Yunnan

Latin: yunnanensis

Beſide theſe in the Province of Yunnan, which is very large, lying towards the South, in the latitude of 24 degrees, there is a great Countrie inhabited by a particular people, who uſe another language and other cuſtomes. They have a little King called by the Chineſſes, Thu Quon, a Mandarine of earth, they pay tribute to the King of China, they uſe traffique, and live in peace.

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Of the Moores, Jewes, and other Nations, that are in China”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, →OCLC, page 152:

On the South of this Province appears that of Junnang or Yunnan, divided into twelve Parts, whoſe chief Cities are, Yunnan the Capital of the whole Province ; Lingan ; Chinchian ; Cuivag ; Quanſi ; Juenkiam ; Chinyuen ; Xunnim ; Mumhoa ; Tali ; Chimtien ; Jummim : This Province is one of the richeſt, being ſtored with the beſt Metals, precious Stones, Musk and Silk ; and hath ſeventy five other Cities.

1701, Joan Luyts, Herman Moll, A System of Geography, Part the Second, London, →OCLC, page 48:

Of the eighteen provinces into which China Proper is divided, Yunnan lies farthest to the south-west. It is a mountainous country, rich in mineral products, and, up to the date of the recent outbreak, it formed the channel for an overland traffic with Burmah of considerable value.

1868 April [1866 August], O. K. Heins, “Rising of the Dungens or Mussulman Population in Western China”, in The Edinburgh Review, volume CCLX, Edinburgh, translation of Russian Military Journal, →OCLC, page 359:

I did not meet a single Chinese between Chê-to and Li-chiang in Yunnan¹- a journey that occupied about a month- and the Chinese language was entirely unknown.

1908, Reginald Fleming Johnston, From Peking to Mandalay, John Murray, page 157:

Just as the Miao and the Yao had been pressed into Indo-China, the Yi were pushed out of the more eastern provinces of China by the slow advance of the Chinese. In Yunnan the Yi have moved generally toward the south. Up to the time of Mongol conquest in western Yunnan, the Yi had concentrated their population in Tali and Yungchang (now Pao-shan), (4) but today there are very few Yi living in these two districts. The most concentrated Yi population is to be fond in southernmost parts of Yunnan, the region inhabited by the Pai Yi.

1949, Chen Han-seng, Frontier Land Systems in Southernmost China, Institute of Pacific Relations, pages 1-2:

There are huge arsenals, magazines and armories in Phong Saly, all operated by the Chinese Communists.
Over 200 trucks are shuttling between Phong Saly and Mengla, in southern Yunnan, to replenish the supply, the report said.

1973 February 18, “Maoists control Phong Saly”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 6, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In the Hsinhsiang District of Yunnan, twenty-odd plants produced a total of about 200,000 tons of chemical phosphates in 1973.

1977, K. P. Wang, Mineral Resources and Basic Industries in the People's Republic of China, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, →ISBN, page 189:

Michael Dobie moved to Liming in September 2010 with two friends who discovered the Chinese village in a travel brochure. Crisscrossed by dirt roads, the rustic setting in the mountains of Yunnan province offered few amenities.

2016 May 31, Zach Montague, “‘Unexplored’ China? Not for Long, the Way These Climbers Are Going”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-02, Sports:

Wild elephants that had been roaming the southern Chinese province of Yunnan for more than three months returned to a "more appropriate" habitat, Chinese experts told state media.

2021 August 11, “Elephants roaming China for months return to ‘suitable’ habitat”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2021-08-11:

Mushroom traders expected matsutake prices to start dropping around late August, when large quantities of lesser-quality mushrooms hit the market. But this has not happened. Instead, some production bases in Yunnan — the southwestern Chinese province that makes up a third of China’s matsutake output and about 70 percent of exports — have seen the harvest drop by up to 90 percent this year, local officials told the Chinese financial outlet Caixin.

2022 August 23, Lyric Li, “Climate change in China hikes price of rare mushroom, a delicacy in Asia”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-23, Asia:

Deforestation for corn growing in the 1950s and 1960s has been blamed for the disappearance of the white-handed gibbon in the southwestern province of Yunnan. Their cries were last heard in the 1970s, according to state media.

2022 September 8, Didi Tang, “China declares two species of gibbon extinct”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam. Capital: Kunming.


Guangxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廣西／广西 (Guǎngxī). 廣／广 (guǎng) itself means "expanse", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. "Guangxi" and neighbouring Guangdong literally mean "Guang West" and "Guang East". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Guangs" (兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng) Liangguang).

Cadres from minority groups have multiplied rapidly since Liberation. For example, in the early 1950s there were only about nine hundred cadres from minorities in the Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region. In 1970 there were about seventy-eight thousand. More recent press reports indicate that this trend is continuing.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “National Minorities”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 327:

In mid-1917, President Duan Qi-rui took steps to join China’s miniscule might in the Great War of Europe: by declaring war against Germany, he would become eligible for Japanese and other foreign loans and support which could be turned toward building up his army and threatening his competitors with forcible reunification. On the southern side, Lu Rong-ting, the Guangxi militarist, maneuvered to extend his power; Sun Yat-sen and his supporters in the navy had landed in Canton for yet another attempt at power; and in Fujian, Zhejiang, Sichuan, and elsewhere other warlords were on the outlook for the main chance. Reunification by mere coalition among these ambitious men was the dream of all, but, as all hoped to head the coalition and gain the lion’s share of its spoils, all such schemes were doomed.

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Power”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 30:

Hornet attacks have been reported elsewhere in China as well. Last month, a swarm attacked a primary school in the Guangxi Autonomous Region in southern China, injuring 30 people, including 23 children.

2013 October 3, “Giant Hornets Kill Dozens in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-10-06, Asia Pacific:

THE OFFICIAL NAME of Kuanghsi province is the Kuanghsi Chuang Autonomous Region. Next to the Han Chinese, the Chuang are China’s largest ethnic group. That surprises people. Most people would think it was the Manchus, or the Uigurs, or the Mongols, or the Tibetans. But in 1990 there were 15 million Chuang in China, compared to 10 million Manchus, 7 million Uigurs, 5 million Mongols, and 4.5 million Tibetans. Since most of China’s 15 million Chuang live in Kuanghsi, hence the province’s distinction as the Kuanghsi Chuang Autonomous Region.

[2015, Bill Porter, “The Chuang [壯族]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 23:

At the bottom of a sinkhole, ancient trees stretch nearly 130 feet high. Dense plants cover the ground, and a rare type of bamboo grows.
Cave explorers discovered the hidden forest this month when they descended into a previously unexplored massive sinkhole in south China’s Guangxi region. Researchers say the hole, which is roughly 630 feet deep and spans more than 176 million cubic feet, could be home to previously unidentified plant and animal species.

2022 May 19, Marisa Iati, “In a massive sinkhole, scientists find a secret forest”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-05-19, Asia:

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

A Zhuang autonomous region in China. Official name: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Capital: Nanning.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Shaanxi

From a modified form of the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 陝西／陕西 (Shǎnxī, “West of the Shan [Pass]”).
The double-a spelling, used certainly to avoid homography with Shanxi (山西, of shān rather than shǎn), is not a feature of Hanyu Pinyin and cannot be observed outside reference to Shaanxi (see also: Shaanbei, Ningshaan). It is likely inherited from the pre-Pinyin Latinxua Sin Wenz system devised and employed by Communist linguists, which was toneless and employed "irregular spellings" for undesirable homographs. The pairs Shaansi (陝西／陕西) and Shansi (山西) appear (for the first time?) in the influential Sin Wenz primer 《中國話寫法拉丁化——理論·原則·方案》 (1935).
An alternative theory is that the double-a spelling is from the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization system, where the third tone is spelled by doubling a vowel (Shaanshi 陝西／陕西 vs. Shanshi 山西), but this is less likely considering the history of Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Sin Wenz, including the political and ideological rivalry between the two systems.

lang

《中國話寫法拉丁化——理論·原則·方案》

《中國話寫法拉丁化——理論·原則·方案》

The fact, therefore, that the Tae pings, when they raised the siege of Hwae king on the 1st September marched westwards by it into Shan se, shows that the Imperial forces were strong enough to prevent their descent by the Wei river.

[1856, Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and their Rebellions, London: Smith, Elder & Co., →OCLC, page 176:

Under the Pinyin system, two neighboring provinces of northern China are both spelled "Shanxi". In this special case, one of the provinces is now spelled "Shaanxi", to indicate a different tone in the first syllable.

1979 March 5, Jay Mathews, “China Is China, But Hangchow Is Hangzhou”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-29:

Three pieces of paper which may date back to between 73 and 49 BC were recently found in Fufeng county, Shaanxi province.

1979 July, “2,000-year-old Paper”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVIII, number 7, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 51:

HUANG DI, the legendary Yellow Emperor to whom is attributed the founding of the Chinese nation about 2000 B.C., is said to have been buried on the loess plateau. There is a tomb in Shaanxi province’s Huangling county which has long been honored as his.

1979 August, Lan Cao, “Tomb of the Yellow Emperor”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXVIII, number 8, China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 64, column 1:

Relevant new discoveries in China, not yet described, include polybranchiaspids and hanyangaspids which were recently (1981-82) recovered from an Early Silurian formation in western Hunan Province of south China, and in southern Shaanxi Province, west China.

1984, Pan Jiang (P'an Kiang), “The Phylogenetic Position of the Eugaleaspida in China”, in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, volume 107, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 311:

"Archeologists drew almost a complete blank in their search of the inner tomb," the official New China News Agency said Saturday in a report of excavations at the tomb site, thought to be between 2,200 and 2,800 years old. The site is in Fengxiang County of Shaanxi Province, about 90 miles west of the ancient Yellow River capital of Xian.

1986 June 16, “CHINESE TOMB FOUND TO BE VICTIM OF GRAVE ROBBERS”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, B, page 10:

Twenty one people were killed in China after the roof of a coal mine collapsed in Lijiagou, in the central province Shaanxi, state media reported on Sunday.

2019 January 13, “21 die in China coal mine collapse”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2019-01-13:

Zhao Xiaoqing, a 28-year-old woman from northern China's Shaanxi province, thought her date in mid-December with a young man living in a different city would be a one-day affair where she would also get to know his family.

2022 January 19, “Chinese couple trapped on lockdown date get engaged”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-01-19, Live news:

A province in China, including the Wei River valley and the fertile southern half of the Ordos Loop, comprising much of the Loess Plateau. Capital: Xi'an.

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Latinxua Sin Wenz
Shaanxi
Sin Wenz
Sin Wenz#Irregular spellings


Pi

In addition to my own residential complex, I also engaged in ethnographic observation and conducted interviews with Party cadres and local residents in four similar apartment complexes in Dujiangyan and two in neighboring Pi County.

2017, Christian P. Sorace, “The Utopia of Urban Planning”, in Shaken Authority: China's Communist Party and the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 82:

(historical) A county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China.


Nonni

In the western range, and about sixiy miles from the Argun River, rises the Nonni, the most important waterway flowing through the province. On its way to the Sungari, which it joins at Shui-shih-ying-tzu, twenty miles to the north of the town of Petuna (Hsin Ch'eng), it passes on its left bank the town of Mergen and Tsi-tsi-har, known to the Chinese as Pu-k'uei, the capital of the province.

1904, Alexander Hosie, Manchuria: Its People, Resources and Recent History, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 148:

Waterways: the Amur River is navigable for 450 miles for steamers and 1,500 miles for smaller craft; the Sungari is navigable to Kirin, the Nonni to Tsitsihar, the Liao to Tungkiangtze, and the Yalu for its entire course.

1922, South Manchuria Railway, Manchuria: Land of Opportunities, New York: Thomas F. Logan, page 12:

The Chinese general in question was a picturesque figure named Ma Chanshan. General Ma had first held up and defeated the vanguard of the Japanese invaders at the Nonni River, on the southern border of the Russian sphere in North Manchuria.

1945, John B. Powell, My Twenty-five Years in China, New York: The MacMillan Company, page 199:

(dated) Synonym of Nen (a river in northeast China)


Nanjing

Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Nanjing
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Yongle Emperor

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), composed of 南 (“south, southern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Beijing to the north, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

[1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

For the first time on Saturday, China held a national day of remembrance on the 77th anniversary of Japanese atrocities committed in the city of Nanjing in the run-up to World War II. President Xi Jinping led the commemorations in front of a crowd of some 10,000 people, among whom were survivors or relatives of victims of the "Rape of Nanking," a six-week reign of terror during which the Imperial Japanese Army carried out mass killings and rapes.

2014 December 13, “China's Xi: Nanjing massacre undeniable”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2016-04-25, Asia:

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) chairman Morris Chang will sign a contract with the government of the eastern Chinese city of Nanjing to carry out the largest Taiwanese investment in China, Taiwan's Central News Agency (CNA) reported today.

2016 March 28, “Taiwanese semiconductor company announces large investment in China”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China, on the lower Yangtze; a former capital of China.


Sinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 思南.

Commune members of Ssunan County in Kweichow Province have strengthened the management of rape fields, defeated natural disasters and increased rapeseed output by more than 70 percent compared with 1971.

[1972 June 26 [1972 June 23], “Rapeseed Production Increases 20 Percent Over 1971”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 124, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page B 3:


Forbidden City

Calque of Chinese 紫禁城 (Zǐjìnchéng, literally “Purple Forbidden City”, or “Imperial Forbidden City”).

calque

The northern division of Peking consists of three inclosures one within another, each surrounded by its own wall. The first contains the imperial palace and the abodes of the different members of the imperial household ;[...]
The first inclosure, which is called the forbidden city, being the seat of ‘ the dragon’s throne,’ the place from which emanates the authority that governs one-third of mankind, is the most splendid, as well as the most important part of Peking. According to the notions of a Chinese, all within its walls is gold and silver.

1834 February, “Description of the City of Peking.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume II, number 10, Canton, →OCLC, page 438:

And within the Imperial city was the moated Forbidden city, with walls two and one-quarter miles long, plastered with a violet-coloured mortar, whence comes the popular name of the Purple city. The Forbidden city contained the Imperial palaces, which have been converted into a museum.

1968, “PEKING (PEIPING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 17, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 532, columns 1, 2:

During the Tang Dynasty 12 centuries ago, even the Forbidden City in Peiping would stay open for three days to allow ordinary citizens to observe the Lantern Festival.

1979 February 11, “Lantern festival enchantment”, in Free China Weekly, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

Finally, in October, P'eng was moved from his quarters in the Chungnanhai area of the Forbidden City, where Mao, Liu Shao-ch’i and other Politburo members lived, to a dilapidated house in the Wu Chia Hua Yuan (Wu Family Garden), a compound within the Yuan Ming Park on the northern outskirts of Peking.

1983, Roderick MacFarquhar, The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960 (The Origins of the Cultural Revolution), volume 2, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 235:

The wall surrounding the Chung Nan Hai is high and wide, painted vermilion in keeping with the decor of the Forbidden City. It has a circumference of many miles, intersected at intervals by gates guarded day and night by armed soldiers.

1991, Chris Mullin, The Year of the Fire Monkey (Fiction), London: Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 252:

After we toured the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, I held a question-and-answer session with students at Beijing University.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 435:

Those lucky visitors may be able to discover whether there is any truth to the legend that the Forbidden City, which was the home of China's emperors between 1420 and 1912, is haunted by ghosts who come out just at night.
Usually only VIPs — such as President Trump in 2017 — get to venture into the Forbidden City at night.

2019 February 19, Anna Fifield, “China’s Forbidden City to open to the general public at night for the first time in 94 years”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-19, WorldViews:

A palace of the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty located in Dongcheng district, Beijing, China.


Amur

Borrowed from Russian Аму́р (Amúr), from an Evenki language such as Solon amur (“river”). Doublet of amur.

If, then, the southern districts of European Russia be exposed to a winter more severe than those of France or Germany, they may boast in their turn a more genial climate than the banks of the Ural and the Amur; while all are subject to a dispensation of nature which extends too far, and acts too uniformly, to be ascribed to any local or temporary causes.

1830, Amelia Shipley Heber, editor, The Life of Reginald Heber, D.D., volume 1, London: John Murray, →OCLC, →OL, page 568:

Foreign trade goes not to Aigun, but to the Chinese town of Taheiho, which is situated about 30 miles distant from Aigun and is directly opposite the Siberian city of Blagovestchensk, on the other side of the Amur River.

1915 August 24, Charles K. Moser, “Harbin”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52h, →OCLC, page 1:

Just a few days before he was to be sent to the “Great Northern Wilderness” near the Amur, an 18-year-old middle school graduate named Liu Fu-yuan went up to the third floor of the “Hundred Goods Building” (department store) at Peiping’s Wanfunching and asked that a made-in-Red-China watch be brought out of the glass case.

1975 June 22, L. Chen, “Defiant intellectual disobedience”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 24, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Along the Amur, one of Asia’s great waterways, Russians feel cheated, lied to and ignored. The wild salmon fishery that they once took for granted is gone, they say, because Moscow granted large concessions to enterprises that strung enormous nets across the river’s mouth.
People’s anger over their depleted fish stock is so widespread that it has been a driving force behind the anti-Kremlin protests that have been shaking the Far Eastern city of Khabarovsk, on the Amur, since early July.

2020 August 15, Anton Troianovski, “'The Fish Rots From the Head': How a Salmon Crisis Stoked Russian Protests”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-15:

Bordered by small farming towns without large dams, the Amur—the least obstructed of these 10 rivers—is an example of the effects of minimal human influence.

2021 March, “Setting Rivers Free”, in National Geographic, pages 30–31:

The world's ninth-longest river, forming part of the border between the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China, emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin.

آمُور

the river between the Far East Russia and China


Mei

The Paochi Special District Revolutionary Committee held an on-the-spot symposium on implementation of policies in Mei County and exemplary models were set up later in the various countries and communes.

1969 May 23 [1969 May 19], “Activities in Shensi”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 100, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page H 3:

The striking news on the appearance of a Bigfoot on Taibai Mountain in Xi'an, Shaanxi Provnice^([sic – meaning Province]) recently spread among local residents of Mei County located near the foot of Taibai Mountain. Is Taibai Mountain really home to a Bigfoot?
Who encountered the Bigfoot on Taibai Mountain?
Reporters interviewed many residents of Mei County, and their accounts varied.

2010 October 15, “Bigfoot sighted on Taibai Mountain”, in 叶欣, editor, People's Daily, archived from the original on 2015-05-23:


Dzungaria

/(d)zʊŋˈɡɑːɹiə/

/(d)zʊŋˈɡɛəɹiə/

Little Bucharia is separated, on the north, by the chain of the Celestial Mountains, from Dzungaria, which is inhabited by nomade Calmucks, and is terminated on the north by Siberia.

1829 April, “Dictionary of Tibetan Language”, in The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies, volume 27, number 160, →OCLC, page 432:

No traditional Chinese dynasty ever governed the whole of Dzungaria. None was capable of or interested in doing so, but the rich oases of the Tarim basin frequently came under imperial control.² Dzungaria was first united with China in the Mongol empire, but it was not until the Manchu or Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1911) that Peking developed a positive policy toward this vast area of mountains, steppe, and desert.

1966, George Moseley, A Sino-Soviet Cultural Frontier: the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Chou, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →OCLC, pages 3–4:

An oil field was discovered at Karamai in 1955, the first of a number to be found in Dzungaria. This oil find has greatly helped China’s industrial development, and the oil fields are now linked to Lanchow by pipeline and by rail. Large refineries have been built at Lanchow and at Tushantzu in Dzungaria.

1971, Robert Clayton, “Sinkiang”, in China (Finding Out About GEOGRAPHY), New York: John Day Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12, column 1:

We drove from the Ili valley through the whole of Dzungaria, took the train out of Sinkiang, and continued down the Kansu corridor by car all the way to the Shensi border.

1979, Jan Myrdal, translated by Ann Hening, The Silk Road: A Journey from the High Pamirs and Ili through Sinkiang and Kansu, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 3:

Xinjiang is China’s biggest administrative division, sprawling across 1.6 million square kilometers of some of the world’s harshest terrain. It consists of the Tarim basin, covered by the world’s second largest sand desert, and Dzungaria, an area of mixed desert, steppe, and forest.[…]
Today the region’s ethnic minority population is dominated by Muslim Turkic peoples, Uyghurs in the Tarim basin and Kazakhs in Dzungaria; hence the region was once called “Chinese Turkestan” and seen as culturally part of Central Asia.

2017 July 29, John Lee, “12 Regions of China: Xinjiang”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2017-07-30:

A geographical region in northwestern China.


Gobi

From Mongolian Говь (Govʹ) or ᠭᠣᠪᠢ (Ɣobi).

In winter the thermometer on the Mongolian plateau sometimes drops to –40° Fahrenheit, yet the camels wander about with no sense of suffering. On the other hand, the Russian explorer, Prejevalski, found the temperature of the ground in the Gobi Desert in summer to be more than 140° Fahrenheit, and the camels are apparently as indifferent to this degree of heat as they are to the winter cold.

1901 December 21, “Science and Industry”, in The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal, volume LXXV, number 23, →OCLC, page 181, column 1:

These missionaries were good people of whose devotion America can be proud. Some months later under Boxer mob-violence they were driven out on to the Gobi Desert. But the Tao Tai gave them protection which saw them safely across the desert to the Russian frontier, though with much hardship.

1951, Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 44:

In 1941, Chang traveled to the remote Gobi Desert in Northwest China and lived in the Tun Huang Caves for two years and seven months.

1975 August 24, “Picasso, Chinese artists in Taipei show”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 33, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

The Gobi Desert is a large desert in Asia. It covers about 500,000 square miles (1,294,994 sq km), stretching from the Tien Shan Mountains in the west and across southeastern Mongolia and northern China.

2013, Moly Aloian, The Gobi Desert (Deserts Around the World), Crabtree Publishing Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 4:

The same livestock population explosion is damaging the overgrazed grasslands surrounding China’s Gobi Desert, where the dust storms are also increasing dramatically.

2013, Al Gore, “Outgrowth”, in The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 193:

In November, I visited China’s rocket base deep in the frozen Gobi Desert to witness the launch of three astronauts during the Shenzhou 15 mission to China’s new space station.

2022 December 16, Keith Bradsher, “A Visit Inside China’s Desert Rocket Base”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-16, Science:

Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China.

2023 March 22, “China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

A large desert in Asia, spanning the countries of Mongolia and China.


Anhui

He found nothing but disorder at the Taeping capital, and no troops with which he could venture to assume the offensive against the powerful army, in numbers at all events, that the two Tsengs had drawn round Nanking. In this position his troubles were increased by the suspicion of Tien Wang, who deprived him of all his honours, and banished him to the province of Anhui, adjacent to both Kiangsi and Kiangsu, and joined with him in the same viceroyalty.

1896, Demetrius Charles Boulger, The Life of Gordon, 4th edition, T. Fisher Unwin, →OCLC, →OL, page 75:

Some idea of the extent of the calamity, which is due to the excessive rains of the summer, resulting in the complete failure of the crops and the destruction of many homesteads, may be gathered from the fact that the committee with probably make an appeal for at least £250,000. Help will be solicited not only from Shanghai, but from Great Britain, America and the continent of Europe. Even should all the amount asked for be raised, it will only permit of an expenditure equal at most to about sixpence per head of the starving and homeless people. For although the term Kiangpeh is conveniently applied to the distressed district, the famine is felt in large portions of the four provinces of Kiangsu, Anhui, Honan, and Shantung, over a tract estimated at 40,000 square miles in area and in the most thickly populated part of the empire.

1907, “THE FAMINE IN KIANGPEH”, in The Missionary Herald, volume 103, number 2, page 92:

The third and latest influence is the Hui style, native to Anhui Province.

1981 March 22, “Chinese opera delights audience at international arts festival”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

In June, China inaugurated the world's largest floating solar farm in the eastern mining province of Anhui, a facility capable of producing 40 megawatts of power and supplying electricity to some 15,000 homes.

2017 November 25, “Panama Canal aims to become greener with floating solar panels”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-06-27:

In one raid, police said they'd found 11 Vietnamese women living in a safe house in China's central Anhui province that belonged to a "marriage agency." The agency charged 3,000 to 10,000 yuan (€386 to €12,86; $450 to $10,500) to connect a Chinese man to a Vietnamese bride.

2019 June 21, “China rescues over 1,000 trafficked women 'sold' as wives”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-06-21, News:

As China gradually emerges from a Covid-19 surge that shut down Shanghai for two months, an outbreak in eastern Anhui Province is posing a new challenge to efforts to balance economic growth with the government’s “zero Covid” policy.
There were more than 200 reported cases in Anhui’s Suzhou city on Monday.

2022 July 5, Zixu Wang, “Covid Outbreak Emerges in China’s Anhui Province”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, The Coronavirus Pandemic:

A province in eastern China. Capital: Hefei.


Suzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).

The number of people killed in the collapse of an annex of a hotel in the eastern Chinese city of Suzhou has climbed to 17, local authorities reported Wednesday, according to state news agency Xinhua.

2021 July 14, “China hotel collapse death toll climbs to 17: reports”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2021-07-14:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China, between Lake Tai and the Yangtze River.

(historical) Su, a former imperial prefecture in modern Jiangsu, China, surrounding the city.


Suzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 宿州 (Sùzhōu).

There were more than 200 reported cases in Anhui's Suzhou city on Monday. Since the outbreak was detected on June 26, the province has reported more than 1,000 cases, according to the Suzhou municipal government.

A prefecture-level city in Anhui, China.


Suzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 肅州／肃州 (Sùzhōu).

A district of the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China.

A town in the county-level city of Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Gansu, China.


Inner Mongolia

inner (near, seen from China proper) + Mongolia

Inner Mongolia has no lakes of any importance, and those of the Kalkas are small; but Kobdo is a country of lakes, as well as of mountains.

1832 August, Le Ming-che Tsing-lae, “Ta-tsing wan-neen yih-tung King-wei Yu-too”, in The Chinese Repository, volume 1, number 4, Canton, page 120:

The twenty-four tribes, or Aimaks, in Inner Mongolia constitute forty-nine standards or Khochoun,—Ke, in Chinese.

1834, Charles Gutzlaff, A Sketch of Chinese History, volume 1, page 12:

The Chinese Communist regime has drastically reduced the size of Inner Mongolia and greatly boosted Chinese immigration there in an effort to reduce the Russian threat on the Mongolian border.[…]
With the heavy concentration of Soviet troops along the borders of Inner Mongolia, Peiping fears that the Mongolians might rise to pave the way for a Russian invasion, the report said.
By cutting up Inner Mongolia and reducing the Mongolian population, the Chinese Communists hope to make their tight control of the Mongolians easier in face of the Russian threat, the report said.

1973 February 4, “Size of Inner Mongolia reduced”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 5, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Temperatures in Yakeshi in Inner Mongolia (內蒙古) dropped to minus 28 degrees Celsius yesterday, while Harbin (哈爾濱) in Heilongjiang (黑龍江) province experienced minus 19 degrees.

2016 January 21, Alice Yan, Lai Ying Kit, Mimi Lau, “Incredible scenes as mainland shoppers strip supermarket shelves ahead of big chill”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-22, China:

As elsewhere in China, Xinjiang has been stepping up efforts to banish ethnic-minority languages from schools—a policy that has recently triggered protests by parents in Inner Mongolia, a northern region.

2020 October 17, “Orphaned by the state”, in The Economist, volume 437, number 9216, page 37:

The Shenzhou 13 space capsule landed in the Gobi desert in the northern region of Inner Mongolia, shown live on state TV.

2022 April 16, “Chinese astronauts land after 6 months on space station”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-04-16:

The number of deaths due to a collapse of a mine in northern China’s Inner Mongolia region climbed to six as rescue efforts to locate the 47 missing continued, state media reported Friday.

2023 February 24, “China mine collapse death toll climbs to 6”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-02-24:

An autonomous region of China, south of Mongolia, with closely related native Mongolian population, mostly north of the Great Wall. Capital: Hohhot.

内モンゴル

うちモンゴル, Uchi Mongoru, ないモンゴル, Nai Mongoru


Lhotse

Mount Everest was only 3 or 4 miles away from us. From it to the South-east swept a huge amphitheatre of mighty peaks culminating in a new and unsurveyed peak, 28,100 feet in height, to which we gave the name of Lhotse, which in Tibetan means the South Peak.

1922, C. K. Howard-Bury, Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance, 1921, Longmans, Green and Co., →OCLC, →OL, page 116:

Steck was in the area acclimatizing ahead of a bid to climb Everest through the less-climbed West Ridge route and traverse to Lhotse, the world's fourth highest peak - at 8,516 meters (27,940 feet) in May.

2017 April 30, Gopal Sharma, “Swiss climber falls to death, preparing for Mount Everest ascent”, in Sam Holmes, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-04-30, World News:

On the 8516-meter-high Lhotse, the fourth highest of all mountains, the two Americans skied down the so-called “Dream Line”: from the summit through the narrow, 45 to 50 degrees steep Lhotse Couloir down to Camp 2 in the Western Qwm at 6,400 meters. “We did it,” Jim writes about a photo of his ski tips that he posted on Instagram today: “Ski tips about to make the first turn ever off the summit of Lhotse. Almost 28,000’ the summit was sugar snow and extra steep. A few careful turns and a hop got me into the couloir to complete a dream I’ve been working towards for a lifetime.”

2018 October 4, Jim Morrison, quotee, “Nelson and Morrison succeed historic ski descent from Lhotse”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2020-12-02:

A Himalayan mountain on the border between Nepal and China, the fourth highest in the world.


Makalu

In 1883 Colonel Tanner visited Falut, and found that Everest was barely visible from there, being almost shut out from view, and entirely surpassed in appearance by Makalu (height 27,790 feet), a lower though nearer peak ; it was Makalu that Schlagintweit mistook for Everest, and it was Makalu that he drew as Everest, both in his panorama of the snows from Falut, and in his picture, which is preserved at the India Office.

1904 November 10, S. G. Burrard, “Mount Everest: The Story of a Long Controversy”, in Nature, volume 71, number 1828, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 44:

Located on the border between Nepal and China, Makalu is among the highest mountains in the world and stands near the Makalu-Barun valley, a remote wilderness that has also been surveyed by researchers hunting for the Yeti.

2019 April 30, Devjyot Ghoshal, “Beast from the east: Indian soldiers reckon they've found Yeti footprints”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-05-01, World News:

You think a selfie from the summit of Makalu is gonna get Everest-levels of Instagram love? Of course not. Who gives a shit about Makalu? It's only the ninth tallest mountain on Earth. Or rather it would be, if it existed, which it doesn't, cause I just made it up, and none of you noticed, and that's the point. Or- it would be, if I had made it up. In fact Makalu is neither imaginary, nor the ninth tallest mountain- it's the fifth tallest and that's the point. Or rather it would be, if that were even Makalu, in fact that's the view from Mount Everest and you didn't notice cause the only thing most of us know about mountain climbing is that a bored investment banker's selfie from the summit of Everest is fire, because goals, and thus deserves some serious Insta-love and that is the point here.

2019 June 24, John Oliver, 18:15 from the start, in Everest: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, HBO:

A mountain in the Himalayas, on the border of Sankhuwasabha district, Koshi, Nepal and Tingri County, Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; the fifth highest mountain in the world.


Ürümqi

Defense Mapping Agency
SASM/GNC romanization
Ürümqi

Borrowed from Uyghur ئۈرۈمچى (ürümchi) via its official SASM/GNC/SRC romanization. See there for more.

As also proved from statistical figures, different wind conditions are established over some marginal parts of China. Harbin/15, which records 50% of all directions from SE, S and SW, underlines atypical wind conditions which exist over northeastern China. The same is true for Lhasa/239 which experiences 44% of all directions from NE, E and SE, and Ürümqi/269 which records 38% of all winds with a southern component. These three stations demonstrate rare wind conditions which do not coincide with the typical northern winds in winter.

1988, Manfred Domrös, Peng Gongbing, “Circulation”, in The Climate of China, Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Fanfou, Jiwai and Digu were some of the first Twitter clones to become successful in China. However all three - plus Twitter itself - were blocked by the Chinese government in July 2009, due to their usage during the uprisings in Ürümqi.

2010 March 4, Richard MacManus, “China's Twitter Clones”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-04, Technology:

Before the Wednesday’s suspension, there were 24 flights a week from Kazakhstan to China, including a daily flight to Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang.

2020 January 29, Adam Schreck, Elaine Kurtenbach, David Koenig, “More airlines drop flights to China as virus spreads”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-04-15:

A prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China.

Another officer from the police station in Benfangguo Bazar in Urumqi county confirmed that the station was currently detaining Zhanargul’s mother, elder sister, and two elder brothers, but could not confirm or deny that their detainment had anything to do with Zhanargul’s.

[2023 February 21, Shohret Hoshur, “China arrests family of Kazakh singer supposedly contacted by foreign reporter”, in RFA Uyghur, transl., edited by Eugene Whong and Malcolm Foster, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2023-02-22:

A county of Ürümqi city, Xinjiang, China.


Dongguan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 東莞／东莞 (Dōngguǎn).

In Tungkuan County, the Houchieh Brigade under Houchieh Commune, with the assistance of the Mao Tsetung Thought propaganda team, made[…]

[1970, Union Research Service, volume 59, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19:

Dongguan was different. It rose by no one’s decree; it simply grew. While Shenzhen aspired to advanced technology and innovation, Dongguan took what it could get, which meant low-tech factories from Hong Kong and Taiwan that made clothing, toys, and shoes.

2008, Leslie T. Chang, Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China, New York: Spiegel & Grau, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

China is undergoing the harshest anti-vice campaign the government has mounted in years, and the crackdown is taking a toll on the economy of Dongguan, a southern city of more than eight million people. It is a manufacturing center for the export business and a Mecca for migrant workers, but it is also the nation’s sin city. Now, the red-light industry here is blushing a deep pink.

2014 March 6, Edward Wong, “Red Lights Dim in China’s Sin City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-03-07, Asia Pacific:

In February 2014, a massive crackdown on prostitution in the southern manufacturing city of Dongguan, dubbed "Sin City" for its huge vice industry, raided 2,000 establishments and detained more than 900 people.

2015 April 24, Euan McKirdy, “What a send-off: China's funeral strippers told to cover up”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2015-04-24:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Foshan

At Foshan, about four leagues above Canton, Père Bouvet speaks of a Milanese Jesuit as presiding over a church, with a flock of 10,000 persons : at this day there is probably not one single individual at that same place.

1836, John Francis Davis, The Chinese : A General Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants, volume 1, New-York: Harper & Brothers, page 38:

Foshan is a town in the neighbourhood of Canton, and happened to be the scene of Colonel Chesney's ill usage.

1857 July-December, Thomas De Quincey, “Hints Towards an Appreciation of the Coming War in China.”, in Titan A Monthly Magazine, volume XXV, →OCLC, page 69, column 1:

At Foshan, south of Canton, 147 Japanese soldiers have died of cholera.

1939 May 20 [1939 May 19], “Chinese Attacks Cost Japanese 24 Planes and 3 Warships”, in Daily Worker, volume XVI, number 120, New York, sourced from CHUNGKING, China, page 2, column 5:

Ghappar is Uighur, a Muslim minority group that has been the target of discrimination and oppression by Chinese officials in recent years. In January 2020, officials took Ghappar from his home in the southern city of Foshan to a police station in Kucha, Xinjiang. He was held for 18 days in a police detention centre, then transferred to a temporary “epidemic prevention centre” where he filmed the video.

2020 August 7, Sophie Stuber, “Video of Uighur handcuffed to bed in quarantine centre refocuses attention on Chinese persecution”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-08-24:

This time, metals markets are fixated on an incident in the southern province of Guangdong, in which several traders claim they were duped into providing credit against fictitious quantities of aluminum. More than 500 million yuan ($75 million) may have been loaned, backed by stockpiles of the metal stored in a warehouse in the city of Foshan that turned out to be worth significantly less than that.

2022 June 6, “‘Fake’ Aluminum Stocks Put Perils of China’s Commodities Funding in Spotlight”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-18, Energy:

A large prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeast China.


Hangzhou

/ˌhɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 杭州 (Hángzhōu), from its former role as the seat of Hang Prefecture (also 杭州 (Hángzhōu)), folk etymologized as a reference to King Yu's ferry over the Qiantang on his way to Shaoxing but more likely a transliteration of an earlier Baiyue placename.

In the Province of Chekiang, near the chief City of Hangcheu, runs a River, which in regard of its courſe, is called ſometimes Che, at other times Cientang, and in ſome places Cingan.

[1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 238:

Tibetan colors and gilding are frequently mentioned in Chinese texts, and several monuments survive northwest of Beijing and in Hangzhou in southeast China that were designed by Tibetan monks and were very likely built and carved by both Tibetan and Chinese artists.

1983, Pratapaditya Pal, Art of Tibet, →ISBN, page 30:

A former imperial capital famed for its West Lake and surrounding temples, Hangzhou has lately grown famous as the hometown of internet commerce giant Alibaba.

2021 August 22, “Top official in eastern China’s Hangzhou under investigation”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-08-22:

China’s outbreaks and the ensuing restrictions have led to a number of events being canceled or postponed, most recently the Asian Games originally scheduled for September in the city of Hangzhou, 177 kilometers (110 miles) west of Shanghai.

2022 May 13, “Shanghai will try to ease 7-week virus lockdown in few days”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-13:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China; a former imperial capital.


Jiangmen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江門／江门 (Jiāngmén, literally “River Gate”), after its location at the mouth of the Xi or West River.

bor

In the Internet age, in which the Chinese public is becoming increasingly vocal about their rights and mobilizing on social networks, popular protests like the demonstrations in the city of Jiangmen against the processing plant suggest a wider backlash against nuclear power.[…]
The uranium processing project in Jiangmen, near Hong Kong, was supposed to supply fuel to existing and future power plants in Guangdong, a major Chinese industrial powerhouse and a center of nuclear energy expansion.

2013 July 18, Charlie Zhu, David Stanway, Grace Li, Lavinia Mo, “Public trust crisis threatens China's nuclear power ambitions”, in David Lague, Alex Richardson, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-04-01, Environment:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.


Handan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 邯鄲／邯郸 (Hándān).

zh-l

邯鄲／邯郸 (Hándān)

Sometime in the afternoon, we reached Hantan, a town of forty thousand people along the now defunct Peiping-Hankow Railway. Although the first real city I had seen since leaving Kuomintang areas, Hantan was only half alive.

[1949, Jack Belden, “Traveling Companions”, in China Shakes the World, Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 38:

The coking-coal center of Fengfeng in southern Hopei, for example, was among the first places designated as a mining district, about 1951, and was raised to the status of city in 1954. (Two years later, it was incorporated into the expanding urban complex of Hantan.)

[1972, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map National and Regional Development, 1949-71, Praeger Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 317:

Xiufen Xie, 53, was born in a village near Handan City, Hebei Province, China. Her story was originally published in an official Chinese newspaper in 1998.

2001, “People with Disabilities”, in Falun Gong Stories: A Journey to Ultimate Health, Golden Lotus Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 37:

At age 20, Tian enlisted in the army, and nine years later she joined the police force of Handan, a city 300 miles south of Beijing.

2014 December 1, William Wan, “Once a cop, now an outcast: A Chinese tale of abuse and a craving for justice”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-12-02, World:

A prefecture-level city in Hebei, China.


Huizhou

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 惠州 (Huìzhōu).

Whenever Ch'en Chiung-ming, still at large in the East River uplands, would move on Canton, Liu and Yang would requisition from Sun a sum of 10,000 silver yuan* for the defense of Canton, or C$100,000 to force Ch'en back up the East River to Huichou.

[1976, Donald A. Jordan, “Building the Model”, in The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 6:

A prefecture-level city in southeastern Guangdong, China.


Huizhou

Cambridge University Press
Huizhou
Huizhou, Anhui

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 徽州 (Huīzhōu).

Xidi, a village in China’s Huizhou region of Anhui Province, dates back to the Ming and Qing dynasties.

2012 March 29, Gilles Sabrie, “In Rural China, a Preserved Dynastic Village”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-03-30:

(historical) A region in modern-day Anhui, in southeastern China.


Nanning

Translingual: Nanningosaurus

南寧／南宁 (Nánníng)

Our Authors ſay there are no Elephants in China, which muſt be underſtood of the Provinces they knew, where, in truth, there are none. Father Martini writes, that they begin to be met with at Nanning, in the Province of Quangli, where the Inhabitants uſe them for War and for Carriage. Some there are alſo in the Province of Junnan ; nor is it a wonder that theſe Creatures, who ſo ſwarm in the Indies, and in Tungkin or Tonquin, ſhould ſtraggle hither.

1733, Eusebius Renaudot, transl., Ancient Accounts of India and China, London, →OCLC, page 61:

The French were once so sure of getting a railway concession from their Langson branch into Lungchow that they built a big stone station—now the French consulate—and a stone slide not unlike the steeper levees along the Mississippi, down which French goods were to be slid into the boats that were to take them down the river to Nanning.

1925, Harry A. Franck, Roving Through Southern China, The Century Company, page 354:

The story was told him by an old servant of his family who was from Yungchow [modern Nanning] in Kwangsi, and who came from the cave people [aborigines] of that district.[...]There are well-known Siamese versions of the Cinderella story, and Nanning is very close to Indo-China.

1942, Lin Yutang, editor, The Wisdom of China and India, Random House, →OCLC, page 941:

Since an earlier Maoist military mission's visit to Hanoi in October 1974, the Chinese Communists have been providing massive military supplies for North Vietnamese. A so-called "Headquarters of the Chinese People's Support for Vietnam," headed by Wei Kuo-ching, was also established in Nanning in southern Kwangsi Province.[...]
A training center has been operating in suburban Nanning to provide guerrilla and sabotage training for 500 persons at a time.

1975 April 13, “Expose Peiping involvement in Indo-China”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4:

In 2020 in the city of Nanning, the police bought software that could look for “more than three key people checking into the same or nearby hotels” and “a drug user calling a new out-of-town number frequently,” according to a bidding document.

2022 June 25, Paul Mozur, Muyi Xiao, John Liu, “‘An Invisible Cage’: How China Is Policing the Future”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-26:

A prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China.


Yantai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 煙臺／烟台 (Yāntái, “smoke tower”), from a Ming-era signal tower on Mount Qi.

In September, the largest factory in Yantai, a coastal city in northeastern China, called on the local government with a problem — a shortage of 19,000 workers as the deadline on a big order approached.

2013 January 7, “Students by Millions Fill Labor Gap in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-01-12, Global Business:

It’s the time of early spring in Yantai, the central city on the Shandong Peninsula. The trees are quietly stretching new branches and sprouting fresh green buds, spreading out the turquoise of cyan on the piece of the land.

2022 May 12, “Yantai, a Fairyland in the Spring Breeze”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-07-13:

A coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China.

(historical) Zhifu, a former village in northeastern Shandong, China, which grew into modern Yantai.

A village in the township of Haidao, Xiapu County, in the prefecture-level city of Ningde, Fujian, China.


Wuxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 無錫／无锡 (Wúxī).

Like most of the women in her village, Ren Riqing looks after children: “This is my nephew. His parents work far away in a factory in Wuxi. It’s not as strenuous as working here in the fields. I have a son and a daughter -- they’re also in Wuxi. If things go well, they come back once in two years. Travel costs money. It makes me sad, but what can I do?”

2008 January 30, Ren Riqing, quotee, “Urban Migrants Stranded in China”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-12-27:

MedImmune, the Gaithersburg research arm of pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca, is making aggressive moves to expand its footprint in China.
The company said Wednesday it plans to spend $50 million on another production facility in Wuxi, a city near Shanghai on China’s east coast.

2015 December 16, Aaron Gregg, “MedImmune expands its footprint in China with new deal”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-12-17, Capital Business:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China.


Wuxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 巫溪 (Wūxī).

The landslide on Tuesday demolished a five-story apartment building and two private hotels in Wuxi County in Sichuan Province.

1987 September 7, “Landslide Toll in China Is 65”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, World, page 3:


Shijiazhuang

/ˌʃiːd͡ʒjɑːˈd͡ʒwɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin for 石家莊／石家庄 (Shíjiāzhuāng).

The Intermediate People's Court in Shijiazhuang, in the northern province of Hebei, said the defendants had intentionally produced or sold dairy products laced with a toxic chemical called melamine, which was used to give falsely high protein readings but which caused kidney stones and other ailments in about 300,000 children last year.

2009 February 2, David Barboza, “Death sentences given in Chinese milk scandal”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-10, Asia Pacific:

China is racing to build a quarantine center to house 4,000 people in the northern city of Shijiazhuang, the epicenter of the country’s latest outbreak of the coronavirus, which Beijing has largely contained at an enormous cost to its 1.3 billion people.

2021 January 19, Miriam Berger, “China rushes to build coronavirus quarantine center for 4,000 as it battles local outbreaks”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-20:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hebei, in northeastern China.


Yangzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 揚州／扬州 (Yángzhōu).

Yangzhou fried rice

The eastern city of Yangzhou, near Nanjing, was the latest local government to order residents to stay home after large-scale testing detected 40 new infections over the past day.
The more than 1.3 million residents of Yangzhou's urban core are now confined to their homes, with each household allowed to send only one person outside per day to shop for necessities, the city government said Tuesday.

2021 August 3, “China's Wuhan to test 'all residents' amid return of Covid-19”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-08-03, Asia / Pacific:

Jiang died of leukemia and multiple organ failure, Xinhua added.
The politician, who was born in the eastern town of Yangzhou in 1926, was appointed secretary-general of the CCP in 1989.

2022 November 30, “Former Chinese president Jiang Zemin dies aged 96”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-02-13:

يَانْغْجُو

a prefecture-level city in eastern China


Xining

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 西寧／西宁 (Xīníng).

Tibetan is found predominantly in Tibet; Tibetan-speaking communities are also found in Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Gansu. In Tibet, all official documents are issued in both Tibetan and Chinese, and also in certain regions of Sichuan and Qinghai. Moreover, the radio stations in Tibet broadcast in Tibetan and Putonghua. Similarly, the Chengdu radio station in Sichuan and the Xining radio station in Qinghai also have regular Tibetan broadcasts.

1975, “The National Minority Languages of China”, in Winfred P. Lehmann, editor, Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 119:

Traditionally, Qinghai's Han Chinese have been concentrated around Xining and the Yellow River valley.[...]The climate in this region is harsh, with temperatures at Xining, east of Qinghai, ranging from -6° to 18° C.[...]Xining and the Yellow River valley are Qinghai's most important agricultural areas.

1979, Frederic M. Kaplan, Julian M. Sobin, Stephen Andors, Encyclopedia of China Today, Eurasia Press, →ISBN, page 29:

Though tourists rarely do so, it is perfectly possible to visit an area on the outskirts of Qinghai’s Xining that abounds in prisons and prison enterprises.

1998, James D. Seymour, Richard Anderson, “Prologue”, in New Ghosts Old Ghosts Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:

Barren, sparsely populated Qinghai ranks 22nd among China’s 31 provinces, regions and municipalities measured by income per capita, which averaged $3,343 in 2009.
Property prices in Xining, the unprepossessing capital, are less than a fifth of those in Beijing.

2010 June 21, Alan Wheatley, “A China Far Removed From Glitz and Industry”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-06-25, Inside Asia:

A city in northwestern China, capital of Qinghai Province.


Hohhot

From Mongolian Хөх хот (Xöx xot), modern form of ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota), from ᠬᠥᠬᠡ (köke, “dark blue; (hist.) green, grue”) + ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (qota, “town, city”), given to the settlement by Altan Khan in the 1580s. His previous palace and monastery established outside modern Baotou in 1572 bore the same name, although it is now frequently connected to the nearby Daqing Mountains instead, whose name is similarly ambiguous between blue and green.

The assemblage of stone artifacts at Dingcun represents a very important link in the evolution of China's primitive cultures. It succeeded the Gehe culture and ushered in the Dayao culture of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia and the Emaokou culture in Huairen County, Shanxi Province.

1980, Jia Lanpo, 中国大陆上的远古居民 [Early Man in China], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 45:

Then again, Sima Qian says that, after crossing the river, the Wall wound northward to touch a mountain north-west of Hohhot. But no wall winds northward here.

2008, John Man, The Great Wall, Bantam Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 35:

Mengniu can tap high-quality Aussie milk. And it is one in the eye for Yili, its bigger cross-town dairy rival in Hohhot, the regional capital of Inner Mongolia.

2019 December 7, “Cow cash”, in The Economist, volume 433, number 9172, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 61–62:

On National Security Education Day in April, students in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, were instructed on how to report suspicious activity.

2022 August 6, Chris Buckley, Steven Lee Myers, “In Turbulent Times, Xi Builds a Security Fortress for China, and Himself”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-06, Asia Pacific:

The capital city of Inner Mongolia, in north-central China.


Luoyang

Translingual: Luoyanggia

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of 洛陽／洛阳 (Luòyáng, “sunny side of the Luo River”), referring to two separate Luo rivers.

In January 1979, the Aluminum Company of America agreed to undertake feasibility studies for the construction of two modern integrated aluminum plants in Luoyang, Henan Province, and in Pingguo county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

1979 September, Nai-Ruenn Chen, “Sino-American Trade”, in China's Economy and Foreign Trade, 1978-79, number 3, PRC Affairs Division, Office of East-West Country Affairs, Industry and Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18, column 2:

The remains of the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, Luoyang 洛阳, are situated approximately 15 km east of the present-day city of Luoyang in Henan. Since the site is bordered on the north by the Mangshan 邙山 Mountains and overlooks the Luo River to the south, it has protective natural barriers and is also at an important junction for transportation and communication (fig. 37).

1982, Zhongshu Wang, “Luoyang: The Capital City of Eastern Han”, in K. C. Chang et al., transl., Han Civilization, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

The Longmen Grottoes are located in the south of Luolong District of Luoyang. Here two mountain cliffs stand face to face, like a pair of natural watchtowers over the Yi River that flow between them, giving rise to the name “Luoyang’s Yi River Watchtower Gate.”

2006, “Cultural Relics”, in 王琴 [Wang Qin], 韩清月 [Han Qingyue], 冯鑫 [Feng Xin], transl., edited by 杨长春 [Yang Changchun], 河南：文化大中原 [Henan: The Central Plains of Chinese Culture] (全景中国 [Panoramic China]), 1st edition, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 163:

Local authorities said the rainfall had caused a 20-metre breach in the Yihetan dam in the city of Luoyang west of Zhengzhou, and that the dam could collapse at any time.

2021 July 21, Ryan Woo, Stella Qiu, “At least 25 dead as rains deluge central China's Henan province”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-22, China:

A prefecture-level city in Henan, China, near the Luo's confluence with the Yellow River; a former capital of China.

A town in the district of Zengdu, in the prefecture-level city of Suizhou, Hubei, China.

A community of the district of Luojiang, in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, famed for a celebrated bridge.


Zhuhai

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 珠海 (Zhūhǎi).

In 1992, at the age of eighty-eight, Deng visited the Shenzhen and Zhuhai Special Economic Zones in order to defend his policies against Party critics.

2002, Margaret Thatcher, Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 166:

Super typhoon Saola made landfall in southeast China’s Guangdong province early Saturday, leaving a trail of destruction and flooding in Shenzhen city and the neighboring Hong Kong and Macao.
The typhoon made landfall around 3:30 am south of the city of Zhuhai, located along the coast of Guangdong, the National Meteorological Center said.

2023 September 2, “Super typhoon Saola leaves trail of destruction in southern China”, in EFE, sourced from Hong Kong (EFE), archived from the original on 2023-12-05:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Yinchuan

Likely c. 1940s, from Mandarin 銀川／银川 (Yínchuān), Wade–Giles romanization: Yin²-chʻuan¹, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

Peiping radio claimed tonight that Communists occupied Yinchuan, capital of Ninghsia Province in Central China two days ago.

1949 September 26 [1949 September 25], “NATIONALISTS REVOLT”, in The Bombay Chronicle, volume XXXVII, number 228, Bombay, →OCLC, Stop Press, page 5, column 1:

All the bigger towns in this vast area are to have new power stations. Yinchuan and Bayenhot in Ningsia province, Sining in Chinghai, Tienshui, Tunhchuan and Paochi in Shensi, and Tihua in Sinkiang have all been mentioned in Press reports.
At Yinchuan factories for machinery, woollen textiles and chemicals have been started, and two new textile mills are planned in the cotton-growing district of Kuanchung, in Shensi.

1954 February [1954 January], “China's Industrial Growth”, in Economic Digest, volume VII, number 2, London: Economic Research Council, →OCLC, pages 87–88:

On the trip out our car was full of railway workers, going out to work on the Lanchow-Sinkiang Railway which had already reached Yumen, China’s biggest oil field, and in 1960 will connect with the Soviet Union’s Turkestan-Siberia Railway; or to the Lanchow-Yinchuan section, which cuts through the Great Wall to reach Yinchuan, a major wool, hide and skin trading center in the Northwest.

1956 October, Grace Liu, “A Train Trip in China”, in New World Review, volume 24, number 10, New York: S.R.T. Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 20, column 1:

Yinchuan, capital of the Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region, lies in the centre of the Ningsia Plain.

1964, 任育地 [Jen Yu-ti], 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 201:

Mr. Ai had become obsessed with a red scribble that appeared on a planning document for an art show next month in Yinchuan, a city in northwest China. He decided to build a large sculpture modeled on the line that he would call “Redline” — a playful rumination on the idea of censorship.

2016 August 26, Javier A. Hernández, “Ai Weiwei Planned to Sculpt a ‘Redline.’ Chinese Censors Say He Crossed One.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-08-26, Sinosphere:

The capital city of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

ينتشوان

capital city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China


Zhongshan

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 中山 (Zhōngshān).

The chief town of Zhongshan, Shiqi (formerly spelt Shekkei) has been an important market centre and inland port for 800 years.

1990, Shann Davies, Macau, Passport Books, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 137:

A man was apprehended by the mainland police early yesterday morning in Zhongshan on suspected link with human body parts found in Taipa Grande on Saturday.

2021 June 14, Anthony Lam, “Suspect linked to body parts found in Taipa Grande apprehended in Zhongshan”, in Macau Daily News, archived from the original on 2021-06-14, Crime:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southern China.

A district of the city of Dalian, Liaoning, China.

A district of the city of Liupanshui, Guizhou, China.


Haikou

Hainan Island, of which Haikou is the capital, is a tropical province that China has proclaimed its newest and largest special economic zone. Partly because it is separated from the Chinese mainland by a 13-mile strip of water, the authorities give it special dispensation to stray from economic and social orthodoxy.

1993 March 25, Sheryl WuDunn, “Haikou Journal; For Treasure (and Pleasure), Their Special Island”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-26, World:

The capital and most populous city of Hainan province, China; located on the north side of Hainan island.


Lijiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 麗江／丽江 (Lìjiāng).

The main road to Lichiang-fu, by Ho-ch'ing, is not followed by the muleteers, except by request, as there is a high mountain to cross.

[1922 December 2, [Francis] Kingdon Ward, “Mr. Kingdon Ward’s Seventh Expedition in Asia. No. III. To Lichiang.”, in The Gardeners’ Chronicle: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, volume LXXI (Third Series), number 1875, London: 5 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, W.C.2, →OCLC, page 325, column 1:

A 5.5 magnitude earthquake that rattled the city of Lijiang in southwestern China's Yunnan province on Sunday injured 15 people, the Yunnan Earthquake Agency said on its social media feed.

2022 January 2, Tony Munroe, Min Zhang, “Earthquake in southwest China's Yunnan injures 15 people”, in Neil Fullick, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-02, China:

A prefecture-level city northwestern Yunnan, China.


Gansu

Latin: gansuensis

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 甘肅／甘肃 (Gānsù).

This is Lanzhou, the old Silk Road outpost that has matured into a metropolis of almost 4 million as the capital of Gansu province in China’s still-poor northwest. And as your lungs can attest, it is one of the most polluted cities in the country.

2015 October 16, Matt O'Brien, “This is where China’s future will be decided.”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-16, Wonkblog:

A towering wall of sand rushed over factories and apartment blocks in northwestern China's Gansu province as seasonal sandstorms barrelled across the country, causing air pollution and traffic accidents.
Aerial images as it struck showed an apocalyptic scene as a billowing cloud of yellow dust smothered Gansu's Linze county on Sunday.

2021 April 27, “Wall of sand engulfs Chinese town”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-04-27:

A province in northwestern China. Capital: Lanzhou.


Guizhou

Latin: guizhouensis

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴州／贵州 (Guìzhōu).

The siblings lived in a house in Guizhou Province, one of the poorest areas in China; their village, Cizhu, is under the administration of the city of Bijie.

2015 June 12, Edward Wong, “Chinese Premier Urges Officials to Fight Events That Led 4 Children to Drink Pesticide”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-06-13, Asia Pacific:

Over the weekend, engineers in China's mountainous southwestern Guizhou province linked the two ends of a bridge spanning a rocky gorge. The completion of the Beipanjiang bridge marks yet another infrastructure record in China — the world's "highest" bridge, sitting 1,854 feet above the river below.

2016 September 13, Ishaan Tharoor, “The incredible sight of China’s latest record-breaking bridge”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-09-13, WorldViews:

A mudslide in the south-western province of Guizhou has resulted in 15 deaths. Thirty people are still missing as the search continues.

2019 July 25, “Chinese landslide kills 15, 30 still missing”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, News:

A province in southwestern China. Capital: Guiyang.


Changsha

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈʃɑ/

Changxa commands over eleven Cities, as Changxa, Siangtan, Siangin, Ninghiang, Lieuyang, Liling, Jeyang, Sianghang, Xeu, Ganhoa, Chaling.

[1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 14:

The most important place for trade in Hunan is Siangtan, 90 li south of Changsha.

1868, Albert S. Bickmore, “Sketch of a Journey from Canton to Hankow, through China”, in American Journal of Science and Arts, volume XLVI, page 16:

A Communist report from Hunan has quoted "a ranking comrade of the Party Central" as having issued this instruction: "Athletes should be trained from childhood." It is believed that Mao made the remark.
Accordingly, most of the table tennis winners have been teenagers. The youngest at an athletic meet in Changsha in 1973 was a boy of 14.

1976 July 25, L. Chen, “Athletics under Maoist politics”, in 自由中國週報 [Free China Weekly], volume XVII, number 29, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In a restaurant in Changsha, the capital of central China's Hunan province, Hu Mingliang and Sun Wenlin exchanged their wedding rings, and received blessings from over 200 friends, relatives, as well as LGBT rights activists from around the country.

2016 May 17, Cherie Chan, “Chinese gay couple marry despite court ruling”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2016-05-18, LGBT RIGHTS:

Lynn (Yao Honggui) and her boyfriend, Zhang (Liu Long), are shacked up in a hotel in the city of Changsha in Hunan province.

2023 March 9, Manohla Dargis, “‘Stonewalling’ Review: A Young Woman’s Exchange Value”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-09, Movies:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China.

تْشَانْغ شَا

city in south-central China and other locations in China

(historical) A former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island.

A town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China.

A township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China.

A village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.


Jiangxi

Translingual: Jiangxisaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江西 (Jiāngxī).

Qingyun Hu, a former officer of the Peoples Supreme Court of Jiangxi Province in China, was diagnosed as having leukemia in 1997.

2001, “People with Cancer”, in Falun Gong Stories: A Journey to Ultimate Health, Golden Lotus Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

At least four people have died in the partial collapse of a workers’ dormitory in the southern Chinese province of Jiangxi, state media report^([sic – meaning reports]).

2021 November 23, “At least 4 killed in southern China dormitory collapse”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-11-23:

A province in southern China. Capital: Nanchang.


Fujian

/ˌfuːˈd͡ʒæn/

:zh:周婉窈
Cambridge University Press
Fujian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 福建 (Fújiàn).

Taiwan opened the links between its two small islands and China without talking to Beijing, which has grudgingly accepted the move but hasn't said how much it will cooperate. So everyone closely watched how the two ships were greeted in Fuzhou and Xiamen, the cities in the southeast Chinese province of Fujian.

2001 January 2, “Taiwanese Vessels Make First Sanctioned Direct Crossings to China”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-15:

While North Korea and the South continue to bicker - most recently over the sinking of a South Korean warship - China and Taiwan have been building closer business ties. One project full of symbolism for the two is an undersea cable project that will link the northern Taiwan town of Tamsui (also called Danshui) to China's Fujian Province.[…]
The cable appears to be a replacement for a similar project announced last year to connect Xiamen, a city in China's Fujian Province, to Kinmen, a Taiwanese island within sight of China.

2010 June 10, Dan Nystedt, “China and Taiwan Connect on New Undersea Cable Project”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-15, Technology:

Hsi said because Chen did not marry and his direct relatives live in Fuzhou, in China’s Fujian Province, they have been unable to go to Taiwan to apply to the government for compensation and have not received any compensation for his death in 50 years.

2012 September 10, Rich Chang, “Tribute for pilot on 50th anniversary”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-09-11, Taiwan News, page 3:

Water supplied to Taiwan’s outlying Kinmen County from Fujian province on the other side of the strait is not free nor a gift, and misrepresentation of this fact by China is strongly condemned, the Mainland Affairs Council said Aug. 5.

2018 August 7, “MAC strongly condemns Kinmen water supply misrepresentation by China”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2019-09-01, Politics:

Across the water, which is 110 miles wide, is Fujian province, where Xi spent 17 years climbing the political ladder before making the leap to the national stage. Bristling with upgraded naval ports, airbases and missiles trained on Taiwan, Fujian is the most likely launchpad for any Chinese operation.
On both sides of the strait, the story of an invasion of Taiwan from Fujian that did go ahead still looms large for locals and leaders, even though it took place more than 350 years ago.

2022 November 5, Philip Sherwell, “We don’t think China will invade Taiwan. But if they do we’ll fight them”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-11-05:

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

A province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast. Capital: Fuzhou.


Qinghai

/ˈt͡ʃɪŋˈhaɪ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 青海／靑海 (Qīnghǎi, literally “Blue Sea”).

bor

Tibetan is found predominantly in Tibet; Tibetan-speaking communities are also found in Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Gansu. In Tibet, all official documents are issued in both Tibetan and Chinese, and also in certain regions of Sichuan and Qinghai. Moreover, the radio stations in Tibet broadcast in Tibetan and Putonghua. Similarly, the Chengdu radio station in Sichuan and the Xining radio station in Qinghai also have regular Tibetan broadcasts.

1975, “The National Minority Languages of China”, in Winfred P. Lehmann, editor, Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 119:

The source of the Yellow River is in the Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. This area is often called the "Roof of the World" because of its high altitude, the height of a place above sea level.

2001, Kim Dramer, “China's Sorrow”, in The Yellow River (Juvenile Literature), Franklin Watts, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 7–8:

The decaying clusters of workshops, bunkers and dormitories are remnants of Plant 221, also known as China’s Los Alamos. Here, on a mountain-high grassland called Jinyintan in Qinghai Province, thousands of Tibetan and Mongolian herders were expelled to create a secret town where a nuclear arsenal was built to defend Mao Zedong’s revolution.

2018 January 20, Chris Buckley, Adam Wu, “Where China Built Its Bomb, Dark Memories Haunt the Ruins”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-01-20, Asia Pacific:

A province in northwestern China. Capital: Xining.


Cheng

The staff from the Cheng District Christian Council (CC) in Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, presented hand warmers, eight treasure congees, and instant noodles on January 28 to pandemic prevention workers in Guanxiang Community Neighborhood Committee, Cheng District CC&TSPM reported.

2022 February 5, John Wang, “Shanxi, Jiangsu Churches Visit People”, in China Christian Daily, archived from the original on 2022-02-07:


Kashgar

Transliteration of Russian Кашга́р (Kašgár), from Persian کَاشْغَر (kâšğar).

transliteration

In one year, Kashgar Prefecture, which has a population of 4 million, has carried out mandatory checks for practically its entire population, said Yang Yanfeng, deputy director of Kashgar’s propaganda department. She characterized the checkups as a public health success story, not a security measure.

2017 December 17, Gerry Shih, “AP Exclusive: Digital police state shackles Chinese minority”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-04-28:

In addition, in January 2019, the Hong Kong-based security services company Frontier Services Group (FSG) announced on its website that it had signed an agreement with local XUAR officials to build a training facility in Kashgar prefecture, XUAR.

2019, “CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, archived from the original on 2020-06-26, page 209:

Authorities in Kashgar prefecture in the Xinjiang region of northwestern China say they have completed tests on more than 4.7 million residents. It follows the country's latest outbreak at the weekend.

2020 October 28, “Coronavirus digest: Italy posts record infection numbers as Europe locks down”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2020-10-28, News:

The Province of Xenſi extends to the Kingdom of Preſter John. Caſcar and Thebet, which the Chineſes in a general Name call Sifan it is a large Province, and is divided into eight Counties, having one hundred and eighty Cities: Sigan is the Metropolis of the whole, ſeated on the River Guei, in a moſt pleaſant and delightful place, of a noble Proſpect, and good Trade.

[1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 439:

The last accounts from Mr. Moncrieff left him at Cashmere. From that place he sent to ask permission of the Government of Kashgar to go to Buchara, to purchase horses. This was refused, and he was obliged to take another route and proceed through Cabul.

1826, Sylvanus Urban, “Foreign News”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XCVI, London: John Nichols and Son, page 634:

The weapon steel and metalwork of Kashgar, the carpets of Khotan, the painted caves of Kezir were famed throughout Central Asia.

1977, Jack Chen, Sinkiang Story, Macmillan Publishing Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxv:

In 1990 a fight between armed locals and the police and military flared up in Baren, in Akto, near Kashgar, in which at least 22 people were killed, of whom six were members of the security forces; some sources say the locals had intended to initiate an armed uprising.

1992, “Xinjiang: Unquiet Spring”, in Tibet Information Network (Background Papers on Tibet), page 51:

A county-level city in Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Xinzhu

From Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 新竹 (Xīnzhú)

Although the restaurant's official address is in the back of the labyrinthine Xinzhu residential area, save yourself the hassle and take the street entrance just west of the northwest corner of Minzu Dadao and Chahuayuan Lu.

2009, Margaret Kelly, editor, China (Fodor's), 6th edition, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, →OL, page 494:

A subdistrict of Qingxiu district, Nanning, Guangxi, China.


Silk Road

China had received with more or less good grace the flood of Buddhist missionaries but had long since sent out her own missionaries— priests, not of a transcendental religion of salvation, but of a secular way of life, of a worldly and refined civilization. Expansion in Turkestan and Central Asia took place simultaneously with expansion in Southeast Asia. As fast as the famed Silk Road started winding itself through thousands of miles of Eurasian deserts, swamps, jungles and mountains toward Persia and the Mediterranean world, increasingly numerous fleets of junks began to ply the warm waters of the tropical south.

1958, Amaury de Riencourt, “The Moonlight Civilizations”, in The Soul of China, Revised edition, Harper & Row, published 1965, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 109-110:

But halfway back, he learned that there had been a change in dynasties and decided he would be better off staying where he was. And so Lu Kuang set up his own Silk Road kingdom at Wuwei in the middle of the Kansu Corridor.

2016, Bill Porter, The Silk Road: Taking the Bus to Pakistan, Counterpoint, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172:

In this old Silk Road city in western China, a state security campaign involving the detention of vast numbers of people has moved to its next stage: demolishing their neighborhoods and purging their culture.

2019 March 21, “After mass detentions, China razes Muslim communities to build a loyal city”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-08-21:

Six hours are enough to devour the over 900 miles from Shanghai to Xi’an, the landlocked capital of Shaanxi Province in China’s central northwest, standing on the bones of the imperial city of Chang’an. In the seventh and eighth centuries A.D., this was the center of not only China but the globe — the eastern origin of the trade routes we call the Silk Road and the nexus of a cross-cultural traffic in ideas, technology, art and food that altered the course of history as decisively as the Columbian Exchange eight centuries later. A million people lived within Chang’an’s pounded-earth walls, including travelers and traders from Central, Southeast, South and Northeast Asia and followers of Buddhism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism.

2020 May 11, Ligaya Mishan, “Eating in Xi’an, Where Wheat and Lamb Speak to China’s Varied Palette”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-11:

(historical) An extensive interconnected network of trade routes across Asia, North and Northeast Africa, and Europe, historically used by silk traders.

طَرِيق اَلْحَرِير

routes used by silk traders across Europe, Asia and northern Africa


Chaoshan

The extant scholarship on Sinophone Thai literature attributes the uniqueness of such works as Stormy Yaowarat Road to three aspects of their evocation of Teochew: their use of the Chaoyang-Swatow (Chaoshan) dialect of Teochew (particularly in the spoken dialogues of the text), their depiction of specific Teochew cultural practices like the regions' unique opera (ngiu) and tea ceremony (gongfu cha), and their emphasis on Teochew cultural and linguistic cultivation and preservation-an emphasis woven into the theme of the narratives.

2015, Brian C. Bernards, Writing the South Seas: Imagining the Nanyang in Chinese and Southeast Asian Postcolonial Literature, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 180:

The first season of this culinary series explores the history and ingredients of food from Chaoshan, a coastal region in the eastern Guangdong province of China, with dazzling, mouthwatering visuals.

2019 February 11, Sara Aridi, “What’s on TV Monday: ‘Hale County This Morning, This Evening’ and ‘White Dragon’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-11, What to Watch:

A region in eastern Guangdong, China, home of the Teochew people. Historically composed of 8 counties belonging to the department of Chaozhou (潮州府), today it is equivalent to the 3 cities of Chaozhou, Shantou, and Jieyang.


Yunan

zh-l

鬱南／郁南 (Yùnán)

A typical example of the lightning growth of the cooperatives since land reform comes from Kwangtung Province. Early in April the Yunan County Cooperative in Kwangtung sent a team of workers to a nearby village where land reform had[…]

1951 May, Hsinhua News Agency Release, →OCLC, page 81, column 3:

Many leading cadres go to forestry centres where they worked alongside the masses. The examplery deeds of the cadres deepen the mass movement.
Yunan County in mountainous region of Kwangtung Province has set a good example.

1971 July, Hsinhua Selected News Items, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24, column 2:

It then included the Wentoushan Formation at its top. The type locality is Lientan, Yunan County, Guangdong Province.

1986, Mu En-zhi, A. J. Boucot, Chen Xu, Rong Jia-yu, Correlation of the Silurian Rocks of China, Geological Society of America, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 49, column 2:

Newspaper readers have donated about 620,000 yuan to help pay for her medical care, adding to a 50,000 yuan fund established by the Yunan county government.

2011 August 27, Mimi Lau, “Little girl's horrific abuse shames the nation”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-25:

On the local level, a good example is the credit rating system in Yunan County in Guangdong Province.[…]Yunan County engaged all relevant functional departments in the county, and using the People's Bank of China's credit rating system, created the Yunan County Enterprise Non-Bank Credit Information Enquiry System in 2009.

2015, Xingyuan Feng, Christer Ljungwall, Guangwen He, “Regulations and Policies on Growth of Non-State Enterprises”, in The Ecology Of Chinese Private Enterprises, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 118:


Chaozhou

/ˈt͡ʃaʊˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 潮州 (Cháozhōu).

Located in the port city Chaozhou in Guangdong province, the project involves a first phase investment of 8 billion yuan ($1.22 billion) and is expected to start operations in 2023, according to state-backed China News and Chaozhou city government-backed Chaozhou News on Monday.

2020 December 21, “Private firm Huaying to build 6 million T LNG terminal in southern China”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-12-21, Energy & Environment:

A prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong, China.


Liuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 柳州 (Liǔzhōu).

Employees work on Baojun RS-5 cars at a final assembly plant operated by General Motors Co and its local joint-venture partners in Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, February 28, 2019.

2019 April 16, Yilei Sun, Norihiko Shirouzu, “No-frills no longer: GM's China brand Baojun attempts a major makeover”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-12, Business News:

A prefecture-level city in north-central Guangxi, China.


Zibo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 淄博 (Zībó).

Industry in Tsinan is becoming highly developed. Indeed the day we set out to go west, factories on the outskirts were interspersed with fields of wheat, and everywhere on, into and through the Tzupo municipality, wheat fields were interspersed by factories. Tzupo with its five divisions which roughly correspond to five counties, has 2,000,000 people now, 550,000 of them mostly factory workers in the town portions, and the rest commune farmers who cultivate 93,330 hectares of land, all but 26,667 hectares of hills and downs irrigated.

[1977 June, Rewi Alley, “Shantung Spring”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVI, number 6, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29, column 1:

The explosion on Saturday, which tore through a chemical plant in Zibo, in Shandong Province, killed one person and injured at least nine others, according to the official Xinhua news agency. A microblog post by the Zibo Public Security Bureau late Saturday said the fire had been “basically controlled” and that the injured had been taken to a hospital.

2015 August 22, Dan Levin, “Blast at Chemical Site Jangles Frayed Nerves”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-08-24, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China.


Huainan

From the Mandarin 淮南 (Huáinán, “land[s] south of the Huai River”).

der

1319 Great fire at Yang 揚 chou ; over 23,300 official and private houses were burnt. All the roads in Shantung and Huainan were flooded.

1902, Ernst Faber, Chronological Handbook of the History of China, →OCLC, page 185:

After reporting one positive case, Huainan, a city of nearly 3.5 million people in Anhui province that borders Shanghai, ordered residents not to leave unless they can provide a negative test result taken within the past 48 hours.

2022 March 27, Luna Sun, “Private industrial enterprises in China see profits fall in first two months of the year”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-03-27, China Economy:

Huainan, a city in Anhui Province, ordered banks to extend more money and shorten loan approval times, as well as lower the mortgage rates and down payment requirements for first-time buyers.

2022 June 20, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Joy Dong, “China’s Once-Sizzling Property Market Has Started to Cool”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-20, Business:

A prefecture-level city in Anhui, China.


Fushun

In the Fushun mine, apparently on the same seam, the coal reaches a thickness of thirty-five feet, though it averages much less.

1867, Raphael Pumpelly, “Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan, During the Years 1862 to 1865”, in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, volume XV, Smithsonian Institution, →OCLC, page 15:

FUSHUN (FU-SHUN, FUSUNG), an industrial city adjoining Mukden on the east, located on the Hsün river in central Liaoning province, China.

1968, Joseph Earle Spencer, “FUSHUN”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 9, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1058, column 2:

In the deadliest incident, torrential rains over the last week caused the Nei River in northeastern Liaoning province to overflow near the city of Fushun, sweeping away homes, roads and utilities and leaving 54 people dead and 97 missing.

2013 August 20, “More than 200 dead or missing in China floods”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2024-05-31:

The state-owned mining companies cut dangerously steep angles into the ground without refilling, a practice that has put Fushun’s future at risk, he said. Landslides now threaten 42.5 percent of Fushun’s urban areas, according to a 2012 government report.

2015 October 6, Yifu Dong, “Coal, Which Built a Chinese City, Now Threatens to Bury It”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-10-06, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China, known for coal mining.


Changzhou

/t͡ʃæŋ.d͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 常州 (Chángzhōu).

The Cultural Revolution paved the way for the full implementation of Chairman Mao’s whole set of principles of ‘walking on two legs’, and in the fair one saw many of the advanced industrial products on display which were actually manufactured by medium-sized and small enterprises. A precision self-balancing capacitor bridge was, for example, made by a small plant in Changchou, a small railway town in Kiangsu Province.

[1970, Tsung-ying Lee, “EASTERN DIARY”, in Eastern Horizon, volume IX, number 6, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

Ch’ü was born on January 29, 1899, in a small room in the family residence in the southern portion of Changchow, a relatively small city in Kiangsu province.

[1981, Paul G. Pickowicz, “Youth in Changchow”, in Marxist Literary Thought in China: The Influence of Ch’ü Ch’iu-pai, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:

In a brief announcement late last week, the Changzhou city government said that investigators had concluded that the air, soil and water at the school were safe after conducting tests from April 19 to May 20.

2016 August 31, Kiki Zhao, “Chinese School With Mass Illness Is Deemed Safe, but Many Doubt Findings”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-08-31, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China.

An island in Huangpu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.


Benxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 本溪 (Běnxī).

Some of the victims stuck inside the mine run by China National Coal Group Co in Liaoning province were able to contact rescuers, according to state broadcaster CCTV.
The local government of Benxi, where the blast occurred, has dispatched a rescue team, CCTV added.

2018 June 5, “China mine blast kills 11, traps 25”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-11-09:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China.

Tong Da, based in the Benxi Manchu autonomous county in the northeast of China, has total iron ore reserves of 34.63 million tonnes, of which around 30 percent is recoverable.

2011 January 4, “PRESS DIGEST - China - Jan 4”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-05-27, Commodities:

A Manchu autonomous county in Benxi, Liaoning, China.


Shantou

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)

A typical example was that of Shantou Special District in Kwangtung where in “full implementation” of party policies all the cadres from the brigades had been sent to the “front line of production” to lead the masses in spring planting and a total labour force of 2.42 million for the whole district, representing 81 per cent of its rural labour force, was mobilized for the purpose.

1967, Gargi Dutt, Rural Communes in China, Organizational Problems, New York: Asia Publishing House, →OCLC, pages 111–112:

A fire at a lingerie factory killed 14 people in Shantou, a city in the southeastern Chinese province of Guangdong, on Tuesday, official news media said.

2012 December 4, Keith Bradsher, “Chinese Garment Factory Fire Kills 14 in Guangdong”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-12-05, Asia Pacific:

Shantou, which is more than 800 km (500 miles) from Wuhan city in central China, had also said earlier it would suspend the operation of buses, taxis and ferries from 2 p.m. on Sunday.

2020 January 26, Yilei Sun, Samuel Shen, Tony Munroe, “China's Shantou city will not ban cars, ships, people from entering, state media reports”, in Tom Hogue, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-26, World News:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.