Qiqihar

/ˈtʃiːtʃiːˌhɑː/

/ˈt͡ʃit͡ʃiˌhɑɹ/

On April 28 the Chinese Communists occupied Qiqihar, a railroad center in Manchuria.

1980, China: U.S. Policy Since 1945, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 80:

In the grounds of my hotel at Qiqihar, Heilongjiang province, on 8th May 1983, I (J.B.) found a local bird-catcher with six traps slung from a tree.

1985, Jeffery Boswall, “Some Notes on Bird Markets, Pigeon Keeping and Other Bird/Man Relations in China”, in The Avicultural Magazine, volume 91, page 136:

The defeat of General Beng's Thirty-fifth Group Army north-east of Qiqihar (10-17 August), and the ensuing defeat of General Yang's counterattack with the First Armoured Group Army (20-24 August), had compelled Deng's Twenty-third Group Army to fall back on Baicheng to avoid encirclement. Qiqihar fell to the Russian 17th Guards Motorised Rifle Division (Eighth Guards Army) on 26 August, while Malenkov's Fifth Guards Tank Army swept through the relatively open country between Qiqihar and Harbin, intent on seizing the lower Nen river crossings and then smashing into the north-eastern flank of the Chinese Twenty-third Group Army.

1993, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, “The Sino-Russian Conflict”, in Future Wars, Warner Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 306:

Qiqihar, the last sizable city in China before reaching Mohe City, China’s northernmost town, briefly enjoyed an unlikely construction boom in 2016 and 2017.

2023 July 24, Keith Bradsher, “At Least 11 Killed After School Gym Roof Collapses During a Volleyball Practice in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-24, Asia Pacific:


Daqing

/ˈdɑːˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大慶／大庆 (Dàqìng).

"The Russian part of the project is completed," Putin said at an opening ceremony in Skovorodino in the Far Eastern Amur region in comments published on his official web site.
The branch pipeline will ultimately transport crude oil from Siberia to refineries in the northeastern Chinese city of Daqing.

2010 August 30, “Putin inaugurates Russian section of pipeline to China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2010-09-02:

From Daqing we took the train to the far north of China at Qiqihaer, described to me as a relatively small Chinese city of about six million people!

2013, Robert W. Cox, “The Emergence of China”, in Universal Foreigner: The Individual and the World, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 284:

His parents work for a state oil company in the northeastern Chinese city of Daqing, and during at least one summer break when he was a child, he tagged along with his father, an oil engineer, on an exploration mission.

2016 October 18, Owen Guo, Neil Gough, “As China Shifts From Exporter to Importer, Fortunes Change”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-20, Energy & Environment:

A prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China.

The oil and gas from the giant Daqing oil field are being produced from a broad anticlinal structure in continental Cretaceous formations with minor undulations covering an area of up to 30 km in width and 50 to 60 km in length, trending north northeast.⁶¹ This structure is located in the northern part of the Songliao basin, about 160 km northwest of Haerbin in Heilongjiang province.

1980, Edward C. T. Chao, “Earth Sciences”, in Leo A. Orleans, editor, Science in Contemporary China, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 208:

An oil field in Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.


Tangshan

At Tangshan, which is half a day by rail from Tangku, I was very kindly received by the engineer-in-chief of the railway and the mining companies and his wife. Tangshan is the northern terminus of the eighty-five miles of railway constructed and open to traffic.

1889 December 2, W. Brereton, “ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH CHINA”, in The Mission Field, number CCCCVIII, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, →OCLC, page 451:

The freight traffic of the Peking-Mukden Line has steadily increased, and the demand for rolling stock has been so great, due largely to the heavy traffic in coal between Tangshan and Tongho, that recommendations have been made for the addition of two hundred 30-ton coal cars, one hundred 30-ton covered-goods cars, and 12 locomotives. It is also proposed to extend the railway slope at Tangshan.

1915 November 11, Fred D. Fisher, “TIENTSIN”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52j, →OCLC, page 18:

In Hopei, the Japanese found themselves quite helpless in fighting the Chinese armed resisters, who carried the fighting right to the outskirts of Tientsin. Of the 22 districts under the "East Hopei Administration", 17 have now deserted the Japanese and their puppets. The Chinese also raided Tangshan and Chinwangtao, the mining center and port in this long Japanese-dominated part of the country.

1938 August, Lin Yu, “"The China Incident"”, in Philippine Magazine, volume XXXV, number 8 (364), →OCLC, page 388:

According to the intelligence sources in Taipei, the industrial city of Tangshan, between Peiping and Tientsin, with a population of about one million, was almost flattened by the strong quake.
Quoting documents received from behind the Bamboo Curtain, the sources said that the number of casualties in the area of Tangshan, Peiping, Tientsin and Fengnan "was very great and could not be immediately estimated."

1976 August 1, “M'land quake stirs people's concern here”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 30, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Women in China have turned to self-defense after a harrowing video of a group of men attacking four young women at a restaurant in Tangshan, Hebei province, sparked outrage and concern for the safety of women.

2022 July 13, “Women turn to self-defense in China after vicious attack goes viral”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-07-13:

A prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China.


Xuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 徐州 (Xúzhōu), from a former prefecture administered from the city.

T’ung-shan County in the Hsüchou district of Kiangsu was apparently famous for nonglutenous rice during the Han and Northern Wei dynasties (third century B.C. to third century A.D.).

[1980, Elizabeth J. Perry, Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 25:

Earlier this week, 16 foreign teachers and three Chinese were arrested on drug charges at a local language school in Xuzhou, around 370 miles (600 kilometers) southwest of Yantai. On Friday, the British embassy in Beijing said four of its nationals had been arrested Jiangsu province, where Xuzhou is located.

2019 July 14, “China detains another Canadian citizen amid diplomatic tension”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-07-14, News:

To that end, he said, he planned an overhaul of the company’s ownership this autumn. The city of Xuzhou would retain 34 percent ownership in the company while surrounding Jiangsu Province would obtain 17 percent.

2020 July 30, Keith Bradsher, “China Tries Its Favorite Economic Cure: More Construction”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-30:

A prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China.

شُوجُو

a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China


Xuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 敘州／叙州 (Xùzhōu), from a former prefecture administered from the city.

zh-m

敘州／叙州 (Xùzhōu)

(historical) A former name of Yibin, a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China, at the confluence of the Min and Yangtze rivers.


Datong

Translingual: Datonglong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大同 (Dàtóng).

Mr. Xi began proclaiming his dream since taking power five years ago, though he focused much of his early efforts on battling corruption. In Shanxi, the province that includes Datong, investigators have arrested so many corrupt cadres that the national government has declared the region to be in a state of “implosive corruption.”

2017 October 21, Chris Buckley, “In China’s Coal Capital, Xi Jinping’s Dream Remains Elusive”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-21, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Shanxi, China.

Heavy and sudden downpours in Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, population 403,368, of Qinghai province started late Wednesday, causing flooding on the mountains and triggered landslides, according to China's state broadcaster CCTV.

2022 August 18, Beijing newsroom, “Flooding caused by heavy rain kills 16 in western China”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-18, China:

A Hui and Tu autonomous county in Xining, Qinghai, China.


Ming

A former empire in China, occupying the eastern half of modern China (China proper), as well as parts of Russia and northern Vietnam


Nantong

The eastern Chinese city of Nantong, with a population of more than 7 million, has introduced a new rule to ban near-term resale of certain cheap homes in the latest step by authorities in the country to curb property market speculation.
On Wednesday the government of Nantong, near Shanghai and a number of other port cities, said property buyers who have bought new homes at prices much lower than the market average are not allowed to resell their properties for five years.

2019 December 25, Lusha Zhang, Ryan Woo, “China's Nantong city imposes five-year ban on resale of cheap homes to curb speculation”, in Kenneth Maxwell, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-12-26, Business News:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China.


Zhenjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鎮江／镇江 (Zhènjiāng).

In the second week of April, clashes between CCP and KMT affiliates became more violent. Interunion fights broke out in Canton, and in Chenchiang, Kiangsu, riots between unions left 150 dead and wounded.

[1976, Donald A. Jordan, “The Party Divided”, in The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 123:

The two Americans, Jacob Harlan and Alyssa Petersen, were detained late last month and are being held in Zhenjiang, a town in Jiangsu Province, according to GoFundMe pages set up by friends and relatives.

2019 October 17, Amy Qin, “China Detains 2 Americans Amid Growing Scrutiny of Foreigners”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-10-17, Asia Pacific:


Baoding

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 保定 (Bǎodìng).

The most remarkable of the faceted mei-pʻing is the one with cover that was discovered at Pao-ting in 1964 (Plate 40).

[1974, Margaret Medley, “Underglaze Blue and Copper Red Decorated Wares”, in Yüan Porcelain and Stoneware, Faber and Faber, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 54:

Mr. Lattimore was born in Paotingfu, China, where his American parents served on the faculty of the Chihli provincial college.

[1984 February 28, Herbert Mitgang, “RICHARD LATTIMORE DEAD; A CLASSICAL SCHOLAR AND POET”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Obituaries:

The princes enjoyed the second most spectacular campaign of 1213-14. They raided down the left bank of the Yellow River through Pao-ting and La-an, then turned west at Hua-Ching where the Huang He is joined by its second largest tributary the Fen (about 430 miles long) and almost immediately north into the valley of the Fen.

[2015, Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: The Man Who Conquered the World, Vintage Books, published 2016, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 207:

Recently, the World Health Organization expressed concern about reports of severe disease in China. Around the cities of Baoding and Langfang outside Beijing, hospitals have run out of intensive care beds and staff as severe cases surge.

2022 December 25, Laura Ungar, Aniruddha Ghosal, “China’s COVID-19 surge raises odds of new coronavirus mutant”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-12-25:

A prefecture-level city in Hebei, China.


Yichang

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 宜昌 (Yíchāng).

To begin in the Yangtze Valley between Yi-ch’ang (Hupei) and Pa-tung (Szechwan), in the Hsiling Gorge area that was the gateway to the Red basin to the west: fifty-four early sites investigated in 1960 have been grouped into five categories, ranging in date, according to the estimates of the investigators, from Neolithic to Han.

[1968, Kwang-chih Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 177:

HUANG Sheng-hsiao, a veteran longshoreman in the port of Yichang on the mid-Yangtze, wrote these lines to praise the new life of the dock workers and the tremendous changes that have come over the port.
[...]Now 56, Huang Sheng-hsiao is chairman of the Crewmen and Dockers Club in Yichang and a member of the Committee of the Yangtze Crewmen and Dockers Trade Union.
[...]In 1949 Yichang was liberated.
[...]In 1951 he was named Class A Model Propagandist of Yichang.
[...]During the Big Leap Forward in 1958, like people all over the country, the longshoremen of Yichang were fired with daring and enthusiasm.

1974 September, Huo Pai-lin, “Huang Sheng-hsiao, Longshoreman and Poet”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXIII, number 9, →OCLC, pages 40–41:

Images of an apparently twisted Three Gorges dam surfaced on social media last week, fuelling online concerns that the dam was posing a disastrous flooding threat to downstream towns and villages.
However, the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation said the circulated satellite images were fake and posted its own picture showing a straight dam spanning the river near Yichang in the central province of Hubei. “Nothing wrong with the Three Gorges Dam,” the company declared.

2019 July 8, Didi Tang, “Fears rise over safety of China’s Three Gorges dam”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-07:

Located in western Hubei Province, Yidu, like Yichang, is part of the area known as the "Gateway to the Three Gorges".

2023 January 9, Gorgeous Yichang, “Yidu City of Yichang”, in YouTube, archived from the original on 2023-05-21:

A large prefecture-level city in western Hubei, China.

宜昌

a prefecture-level city in central China


Xinyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 信陽／信阳 (Xìnyáng).

In Henan’s Xinyang prefecture, one of the worst affected areas in the country, the Party Secretary Lu Xianwen would travel to local communes and order in advance elaborate banquets of twenty-four courses, according to Party documents. Only at the village level did the lowest officials such as production team leaders sometimes starve to death.

1996, Jasper Becker, “An Overview of the Famine”, in Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 104:

Mr. Xi bowed in tribute at a memorial for 130,000 fighters from this area in central China who gave their lives for the Communist cause. But the estimated one million peasants who starved to death in Xinyang, after Mao’s Great Leap Forward spawned the biggest famine in modern times, went unnoted in official reports about the visit.

2019 September 30, Chris Buckley, “Xi Extols China’s ‘Red’ Heritage in a Land Haunted by Famine Under Mao”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-09, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Henan, China.


Altay

From the Turkic word for "Golden Mountain". Compare Turkish altın (“gold”), dağ (“mountain”) and al (“red, colorful”) which altın is likely related to.

The Kazaks were struggling in poverty before liberation. Some 2,000 people died of starvation in the Altay Prefecture from 1944 to 1945, and 40 per cent of the Kazak herdsmen in Altay County alone were homeless in 1946.

1989, 马寅 [Ma Yin], editor, 中国少数民族 [China's Minority Nationalities], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 161:

In January 2010, a blizzard of such force which had not occurred in six decades attacked the Altay Prefecture, and the minimum temperature dropped to minus 40 degrees Celsius.

2014, 李欣凭 [Li Xinping], 活力新疆 [Modern Xinjiang], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 201:

When Saliye Hobay, a Kazak ethnic woman born in Altay Prefecture in the north of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, was laid off in 2002 after the clothing factory in which she had worked for six years went bankrupt, she fell into momentary depression.

2015 August 27, Liu Xinlian, “The Joy of Work”, in Beijing Review, volume 58, number 35, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32:

Yilamujiang grew up in Altay, a prefecture bordering Mongolia in far northwest Xinjiang. Chinese officials consider the region the cradle of Alpine sport, after cave paintings of hunters on skis were dated at 10,000 years old. Locals still use hand-carved wooden skis covered in a horsehide, although mostly now for the benefit of tourists.

2022 February 5, Adam Kilgore, Christian Shepherd, “A cauldron-lighting flashpoint one night, Dinigeer Yilamujiang was a skier the next day”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-02-05, Olympics:

Torchbearer Dinigeer Yilamujiang hails from the mountainous terrain of Xinjiang's Altay prefecture.

2022 February 9, “Beijing sells troubled Xinjiang as a winter sports paradise”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-02-09:

A prefecture in northern Xinjiang, China.

A county-level city in Altay prefecture, in far northern Xinjiang, China.


Tian Shan

/ˌtjɛn ˈʃɑːn/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanisation of Mandarin 天山 (Tiān Shān), from Uyghur تەڭرىتاغ (tengritagh, literally “Mountains of God (Tengri)”) (Tengri Tagh).

der

WHEN in 1892, on a journey into Central Asia, I first made acquaintance with a small portion of the Central Tian-Shan, I received, even by a mere flying visit, abiding impressions of its magnificent mountain chains.

[1905, Gottfried Merzbacher, The Central Tian-Shan Mountains 1902-1903, London: John Murray, →OCLC, →OL, page 1:

Next they turned against Ma Chung-ying and drove him back to the T'ienshan mountains. But the Red Russian forces when pursuing him received a severe check at a well-known pass, called Tapancheng, where Ma had strongly entrenched himself with about 500 men.

[1935 March 20 [1935 March 10], “ANOTHER CHINESE LOSS IN SINKIANG”, in North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, volume CXCIV, number 3528, Shanghai, sourced from Peiping, →OCLC, page 448, column 2:

Warm letters and precious gifts came pouring in to the construction site from all parts of the country. Among the gifts were saw-wort seeds gathered from the Tienshan Mountains by workers in Singkiang^([sic – meaning Sinkiang]), chingko barley from emancipated serfs in Tibet, earth from people in quake-stricken Tangshan who were rebuilding their homes, water and sand from the Taiwan Straits from P.L.A. men on the Fukien frontline, colour pebbles from Yuhuatai, Nanking, milky quartz from the Kunlun Mountains, camellias from Tali, Yunnan, azaleas from Kangting, Szechuan, earth from the Chingkang Mountains, Kiangsi, water from Nanniwan, Shensi, etc. They embodied the profound proletarian feelings of the people of all nationalities for Chairman Mao.

[1977 September, “The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall Successfully Completed”, in China Pictorial, Peking: China Pictorial, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 10:

During my inspection of counties in Changchi Prefecture last September, I came to realize that the irrigation of the Sinkiang farmland depended mainly on the melted snow of the Tienshan Mountains.

[1978 July 11 [1978 July 8], “Leading Cadres Must Accept Criticism and Supervision From the Masses”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 133, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service, translation of original by Wang Feng (in Mandarin), →ISSN, →OCLC, National Affairs, page E 15:

We have descended Tian Shan and entered the Taklamakan Desert, a barren landscape painted in ecru—no shrubs, no grass, only waves upon waves of naked ridges the color of buff, the highest few spotted with white specks of snow.

2009, Y.J. Zhu, “Taklamakan Desert Moon Ride”, in Lucy McCauley, editor, The Best Women's Travel Writing 2009: True Stories from Around the World (Travelers' Tales), →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, →OL, page 154:

The excavation of the KaraDjigach site, in the Chu-Valley within the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan, in August 1886.

2022 June 16, Dave Kindy, “DNA evidence reveals where the Black Death began”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-17, RETROPOLIS:


Shenzhen

/ˌʃɛnˈd͡ʒɛn/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 深圳 (Shēnzhèn), from 深 (shēn, “deep”) + 圳 (zhèn, “irrigation ditch”).

Encyclopædia Britannica
In 1979 Shenzhen was a small border city of some 30,000 inhabitants that served as a customs stop into mainland China from Hong Kong.

Over the next two years, China set up four “special economic zones” as testing grounds for free-enterprise practices like foreign investment and tax incentives. The largest zone was Shenzhen, about fifty miles south of Dongguan, which quickly became a symbol of a freewheeling China always open for business. Shenzhen was a planned showcase city, willed into being by leaders in Beijing and supported by government ministries and the companies under them.

2008, Leslie T. Chang, Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China, New York: Spiegel & Grau, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

The tiny 0.8-square-kilometer Luohu District was where the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone really got off to a good start.

2009, Lanqing Li, “The Birth of Special Economic Zones”, in Ling Yuan, Zhang Siying, transl., Breaking Through: The Birth of China's Opening-Up Policy, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 122:

The blockage of the Suez Canal in March? No, there is another disruption in global shipping. This time, the problem lies in Shenzhen, a sprawling metropolis adjacent to Hong Kong in southeastern China.

2021 June 21, Keith Bradsher, “Chinese port difficulties amid a Covid outbreak further snarl global trade.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-06-21, Business:

A major subprovincial city in Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Suifenhe

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 綏芬河／绥芬河 (Suífēnhé).

That flight arrived just days after China said that it would close, effective Monday, its last overland crossing at Suifenhe, a small city across the border from Russia’s Far East.

2020 April 13, “Britain Is Expected to Extend Coronavirus Lockdown: Live Coverage”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-04-13, ASIA PACIFIC:

Suifenhe and Harbin, capital of Heilongjiang, are now mandating 28 days of quarantine for all arrivals from abroad as well as nucleic acid and antibody tests.

2020 April 13, “China reports highest number of Covid-19 cases in weeks”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-04-14:


Heihe

From Mandarin 黑河 (Hēihé, literally “black river”) referring to the Amur.

bor

Nunkiang is a county of 450,000 people on a wide area, one of the counties of Heiho prefecture.

[1977 November, Rewi Alley, “To Heiho on the Heilungkiang”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVI, number 11, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 8, column 2:

Trade between Heihe and Blagoveshchensk reopened in 1986, and in 2000 a small special economic zone was formed along the border to encourage commerce. Shop fronts in Heihe display signs in both Chinese characters and Russian Cyrillic.

2015 December 15, Michael Schuman, “Thaw in China-Russia Relations Hasn’t Trickled Down”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-12-16, International Business:

But the current outbreak has hit more than 40 cities, and officials in Heihe -- a northern city on the border with Russia -- said they would offer 100,000 yuan ($15,500) as a reward for information.
"In order to uncover the source of this virus outbreak as soon as possible and find out the chain of transmission, it is necessary to wage a people's war of epidemic prevention and control," the city government said in a notice.

2021 November 9, “Chinese city offers cash for clues in Covid 'people's war'”, in France 24, sourced from Beijing (AFP), archived from the original on 2021-11-09, Live news:

A prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China, on the Russian border, across the Amur river from the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk.

خِيخِه

a prefecture-level city in northeastern China


Jiamusi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 佳木斯 (Jiāmùsī)

Approximately 140,000 Korean troops have participated in training and combat action with the Chinese Communist forces in one of three categories: (a) the Korean Volunteer Army, which was formed from Koreans in Communist-held China and Manchuria during 1945-46; (b) USSR-trained Koreans, who were transferred from north Korea and were integrated into the Korean Volunteer Army or Chinese Communist Army to gain combat experience; and (c) USSR-trained Koreans, who participated in training at Chiamussu, Manchuria, or attended the officer’s candidate school at Lungchingtsun, Manchuria.

[1950 September 18, “Fourth Report of the United Nations Command Operations in Korea, for the Period August 16-31, 1950”, in The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History, volume III, ABC-CLIO, published 2010, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1206, column 2:

In northeastern China, a passenger train collided with a coal-loaded truck early Thursday, killing the train driver and injuring 10 people, the official Xinhua News Agency said. The incident happened at a railway crossing in Jiamusi city in Heilongjiang province.

2013 October 24, “2 dead, 62 injured in China train collisions”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-10:


Mudanjiang

/muːdɑːnd͡ʒiˈɑːŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 牡丹江 (Mǔdānjiāng).

Workers set up surveillance cameras at a residential compound following cases of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang province, China April 14, 2022.

2022 April 20, Xie Yu, Samuel Shen, “For China investors, COVID lockdowns are the clear and present danger”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-04-20, China:


Manzhouli

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 滿洲里 (Mǎnzhōulǐ).

The city of Manzhouli in the northern Chinese region of Inner Mongolia, a small border town near Russia, said from Wednesday it would suspend taking some non-containerised rail cargo arriving from abroad that requires manual loading and unloading, including coal and fertiliser.
The measure comes as Inner Mongolia reported a total of 41 domestically transmitted cases with confirmed symptoms on Sunday and Monday. More than half of the cases were found in Manzhouli.

2021 November 30, Roxanne Liu, Gabriel Crossley, “UPDATE 2-Chinese border cities limit rail imports amid COVID outbreak in the north”, in Christopher Cushing, Edwina Gibbs, Nick Macfie, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-10, Commodities News:

A city in Inner Mongolia, China on the border with Russia and Mongolia.


Song

(historical) A former empire in China, occupying the eastern half of modern China.

A river in China; any of various minor rivers in China.


Aksay

A Kazakh autonomous county in Jiuquan, Gansu, China.


YRD

A comparison between the PRD and the YRD shows big similarities, with one city being the clear leader in both cases, although this is not without problems. For Hong Kong serious challenges come from Guangzhou and Shenzhen, while for Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing are competing, but also the famous cities Wuxi and Suzhou in between Nanjing and Shanghai are important competitors. However, Nanjing also wants to be an independent regional capital, while at the same time Nanjing is becoming more and more part of the YRD and faces competition and complementarity with Shanghai and the cities emerging between Nanjing and Shanghai.

2006, Meine Pieter van Dijk, “Competition Based on Successful Urban Management: Pearl River Delta Versus the Yangtze River Delta”, in Managing Cities in Developing Countries: The Theory and Practice of Urban Management, Edward Elgar Publishing, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 183:

Hangzhou is part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), an engine of growth during China’s boom years but now the source of a third of non-performing loans in the country.[…]
Steel and textile manufacturers in Xiaoshan, like other private firms around the YRD, sought to overcome such obstacles by providing loan guarantees for each other to gain bank credit.

2014 April 27, Gabriel Wildau, Koh Gui Qing, Shanghai Newsroom, “In wealthy Chinese city, debt guarantees spark default contagion”, in John Mair, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-22, Business News:

Economic transition and upgrading is directly related to the characteristics of national development strategy. Therefore, to promote economic transition and upgrading effectively, to avoid falling into the middle-income trap, and to switch the driving force of development successfully, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region must change its development strategy from the “late-developing advantage” one into a “first mover advantage” one.[…]Under the condition of insufficient investment, high administrative barriers, and inadequate globalization of service industry, the YRD region should pay as much attention to the development of the service industry as it did in the industrialization before to take lead in changing the development mode of service industry.

2015, Zhibiao Liu, “Development Strategy, Restructuring and Upgrading, Innovation-Driven Development and Transformation of the Development Mode of Service Industry”, in Zhibiao Liu, Xiaochun Li, editors, Transition of the Yangtze River Delta: From Global Manufacturing Center to Global Innovation Center (New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives), volume 5, Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:

Governments in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) have promised to give market forces free rein in building infrastructure and creating unified public service platforms as the mainland’s most affluent region seeks to develop in synergy under Beijing’s directions.
Authorities in Shanghai and the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui – which together make up the YRD area – are inviting construction companies, institutional investors, research institutes and consultancies to play a dominant role in developing the so-called demonstration zone, essentially a pilot zone that forms a key part of the YRD integration initiative.

2022 August 10, Daniel Ren, “Yangtze River Delta governments take a back seat, giving market forces free rein in developing infrastructure”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-10, China Business:

Yangtze River Delta
Yangtze River Delta#English

Initialism of Yangtze River Delta.; A region eastern China, bordering the East China Sea; An area on the east coast of China, containing Shanghai, Nanjing (“Nanking”), Suzhou (“Soochow”), Hangzhou (“Hangchow”).


Ao

From atonal romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 鰲／鳌 (Áo) and 敖 (Áo).

To produce leather goods, plants dumped an estimated 8,000 tonnes of waste a day into the Ao River, transforming its once-clear waters into a foul-smelling cesspool.

2004 July 3, Ray Cheung, “Polluted pig-leather capital is cleaned up”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-11-24:

The Ao River currently provides water for Lianjian^([sic – meaning Lianjiang]) County, irrigation for agriculture, water to villages for drinking, to fish farms, animal farms, and industries. Before the construction of the Shanzai dam the dry season flow in the Ao River at the water works at downstream Lianjian^([sic – meaning Lianjiang]) County has fallen so low (to 8.5m³/sec) that it was necessary to limited the water intake rate to the water works.[…](iii) obtain how data or the Ao River at Lianjian^([sic – meaning Lianjiang]) County from the Fujian Provincial Hydrology Department to monitor the effect of water diversion from the Tang Ban Reservoir on the quality and quantity of downstream water;[…]

1998, Fuzhou Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Project in the People's Republic of China, Asian Development Bank, →OCLC, pages 10, 17:

Chiang said her father was born in Lianjiang, and he knew very well that if there was no dike, places like Gui'an and Taoyuan villages would be flooded every year.
"Just a while ago, when it rained heavily, waterlogging can be seen in many places. At that time, I was looking at the course of the Aojiang River, when I suddenly realized that we were defending our homeland."

[2021 December 12, “Three ordinary Taiwan locals who made new lives across the Strait”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2023-04-08:


Zanda

Here at Manam Gonpa, there is an enormous complex of ruins which even now holds untold precious works of art, buried beneath the rubble. A further trek of 21 km will bring you to Toling, capital of Tsamda county, on the left bank of the Sutlej.

[1996 January, “Far-west Tibet”, in Gyurme Dorje, editor, Tibet Handbook: with Bhutan, Passport Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 425, column 1:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Yangzi

Defense Mapping Agency
Yangzi (disambiguation)

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 洋梓 (Yángzǐ).

洋梓

a town in central China; a residential community in central China; a village in central China

Liu Cuilan at Bailing Village of Yangzi Town in Zhongxiang city has a large house of 140 meters² (about 1506 ft².) for the [Christians] gatherings, which was torn down by the policemen from Yingzhong police station in August 2001.

2001 December 17, “Brief report on the financial loss of the church in Hubei”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, archived from the original on 2014-09-23:

A town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China.

A residential community of Yangzi, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China.

A village in Yangzi, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China.


Mian

In 1978 the Administrative Office for Cultural Relics of Mian County, Shaanxi, conducted excavations of four tombs found in the course of agricultural improvements.

1987, The Quest for Eternity: Chinese Ceramic Sculptures from the People's Republic of China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 116:

The unearthed cultural relics of Mian County not only indicate that rice-fish culture in China dates further back in the historical record, but also fills an important gap in kind in the history of rice-fish culture in China. Mian County is located in the Hanzhong basin south of Qinlin mountain, near the border of Sichuan and Shanxi Provinces.

1992, Li Kangmin, “Rice-Fish Farming Systems in China: Past, Present and Future”, in Rice-Fish Research and Development in Asia, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18, column 1:


Irtysh

From Russian Иртыш (Irtyš), possibly from Bashkir.

The O-erh-ch'i-ssu River begins in the southern section of the lofty A-erh-t'ai Mountains of Sinkiang. This river is over 2,900 kilometers long and has a large delta area rich in minerals such as gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, mica, crystal and "ping-chou-shih" [3056 3166 4258 possibly cryolite]. At the source of the O-erh-ch'i-ssu River, the A-erh-t'ai Mountains reach more than 3,000 meters above sea level. The peaks of the mountains are covered with snow year-round, and rainfall is heavy in the summer.

[1969 July 3 [1969 May 28], “A View of the O-erh-ch'i-ssu River Delta”, in Translations on People's Republic of China, number 59, United States Joint Publications Research Service, sourced from Hong Kong, Ta Kung Pao, p 8, translation of 額爾齊斯河流域風貌 by 念澄 (in Chinese), →OCLC, Economic, page 11:

我國新疆的額爾齊斯河,發源於巍峨的阿爾泰山東部,[…]
額爾齊斯河全長二千九百多公里,它的流域面積很廣,在它流域的廣闊土地上,蘊藏著豐富的寶藏,其中有金,鐵,銅,鉛,鋅,水銀,雲母,氷洲石,水晶等.
額爾齊斯河的發源地阿爾泰山,也是我國的名山,海拔三千米以上,山常年積雪,夏天雨水很多.

While stabilized and semistabilized sand dunes prevail in the desert in the Dzungarian Basin, shifting dunes are the rule in this desert, intermittently distributed along both the south and north banks of the O-erh-ch'i-szu Ho in the northwestern part of the basin. Lying under these dunes are the sloping diluvial terraces and undulating slopes of the mountain bases. Due to its high elevation and its being situated in the river valley between the Sa-wu-erh and A-erh-t'ai mountain ranges, gale force wind penetrates the region in winter and little snow is accumulated.

[1975 August 18 [1974 May], “Study of China's Deserts [中国沙漠概论 CHUNG-KUO SHA-MO KAI-LUN]”, in Translations on People's Republic of China, number 316, United States Joint Publications Research Service, sourced from Peking, Desert Laboratory Lanchow Institute of Glacier, Frozen Ground and Desert Soil Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences [中国科学院兰州冰川冻土沙漠研究所沙漠研究室], translation of original in Chinese, →OCLC, page 47:

中国科学院兰州冰川冻土沙漠研究所沙漠研究室

On its own Kazakhstan is unable to mount such a challenge. However, the other downstream state liable to be affected by China’s Irtysh extraction plans is Russia.

2001, Central Asian Security: The New International Context, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 80:

The Interfax news agency, citing regional police and emergency services, says the crash occurred Saturday on the Irtysh river, 10 kilometers from the Siberian city of Omsk.

2013 August 17, “Russia boat crash kills 4, injures 49”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-22:


Jin

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 晉／晋 (Jìn), adopted as the name of a river in Shanxi in antiquity. As a Zhou state, from the renaming of the marchland Tang (唐) by its second marquis Ji Xie when he relocated to the Jin River c. 1000 BC. As a surname, principally from the Zhou state and its region in China. As an empire and dynastic name, from Sima Yan's status as prince of Jin under the preceding Wei Empire. As a river in Fujian, named for the empire, which settled its banks with colonizers from China's Central Plains. As a dialect, from 晉語／晋语 (Jìnyǔ), from the region of the former Zhou state.

zh-l

晉語／晋语 (Jìnyǔ)

(historical) An empire in China (AD 265–420) established by Sima Yan's overthrow of the Wei and replaced by barbarian conquerors in the north and Liu Yu's Song Empire in the south.


Jin

Cambridge University Press
Jin
Jin (Chinese surname)
Jin Prefecture (Shaanxi)
Jurchen Jin
Linfen

From the atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 金 (Jīn, literally “gold, golden”). As a surname, legendarily derived from the descendants of Shaohao who took a golden phoenix as their tribal emblem. As an area and town in Shaanxi, named for the placer deposits of gold on the Yue River. As a Jurchen empire and dynastic name, a Chinese calque of Jurchen name of the Ashi River within modern Harbin, preserved in Chinese transcription as 按出虎 (Ànchūhǔ) (Middle Chinese: ʔan-tsyhwit-xu). As a Manchu empire and dynastic name, an early continuation of the former Jurchen name prior to the 1636 proclamation of the Qing.

der

(historical) An empire in northern China (AD 1115–1234) established by an invasion of Liao by the Wanyan Jurchens and overthrown by an invasion of the Mongols.


Maotai

From the Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 茅台 (Máotái) Wade-Giles: Mao²-tʻai², reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

MAOTAI CAPTURED BY SZECHUAN FORCES
The Szechuan pursuit forces, after recapturing Maotai, western Kweichow, crossed the Chihshui Ho (River) and we now reached Tsaochihpa, near the Kweichow-Szechuan border.

1935, The China Weekly Review, volume 72, →OCLC, page 147:

Here in Maotai, where the pungent odor of fermenting sorghum is overpowering and almost everyone works for the distillery, spiking prices have become a point of pride.

2011 February 13, Andrew Jacobs, “Fake Liquors Flow as Demand Soars for China’s Fabled Sorghum Spirit”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-11-10, Asia Pacific:

Signage for China Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co. baijiu liquor lines a road at the company’s facility in the Maotai section of the Renhuai District in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China, on Thursday, April 7, 2011.

2021 August 26, Evelyn Cheng, Eustance Huang, “Chinese baijiu liquor stocks tumble amid regulatory concerns”, in CNBC, archived from the original on 2021-08-26:

A town in Renhuai, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.


Tibet Autonomous Region

Calque from Mandarin 西藏自治區／西藏自治区 (Xīzàng Zìzhìqū).

zh-l

西藏自治區／西藏自治区 (Xīzàng Zìzhìqū)

Now Sikang Province has been liquidated, the eastern part being merged with Szechuan Province and the western part, the Chamdo (Kham) District, will incorporate itself in the Tibet Autonomous Region when it is established. Developments there will probably provide the Tibet Autonomous Region with useful experience for that future period.

1957, Alan Winnington, Tibet: Record of a Journey, London: Lawrence & Wishart, →OCLC, pages 57–58:

I stay at the official guesthouse where, in September 1975, the delegation from the Central Government, headed by Mr Hua Kuo-feng, China's recent Prime Minister, came to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China (first proclaimed in September 1965).

1977, Han Suyin, Lhasa, the Open City, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 10:

The Tibet Autonomous Region covers of 1.23 million square kilometers and is located on a high plateau averaging 3,600 meters above sea level in southwestern China. According to the national census, the total population in the TAR was 2.2 million in 1990 (CPIRC, 1991). It has a strong religious tradition (Tibetan Buddhism), and its special religion-related culture has lasted for centuries.

1995, Rong Ma, edited by Calvin Goldscheider, Economic Patterns, Migration, and Ethnic Relationships in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Population, Ethnicity, and Nation-Building), Westview Press, →ISBN, page 40:

According to official figures cited by People's Online Daily, in 1990 nature reserves accounted for 4 percent of the land area of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

2014, Michael Buckley, Meltdown in Tibet, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 117:

An autonomous region of China, located on the Tibetan Plateau and part of Tibet, the home to the Tibetan people

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Nur

When was approaching the last mountain pass to Nur Township, due to the climb and bumps of the road, our media car at finally went on strike, lying on the road 500 meters away from the mountain pass and stopped working.

2019 December 28, “Kunlun Tianlu, the most attractive destination for self-driving travel in 2020 The Ninth Line to Tibet”, in DayDayNews, archived from the original on 2021-05-10:

A township in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

奴爾

township in Qira, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Hami

From Mandarin 哈密 (Hāmì) Wade–Giles romanization: Ha¹-mi⁴, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

Tulufan or Turfan and Fayuan or Kucheng lie to the east of the capital. Hami, an oasis in the desert, is yet nearer the eastern boundary of the province and is an important post on the chief road into China proper.

1913, Thomas Cochrane, “Chapter XXI.”, in Survey of the Missionary Occupation of China, Shanghai: Christian Literature Society for China, →OCLC, page 332:

THE decision having been reached to send me to Sinkiang, the question arose as to how I was to get there. Urumchi can be reached from three directions ; from Kashmir in India across the Himalaya, Karakoram and Pamir to Kashgar, and thence a further journey of near a thousand miles through Eastern Turkistan to Urumchi ; from China across the Gobi desert to Hami and thence on across the T'ien Shan range to Urumchi ; and via the Trans-Siberian and Turkistan-Siberian railways through Russian Central Asia to the Chinese frontier town of Chuguchak (Ta-ch'eng) and thence by cart or motor truck across the Dzungarian steppe to Urumchi.

1937, Sir Eric Teichman, Journey to Turkistan, Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 27:

The Hami melon, native to the Hami Region of Sinjiang Province, has found a new home here in Jhuangwei, Yilan. The soil downstream of the Lanyang River is great for the cultivation of hami melon because of the plentiful sunshine, excellent water system, and the local mild weather. The Hami melon was introduced to Jhuangwei in 1982.

(Can we date this quote?), “Food”, in Yilan County Government, archived from the original on 2018-03-29:

Sulaiman’s older brother Ehet, the 57-year-old director of the Tengritagh Township Teaching District in Kumul (in Chinese, Hami) prefecture, and his younger brother Ehmet, the 39-year-old head of Kumul’s Tengritagh township, have both been detained since 2018, RFA recently learned after interviewing several local officials.

2021 March 3, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “RFA Uyghur Service Editor’s Brothers Confirmed Detained by Xinjiang Authorities”, in Uyghur Service, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-03-04:

The new silos are clearly being built to be discovered. The most recent silo field, on which construction began in March, is in the eastern part of the Xinjiang region, not far from one of China’s notorious “re-education” camps in the city of Hami.

2021 July 26, William J. Broad, David E. Sanger, “A 2nd New Nuclear Missile Base for China, and Many Questions About Strategy”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-26, Politics:


Yellow River

Calque of Chinese 黃河／黄河 (Huáng Hé), chiefly from the river's golden appearance as far west as Lanzhou caused by the enormous levels of silt it acquires from the Loess Plateau but also influenced by the color schema in wuxing ("Five Element") theory, which associates earth with the color 黃／黄 (huáng), usually translated as "yellow" but also inclusive of shades modern English would consider golden, orange, brown, tan, etc. The earliest Chinese sources simply describe it as 河 (hé, “The River”) but it was later distinguished as the Yellow River after 河 (hé) began to replace 水 (shuǐ) as a generic term for creeks and smaller rivers.

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

Firſt of all, There are in China two famous large Rivers, namely Kiang, and the Yellow River... The Yellow River, by ſtrangers ſo called from the colour of the water, occaſioned by the Yellowneſs of the ground, is named Hoang in the Chineſe Language, and ſeems at firſt to be very Mooriſh; but the ſwiftneſs and great force of its running, makes it appear the quite contrary; for with ſo incredible a ſwiftneſs does this River run, that no Ships are able to Sail up againſt its Stream, but are drawn up againſt the ſame by the main ſtrength of a great number of Track-men: which may proceed from its being contracted within ſo narrow bounds; for in ſome places it is but half a mile broad, and in others a little broader, but in a continued courſe, for in length it extends above 800 miles.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, pages 235–236:

After passing a short stage, through low lands with very different prospects, a succession of good towns and villages, numerous vessels, and crowds of people, indicated the vicinity of the Yellow River, into which the canal falls with a gentle force.
November 2d, the yachts came to the spot where the canal joins the Yellow River.
The Yellow River runs at this place with such rapidity that the Chinese sailors deemed it necessary to offer a sacrifice to its Guardian Spirit for a safe passage.

1798, Complete View of the Chinese Empire, London, page 400:

As we rode slowly over the Lunghai Line toward Sianfu, across the brown sun-baked plains of Northern Honan, soon to be flooded when the Chinese breached the Yellow River dikes to stop the advancing Yellow Horde, we passed many troop trains en-route to the front.

1941, Edgar Snow, The Battle for Asia, New York: Random House, page 26:

China's Yellow River, or Huang he, is named for the yellow, sandy silt it carries in its water. This silt, called loess, is almost as fine as flour. Over thousands of years, the northwestern wind blowing from the Gobi Desert has deposited hundreds of feet of loess over northern China. As the Yellow River flows through China, it sweeps away the fine, yellow silt and carries it downriver.

2001, Kim Dramer, The Yellow River, Franklin Watts, →ISBN, page 7:

FOR MORE THAN 2,000 years, a branch of the Silk Road — the 600-mile-long Hexi Corridor — has angled southeast from the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts to the Yellow River loess plains.

2020 May 11, Anna Sherman, “A Poetic Journey Through Western China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-11:

Central China, where multiple tributaries of the Yellow River crisscross and monsoon rains are exceptionally heavy, has long been subject to flooding.

2021 July 22, Pei Lin Wu, Rebecca Tan, “Death toll in China floods climbs to 33 as rains spread and more cities call for help”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-22, Asia:

The chief river of the North China Plain, the second-longest river in China and sixth-longest river system on Earth, historically prone to massive floods which repeatedly drastically changed its course.

Kunlun

Source of the Yellow River in trad. Chinese mythology


Huocheng

Two farmers in Xinjiang's Huocheng county were swept away by flood water triggered by heavy rain that started on Tuesday, Xinhua said.

2007 July 26, “China gives out meat from reserves amid severe flooding”, in The New York Times, sourced from The International Herald Tribune, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-04-26, Asia Pacific:


Khorgas

From Russian Хо́ргас (Xórgas) or Хо́ргос (Xórgos), from Uyghur قورغاس (qorghas) or Kazakh قورعاس or Қорғас (Qorğas).

der

Kazakh قورعاس

霍爾果斯

a dual town in Xinjiang, China and Kazakhstan

On the Chinese side of the Khorgas border point, a rash of buildings testified to the sudden spike in China-Kazakhstan exchanges over the border in the 1980s and early 1990s.

2005, Hugh Pope, Sons of the Conquerors, Overlook Duckworth, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 176–177:

This traditionally Kazakh stronghold is lush with farmland, pasture and flanking forest-blanketed mountains — a big change from the usual preconceptions of Xinjiang — and from here you can exit China at Khorgas and travel onward to Almaty. Although a train spur line is being built to Yining and Khorgas, the current method of travel for this excursion is by bus or private jeep.

2010, Bijan Omrani, Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian & Silk Road, Odyssey Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 497:

At Fuyun I meet an employee of Boshihao Electronic, a firm registered in the southern city of Shenzhen, which is planning to open its robot production workshop in Khorgas and expects to start exporting service robots to Europe in 2017.[...]This is the new Wild West - quite literally, for the many young people flocking to Khorgas from the big Chinese mega-cities to the East.
When you cross the border to the Kazakh side, things are more subdued. The Kazakh Khorgos (the name of the town is the same, but there is a difference in pronunciation) is still more or less what it has always been: a couple of dozen old houses congregated around a pretty mosque and a road running down to the border post.

2018, Bruno Maçães, Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 129:

A county-level city in Ili, Xinjiang, China on the border with Kazakhstan.


Jiangnan

From Hanyu Pinyin Jiāngnán, from the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 江南 (Jiāngnán, “[Place] South of the [Yangtze] River”), from Classical Chinese use of 江 (jiāng) as a proper name for the Yangtze.

The reason Hunan’s rich soils did not produce rice yields to match those of the “barren” lands of Fukien and Chekiang was because manpower was scarce in Hunan. Rice could not be grown with the same care found in the two densely populated Chiangnan provinces.

[1972, “Conditions of Rice Culture: Labor Requirements and Land Tenure”, in Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 13:

(historical) A province of Qing-era China, now divided into Jiangsu and Anhui.

江南

area in China, former province of the Qing Empire


Zhang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 漳 (Zhāng).

Until the recent construction of a system of roads, the Wei River was northern Henan Province's principal link with the outside world, connecting it with the Grand Canal and thence the city of Tianjin and the sea.[...]In addition, just to the northwest of the county lies the tempestuous Zhang River; usually shallow, it becomes a raging torrent during heavy monsoon rains, flooding the border area of northern Henan and southern Hebei provinces.

1996, Peter J. Seybolt, “Introduction: Houhua Village in Space and Time”, in Throwing the Emperor from His Horse: Portrait of a Village Leader in China, 1923-1995, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 10:

During the hot, dry month of August 1992 the farmers of Baishan village in Hebei province and Panyang village in Henan came to blows. Residents from each village hurled insults and rudimentary explosives at the other across the Zhang River – the river that feeds the Red Flag Canal Irrigation System and forms the border between the two provinces.

2015 September 3, David Pietz, “How History Shaped China's Water Crisis”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2015-09-06:

A river in Shanxi, Henan and Hebei, China


Hulin

From Mandarin 虎林 (Hǔlín, literally “tiger forest”).

The incident only a few years ago at Chenpao Island northeast of Mutankiang city and in the Hulin county of the prefecture, showed the white fangs of the bear all right.

1977 September, Rewi Alley, “Mutankiang”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVI, number 9, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 7, column 1:

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

1986, Peter P. Cheng, “1978: The Four Modernizations on the March”, in Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979, Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 395:

Yang Wanying, 19, was admitted into the computer science programme at Yangzhou University in Jiangsu province, near Shanghai, according to the Yangtse Evening News.
But she resides in Hulin city in Heilongjiang province to the north, bordering Russia.

2015 September 20, Mimi Lau, “Chinese teenager cycles 2,500km along coast to get to university in time for new academic year”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-21, China:

Photo taken on Sept. 28, 2016 shows the scenery of the Zhenbao Island wetland in Hulin, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province. The 29,275-hectare wetland has been designated as a wetland of international importance by the Ramsar Convention in 2011 for its vital importance as a unique wetland for biological diversity.

2016 September 29, “Scenery of Zhenbao Island wetland in Heilongjiang(1/6)”, in Li Yan, editor, China News Service, archived from the original on 2016-10-06:

A county-level city in Jixi, Heilongjiang, China


Karakul

A lake in Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China.


South Manchuria

DAIREN, South Manchuria, Oct. 12. -- South China with its Communists, the Yangtse Valley with rampant anti-foreignism and incessant civil warfare and Peking with Marshal Chang Tso-lin attempting to consolidate his dictatorship and found a stable central Government -- these seem to be the major constituents of the Chinese problem until one visits Manchuria.

1927 November 13, Hallett Abend, “GRIM STRUGGLE ON TO RULE MANCHURIA; China, Russia and Japan Bid for Supremacy of Vast Domain, Realizing It May End in War. DAIREN A SPOTLESS CITY Built by Japan, It Is Clean and Modern In Contrast to Dirty and Inefficient Towns of South. GRIM STRUGGLE ON TO RULE MANCHURIA”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-01-16, EDITORIALE, page 1:

Operations in South Manchuria have now gone deeply into the preliminary phase of a drive from Yingkow northwestward along the Yingkow branch of the Peiping-Mukden Railroad.

1931 December 28, Hugh Byas, “BIG JAPANESE FORCE REACHES MANCHURIA AS NEW DRIVE OPENS; 4,000 to 5,000 Men Arrive by Sea and Land and Tokyo Will Send More." FROZEN RIVER IS CROSSED Tamon, Captor of Tsitsihar, Reported in Sharp Fights on Way to Chinchow. CHINESE TRY TO CHECK HIM Corps of 2,400 Students Reaches Threatened City--America Makes Protest on "Open Door." Concentration at Yingkow. Troops Arrive By Sea and Land. BIG JAPANESE FORCE REACHES MANCHURIA Sharp Fighting Reported.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-15, page 1:

the region of Japanese control of Northeast China, prior to the establishment of Manchukuo


Outer Manchuria

From outer + Manchuria.
The 21st century sense referring to territories ceded by China to Russia in the 19th century seems to have been popularized with the May 2004 creation of a Wikipedia article for Outer Manchuria; it may be an instance of citogenesis. The same article may also be the source of Inner Manchuria referring to Manchuria (all northeast China).

In particular, Elliot found himself confronted by a redoubtable opponent in Count Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatyev, the Russian Ambassador to the Sublime Porte. Ignatyev was cunning, agile and bold. He had had adventures aplenty and narrow escapes in Central Asia, where he had sought to build Russian influence. A particularly nimble piece of diplomacy had led to his acquiring Outer Manchuria from the Chinese Emperor.

2009, Christopher Meyer, Getting Our Way: 500 Years of Adventure and Intrigue: The Inside Story of British Diplomacy, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, page 181:

Two years later, Czar Alexander II went a step further and coerced the Chinese into signing the Treaty of Peking, thereby adding another slice of Outer Manchuria—what is now Primorye and southern Khabarovsk Territory—to the Russian empire. In the mid-1960s, it seemed as if Mao might try to get them back.

2010, John Vaillant, “Markov”, in The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival (Adventure/Nature), →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 59:

For these services Moscow exacted a staggering territorial price: a broad swath of territory in so-called Outer Manchuria along the Pacific coast, including the port city now called Vladivostok.¹⁴ In a stroke, Russia had gained a major new naval base, a foothold in the Sea of Japan, and 350,000 square miles of territory once considered Chinese.

2011, Henry Kissinger, “From Preeminence to Decline”, in On China, New York: Penguin Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 68:

Russian settlers took possession of the fringes of the Chinese world, de facto annexations that were ratified by a series of “unequal treaties” [8], the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Russo-Chinese Convention of Peking of 1860, which established the easternmost part of the present-day border between China and Russia [9].

2012 February 21, Frank Jacobs, “Manchurian Trivia”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-29, Opinion Pages:

After praising the border agreement, Deng led the Soviet foreign minister into a room where a map of China lay on the table. The map showed Outer Manchuria, which forms the Russian Primorsky Krai province, as Chinese, not Russian, territory.

2019 February, Angela E. Stent, Putin's World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page https://archive.org/details/astentputinsworld/page/n232/:

Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.

2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29, Opinion:

China did eventually regain Harbin and, much later in 1997, Hong Kong. However, big parts of Manchuria, which China lost along with Hong Kong, still belong to Russia. Outer Manchuria, as the Russia-controlled region is known, has great strategic value, abundant natural resources and game-changing potential. Important cities and military harbors were built on these lands. But in Russian hands, this gigantic area of almost 400,000 square miles — roughly equivalent to a tenth of China — remains underpopulated and underdeveloped.
In 2016, shortly after the annexation of Crimea, the Russian government issued a law that encouraged settlement in the Far East, including Outer Manchuria, promising each adventurous migrant a hectare (0.4 acres) for free.

2023 April 20, Alexander Etkind, “Putin Is Opening A Door For China”, in Noema Magazine, archived from the original on 2023-04-20, Geopolitics & Globalization:

(neologism) The part of Russia near northeastern China (including Primorsky Krai and other nearby areas) which was annexed by the Russian Empire in the mid 19th century understood as part of Manchuria; similar or equivalent to Russian Manchuria.


Paracel Islands

ABOUT the third day out we passed the dreaded Macclesfield Bank, which, with the adjacent Paracel Islands and reefs, forms a pretty trap for the careless or unskilful navigator.

1897, Carlton Dawe, Captain Castle: A Tale of the China Seas (Fiction), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., →OCLC, →OL, page 31:

The Republic of China has reiterated its sovereignty over the Nansha and Hsisha Islands (Spratly and Paracel Islands).

1976 June 6, “ROC reiterates ownership of southern islets”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 22, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Gales in the South China Sea, off Guangdong's east coast and near the Paracel Islands, were forecast to reach moderate magnitudes of 6-7 but the wind in some parts of the sea could be stronger, the forecasters said.

2022 June 29, Beijing newsroom, Hong Kong newsroom, Liz Lee, “Typhoon may be forming ahead of Hong Kong handover anniversary”, in Robert Birsel, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-29, China:

A group of South China Sea islands administered under Sansha, Hainan, China, as Xisha (claimed by Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam).


Wenzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 溫州／温州 (Wēnzhōu).

The issue of land ownership rights came into focus in Wenzhou in April after the local government demanded that homeowners whose land-use rights had expired after 20 years pay fees of up to a third of the value of their homes before they could sell their apartments. The decision provoked protests from property owners in Wenzhou, a coastal city of eight million that was one of the first to set up private enterprise after the government opened up the economy in the late 1970s.

2016 December 26, Sui-Lee Wee, “China Reassures Homeowners Worried About Land Rights”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-12-26, Business:

Saola is not the only storm threatening China this weekend, as Haikui, a second Pacific typhoon, is expected to make landfall on Sunday in eastern China, south of the city of Wenzhou, the US Embassy in Beijing said in a weather alert.

2023 September 2, “Super typhoon Saola leaves trail of destruction in southern China”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-12-28:

A prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China.

Cambridge University Press
Defense Mapping Agency
Wenzhou

温州

おんしゅう, Onshū; うんしゅう, Unshū


Weifang

The haste with which marriages are contracted by young people who are experimenting for the first time with unobstructed choice of mates is typified by such a current remark as that which Tzu Chi reports from Weifang, Shantung: “First let’s go to the movies and then let’s get married.”

1959, Ruth Nanda Anshen, The Family: Its Function and Destiny, Rev. edition, New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 160:

Weifang officials knew the policy meant trouble for them. China has other concentrations of Falun Gong believers, such as in the northeast. But those areas are remote from the capital. Weifang is located just three hundred miles southeast of Beijing, making it easy for protesters to travel to the capital even after the city had taken the initial precaution of sending security agents to train and bus stations to head them off before they left town.

2004, Ian Johnson, Wild Grass, Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 282:

The wide new boulevards that cut across parts of Weifang in eastern China are largely free of traffic, a quiet reminder of the coastal city’s big ambitions.

2015 August 6, Neil Gough, Cao Li, “As China Reduces Local Spending, Cities Woo Private Investors”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-08-09, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS:

A prefecture-level city in Shandong, in northeastern China

濰坊

a prefecture-level city in Shandong, northeastern China


Taizhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 台州 (Tāizhōu).

Another kind mentioned in the Pêntsao is 天竺桂 (T‘ien-chu-kuei). Porter Smith, on the supposition that the first two characters meant India, identified this with Cinnamomum tamala. But Li Shih-chen says that it is so named from a place called T‘ien-chu, in the prefecture of Taichou, Chekiang, where it grows plentifully. It is a large tree, bearing abundant flowers and a fruit the size of a lotus nut.

[1911, “Vegetable Kingdom”, in Chinese Materia Medica, →OCLC, page 109:

On Friday, congregants at the Wenling Church in the city of Taizhou faced off with as many as 4,000 police officers but failed to prevent the removal of two crosses from atop their building.[…]
One of the two crosses that were removed on Friday from the Wenling Church in Taizhou in Zhejiang Province, China.[…]
At the Wenling Church in Taizhou, congregants said hundreds of Christians sang hymns at daybreak on Friday as the riot police surrounded the church, which is anchored by a distinctive clock tower capped by a bright red cross.

2014 July 28, Andrew Jacobs, “China Removes Crosses From Two More Churches in Crackdown”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-07-29, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in eastern China.


Taizhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 泰州 (Tàizhōu).

In eastern Jiangsu province anxious investors gathered on Wednesday morning outside company offices in Taizhou city, while similar protests have been reported in Anhui and unpaid workers have demanded their wages in Ezhou city, Hubei.

2021 September 15, “China's embattled Evergrande tries to pay bills with parking spots”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-09-15:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China.


Taoyuan

The important mining center Paoking is connected with Siangtan by a road through Hsiang Hsiang. It is also connected with Yuanchow by way of Wukang and with Changteh by way of Hsin Hua, An Hua, and Taoyuan.

1915 September 24, Nelson T. Johnson, “Hunan Province”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52i, page 27:

By December 4 the advance upon Changsha had come to a standstill. After several days' indecisive fighting around Changteh and the town of Taoyuan, 15 miles to the west, which had been taken by the enemy after a heavy air raid supported by parachutists on November 21, the Japanese retreated northwards.

1944, Philip Graves, The Seventeenth Quarter, Hutchinson & Co., pages 157–158:

At 1600 on 21 November 1943 Japanese paratroopers attacked Taoyuan, Hunan, as a phase of their Tungting Lake campaign.

1945 July 1, Japanese Parachute Troops, Washington, D.C.: Military Intelligence Service, page 29:

Sung Chiao-jen was born into a lower gentry household in T’ao-yüan County, Hunan. At the local Chang-chiang Academy, he is reported to have shown interest in statecraft, textual criticism, and neo-Confucian self-cultivation.

[1992, “SUNG CHIAO-JEN”, in Edwin Pak-wah Leung, editor, Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839-1976, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 396:

The frequent ceremonies, which are meant to release the souls of the dead from purgatory, come as China’s worst outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic spreads further into its rural, more vulnerable areas.
“It has never been this many all at once,” said a 24-year-old visiting her home village in Taoyuan County, in the southern province of Hunan, for the Lunar New Year, China’s biggest holiday.

2023 January 17, Jennifer Jett, Livia Liu, “China's first Lunar New Year without Covid restrictions fuels fears of a rural crisis”, in NBC News, archived from the original on 2023-01-17, World:

A county of Changde, in northern Hunan, China.


Yarkand

A river in China, upon which the city of Yarkant is located. The upper part of this river is known as Raskam.


Turpan

In a corner of Mongolia near Turkestan, at Turpan, in an excavation, old boots have been found which were repaired with kid palimpsests of the third century, A. D., — a literal example of the truth marching into benighted Cathay.

1909, John Stuart Thomson, The Chinese, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 371:

Incomplete remains from the Central Asian sites of Endere in the region of Khotan and Gaochang outside Turpan suggest that similar types of pillars were constructed in Central Asia (Figs. 20 and 21).

1990, Stanley K. Abe, Art and Practice in a Fifth-century Chinese Buddhist Cave Temple (Ars Orientalis), volume 20, page 5:

The elite, primarily Buddhist, Turkic society centered in the south around Turpan became known as Uyghuristan from 932 to 1450, to distinguish it from the Muslim Türks living in the western parts of Xinjiang.

2008, James Cuno, Who Owns Antiquity?, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 107:

While investigating the detentions of women in the XUAR, where authorities are believed to have held up to 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in a network of internment camps since early 2017, RFA’s Uyghur Service spoke with a police officer in the prefecture-level city of Turpan (in Chinese, Tulufan) who volunteered that a village elder named Zaytunhan Ismail had recently been arrested.
“I believe it was around January … it’s been quite a while now,” the officer from Turpan’s Chatqal township said of the 67-year-old Ismail.

2021 May 27, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Xinjiang Authorities Detain Uyghur Woman Who Intervened in Domestic Dispute”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-05-27:

A prefecture-level city in Xinjiang, China


Dol

Journey across desert. Two Langars at 5th and 8th mile. Enter on cultivation at 14th mile, close to the village of Dol. Road excellent.

1893, Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), “Journey of Carey and Dalgleish in Chinese Turkistan and Northern Tibet in 1885–7”, in Supplementary Papers, volume 3, J. Murray, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 22, part 1:

Obul Kasem Imin, a Uighur from Dol village in Lop county, near Khotan, was reportedly taken into custody by public security officers from Lop County in September 1996 for "speaking out against the government".

1999, People's Republic of China: Gross Violations of Human Rights in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Amnesty International USA, →OCLC, page 50:

Memtimin Abla, deputy chief of police of the Lop county police department, told RFA that the three attackers were all from Dol township in Lop county and between the ages of 18 and 20.

2015 May 13, Roseanne Gerin, Shohret Hoshur, “Six Dead, Four Injured in Two Successive Suicide Attacks in China’s Xinjiang”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-05-18:

“Head out boldly and bring back the cash,” a village official in Dol Township in southern Xinjiang told dozens of farmers, according a local government report last year. The village officials urged team leaders to take special care of three villagers in their 60s who had signed up to pick cotton, the report said.

2019 December 30, Chris Buckley, Austin Ramzy, “To China, Muslim Workers Are Eager Recruits. Others See Forced Labor.”, in New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-12-30:

A township in Lop, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Spratly Islands

Named after British whaling captain Richard Spratly who sighted the islands in 1843.

named-after

On the other hand, two moves by Japan during this period may have a certain significance. The first was announcement of Japanese occupation of the Spratly islands on March 31, complemented by the annexation, on April 18, of a group of reefs and islets 300 miles long between French Indo-China, the Philippines and British North Borneo in the South China Sea.[…]
The line of least resistance, however, clearly lies toward the south. France and Britain, in particular, would have small military and naval forces at their disposal to protect their eastern possession; or the oil of the Dutch East Indies—for Japan the greatest prize of all. The occupation of Hainan and the Spratly islands has already pointed the way. Only one serious obstacle threatens attainment of this objective: the United States.

1939 April 21, T. A. Bisson, “Roosevelt Appeal Jolts Dictators”, in Foreign Policy Bulletin, volume XVIII, number 26, Foreign Policy Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 2-3:

Japan has strengthened its naval position during the war by occupying Hainan Island, located midway between Hong Kong and French Indo-China and squarely athwart the sea route from Hong Kong to Singapore, and the Spratly Islands, off the coast of Indo-China, a little group of coral reefs which may be useful as advanced submarine bases.[…]
Japan remained relatively passive during the first weeks of the new crisis generated by Hitler’s eastward march and the efforts of Great Britain to forge a wall of resistance among the East European countries. The seizure of the Spratly Islands, a small group of coral reefs off the southeastern coast of Indo-China, was a minor operation, although this would certainly not have taken place if France had not been too much concerned in Europe to assert its right of ownership over the Spratly group.

1942, William Henry Chamberlin, “Can Japan Rule East Asia?”, in Japan Over Asia, Revised and Enlarged edition, Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon Books, →OCLC, pages 424, 430:

In the eastern hemisphere the Japanese occupied the island of Hainan off French Indo-China; annexed the Spratly islands further south, between Indo-China and Borneo; and continued local gains in north China.

1945 January 20, “Seven New Year's Days”, in Army Talks, volume III, number 2, page 5:

The Spratly Islands in the South China Sea are still occupied by troops of the Republic of China, according to Major General Li Chang-hao, spokesman of the Ministry of National Defense.

1975 May 11, “ROC still holds Spratly Islands; no Red challenge”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 18, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

As far as can be determined, all of the Spratly Islands are capped by active coral reef and there are no other rock outcrops. Most of the ‘islands’ are under water at high tide, but some maintain a partial low elevation of a rim surrounding a lagoon, in which case they are sparsely vegetated and inhabited by sea birds. There are no indigenous human inhabitants, but tourists visit for diving and fishing and the military occupy many for territorial claims.

2010 October 9, Charles S. Hutchison, V.R. Vijayan, “What are the Spratly Islands?”, in Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, volume 39, number 5, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

A United States P8A surveillance aircraft flying near the disputed Spratly islands in the South China Sea on May 20 was asked by the Chinese navy to leave the area.

2015 May 21, “Chinese navy warns off U.S. reconnaissance plane over Spratlys”, in Focus Taiwan, archived from the original on 2022-09-27, Cross-Strait:

On December 10, a flotilla of 40 boats set off from the Philippine coastal town of El Nido in Palawan province to a group of islets and shoals in the South China Sea called the Spratly Islands, parts of which are claimed by several countries.

2023 December 26, Wesley Rahn, “Why the South China Sea was turbulent in 2023”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-12-26, Conflicts:

A group of islands, atolls, reefs, and cays in the South China Sea.


Qin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 沁 (Qìn).


Ji

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吉 (Jí).

At a brigade in Ji county in south-eastern Shanxi, not really in mountain country, yields per mou were raised from 56 jin to 194 jin during the 1970s.

1985, Frank Leeming, Rural China Today, Longman, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 126:

Subject of poetry, art and legend, Hukou Waterfall is the second largest falls in China, located on the Yellow River, between Ji County, Shanxi Province and Yichuan County, Shaanixi^([sic – meaning Shaanxi]) Provine^([sic – meaning Province]).

2010, Dong Huai, “Hukou Waterfall”, in Discovering China: 50 Amazing Places in China, Better Link Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

Apple orchards in the city of Linfen, north China's Shanxi province, have been making steady progress toward a model of sustainable farming, helping create important economic opportunities for local farmers.
The orchards are situated in Jixian county, an area well-known for its history of agriculture.

[2020 September 23, Bochen Zhu, “Apple farming in N China embraces long-term sustainability”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2020-09-23:

The 34.2 kilometre (21.3 mile) pipeline, which will be built by Qinjin Natural Gas Co, is designed to have annual gas transmission capacity of 3.3 billion cubic metres and connect Ji county in Shanxi and Yichuan county in Shaanxi.

2021 July 5, Muyu Xu, Shivani Singh, “China approves a $55 mln gas pipeline in northern China”, in Louise Heavens, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-05, Energy:


Tibetan Plateau

Were one to draw a profile of generalized altitudes of the landmass of Ling-nan and Kuei-chou Yun-nan in a southeast-northwest direction, the profile that emerges would represent a step-like formation from the sea to the Tibetan Plateau with five major "steps."

1954, Herold J. Wiens, Han Chinese Expansion in South China, Shoe String Press, published 1967, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 11:

The source of the Yellow River is in the Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. This area is often called the "Roof of the World" because of its high altitude, the height of a place above sea level.

2001, Kim Dramer, “China's Sorrow”, in The Yellow River (Juvenile Literature), Franklin Watts, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 7–8:

The Tibetan Plateau will experience significant water loss this century due to global warming, according to research published Monday that warns of severe supply stress in a climate change "hotspot".

2022 August 16, “Tibetan Plateau water stores under threat: study”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-08-16:

A high altitude plateau north of the Great Himalaya ranges, west of the Szechuan basin, and south of the Taklamakan Desert.


Oroqen

Possibly from Manchu ᠣᡵᠣᠨᠴᠣ (oronco, “Oroqens”).

An autonomous banner in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China.


Yang

From various atonal romanizations of various Chinese characters, including 楊／杨 (yáng, “Willow”) and 洋 (a river name).

Liang and Yang were the names of two commanderies to the southwest of Ch'ang-an; Yang is the modern Yang county, Shensi, and Liang, the administrative center of Shan-nan West circuit, also known as Hsing-yuan, on the borders of Shensi and Szechuan.

1988, Robin D. S. Yates, Washing Silk: The Life and Selected Poetry of Wei Chuang (834?-910), →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 123:

The well-known Hanzhong Basin, extending from Yangxian to Mianxian, about 80 kilometres from east to west and 10 to 15 kilometres from north to south, is a major farming area.

[1992, Shunwu Zhou, “Shaanxi Province”, in China Provincial Geography [中国分省地理], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 417:

A male vegetable seller killed a female hawker in a fight over space at a farmer's market in Yang county, near Hanzhong , Huashang Daily reports.

2014 October 11, WU NAN, “Breastfed baby gets drunk; Grandpa kills child smuggler”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2014-10-12:


Min

The Lamyet (or Nanjeih) islands are situated to the northeastward of Chinchew bay, the nearest distant about forty miles. The mainland, leaving its usual northeastern direction, runs out due east for above thirty miles, and the first of the Lamyet islands lies off the easternmost point of it. From hence there is an almost uninterrupted series of islands and islets, up to the mouth of the Yangtsze keäng. The Lamyet islands are opposite to the entrance of a deep bay, at the bottom of which is the city of Hinghwa foo, the capital of the most fertile portion of Fuhkeën. This bay, however, has not yet been visited by foreigners. The outermost of the Lamyet islands, named by Ross Ocksou, was found, when passed by the ships of Lord Amherst’s embassy, to be in lat .24° 59' 15" north, lon. 119° 34' 30" east. About thirty miles further to the northward, we pass between an island of peculiar form and the main. This island is named Haetan, the altar of the sea ; in shape it is semicircular, and of nearly equal breadth throughout. A few miles above this island we reach the mouth of the river Min.

1837 May, “Coast of China: the division of it into four portions ; brief description of the principal places on the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern portions.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume VI, number 1, Canton, →OCLC, pages 12–13:

We traveled down the Min River from Nanping in a small sampan, flying the American flag for protection against bandits and soldiers. Those were the days when the Stars and Stripes still afforded some protection.

1953, John C. Caldwell, China Coast Family, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 96:

Matsu is about 200 miles north of Quemoy and flanks the mouth of the Min River. The mainland city of Foochow, famed for its lacquer craftsmanship, is a short distance up the Min.

1973 November 4, “Matsu is strong, prosperous”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 43, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

We left Foochow after an early breakfast, and after half an hour on a boat ferry that took us from the city environs across the Min River and up a tributary, we landed in Minhou county, and took the highway that led across Yungtai county to Tehua.

1975, Rewi Alley, “Some Fukien Pottery Kilns, Ancient and Modern”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XIV, number 3, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 26, column 2:

Foochow was a picturesque city of considerable size and consequence before its designation in 1842 as one of the five original treaty ports. It was the headquarters of Manchu civil and military offcialdom in Fukien Province. Its location on the Min River, which flowed through a major tea-producing district, and its excellent harbor gave the city additional importance as a port.

1978, Burton F. Beers, China in Old Photographs 1860-1910, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 111:

In a small store in Tingjiang, across the Min River in Lianjiang County, questions about smuggling people into America prompted a lively discussion.

2003 September 7, David W. Chen, “For Many Chinese, America's Allure Is Fading”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, World:


Muji

A teacher in Muji Township in Guma backed up the police officer.

2016 November 22, Eset Sulaiman, Brooks Boliek., “In China’s Xinjiang, Some Uyghurs are Forced Into a Sharecropper’s Life”, in Eset Sulaiman, Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2016-11-23:

A town in Pishan, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

The corridor north-west to Muji and south to the Pakistan border is a pamir valley, the Sarykol Valley.

1998, John S. King, Bradley Mayhew, Karakoram Highway (Lonely Planet), 3rd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 126:

A damaged house is seen in Muji village, Akto County of northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Nov. 26, 2016. About 130 herdsmen from Akto County, hit by a 6.7-magnitude earthquake Friday night, have been evacuated to a safer place, said local sources on Saturday.[...]
As of 6:50 am, another 100 tents, 300 quilts, 300 coats, 200 bags of flour, 200 tonnes of coal, small generators and flashlights reached Muji, where a villager was killed by a collapsed house.

2016 November 27, “Rescue work goes smoothly in quake-hit Xinjiang county”, in Yao Lan, editor, China News Service, archived from the original on 2020-01-31:

Authorities are promoting the letter mainly in villages in border areas, such as Muji and Bulungkol in Akto (in Chinese, Aketao) county, he said.

2017 April 12, Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin, “Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China’s Xinjiang”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2017-04-17:

A township in Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China

A village in Muji, Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China


Langhe

From the Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 浪河 (Lànghé).

Early last December, the provincial party committee sent five rural socialist ideological education teams to Danjiangkou's (Langhe) town, Hanchuan County's (Liujiage)[...]

1992, Daily Report: China, numbers 9-16, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 44:

A town in Danjiangkou, Shiyan, Hubei, China.


Jinsha

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 金沙 (Jīnshā, literally “golden sand”).

The Sanjiang Fold System is an Indosinian geosynclinal fold system, lying in western Yunnan and the Qamdo area of Tibet east of the Nujiang River and west of the Jinsha River. In eastern Tibet the Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang Rivers turn suddenly to the south to form the famous Sanjiang (Three-River) Valley.

1987, “Brief Description of the Main Tectonic Units of China”, in Geotectonic Evolution of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 83:

Except for the ten or more days when we rested in Zunyi Prefecture in northern Guizhou Province and the five days when we stopped in Huili County after we had crossed the Jinsha River, we spent all of our time marching, regardless of the weather, from Jiangxi to Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and then to Xikang⁶⁶ provinces, and then on to Lifan¹⁰² and Songpang in Sichuan Province.

1995 [1935], Chen Yun, “My Experiences on the Westward March”, in Selected Works of Chen Yun, volume I, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

'Here,' announced Wei, 'is the start of the mighty Tongtian River, which flows into the Jinsha River and then into our glorious Yangtze.'

2016, Richard Loseby, chapter 10, in A Boy of China (Non-fiction), HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 120:

A ceremony was held on Monday to mark the coming on stream of the first unit of the Wudongde power plant, built near the provincial border of Yunnan and Sichuan on the Jinsha river, the upstream branch of the Yangtze.

2020 June 30, David Stanway, “China's giant Wudongde hydro project begins power generation”, in Kenneth Maxwell, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-06-30, Environment:

The Baihetan Dam on the Jinsha River, a tributary of the Yangtze, is part of Chinese efforts to curb surging fossil fuel demand by building more hydropower capacity at a time when dams have fallen out of favor in other countries due to environmental complaints.

2021 June 28, “China turns on world’s second-biggest hydropower dam”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-06-28:

A river in Qinghai and western Sichuan, China, the headwater of the Yangtze.

But long before that, Parisians will have had ample chance to familiarize themselves with Chinese culture. From Oct. 14 to Jan. 28, the Hôtel de Ville,[…]showcases recent Bronze Age excavations in the Szechuan Province, in western China, including artifacts from the Jinsha site (1200-1000 B.C.) discovered in February 2001.

2003 October 5, Corinne LaBalme, “WHAT'S DOING IN; Paris”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, Travel:

The continued discovery of Jinsha Site in 2001 after Sanxingdui might provide a persuasive reference to the myth of Sanxingdui civilization.

2007, Yinke Deng, “Sanxingdui, a Civilization Independent from the Central Plains”, in Avery Martha, Pan Yue, transl., History of China, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 42:

Other smaller sites nearby have been identified as Shu kingdom sites, but Jinsha is by far the largest and has the most valuable artefacts and largest structures and so is believed to have been the capital city. It is now thought that when Sanxingdui was abandoned, the Shu capital moved to Jinsha until its mysterious decline around 600 BC.

2009, Miriam Clifford, Cathy Giangrande, Antony White, China: Museums, Odyssey Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 246:

Visitors follow a sloping path to view the exhibits, which show the ecological environment, daily life and religious activities of ancient Jinsha, as well as the origin and evolution of ancient Shu civilization.

2011, Li Xianyao, Luo Zhewen, China's Museums, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 82:

Finally, an early Bronze Age site about four kilometers square has been discovered at Chin-sha, some thirty-eight kilometers west of San-hsing-tui.²⁶ Although the numerous artifacts and divinatory practices indicate strong Shang influence, Chin-sha has been interpreted as the center of another independent, peripheral people sufficiently powerful to challenge the Shang.

[2011, Ralph D. Sawyer, “Ancient Fortifications, II”, in Ancient Chinese Warfare, Basic Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

For the Chengdu Worldcon in 2023, Clark Clarke expressed his great expectation, hoping to meet old friends at the conference, and even hoped to have the opportunity to visit Jinsha Site. He believes that the ancient Sichuan civilization can bring him new inspiration.

2022 September 7, “Attracting Science Fiction Fans All Over the World, the World Science Fiction Conference (Worldcon) Officially Started Its ‘Chengdu Time’”, in AP News, KISSPR, archived from the original on 2022-09-07:

An archaeological site in Qingyang district, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Under the unifying arrangements of the Party committee the people’s procuracy of Chin-sha county took seven days’ time and handed over to the masses for debate the cases in which it had approved applications for arrest.

[1968, Jerome Alan Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1963: An Introduction, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 476:

In handling the graft case involving Chen Guiliang [7115 6311 5328], director of the county hydroelectric power bureau, and other major graft cases, the procuratorate of Jinsha County showed no fear of powerful forces and difficulties, and swept aside all resistance, breaking through layer after layer of personal relationships to bare the facts relating to Chen Chiliang's graft and embezzlement of more than 100,000 yuan of drought relief funds,[…]

1986 September 23 [1986 April 21], Ziyong Zhang, “Procuratorates in Our Province at All Levels Make Remarkable Achievements in Crackdown on Economic Crime; Nearly 20 Million Yuan in Economic Losses Retrieved for the State Last Year”, in China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 55–56:

In the region of Zunyi, in northern Guizhou, the site of a famous Party meeting during the Long March, only one in eight survived. In other places, such as Jinsha county, a quarter of the population died.

1996, Jasper Becker, “The Other Provinces”, in Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 162:

At least one million of Guizhou’s then 16 million people are believed to have died during the early 1960s. Many of the deaths occurred in Zunyi and neighbouring Jinsha county, the result of violent appropriation of grain by officials.

2000, Graham Hutchings, “Guizhou Province”, in Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 176, column 2:


Aksai Chin

/ˌɑːksaɪ ˈtʃɪn/

First attested in the mid 1800s. Various origins have been proposed, see Aksai Chin on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

This pass is described as situated in the Kisil-korum Range, which is a branch from the Kara-tagh Range. The next day they arrived at the great lake Aksáe Chin, 16,620 feet, although I cannot make out what particular lake he means.

[1922, Sven Hedin, Southern Tibet, Stockholm, →OCLC, page 5:

On the southern shore of the Aksai Chin lake we left our big luggage behind us in a depot. Our next goal was the Khitai Dawan, whence we could reach the Upper Kara-Kash. Leaving Sir Aurel Stein’s route of 1908 to the north, we crossed the brown mountains separating the Aksai Chin lake from the salt marshes in the west, which had been seen by Johnson in 1865.

1930 June, Emil Trinkler, “Explorations in the Eastern Karkoram and in the Western Kunlun”, in The Geographical Journal, volume LXXV, number 6, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 510:

A lake in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin.


Banqiao

/ˌbɑːnˈt͡ʃjaʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 板橋／板桥 (Bǎnqiáo).

zh-l

板橋／板桥 (Bǎnqiáo)

A town in Nanzhang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.

Juxin Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd. in Enshi, Hubei was registered in Nov., 2005 and based in Peak Village more than 1,800 m above sea level in Banqiao Town, Enshi City.

2023, Yang Cao, “Pluralism and Symbiosis: The Basic Framework of Agricultural Production Organizations in Contemporary China”, in Ming Dong, Xue Li, transl., Modernization of China's Agricultural Production Organizations [当代中国农业生产组织现代化研究], volume 25, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 226:

当代中国农业生产组织现代化研究

A town in Enshi, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China.


Nantou

From Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 南投 (Nántóu) Wade–Giles romanization: Nan²-tʻou².

Mr. Chen had returned from Hong Kong in late October and was undergoing the required two-week quarantine at a friend’s home in the central city of Nantou when a group of debt collectors showed up one night, the Justice Ministry in Taiwan said last week.

2021 February 2, Amy Qin, “Covid-19 Live Updates: Virus Variants Continue to Evolve, Sometimes in Dangerous Ways”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-02-02:

A city in and the administrative seat of Nantou County, Taiwan.


Nantou

zh-m

南頭／南头 (Nántóu)


Miaoli

From Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 廟李／庙李.

(historical) A town in Jinshui district, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.


Kunming Lake

Partial calque of Mandarin 昆明湖 (Kūnmíng Hú, literally “Kunming lake”).

partial calque

At Peking's Kunming Lake, processions of people swam between lines of crowded, flag‐bedecked boats accompanied by martial music on loudspeakers.

1974 July 17 [1974 July 16], “Chinese Take to Water To Mark Mao's Swim”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-15, page 13:

A lake in Beijing, China, on the grounds of the Summer Palace


Lake Dian

The chapter will therefore range much more widely than the previous ones, to take in places and events as diverse as the bronzes cast near the shores of Lake Dian in Yunnan province in the south-west, and the Tagar culture in the Yenisei valley in southern Siberia.

1980, Jessica Rawson, “The Eastern Zhou”, in Ancient China: Art and Archaeology, London: Book Club Associates, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 133:

The 74-year-old strident campaigner has spent his life trying to protect the sprawling Lake Dian in southwestern China, challenging businesses to clean up their act around the local beauty spot and reporting those who pollute it.[…]But a plan to divert fresh water to Lake Dian from the Yangtze river 400 kilometres away will take years to complete.

2021 November 16, “'The water is poison': Chinese activist spends life protecting polluted lake”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-11-16: