Lianjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 連江／连江 (Liánjiāng).

連江

county in eastern China; town in eastern China ; alternative form of Lienchiang (Matsu Islands)

In Lianjiang, for example, teams of women apparently used collective funds to organize "large-scale play companies" and buy "ancient-style opera costumes. They have even taken young people to study acting. Some teams, in order to maintain play companies, have even asked counter-revolutionaries to direct them. Others have hired play companies from distant places and have continually put on performances."

1982, William G. Rosenberg, Marilyn B. Young, Transforming Russia and China, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 293:

When a fishing boat of Huangqi township of Fujian's Lianjiang county, which was engaged in nongovernmental trade, was having a transaction with a Matzu trader near the waters of Matzu island on the afternoon of 23 April, the troops garrisoned in Matzu opened fire at them, killing one and injuring two.

1995 May 2 [1995 April 28], Zhou Xiang (0719 5046), “Matzu Troops Fire at Fishermen, Killing One”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, numbers 95-084, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 88, column 2:

In a small store in Tingjiang, across the Min River in Lianjiang County, questions about smuggling people into America prompted a lively discussion.

2003 September 7, David W. Chen, “For Many Chinese, America's Allure Is Fading”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, World:

A few years ago, this community leader’s wife had “divorced” him, “married” a U.S. citizen, and immigrated to the United States with their two children. He was the only member of his family still in Lianjiang.

2008, Sheldon X. Zhang, Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 210:

Mei’s family lived in Lianjiang County, directly across from the island of Taiwan. Beginning in the late 1980s, the people of her county began a massive emigration to western nations like the United Kingdom and the U.S.
As a young girl, Mei actually had dreams of someday joining the People’s Liberation Army in China. After beginning school, though, she was impressed with her instructors there and decided to aim her sights instead on becoming a teacher.
She attended Lianjiang Shangde High School, which she said is one of the best schools in the area to prepare students for college.
“It was very competitive,” she added.

2020 May 13, Gary Sheftick, “MacArthur awardee proud of Asian-Pacific heritage”, in Army News Service:

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

A county of Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.

A town in Dingyuan, Chuzhou, Anhui, China.

With the promulgation of the Statue^([sic – meaning Statute]) for the Security and Guidance of Quemoy, Matsu, and the Pratas and Spratly Areas on August 7, 1992, the villagers in Jinmen and Lianjiang (Lienchiang, i.e. Matsu) counties held their first elections in November 1993 respectively to have their county magistrates locally elected.

1996, T. K. Tong, “Historical Relations”, in Winberg Chai, May-lee Chai, editors, 中國大陸與臺灣 [Chinese Mainland and Taiwan: A Study of Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Relations with Documents], Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 46:

With programs such as Taiwan’s Advancements and Every Road Leads to Freedom, the Matsu Broadcasting Station (馬祖廣播電台) commenced its daily broadcasts toward the coast of China’s Fujian Province on June 15, 1959.
At the ribbon-cutting ceremony, then-political warfare bureau chief Chiang Chien-jen (蔣堅忍) announced the station’s objectives: to provide entertainment to the soldiers stationed on the tiny island off the coast of China and to “broadcast the voice of justice and freedom to sway the hearts of our compatriots on the mainland.”
According to the Chronicle of Lianjiang County (連江縣誌), that year the station broadcast 1,872 hours of propaganda, leading to 53 communist defections.
Although Taiwan had been broadcasting propaganda to China since 1949, the station’s establishment was part of a nationwide effort in 1959 to ramp up its psychological warfare operations. In Matsu, this included upgrading the existing loudspeakers and setting up a facility to send balloons containing propaganda messages.

2019 June 9, Han Cheung, “Taiwan in Time: The airwaves of ‘freedom’”, in Taipei Times:

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

Alternative form of Lienchiang, a county of Fujian, Taiwan (Republic of China), administrative name for the Matsu Islands.


Lianjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 廉江 (Liánjiāng).

The reserve project, located in Lianjiang county of Zhanjiang city is expected to start operating in early 2018, the sources said, nearly two years behind an earlier timeline estimated by market analysts.

2017 March 2, Aizhu Chen, “Sinopec to start operating Zhanjiang commercial oil tanks; SPR site delayed -sources”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-03-02, Energy:

A county-level city in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.


Chuzhou

/t͡ʃuːˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 滁州 (Chúzhōu).

A prefecture-level city in Anhui, China.


Dingyuan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization for the Mandarin 定遠／定远 (Dìngyuǎn).

As a result of Lin Piao and the "gang of four's" reckless, unbridled sabotage of the party's various policies for the rural areas, their trampling on the production team's right to stand on its own feet, and their arbitrary orders and unscrupulous commandism, agricultural production and commune members' livelihoods were greatly jeopardized. Deeply victimized Tingyuan County is an example.
The "gang of four's" representative in Anhwei, disregarding the country's practical situation and the production teams' right to stand on its own feet, forced the county to expand paddy rice production. As a result, the county reaped almost nothing on more than 200,000 mou of rice paddies each year; grain output did not increase for many years; output of cotton , oil-bearing crops, tobacco and other crops dropped by a great margin; and commune members' incomes decreased and their lives became more difficult.
During the struggle to penetratingly expose and criticize the "gang of four," the Tingyuan County party committee has dared to destroy and construct, conscientiously implemented the party's various policies for the rural areas, highly respected the production team's right to stand on its own feet, and freely mobilized the masses to grow what's appropriate to local conditions; it has thus quickly reversed its passive situation, overcome the difficulties caused by "man-made calamities" and natural disasters, achieved an overall bumper harvest og grain, cotton and oil-bearing crops, and put an end to the situation of constantly poor agricultural production. Tingyuan County's struggle fully indicates that respecting the production team's right to stand on its own feet is of great importance and significance in speeding up agricultural production.

[1978 February 17 [1978 February 16], Commentator, “Respect the Production Team's Right To Stand on Its Own Feet”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 34, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service and People's Daily, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, National Affairs, pages E 14–E 15:

In 1853 he was named controller of the Lianghuai Salt District. He fell in battle against the Taipings at Dingyuan in Anhui.

1993, Thomas L. Kennedy, transl., Testimony of a Confucian Woman: The Autobiography of Mrs. Nie Zeng Jifen, 1852-1942, University of Georgia Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 120:

Passengers evacuated at the station in Dingyuan, in Anhui province.

2018 January 25, Lusha Zhang, Se Young Lee, “Chinese high-speed train fire triggers evacuation”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-12-06, WORLD NEWS:


Anyang

Research on the oracle bones, scientific excavations at Anyang and elsewhere, and other investigations and discoveries have not served merely to thow light on the civilization of late Shang and early Chou times.

1936, Herrlee Glessner Creel, “Notes on Professors Karlgren's System for Dating Chinese Bronzes”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Stephen Austin and Sons, page 463:

The Hongkong-published magazine quoted "Chinese-speaking travelers" who witnessed part of the event in Anyang, a coal-mining center in Honan province, on Aug. 2.

1977 August 14, “HK magazine: pol. prisoners killed by Reds”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVIII, number 32, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

The discovery of Anyang square foot spade coin molds near Pao-t'ou in Inner Mongolia leads the author through a literature search for the several Anyang place names; he concludes that the disocvery^([sic – meaning discovery]) location once bore that name and is the probable source of the coins.

1995 March, Joseph E. Boling, “Far East”, in Numismatic Literature, number 133, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 42:

Today’s Guangming Daily also reports that in Anyang, Henan Province, the father of a student brought a gang to school to beat up a class teacher because their son was neither assessed as being a student of merit nor elected captain of his school’s Young Pioneers detachment. Reports like this, which have also appeared in the past, are shocking and have caused me to reflect deeply.

2012 [2000 February 1], Zemin Jiang, “Correctly Guide the Healthy Growth of Young People”, in Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, volume II, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 579:

A prefecture-level city in Henan, China.


Yindu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 殷都.

[…]100 most important archeological discoveries made in the country in the 20th century. The Yin Ruins, the site of the most ancient Chinese capital city found so far, tops the list. Located at the Yindu District of Anyang City,[…]

2006, China's Ethnic Groups, volume 4, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 74:

September 13, 2012, the Human Resources and Social Security Bureaux of Binhai New Area (Tianjin) and of Anyang City sign a human resource cooperation framework agreement; the Tianjin Port Group and Yindu District Government of Anyang City (Henan) sign the “Anyang Dry Port Project Cooperation Agreement”.

2015, 郭荣星 [Rongxing Guo], 郝贵 [Hao Gui], 郭昌雷 [Luc Changlei Guo], “Interprovincial Cooperation and Development”, in Multiregional Economic Development in China, Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 347:

In March 2007, at the suggestion of the Yindu District government, fourteen Xiaotun villagers collected 260,000 RMB to set up the Anyangdayishang wenhuachuanbo gongsi (Anyang Cultural Enterprise), which in turn founded the Xiaotun yishutuan (Xiaotun Performance Group).

2016, Shu-Li Wang, “Civilization and the Transformation of Xiaotun Village at Yin Xu Archaeological Site, China”, in Christoph Brumann, David Berliner, editors, World Heritage on the Ground: Ethnographic Perspectives, Berghahn Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 182:

A folk artist named Dong Huanjiao teaches students how to make paper cutting works at the Gangsanlu Primary School in Yindu district, Anyang city of central China's Henan Province. (Photo/Wang Fuqiang)
Students of Gangsanlu Primary School in Yindu district, Anyang city of central China's Henan Province were given a class on paper cutting by a folk artist on Aug. 30, the day when the new semester started at the school.

2022 September 2, “Schools introduce intangible cultural heritage to students in Anyang, central China's Henan (2)”, in Hongyu, editor, People's Daily Online, archived from the original on 2023-05-16:


Wenquan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 溫泉／温泉 (Wēnquán).

The Yingshan County Wenquan Town Hardware Factory's Products Sell Well Abroad. The screwnails produced by the Wenquan Town Hardware Factory in Yingshan County, Hubei Province, consist of four varieties and 24 types.

1985, 中國市場 [China Market], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 49:

A Red soil (Ultisol, USDA classification) was sampled from the 11 to 40 cm layer of an upland in Wenquan, Hubei province, China.

2005, Qiaoyun Huang, Wei Liang, Peng Cai, “Adsorption, desorption and activities of acid phosphatase on various colloidal particles from an Ultisol”, in Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, volume 45, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 210:

Wenquan Town creates Bailiu tea demonstration belt and Leijia Town creates the Three Mountains and A Lawn tea industry belt.[...]From the area comparison of all villages and towns in Yingshan County, Yangliuwan Town, Leijiadian Town, Shitouzui Town and Wenquan Town have a better basis on the tea development, whose plantation areas are larger than other towns;[…]

2016, Luan Hu, Juan Yuan, Qing Wang, “The Dilemmas and Solutions of Tea Industrialization Development in Yingshan County of Hubei Province”, in Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology, →DOI, archived from the original on 2021-06-01, page 1388:

A town in Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China.


Manasarovar

Borrowed from Hindi मानसरोवर (mānasrovar), from Sanskrit मानस (mānasa, “of the mind, the lake said to have been born from the mind of Brahma”) + Sanskrit सरोवर (sarovara, “lake”).

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Manasarovar, the lake born from the mind of Brahma, is among the most ancient and holy of Hindu pilgrimage sites. Hindu legend tells of twelve Rishis, wise 'Seers’ of pre-Vedic times who retreated to the remote region for meditation and prayer. They stayed many years performing penances and austerities, and were awarded a vision of Shiva and Parvati, the divine Lord and Lady of Kailas. But still they lacked, in this dry land, a suitable place to perform the daily ablutions required of devout Hindus. The Rishis prayed to Brahma so that they might fulfil their duties. From the infinite depths of his all-encompassing mind Brahma created Manasarovar, the Lake of the Mind, as a mirror of his greatness. At the moment of its creation, it is said, the Rishis worshipped a golden linga, the generative symbol of Shiva, rising from the midst of the new-born waters.

1989, Russell Johnson, Kerry Moran, The Sacred Mountain of Tibet: On Pilgrimage to Kailas, Park Street Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 42:

The crossing on Monday of Nathu La, a high-altitude pass between Sikkim in India and Chinese-ruled Tibet, signaled the official opening of a new pilgrimage route for Indians to the holy sites of Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, considered sacred by Hindus and Buddhists. China and India recently announced an agreement to allow pilgrims through Nathu La after India had lobbied for the opening for years.

2015 June 23, Edward Wong, “China Opens New Land Route to Tibet for Indian Pilgrims”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-03, Sinosphere:

Westerners that have visited Tibet regard it as a paradise. It is most known for Mount Everest and Mount Kailash, the Manasarovar, Namtso and Yamdrok lakes, as well as the simple and warmhearted Tibetan people, and the traditional white khata scarf.

2021 August 19, “Asia Video captures the beauty of Tibet with release of documentary film Cang Qiong Fu Yin”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2022-09-13:

A freshwater lake in Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Wujiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吳江／吴江 (Wújiāng, “Wu River”), after the once major Wusong River nearby.

Mr Liu Ya-tse: Liu Chi-chi, a patriotic poet, native of Wuchiang, Kiangsu. Took a prominent part in revolutionary activities from the end of the Ching dynasty and a founder of the famous Nan She Society.

1966, Mao Tse-tung, Poems of Mao Tse-tung, Eastern Horizon Press, →OCLC, page 84:

"Without China, I'd be bankrupt," said Feng Wen-bing, a Taiwanese who co-owns a $10 million electronics firm in Wujiang, near Shanghai. Thirty factories are currently being built there and 30 more are expected to start being constructed soon. Most are Taiwan-owned.

2001 April 28, John Pomfret, “Taiwan Has an Outbreak of Shanghai Fever”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-27:

He was born in Wujiang County, Jiangsu Province, in eastern China and began his higher education at Yenching University in Beijing, planning to study medicine. But deciding that China's problems were social and political rather than medical, he turned to sociology.

2005 May 9, Wolfgang Saxon, “Fei Xiaotong, 94, a Pioneer in Chinese Anthropology, Is Dead”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, Obituaries:


Kaixiangong

/ˌkaɪʃjænˈɡɒŋ/

/ˌkaɪʃjɛnˈɡʊŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 開弦弓／开弦弓 (Kāixiángōng).

zh-l

開弦弓／开弦弓 (Kāixiángōng)

The village chosen for my investigation is called Kaihsienkung, locally pronounced kejiug’on. It is situated on the south-east bank of Lake Tai, in the lower course of the Yangtze River and about eighty miles west of Shanghai.

[1939, Hsiao-tung (費孝通) Fei, 江村經濟 [Peasant Life in China], London: George Routledge and Sons, →OCLC, →OL, pages 9–10:

At the time of Fei’s study, Kaihsienkung had two headmen. The elder of the two did not deal with the higher government, having allowed a younger man to fill the official post.

[1958, Elman R. Service, Profiles in Ethnology, Harper & Row, published 1963, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 451:

Fei Xiaotong (Fei Hsiao-tung) (1939 : 22) reported that people over 60 constituted 6.3 percent of the village of Kaixiangong (K'ai-hsien-kung) in 1936, and those over 70 were 1.4 percent, exactly the proportions I found in my survey of Ploughshare.

1981, Other Ways of Growing Old, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 195:

In reporting here on his recent visits to the village of Kaixiangong, Fei Xiaotong presents the views of one of China's most noted social anthropologists on recent changes in the Chinese countryside as reflected in the village he first studied in 1936. Through a projected series of visits to Kaixiangong over the next several years, Fei hopes eventually to provide an update to his classic book, Peasant Life in China, first published in 1939.¹⁴ Kaixiangong has recently been designated a "field research station," and new Chinese graduate students in sociology will have an opportunity to conduct field research in that village and its surrounding region.

1983, Anne F. Thurston, Burton Pasternak, editors, The Social Sciences and Fieldwork in China: Views from the Field, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12:

For example, when Fei Xiaotong studied the rural community of Kaixiangong (Kaihsienkung) half a century ago, he found these three calendars already in use.

2000, Xin Liu, In One's Own Shadow: an Ethnographic Account of the Condition of Post-reform Rural China, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 86:

A village in Qidu, Wujiang district, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.


Qidu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 七都 (Qīdū).

Puppeteers perform a Kunqu Opera play in Qidu Town in Wujiang District of Suzhou City, China.

2023 May 21, “China’s traditional Kunqu Opera brings puppetry to life”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

A town in Wujiang district, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.


Xialu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation for 下陸／下陆 (Xiàlù).

下陸／下陆 (Xiàlù)

Following the reform in Tieshan district, the abolition of sub-district offices was also carried out in other districts in the city, including 3 in the Xialu district in 2011, 4 in Huangshigang district and 5 in Xisaishan district in 2012.

2021, Hongshan Yang, “Reform of Management System for Sub-district Offices”, in Urban Governance in Transition, China Renmin University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 166:

Huangshi Shengli community is located in Xialu District of Huangshi, Hubei Province.[…]In May 2011, Xialu District carried out community system reform, and the current Shengli community was merged with the former Shengli community and the former Jinxing community.

2023, Sunny Han Han, Amal Zhuo Li, “Community Engagement”, in A Hundred Stories: Industrial Heritage Changes China, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 104:


Qufu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 曲阜 (Qūfù).

(4) Ting Pao-cheng, lieut.-governor of Shantung, reports having sacrificed to the Tai Shan (泰山), inspected the Confucian Temple at Chüfow (the native place of Confucius), which has just undergone a thorough repair, and examined the dykes erected to protect the low lands, in the neighbourhood of Yuncheng, from the inundations of the Yellow River.

[1872 July 27, “Abstract of Peking Gazettes”, in North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, volume IX, number 273, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 69, column 1:

The most notable example of engraved dragons is on the stone columns of the Temple to Confucius at his birthplace in Chüfu. These are also found in the "cloud pillars" (single stone columns—huapiao in Chinese) outside the Tienanmen, while those at the Ming Tombs are still finer.

[1961, Yutang Lin, “Studies in Form: Temples, Pagodas and the Plastic Arts”, in Imperial Peking: Seven Centuries of China, New York: Crown Publishers, →OCLC, page 125:

As the birth and burial place of Confucius, the sage and spiritual father of Chinese culture, Qufu (pronounced CHOO-foo) has survived the ages as a shrine.

1997 October 10, Seth Faison, “Qufu Journal; Not Equal to Confucius, but Friends to His Memory”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, World:

QUFU, CHINA -- Zhong Yong, a wealthy metals trader from the far west of China, recently took a long weekend off work, boarded a four-hour flight across the country and then drove for two hours. His mission: to dress up in a long black robe with crimson trim and tap his head on the ground in front of a wooden statue of Confucius.[…]
Ning and Zhong belong to the first batch of 50 students enrolled in the Three Wisdoms Business School, an intensive program in Chinese culture started last year by professors in Beijing. In Qufu, they were tutored by Duan Yanping, a technician at the local electricity company and one of the town's most zealous Confucians. He instructed them on how to bow properly, explained ancient rites and presided over worship at the Confucius Temple.

2010 May 14, Andrew Higgins, “In today's China, it's Confucius 2.0”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-11-22:

A county-level city in Jining, Shandong, China.


Nangang

A district of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.


Maolin

From Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 茂林 (Màolín).

A town in Jing County, Xuancheng, Anhui, China.


Linkou

From Mandarin 林口 (Línkǒu), Wade–Giles romanization: Lin²-kʻou³.

The last region to be downgraded was Linkou county outside the city of Mudanjiang in the province of Heilongjiang that borders on Russia and where the most recent spike in cases had been reported.

2020 May 7, “The Latest: UN ups appeal to fight virus to $6.7 billion”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-10-22:

A county of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China.


Yangluo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 陽邏／阳逻 (Yángluó).

陽邏／阳逻 (Yángluó)

In late June, rumours began spreading that work had already started on the new plant, on a patch of land in Yangluo designated as an industrial park, close to residences and two schools.

2019 July 8, “Wuhan protests: Incinerator plan sparks mass unrest”, in BBC News, archived from the original on 2019-07-08:

A subdistrict of Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China.


Fangshan

GEDONG, China -- There was no sign, but Gedong's teenagers knew the way. Down a dusty alley just off Jicui Park and a few minutes' walk from local schools, the curtained door beckoned. Inside, in a dingy back room off the kitchen, a clutch of adolescent boys crowded around six computers and stared at the images flickering on their screens.
For the equivalent of 35 cents an hour, the youths were playing computer games in an underground Internet cafe, one of a half-dozen information-age speak-easies in this little farming and coal-mining town in Shanxi province 220 miles southwest of Beijing. For those unable to afford their own computers -- the vast majority here -- going online in a clandestine dive has become the only option; the local Communist Party leader banned Internet cafes nine months ago as a bad influence on minors.
"If they dare to reopen, we might launch another campaign to shut them all down again," proclaimed Zhang Guobiao, party secretary for the surrounding Fangshan County.

2007 February 9, Edward Cody, “Despite a Ban, Chinese Youth Navigate to Internet Cafes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-29:


Fangshan

The hsien consist of Ch'ang-p'ing with the Ming tombs north of the city, Fang-shan where the remains of Peking Man were found southwest of the city, Ta-hsing, T'ung and Shun-yi.

[1968, “PEKING (PEIPING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 17, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 533, column 2:

But Mr. Li, 39, a salesman, was skeptical when he set foot in the new public toilet at the corner of Fuqian Square in Fangshan, a district in southwest Beijing.
“What was wrong with the old one?” he said. “The government has too much money and doesn’t know how to spend it.”

2015 December 16, Javier C. Hernández, “Wi-Fi, A.T.M.s and Turbo-Flush Toilets Highlight China’s New Public Restrooms”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-12-17, Sinosphere:


Qaidam

A romanization of Tibetan ཚྭའི་འདམ (tshwa'i 'dam), from ཚྭ (tshwa, “salt”) + འི ('i, possessive particle) + འདམ ('dam, “marsh, swamp, morass”)

"Under the guidance of Chairman Mao's great strategic plan 'be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disasters, and do everything for the people,' party organizations and revolutionary committees at all levels of Haihsi Mongol-Tibetan-Kazakh Autonomous District, Tsinghai Province, have led the broad masses in actively developing local industries through self-reliance and arduous struggle and have scored conspicious^([sic – meaning conspicuous]) achievements.[…]
The district is located in the Chaitamu Basin, which is known for its mineral deposits.

[1971 May 12 [1971 May 5], “Tsinghai Autonomous District Develops Local Industry”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 92, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →OCLC, Communist China: Northwest Region, page H 1:

According to Qinghai's Deputy Governor, Ga Bulong, 100 million tons of oil have been verified under the salt flats of the Qaidam Basin.

1984 November 23, Christopher S. Wren, “CHINA'S FORGOTTEN CORNER DREAMS OF DAYS TO COME”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Section A, page 2:

No salt diapirs are exposed in Qaidam. But given the close similarity of Landsat images of the Kavir and Qaidam basins, the subsurface role of halokinesis or halotectonics in the Qaidam basin has probably been underestimated.

1990, Salt Diapirs of the Great Kavir, Central Iran, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 134:

The state giant started drilling four horizontal wells in Yingxiongling in Qinghai oilfield, part of the Qaidam basin in western province of Qinghai where oil exploration began in the 1950s, Petrochina's parent company CNPC said on Tuesday.

2022 March 29, Aizhu Chen, “PetroChina taps shale oil in ageing western China field”, in Edmund Blair, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-03-29:

An arid basin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau covered with deserts and salt flats, making up most of northwestern Qinghai Province, China.


Amdo

安多

one of the three traditional regions of Tibet

One account of a religious movement organized around spirit-possession and magical practices with millenarian overtones comes from official Chinese sources. A report was distributed among Party officials in 1982 documenting the suppression of the "Heroes of Ling" (gling gi dpa' brtul) movement in Amdo county, a nomadic area 300 km. north of Lhasa.

1994, Ronald D. Schwartz, “Conclusion: The Dimensions of Tibetan Nationalism”, in Circle of Protest: Political Ritual in the Tibetan Uprising, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 227:

A county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

安多

county in Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Yulong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 玉龍／玉龙 (Yùlóng).

A Naxi autonomous county in Lijiang, Yunnan, China.


Kangding

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 康定 (Kāngdìng).

The U.S. Geological Survey said the magnitude-5.9 quake hit Saturday about 30 kilometers (20 miles) from the town of Kangding in Sichuan province. China’s seismological agency put the magnitude at 6.3.[…]
No major damage was reported in the town of Kangding, where CCTV video showed residents strolling the town’s streets, looking up at the steep surrounding hillsides and talking on their cellphones.[…]
Kangding and the surrounding county have a population of 129,320 people, about 70 percent of them Tibetan.

2014 November 22, Christopher Bodeen, “Strong quake in west China kills 2; 54 hurt”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-18:

A county-level city in Garzê, Sichuan, southwest China

康定

county-level city of Sichuan province, China


Wuchuan

Zheng Ming emphasized the frustration of veterans in describing the background of the July revolt in Wuchuan (formerly Meilu), a poor coastal town of 40,000 in Guangdong Province less than 300 miles west of Hong Kong.[…]
Finally on July 1 while the Communist Party was celebrating its 60th anniversary, more than 3,000 members of the brigade stormed Wuchuan, smashing file cabinets and document drawers in government offices.

1981 December 12, Michael Weisskopf, “3,000 Chinese Veterans Said to Revolt in Protest Over Treatment”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-27:


Wuchuan

Fifteen hundred Chinese bandits comprising one the principal bodies of the irregular forces invading Suiyuan, surrender to Chinese government forces near Wuchuan after a mutiny against their leader, Wang Ying.

1937, “News Summary”, in Philippine Magazine, volume XXXIV, number 1, →OCLC, page 54:

The turbines would be installed at Dayuanshan wind farm in Wuchuan County in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, it said.

2011 June 17, “Vestas says wins 49 MW turbine order in China”, in Mike Nesbit, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-07-04, Green Business News:

A county of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.


Wuchuan

In Chinese texts the first mention of the Tian of Sizhou occurs in 1107, when a native chief (tuqiu) named Tian Yougong submitted to Song rule; in 1118 he was named head of Sizhou prefecture.⁵¹
Throughout the Tang and Song dynasties the administrative seat of Sizhou prefecture was located near the present-day city of Wuchuan in northern Guizhou, yet the geopolitical jurisdiction of Sizhou extended far south, to the modern cities of Zhenyuan, Taijiang, and Cengong.

2007, John E. Herman, “Mu'ege During the Yuan-Ming Transition”, in Amid the Clouds and Mist: China’s Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700 (Harvard East Asian Monographs), number 293, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 95:

An autonomous county of Zunyi, Guizhou, China.


Subei

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 肅北／肃北 (Sùběi).

In western Gansu, including Subei and Minle Counties, the lower part of the Xiaoshihugou Formation contains purple-red, thick- to thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstone.

1986, Mu En-zhi, A. J. Boucot, Chen Xu, Rong Jia-yu, Correlation of the Silurian Rocks of China, Geological Society of America, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 32:

CHINA Some of China's main nuclear facilities: Subei: Jiuquan Atomic Energy Complex, including plutonium production and weapons assembly.

1998 May 14, Kenneth J. Cooper, “INDIA CONDUCTS 2ND ROUND OF NUCLEAR TESTS”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-27:

Twenty two people have been put in quarantine in Subei county near Jiuquan after a man died last week from pneumonic plague, the West China Business News reports. The national health authorities have sent experts to help deal with the case.

2014 October 19, “Row over smoke from dog meat eatery; dad stabs son, 9, over bed-wetting; teens rescued from sex trade”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-10-21, China Insider:

A Mongol autonomous county in Jiuquan, Gansu, China.

肅北

Mongol autonomous county in western China


Baisha

From the Mandarin 白沙 (Báishā, literally “white sand”).

bor

A town in Hanjiang district, Putian, Fujian, China

A town in Xinluo district, Longyan, Fujian, China

A town in Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

A town in Yichuan, Luoyang, Henan, China

A town in Yangxin, Huangshi, Hubei, China

A town in Xiaochang, Xiaogan, Hubei, China

A town in Changning, Hengyang, Hunan, China

A town in Xinning, Shaoyang, Hunan, China

A town in Luxi, Xiangxi prefecture, Hunan, China

A town in Taishan, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China

A town in Leizhou, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China

A town in Yingde, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China

A town in Yangshuo, Guilin, Guangxi, China

A town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi, China

A town in Fuchuan, Hezhou, Guangxi, China

A town in Liujiang district, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China

A town in Jiangjin district, Chongqing, China

A town in Nanchuan district, Chongqing, China

A town in Shuangliu district, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

A town in Hejiang, Luzhou, Sichuan, China

A town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China

A town in Shiqian, Tongren, Guizhou, China

A town in Qingshui, Tianshui, Gansu, China

A town in Yulong, Lijiang, Yunnan, China

A township in Pu'an, Qianxinan prefecture, Guizhou, China

A subdistrict of Jiangbei district, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

A subdistrict of Sanyuan district, Sanming, Fujian, China

A subdistrict of Pengjiang district, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China

A subdistrict of Jiangcheng district, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China

A subdistrict of Meilan district, Haikou, Hainan, China


Nansi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南四.

Nansi Lake is also part of the South-North Water Transfer Project, a multi-billion dollar effort to move Yangtze River water through canals and reservoirs into the Yellow River watershed in arid northern China. Nansi Lake helps convey some of that water and serves as a storage point on the project’s eastern route, which began operating in December 2013.

2014 March 21, “Nansi Lake, China”, in NASA, archived from the original on 2019-07-02:

Nansi Lake is also a recipient of medical, sewage treatment plant, livestock and aquaculture wastewater, which are the major sources of antibiotic pollution. In 2009, the aquaculture area of the Nansi Lake Basin reached 735.01 km2 with 0.495 million fishery products, and the numbers of cows, pigs and chickens were 0.95, 7.2 and 105 million heads, respectively (Wang et al., 2015). According to the report, the amount of antibiotics in medical wastewater in Jining is as high as μg·L−1 (Sun, 2015), and antibiotics have been found in pig faeces from a farm in Heze, which had the highest concentration of 764.4 mg kg−1 (Pan et al., 2011). The wastewater is mainly transmitted through inflowing rivers into Nansi Lake, and approximately 200,000 m3 of domestic sewage and 600,000 m3 of industrial wastewater are discharged every day (Wang et al., 2016a, 2016b).

2020 March, Guodong Zhang, Xiaohuii Liu, Shaoyang Lu, Jinpeng Zhang, Weiliang Wang, “Occurrence of typical antibiotics in Nansi Lake’s inflowing rivers and antibiotic source contribution to Nansi Lake based on principal component analysis-multiple linear regression model”, in Chemosphere, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-02-22:


Bayingolin

Borrowed from Uyghur بايىنغولىن (bayin'gholin), from Mongolian ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠭᠣᠣᠯ (bayanɣool).

Now Korla City has a population of more than 100,000 and well-developed industry and commerce. It is the capital of Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture which covers one quarter of the area of Xinjiang.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 209:

Korla is the capital of the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang. The largest prefecture in all of China, Bayingolin is roughly the size of California.

1995, Alan A. Lew, Lawrence Yu, editors, Tourism in China, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 197:

Police have now rounded up 19 people in Kashgar, Urumqi and another part of Xinjiang called Bayingolin, the official Xinhua news agency said late on Monday.

2013 April 29, Ben Blanchard, “China says detains 19, seizes weapons after Xinjiang unrest”, in Stephen Coates, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-02-22, World News:

In 2002, the desert road extended to the Qiemo County of Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, and the government mobilized farmers to adjust planting structure immediately with an annual increase of 12,000 mu of jujubes.

2014, 李欣凭 [Li Xinping], 活力新疆 [Modern Xinjiang], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 8:

Actors perform during a jujube harvest festival in Qiemo County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Oct. 19, 2019. Qiemo County, situated in the Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Bayingolin and on the edge of the Tarim Basin, is known for high-quality jujube production.

2019 October 20, “Jujube harvest festival held in Qiemo County, China's Xinjiang”, in Li Xia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-12-07:

A Mongol autonomous prefecture in Xinjiang, China.

巴音郭楞

a Mongol autonomous prefecture in Xinjiang


Fengshan

From the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin 鳳山／凤山 (Fêng⁴-shan¹), reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

On 20 April, 1991, while collecting taxes in Xiahe Township, Yao Yuanling, a tax assistant at Fengshan County, Guangxi, was hit on the head—with an ax—by a scoundrel, and died in the line of duty.

1993 August 4 [1993 May 21], Shi Qian, “The Black Hole in the State's Tax Revenues”, in JPRS Report: China, number 93-056, United States Joint Publications Research Service, sourced from Beijing ZHONGGUO XINXI BAO p 4, translation of original in Chinese, →OCLC, page 29, column 2:

Huang Deyi, 51, a deputy city mayor in Guangxi autonomous region, stood trial this week after he confessed to taking more than 5 million yuan (HK$6 million) in bribes over six years, the Nanguo Morning News reported.
The fall of Huang Deyi, 51, followed residents’ complaints that he had spent 50 million yuan to have the giant fresco carved at the entry to Fengshan county, which he headed at the time, in the northwest of the scenic but impoverished region.

2015 November 29, Sidney Leng, “Chinese official blames drunkeness for bribe-taking amid scandal over giant phoenix mural that led to his fall”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-29, Society:


Ruoqiang

/ˌɹwoʊˈt͡ʃjɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 若羌 (Ruòqiāng).

The satellite photo captured on May 13 in Xinjiang's Ruoqiang county shows the dummy target with twin engines and a large, disc-shaped radar on its fuselage parked on a runway. It appears to be surrounded by a number of smaller fighter aircraft.

2022 May 24, John Feng, “Satellite Images Hint at China's Taiwan Invasion Plans”, in Newsweek, archived from the original on 2022-05-25, World:

A county of Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China

A town in Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China


Qiemo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 且末.

To-hu-ti-jou-tzu (Uighur), chief of Kaochao production brigade in the Hunghsing Commune, Chiehmo County, said: Lin Piao hoisted Confucius' tattered banner and clamored about "restoring the rites" in order to reinstate the overthrown landlords, rich peasants, reactionaries, bad elements, and rightists and to make us suffer again.

[1974 March 8 [1974 March 4], “Sinkiang Meeting on Tachai Criticizes Theories of Lin, Confucius”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 47, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China: Northwest Region, page H 1:

These buses stop at the oasis towns of Keriya (Yutian; 177km/110 miles; 3 hr.; ¥25), Niya (Minfeng; 294km/182 miles; 5 hr.; ¥55), and Charchan (Qiemo; 603km/374 miles; 8-10 hr.; ¥105-¥147).

2012, Simon Foster, Candice Lee, Jen Lin-Liu, Beth Reiber, Tini Tran, Lee Wing-sze, Christopher D. Winnan, Frommer's China, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 329:

A county of Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A town in Qiemo, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Niya

There are 616 party members in the Niya county; 532 are Uighur. The Youth League here has 1,175 members; 1,035 are Uighur. I am the secretary of the party committee; four of the seven members are Uighur.

1979, Jan Myrdal, translated by Ann Hening, The Silk Road: A Journey from the High Pamirs and Ili through Sinkiang and Kansu, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 160:

There's also a bus from Khotan which stays overnight at Niya and starts at about 7.30am, but not every day. On a good day Charchan is 307km, 7½ hours, and ¥20 away. On a bad one it's ¥33 ($4) and 12 hours, depending on who's selling the ticket and the state of the bus.

1997, Peter Neville-Hadley, China the Silk Routes (Cadogan Guides), Globe Pequot Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 306:

2012, Simon Foster, Candice Lee, Jen Lin-Liu, Beth Reiber, Tini Tran, Lee Wing-sze, Christopher D. Winnan, Frommer's China (Frommer's), 5th edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 329:

The beer festival happened in a village in Niya County in the deep south of Xinjiang, which is overwhelmingly populated by the Muslim Uighur people who call Xinjiang home. Muslims are not meant to consume alcohol, according to the Koran.

2015 June 22, Ben Blanchard, “Exiles angered as China holds beer festival in Muslim county”, in Paul Tait, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-08-17, Emerging Markets:

A Uyghur woman named Turakhan who lives in a suburban village of Niya (in Chinese, Minfeng) county in Hotan (Hetian) prefecture told RFA’s Uyghur Service on Wednesday that the village chief and police had informed all residents about “the list of forbidden Muslim names.”

2015, Roseanne Gerin, reporter Eset Sulaiman, “Chinese Authorities Ban Muslim Names Among Uyghurs in Hotan”, in Eset Sulaiman, editor, Radio Free Asia:

A county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

尼雅

county in Hotan, Xinjiang, China; town in Minfeng, Hotan, Xinjiang, China; township in Minfeng, Hotan, Xinjiang, China

In the south, the border of the Taklamakān lies along the nothern ends of the oases, mostly small, which line at intervals the foot of the K'un-lun glacis from Karghalik to Niya (Sheets Nos. 6, 9, 14, 19).

1923, Aurel Stein, Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu from the Surveys Made during Sir Aurel Stein's Explorations, Dehra Dun: Trigonometrical Survey Office, page 43:

Jiapaer Sadik Mazar
The mazar built on the pretext of the Shia Imam of the sixth generation Jiapaer Sadik, which is also called “Minfeng Grand Mazar”, is located in Niya Town of Minfeng County with an unknown building time.

2014, 于尚平 [Yu Shangping], editor, The Diversity of Xinjiang, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 173:

A town in Minfeng, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A township in Minfeng, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Arele

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 阿熱勒／阿热勒 (Ārèlè).

zh-l

阿熱勒／阿热勒 (Ārèlè)

Area with shaking intensity VI is about 43000 km2, which includes Minfeng, Yutian County, Bositan, Nuer, Arele, Yingbage, Niya, Salewuzeke town, etc.

2015 June, Kun (陈鲲), et al. Chen, “2014年2月12日新疆于田7.3级地震震动图 [Shakemap of the Yutian, Xinjiang M7.3 earthquake on 12 Feb 2014]”, in 地震地质 [Dizhen Dizhi], volume 37, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-02-20:

A township in Yutian, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Darya Boyi

Borrowed from Uyghur دەريا بويى (derya boyi, literally “big river”).

bor

DAYBREAK in the village of Darya Boyi finds a daughter doing chores (left).

2009 December, Matthew Teague, “The Other Tibet”, in National Geographic Magazine, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 47:

The Keriya River, which stretched in the 1950s to the dunes of the Taklimakan Desert, about 240 km north of Keriya Town, today barely reaches the village of Darya Boyi, 120 km away from Keriya Town.

2010, Yalikun Tashi, Philippe C. Chamard, Marie-Françoise Courel, Tashpolat Tiyip, Yiliminuer Tuerxun, Sam Drake, The Recent Evolution of the Oasis Environment in the Taklimakan Desert, China, Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC; republished as Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions, 2009, page 71:

A resettlement housing area for villagers from Darya Boyi Town in Yutian County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, November 19, 2019.

2021 February 27, Dennis Etler, “What the U.S. can learn from China”, in CGTN, archived from the original on 2021-02-27:


Togragaz

A student practices dancing at home in Togragaz Township of Yutian County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Aug. 25, 2019.

2019 September 8, “Xinjiang helps impoverished farmers, herders relocate to eradicate absolute poverty”, in mingmei, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-12-12:

A man cleans the courtyard at Togragaz Township in Yutian County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Aug. 25, 2019

2019 December 6, “Measures carried out in poverty-stricken villages in China's Xinjiang to improve locals' living standards”, in zh, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-12-06:

Photo taken on May 22, 2020 shows the inside view of a villager's house in Togragaz Village of Togragaz Township, Hotan Prefecture, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

2020 June 22, “Villagers relish modern life in new houses in Xinjiang”, in State Council Information Office, archived from the original on 2021-02-11:


Yutian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 于田 (Yútián).

Authorities at the Yutian (Keriye) County Agricultural Bureau, Hoten district, called for each work unit to strengthen "management" of bureau staff and retired workers and to guarantee they "don't believe in religion, attend religious activities, or fast," according to an August 3 report on the Agricultural Bureau's Web site.

2011, “Xinjiang Authorities Implement Ramadan Curbs Amid Renewed Pledges for Tight Controls Over Religion”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China:

2012, Frommer's China (Frommer's), 5th edition, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., →ISBN, →OCLC, page 329:

Initial reports from the three villages nearest to the epicenter indicated that “there have been no injuries or deaths, and only some homes were cracked,” said Xinhua, the state-run news agency, citing an unidentified county official in Yutian. But officials and the police were still trying to find out if more isolated homes and herders suffered any harm, Xinhua said.
Yutian County has 220,000 residents across 15,000 square miles, and the vast majority are Uighur, a largely Muslim people who call the county Keriya.

2014 February 12, Chris Buckley, “Earthquake Strikes Remote Area of China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-02-14, Asia Pacific:

Gulnisahan Tohti, who has been growing grapes for more than two decades in the township of Langan, Yutian County, never would have imagined that grape leaves would be sold at a higher price than grapes.

2019 September 10, “Across China: Grape leaves become commodity hot in Xinjiang”, in mingmei, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-12-11:


Yutian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 于闐 (Yútián).

A former name for a county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Qaka

A township in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

恰哈

township in Qira, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Qira

Passing through Qira County on our way, we were asked to stay by Wang Yijun, Director of the Office of the County Party Committee. He said he was an amateur archaeologist and an old acquaintance of Li Yuchun’s. In 1978 the two men had gone together to the desert in northern Qira County to survey a buried ancient city.

1989, 车慕奇 [Che Muqi], “Visit to an Ancient City Buried in the Desert”, in 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, Newly Discovered Relics in the Desert, page 293:

Tamarix forests not only effectively control local sand movement, wind erosion and disasters caused by wind-blown sand, but can also stop sand grains brought by the wind. For example, on the 3333.3 hectacres of planted Tamarix forest at the outer Qira Oasis with 60-70% coverage, the annual sand-blocking amount can reach 700,000 m³. When the wind passes through a Tamarix forest, besides blocking sand, the twigs and leaves of the trees also obstruct the passage of the dust in the air, improving the health situation of humans and livestock. For example, when the wind velocity is 15 m/s, the dust content at 2m height is 1/18 of the content measured at the same height in the outer oasis (observed at Qira County in 1987).

2001, Wenjiang Liu, Mingting Liu, “Reversing Desertification with Tamarix in China”, in Dov Pasternak, Arnold Schlissel, editors, Combating Desertification with Plants, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 310:

A town in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Kokyar

On Feb. 16, authorities in nearby Keriye (Yutian) county announced a move to add 254 additional auxiliary members to its police force, with 204 jobs reserved for ethnic Uyghurs and 50 spaces held for Han Chinese, local media reports said. Speaking to RFA, a police officer in Keriye’s Kokyar township confirmed the recruitment drive was under way. “More than 200 [auxiliary] policemen will be recruited soon to patrol the roads, streets, and neighborhoods day and night,” RFA’s source said. “They will also be stationed at various checkpoints to check people coming into the township and other townships in the county.”

2017, Richard Finney, reporter Eset Sulaiman, “Xinjiang Police Launch Recruitment Drive Following Uyghur Knife Attack”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia:

Next day we marched to Kokyar, twelve miles. Route west, across a sandy ridge two miles off, and then up the gully of the Kokyar river, which flows in a narrow winding valley from south to north, between high ridges of sand and gravel, to the town itself which is the capital of this district.

1875, H. W. Bellew, Kashmir and Kashghar: A Narrative of the Journey of the Embassy to Kashghar in 1873-74, London: Trübner & Co., →OCLC, page 391:

As it was already later in the year, we had chosen the winter route (zamistani) over Kokyar.

1926, Albert von Le Coq, translated by Anna Barwell, Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan, George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC, page 153:

Brodie lent only half an ear. He was eying the wall map, comparing it with what he had seen from the chopper. He picked out the three nearest towns—Yarkand, Karghalik, and Kokyar—running north to south. Everything inside a huge semicircle bounded on the west by the Yarkand River and the southeast by the Kunlun Mountains was shaded. That must be the barbed-wire zone guarded by the army. Kokyar lay inside with more than a hundred other villages and hamlets. In this sector a narrow swath marked in red ran northeast, broadening into a shape like the flyswatter Yao was turning in his fingers. Brodie had heard traffice last night, and the map showed a road from Yarkand through Karghalik and Kokyar to the frontier, obviously a military road taking heavy traffic. Yao had laid down his flyswatter and swiveled around to point to a dot slightly west of Kokyar. "We are here, if you are interested, Mr. Brodie," he murmured.

1978, Hugh McLeave, A Borderline Case, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 148:

A township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Shanghai French Concession

The bodies of seven murdered members of Kuo's family were discovered buried in a garden in the Shanghai French Concession in November 1931; the bodies of four others of his relatives were found by the police later.

1968, O. Edmund Clubb, “The Chinese Communist Party”, in Communism in China, as Reported from Hankow in 1932, Columbia University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 89:

After several years of operations, The Wheel was closed in 1918 amid public displeasure. In the Shanghai French Concession, there were also several popular gambling houses including the Great World (大世界) and Xi Jia Du Chang (席家赌场).

2009, Desmond Lam, The World of Chinese Gambling, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 25:

The Chinese Communist Party turns 100 this week. A century after it was founded in Shanghai’s French concession, the institution has never been so popular at home or resented abroad.

[2021 June 29, Pete Sweeney, “China’s Communist Party runs low on creativity”, in Peter Thal Larsen, Katrina Hamlin, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-06-30, Breakingviews:

foreign concession
foreign concession#English

A foreign concession in Shanghai, China, governed by France.


Bostan

It was not immediately clear why Tursun, who the officer said lives in Toksun’s Bostan township, was assigned to work in Kömüsh.

2021 March 15, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Xinjiang Authorities Detain Head of Township Education Committee”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-03-15:

A town in Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township

Figure a is the typical interconnection of power system of township branches taking Noor power satiation as example.
Figure b is the typical interconnection of power system of village terminals taking Bostan township village as example.

2014, Zulati Litifu, “An Application of Developing Renewable Energy in an Extreme Arid and Energy-Scarce Area in Tarim Desert”, in Energy Procedia, volume 61, →DOI, page 2710:


Aqqik

Within the Tarim Basin, they reach to the Aqqik area, and Magartag in the central region.[...]the Tarim gulf was very wide, and seawater extended northward to Yingan of Akesu, and Xiaokuzibai of Wensu and possibly eastward to Aqqik of Luopu.

1991, Tamio Kotaka, Shallow Tethys 3: Proceedings of the International Symposium, →OCLC, pages 235, 236:

In the course of marine incursion and sedimentation, the sea only reached the Wuqia area during the late Eocene, but in Palaeocene - middle Eocene, marine conditions extended eastwards into the desert of the Mazartag area, and southwards, probably into the Aqqik area of Lop.

1996, Zhou Zhiyi, W. T. Dean, editors, Phanerozoic Geology of Northwest China, Beijing: Science Press, →OCLC, page 125:

A township in Lop, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A township in Yopurga, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Sampul

East of Khotan itself, we find a local culture typified by a cemetery at Sampul (Shanpula).

2000, J.P. Mallory, Victor H. Mair, The Tarim Mummies Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, published 2008, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 155:

A remarkably Greek- looking male portrait, from a third- or second- century BC woollen wall-hanging found at Sampul

2002, Frances Wood, The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, University of California Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 37:

At the site of Sampul (or Shanpula), near the southwestern Tarim Basin oasis of Luopu, a Saka grave has yielded a piece of woven woolen cloth [Fig. 2] that shows Hellenistic and Persian inspiration in the depictions of a centaur and a lance-bearing warrior (Xinjiang weiwu'er 2001).

2009, Robert A. Jones, “Centaurs on the Silk Road: Recent Discoveries of Hellenistic Textiles in Western China”, in The Silk Road, Saratoga, CA: Silk Road Foundation, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 23, column 2:

Like nearly all of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age cemeteries encircling the Tarim Basin, the complex at Sampul lies on the gravelly tableland or terrace that is located between the desert floor and the foothills of the mountains beyond, the source of the meltwater from the glaciers that sustains life in the oases.

2010, Victor Mair, “The Mummies of East Central Asia”, in Expedition, volume 52, number 3, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-13:

A source with ties to Hotan (in Chinese, Hetian) prefecture recently told RFA’s Uyghur Service that Sampul township head Ablikim Mettursun and Sampul township United Front Work Department employee Memet’eziz Mettohti had been convicted and sent to prison in Hotan’s Keriye (Yutian) county in 2015.
[...]RFA spoke with a Lop county government employee who said they did not have any information on either Mettursun or Mettohti, and referred further questions to higher-level officials, as well as a staffer with the Lop County Justice Department, who also said they did not know anything about the two men.
However, when asked whether any cadres from Sampul township had been sent to internment camps, an employee with a legal work unit in Lop county told RFA that “there's no one in the camps, they’re in prison.”
When asked who had been sent to prison, the employee responded, “Oh, you know, Memet’eziz Mettohti… he worked for the party in Sampul township.”

2020 January 24, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Two Uyghur Cadres Jailed Over Failure to Confiscate ‘Illegal Religious Text’”, in Elise Anderson, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-01-25:


Lop

The Khotan rug factory, Hotan Rayonluk Gilam Karahanisi, is situated outside the town of Khotan, in Lop county four kilometers east on the bank of the Yurunkash River.

1979, Jan Myrdal, translated by Ann Henning, Carpets from China, Xinjiang & Tibet, Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 139:

Farther west was the ancient State of Jingjue, while the ruins of the city of Akispil, discovered in the desert northwest of Lop County, was one of the cities of the ancient State of Yutian.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang : the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 62:

East of Khotan itself, we find a local culture typified by a cemetery at Sampul (Shanpula). It is located near the administrative centre of Lop County (Luopu).

2000, J.P. Mallory, Victor H. Mair, The Tarim Mummies Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 155:

The Lop county official confirmed reports from overseas groups that the Chinese authorities were continuing a program of heavy religious control and censorship in Xinjiang.

2004, “THE INTERNET IN CHINA: ATOOL FOR FREEDOM OR SUPPRESSION?”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), Committee on International Relations, page 187:

The workshop in Lop County at the edge of Taklimakan Desert is in the most impoverished part of Hotan prefecture.

2017 November 5, “Across China: Elderly Uygur tailor finds new hope in factory work”, in Mengjie, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-12-17:

An acquaintance of Eli Ahun Qarim described the 50-something native of Lop county’s Igerchi village as a religious student with “a profound understanding of religion” who had earlier been detained for one year for teaching religion.

2019 April 26, Paul Eckert, Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur Inmates in Iconic Xinjiang Detention Camp Photo Identified”, in Alim Seytoff, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2019-04-28:

Miriding Mutailipu is a crystal scientist from Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Raised in Lop county, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in Hotan prefecture, he grew up in a part of China known for thousands of years as a source of precious stones.

2019 December 29, Stephen Chen, “China’s scientists aren’t shy about promoting their work any more”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2019-12-29, Science:

They would also block imports of items from the Lop County Industrial Park and the Lop County No. 4 Vocational Skills Education and Training Center, following the July 1 detention of products from Lop County Meixin Hair Product Co..

2020 September 15, David Lawder, Humeyra Pamuk, Dominique Patton, Cate Cadell, “U.S. readies bans on cotton, tomato imports from China's Xinjiang”, in Michael Perry, Clarence Fernandez, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-09-18, APAC:

洛浦

county in Hotan, Xinjiang, China; a town in Lop, Hotan, Xinjiang, China

The attacks in Hotan (in Chinese, Hetian) prefecture’s Lop (Luopu) county, occurred at 9 p.m. on Monday and 8:15 a.m. on tuesday, killing three suicide attackers and three police officers and wounding four other policemen, said Osman Toxtixelil, the police chief of the Konabazar (Old Town) police station in Lop town. No bystanders were killed or injured in the attacks, he told RFA’s Uyghur Service.

2015 May 13, Roseanne Gerin, Shohret Hoshur, “Six Dead, Four Injured in Two Successive Suicide Attacks in China’s Xinjiang”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-05-18:

A town in Lop, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Jiya

Women work in an Etles silk mill in Jiya Town of Hotan City, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Aug. 8, 2017. Etles silk, with a history of more than a thousand years in Hotan City, is regarded as the witness of the cultural mixture between China and the neighboring countries as it illustrates a perfect combination of Chinese silk production technique and surrounding central Asian countries' patterning. The production of the Eltes^([sic – meaning Etles]) silk is now regaining its momentum as the local government invests more resources into the sector to revive the once vanishing craft. About 6,000 families in the Jiya Town are capable of producing the silk which brings 1,200 yuan (about 180 US dollars) extra income per capita for the local residents.

2017 August 15, Ma Kai, “Etles silk production craft revived in China's Xinjiang”, in An, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-08-03:

An ethnic Uighur man looks on at the cemetery surrounding the tomb of Imam Asim in the Taklamakan Desert outside the village of Jiya near Hotan, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China, March 21, 2017.

2018 November 8, “Who Are the Uighurs?”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2020-01-12, East Asia Pacific:

A township in Hotan City, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Ilchi

Johnson mentioned that Ilchi lies only six miles from the edge of the Takla Makan desert, and he cites reports of 360 cities being buried in the shifting sands in 24 hours.

2002 November, David Spencer Smith, “Khan Habibullah and His Tenga, and Some Numismatic Mysteries from Khotan”, in Numismatics International Bulletin, volume 37, number 11, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 331:

“There are many different signs of religious extremism,” a village secretary from Hotan city’s Ilchi township said, speaking on condition of anonymity.
“[New guidelines say to look for] those who, when at prayer, stand with their legs wide apart and place their hands above their chest, and also those who dye their hair red.”
In addition to existing warnings about against Uyghurs who grow long hair or beards,” the new guidelines advise authorities to be wary of “those who wear short trousers” and “those who wear a watch on their right wrist,” he said.

2017 November 9, “China introduces revised Uyghur extremism list”, in Uyghur Human Rights Project, archived from the original on 2018-01-12:

A policeman in Hotan’s Ilchi township said families in his district have been interrogated in the days around July 5.
“Our focal point is whether July 5 is on their memories and, if so, what kinds of memories do they have.”
The police work of visiting families has in the past year “decreased a bit because all the key families in the watch list are in training,” he said.

2019 July 5, Paul Eckert, Ekrem Hezim, Mamatjan Juma, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, Kurban Niyaz, “10th Anniversary of Urumqi Unrest Brings Protests Over Internment Camps, Accountability Demands”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2019-07-06:

伊里其

township in Hotan City, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Waxxari

Driving on to Ruoqiang (Charkhlik), you pass the village of Waxxari close to the ancient site of Washixia, Stein's Vash Shari from the time of the Tang (618-907 AD) and the Northern Song (960-1127 AD).

2004, Judy Bonavia, The Silk Road: From Xi'an to Kashgar, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 330:

We have chosen three very remote oases (Milan, Ruoqiang, Waxxari) on the southern fringe of the Taklamakan desert in the extremely arid region of northwest China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). These target oases are isolated from each other as well as from other potential NO2 sources (100-150 km). Therefore, the oases can be considered as typical areal sources of predominantly soil biogenic NO. Moreover, their areal extension is pretty comparable to the typical pixel size of satellite retrievals.

2012, Y. Qi, F. Meixner, Z. Wu, S. Beirle, T. Wagner, M. Andreae, B. Mamtimin, “Tropospheric NO2 column densities over oases of the Taklamakan desert (NW-China): satellite DOAS observations and ground based Multi Axis DOAS measurements”, in Astrophysics Data System, archived from the original on 2019-12-21:

A town in Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township.

瓦石峽

town and residential community in Ruoqiang, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China

A residential community of Waxxari, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Koramlik

The method of calculating the slip-rate of a fault is to divide the displacement of a ridge lies between two neighboring terraces of one river by the age of the lower terrace. The displacements of rivers are not considered in this study because of its uncertainty. At Koramlik, the slip-rate of the Altun Fault since 6.02 ± 0.47ka BP is 11.6 ± 2.6mm/yr, and since 15.76 ± 1.19ka BP is 9.6 ± 2.6mm/yr.

2004, “Late Quaternary slip-rate on the Altun Fault west to the Qarqan River”, in F. Wang, Xiwei Xu, Rongzhang Zheng, W.-B. Chen, editors, Seismol Geol / Dizhen Dizhi, volume 26, Research Gate, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-05-12:

[...]south to Koramlik village, a seasonal river runs from mountains northward and passes the village (site A in Fig. 3).

2004, Earthquake Research in China, volume 18, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 399:

A township in Qiemo, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

庫拉木勒克

township in Qiemo, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China


Yeyik

Tohti described a situation then current in Yeyiq Yezisi (Yeyike) township which is reminiscent of share-cropping in the post-bellum American south.

[2007, James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 365:

An explorer's work is never done. After lunch we headed south straight across the desert towards the Kun Lun Mountains. It was 42 miles from the road. We had to cross two riverbeds and bounced across some pretty rocky terrain. That is why they called our Toyotas off-road vehicles. Finally after a couple of hours we arrived at Yeyik —a commune surrounded by desert and mountains. There was nothing special about the place except its remoteness. Eight camels were waiting to help us follow Marco Polo in a manner that he no doubt used in this part of his travels. Those in our group who did not get a camel were entitled to a horse. We all saddled up and were soon crossing a wide river bed on our way to visit a family whose home was on the other side of this section of the desert.

2008, Harry Rutstein, The Marco Polo Odyssey, Bennett & Hastings Publishing, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 210:

These results suggest that there are two migration routes for Demoiselle Cranes breeding in central Asia: one directly over the Himalayas, the other via the Hindu Kush. Important stopover sites included Barkol Lake, Lop Nur Lake, Yakatograk and Yeyik, and the Keriya River.

2010, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, “Satellite tracking the migration of birds in eastern Asia”, in British Birds, volume 103, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 293:

During the first day of ascent to the Plateau, the cranes travelled between 200 and 250 km and stopped over near aquatic features, including Chainjoin Lake, Yeyik and the Doman River.

2017, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Jason Minton, “Migratory Routes across the Himalayas Used by Demoiselle Cranes”, in Bird Migration across the Himalayas: Wetland Functioning amidst Mountains and Glaciers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 55:

A township in Niya, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

葉亦克

township in Niya, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Tai'erzhuang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 臺兒莊／台兒莊／台儿庄 (Tái'érzhuāng).

臺兒莊//台兒莊//台儿庄

By October 31, the first period construction work between Kaotze, on the Yangtze River bank, and Taierhchuang, on the Shantung-Kiangsu provincial border, is expected to be completed.

[1944 September 5 [1944 July 17], “Peking”, in Strategic Objectives in Japanese Installations with Index of Place Names, number 1, Office of Strategic Services, sourced from Tokyo, China Continent, page 20:

Highly placed Japanese spokesmen, shocked by their reverse at Tai'erzhuang, and that at the hands of "secondary" troops, resorted to their favored way of dealing with setbacks. They denied for days not only the Chinese had won back Tai'erzhuang, but that the important rail knot at Xuzhou, of which Tai'erzhuang was an outpost, had never been a Japanese goal in the campaign, which of course it was - and continued to be.

2005, Israel Epstein, History Should Not Be Forgotten, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, page 67:

A district of Zaozhuang, Shandong, China.


Tatrang

Grenard says (pp. 183-184) that he examined the remains of what is called the old town of Charchan, traces of the ancient canal, ruins of dwellings deep into the sand, of which the walls built of large and solid-baked bricks, are pretty well preserved. Save these bricks, "I found hardly anything, the inhabitants have pillaged everything long ago. I attempted some excavating, which turned out to be without result, as far as I was concerned; but the superstitious natives declared that they were the cause of a violent storm which took place soon after. There are similar ruins in the environs, at Yantak Koudouk, at Tatrang, one day's march to the north, and at Ouadjchahari at five days to the north-east, which corresponds to the position assigned to Lop by Marco Polo." (See Grenard's Haute Asie on Nia.)

1920, Rustichello da Pisa, translated by Henry Yule, edited by Henri Cordier, The Travels of Marco Polo, →OCLC:

Then we drove on the November 16 northwards and entered the desert at the oil camp of Tatrang. A mere 15 km into the desert, we started to see nothing but hundreds of dead poplar trees of many centuries old,[…]

2004, China Tourism, numbers 287-292, →OCLC, page 83:

A town in Qiemo, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township.

塔提讓

town in Qiemo, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China


Langru

November[…]
23 Visit to a market held near Khotan. Grains bought.[…]
28 Left at 9 A.M. All day enroute. Collected tree cuttings. Bought seeds. Stayed for the night in Langru.

1910, Frank Nicholas Meyer, “ITINERARY REPORT”, in Letters of Frank N. Meyer, volume II, →OCLC, page 1150:

Additional outcrops were investigated south and west of Hotan. They were unproductive, except in Langru (other spelling Ranru) area where two fossiliferous localities were discovered .

2003, Revue de Paléobiologie, volume 22, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 482:

Located in Langru Town of Hotan County, Uluwarty Scenic Spot is a large reservoir that was completed in 2001. The water in the reservoir is as deep as 110 meters, with a dam 131 meters high.

2011 December 2, Dongya Zhang, “Natural beauties of southern Xinjiang”, in Beijing Today, number 547, →OCLC, Travel China, page 20:

In Langru Township in Hotan county, any Uyghur on the police suspect list who fails to present himself or herself to authorities will have their name “erased from township household registers,” according to one police document recently obtained by RFA.

2014 December 17, Richard Finney, Jelil Kashgari, Erkin Tarim, “Uyghurs Face Seizure of Land, Personal Property Under Tough New Rules”, in Eset Sulaiman, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2014-12-30:

A township in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

朗如

township in Hotan County, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Hanerik

Borrowed from Uyghur خانئېرىق (xan'ëriq).

But residents say the Hanerik shooting victims were unarmed civilians simply seeking an end to heavy-handed policing. The seeds of the confrontation were planted in mid-June, when the authorities detained Mettursun Metseydi, the young imam of an unauthorized mosque on the rural edge of Hanerik. Mr. Metseydi had been drawing increasing crowds with sermons that condemned the government’s religious restrictions, most pointedly on head coverings.

2013 August 26, Andrew Jacobs, “Over News of Clash, a Shroud of Silence in Xinjiang”, in New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-08-29:

In a June 2013 clash between the authorities and protesters in Hanerik township near Hotan in the south of the region, official news source Tianshan Net reported that no one had died as a result of the clashes. Yet Radio Free Asia, citing local officials, reported that security forces had fired on demonstrating Uighurs rather than responding with restraint to civilian violence.

2013 December 17, Alim Seytoff, “China's darkest corner”, in Index on Censorship, →DOI, archived from the original on 2021-02-28:

On March 21, 2015, authorities in Hanerik (Han'airike) township, Hotan county, reportedly sentenced Uyghur religious scholar Qamber Amber to nine years' imprisonment, following a public trial, for defying official instruction to stop giving speeches at religious ceremonies and for otherwise "refusing to cooperate" with authorities.

2015, “Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2015”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 286:

The other narrative, reported by Radio Free Asia, suggested that the group, who came from Hanerik township in Khotan prefecture in Xinjiang's far south, had sought to leave after a Chinese 'crackdown' in the area following a violent incident in June 2013 when police had fired on Uyghurs protesting against the arrest of a religious leader in the township.

2018, “Introduction”, in Michael Clarke, editor, Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in China: Domestic and Foreign Policy Dimensions, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 11:

In 2013, particularly serious incidents occurred on 24 April in Bachu outside Kashgar, in several separate villages in Lukqun Township near Turpan on 26 June, in Hanerik in Hotan Prefecture two days later and in August in Kargilik in Kashgar Prefecture.

2021, Kunal Mukherjee, Race, Ethnicity and Religion in Conflict Across Asia, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=4LoYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT222:

A town in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township.

罕艾日克

town in Hotan County, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Seghizkol

Borrowed from Uyghur سېغىزكۆل (sëghizköl).

Another of Rozinishan’s brothers in Seghizkol town, in Hoten prefecture’s Hoten county, where the family is based, said that the response from the Uyghur community has been overwhelming.

2010 June 15, Joshua Lipes, Mihriban (reporter), “Patient Pressed on Gifts”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., edited by Sarah Jackson-Han, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2010-06-16:


Tianshuihai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 甜水海 (Tiánshuǐhǎi).

On a vast, dry lakebed called Tianshuihai, we came to a community of sorts, a desperate huddle of concrete and mud structures. My map labeled the region “Soda Plain,” and it seemed a long time since any water had gathered there. It was also, evidently, earthquake country. Buildings, many of them abandoned, had been shaken off their foundations; their walls had cracked and roofs fallen in. The military post and gas depot where Qu stopped to refuel had been shored up by heavy concrete buttresses. Thousands of fifty-gallon drums littered the ground, along with broken machinery, derelict vehicles, chunks of concrete, goat carcasses, cans, bottles, and shit.

1991, Jeremy Schmidt, Himalayan Passage: Seven Months in the High Country of Tibet, Nepal, China, India, & Pakistan, Seattle: The Mountaineers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 117:

Woo and Gong had flown out of Tianshuihai and were patrolling a section of the border where China abutted the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the disputed region of Askai^([sic – meaning Aksai]) Chin that was under Chinese control.
"Could you imagine being posted to this place?" Gong asked.

2004, Tom Grace, The Secret Cardinal, Perseus Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 265:

A lake in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin.


Tianwendian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 天文點／天文点 (Tiānwéndiǎn).

zh-l

天文點／天文点 (Tiānwéndiǎn)

(2) On 12th July at 15. 00 hours, one Indian aircraft intruded into the air space over the Chip Chap River vally in Sinkiang, and carried out reconnaissance over China's civilian checkpoint at Tienwentien, and then flew east to Chipchap La for further activities.[...]
(11) On 15th July at 12. 35 hours, one Indian aircraft intruded into the air space over the Chip Chap River valley in Sinkiang, and repeatedly circled over China's civilian checkpost at Tienwentien for provocation.

[1967, Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, British Broadcasting Corporation, →ISSN, →OCLC, page A-31, A-32:

Yang Gongcheng [2799 0501 2052], a cadre of Xinjiang Military Region accompanying us told us that the conditions of two frontier stations on Kal Kunlun, Shenxianwan and Tianwendian were amon the worst in the whole army.[…]
In Company No.5, we met political instructor Zhen Shaowu [6774 1421 2976], who had just came down from the Tianwendian outpost standing 5,190 meters above sea level. He was a soldier with a strong will.

1992 August 7 [1992 July 21], Zhai Qiyun (5049 0796 6663) [翟啓運], “Notes on Visit to Xinjiang Military Region”, in Daily Report: China, number 153, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Beijing RENMIN RIBAO pp 1,3, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 19–20:

China was particularly sensitive to the area of Tianwendian (Point 5243), which lies in the northern part of Aksai Chin and was also the location of the forward HQ of their northernmost Defended Area (Tien HQ Defence Area).[...]On 19 Apr 1962, the PLA General Staff passed order to the frontier guards of Xinjiang Military Region for 'strengthening the border defences in the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian border (Ladakh)'. Some more posts were to be established where gaps between teh Chinese posts were comparatively wider. The strength of the poss at Point 5243 and the Area of Kongka Pass was increased. Two more posts were established, i.e. one at Point 5500 (northwest of Tianwendian) and the second one on Point 5851 (southwest of Tianwendian) to provide depth.

2015, P J S Sandhu, Vinay Shankar, G G Dwivedi, 1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill, New Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 46:

Border officials of the Indian and Chinese armies on Saturday resolved to improve ties at the functional level as they met on the occasion of New Year at the world's highest border personnel meeting point. "On the occasion of New Year, a ceremonial Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) was conducted first time today at Chinese Temporary Meeting Point at Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) - Tianwendian (TWD), which is the world's highest-established BPM point," said Udhampur-based defence spokesman Colonel SD Goswami.

2016, “Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level”, in News18:

The annual precipitation at Kyagar is low for different reasons, including the geographical location of the station. For example, Tianwendian station is located in the south-eastern Karakoram Mountains, which receive water vapour from the Indian Ocean that falls out in precipitation due to uplift along the mountain slopes.

2019 March 1, Ren-juan Wei, Liang Peng, Chuan Liang, Christoph Haemmig, Matthias Huss, Zhen-xia Mu, Ying He, “Analysis of temporal and spatial variations in hydrometeorological elements in the Yarkant River Basin, China”, in Journal of Water and Climate Change, volume 10, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

He had arrived at Tianwendian post just two days earlier, to take part in an outdoor long-distance running event.

2021 January 16, Minnie Chan, “High altitudes send soldiers off course in China-India border region: experts”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2021-01-16:

An outpost in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin.


Karakax

Borrowed from Uyghur قاراقاش (qaraqash).

The Xinjiang government said in a short statement on its main news website that the incident occurred just before 5pm in Karakax county, deep in southern Xinjiang’s Uighur heartland.

2016 December 28, “Xinjiang attack: four 'terrorists' and one bystander killed, says China”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 2016-12-29:

The Xinjiang Discipline Inspection Commission announced the investigation into Hu Jun, 49, party secretary of Karakax county in south Xinjiang, and Zhang Jinbiao, 53, party secretary of Hotan, the prefecture where Karakax is located.

2017 January 5, Christian Shepherd, “China investigates party officials in restive Xinjiang for 'discipline breaches'”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-01-05, World News:

To improve the local people's living standards, the natural gas project was launched in 2010 and has been operating since 2013. So far, more than 3,000 km of pipes have been installed, providing natural gas to 42 counties and cities, and benefiting over 4 million residents in south Xinjiang.
"It saved me a lot of money," said Hawanisahan Jelili, who lived in Karakax County in Hotan Prefecture, adding her family would spend nearly 3,500 yuan for heating by burning coal in winter, but it was reduced to 2,000 yuan after natural gas pipes were built in the county in 2016.

2019 July 15, “Across China: More Xinjiang households benefit from natural gas project”, in mingmei, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2019-07-15:

The detainees listed come from Karakax County, a traditional settlement on the edge of Xinjiang's Taklamakan desert where more than 97 percent of its roughly 650,000 residents are Uighur.

2020 February 18, “Leaked data shows China's Uighurs detained due to religion”, in Aruba Today, page A10:

A county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

After 80km and 1½ hours there is finally some green at the turn-off to Píshān, but the desert soon reclaims the road's boundaries, threatening the road itself, until Karakax (Mòyù), about 25km before Khotan, where there are tidy cultivated fields of corn, cotton and rice.

1997, Peter Neville-Hadley, China the Silk Routes (Cadogan Guides), Globe Pequot Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 294:

6000 women were recruited for this study from the Karakax County (Karakax town and Zawa, Yawa, Karsay and Kuiya villages) of the Hotan Prefecture (Xinjiang, China). All the participants provided informed consent. The eligible women were aged between 21–60 years, sexually active, not pregnant and had no history of diagnosed CIN, cervical cancer or hysterectomy.

2017, Guzhalinuer Abulizi, Hua Li, Patiman Mijiti, Tangnuer Abulimiti, Jing Cai, Jie Gao, Dandan Meng, Reyihanguli Abula, Tunishahan Abudereyimu, Anarguli Aizezi, You Lin Qiao, “Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection prevalent among Uyghur women from Xinjiang, China”, in United States National Library of Medicine:

A town in Karakax, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Jieyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 揭陽／揭阳 (Jiēyáng).

One example of this power came the following month, when P’eng arranged a worker-peasant demonstration in Chiehyang to secure the release of Yang Shih-hun, a CCP labor leader arrested there.

[1985, Fernando Galbiati, “New Roles for the Rural Tradition”, in P'eng P'ai and the Hai-Lu-Feng Soviet, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 229:

The tank farm, part of a new complex in the city of Jieyang, has storage of 3.8 million cubic meters, with 2 million cubic metres (12.6 million barrels) allotted for crude, it said, citing project operator PetroChina Guangdong Petrochemical.

2022 September 2, Aizhu Chen, “PetroChina builds major storage for new south China refinery - report”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-08:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.


Saybag

A man and his wife rest in their house at the Qushou Village of Saybag Township in Moyu County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Nov. 21, 2019.

2019 December 6, “Measures carried out in poverty-stricken villages in China's Xinjiang to improve locals' living standards (7)”, in Shi Xi, Liang Jun, editors, People's Daily, archived from the original on 2019-12-28:

A township in Karakax, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A township in Shufu, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Kawak

Finally, a spreadsheet from Kawak (喀瓦克) Township in the northern part of Karakax County that lists 1,249 persons in detention and re-education shows that 93.2 percent of persons who are classified as “untrustworthy” are either in detention or re-education.

2020 February, Adrian Zenz, “The Karakax List: Dissecting the Anatomy of Beijing’s Internment Drive in Xinjiang”, in Journal of Political Risk, volume 8, number 2, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-02-17:

喀瓦克

township in Karakax, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Purchaqchi

Borrowed from Uyghur پۇرچاقچى (purchaqchi).

Jumaq, head of Ayaq Purchaqchi village in Purchaqchi township, told RFA’s Uyghur Service that he had accompanied Islam a day earlier in a raid during prayer time on a local mosque as around 200 officials and security personnel searched for six suspects they had linked to a shooting incident in May.

2014 July 30, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Wife of Party Official Killed in Xinjiang ‘Revenge Attack’”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2014-08-09:

He said police asked for the identification of the seven Uyghurs who were gathered at the Sherbet restaurant at a hotel in Purchaqchi township—where several incidents have resulted in bloodshed in recent months—and then attempted to search them, but were met with resistance, sparking the clash.

2015 March 13, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Chinese Authorities Shoot ‘Suspicious’ Uyghurs Dead in Xinjiang Restaurant”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-03-15:


Yawa

"By this statement he implied he was angry with our justice system, so we had monitored their their actions over the past 10 years, and they had to submit an application if they wanted to leave Yawa township," added Sadir.

2016 December 29, Shohret Hoshur, Qiao Long, Luisetta Mudie, “Five Dead After 'Terror Attack,' Explosion in China's Xinjiang”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2016-12-30:


Aqsaray

Borrowed from Uyghur ئاقساراي (aqsaray).

The first example is by a poet called Ablimit Sämät, who composed these verses about his native village Aqsaray near Khotän in south-west Xinjiang, one of the least developed parts of the Autonomous Region.

2007, Ildikó Bellér-Hann, editor, Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia, Ashgate, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 90:

A Uyghur auxiliary officer in Aqsaray township, in Hotan’s Karakash (Moyu) county, said the local government had been recruiting security personnel since last year, with the only requirement for applicants being that no one within three generations of their family had been involved in “political problems.”

2017 April 18, “HAN CHINESE OFFERED TRIPLE SALARY OF UYGHURS IN XINJIANG POLICE RECRUITMENT DRIVE”, in World Uyghur Congress; Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-09-12, Uyghur Related News:

When asked about whether a target percentage of re-education arrests had been ordered by authorities, an official from No. 1 Village, in Qaraqash’s Aqsaray township, confirmed the directive, but referred RFA to the local Communist Party secretary—who had recently been admitted to the hospital and was unreachable—for the exact number.

2017 October 9, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Nearly Half of Uyghurs in Xinjiang’s Hotan Targeted For Re-Education Camps”, in Alim Seytoff, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-02-02:

The Communist Party secretary of the village of Aqsaray in the Qaraqash region near Hotan was ordered to target 40% of the population of the village as potential unreliable elements in need of re-education.

2021, Michael Dillon, China in the Age of Xi Jinping, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, →OCLC:


Urchi

The head of Urchi township in Hotan’s Qaraqash (Moyu) county said she had heard “about a month ago” that a burial management center had been constructed and would be “opening soon.”

2018 April 19, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Xinjiang Authorities Use ‘Burial Management Centers’ to Subvert Uyghur Funeral Traditions”, in Alim Seytoff, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-04-19:

Abduheber Ahmet, the imam of the Dongbagh Mosque in Urchi township, in Hotan’s Qaraqash (Moyu) county, was initially detained in May 2017 and handed a five and a half-year jail term a month later, the ruling Chinese Communist Party secretary of Urchi township told RFA’s Uyghur Service.

2018 May 10, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Xinjiang Authorities Jail Uyghur Imam Who Took Son to Unsanctioned Religious School”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-05-10:


Manglay

Local police described the violence in Kayash village in Manglay township as among the most deadly in the area in recent years.
“It was the most terrible incident in our town but I cannot give you details about that," Ablikim Yasin, chief of the Manglay police station, told RFA's Uyghur Service. "You should call the higher authorities for that.”

2014 June 22, Shohret Hoshur, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, “Five Police Officers Killed in Attack on Xinjiang Security Checkpoint”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2014-07-01:

Abla Ahat, police chief of Purchaqchi township, told RFA that five of the suspects came from Nawagh township in Hotan city and were met by the other two men from Manglay township at the Sherbet restaurant.

An officer from the Manglay police station, in Hotan’s Qaraqash (Moyu) county, recently told RFA’s Uyghur Service that the local government had sent hundreds of women and children from his township to neighboring Aksu (Akesu) prefecture to join heavy labor details to make up for wages lost after the men in their families were detained.

2017 October 16, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Uyghur Women and Children Endure Heavy Labor Amid Detentions in Xinjiang’s Hotan”, in Alim Seytoff, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2017-10-16:


Pishan

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 皮山 (Píshān).

In Pishan county, located between the Taklamakan desert to the north and the gobi to the south, in eight years the people have built 229 kilometers of irrigation canals in order to utilize the melting snow of the Kunlun Mountains for irrigation.

1972 December 13, “Basins of China”, in East/West [東西報], volume 6, number 49, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 10, column 3:

The kidnappers took two people hostage late on Wednesday in Pishan County in the far southern part of Xinjiang, close to the borders of India and Pakistan, said the region’s official news website (www.tianshannet.com).

2011 December 28, Chris Buckley, Ben Blanchard, “Suspected kidnappers killed in China's restive west”, in Paul Tait, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-12-01, WORLD NEWS:

Radio Free Asia reported that Friday’s attack took place in Guma County, known as Pishan in Chinese. A man who answered the telephone at the Pishan County Public Security Bureau said he had no information about the attack, and a man at the Pishan County People’s Hospital said, “We’re not allowed to answer your question, sorry.”

2015 February 17, Michael Forsythe, “Suicide Bomber Kills Up to 8 in Xinjiang, Radio Free Asia Reports”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-02-19, Asia Pacific:


Koxtag

Non-official narratives of the incident offered a more nuanced picture of who integrated what the Chinese state media labelled a 'violent terrorist group', and how events unfolded in the township of Koxtag, in Guma County (Hotan Prefecture)

2020 February, Pablo A. Rodríguez-Merino, “The Not-So-Terrorist Conflict: Analytical Deception and Political Delusion in China’s Framing of Uyghur-related Violent Events”, in Numéro, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-03-18:

A town in Pishan, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township.


Sanju

As we were to cross this range by the pass leading into Sanju, we continued down the valley to Mazar Badshah Abubekr, 19 miles below Shadula, where the road to the Sanju Pass leaves the Karakash Valley, and ascends up a very confined ravine leading to the pass.

1870, G. W. Hayward, “Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River”, in Journal of the Royal Geographic Society, volume 40, London: John Murray, →OCLC, page 67:

The Hakim of Guma visited the Mission as it passed through a portion of his district between Sanju and Kargalik. In a present of game sent by him we saw for the first time the "Shaw" pheasant, which to the ordinary eye looks exactly like our own home bird. We heard of ibex on the heights above Sanju, but were unable to go out after them.

1876, Thomas Edward Gordon, The Roof of the World, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, →OCLC, page 36:

But a police officer in Guma’s Chawda township acknowledged that authorities in Ayup’s nearby home township of Sanju had briefly detained him there at the end of last year.

2018 May 18, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Popular Uyghur Singer’s Whereabouts Unknown, Believed Detained in Xinjiang Re-Education Camp”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-05-22:

The next day we started up toward the pass. The Sanju is a well-known bad pass. There was much bad ice, but for us get good luck over it, by kindly of snow.

1923, Ghulam Rassul Galwan, Aksakal of Leh, Servant of Sahibs, Cambridge, England: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., →OCLC, page 265:

A mountain pass in Pishan, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Kiliyang

Borrowed from Uyghur كىلىياڭ (kiliyang).

Zhao et al. (1998) discovered that lamprophyres occur at Kiliyang, Pishan County, on the SW margin of the Tarim Basin.

2003 March, He Huaiyu, Guo Zhengfu, Wang Songshan, Hao Jie, Liu Qiang, Ariel Boven, “⁴⁰Ar/³⁹ Ar Age and Geological Significance of Lamprophyres in Pishan on the SW Margin of the Tarim Terrane, NW China”, in Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), volume 77, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The Kiliyang section in Pishan County is one of the most complete Meso-Cenozoic sections in the Kashi-Hotan depression, in which the deformation phenomenon is very typical.

2008 April, Cui Junwen, Li Pengwu, Guo Xianpu, Ding Xiaozhong, Tang Zhemin, “Basin- and Mountain-Building Dynamic Model of “Ramping-Detachment-Compression” in the West Kunlun-Southern Tarim Basin Margin”, in Acta Geologica Sinica, volume 82, number 2, →DOI, page 363:

Fig. 4-10 Diagram-matic section of Kiliyang, Pishan on the north slope of the west Kunlun Mountains[…]
Fig. 4-19 Single-grain fission-track ages of the samples from the Kiliyang section at Pishan County in the southern Tarim basin

2013, 李廷栋, 潘桂棠, 肖序常, 陈炳蔚, 青藏高原隆升的地质记录及机制, 广东科技出版社 [Guangdong Technology Publishing House], →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=LaYwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101&lpg=PT101:

A township in Pishan, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

克里陽

township in Pishan, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Pudong

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 浦東／浦东 (Pǔdōng, literally “East Bank”), derived from its position east of the Huangpu River.

bor

Where just 20 years ago there were rice paddies, now stands the new and ultramodern Pudong financial district and its imposing office towers. On Puxi, across the river, is the Bund, a collection of stately Art Deco buildings from the 1920s and '30s that call to mind old parts of New York or London.

2004 June 2, Alexandra A. Seno, “DOING BUSINESS : Shanghai seizes the gilded, glitzy day”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-02-10, Style:

Pudong is an important district of Shanghai. Over the past decade, it has made resounding achievements with its speedy economic development, which has in turn promoted the development of Shanghai as a whole and established its own position and image. Former Chinese leader Jiang Zemin praised Pudong as “an epitome of Shanghai’s modernization drive and a symbol of Chinas reform and opening-up.” As the Chief of Pudong New Area, I can proudly say that Pudong deserves such praise.

2007, Xuebing Zhang, “Foreword”, in Shanghai Pudong, →ISBN, →OCLC, page ix:

China will support the development of offshore yuan trading in Shanghai, and will explore yuan futures trading, as part of efforts to further reform and open up the city’s Pudong New Area, according to guidelines published on Thursday by China’s State Council, or cabinet.[...]
China will also help Pudong become a high-tech hub, with a focus on areas such as semiconductor, life science and artificial intelligence (AI).

2021 July 15, Samuel Shen, Emily Chow, “China to crack down on use of leanness enhancers in cattle and sheep”, in Alistair Bell, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-15: