to clear the stage and to do it quickly. Restrictions on all possible jobs and professions soon narrowed their means of earning to almost nothing.

1942, Nina Fedorova, The Children, Little, Brown and Company, page 79:

English spoken.
Can you tell me what is happening?
We arrive to the village Yurga. You must disbark^([sic – meaning disembark]).
No, I have a ticket to Harbin.
Harbin across border of China. There is argument.
Well I'll go as far as I can. Thank you just the same.

1958, 20:02 from the start, in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, →OCLC:

Harbin is the capital of the Heilongjiang Province (Heilungkiang Province). Situated in the middle reaches of the Songhua Jiang (Sunghua River), it is a busy river port. As railways and highways converge at Harbin, it is also an important hub of communication.
Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.

1982, The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, →ISBN, pages 185–186:

Temperatures in Yakeshi in Inner Mongolia (內蒙古) dropped to minus 28 degrees Celsius yesterday, while Harbin (哈爾濱) in Heilongjiang (黑龍江) province experienced minus 19 degrees.

2016 January 21, Alice Yan, Lai Ying Kit, Mimi Lau, “Incredible scenes as mainland shoppers strip supermarket shelves ahead of big chill”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-22, China:

A cohort of male swimmers, bare torsos shining, lined up to recite from Mao's Little Red Book before plunging into the Songhua river, in Harbin, to commemorate the Great Leader's swim in the Yangzi. A crowd gathered with banners in Harbin's main square for a speech about "Learning and Applying Mao Zedong Thought", a crowd so vast that the had taken several shots and would splice them together with backing tape.[…]
He wavered only when he saw the monks at Harbin's ransacked Buddhist temple holding a banner which read: "To hell with the Buddhist scriptures. They are full of dog farts."

2020 July 4, “Obituary Li Zhensheng”, in The Economist, volume 436, number 9201, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 82:

prefecture-level city
prefecture-level city

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China.

هَارْبِين

a sub-provincial city in northeastern China


Changchun

/t͡ʃæŋˈt͡ʃʊn/

It costs but from $0.86 to $1.14 per ton to load Japanese coal into the cars at the mines, and as these are under the control of the South Manchuria Railway it is said that coal is freighted to Changchun free.

1915 August 24, Charles K. Moser, “China-Manchuria”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52h, Harbin, page 3:

A “big-character” wall appearing in Changchun, Kirin Province, on Feb. 2, denounced the Chinese Communist regime’s crackdown on dissidents clamoring for human rights, an intelligence report from the Chinese mainland said April 3.
The wall poster accused the Peiping regime [of] "practicing Fascist totalitarianism," the report said, adding that some 40 people in Changchun had been arrested for putting up wall posters.

1979 April 8, “Wallposter in Kirin”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 13, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

At least one person was killed and another was injured in a series of explosions Friday afternoon in the northeastern Chinese city of Changchun, the local authorities said.
The police are tentatively treating the explosions as “a criminal case,” the propaganda office of the Changchun Municipal Communist Party Committee said in a statement posted online.

2019 January 25, Austin Ramzy, “Explosions Shake Shopping District in Changchun, China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-01-26, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China.


Chongqing

/t͡ʃɒŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

/t͡ʃɑŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

The latest proposed relocation would affect residents along hundreds of miles of twisting lakeshore from Jiangjin, in the Chongqing municipality, to the dam’s location at Yichang, in Hubei Province.

2012 April 18, Michael Wines, “Landslide Risk At Reservoir Cited in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-04-19, Asia Pacific:

Her young parents, who worked in a pottery factory in Rongchang in present-day Chongqing municipality, conceived her while unmarried.

2014 January 20, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “‘She. Herself. Naked.': The Art of He Chengyao”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-16, Sinosphere:

For nearly four years, he worked in one of the three cavernous Ford Motor assembly plants in Chongqing, a sprawling metropolis in southwestern China with almost 20 million people. Every day, he spent long hours putting brake fluid into the Ford Focus compact cars that glided past on the assembly line.

2019 April 11, Keith Bradsher, “For Chinese Raised in Prosperity, Shrugs in the Face of Layoffs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-12, China Dispatch:

A canteen in China's southwest municipality of Chongqing collapsed on Friday following an explosion suspected to be caused by a gas leak, leaving many trapped, according to reports from state media.

2022 January 7, Gabriel Crossley, “Multiple people trapped after explosion in China's Chongqing - state media”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-07, China:

A direct-administered municipality and city in western China.


Hefei

Some 10,000 people took the streets in the eastern city of Hefei this week in what appears to have been the largest student demonstration since the Tiananmen Square human rights protests of 1989.

2003 January 9, Joseph Kahn, “Huge Demonstration in China, but Subject Is Traffic Safety”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-02-14, World:

The other case, surnamed Zhang, was in close contact with Li during a training class Li led in the city of Luan, near Anhui's provincial capital Hefei, Xinhua reported.[…]
Two areas in Luan city and one part of Feixi county were declared "medium-risk" regions by local authorities in response to the cases. State media reported mass testing being carried out in main urban area in Luan and some areas in Hefei.

2021 May 13, “Mainland China reports first local COVID-19 cases in more than 3 weeks”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-14, Asia Pacific:

The vaccination campaign in the Luyang district of Hefei city is currently operating in an orderly and efficient manner, with all vaccination points running smoothly, thanks in large part to the effective utilization of A.I. technology.

2021 July 13, “A.I. is Ensuring an Orderly Vaccination in Hefei”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2021-07-13:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, in central China.

خِفِي

a prefecture-level city in central China


Wuhan

From Mandarin 武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn), from 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

zh-l

武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn)

漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu)

The Committee reports that in consequence of the combined effects of the war and famine added to flood an amount of destitution exists among the population in the Wuhan region which is without parallel in the memory of foreign residents. Now that the refugees are returning to Hankow there is a demand for building materials, clothing and food stuffs.

1912 February, “Famine Notes”, in The Chinese Recorder, volume XLIII, number 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 95:

Yet charges that Wuhan was run like an independent kingdom contained an element of truth. Firmly entrenched in Wuhan for more than ten years, the PLA had become accustomed to acting independently.

1971, Deborah S. Davis, “The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan”, in The Cultural Revolution in the Provinces, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 169:

More than 30 persons, most of them farmers on the verge of starving to death, were convicted of "counter-revolutionary" charges at kangaroo court in Wuhan and given sentences ranging from two to 12 years, it was reported from Hongkong February 25.
. . .
Wuhan is the collective name of Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers in Hupei province, central China.
Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.
Others were charged with breaking into a Communist granary in Wuhan, it said.

1973 March 4, “Starving farmers given jail terms”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 8, Taipei, page 3:

Chinese health authorities on Tuesday said they are investigating 27 cases of viral pneumonia in central Hubei province, amid online speculation that it could be linked to the SARS flu-like virus that killed hundreds of people a decade ago.
A team of senior health experts were dispatched to the city of Wuhan and were reported by state broadcaster CCTV to be "conducting relevant inspection and verification work."

2019 December 31, “China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-12-31, News:

Intelligence agencies do not believe the case of three workers from a laboratory in Wuhan, China, who became ill in 2019 can help shed light on whether the Covid-19 pandemic originated from an accidental lab leak, according to a report made public Friday.

2023 June 23, Julian E. Barnes, “U.S. Intelligence Agencies Remain Divided Over Lab Leak Theory”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-24, Politics:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Wuhan.

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China.


Chengdu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 成都 (Chéngdū), supposedly bestowed upon it during its first founding by the ninth king of the Shu Kingdom's Kaiming dynasty when he removed his court there from nearby Pi County.

As the United States lashed out against the “new tyranny” of China, Beijing on Friday ordered the closure of the American consulate in Chengdu, a retaliatory move that threatens to drive the two powers into an even deeper divide.
Beijing blamed the Trump administration for the deterioration in relations, calling its own action justified after Washington told China this week to shutter its consulate in Houston and accused its diplomats of acting illegally. A Chinese official, in turn, denounced American diplomats in Chengdu, a southwestern city, for interfering in China’s affairs.

2020 July 24, Keith Bradsher, Steven Lee Myers, “China Orders U.S. to Shut Consulate in Chengdu, Retaliating for Houston”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-24, Asia Pacific:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China.


Shenyang

Holonym: Liaodong

The northeastern city of Shenyang has become one of the country's chief machine building centers and plants there include one for making pneumatic mining tools and three for various types of machine tools. Also in Shenyang is a new plant that builds blast furnaces and openhearths, with the destination of Anshan.

1958 August 7, Robert Westgate, “China's Industrial Target: To Overtake Britain in 15 Years”, in The Iron Age, volume 182, number 6, page 43:

We are reasonably sure that Li is still alive in Shenyang, but there is no denying that he is now a very questionable figure.

1975 January 5, L. Chen, “Bomb planted by Wang Hung-wen?”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

I know of no industrial unit outside Lushun and Talien that was able to conclude a contract of such comprehensiveness as the glass factory and even in Shenyang where production was rapidly restored and where there were many advanced industrial enterprises, it was felt that the Lushun-Talien model was too comprehensive and of too high a standard to serve as a model for its own collective contracts.

1976, William Brugger, Democracy & organisation in the Chinese industrial enterprise (1948-1953), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

Shenyang is a sprawling industrial and financial center, the largest city in northeastern China, with a reputation as the region’s crime capital. The city was overrun with violent gangs and controlled by corrupt public officials who were regularly purged by the government in Beijing, only to be replaced by new ones. The developers Hongwei knew in Shenyang were all gangsters, and when they weren't making shady deals, they were spending their nights in private gambling parlors.

2015, Yeonmi Park, Maryanne Vollers, “Kidnapped”, in In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl's Journey to Freedom (Non-fiction), Penguin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 169:

China’s continuing strict coronavirus controls have battered local economies across the country. But Shenyang has endured a double blow. Just 150 miles from the North Korean border, it is suffering not only from the restrictions in China, but also from those imposed by the even more isolated country next door.

2022 August 30, Vivian Wang, “Lockdowns in China, and North Korea, Deal Double Blow to Bridge City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-30, Business:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, in northeastern China.


Jinan

/ˈd͡ʒiːˌnɑːn/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 濟南 /济南 (Jǐnán).

- Woolly hat and sun cream -
Shandong Luneng Taishan, as their full name goes, are based in Jinan, a fast-growing city of about 7.5 million people in China's east. Jinan is the capital of Shandong province.
Fellaini will need a wardrobe for all four seasons. Jinan is currently about as chilly as Manchester, but it can easily drop well below freezing. Summers will be much hotter than northern England, nudging above 30 degrees Celsius (86F).
- Pollution, traffic -
Many Chinese cities are plagued by traffic congestion and pollution, but those problems are acute in Jinan.
The Asian Development Bank in 2017 said rapid economic growth and urbanisation had made Jinan the most congested city in China. It is also in the top 10 most polluted.

2019 February 4, “Choking smog and 'spring heaven': Fellaini's new home in China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-21:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, in eastern China.


Baotou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 包頭 /包头 (Bāotóu), from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu, “haunt of deer”), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “with…”) / -т (-t, “ornative case suffix”).

der

Moving west from Paotowchen there is only one highway, which many camel trains from Kansu follow in winter, but which is almost deserted in summer when the Yellow River is ice free. This road leads through Santaoho, a Roman Catholic Mission village near the elbow of the river, through Shihtsuishan, where there is a carefully guarded pass and a large garrison, and on into the populous Ninghsia district of Kansu, altogether an eighteen day journey of about 1,300 11 through thinly settled country in which a pestilence would travel with difficulty and in which it could have been most effectually checked at any of half a dozen points.

[1918 April, Rodney Gilbert, “Pneumonic Plague in China”, in Asia, volume XVIII, number 4, American Asiatic Association, page 344, columns 2, 3:

Alley and I were not going to Turkestan. We were on a four-hundred-and-fifty-mile trip to Paotou (pronounced Bao Toe), which used to be the frontier end of the line and is now autonomous Inner Mongolia’s largest city.

[1962, Edgar Snow, “Paotou Retrospect”, in Red China Today: The Other Side of the River, Penguin Books, published 1970, →OCLC, page 72:

Dirty, toxic, radioactive: Working in the mining sector
One of the most extreme examples is Baotou, a Chinese city in Inner Mongolia, where rare earth mining poisoned surrounding farms and nearby villages, causing thousands of people to leave the area.

2021 April 13, Michel Penke, “Toxic and radioactive: The damage from mining rare elements”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2021-04-13, CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS:

A prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China.

بَاوْتُو

a prefecture-level city in northern China


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 福州 (Fúzhōu).

ᡶᡠ ᠵᡝᠣ

a prefecture-level city in southeastern China

At the end of August Eaton anchored at a group of three small islands off the coast of Fujian to take on fresh water, as the casks had not been refilled since leaving the Cape in April. Cuninghame calls these islands the Crocodile Islands, but he says the Chinese call them the ‘Pek-kin Islands’. These are the Matsu Islands, north east of Fuzhou, one of which is called Peikantang or Peikan Island.

2007, Jane Kilpatrick, “The first collector”, in Gifts from the Gardens of China: The Introduction of Traditional Chinese Garden Plants to Britain 1698-1862, Frances Lincoln Limited, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 41:

In a past life in Fuzhou, it represented some reality other than the one of daily congee and pickled turnips, cabbage and boiled rip soup.

2022, Ling Ma, “Peking Duck”, in Bliss Montage, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China.


Guiyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴陽 /贵阳 (Guìyáng).

By early afternoon, I was in Kueiyang. Since this was the provincial capital of Kueichou, I decided to splurge and checked into the Plaza Hotel.

[2015, Bill Porter, “The Miao [苗族]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 72:

A court in the city of Guiyang ruled that Mr. C's employment rights were indeed violated. "The defendant terminated the contract with the plaintiff without a legitimate reason" and "infringed on the plaintiff’s equal employment rights," the ruling said.[…]
Mr. C, a transgender Chinese man who says he was fired for wearing men's clothes, stands outside a court in Guiyang, China, July 27, 2017, holding the court’s ruling that his dismissal violated his employment rights.

2017 July 27, Emily Rauhala, “Transgender Chinese man wins first-of-its-kind labor discrimination case”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-11-11, WorldViews:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China.

جُوي يَانْغ

a prefecture-level city in southwestern China


Kunming

Military movements are reported to be proceeding in the region of Kunming.

1930 December 31 [1930 December 30], “Rebel Army Enters Yunnan.”, in Hongkong Daily Press, number 2260, page 9, column 4:

Best known abroad are Free China’s two "back doors," the Burma Road and the Northwest Highway. The 960-mile road from Kunming to Lashio was a vast engineering feat and, after the outbreak of the Pacific war, China’s main hope for obtaining offensive armaments. In the last month before its closing it carried over 30,000 tons.

1943, Hubert Freyn, Free China's New Deal, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 63:

Last week's focus of the war in the Far East centered squarely upon this little railroad. Because it brings supplies to the Assam Valley airfields, whence they can be flown over the "Hump" to Kunming, it is a vital part of our only link with China.

1944 April 24, “Trouble in Burma”, in Life, volume 16, number 17, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 25, column 1:

Hsiao-hua, who studied at a primary school at Kunming before he fled the mainland with his father, said he was often criticized by his classmates for his association with "bad elements." All school children on the Chinese mainland, he added, must do forced manual work and read "Quotations from Mao Tse-tung."

1975 March 23, “Freedom at last for Wu & son”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

In some cases, over a hundred thousand men, women, and children could be seen building five-thousand-foot solid runways for huge bombers of a type not yet built in America. These fields were being built in places east of Kunming, places with strange-sounding names like Liuchow, Kweilin, Lingling, and Hengyang, names which would all too soon become quite familiar to hundred of American airmen.

1980, Wanda Cornelius, Thayne Short, Ding Hao: America's Air War in China, 1937-1945, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 94-95:

The schedule of the second phase of the COP15 global biodiversity talks in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming in April is "likely to be affected" by new COVID-19 risks, environment ministry spokesman Liu Youbin said on Monday.
The second phase was supposed to see the completion of a new post-2020 global deal on biodiversity protection, following on the first round of talks in Kunming last October.

2022 January 23, Muyu Xu, David Stanway, “Biodiversity talks in China's Kunming in April may be affected by COVID”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-24, Environment:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China.


Lanzhou

Translingual: Lanzhousaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of 蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu).

zh-l

蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu)

Construction of this expressway, linking Lanzhou with Wulumuchi, has continued further west as part of the central government’s attempt to equalize the balance of economic development between the prosperous east and the less developed western interior.

2008, William Lindesay, The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 112:

In northwestern Gansu province, where nine local confirmed cases have been reported in the past week, primary and high schools in the provincial capital of Lanzhou, as well as in one county in Jiuquan city, have suspended offline classes.

2021 October 21, Ryan Woo, Roxanne Liu, Liangping Gao, “Parts of northern China brace for more COVID-19 lockdowns and curbs”, in Christian Schmollinger, Gerry Doyle, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-21, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China.


Nanchang

c. 1600s, from the Mandarin 南昌 (Nánchāng, “Southern Prosperity”).

bor

But whilſt he was beſieging this City, there came, unfortunately, a new Army of Tartars from the Imperiall City of Peking , which had order to recover this Province of Kiangſi; and therefore Kinus was forced to raiſe his Siege to oppoſe their entrance by the Northern parts of the Country; And at firſt having a vaſt Army, and uſed to the Tartarian warfare, he fought both valiantly and happily; but not being able to ſuſtain any longer their redoubled violent aſſaults, he was forced to retire for his ſecurity to Nanchang, the chief City of that County; which City the Tartars durſt not venture to take by force, but reſolved to reduce it by a long Siege; for which end they gathered together a Company of Country Clowns to make a large and ſpacious Trench round about the City to the River, and there they placed Ships ſo as no Proviſion could poſſibly enter. This City of Nanchang is great and extremely full of inhabitants, beſides the multitude of Souldiers which defended it at that time; ſo as although Kinus had made great Proviſion for a Siege, yet after ſome moneths he came to great want and pennury; and yet he held it out though many dyed, expecting ſtil some ſuccours from the Emperor Fungley, which could not be sent;

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Bellum Tartaricum”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, page 290:

The next day, being the 23. of April, we came in ſight of the firſt chief City of Nanchang, which is alſo called by ſome according to the name of the Province Kiangſi, where this is ſituated.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 67:

Kiangſi is divided into thirteen Countries, containing 67 Cities ; the chief whereof is Nanchang , once the Metropolis of the Empire : Iaocheu, Quansin, Kicukiang, Kienchang, Linkiang, Kiegan, Kancheu, are other chief Cities.

1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 440:

From Cancheu to Nanchang the Country is exceedingly beautiful, fruitful, and populous.

1703 February 10, Father De Chavagnac, “Father De Chavagnac, to Father Le Gobien”, in Tavels of the Jesuits, Footcheoo-foo, page 302:

On the 31st of July he arrived at Kiukiang, and in August, in company with the Rev. C. V. Hart, Superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Mission, visited Nanchang, the capital of Kiangsi, which had been entered by Protestant missionaries but twice before, and in two days he sold 300 Portions.

1881, Sixty-Fifth Annual Report of the American Bible Society, New York, page 122:

The rows of towering buildings crowding the banks of the Gan River are a testament to the real estate boom that transformed Nanchang in eastern China from a gritty manufacturing hub to a modern urban center.[…]
As China’s economy prospered the last two decades, Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Province, erected sweeping apartment complexes and gleaming office towers to meet the increasing demand for homes and workplaces.

2023 May 25, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu, “Once a Symbol of China’s Growth, Now a Sign of a Housing Crisis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-25:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China.


Zhengzhou

/d͡ʒʌŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鄭州 /郑州 (Zhèngzhōu).

Now outside in Zhengzhou, the city worst hit at the moment, which has had record rains hitting the highest level of rainfall since records were kept six decades ago, the streets have turned into brown rivers which have swallowed up traffic, and in an even more alarming development the military is saying that at a nearby city a major dam could actually burst and that soldiers have been mobilized there to blast around the dam in an attempt to divert flood waters, take the pressure off the dam, in the hope that, what they're talking about is already is a sort of twenty meter fissure in the dam, it can avoid having that dam being burst, which would obviously also be a really terrible development.

July 21, 2021, Steven McDonald, 3:13 from the start, in Twelve die as rain floods train tunnel in China, BBC News, archived from the original on 2021-07-24:

The testing will begin in Henan's provincial capital of Zhengzhou before the end of May, authorities said, according to the report, to help with "identifying potential risks" quickly.

2022 May 23, “Chinese province of nearly 100 million to Covid test every two days”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-23:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China.


Taiyuan

"On Wednesday 7th August 1901 a party from T'ai Yüan Fu, consisting of Mr. Duncan, Dr. Creasy Smith, Major Pereira, and Dr. Edwards, arrived to take part in the memorial service ; Mr. Hoste and Mr. Ernest Taylor of the China Inland Mission having arrived a day or two earlier.

[1903 [1901 August 9], “Appendix”, in Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians, Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, →OCLC, page 318:

Shansi (population 12,000,000): On the surface Taiyuan, the capital of Shansi, appears as calm as Sian, only more down at heel. Grass is sprouting in the cracks of the Jap runways on the airfield but smoke rises from the chimneys of foundries and textile plants.[…]
One discovers with shock how deeply the Japanese burrowed into North China. In backwoods Taiyuan there are 25,000 Japanese civilians, most of whom were put down here to mine Shansi’s coal.

1945 November 12, Charles J. V. Murphy, “China Reborn”, in Life, volume 19, number 20, Chicago: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 113, column 1:

The commitment was made at a meeting held in commemoration of Tomb-Sweeping Day and the third anniversary of President Chiang’s passing on April 5, at Yuanshan in front of the Shrine of the 500 Heroes (dedicated to those who fought to the end at Taiyuan, Shansi province, against the Communists in April 1949).

1978 April 9, “Freedom-seekers vow to defeat Reds”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIX, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Taiyuan, the capital of the province, lies on the upper reaches of the Fen surrounded by irrigated ricelands, orchards and vineyards on the mountain slopes, with enormous seams of coal underground. In Shansi all roads lead to Taiyuan, but the roads that radiate out of Taiyuan in every direction lead nowhere.

1983, William Hinton, “Introduction: Shansi, Land of the Oxhide Lanterns”, in Shenfan, New York: Vintage Books, published 1984, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxxiv:

A group of Maoists commemorating the 35th anniversary of Mao Zedong’s death in the northern Chinese city of Taiyuan was violently broken up by police. Chinese authorities have no patience for these Mao-lovers, who seem to have forgotten the former communist leader’s authoritarian streak and retained only the idyllic vision of a fairer society.

2011 September 23, Ségolène Malterre, “Modern-day Maoists worry Chinese authorities”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2015-12-28:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China.


Xi'an

Cambridge University Press
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
Ming Dynasty
Xi'an
Yuan Dynasty

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號 /隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.

THE SILK ROAD was actually a perilous network of routes. It was hazardous to monks and pilgrims carrying Buddhist teachings between India and China and even more hazardous to traders, who intended to exchange gold, wool, horses, jade, and glass for silk. The road started in what is now Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province, traversed a barren crust of earth through treacherous mountains and desert across Central Asia to Antioch and Tyre; the last lap, to Europe and Egypt, was by water to other Mediterranean ports.

1984 January, Nina Hyde, “The Queen of Textiles”, in National Geographic, volume 165, number 1, page 30:

We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:

Then on Wednesday, after our formal talks concluded, Joan, Eleanor, and I traveled to the ancient city of Xi'an, home of the extraordinary exhibit of terra-cotta soldiers.

2010, Walter Mondale, David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 220:

The scheme was simple: Stuff cotton into air-monitoring equipment so that the air being read would be filtered and seem cleaner.
The people doing this to produce better — but false — air-quality readings in Xi’an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, got away with it for months, until inspectors noticed irregularities in the data.

2016 October 28, Edward Wong, Vanessa Piao, “When China Wants Better Air Readings, Cotton Does the Trick”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-30, Asia Pacific:

Quite how the other 7,999 or so warriors — each about 6ft tall and weighing just over 28 stone — were made more than 2,000 years ago, however, has long been a subject of debate, with experts questioning how the intricately carved figures could have been produced on site in Xi’an, northwestern China.

2023 March 31, Didi Tang, “Terracotta Army’s broken arms may solve mystery of its creation”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-31:

The provincial capital of Shaanxi, China; a subprovincial city in central China famed as the former capital of numerous Chinese dynasties, also known as Chang'an among other historical names.

شِيَان

capital of Shaanxi and former capital of China — see also Chang'an


Nanjing

Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Nanjing
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Yongle Emperor

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), composed of 南 (“south, southern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Beijing to the north, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

[1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

For the first time on Saturday, China held a national day of remembrance on the 77th anniversary of Japanese atrocities committed in the city of Nanjing in the run-up to World War II. President Xi Jinping led the commemorations in front of a crowd of some 10,000 people, among whom were survivors or relatives of victims of the "Rape of Nanking," a six-week reign of terror during which the Imperial Japanese Army carried out mass killings and rapes.

2014 December 13, “China's Xi: Nanjing massacre undeniable”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2016-04-25, Asia:

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) chairman Morris Chang will sign a contract with the government of the eastern Chinese city of Nanjing to carry out the largest Taiwanese investment in China, Taiwan's Central News Agency (CNA) reported today.

2016 March 28, “Taiwanese semiconductor company announces large investment in China”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China, on the lower Yangtze; a former capital of China.


Ürümqi

Defense Mapping Agency
SASM/GNC romanization
Ürümqi

Borrowed from Uyghur ئۈرۈمچى (ürümchi) via its official SASM/GNC/SRC romanization. See there for more.

As also proved from statistical figures, different wind conditions are established over some marginal parts of China. Harbin/15, which records 50% of all directions from SE, S and SW, underlines atypical wind conditions which exist over northeastern China. The same is true for Lhasa/239 which experiences 44% of all directions from NE, E and SE, and Ürümqi/269 which records 38% of all winds with a southern component. These three stations demonstrate rare wind conditions which do not coincide with the typical northern winds in winter.

1988, Manfred Domrös, Peng Gongbing, “Circulation”, in The Climate of China, Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Fanfou, Jiwai and Digu were some of the first Twitter clones to become successful in China. However all three - plus Twitter itself - were blocked by the Chinese government in July 2009, due to their usage during the uprisings in Ürümqi.

2010 March 4, Richard MacManus, “China's Twitter Clones”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-04, Technology:

Before the Wednesday’s suspension, there were 24 flights a week from Kazakhstan to China, including a daily flight to Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang.

2020 January 29, Adam Schreck, Elaine Kurtenbach, David Koenig, “More airlines drop flights to China as virus spreads”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-04-15:

A prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China.


Hangzhou

/ˌhɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 杭州 (Hángzhōu), from its former role as the seat of Hang Prefecture (also 杭州 (Hángzhōu)), folk etymologized as a reference to King Yu's ferry over the Qiantang on his way to Shaoxing but more likely a transliteration of an earlier Baiyue placename.

In the Province of Chekiang, near the chief City of Hangcheu, runs a River, which in regard of its courſe, is called ſometimes Che, at other times Cientang, and in ſome places Cingan.

[1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 238:

Tibetan colors and gilding are frequently mentioned in Chinese texts, and several monuments survive northwest of Beijing and in Hangzhou in southeast China that were designed by Tibetan monks and were very likely built and carved by both Tibetan and Chinese artists.

1983, Pratapaditya Pal, Art of Tibet, →ISBN, page 30:

A former imperial capital famed for its West Lake and surrounding temples, Hangzhou has lately grown famous as the hometown of internet commerce giant Alibaba.

2021 August 22, “Top official in eastern China’s Hangzhou under investigation”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-08-22:

China’s outbreaks and the ensuing restrictions have led to a number of events being canceled or postponed, most recently the Asian Games originally scheduled for September in the city of Hangzhou, 177 kilometers (110 miles) west of Shanghai.

2022 May 13, “Shanghai will try to ease 7-week virus lockdown in few days”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-13:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China; a former imperial capital.


Nanning

Translingual: Nanningosaurus

zh-l

南寧／南宁 (Nánníng)

Our Authors ſay there are no Elephants in China, which muſt be underſtood of the Provinces they knew, where, in truth, there are none. Father Martini writes, that they begin to be met with at Nanning, in the Province of Quangli, where the Inhabitants uſe them for War and for Carriage. Some there are alſo in the Province of Junnan ; nor is it a wonder that theſe Creatures, who ſo ſwarm in the Indies, and in Tungkin or Tonquin, ſhould ſtraggle hither.

1733, Eusebius Renaudot, transl., Ancient Accounts of India and China, London, →OCLC, page 61:

The French were once so sure of getting a railway concession from their Langson branch into Lungchow that they built a big stone station—now the French consulate—and a stone slide not unlike the steeper levees along the Mississippi, down which French goods were to be slid into the boats that were to take them down the river to Nanning.

1925, Harry A. Franck, Roving Through Southern China, The Century Company, page 354:

The story was told him by an old servant of his family who was from Yungchow [modern Nanning] in Kwangsi, and who came from the cave people [aborigines] of that district.[...]There are well-known Siamese versions of the Cinderella story, and Nanning is very close to Indo-China.

1942, Lin Yutang, editor, The Wisdom of China and India, Random House, →OCLC, page 941:

Since an earlier Maoist military mission's visit to Hanoi in October 1974, the Chinese Communists have been providing massive military supplies for North Vietnamese. A so-called "Headquarters of the Chinese People's Support for Vietnam," headed by Wei Kuo-ching, was also established in Nanning in southern Kwangsi Province.[...]
A training center has been operating in suburban Nanning to provide guerrilla and sabotage training for 500 persons at a time.

1975 April 13, “Expose Peiping involvement in Indo-China”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4:

In 2020 in the city of Nanning, the police bought software that could look for “more than three key people checking into the same or nearby hotels” and “a drug user calling a new out-of-town number frequently,” according to a bidding document.

2022 June 25, Paul Mozur, Muyi Xiao, John Liu, “‘An Invisible Cage’: How China Is Policing the Future”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-26:

A prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China.


Shijiazhuang

/ˌʃiːd͡ʒjɑːˈd͡ʒwɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin for 石家莊／石家庄 (Shíjiāzhuāng).

The Intermediate People's Court in Shijiazhuang, in the northern province of Hebei, said the defendants had intentionally produced or sold dairy products laced with a toxic chemical called melamine, which was used to give falsely high protein readings but which caused kidney stones and other ailments in about 300,000 children last year.

2009 February 2, David Barboza, “Death sentences given in Chinese milk scandal”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-10, Asia Pacific:

China is racing to build a quarantine center to house 4,000 people in the northern city of Shijiazhuang, the epicenter of the country’s latest outbreak of the coronavirus, which Beijing has largely contained at an enormous cost to its 1.3 billion people.

2021 January 19, Miriam Berger, “China rushes to build coronavirus quarantine center for 4,000 as it battles local outbreaks”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-20:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hebei, in northeastern China.


Xining

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 西寧 /西宁 (Xīníng).

Tibetan is found predominantly in Tibet; Tibetan-speaking communities are also found in Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Gansu. In Tibet, all official documents are issued in both Tibetan and Chinese, and also in certain regions of Sichuan and Qinghai. Moreover, the radio stations in Tibet broadcast in Tibetan and Putonghua. Similarly, the Chengdu radio station in Sichuan and the Xining radio station in Qinghai also have regular Tibetan broadcasts.

1975, “The National Minority Languages of China”, in Winfred P. Lehmann, editor, Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 119:

Traditionally, Qinghai's Han Chinese have been concentrated around Xining and the Yellow River valley.[...]The climate in this region is harsh, with temperatures at Xining, east of Qinghai, ranging from -6° to 18° C.[...]Xining and the Yellow River valley are Qinghai's most important agricultural areas.

1979, Frederic M. Kaplan, Julian M. Sobin, Stephen Andors, Encyclopedia of China Today, Eurasia Press, →ISBN, page 29:

Though tourists rarely do so, it is perfectly possible to visit an area on the outskirts of Qinghai’s Xining that abounds in prisons and prison enterprises.

1998, James D. Seymour, Richard Anderson, “Prologue”, in New Ghosts Old Ghosts Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:

Barren, sparsely populated Qinghai ranks 22nd among China’s 31 provinces, regions and municipalities measured by income per capita, which averaged $3,343 in 2009.
Property prices in Xining, the unprepossessing capital, are less than a fifth of those in Beijing.

2010 June 21, Alan Wheatley, “A China Far Removed From Glitz and Industry”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-06-25, Inside Asia:

A city in northwestern China, capital of Qinghai Province.


Hohhot

From Mongolian Хөх хот (Xöx xot), modern form of ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota), from ᠬᠥᠬᠡ (köke, “dark blue; (hist.) green, grue”) + ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (qota, “town, city”), given to the settlement by Altan Khan in the 1580s. His previous palace and monastery established outside modern Baotou in 1572 bore the same name, although it is now frequently connected to the nearby Daqing Mountains instead, whose name is similarly ambiguous between blue and green.

The assemblage of stone artifacts at Dingcun represents a very important link in the evolution of China's primitive cultures. It succeeded the Gehe culture and ushered in the Dayao culture of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia and the Emaokou culture in Huairen County, Shanxi Province.

1980, Jia Lanpo, 中国大陆上的远古居民 [Early Man in China], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 45:

Then again, Sima Qian says that, after crossing the river, the Wall wound northward to touch a mountain north-west of Hohhot. But no wall winds northward here.

2008, John Man, The Great Wall, Bantam Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 35:

Mengniu can tap high-quality Aussie milk. And it is one in the eye for Yili, its bigger cross-town dairy rival in Hohhot, the regional capital of Inner Mongolia.

2019 December 7, “Cow cash”, in The Economist, volume 433, number 9172, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 61–62:

On National Security Education Day in April, students in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, were instructed on how to report suspicious activity.

2022 August 6, Chris Buckley, Steven Lee Myers, “In Turbulent Times, Xi Builds a Security Fortress for China, and Himself”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-06, Asia Pacific:

The capital city of Inner Mongolia, in north-central China.


Yinchuan

Likely c. 1940s, from Mandarin 銀川 /银川 (Yínchuān), Wade–Giles romanization: Yin²-chʻuan¹, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

Peiping radio claimed tonight that Communists occupied Yinchuan, capital of Ninghsia Province in Central China two days ago.

1949 September 26 [1949 September 25], “NATIONALISTS REVOLT”, in The Bombay Chronicle, volume XXXVII, number 228, Bombay, →OCLC, Stop Press, page 5, column 1:

All the bigger towns in this vast area are to have new power stations. Yinchuan and Bayenhot in Ningsia province, Sining in Chinghai, Tienshui, Tunhchuan and Paochi in Shensi, and Tihua in Sinkiang have all been mentioned in Press reports.
At Yinchuan factories for machinery, woollen textiles and chemicals have been started, and two new textile mills are planned in the cotton-growing district of Kuanchung, in Shensi.

1954 February [1954 January], “China's Industrial Growth”, in Economic Digest, volume VII, number 2, London: Economic Research Council, →OCLC, pages 87–88:

On the trip out our car was full of railway workers, going out to work on the Lanchow-Sinkiang Railway which had already reached Yumen, China’s biggest oil field, and in 1960 will connect with the Soviet Union’s Turkestan-Siberia Railway; or to the Lanchow-Yinchuan section, which cuts through the Great Wall to reach Yinchuan, a major wool, hide and skin trading center in the Northwest.

1956 October, Grace Liu, “A Train Trip in China”, in New World Review, volume 24, number 10, New York: S.R.T. Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 20, column 1:

Yinchuan, capital of the Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region, lies in the centre of the Ningsia Plain.

1964, 任育地 [Jen Yu-ti], 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 201:

Mr. Ai had become obsessed with a red scribble that appeared on a planning document for an art show next month in Yinchuan, a city in northwest China. He decided to build a large sculpture modeled on the line that he would call “Redline” — a playful rumination on the idea of censorship.

2016 August 26, Javier A. Hernández, “Ai Weiwei Planned to Sculpt a ‘Redline.’ Chinese Censors Say He Crossed One.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-08-26, Sinosphere:

The capital city of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

ينتشوان

capital city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China


Haikou

Hainan Island, of which Haikou is the capital, is a tropical province that China has proclaimed its newest and largest special economic zone. Partly because it is separated from the Chinese mainland by a 13-mile strip of water, the authorities give it special dispensation to stray from economic and social orthodoxy.

1993 March 25, Sheryl WuDunn, “Haikou Journal; For Treasure (and Pleasure), Their Special Island”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-26, World:

The capital and most populous city of Hainan province, China; located on the north side of Hainan island.


Changsha

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈʃɑ/

Changxa commands over eleven Cities, as Changxa, Siangtan, Siangin, Ninghiang, Lieuyang, Liling, Jeyang, Sianghang, Xeu, Ganhoa, Chaling.

[1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 14:

The most important place for trade in Hunan is Siangtan, 90 li south of Changsha.

1868, Albert S. Bickmore, “Sketch of a Journey from Canton to Hankow, through China”, in American Journal of Science and Arts, volume XLVI, page 16:

A Communist report from Hunan has quoted "a ranking comrade of the Party Central" as having issued this instruction: "Athletes should be trained from childhood." It is believed that Mao made the remark.
Accordingly, most of the table tennis winners have been teenagers. The youngest at an athletic meet in Changsha in 1973 was a boy of 14.

1976 July 25, L. Chen, “Athletics under Maoist politics”, in 自由中國週報 [Free China Weekly], volume XVII, number 29, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In a restaurant in Changsha, the capital of central China's Hunan province, Hu Mingliang and Sun Wenlin exchanged their wedding rings, and received blessings from over 200 friends, relatives, as well as LGBT rights activists from around the country.

2016 May 17, Cherie Chan, “Chinese gay couple marry despite court ruling”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2016-05-18, LGBT RIGHTS:

Lynn (Yao Honggui) and her boyfriend, Zhang (Liu Long), are shacked up in a hotel in the city of Changsha in Hunan province.

2023 March 9, Manohla Dargis, “‘Stonewalling’ Review: A Young Woman’s Exchange Value”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-09, Movies:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China.

تْشَانْغ شَا

city in south-central China and other locations in China


Qiqihar

/ˈtʃiːtʃiːˌhɑː/

/ˈt͡ʃit͡ʃiˌhɑɹ/

On April 28 the Chinese Communists occupied Qiqihar, a railroad center in Manchuria.

1980, China: U.S. Policy Since 1945, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 80:

In the grounds of my hotel at Qiqihar, Heilongjiang province, on 8th May 1983, I (J.B.) found a local bird-catcher with six traps slung from a tree.

1985, Jeffery Boswall, “Some Notes on Bird Markets, Pigeon Keeping and Other Bird/Man Relations in China”, in The Avicultural Magazine, volume 91, page 136:

The defeat of General Beng's Thirty-fifth Group Army north-east of Qiqihar (10-17 August), and the ensuing defeat of General Yang's counterattack with the First Armoured Group Army (20-24 August), had compelled Deng's Twenty-third Group Army to fall back on Baicheng to avoid encirclement. Qiqihar fell to the Russian 17th Guards Motorised Rifle Division (Eighth Guards Army) on 26 August, while Malenkov's Fifth Guards Tank Army swept through the relatively open country between Qiqihar and Harbin, intent on seizing the lower Nen river crossings and then smashing into the north-eastern flank of the Chinese Twenty-third Group Army.

1993, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, “The Sino-Russian Conflict”, in Future Wars, Warner Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 306:

Qiqihar, the last sizable city in China before reaching Mohe City, China’s northernmost town, briefly enjoyed an unlikely construction boom in 2016 and 2017.

2023 July 24, Keith Bradsher, “At Least 11 Killed After School Gym Roof Collapses During a Volleyball Practice in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-24, Asia Pacific:


Suifenhe

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 綏芬河 /绥芬河 (Suífēnhé).

That flight arrived just days after China said that it would close, effective Monday, its last overland crossing at Suifenhe, a small city across the border from Russia’s Far East.

2020 April 13, “Britain Is Expected to Extend Coronavirus Lockdown: Live Coverage”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-04-13, ASIA PACIFIC:

Suifenhe and Harbin, capital of Heilongjiang, are now mandating 28 days of quarantine for all arrivals from abroad as well as nucleic acid and antibody tests.

2020 April 13, “China reports highest number of Covid-19 cases in weeks”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-04-14:


Mudanjiang

/muːdɑːnd͡ʒiˈɑːŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 牡丹江 (Mǔdānjiāng).

A railway and a road to Harbin ran through this area. Fortifications, machine gun nests and artillery units protected the approaches to the city of Mutanchiang. The Soviets started two simultaneous assaults — against Mutanchiang, executed by the 1st and 5th Armies, and on nearby Linkou, carried out by the 59th Rifle Corps of the 1st Army along with the tanks of 75th Tank Brigade.

[2006, Andrzej M. Tomczyk, Japońska Broń Pancerna [Japanese Armor], volume 5, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 124, column 2:

Workers set up surveillance cameras at a residential compound following cases of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang province, China April 14, 2022.

2022 April 20, Xie Yu, Samuel Shen, “For China investors, COVID lockdowns are the clear and present danger”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-04-20, China:


Manzhouli

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 滿洲里 (Mǎnzhōulǐ).

The city of Manzhouli in the northern Chinese region of Inner Mongolia, a small border town near Russia, said from Wednesday it would suspend taking some non-containerised rail cargo arriving from abroad that requires manual loading and unloading, including coal and fertiliser.
The measure comes as Inner Mongolia reported a total of 41 domestically transmitted cases with confirmed symptoms on Sunday and Monday. More than half of the cases were found in Manzhouli.

2021 November 30, Roxanne Liu, Gabriel Crossley, “UPDATE 2-Chinese border cities limit rail imports amid COVID outbreak in the north”, in Christopher Cushing, Edwina Gibbs, Nick Macfie, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-10, Commodities News:

A city in Inner Mongolia, China on the border with Russia and Mongolia.


Hami

From Mandarin 哈密 (Hāmì) Wade–Giles romanization: Ha¹-mi⁴, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

Tulufan or Turfan and Fayuan or Kucheng lie to the east of the capital. Hami, an oasis in the desert, is yet nearer the eastern boundary of the province and is an important post on the chief road into China proper.

1913, Thomas Cochrane, “Chapter XXI.”, in Survey of the Missionary Occupation of China, Shanghai: Christian Literature Society for China, →OCLC, page 332:

THE decision having been reached to send me to Sinkiang, the question arose as to how I was to get there. Urumchi can be reached from three directions ; from Kashmir in India across the Himalaya, Karakoram and Pamir to Kashgar, and thence a further journey of near a thousand miles through Eastern Turkistan to Urumchi ; from China across the Gobi desert to Hami and thence on across the T'ien Shan range to Urumchi ; and via the Trans-Siberian and Turkistan-Siberian railways through Russian Central Asia to the Chinese frontier town of Chuguchak (Ta-ch'eng) and thence by cart or motor truck across the Dzungarian steppe to Urumchi.

1937, Sir Eric Teichman, Journey to Turkistan, Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 27:

The Hami melon, native to the Hami Region of Sinjiang Province, has found a new home here in Jhuangwei, Yilan. The soil downstream of the Lanyang River is great for the cultivation of hami melon because of the plentiful sunshine, excellent water system, and the local mild weather. The Hami melon was introduced to Jhuangwei in 1982.

(Can we date this quote?), “Food”, in Yilan County Government, archived from the original on 2018-03-29:

Sulaiman’s older brother Ehet, the 57-year-old director of the Tengritagh Township Teaching District in Kumul (in Chinese, Hami) prefecture, and his younger brother Ehmet, the 39-year-old head of Kumul’s Tengritagh township, have both been detained since 2018, RFA recently learned after interviewing several local officials.

2021 March 3, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “RFA Uyghur Service Editor’s Brothers Confirmed Detained by Xinjiang Authorities”, in Uyghur Service, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-03-04:

The new silos are clearly being built to be discovered. The most recent silo field, on which construction began in March, is in the eastern part of the Xinjiang region, not far from one of China’s notorious “re-education” camps in the city of Hami.

2021 July 26, William J. Broad, David E. Sanger, “A 2nd New Nuclear Missile Base for China, and Many Questions About Strategy”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-26, Politics:


Hankou

From the Mandarin 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu, “Mouth of the Han River”).

Marcia Aldrich Thompson was born on Oct. 2, 1923, in the Central Chinese city of Hankou (now part of Wuhan) where her father, Newell, was an executive with the Standard Oil Company of New York.

2018 April 10, Sam Roberts, “Marcia Thompson, Prudent Promoter of the Arts, Dies at 94”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-04-11, Obituaries:

Authorities in Wuhan, the epicenter of China's outbreak and location of the majority of its deaths, quickly identified the funeral business as a potential source of transmission.
The local civil affairs bureau in late January ordered all funerals for confirmed COVID-19 victims to be handled at a single funeral home in the city's Hankou district.

2020 March 19, Angelo Amante, Parisa Hafezi, Hayoung Choi, Elisa Anzolin, Emilio Parodi, David Stanway, Joan Faus, Padraic Halpin, Emma Farge, Kate Kelland, Dan Williams in Jerusalem, Andrew RC Marshall, “'There are no funerals:' Death in quarantine leaves nowhere to grieve”, in Sara Ledwith, Jason Szep, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-05-18, World:

A former city and treaty port; since 1949 an area in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China.


Mukden

In such different towns as Mukden, Niu-chwang, Ch'ung-k'ing, Ch'êngtu, Chia-ting Fu, Sui Fu, Chao-t'ung Fu, Tung-ch'uan Fu, Yün-nan Fu, and Tali Fu, I encountered members of the missionary community, from all of whom I received a cordial hospitality and much valuable information.

1908, Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland, A Wandering Student in the Far East, volume 1, William Blackwood and Sons, page xiii:

The reconstruction of the Tokyo-Shimonoseki section is of importance and ought to be done, not only because it forms a great artery of Japan, but also because it is the line which, when the Mukden-Antung standard-gauge railway is completed next November, will form part of the world’s railway highway, conveying passengers via Chosen and South Manchuria, with only 10 hours’ sea transportation, northward (Shimonoseki to Fusan) to Harbin, where the Siberian Railway is reached and the railway journey may be continued to Europe. Along this route the mails are now carried over the 2½ feet gauge mountain railway between Antung and Mukden, and thence to Harbin.

1915, Robert P. Porter, Japan, the New World-power, Oxford University Press, page 466:

In 1905, after the battles of Tsushima and Mukden, it became clear to impartial observers that Russia could accomplish nothing further at sea, and Japan could accomplish nothing further on land.

1922, Bertrand Russell, The Problem of China, London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC, →OL, page 108:

The first (non-Soviet) account of the text that later became known as the Tanaka Memorial dates back to September 9, 1929. That day, a Manchurian Railway Company employee reportedly sent a note to Japanese consular authorities in Mukden, later Shenyang, the capital of Manchuria.

2020, Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, page 36:

(dated or historical) Shenyang, in Liaoning province, China.


Jinhua

/d͡ʒɪnˈhwɑː/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 金華 /金华 (Jīnhuá, literally “golden flourishing”).

der

From Wenchow there was a bus route to Kinhua, the provincial capital; and from Kinhua a railroad led straight inland to Nanchang.

[1941, Joy Homer, Dawn Watch in China, →OCLC, page 6:

An international flock of young architects has left its imprint on Jinhua, a city about four hours south of Shanghai. Since March 2004, 17 pavilions have risen there, all set on a 44-acre riverfront park.

2005 October 9, Andrew Yang, “The Remix; Art Park”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, Magazine:

Over 370 people were detained, prosecuted or otherwise reprimanded in the case, police in Jinhua city said in a statement on their website. Jinhua is in Zhejiang province on China’s eastern coast, a zone known for its shadowy financial networks.

2015 November 20, Erika Kinetz, Yu Bing, Fu Ting, “China breaks up $64 billion underground banking network”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-07:

A major city in central Zhejiang, in eastern China.


Rizhao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 日照 (Rìzhào).

A video of tanks in China went viral on Monday 18 July, 2022, with social media users claiming it shows the Chinese government suppressing protesters in Henan over the ongoing banking scandals. However, the video was actually filmed in Rizhao City in Shandong Province and according to our sources, the tanks were deployed as part of military drills.

2022 July 21, Yu-Hsiang Wang, “Did the Chinese government really deploy military tanks to suppress protesters in Henan province?”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-07-21:

In China, authorities said they might soon shoot down an unidentified flying object over waters near the northern city of Rizhao, The South China Morning Post reported.

2023 February 12, Daniel E. Slotnik, Amelia Nierenberg, “Your Monday Briefing: U.S. Destroys U.F.O.s”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-13, Briefing:


Wusu

Pending the completion of the Sinkiang railroad, the region is served by a number of major land routes that have been transportation links since ancient times. They are the North Road (north of the Tien Shan) passing from Kansu through Urumchi and Wusu, where it bifurcates into two routes going to the Soviet Union.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 257:

And on Sunday, a Public Security Bureau chief in northwest China was relieved of duty for “allegedly keeping a pair of twin sisters as mistresses,” according to Xinhua, the official Chinese news agency.
Qi Fang, the police chief in Wusu, has been accused of renting “a high-end apartment unit for the sisters in downtown Wusu” and charging the rent as an official expense.

2012 December 10, Mark McDonald, “A World of Corruption”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-01, View from Asia:

The site of the Grand Mosque in Wusu, Xinjiang, in 2017 and 2019.

2019 November 3, Fred Hiatt, “In China, every day is Kristallnacht”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-11-05, Opinions:


Dali

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大理 (Dàlǐ).


Shanwei

He had reached the retirement age of fifty-five in 1957, after being first employed by the Government as a young man. Born in Kowloon about 1903, he was taken back to Shan Wei in eastern Kwangtung (Fig. 3.1) at age eight for his primary education comprising four or five years in a private school with over a hundred students.

[1975, Cornelius Osgood, “The Man Who Retired”, in The Chinese: A Study of a Hong Kong Community, volume 1, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 370:

Residents reached by telephone said Dongzhou, a farming and fishing village 14 miles southeast of Shanwei city, in Guangdong province near Hong Kong, was quiet Friday for the second night in a row. But checkpoints were reinforced on roads leading in and out of the village, leaving its 10,000 residents blocked in unless they traveled by sea or walked circuitous routes.

2005 December 9, Edward Cody, “Chinese Police Intensify Lockdown of Villagers”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-10-13:

The government of Shanwei, the prefecture-level city that includes Wukan, later blamed news media outlets from outside the Chinese mainland, including Apple Daily and Initium Media from Hong Kong, of “instigation, planning and direction” in Wukan.

2016 June 21, Austin Ramzy, “Chinese Official Whose Arrest Stirred Protests Confesses to Taking Bribes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-21, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong, China.


Chinchew

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃuː/

Uncertain. Either:
* Borrowed from Spanish Chincheo directly or indirectly via Portuguese Chincheo, ultimately from Hokkien 漳州 (Cheng-chiu, “Chiangchew/Zhangzhou”, IPA: /t͡ɕiɪŋ³³ t͡ɕiu³³/) specifically of the Quanzhou Hokkien dialect pronunciation, according to Van der Loon (1967), Boxer (1953) and the 1902 Encyclopedia from older late 1800s records, due to European sailors initially denoting on maps the Bay of Amoy and surrounding areas as "漳州" with various transcriptions such as "Chiochiu", "Chanchiu", "Chincheo", etc. as per Van der Loon (1967).
* From a supposed previous "Tsuien-chow" romanization, from Mandarin 泉州 (Quánzhōu, IPA: /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/) according to Duncan (1902)
Compare Chiangchew. See also Hokkien 晉江 /晋江 (Chìn-kang), 泉州 (Choân-chiu), 漳州 (Chiang-chiu / Cheng-chiu), 漳江.

cog

IPA: /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

The Lamyet (or Nanjeih) islands are situated to the northeastward of Chinchew bay, the nearest distant about forty miles. The mainland, leaving its usual northeastern direction, runs out due east for above thirty miles, and the first of the Lamyet islands lies off the easternmost point of it. From hence there is an almost uninterrupted series of islands and islets, up to the mouth of the Yangtsze keäng. The Lamyet islands are opposite to the entrance of a deep bay, at the bottom of which is the city of Hinghwa foo, the capital of the most fertile portion of Fuhkeën. This bay, however, has not yet been visited by foreigners. The outermost of the Lamyet islands, named by Ross Ocksou, was found, when passed by the ships of Lord Amherst’s embassy, to be in lat .24° 59' 15" north, lon. 119° 34' 30" east. About thirty miles further to the northward, we pass between an island of peculiar form and the main. This island is named Haetan, the altar of the sea ; in shape it is semicircular, and of nearly equal breadth throughout. A few miles above this island we reach the mouth of the river Min.

1837 May, “Coast of China: the division of it into four portions ; brief description of the principal places on the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern portions.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume VI, number 1, Canton, →OCLC, pages 12–13:

It was then suggested that if two more men were ready perhaps it would be well to appoint them for the region north of us, to carry the Gospel to the villages and towns between Amoy and Chinchew and see whether the way might not be open to begin operations in that city. Chinchew is an important city near the seacoast, about one-third of the way from Amoy to Foochovv. The suggestion concerning the appointment of men for Chinchew was new to us.

1894, John Gerardus Fagg, Forty Years in South China, New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 135:

They holed easily; once, off Chinchew, when Dent’s Lord Amherst chose to send a few warning rounds over the heads of several anchored rather too close, a gun happened to hang fire until the ship rolled, and she accidentally put a ball smack into one and saw her fill and go down.

1975, Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War 1840-1842, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, published 1997, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 124:

Worcester (1972, 22) indicates that the whitewash used on ships around Chinchew, China, contains wood oil extracted from the poisonous seeds of Dryandra cordifolia which prevents attack by sea worms.

1989, Gunnar Thompson, Nu Sun, Fresno, CA: Pioneer Publishing Co., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 214:

Sailing under Spanish colours with his cousin William McKay at the helm, Matheson left the safe haven of Canton and headed north to Chinchew (Quanzhou), in Fujian. There, Matheson managed to offload $80,000- (over £17,000)- worth of the drug — enough to persuade him to return in the autumn - when storms forced his ship to take shelter 30 miles short of Chinchew in what turned out to be the region’s principal opium port.

2016, Liam Byrne, “William Jardine”, in Dragons: Ten Entrepreneurs Who Built Britain, Head of Zeus, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 227:

Rizal’s great, great grandfather named Domingo Lamco (also called Lam-co, Cua Yi Lam in Hokkien or Ke Yi-nan in Mandarin) was a native of Sionque, in the Chinchew district of the province of Fookien. He migrated to the Philippines due to political unrest in China and settled in Calamba in 1697.

2019 April 21, Jojie Alcantara, “The Jose Rizal Square in Jinjiang, China”, in SunStar, archived from the original on 2023-04-01:

(dated) Quanzhou (a city in southern Fujian, China)


Huanggang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 黃岡 /黄冈 (Huánggāng).

In Huangkang, Hupeh, the one non-Communist association, far from being easily absorbed, declared itself to be the holy peasant association and had to be suppressed violently.

[1977, Roy, Jr. Hofheinz, The Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922-1928, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 47:

In Huangkang Prefecture, 122 leading cadres at and above the level of Standing Committee member of county CCP committees have gone down to the basic levels. The total number of cadres, staff and workers who are participating in fighting drought and crash reaping and sowing has reached 23,700.

[1978 August 3 [1978 July 28], “Hupeh Fights Drought”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 150, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Wuhan Hupeh Provincial Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →OCLC, page H 6:

The Yangtze divides Jiujiang in Jiangxi province and Huanggang in neighbouring Hubei, one of the cities hardest hit by the coronavirus outbreak and now sealed off from the rest of China to try to contain it.

2020 January 31, Martin Pollard, Thomas Peter, David Stanway, “Travellers beat China virus lockdown via bridge over the Yangtze”, in Stephen Coates, Mike Collett-White, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-02-02, WORLD NEWS:

These enormous gaps in the research aren’t due just to a lack of testing but also to a lack of transparency. Internal data obtained by the AP shows that by Feb. 6, the Hubei CDC had tested over 100 samples in Huanggang, a city southeast of Wuhan. But the results have not been made public.

2020 December 30, Dake Kang Kang, Sam McNeil, Maria Cheng, “China clamps down in hidden hunt for coronavirus origins”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2020-12-30:

A prefecture-level city in Hubei, China.


Guangshui

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廣水 /广水 (Guǎngshuǐ).

The area is one where the Reds have been strong for several years, and, allegedly reinforced by several thousand Reds, the revolting troops tore up some 30 li of railway track and occupied the whole area between Hsinyang and Wushengkuan, capturing Kuangshui.

[1968, O. Edmund Clubb, “Armed Revolt”, in Communism in China, as Reported from Hankow in 1932, Columbia University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 28:

Besides habitat loss and alteration, poaching also gives cause for concern. Hunted males were observed for sale alongside Common Pheasant at a restaurant in Guangshui County, Hubei, in spring 2006.

2008 August, Yang Liu, Zheng-wang Zhang, Jian-qiang Li, Yu Zhang, Shan Lu, Xiang-feng Ruan, “A survey of the birds of the Dabie Shan range, central China”, in Forktail, volume 24, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 83, column 1:

A county-level city in Suizhou, Hubei, in central China.

廣水 /广水

a county-level city and a subdistrict in central China