Karakoram Highway

In mid-1978 the 800-km. Karakoram highway was opened, linking Xinjiang province in the People’s Republic of China with Havelian, north of Islamabad, after being under construction for 20 years.

1981, “Pakistan”, in The Far East and Australasia 1981-82, 13th edition, Europa Publications, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 986, column 1:

The Karakoram Highway linking Pakistan and China remains a strategic route.

1998, “Pakistan”, in Saul B. Cohen, editor, The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, volume 3, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 2340–2341:

The Karakoram Highway (KKH) connects the Silk Road oasis of Kashgar with Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan's capital, via the 4730m Khunjerab Pass, the semi-mythical Hunza Valley and the trading post of Gilgit.

1998, John S. King, Bradley Mayhew, Karakoram Highway (Lonely Planet), 3rd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:

In September of 2008, a woman with piercing green eyes named Nasreen Baig embarked on an arduous journey from her home in the tiny Pakistani village of Zuudkhan south along the Indus River and down the precipitous Karakoram Highway to the bustling city of Rawalpindi.

2009, Greg Mortenson, “Introduction”, in Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace through Education in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Penguin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 3:

This border outpost on the Karakoram Highway, slashed through the glacier-strewn Karakoram mountains to join China and Pakistan by road, boasts a new world record: It has the world’s highest automated bank teller machine.

2017 November 3, Rina Saeed Khan, “Pakistan’s glaciers face new threat: Highway’s black carbon”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-17, APAC:

The highest paved international road in the world, which connects Xinjiang, China to the Northern Areas, Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet).


Karakoram

/ˌkɑː.ɹəˈkɔː.ɹəm/

/ˌkæɹ.əˈkɔː.ɹəm/

/ˌkɑɹ.əˈkɔɹ.əm/

/ˌkæɹ.əˈkɔɹ.əm/

Ultimately from a Turkic language, literally meaning "black gravel". See Ottoman Turkish قره (qara, “black”) and possibly قوروم (kurum, “soot”) (kurum) and compare Urdu قراقرم (qarāquram) / قرہ قرم (qara quram).

The Labiate genus Perovskia, to which the plant here figured belongs, is a somewhat anomalous one, comprising four species, two of which are natives of Turkestan with a third confined to Beluchistan, and a fourth, the one now depicted, which extends from the mountains of Afghanistan through the Western Himalaya to Western Tibet. In the Karakoram Range it is met with at elevations up to 10,000 feet above sea level.

1912, Curtis's Botanical Magazine, volume 8, page 8441:

To reach the Karakoram the expedition had to cross the vast mountainous region which lies between Kashmir and Chinese Turkestan, taking a different route each way.

1912, Filippo De Filippi, “Introduction”, in Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page xvii:

The two sides also appeared to have dismantled recent construction along the river valley high in the Karakoram mountains, satellite images showed.

2020 July 7, AIJAZ HUSSAIN, EMILY SCHMALL, SAM MCNEIL, “Indian, Chinese soldiers move away from site of deadly clash”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-18:

A mountain range located in Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan, containing more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m (22,960 ft), including K2, the second highest peak in the world.


Xinjiang

/ˈʃɪnˈd͡ʒ(j)ɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 新疆 (Xīnjiāng, “new territory, new frontier”), from 新 (xīn, “new”) + 疆 (jiāng, “territory, border, frontier”).

zh-l

In the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, only local languages are used as a medium of instruction in the elementary and middle schools. In the same region, the law provides that both Chinese and Uighur must be used in all public documents.

1975, “The National Minority Languages of China”, in Winfred P. Lehmann, editor, Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 114:

Since early 2017, the Chinese government has reportedly detained some 1 million Uygurs and other largely Muslim ethnic minorities in mass internment camps in Xinjiang, where inmates are subjected to political indoctrination. Beijing claims the facilities are “vocational training centres” and says they are a legitimate response to the threat of religious extremism.

2020, Laura Zhou, “Marco Rubio urges US Congress to pass Uygur bill to counter China’s crackdown in Xinjiang”, in South China Morning Post:

G7 explicitly agreed to call out human rights abuses in Xinjiang and in Hong Kong- explicitly. Two, to coordinate a common strategy to deal with China non-market policies that undermine competition- we've agreed and that's underway now how to do that. Three, to take serious actions against forced labor in solar, agriculture and the garment industries, because that's where it's happening- and they've agreed we will do that.

2021 June 13, President Joe Biden, 0:00 from the start, in Biden says G7 leaders agreed to call out China over human rights abuses in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, South China Morning Post:

Xinjiang was the dark China. The western frontier region, which is twice the size of Texas, is home to more than 10 million Muslim ethnic minorities who have been subject to mass detentions, religious repression and intrusive digital and physical surveillance.

2022 May 6, Li Yuan, “Has Shanghai Been Xinjianged?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Eighteen people remain trapped in a gold mine after it caved in China's northwestern province of Xinjiang.

2022 December 25, “China: 18 miners trapped after gold mine collapse”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2022-12-25, Nature and Environment:

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
w:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

An Uyghur autonomous region in China, located in the sparsely populated northwest. Official name: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Capital: Ürümqi.

Chinese Turkestan

can variously refer to Xinjiang as a whole or to portions of Xinjiang

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Xinjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 新絳／新绛 (Xīnjiàng).

Drumming in Shanxi Province can be dated back centuries earlier to Xinjiang County, the ancient name of Jiangzhou, in present-day Shanxi Province.

2010 September 3, He Jianwei, “Beats of the land: Artist's persistence saves ethnic heritage”, in Beijing Today, number 482, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 12–13, columns 3-1:

In September 2009, Xinjiang County in Yuncheng Municipality, Shanxi Province started to put village administrative information online for farmers to access.

2015, Guoguang Wu, Helen Lansdowne, China's Transition from Communism - New Perspectives, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC:


Lin

Together with his friend Tang Min, chief economist of the Asian Development Bank, Mao established a micro-credit scheme in Lin County of north China’s Shanxi province eight years ago.

2002 April 19, Xiao Rong, “'Grandpa Mao' Trains Peasants”, in Beijing Today, number 49, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 1:

Seven miners were initially believed to be trapped underground a bauxite mine in Shanxi Province Sunday, local authorities said.
The accident occurred at the Duoshi Mining Company in Lin county of Lüliang, the Lin county information office said in a press release.

2010 September 20, “Miners trapped”, in Global Times, archived from the original on 2019-10-01:

As mines increasingly became privatized, the profits no longer necessarily came to the villages and a major dispute was triggered in Lin County (Shanxi) in 2008 partly because the population felt they had received no benefits from the local mines (Nanfang dushi bao 22 October 2009).

2012, Tim Wright, The Political Economy of the Chinese Coal Industry: Black Gold and Blood-stained Coal, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 107:

Li Caidong, 68, who has lived in a cave his entire life in Lin county, stands outside his cave, at sunset in Lin county, Shanxi province, China March 14, 2018.[…]
The relocations are voluntary, say residents of Lin county, but Guo sees no reason to abandon her cave house.[…]
“Our work has been proceeding smoothly,” Liu Yongfu, an official handling poverty alleviation and development efforts, told a news conference in Beijing in March. “The common folk are very supportive.” But authorities in Lin county declined to comment on their relocation plans when contacted by Reuters.

2018 May 11, Joseph Campbell, Elias Glenn, “Better off in a cave: Chinese count costs of apartments in anti-poverty campaign”, in Darren Schuettler, Clarence Fernandez, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-11-24, World News:


Ningbo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 寧波／宁波 (Níngbō), literally "Peaceful Waves".

寧波／宁波 (Níngbō)

The containers were shipped from the eastern Chinese port of Ningbo to Piraeus by sea, and were then transported to Budapest in two trains that reached on Jan. 29 and Feb. 5, according to China's official People's Daily newspaper.

2017 February 8, “New land-sea route opens between China and central Europe”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2017-02-08:

Congestion off China's top two container ports Shanghai and Ningbo is worsening following the shutdown of a container terminal in Ningbo where a COVID-19 case was detected this week.

2021 August 12, Muyu Xu, Gavin Maguire, “Major container ports in eastern China see worsening congestion after COVID-19 cases”, in Kim Coghill, David Evans, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-08-12, China:

A port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China.


Kamba

Under the plan released last week, the highway known as G695 will run through southern Tibet’s Cona (Tibetan: Tsona) county – which lies immediately north of the disputed India-Tibet border demarcated by the Line of Actual Control (LAC) – Kamba county, host of a noted military camp, and Gyirong county near the border with Nepal.

2022 July 21, “China to build second highway through Aksai Chin, claimed by India as part of Ladakh”, in Tibetan Review, archived from the original on 2022-07-21:

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Shan

From Burmese ရှမ်း (hram:), from Thai สยาม (sà-yǎam). Doublet of Siam.

The Thai proper are related to the Shans of Burma, the Siamese of Thailand and the Lao of Indochina. The Chinese segment of the Thai ethnic group is settled in Yünnan Province, where it numbers 580,000. It constitutes the Hsi-shuang-pan-na Autonomous Chou in the southern part of the province and shares the Tehung Autonomous Chou in the west with the Chingpo (Kachin). The Thai of the Hsi-shuang-pan-na Chou speak the Lü dialect, those of the Tehung Chou are more closely related to the Shans of northern Burma.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 42:

Although holding mainly high upland territory in Burma, the Shan themselves live only in the valleys and in stretches of plain. The surrounding hill country is occupied by relatively primitive hill peoples living in economic symbiosis with the Shan, but there is no clear genetic distinction between the Shan and their neighbours. With minor exceptions modern Shan communities are Buddhist. Most Shan are cultivators of rice; they have a characteristic species of feudal political structure. Shan culture probably diffused southward and westward from west-central China from Han times (c. 200 B.C.) onward.

1968, “SHAN”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 20, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 344, column 2:

A member of a people living primarily in the Shan State of Myanmar (also known as Burma), and in adjacent areas of China, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, with about 6 million people.


Nathu La

"The opening of the border pass at Nathu La after 44 years marks the beginning of a new era in Sino-Indian relations," Phuntsok said. "I hope the border people of these two great nations will benefit from this."

2006 July 6, Champa Phuntsok, quotee, “India and China reopen historic pass - Asia - Pacific - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-31, Asia Pacific:

Nathu La connects India to Hindu and Buddhist sites in the region and was the site of a fierce border clash between Chinese and Indian troops in 1967.

2017 June 26, Ben Blanchard, David Stanway, Tommy Wilkes, “China accuses Indian border guards of crossing into its territory”, in Paul Tait, Michael Perry, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-06-27:

India’s Border Roads Organization said the tourists were hit by the avalanche near the Nathu La mountain pass in Sikkim state. A video released by the Indian army showed rescuers digging through the snow to find an undetermined number of missing people swept away by the avalanche down a mountain slope.
Nathu La mountain pass is along the border with China and is a major tourist destination.

2023 April 4, “Avalanche sweeps away tourists in northeast India; 7 killed”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-04-04:

A mountain pass between India and China.


Tianjin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 天津 (Tiānjīn, literally “heavenly ford; heavenly crossing”).

bor

The vast majority of factories are state owned. We visited state-owned factories ranging in size from the one thousand six hundred-worker Dong Feng (“East Wind”) Watch Factory in Tianjin to the huge one hundred fifty thousand-worker Anshan Iron and Steel Company in the Northeast.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 38:

Watch or run in the fourth annual 42-kilometer Tianjin race on a 15-day tour starting October 23 in Beijing.

1985 July, “For travel planners, a July 1985 check list”, in Sunset, volume 175, number 1, page 8:

As of March this year, pipelines accommodating 17 MW were already installed between Donghai and a pilot wind project in Bohai Bay near Tianjin.

2010 September 7, Manuela Zoninsein, “Chinese Offshore Development Blows Past U.S.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-17, ClimateWire:

Fears that the death toll from the explosion disaster in Tianjin, northeast China, could top 200 were stoked today as state media declared that 112 people had died as a result of Wednesday’s accident, with 95 more missing.

2015 August 16, Jamie Fullerton, “Tianjin disaster death toll may top 200”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-03:

Germany's Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock arrived in the Chinese port city of Tianjin on Thursday to begin her three-day tour of the country.[…]
On Thursday, Baerbock is set to visit a school in Tianjin that teaches German as part of the German Foreign Office's PASCH initiative.

2023 April 13, “Germany: EU 'cannot be indifferent' to China-Taiwan tensions”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2023-04-14, Politics:

A direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China, between Beijing and the Bohai Bay.


Cili

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 慈利 (Cílì).


Guangdong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng). 廣／广 (guǎng) itself means "expanse", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 C.E.. "Guangdong" and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean "Guang East" and "Guang West". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Guangs" (兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng) Liangguang). Doublet of Canton, which went through Portuguese.

After the break-up of the 1924-1927 United Front, the Chinese Communist Party set up Soviets—liberated districts— in several parts of South China. One of the earliest liberated areas, organized in 1927-1928, was in the Hailufeng District of Guangdong Province.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Women: Half of Heaven”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 135:

If the United States revoked MFN status, tariffs would skyrocket on the goods such as textiles, shoes, and toys that are primarily produced by private enterprises. Coastal provinces, such as Guangdong near Hong Kong and Fukien near Taiwan, that have served as the beachhead for free-market economics would suffer the worst blow.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 175:

The authorities in Guangdong Province on Tuesday raised alerts to the highest level after days of rainfall and floods, closing schools, businesses and public transport in affected areas.

2022 June 23, Tiffany May, “Extreme Weather Hits China With Massive Floods and Scorching Heat”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-23, Asia Pacific:

Chinese media reported on Tuesday that more than 70 crocodiles had escaped after deluges in Guangdong province caused a lake at a crocodile farm to overflow.

2023 September 12, “Chinese city hunts for dozens of crocodiles”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-09-13:

A populous province in China, located on the southern coast. Capital: Guangzhou.


Zhengzhou

/d͡ʒʌŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鄭州／郑州 (Zhèngzhōu).

Now outside in Zhengzhou, the city worst hit at the moment, which has had record rains hitting the highest level of rainfall since records were kept six decades ago, the streets have turned into brown rivers which have swallowed up traffic, and in an even more alarming development the military is saying that at a nearby city a major dam could actually burst and that soldiers have been mobilized there to blast around the dam in an attempt to divert flood waters, take the pressure off the dam, in the hope that, what they're talking about is already is a sort of twenty meter fissure in the dam, it can avoid having that dam being burst, which would obviously also be a really terrible development.

July 21, 2021, Steven McDonald, 3:13 from the start, in Twelve die as rain floods train tunnel in China, BBC News, archived from the original on 2021-07-24:

The testing will begin in Henan's provincial capital of Zhengzhou before the end of May, authorities said, according to the report, to help with "identifying potential risks" quickly.

2022 May 23, “Chinese province of nearly 100 million to Covid test every two days”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-23:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China.


Lanzhou

Translingual: Lanzhousaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of 蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu).

zh-l

蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu)

Construction of this expressway, linking Lanzhou with Wulumuchi, has continued further west as part of the central government’s attempt to equalize the balance of economic development between the prosperous east and the less developed western interior.

2008, William Lindesay, The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 112:

In northwestern Gansu province, where nine local confirmed cases have been reported in the past week, primary and high schools in the provincial capital of Lanzhou, as well as in one county in Jiuquan city, have suspended offline classes.

2021 October 21, Ryan Woo, Roxanne Liu, Liangping Gao, “Parts of northern China brace for more COVID-19 lockdowns and curbs”, in Christian Schmollinger, Gerry Doyle, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-21, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China.


Chengdu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 成都 (Chéngdū), supposedly bestowed upon it during its first founding by the ninth king of the Shu Kingdom's Kaiming dynasty when he removed his court there from nearby Pi County.

As the United States lashed out against the “new tyranny” of China, Beijing on Friday ordered the closure of the American consulate in Chengdu, a retaliatory move that threatens to drive the two powers into an even deeper divide.
Beijing blamed the Trump administration for the deterioration in relations, calling its own action justified after Washington told China this week to shutter its consulate in Houston and accused its diplomats of acting illegally. A Chinese official, in turn, denounced American diplomats in Chengdu, a southwestern city, for interfering in China’s affairs.

2020 July 24, Keith Bradsher, Steven Lee Myers, “China Orders U.S. to Shut Consulate in Chengdu, Retaliating for Houston”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-24, Asia Pacific:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China.


Hefei

Some 10,000 people took the streets in the eastern city of Hefei this week in what appears to have been the largest student demonstration since the Tiananmen Square human rights protests of 1989.

2003 January 9, Joseph Kahn, “Huge Demonstration in China, but Subject Is Traffic Safety”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-02-14, World:

The other case, surnamed Zhang, was in close contact with Li during a training class Li led in the city of Luan, near Anhui's provincial capital Hefei, Xinhua reported.[…]
Two areas in Luan city and one part of Feixi county were declared "medium-risk" regions by local authorities in response to the cases. State media reported mass testing being carried out in main urban area in Luan and some areas in Hefei.

2021 May 13, “Mainland China reports first local COVID-19 cases in more than 3 weeks”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-14, Asia Pacific:

The vaccination campaign in the Luyang district of Hefei city is currently operating in an orderly and efficient manner, with all vaccination points running smoothly, thanks in large part to the effective utilization of A.I. technology.

2021 July 13, “A.I. is Ensuring an Orderly Vaccination in Hefei”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2021-07-13:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, in central China.

خِفِي

a prefecture-level city in central China


Dalian

Translingual: Daliansaurus

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大連／大连 (Dàlián), ultimately from Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Related to the name of the bay called after a village located on the opposite side of the bay.

der

In a rare interview, Ms. Sun spoke with pride about her blue collar past. “I come from a worker’s background, and I have a very deep and special feeling for organized labor,” she told the Dalian Daily.
As party secretary of Dalian, a city in northeastern China, Ms. Sun honed her political acumen.

2022 October 19, Alexandra Stevenson, “For Women in China’s Communist Party, It’s Lonely at the Top”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-19:

A major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China.

دَالْيَان

subprovincial city in northeastern China


Jinan

/ˈd͡ʒiːˌnɑːn/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 濟南／济南 (Jǐnán).

- Woolly hat and sun cream -
Shandong Luneng Taishan, as their full name goes, are based in Jinan, a fast-growing city of about 7.5 million people in China's east. Jinan is the capital of Shandong province.
Fellaini will need a wardrobe for all four seasons. Jinan is currently about as chilly as Manchester, but it can easily drop well below freezing. Summers will be much hotter than northern England, nudging above 30 degrees Celsius (86F).
- Pollution, traffic -
Many Chinese cities are plagued by traffic congestion and pollution, but those problems are acute in Jinan.
The Asian Development Bank in 2017 said rapid economic growth and urbanisation had made Jinan the most congested city in China. It is also in the top 10 most polluted.

2019 February 4, “Choking smog and 'spring heaven': Fellaini's new home in China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-21:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, in eastern China.


Jinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 紀南／纪南 (Jìnán).

A town in Jingzhou district, Jingzhou, Hubei, in central China.

The ancient capital of the former State of Chu in modern Hubei, China.

紀南

capital of former State of Chu; town in eastern China


Changchun

/t͡ʃæŋˈt͡ʃʊn/

It costs but from $0.86 to $1.14 per ton to load Japanese coal into the cars at the mines, and as these are under the control of the South Manchuria Railway it is said that coal is freighted to Changchun free.

1915 August 24, Charles K. Moser, “China-Manchuria”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52h, Harbin, page 3:

A “big-character” wall appearing in Changchun, Kirin Province, on Feb. 2, denounced the Chinese Communist regime’s crackdown on dissidents clamoring for human rights, an intelligence report from the Chinese mainland said April 3.
The wall poster accused the Peiping regime [of] "practicing Fascist totalitarianism," the report said, adding that some 40 people in Changchun had been arrested for putting up wall posters.

1979 April 8, “Wallposter in Kirin”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 13, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

At least one person was killed and another was injured in a series of explosions Friday afternoon in the northeastern Chinese city of Changchun, the local authorities said.
The police are tentatively treating the explosions as “a criminal case,” the propaganda office of the Changchun Municipal Communist Party Committee said in a statement posted online.

2019 January 25, Austin Ramzy, “Explosions Shake Shopping District in Changchun, China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-01-26, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China.

تْشَانْج شُون

a sub-provincial city in northeastern China


Baotou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 包頭／包头 (Bāotóu), from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu, “haunt of deers”), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “with…”) / -т (-t, “ornative case suffix”).

Moving west from Paotowchen there is only one highway, which many camel trains from Kansu follow in winter, but which is almost deserted in summer when the Yellow River is ice free. This road leads through Santaoho, a Roman Catholic Mission village near the elbow of the river, through Shihtsuishan, where there is a carefully guarded pass and a large garrison, and on into the populous Ninghsia district of Kansu, altogether an eighteen day journey of about 1,300 11 through thinly settled country in which a pestilence would travel with difficulty and in which it could have been most effectually checked at any of half a dozen points.

[1918 April, Rodney Gilbert, “Pneumonic Plague in China”, in Asia, volume XVIII, number 4, American Asiatic Association, page 344, columns 2, 3:

Alley and I were not going to Turkestan. We were on a four-hundred-and-fifty-mile trip to Paotou (pronounced Bao Toe), which used to be the frontier end of the line and is now autonomous Inner Mongolia’s largest city.

[1962, Edgar Snow, “Paotou Retrospect”, in Red China Today: The Other Side of the River, Penguin Books, published 1970, →OCLC, page 72:

Dirty, toxic, radioactive: Working in the mining sector
One of the most extreme examples is Baotou, a Chinese city in Inner Mongolia, where rare earth mining poisoned surrounding farms and nearby villages, causing thousands of people to leave the area.

2021 April 13, Michel Penke, “Toxic and radioactive: The damage from mining rare elements”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2021-04-13, CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS:

A prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China.

بَاوْتُو

a prefecture-level city in northern China


Guiyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴陽／贵阳 (Guìyáng).

By early afternoon, I was in Kueiyang. Since this was the provincial capital of Kueichou, I decided to splurge and checked into the Plaza Hotel.

[2015, Bill Porter, “The Miao [苗族]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 72:

A court in the city of Guiyang ruled that Mr. C's employment rights were indeed violated. "The defendant terminated the contract with the plaintiff without a legitimate reason" and "infringed on the plaintiff’s equal employment rights," the ruling said.[…]
Mr. C, a transgender Chinese man who says he was fired for wearing men's clothes, stands outside a court in Guiyang, China, July 27, 2017, holding the court’s ruling that his dismissal violated his employment rights.

2017 July 27, Emily Rauhala, “Transgender Chinese man wins first-of-its-kind labor discrimination case”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-11-11, WorldViews:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China.

جُوي يَانْغ

a prefecture-level city in southwestern China


Guiyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 桂陽／桂阳 (Guìyáng).

(historical) A former commandery of late imperial China.


Shenyang

Holonym: Liaodong

The northeastern city of Shenyang has become one of the country's chief machine building centers and plants there include one for making pneumatic mining tools and three for various types of machine tools. Also in Shenyang is a new plant that builds blast furnaces and openhearths, with the destination of Anshan.

1958 August 7, Robert Westgate, “China's Industrial Target: To Overtake Britain in 15 Years”, in The Iron Age, volume 182, number 6, page 43:

We are reasonably sure that Li is still alive in Shenyang, but there is no denying that he is now a very questionable figure.

1975 January 5, L. Chen, “Bomb planted by Wang Hung-wen?”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

I know of no industrial unit outside Lushun and Talien that was able to conclude a contract of such comprehensiveness as the glass factory and even in Shenyang where production was rapidly restored and where there were many advanced industrial enterprises, it was felt that the Lushun-Talien model was too comprehensive and of too high a standard to serve as a model for its own collective contracts.

1976, William Brugger, Democracy & organisation in the Chinese industrial enterprise (1948-1953), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

Shenyang is a sprawling industrial and financial center, the largest city in northeastern China, with a reputation as the region’s crime capital. The city was overrun with violent gangs and controlled by corrupt public officials who were regularly purged by the government in Beijing, only to be replaced by new ones. The developers Hongwei knew in Shenyang were all gangsters, and when they weren't making shady deals, they were spending their nights in private gambling parlors.

2015, Yeonmi Park, Maryanne Vollers, “Kidnapped”, in In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl's Journey to Freedom (Non-fiction), Penguin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 169:

China’s continuing strict coronavirus controls have battered local economies across the country. But Shenyang has endured a double blow. Just 150 miles from the North Korean border, it is suffering not only from the restrictions in China, but also from those imposed by the even more isolated country next door.

2022 August 30, Vivian Wang, “Lockdowns in China, and North Korea, Deal Double Blow to Bridge City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-30, Business:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, in northeastern China.


Kunming

Military movements are reported to be proceeding in the region of Kunming.

1930 December 31 [1930 December 30], “Rebel Army Enters Yunnan.”, in Hongkong Daily Press, number 2260, page 9, column 4:

Best known abroad are Free China’s two "back doors," the Burma Road and the Northwest Highway. The 960-mile road from Kunming to Lashio was a vast engineering feat and, after the outbreak of the Pacific war, China’s main hope for obtaining offensive armaments. In the last month before its closing it carried over 30,000 tons.

1943, Hubert Freyn, Free China's New Deal, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 63:

Last week's focus of the war in the Far East centered squarely upon this little railroad. Because it brings supplies to the Assam Valley airfields, whence they can be flown over the "Hump" to Kunming, it is a vital part of our only link with China.

1944 April 24, “Trouble in Burma”, in Life, volume 16, number 17, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 25, column 1:

Hsiao-hua, who studied at a primary school at Kunming before he fled the mainland with his father, said he was often criticized by his classmates for his association with "bad elements." All school children on the Chinese mainland, he added, must do forced manual work and read "Quotations from Mao Tse-tung."

1975 March 23, “Freedom at last for Wu & son”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

In some cases, over a hundred thousand men, women, and children could be seen building five-thousand-foot solid runways for huge bombers of a type not yet built in America. These fields were being built in places east of Kunming, places with strange-sounding names like Liuchow, Kweilin, Lingling, and Hengyang, names which would all too soon become quite familiar to hundred of American airmen.

1980, Wanda Cornelius, Thayne Short, Ding Hao: America's Air War in China, 1937-1945, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 94-95:

The schedule of the second phase of the COP15 global biodiversity talks in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming in April is "likely to be affected" by new COVID-19 risks, environment ministry spokesman Liu Youbin said on Monday.
The second phase was supposed to see the completion of a new post-2020 global deal on biodiversity protection, following on the first round of talks in Kunming last October.

2022 January 23, Muyu Xu, David Stanway, “Biodiversity talks in China's Kunming in April may be affected by COVID”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-24, Environment:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China.


Maoming

From Mandarin 茂名 (Màomíng), named after Pan Maoming during the Sui dynasty.

On the Glorious Fourth Fr. Gauthier said good-bye to Tungchan and the two of us set off to visit the part of the mission that is in Maoming. The first village, lying up in the mountains about twenty miles from Tungchan, was Naamshaantung, where there are about thirty baptized Christians.

1919 November [1919 July 5], “Tungchan Chronicle”, in The Field Afar, Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 239, column 2:

With the arrival of Maryknoll's second group, Bishop de Guebriant enlarged their territory. He gave them the prefecture of Maoming, a large slice of country to the west of Kwangtung, including the important city of Kochow, which had no resident priest.

1962, Raymond Kerrison, Bishop Walsh of Maryknoll, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 107:

Under Maoming’s expansion proposals, the plant, in Maoming city in western Guangdong, also plans to add a 48,000-bpd hydrocracker, a 36,000-bpd hydrotreating unit and a 400,000 tonne-per-year aromatics facility, the refinery said.

2008 July 23, Aizhu Chen, “Sinopec Maoming's expansion likely after 2010”, in Jonathan Hopfner, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-10, Oil Report:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.


Anshan

South Manchuria Railway Co., Peking, China, perfecting plans for early construction new steel mill Anshan, Manchuria, for manufacture steel bars black sheets, railway sleepers, steel poles, and other iron and steel products used railroad construction and operation.

1928 August 23, “Foreign”, in The Iron Age, volume 122, number 8, New York, page 508, column 3:

It appears a foregone conclusion that the National Government will take Harbin as soon as the Generalissimo gives the nod. Also, as the new 6th Army, one of the corps d'élite of Chinese forces, is now stationed in and around Anshan, a move on Antung appears likely and may have already begun.

1946 September 27, John Leighton Stuart, The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State (Foreign Relations of the United States 1946), Government Printing Office, page 235:

In old China industry was concentrated in the eastern part of the country. Nearly all the iron and steel enterprises were set up in the cities of Anshan, Penki, Talien, Tientsin and Shanghai, within 100 kilometres of the sea.

1964, 任育地 [Jen Yu-ti], 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

A dissident detained seven weeks ago in northeastern China has been charged with subversion, a human rights group reported Wednesday.
Police in the town of Anshan in Liaoning province notified Wang Zechen’s family of the charges on Wednesday, according to the Information Center of Human Rights and Democracy in China.

1999 July 14, “Report: Chinese Dissident Charged”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-23:

Women’s jails in China are filled with women who have injured or killed abusive husbands, according to the Anti-Domestic Violence Network, citing research by local women’s federations and scholars. Studies found such women represented 60 percent of inmates in one prison in Anshan, Liaoning Province, and 80 percent of women serving heavy sentences in a prison in Fuzhou, Fujian Province.

2014 June 24, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “Death Penalty Overturned for Wife Who Killed Abuser”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-08, Sinosphere:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, in northeastern China.

آنْشَان

a prefecture-level city in northeastern China


Harbin

From Manchu ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (harbin)- in the late 19th century, the area was a fishing village.

The headquarters of the Chinese-Eastern road is at Harbin, a town situated at about the centre of northern China, and there located for the purpose of administering the affairs of the railway.

1899 July 29, H. E. Rood, “American Locomotives in Siberia”, in Harper's Weekly, volume XLIII, number 2223, page 749:

Manchuria is crossed by the Chinese Eastern Railway (the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway), which enters the Hei-lung-chiang Province from the north-west and divides at Harbin (哈爾賓^([sic – meaning 哈爾濱])) in the Chi-lin Province, one branch going to Vladivostock (海参威) and the other to Dalny and Port Arthur.

1904, Charles Daniel Tenney, Geography of Asia, Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 23:

The Russians of Manchuria, who had built Harbin forty-five years ago, were now invited to clear the stage and to do it quickly. Restrictions on all possible jobs and professions soon narrowed their means of earning to almost nothing.

1942, Nina Fedorova, The Children, Little, Brown and Company, page 79:

English spoken.
Can you tell me what is happening?
We arrive to the village Yurga. You must disbark^([sic – meaning disembark]).
No, I have a ticket to Harbin.
Harbin across border of China. There is argument.
Well I'll go as far as I can. Thank you just the same.

1958, 20:02 from the start, in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, →OCLC:

Harbin is the capital of the Heilongjiang Province (Heilungkiang Province). Situated in the middle reaches of the Songhua Jiang (Sunghua River), it is a busy river port. As railways and highways converge at Harbin, it is also an important hub of communication.
Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.

1982, The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, →ISBN, pages 185–186:

Temperatures in Yakeshi in Inner Mongolia (內蒙古) dropped to minus 28 degrees Celsius yesterday, while Harbin (哈爾濱) in Heilongjiang (黑龍江) province experienced minus 19 degrees.

2016 January 21, Alice Yan, Lai Ying Kit, Mimi Lau, “Incredible scenes as mainland shoppers strip supermarket shelves ahead of big chill”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-22, China:

A cohort of male swimmers, bare torsos shining, lined up to recite from Mao's Little Red Book before plunging into the Songhua river, in Harbin, to commemorate the Great Leader's swim in the Yangzi. A crowd gathered with banners in Harbin's main square for a speech about "Learning and Applying Mao Zedong Thought", a crowd so vast that the had taken several shots and would splice them together with backing tape.[…]
He wavered only when he saw the monks at Harbin's ransacked Buddhist temple holding a banner which read: "To hell with the Buddhist scriptures. They are full of dog farts."

2020 July 4, “Obituary Li Zhensheng”, in The Economist, volume 436, number 9201, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 82:

prefecture-level city
prefecture-level city

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China.


Xiamen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廈門／厦門／厦门 (Xiàmén).

The BRICS -- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa -- had gathered in the southeastern Chinese city of Xiamen hoping to counter accusations that the group of big emerging economies was drifting apart and becoming irrelevant.

2017 September 4, “BRICS meets in shadow of North Korea bombshell”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2017-09-04, Live news:

For the past month Beijing has routinely sent drones over the Kinmen islands, which are about six miles from the coastal Chinese city of Xiamen. Recently China started to release high-resolution, close-range drone video of military facilities on Kinmen.

2022 September 1, Didi Tang, “Taiwan shoots down Chinese drone”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-01, World:

After the incident, Taiwan said five Chinese surveillance ships on Monday had entered prohibited or restricted waters of the Kinmen Islands, located a few kilometers from the southeastern Chinese city of Xiamen, home to more than 100,000 Taiwanese.

2024 February 28, “China tells Taiwan to explain death of 2 fishermen near Kinmen Islands”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-02-29:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China.

:zh:周婉窈
Cambridge University Press
Xiamen

شْيَامِن

a sub-provincial city in southeastern China


Taiyuan

"On Wednesday 7th August 1901 a party from T'ai Yüan Fu, consisting of Mr. Duncan, Dr. Creasy Smith, Major Pereira, and Dr. Edwards, arrived to take part in the memorial service ; Mr. Hoste and Mr. Ernest Taylor of the China Inland Mission having arrived a day or two earlier.

[1903 [1901 August 9], “Appendix”, in Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians, Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, →OCLC, page 318:

Shansi (population 12,000,000): On the surface Taiyuan, the capital of Shansi, appears as calm as Sian, only more down at heel. Grass is sprouting in the cracks of the Jap runways on the airfield but smoke rises from the chimneys of foundries and textile plants.[…]
One discovers with shock how deeply the Japanese burrowed into North China. In backwoods Taiyuan there are 25,000 Japanese civilians, most of whom were put down here to mine Shansi’s coal.

1945 November 12, Charles J. V. Murphy, “China Reborn”, in Life, volume 19, number 20, Chicago: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 113, column 1:

The commitment was made at a meeting held in commemoration of Tomb-Sweeping Day and the third anniversary of President Chiang’s passing on April 5, at Yuanshan in front of the Shrine of the 500 Heroes (dedicated to those who fought to the end at Taiyuan, Shansi province, against the Communists in April 1949).

1978 April 9, “Freedom-seekers vow to defeat Reds”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIX, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Taiyuan, the capital of the province, lies on the upper reaches of the Fen surrounded by irrigated ricelands, orchards and vineyards on the mountain slopes, with enormous seams of coal underground. In Shansi all roads lead to Taiyuan, but the roads that radiate out of Taiyuan in every direction lead nowhere.

1983, William Hinton, “Introduction: Shansi, Land of the Oxhide Lanterns”, in Shenfan, New York: Vintage Books, published 1984, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxxiv:

A group of Maoists commemorating the 35th anniversary of Mao Zedong’s death in the northern Chinese city of Taiyuan was violently broken up by police. Chinese authorities have no patience for these Mao-lovers, who seem to have forgotten the former communist leader’s authoritarian streak and retained only the idyllic vision of a fairer society.

2011 September 23, Ségolène Malterre, “Modern-day Maoists worry Chinese authorities”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2015-12-28:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China.


Nanchang

c. 1600s, from the Mandarin 南昌 (Nánchāng, “Southern Prosperity”).

bor

But whilſt he was beſieging this City, there came, unfortunately, a new Army of Tartars from the Imperiall City of Peking , which had order to recover this Province of Kiangſi; and therefore Kinus was forced to raiſe his Siege to oppoſe their entrance by the Northern parts of the Country; And at firſt having a vaſt Army, and uſed to the Tartarian warfare, he fought both valiantly and happily; but not being able to ſuſtain any longer their redoubled violent aſſaults, he was forced to retire for his ſecurity to Nanchang, the chief City of that County; which City the Tartars durſt not venture to take by force, but reſolved to reduce it by a long Siege; for which end they gathered together a Company of Country Clowns to make a large and ſpacious Trench round about the City to the River, and there they placed Ships ſo as no Proviſion could poſſibly enter. This City of Nanchang is great and extremely full of inhabitants, beſides the multitude of Souldiers which defended it at that time; ſo as although Kinus had made great Proviſion for a Siege, yet after ſome moneths he came to great want and pennury; and yet he held it out though many dyed, expecting ſtil some ſuccours from the Emperor Fungley, which could not be sent;

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Bellum Tartaricum”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, page 290:

The next day, being the 23. of April, we came in ſight of the firſt chief City of Nanchang, which is alſo called by ſome according to the name of the Province Kiangſi, where this is ſituated.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 67:

Kiangſi is divided into thirteen Countries, containing 67 Cities ; the chief whereof is Nanchang , once the Metropolis of the Empire : Iaocheu, Quansin, Kicukiang, Kienchang, Linkiang, Kiegan, Kancheu, are other chief Cities.

1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 440:

From Cancheu to Nanchang the Country is exceedingly beautiful, fruitful, and populous.

1703 February 10, Father De Chavagnac, “Father De Chavagnac, to Father Le Gobien”, in Tavels of the Jesuits, Footcheoo-foo, page 302:

On the 31st of July he arrived at Kiukiang, and in August, in company with the Rev. C. V. Hart, Superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Mission, visited Nanchang, the capital of Kiangsi, which had been entered by Protestant missionaries but twice before, and in two days he sold 300 Portions.

1881, Sixty-Fifth Annual Report of the American Bible Society, New York, page 122:

The rows of towering buildings crowding the banks of the Gan River are a testament to the real estate boom that transformed Nanchang in eastern China from a gritty manufacturing hub to a modern urban center.[…]
As China’s economy prospered the last two decades, Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Province, erected sweeping apartment complexes and gleaming office towers to meet the increasing demand for homes and workplaces.

2023 May 25, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu, “Once a Symbol of China’s Growth, Now a Sign of a Housing Crisis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-25:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China.

A village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 福州 (Fúzhōu).

ᡶᡠ ᠵᡝᠣ

a prefecture-level city in southeastern China

At the end of August Eaton anchored at a group of three small islands off the coast of Fujian to take on fresh water, as the casks had not been refilled since leaving the Cape in April. Cuninghame calls these islands the Crocodile Islands, but he says the Chinese call them the ‘Pek-kin Islands’. These are the Matsu Islands, north east of Fuzhou, one of which is called Peikantang or Peikan Island.

2007, Jane Kilpatrick, “The first collector”, in Gifts from the Gardens of China: The Introduction of Traditional Chinese Garden Plants to Britain 1698-1862, Frances Lincoln Limited, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 41:

In a past life in Fuzhou, it represented some reality other than the one of daily congee and pickled turnips, cabbage and boiled rip soup.

2022, Ling Ma, “Peking Duck”, in Bliss Montage, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China.


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 撫州／抚州 (Fǔzhōu).

The blasts occurred in the city of Fuzhou in Jiangxi Province between 9 and 9:45 a.m., according to the government posting, which appeared on the province’s propaganda bureau Web site. The first one was at the Fuzhou Procurator’s Office, the second at the Linzhuan District government building and the third in a car park at the Linzhuan Food and Drug Administration office.

2011 May 26, Edward Wong, “Series of Blasts Leaves at Least 2 Dead in Southern Chinese City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-05-26, Asia Pacific:

Our family was originally from Nancheng county, Fuzhou district, Jiangxi province. Nancheng dates back to ancient times, to the days when Liu Bang ruled as the first Han dynasty emperor, and Nancheng belonged to Yuzhang district.

2018 [2013], Rao Pingru, translated by Nicky Harman, Our Story: A Memoir of Love and Life in China, Square Peg, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 26:

A prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangxi, China.


Chongqing

/t͡ʃɒŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

/t͡ʃɑŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 重慶／重庆 (Chóngqìng).

The latest proposed relocation would affect residents along hundreds of miles of twisting lakeshore from Jiangjin, in the Chongqing municipality, to the dam’s location at Yichang, in Hubei Province.

2012 April 18, Michael Wines, “Landslide Risk At Reservoir Cited in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-04-19, Asia Pacific:

Her young parents, who worked in a pottery factory in Rongchang in present-day Chongqing municipality, conceived her while unmarried.

2014 January 20, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “‘She. Herself. Naked.': The Art of He Chengyao”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-16, Sinosphere:

For nearly four years, he worked in one of the three cavernous Ford Motor assembly plants in Chongqing, a sprawling metropolis in southwestern China with almost 20 million people. Every day, he spent long hours putting brake fluid into the Ford Focus compact cars that glided past on the assembly line.

2019 April 11, Keith Bradsher, “For Chinese Raised in Prosperity, Shrugs in the Face of Layoffs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-12, China Dispatch:

A canteen in China's southwest municipality of Chongqing collapsed on Friday following an explosion suspected to be caused by a gas leak, leaving many trapped, according to reports from state media.

2022 January 7, Gabriel Crossley, “Multiple people trapped after explosion in China's Chongqing - state media”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-07, China:

A direct-administered municipality and city in western China.


Wuhan

From Mandarin 武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn), from 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

zh-l

武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn)

漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu)

The Committee reports that in consequence of the combined effects of the war and famine added to flood an amount of destitution exists among the population in the Wuhan region which is without parallel in the memory of foreign residents. Now that the refugees are returning to Hankow there is a demand for building materials, clothing and food stuffs.

1912 February, “Famine Notes”, in The Chinese Recorder, volume XLIII, number 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 95:

Yet charges that Wuhan was run like an independent kingdom contained an element of truth. Firmly entrenched in Wuhan for more than ten years, the PLA had become accustomed to acting independently.

1971, Deborah S. Davis, “The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan”, in The Cultural Revolution in the Provinces, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 169:

More than 30 persons, most of them farmers on the verge of starving to death, were convicted of "counter-revolutionary" charges at kangaroo court in Wuhan and given sentences ranging from two to 12 years, it was reported from Hongkong February 25.
. . .
Wuhan is the collective name of Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers in Hupei province, central China.
Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.
Others were charged with breaking into a Communist granary in Wuhan, it said.

1973 March 4, “Starving farmers given jail terms”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 8, Taipei, page 3:

Chinese health authorities on Tuesday said they are investigating 27 cases of viral pneumonia in central Hubei province, amid online speculation that it could be linked to the SARS flu-like virus that killed hundreds of people a decade ago.
A team of senior health experts were dispatched to the city of Wuhan and were reported by state broadcaster CCTV to be "conducting relevant inspection and verification work."

2019 December 31, “China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-12-31, News:

Intelligence agencies do not believe the case of three workers from a laboratory in Wuhan, China, who became ill in 2019 can help shed light on whether the Covid-19 pandemic originated from an accidental lab leak, according to a report made public Friday.

2023 June 23, Julian E. Barnes, “U.S. Intelligence Agencies Remain Divided Over Lab Leak Theory”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-24, Politics:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Wuhan.

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China.


Ningxia

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 寧夏／宁夏 (Níngxià).

In 1955, the trans-Mongolian railroad was inaugurated and in 1958 the Baotou line was extended to Lanzhou in Gansu, passing through Ningxia.

1979, Frederic M. Kaplan, Julian M. Sobin, Stephen Andors, “Land and Population”, in Encyclopedia of China Today, Eurasia Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 38, column 2:

FROM Baotou, China’s interior trunk line goes west and then south to one of China’s main concentrations of Muslims, in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. My train left Baotou at 9:16 A.M., and the 317-mile trip took slightly over 10 hours; we arrived at 7:30 P.M., just 19 minutes late, at Ningxia's capital, Yinchuan.

1993, A. Doak Barnett, “Han and Hui: Ningxia”, in China's Far West: Four Decades of Change, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 95:

Local sources said a sit-in protest by hundreds of ethnic Hui Muslims took place on Friday to defend the huge new mosque, which was built last year in the northern region of Ningxia.

2018 August 10, “Chinese Hui Muslims protest mosque demolition in Weizhou”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-08-10, Asia:

China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs reported a new case of African swine fever on a farm in the northwestern region of Ningxia on Tuesday.

2019 September 10, Dominique Patton, “China reports new African swine fever case in Ningxia”, in Louise Heavens, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-05, Health News:

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

A Hui autonomous region in China. Official name: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Capital: Yinchuan.


Sichuan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 四川 (Sìchuān), a contraction of the Southern Song 四川路 (Sìchuān lù).

In Suchue, on Mount Tiexe, the ſtones that grow there being burnt in the fire, drop Iron, which is very fit for the making Swords.

[1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 242:

SUchuen, which ſignifies Four Waters, is a great Countrey, ſeparated by the River Kiang, into a Northern and Southern part ; Bordering in the Eaſt upon Huquang ; in the South-Eaſt upon Queicheu ; and hath in the North-Eaſt and North Xenſi ; in the North-Weſt, the People Koningguangi and Kiang ; or the Countreys which Paulus Venetus makes to be Preſter John's, which the Chineſes by one general Name call'd Sifan ; and in the Weſt, Tibet, and the moſt Southern part of the Province of Junnan.

[1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 512:

Such was the argument of three highly placed gentlemen of Hubei, graduates of the Japanese military academy and losers in Hubei’s internal conflicts who appeared in Changsha in early 1921. It was also the argument of Xiong Ke-wu, a former military governor of Sichuan whose June visit was concealed behind layers of lies and half truths (he said he was in Changsha to study self-government; gossips in the know said that he was secretly a spokesman for Wang Zhan-yuan).

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Power”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 50-51:

China’s agriculture ministry said on Wednesday two new African swine fever outbreaks were confirmed in Sichuan and Qinghai provinces.
The new case in the city of Bazhong in Sichuan killed 19 of 117 pigs present on a farm, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said in a statement on its website.

2018 December 12, Beijing Monitoring Desk, “China reports new African swine fever outbreaks in Sichuan, Qinghai provinces”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-12-12, Health News:

About 80 percent of wild giant pandas live in Sichuan province. The rest are in Gansu and Shaanxi.

2019 May 27, “Rare albino panda discovered in China”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2019-05-27, News:

A province in central China. Capital: Chengdu.


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 烏／乌 (Wū or Wù, “crow, raven, black”).

der

A river in Guizhou, China, a tributary of the Yangtze.


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 巫 (Wū or Wú, “shaman, sorceror, witch”).

A river in Hunan, China, a tributary of the Yuan.


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 㵲 (Wǔ).


Xi'an

Cambridge University Press
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
Ming Dynasty
Xi'an
Yuan Dynasty

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.

THE SILK ROAD was actually a perilous network of routes. It was hazardous to monks and pilgrims carrying Buddhist teachings between India and China and even more hazardous to traders, who intended to exchange gold, wool, horses, jade, and glass for silk. The road started in what is now Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province, traversed a barren crust of earth through treacherous mountains and desert across Central Asia to Antioch and Tyre; the last lap, to Europe and Egypt, was by water to other Mediterranean ports.

1984 January, Nina Hyde, “The Queen of Textiles”, in National Geographic, volume 165, number 1, page 30:

We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:

Then on Wednesday, after our formal talks concluded, Joan, Eleanor, and I traveled to the ancient city of Xi'an, home of the extraordinary exhibit of terra-cotta soldiers.

2010, Walter Mondale, David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 220:

The scheme was simple: Stuff cotton into air-monitoring equipment so that the air being read would be filtered and seem cleaner.
The people doing this to produce better — but false — air-quality readings in Xi’an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, got away with it for months, until inspectors noticed irregularities in the data.

2016 October 28, Edward Wong, Vanessa Piao, “When China Wants Better Air Readings, Cotton Does the Trick”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-30, Asia Pacific:

Quite how the other 7,999 or so warriors — each about 6ft tall and weighing just over 28 stone — were made more than 2,000 years ago, however, has long been a subject of debate, with experts questioning how the intricately carved figures could have been produced on site in Xi’an, northwestern China.

2023 March 31, Didi Tang, “Terracotta Army’s broken arms may solve mystery of its creation”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-31:

The provincial capital of Shaanxi, China; a subprovincial city in central China famed as the former capital of numerous Chinese dynasties, also known as Chang'an among other historical names.

شِيَان

capital of Shaanxi and former capital of China — see also Chang'an

In February 2009, the Xi’an District People’s Court in Liaoyuan city, Jilin province, reported that when preparing for a trial involving Falun Gong and other “cult organizations,” the court must first “petition” the municipal 6-10 Office, and only after receiving an affirmative response is the court then permitted to hear the case.

2009 October 10, “Human Rights”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2009, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 126:

In 2008, Liaoyuan became one of twelve important cities for the economic[…]study, the Xi’an district was chosen as the study area considering the distribution characteristics in Liaoyuan.

2012, Qing Chang, Xue Li, “Land Destruction Extent Assessment Based on RS and GIS in Liaoyuan Mining Area, China”, in 2012 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering, Nanjing, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-07-03, pages 1–4:

In order to further assess the performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the improved controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) apparent resistivity pseudo-sections method based on the gradients of frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic fields in a practical survey, we present a real data example from the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China. Liaoyuan City is located in the south of Jilin Province (Fig. 11a), and the survey area is located immediately to the northwest of Liaoyuan City.[…]
Furthermore, the practicability of the proposed imaging method for real-life situations was assessed by its application to field data acquired in the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China.

2021 February [2020], Ming Zhang, Colin G. Farquharson, Changsheng Liu, “Improved controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric method apparent resistivity pseudo-sections based on the frequency and frequency–spatial gradients of electromagnetic fields”, in Geophysical Prospecting, volume 69, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-06-30, pages 486, 489:


Malan

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 馬欄／马栏 (Mǎlán).

zh-l

馬欄／马栏 (Mǎlán)

A town in Yanling, Xuchang, Henan, China.


Huaxi

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 花溪 (Huāxī, “flower brook”).

A district of Guiyang, Guizhou, China. It is a scenic university town and cultural center.

A town in Honyga, Meishan, Sichuan, China.


Huaxi

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 華西／华西 (Huàxī).

A town in Huayin, Weinan, Shaanxi, China.


Huaxi

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 華西／华西.

In Jiangsu, local government-run businesses expanded faster than anywhere, at one point employing almost a third of the population. Huaxi kept ahead of the pack thanks to Wu's knack of reading the political tea leaves. In 1992, he watched a TV broadcast of Deng Xiaoping's famous pro-entrepreneurial speech during a tour of southern China. Immediately, according to his biographers, he foresaw a surge of economic activity and ordered village officials to borrow every yuan they could lay their hands on to buy up aluminum and other raw materials.

2010, Jonathan Watts, “Gross Domestic Pollution”, in When a Billion Chinese Jump: How China Will Save Mankind- or Destroy It, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 103:

That this half-billion-dollar edifice is a good 40-minute drive from a city of any size is part of the plan. For though not many foreigners have heard of Huaxi, Chinese far and wide know it as the socialist collective that works — the village where public ownership of the means of production has not just made everyone equal, but rich, too.

2011 July 11, Michael Wines, “Sharing the Wealth and Living Large in a Tiny Chinese Village”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-07-12, Asia Pacific:

The newly inaugurated skyscraper tower of Huaxi village is seen in Huaxi village, Jiangsu province, October 7, 2011. Huaxi, also known as China's richest village, celebrates its 50th anniversary with the inauguration of a massive 328-meters (1,076 feet) high skyscraper that screams for attention from its lowly skyline.

2011 October 10, Carlos Barria, “China's richest village”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-11, Pictures, page 1/30:

In March 1994, Wu Renbao, Party branch secretary of Huaxi Village of Jiangyin County, Jiangsu, national model laborer, excellent Party member, and a representative of the National People's Congress, responded to the call for "mutual hekp between the east and the west as well as common well-bing" and implemented the "87 Poverty Relief Crucial Program."

2015, Xiang Wu, Contemporary Chinese Rural Reform, Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 189:

"The village of Huaxi, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province was once a small village, but now it has become a well-off village of the civilized nation, Fuyu Village. Every family has a villa, and they drive a car- - a small village, and a big change!

2020, Dong RiNuanYang, “Keeping the Bottom Line”, in Story of a Pretty Teacher, volume 16, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=TW77DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT368:

A village in Huashi, Jiangyin, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.


Hainan

c. 1600s, from Mandarin 海南 (Hǎinán). Doublet of Hainam and Hailam.

These were a business family, in Hainan province, who, along with other South China merchants, had interests in America, where the multitude of little shops and businesses owned by Chinese had assumed the appearance of a department store chain, representing the invested outlay of controlling families in the Orient.

1942 March 20, John McVea, “Madame Chiang Kai-Shek”, in The Gateway, volume XXXII, number 29, Edmonton, page 5:

After Hainan separated from Guangdong to become its own province in 1988, a development boom was quickly followed by a bust that left many building projects on the island half-finished. In the last few years, Hainan has welcomed back investors and become a fashionable draw for Russian tourists looking to escape winter — entire blocks in Sanya have signs lettered in Russian for their benefit.

2009 March 15, Bonnie Tsui, “The Surf’s Always Up in the Chinese Hawaii”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-03-18, Travel:

The Tianzhou-4 spacecraft was slung into space atop a Long March-7 Y5 rocket at 1:56 a.m. from the Wenchang Launch Base in the southern island province of Hainan. State media said it docked with the station about seven hours later.

2022 May 9, “China cargo craft docks with space station ahead of new crew”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-10:

A province off the coast of southern China, primarily made up of Hainan Island. Capital: Haikou.

Near to the Iſland Hainan are caught Whales,after the ſame manner as the Hollanders and Engliſh in the North about Greenland, whereof they make Oyl which ſerves for ſeveral uſes.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 270:

KIungcheufu lies on an Iſland, generally call'd Hainan, or is rather the Iſland it ſelf ; Hainan ſignifies, To the South of the Sea, for Nan denotes South, and Hai, The Sea.

1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 530:

Several thousand retired servicemen on Hainan Island demonstrated against Teng Hsiao-ping's economic policies last month at the instigation of Hsu Shih-yu, deputy chairman of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Advisory Committee and a standing member of the party's Military Affairs Commission, according to an official report intercepted by the Republic of China's intelligence workers on the mainland.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, page 2:

On April 1, 2001, an American surveillance plane known as an EP-3 collided with a Chinese aircraft and made an emergency landing on Hainan Island. The Chinese pilot ejected from the cockpit and died. Our twenty-four-person crew was held at a military barracks on the island and interrogated. The Iranian hostage crisis was at the forefront of my mind. This was not the way I wanted to start my relationship with China.

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 426:

An island off the coast of southern China.

China Central Television reported that the quake, centered in the Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai province, left 5,000 people homeless. Hundreds of people slept on the ground, wrapped in heavy blankets to ward off cold.

1990 April 27, “BIG QUAKE KILLS 115 PEOPLE IN CENTRAL CHINA”, in The Washington Post, sourced from Associated Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

A Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Qinghai, China.

A district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, China.


Jiangsu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江蘇／江苏 (Jiāngsū, “Jiangning [i.e., Nanjing] and Suzhou”), from the province's two major cities.

bor

Meronym: Nanjing

Days before the Lunar New Year holiday began on Feb. 1, a video spread online from a village in Feng county, located in Jiangsu province on the coast.

2022 February 19, Huizhong Wu, “Behind China’s Olympics, the saga of a chained woman unfolds”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-02-19:

A province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River. Capital: Nanjing.


PRD

Given our geographical location and cultural ties, we have a special relationship with Guangdong Province, particularly the PRD.[…]We should make the PRD the economic hinterland supporting development in the rest of the country. In turn, the PRD can use Hong Kong's strengths to elevate its status and competitiveness to become a global player.

2003 January 8, “III. Expediting Economic Integration with the PRD”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

There’s no doubt that the core of Pan-PRD cooperation is the integration between Hong Kong and the PRD. The PRD has always been Hong Kong's major partner in economic development. Twenty years ago, Hong Kong manufacturers began migrating across the border, thereby turning the PRD into a regional factory of consumer goods for the world market. Now, over 70 percent of the investments in the PRD come from Hong Kong, and 10 million workers in that region work for Hong Kong capitalized enterprises. And we have 230,000 Hong Kong citizens working immediately north of the border.

2004, Eden Woon, “The Pearl River Delta: What Now?”, in Business Guide to the Greater Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong: China Briefing Media Ltd.; Dezan Shira & Associates, →OCLC, page 4:

"We think that the majority of the growth will be coming from the PRD markets," he said, referring to the Pearl River Delta, while growth coming from Hong Kong will be only around 4 percent in the next 10 years, Bishop said.[…]
"The threat to HKIA from new airports in the Pearl River Delta is real," Mathison said, referring to Hong Kong's international airport, which is why Cathay needs to "make Hong Kong more competitive as a transit hub for cargo originating from the PRD manufacturing centers."

2006 July 19, Vaudine England, “Cathay's cargo homeward bound - Business - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-15, International Business:

In nearby Dongguan, a gritty, densely packed manufacturing hub in the PRD, factories have also been provisioning for a minimum wage hike from the current level of around 780 yuan.

2010 March 16, James Pomfret, “S.China export hubs set for minimum wage rise-exporters”, in Sugita Katyal, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-02-10, Media & Telecom:

Pearl River Delta
Pearl River Delta#English

Initialism of Pearl River Delta; A region of Guangdong, China, on the South China Sea; An area in Southeast China, containing Hong Kong, Macau, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou (“Canton City”).


Tiananmen Square

Partial calque from Mandarin 天安門廣場／天安门广场 (Tiān'ānmén Guǎngchǎng, literally “square/plaza of Tiananmen ("the gate of Heaven's peacemaking" or conventionally: "the gate of heavenly peace")”).

zh-l

On my return from the meeting with Dr Fry, I spent some time walking about Tiananmen Square and took some photographs. Though I had not seen any wall posters there, I did notice six large portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Hua. In the middle of Tiananmen Square there were several small open air photography stalls around which people were queuing up to have themselves photographed at the great revolutionary centre.

1979, Govind Kelkar, China After Mao, New Delhi: USHA Publications, page 85:

On the 33rd anniversary of the crushing of pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989, Taiwan has emerged as one of the last places in the Chinese-speaking world remembering the deaths of thousands at the hands of the Chinese Communist Party, after authorities banned such demonstrations in Hong Kong.

2022 June 4, Vic Chiang, “Tiananmen vigils gain prominence in Taiwan as Chinese threat looms”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-04, Asia:

He is to be cremated later Thursday at a ceremony likely to be attended by the country's top leadership.
Flags were seen flying at half-mast in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. China's state news agency Xinhua reported that flags would be lowered at government buildings across mainland China, semi-autonomous regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and in consulates abroad.

2023 November 2, “China mourns late ex-Premier Li Keqiang”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-11-02, China:

A large plaza in Dongcheng district, Beijing, China.


Yuli

For example, during the reign of Han Cho Ti (86-74 B.C.) there were more than 500,000 mows of irrigated farmlands around Luntai (Lun-dai) and Yuli (Werli) cities in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.[...]Thus, the ancient extensive farmlands around Luntai and Yuli have now been all turned into shifting sands, and the famous ancient Loulan Kingdom, located at the western side of Lop Nur, has been utterly devastated into a wild landscape of yardang and barchan dunes.

1984, Farouk El-Baz, editor, Deserts and Arid Lands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 109:

A 1987 study listed 25,000 speakers of the Lop Nur Uygur language in the eastern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.¹ They live near Lop Nur Lake, in a widespread area which includes Yuli County and Miran Township of Ruogiang County.

2000, Paul Hattaway, Operation China: Introducing all the Pooples of China, Piquant, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 529:

In the current wave of relocations, more than 700 families on land reclaimed from the Tarim River are being moved to farmland near Yuli county, about an hour south of Korla, the official Xinhua news agency reported.

2006 April 3, Guljekre, Luisetta Mudie, “China Moves Farmers as Tarim River Waters Dwindle”, in Sarah Jackson-Han, editor, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2008-12-02:

During the 24 years from 1959 to 1983, the desert area increased from 66.23% to 81.23%, especially in the lower reach of the Tarim River. Stormy weather increases over time. For example, in the Yuli County (located in the lower reach of the Tarim River) the days of sandstorms were 108 days in the 1970s, which was about two times of that in the 1960s. At present, the number of days of sandstorms are 130 days and the days of dust are 180 days.

2007, Chen Yaning et al., “Ecological impacts of water resources utilization in the Tarim River Basin of China”, in Changes in Water Resources Systems: Methodologies to Maintain Water Security and Ensure Integrated Management, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 242:

A county of Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Hubei

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 湖北 (Húběi), literally "north of the lake", referring to Hubei's position north of Dongting Lake.

The Three Gorges Dam in Hubei province is the largest in the country, but is also one of the most controversial hydroelectric plants in the world. An estimated 1.3 million people were forcibly relocated during its construction. Moreover, the reservoir has been polluted by industrial waste.

2015 November 30, Maximiliane Koschyk, “COP21: China's climate efforts far from sufficient”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2015-11-30, Climate:

Cases have been heavily concentrated in Wuhan and surrounding areas of Hubei province, which has been locked down for two weeks in an attempt to contain the virus.

2020 February 9, Gerry Shih, “Coronavirus deaths climb as China corrals sick in quarantine facilities in outbreak epicenter”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-02-09, Asia & Pacific:

Chinese authorities said Tuesday they will end a two-month lockdown of most of coronavirus-hit Hubei province at midnight, as domestic cases of what has become a global pandemic subside.

2020 March 24, Ken Moritsugu, “China to lift lockdown in most of virus-hit Hubei province”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-12-03:

A province in central China. Capital: Wuhan.


Henan

Latin: henanensis

From various romanizations of the Chinese 河南 (Hénán, literally “[land] south of the river”).

der

Heavy rainfall inundated streets and caused major rivers to burst their banks in the central province of Henan on Tuesday.[…]
Henan is a particularly populous province and a major transport hub. It is also a key base for industry and agriculture.

2021 July 20, “China: Heavy rains cause deadly floods in Henan province”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-20, News:

Security forces attacked as many as a thousand protesters who were trying to withdraw their money from four rural banks in Henan Province this weekend.

2022 July 11, Amelia Nierenberg, “Your Tuesday Briefing: Bank Protests in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-11:

Gao moved to New York in 2009 after years of harassment by Chinese officials believed to be nursing grudges after she exposed a cover-up of the true extent of the AIDS epidemic in central Henan province.[…]
Experts estimate at least one million farmers in Henan alone contracted HIV/AIDS in the blood trade.

2023 December 12, “Chinese dissident doctor and AIDS whistleblower dies aged 95”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-12-12:

A province of China. Capital: Zhengzhou.

The very next day, Tenzin Nyima was transferred to a prison in Henan Mongolian Autonomous County for six days of questioning.[…]
Once in Henan, Tenzin Nyima quickly came to know that Lodroe and Rigdrol, the monks who had helped with the flags, had also been seized.

2000, Tibet Since 1950: Silence, Prison or Exile, 1st edition, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 139:

HENAN MONGOL AUTONOMOUS COUNTY (SOGWO)[…]
In Henan County, 325km south of Xining, 90 percent of its 27,000 people are Mongolian.[…]
There is a bus to Henan that leaves Xining at 07:30 everyday.^([sic])

2000, “Amdo”, in Atsushi Kanamaru, editor, Mapping the Tibetan World, 1st edition, Kotan Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 201, column 1:

Located in the southeast of China’s Qinghai (Kökenuur) province, Henan Mongol Autonomous County has an area of 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 square miles). Henan lies on the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau at an altitude mostly over 3,500 meters (11,500 feet) and shares the plateau’s strong sunlight, cool summers, and extremely unpredictable weather.

2004, Christopher P. Atwood, “Henan Mongol Autonomous County”, in Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts on File, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 216, column 1:

The Henan Mongol autonomous county (xian) is inhabited by Tsoros Mongols, and there are Ööld Mongols in the Huzhu autonomous county.

2017, Alan J. K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, 4th edition, volume I, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 700, page 274:

A Mongol autonomous county in Huangnan, Qinghai, China.


Zhangzhou

/ˈt͡sɑŋˈt͡soʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 漳州 (Zhāngzhōu), from its former status as the seat of Zhang Prefecture, named for the Zhang River.

``It looked as if the winds would carry you away the minute you stepped outside,″ the newspaper quoted Ding Jianmu, an official with the city government in Zhangzhou, another Fujian city, as saying.
Seven people in Zhangzhou were killed by collapsing buildings and walls. Another five died in Xiamen and 18 were killed in the nearby city of Quanzhou.

1999 October 11, “Typhoon Leaves 30 Dead in China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-07-01:

My ancestors came from the region of Zhangzhou in Fujian, China.

2014, Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey, My Fight for a New Taiwan, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 20:

A prefecture-level city in southern Fujian, China.


Quanzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 泉州 (Quánzhōu, literally “spring prefecture”).

Between 1946 and 1948 in the ruins of the foundations of Quanzhou’s South Gate Tower and southern wall we excavated more that twenty large white gravestones, inscribed in Arabic on both sides. They obviously had been taken from a demolished Islamic mosque. The area overlooked in the Jin River and was known as South Quanzhou, or the “Foreign District.” It was here that merchants from overseas and their families had lived during Song and Yuan.

1984, Zhuang Weiji, quotee, Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars, Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 147:

Located on the Jin River, Quanzhou was China’s principal port during the Song and Yuan dynasties.

2016, “Fujian”, in China, DK, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 297, column 1:

He said that four years ago, the island began receiving water from the Jin River, in Quanzhou, China, and now 70-80% of Kinmen's water comes from China.

2023 February 8, Kelvin Chen, “Swiss parliamentarian delegation visits Taiwan's Kinmen”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2023-03-08, Politics:

A prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China.


Hebei

Latin: hebeiensis

Columbia University Press
Hebei
Saul B. Cohen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 河北 (Héběi, literally “north [of the] river”) referring to the Yellow River.

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Police in northern China have arrested 27 people in their probe into tainted milk that has sickened 53,000 children and embarrassed China's reputation abroad, state media reported Tuesday.
The 27 are among 36 detained since law enforcers in Hebei province started investigating Sanlu Group, the company at the centre of the scandal, earlier this month.

2008 September 30, “27 suspects arrested in tainted milk scandal”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-09-09, China:

According to figures published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Hebei's provincial capital of Shijiazhuang saw the highest average reading in all of China last year of particulate matter with a width of 2.5 microns, known as PM2.5, which is easily inhaled into the lungs to cause respiratory damage.
Hebei's smog levels have an outsized effect on China's capital of Beijing since the province surrounds the city.
Also among China's ten worst performing cities were Hebei's cities of Handan and Tangshan, the world's biggest steel producing city, as well as Xingtai, Baoding and Hengshui.

2018 January 17, David Stanway, “Cities in China's Hebei province still top list of smoggiest places”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-02-13, Environment:

More than 360 people have tested positive for coronavirus in an outbreak in Hebei province, south of Beijing. The National Health Commission reported yesterday that 69 new cases had been confirmed in 24 hours, including 46 in Hebei. Travel between Hebei and Beijing has been restricted, with workers having to show proof of employment to enter the capital.

2021 January 11, “China fights new Covid outbreak near Beijing”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-11:

So far, at least 22 people have died in Beijing and the surrounding Hebei province this week amid the heavy rains. State media reported Saturday that waters have started to recede in the hard-hit Hebei city of Zhuozhou.

2023 August 5, “China hit by more floods after Typhoon Doksuri”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-08-05, China:

A province in northern China. Capital: Shijiazhuang.

The Dabei (Mahakaruna) Temple on Tianwei Road in the Hebei District is the only Buddhist temple of good size in Tianjin.

2007, Zheng Lixin [郑立新], “Major Buddhist Temples”, in Buddhism: Rituals and Monastic Life [中国佛教], 1st edition, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 226:

Totally, Tianjin has four passenger railway stations, of which the Tianjin North Railway Station, located in Hebei District, is where the Beijing-Harbin Railway and the Beijing-Shanghai Railway meet.

2010 March, “Tianjin”, in Travel in China: A Guidebook for Travelers to China [中国旅游指南], Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press [中国旅游出版社], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 80, column 2:

Hebei district is an area that is not as frantic as its neighbor Heping district and offers lots of cultural sightseeing within walking distance like the Ancient Culture Street, Wanghailou Church and Shizilin Bridge.

2010 May, Jeanie Carroll, “History and Modern Perspective”, in 厉静, editor, Tianjin Basics [精彩天津], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press [五洲传播出版社], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 5:

Ms. Li Xiaoxia, Deputy Mayor of the Hebei District People’s Government of Tianjin Municipality, addressed in her speech the significance of the project for the Hebei District. Ms Xiaoxia^([sic]) reiterated the District Government’s strong support and commitment to quality education and lifelong learning in Tianjin City.

2023 June 6, “Strengthened lifelong learning and sharing of good practice with Urban CLCs in Tianjin”, in UNESCO, archived from the original on 2023-10-07, News:


Hunan

Borrowed from Mandarin 湖南 (Húnán) Wade-Giles romanization: Hu²-nan², literally “south of the lake”, referring to Lake Dongting. Doublet of Honam.

Foreign Missions.—Pursuing the Fulton pledge system of two-cents-a-week-for-Missions, our young people have contributed to the support of their representative in China, Rev. T. J. Preston. He has recently gone to our station at Chang-teh, in the Hunan Province, China.

1899 May, “Report of Permanent Committee on Christian Endeavor”, in Minutes of the General Assembly of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, volume 69, Nashville, TN, page 21a:

The specimens on which the original description of O. Henryi was based were sent to Kew in 1886 by Mr. A. Henry, who had obtained them at Patung in Hupeh, Central China. Since then species has been met with in the adjoining provinces of Hunan and Szechuan.

1909, “OLIGOBOTRYA HENRYI”, in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, volume 5, page 8238:

Toward the end of 1916 the Siems-Carey Co., allied with the American International Corporation, entered into a contract with the Chinese Government for the construction, among others, of a railway in the district-the Chuchow-Chinchow Line-which is to connect southern Hunan with the eastern seaboard of Kwangtung.

1917 April 6, “HONG KONG”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52a, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, page 14:

On the day after the feast of Pentecost (May 31, 1784) the three boats left Chao-ch'ing and without any mishap passed all the customs stations in Kwangtung, Kwangsi and Hunan.

1948, Bernward H. Willeke, Imperial Government and Catholic Missions in China During the Years 1784-1785, St. Bonaventure, New York: Franciscan Institute, page 31:

The first task was to clear the Hunan province of all hostile forces so as to make it possible for the various armies to converge on Wuhan area, including Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang on the Yangtze.

1957, Chung-cheng (Kai-shek) Chiang, “Beginnings (1924-1927)”, in Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 42–43:

Mao was born in Hunan in November 1893.

1976 August 29, “Mao Tse-tung's four marriages”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 34, Taipei, page 3:

Ch'i-chi, whose family name was Hu, was born in the Ch'ang-sha area of Hunan.

1999, Red Pine, Mike O'Connor, editors, The Clouds Should Know Me By Now, →ISBN, page 44:

A province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting. Capital: Changsha.

Columbia University Press
Hunan
Saul B. Cohen


Shanxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 山西 (Shānxī, “[Land] West of the [Taihang] Mountains”), in reference to the location of the province's central Fen River valley.

uder

Shi-whang-ti having obſerv’d in viſiting his Empire that the Northern Provinces, eſpecially Pe-che-li, Shan-ſi, and Shen-ſi, were much expoſed to the ſudden Incurſions of the Tartars ; he fent a formidable Army, which having driven them back a great way beyond the Frontiers of the Empire, he immediately put in Execution the Scheme he had form'd to ſecure his Country againſt ſuch dangerous Neighbours, by building a Wall from the Sea to the Extremities of the Province of Shen-ſi.

[1738, A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary, Together with the Kingdoms of Korea, and Tibet, volume I, London, translation of original by J. B. Du Halde, →OCLC, page 172:

The Tachai Production Brigade is part of the Tachai Commune in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province, in Northern China. It’s tucked away in the Taihang Mountains, a bit over two hundred miles southwest of Peking, in an area with poor soil, serious erosion, and rock-strewn, mountainous terrain.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Agriculture: The Foundation”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 101:

First-phase liquefaction and storage facilities are in Qinshui county, Shanxi province while the second phase is in nearby Yangcheng county. Shanxi is the nation's largest coal-producing region accounting for about 25 per cent of the nation's output.

2008 April 21, Eric Ng, “China Leason budgets 200m yuan to expand gas liquefaction”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-19:

Mr. Xi began proclaiming his dream since taking power five years ago, though he focused much of his early efforts on battling corruption. In Shanxi, the province that includes Datong, investigators have arrested so many corrupt cadres that the national government has declared the region to be in a state of “implosive corruption.”

2017 October 21, Chris Buckley, “In China’s Coal Capital, Xi Jinping’s Dream Remains Elusive”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-21, Asia Pacific:

A fire at a coal company's office in China's northern Shanxi province on Thursday killed at least 25 people and injured dozens more, according to Chinese state media.
Shanxi is a major coal-producing hub in China.

2023 November 16, “China: Fire at coal mine company kills dozens”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-11-16, China:

A province in the northern part of China. Capital: Taiyuan.