Changning

/(ˈ)t͡ʃɑŋˈnɪŋ/

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈnɪŋ/

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 長寧／长宁 (Chángníng, literally “Long Pacified”).

With the help of these repressive forces, Chang Ch’un-ch’iao’s regime managed to weld some unity in the administration. The Shanghai Revolutionary Committee was little more than a name, for it lacked mass support and roots in the districts and suburbs of the municipal areas. To remedy this, the formation of local Revolutionary Committees was given top priority. By the time I left in April, two key districts had set up such committees — the downtown area of Whangpoo and the western district of Changning.
Opposition was still strong in the city. In Changning District, where I lived, it took weeks of argument and compromise to get a workable committee set up.

1969, Neale Hunter, “The New Dispensation”, in Shanghai Journal: An Eyewitness Account of the Cultural Revolution, New York, Washington, London: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 272:

In an early 20th-century shikumen (stone gate) house on Lane 1376 Yuyuan Road is the Changning District Revolutionary Historical Relic Exhibition Hall and Editorial Offices of the Bolshevik ③ (Changning Qu Geming Wen Wu Chen Lie Guan: Mon-Fri, 9am-5pm; free).

2005, Shanghai (Insight Guides), Apa Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 189:

By early afternoon, 11 out of the approximately 20 people buried in the collapse had been pulled from the rubble. Their conditions were not immediately known.
The building is in the Changning district of China’s financial hub.

2019 May 16, “At least 9 trapped in Shanghai building collapse”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-13:

Reached by phone, a staff member of the labor protection department of Shanghai’s Changning district said officials were investigating the case but could not release any detail at this stage.

2021 January 5, Eva Dou, “China’s tech firms draw fire for brutal working hours after Pinduoduo employee’s death”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-05, Asia & Pacific:


Putuo

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 普陀 (Pǔtuó), a clipped transcription of Sanskrit पोतलक (Potalaka, literally “Brilliance”), the name of the palace of the god or bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (known in China as the goddess or bodhisattva Guanyin) in the influential Flower Garland Sutra. The island in Zhejiang has been a center of Buddhist pilgrimage related to the worship of Guanyin since at least the Tang dynasty.

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The typhoon landed in the Putuo district of the city of Zhoushan, a major port in the east coast province of Zhejiang, at 12:30 p.m. (0430 GMT) on Sunday, state broadcaster CCTV said, citing the China Meteorological Administration.

2021 July 25, Dominique Patton, Sophie Yu, “East China braces for typhoon In-fa after flooding in country's centre”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-25, China:

A district of Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.

Satisfied, she poked at scraps of wood glowing in the small stove holding the wok, which stood on a pile of rubble outside her door in the slums of this city's Putuo District.[…]
Altogether, about 15,000 people live along with Mrs. Zhi in the Putuo slums, a raged swath of land on the northwestern edges of the city crowded with ramshackle miniature houses that were thrown up helter-skelter in the 1930's and 40's.

1987 January 5, Edward A. Gargan, “SHANGHAI JOURNAL; ERASING THE SLUMS? THE 64-SQUARE-FOOT QUESTION”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-07-06, World:

At one apartment complex in Shanghai’s Putuo district, residents fiercely protested after the residential committee put a U-lock on the door to their building on April 16.

2022 April 29, Huizhong Wu, Chen Si, “EXPLAINER: How China is using metal barriers to fight COVID”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-04-30:


Jing'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 靖安.


Jing'an

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 靜安／静安 (Jìng'ān, literally “Quiet & Peaceful”) after the most prominent local monastery.

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With coffee shops now as their rivals — among them the mammoth 30,000-square-foot storefront of Starbucks Reserve Roastery that opened in 2017 in Shanghai’s Jing’an district — teahouses have had to adapt.

2021 October 12, Ligaya Mishan, “In Shanghai, Teahouses Offer Both Community and Solitude”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-12, Food Matters:

Residents of a compound in Jing’an district saw the gates of neighboring compounds open over the past month — yet theirs remained locked. On Wednesday, about two dozen gathered at the gate, calling out to speak with a representative.

2022 May 28, Emily Wang Fujiyama, Si Chen, Joe McDonald, “Shanghai lockdown: Residents demand release, and some get it”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-27:


Yangpu

From the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 楊浦／杨浦 (Yángpǔ, literally “Poplar Bank”), a 1950 clipping of earlier 楊樹浦／杨树浦 (Yángshùpǔ, literally “Poplar Tree Bank”), after the name of a creek that formerly ran through the area beside present-day Lanzhou Rd.

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Shanghai has built steelworks, chemical plants, and factories for machine tools. The one I visited in Yangpu, with 5,200 workers, manufactures about forty different types of machines; the factory is proudest of its grinding machines, some of which attain very great precision.

1966 April 7, Robert Guillain, “Shanghai's Repentant Capitalists”, in The Reporter, volume 34, number 7, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 38, column 3:

The actual turnover of leading cadres in district committees was not as sweeping as it was at the highest level of municipal government. For example, Chang Ching-piao, the First Secretary of the Yangpu District Party Committee, after undergoing mass criticism and reform became the chairman of the Yangpu District Revolutionary Committee.

1973, Victor Nee, “Revolution and Bureaucracy: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution”, in China's Uninterrupted Revolution: From 1840 to the Present, 1st edition, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 365:

Now they, along with their 20-month-old daughter, Anna, rent a warehouse in the Wu Wei Creative Park, a government-owned space in the northern district of Yangpu.

2014 May 1, Casey Hall, “In Shanghai, a Warehouse Becomes a Home”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-04-29, Great Homes & Destinations:


Breaker Point

SWATOW.
About the 1st of this month, the British barque Sally, Captain Tait, on her voyage from Newchang to, this port, became a total wreck, eight miles N.E. from Cupchi Point. On the 4th, the second mate of the vessel arrived here overland and reported the ship ashore at Breaker Point; in consequence of which H.B.M.’s gunboat Hart left on the Sth, and having gone along the Coast past Breaker Point to Tungoa Road, without seeing anything of the wreck, returned on the 6th.

1875 November 25, “Outports.”, in North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, volume XV, number 446, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 520, column 2:

We had been dashing along before the gale at fully eleven knots an hour, when we went upon some unknown rock off Breaker Point—a projecting headland some sixty miles south of Swatow—so the terrible force with which we struck may easily be imagined.

1882, Augustus F. Lindley, “Caught by Chinese Rebels”, in A Cruise in Chinese Waters. Being the Log of "The Fortuna.", 4th edition, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co, →OCLC, pages 144–145:

According to Mr. Hsu Lin-chen, Chief Officer of the Flying Dragon, Communist soldiers at Breaker Point, about 25 miles to the South West of Swatow on the coast, shot up flares which lit a wide area of the sea when his ship was steaming towards the West.

1950 August 30, “Reds tightening security measures along coast”, in China Mail, number 34679, →OCLC, page 2, column 6:

Lease-lend had been terminated within a few weeks of the Japanese surrender, but as far as we in Hong Kong knew other Anglo-American agreements were still in force. An unusual case cropped up when an American Liberty, the Josiah Nelson Cushing, ran ashore at Breaker Point near Swatow, while in ballast. I wondered what an American vessel was doing in the area but sent the King Salvor and Prince Salvor to her assistance.

1976, W. A. Doust, Peter Black, “Scrap into Skyscrapers”, in The Ocean on a Plank, London: Seely, Service & Co. Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 112:

At the 1883 International Fisheries Exhibition in London, the Customs-organized Chinese display included a model of the 120-foot iron tower for Breaker Point, south of Shantou, and 'a chart showing the Lights on the coast of China', which Prime Minister W. E. Gladstone 'seemed to be much struck with'.

2016, Robert Bickers, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=5nnqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT298:

(obsolete) A point in Shantou, Guangdong, China.


Fu'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 福安 (Fú'ān).

Residents of a Fujian province city smashed an ambulance and overturned three police vans after a car crash over the weekend, as yet another relatively minor incidents resulted in public unrest on the mainland.
The riot in Fuan city appears to have started on Saturday night after a man driving without a licence fled police and struck three scooters and another car, injuring five people.[…]
Four of the injured crash victims were still in hospital, while the remaining victim had been treated and released according to a statement issued by the publicity department of Ningde , which oversees Fuan.

[2012 November 19, Mandy Zuo, “Anger over crash response in Fuan city sparks riot against police”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-11-28, China:

When I first arrived in Ningde, I went to Tanyang Village, which has been working in partnership with the Ethnic Affairs Commission of Fu’an County. People in the village have managed to lift themselves out of poverty by planting Kyoho grapes. In 1988, their per capita income reached 700 yuan. This is a great success story.

2016 [1989 June], Jinping Xi, “Strengthening the Great Unity of All Ethnic Groups- Reflections on Promoting the Common Prosperity of Ethnic Minorities”, in Up and Out of Poverty: Selected Speeches in Fujian, Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://archive.org/details/up-and-out-of-poverty/page/n153/:

Police officials in the city of Fu’an, where Guo is based, as well as the city of Ningde, which oversees Fu’an, said they “did not know” anything about the reported detention.

2018 March 27, Nicole Winfield, “Report: Key unofficial bishop in Vatican-China deal detained”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-18:

Photo taken on Dec. 31, 2020 shows cameras monitoring the plant diseases and pests at a 5G-assisted smart tea farm in Fu'an City, southeast China's Fujian Province.

2021 August 4, “Xi Focus: Rural vitalization in full swing”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2021-08-04:

A county-level city in Ningde, Fujian, China, formerly a county.


Hexi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 河西 (Héxī).


Western Regions

From the historical point of view, trade and expansion in this period began as a reaction to the barbarian threat of the Hsiung-nu on the northern and northwestern frontiers, and ended not only in the inclusion of various barbarian groups into the empire, such as the Southern Hsiung-nu, the Ch’iang, the Wu-huan, and the Southwestern barbarians, but also in the Sinicization of them to greater and lesser degrees. In between, China also expanded to the Western Regions and Central Asia, and even established trading relations, directly or indirectly, with countries farther west.

1967, Ying-shih Yü, “Introduction: The Problem and Its Origins”, in Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations, University of California Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 2:

(historical) The region west of ancient China's Jade Gate along the Silk Road, which included areas such as Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.


Kumtag Desert

People stand in shape as Olympic Rings to celebrate the upcoming 2008 Beijing Olympic Games at Kumtag desert region in Shanshan County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region June 23, 2007.

2007 July 10, “China pledges safe fare for Games”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-05-15, Healthcare & Pharma:

“DO YOU BELIEVE the voices are real?”
My Chinese guide and I were standing in the Yardang National Geopark, on the border between Gansu Province and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in China’s extreme northwest. The nearest town was Dunhuang, 110 miles to the southeast. Enormous yardangs — curving sandstone and mudstone strata carved by winds — towered over us. Others floated on the far horizon.
“You mean the singing sands?” I asked. On my map, an asterisk marked this strange feature of the Kumtag Desert, three miles from Dunhuang. If you throw yourself down the dunes in that place, the air resonates — sometimes like the lowest note on a cello; sometimes like a crack of thunder.

2020 May 11, Anna Sherman, “A Poetic Journey Through Western China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-11:


Binhai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 濱海／滨海 (Bīnhǎi).

Like Shanghai, Tianjin is the only other municipality to have been afforded preferential treatment and favourable funding policies, indicative of Beijing’s support to see the municipality develop its financial services sector. The Binhai District of Tianjin, for example, was the first to be granted dispensation by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange to engage in direct investment in overseas securities.

2011, Darryl S.L. Jarvis, “International Financial Centres in Asia: Contest, Competition and Possible Trajectories”, in Darryl S.L. Jarvis, Anthony Welch, editors, ASEAN Industries and the Challenge from China, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 165:

And the discussion on China’s social media sphere isn’t done yet. On the evening of August 13, the top-trending hashtag on Sina Weibo was “#塘沽爆炸真相#” – “Tanggu [the explosion’s location in the Binhai district] explosion truth.”

2015 August 14, Shannon Tiezzi, “The Tianjin Explosion, As Chronicled on Chinese Social Media”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2015-10-27:

TIANJIN, a northern mega-city, has produced some of China's wittiest comedians.[...]The problem is that the city’s planners sot far ahead of themselves. They built a big new financial district, which they billed as China’s Manhattan, in the Binhai district, on the city’s far-east side.

2018 August 4, “Where are the people?”, in The Economist, volume 428, number 9103, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 44:

Anyone new to the green-clad Binhai New Area in Tianjin would find it hard to believe that it was not always an ideal place to live.
Located in North China’s major coastal city, Binhai has a land area of 2,270 square kilometers, but over half of it used to be covered in high-saline soil, which is unsuitable for growing plants.

2020 November 3, “Tianjin’s Binhai New Area models saline soil reclamation to world”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2022-06-21:

A district and new area in Tianjin, China


Hechi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 河池 (Héchí).

During a news conference in Hechi on Friday, officials said that 90,000 pounds of fish and more than a million fry had been killed and that several hundred villagers downstream had consumed river water for five days before they were notified about the dangers.

2012 February 4, Andrew Jacobs, “China Fires 7 Officials After Spill”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-02-04, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China


Zhongnanhai

/ˌd͡ʒʊŋ.nɑnˈhaɪ/

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 中南海 (Zhōngnánhǎi, “Central South Sea”), a compound of the names 中海 (zhōnghǎi, “Central Sea”) + 南海 (Nánhǎi, “South Sea; Nanhai”), two lakes in central Beijing just west of the Forbidden City.

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A second tear-gas attack, combined with a violent nightstick attack on demonstrators, occurred about an hour later in front of the Communist Party headquarters at Zhongnanhai.

1989 June 4, Daniel Southerl, “TROOPS ROLL THROUGH BEIJING TO CRUSH PROTESTERS”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-12:

Many of Beijing’s most important buildings sit near or alongside the square, including the Great Hall of the People, the Forbidden City, and Zhongnanhai, the compound in which many of the People’s Republic’s most senior leaders live.

1998, George H. W. Bush, Brent Scowcroft, “Untying a Knot”, in A World Transformed, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 86–87:

The decision to ban the group entirely was made after 10,000 Falun Gong adherents staged a silent protest outside the gates of Zhongnanhai, the Communist Party’s leadership compound in Beijing, to complain about reports in the state-run media that the group said were defamatory.

2009 April 27, Andrew Jacobs, “China Still Presses Crusade Against Falun Gong”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-02-01, Asia Pacific:

In an extraordinary gesture of generosity, President Hu hosted a lunch for us all at the government’s Zhongnanhai Compound, a Bush family reunion like none before or since.

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 429:

A popular saying when Xi's predecessor Hu Jintao was in power was: "Policies do not go beyond Zhongnanhai," the leadership compound in central Beijing.

2021 August 11, Andrew Galbraith, “Analysis: China regulatory storm tests nerves, limits of top-down policy”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-08-11:

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

An area in Xicheng district, Beijing, China housing the government leaders of the People's Republic of China.


Xiahe

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 夏河 (Xiàhé).

The lamas of Hsiaho County, Kansu Province, welcome the goodwill mission in their famous temple, Labrang Gomba, and hear the government's policy towards national minorities.

[1951 January, Kung-liao Sa, “National Minorities Welcome the Goodwill Mission”, in China Pictorial, number 1, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 16?:

A new upsurge in farmland development has taken shape in Hsiaho County, Kansu, in the mass movement of learning from Tachai in agriculture.

[1970 November 9 [1970 October 29], “Kansu Farmland Extension”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 218, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Lanchow Kansu Provincial, translation of original in Mandarin, →OCLC, Communist China: Northwest Region, page H 1:

Foreign tourists in the southwestern Gansu province town of Labrang, the seat of Xiahe county in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, moved through its streets like phantoms.

2007, Charlene E. Makley, “Introduction”, in The Violence of Liberation: Gender and Tibetan Buddhist Revival in Post-Mao China, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:

The man, Sangye Khar, 33, self-immolated in the mountain town of Sangchu, known as Xiahe in Chinese, home to the Labrang Monastery, one of the most important sites in Tibetan Buddhism and a major tourist attraction.

2014 December 17, Dan Levin, “Tibetan Man Dies After Self-Immolation in Protest of Chinese Rule”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-12-18, Asia Pacific:

A county of Gannan prefecture, Gansu, China.


Xiahe

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 下和.

Participant. My name is Yang Dongyi, and I am from Xiahe village. I grew up in this village. First I was a farmer, and now I rent a little company.

1999 [1998 June 26], “Remarks in a Roundtable Discussion With Xiahe Area Residents”, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton 1998, volume I, →OCLC, page 1063:

President Clinton visited the Terracotta Warriors, the Tang frescoes and the basement of the Shaanxi History Museum. He stayed at the Xi’an Hyatt Hotel. Near the Warriors, he visited Xiahe village with an annual per capita income of Y2601. Its life had been changed by tourism.

1999, Ruth Lor Malloy, China Guide: Be a Traveler, Not a Tourist!, 10th edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 507:

The men were just digging a well in Xiyangzu, Xiahe Village, Lintong District, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province. “It was on March 29, 1974 when we were digging in the south west of our village, looking for water,” Yang Xinman, head of the team of workers, told Beijing Today. “After having dug four meters, we noticed some fragments of arms, legs and arrow heads made from pottery.”

2003 December 26, Su Wei, “We Found the Terracotta Warriors!”, in Beijing Today, number 135, →ISSN, →OCLC, 焦点 [jiāodiǎn, Focus], page 8, column 1:

We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:

Five kilometers east of the Lintong County seat, in the vicinity of Xiahe Village, is the tomb of Qin Shi Huang.

2007, 高洁, editor, 口语六大原则, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 105:

A village in Qinling, Lintong district, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.


Paektu

The land border is 636 miles long (1,025 km), most of it with China but the last 11 miles of it at the eastern end, with Russia. The border follows two rivers, the westward-flowing Yalu and the east-flowing Tumen, both of which arise from springs on the slopes of Mount Paektu, the sacred peak that is part of the "Ever-white Mountains" on the northeastern border.

2000, Donald N. Clark, “The Story of the Korean People”, in Culture and Customs of Korea, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 6:

The Tuman and Yalu rivers dividing Korea and China source from one mountain, Mt Paektu. This volcanic mass of frozen lava smashed out from the wide, elevated planes of dense forest and bogs surrounding it over a million years ago, and has a powerful spiritual symbolism for the Korean people, as indicated in the local tourist literature:[...]Paektu is the backdrop for many of the almighty mosaics and paintings seen across Korea, and its significance for all Koreans is evinced by the dominance of South Koreans in the thriving tourist industry on the Chinese side of the mountain.

2008, Robert Willoughby, “Mt Paektu”, in North Korea (Bradt Travel Guides), 2nd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 197:

Article 169. The national emblem of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea bears the design of a grand hydroelectric power station under Mt. Paektu, the sacred mountain of the revolution, and the beaming light of a five-pointed red star, with ears of rice forming an oval frame, bound with a red ribbon bearing the inscription “The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.”

2017, Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 36–37:

A mountain on the border between Jilin, China and Ryanggang Province, North Korea.


Gannan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 甘南 (Gānnán).

IN 1970 a hospital was set up in the Wankatan commune in the Kannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in south Kansu province.

[1976 February, “Peking Doctors Settle in the Grasslands”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXV, number 2, China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 12, column 1:

Some of the worst rioting outside Lhasa took place here in Gannan, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, where the worlds of the Tibetans, Chinese and Hui Muslims converge. It is a dry area of herders roaming the plains and white-walled monasteries nestled against brown hillsides. At least 94 people - almost all police officers - were injured here last March, according to official news reports.
The most prominent monastery in eastern Tibet, Labrang, lies in the town of Xiahe, in western Gannan.

2009 March 5, Edward Wong, “50 years after uprising, a clampdown on Tibetans”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-17, Asia Pacific:

The death toll jumped to 337 late Monday from an earlier figure of 137, Xinhua said, quoting Chen Jianhua, communist party chief of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous prefecture. Another 1,148 others were missing.

2010 August 9, “Landslides death toll mounts to more than 300”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2010-08-11:

Independent reporting in the region is almost impossible because of Beijing’s tight controls. Though foreign journalists can travel to Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, police closely followed a group of Associated Press reporters on a recent trip, preventing them from interviewing most local Tibetans.

2013 October 23, Didi Tang, “Tibetan denies official version of cousin’s death”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-02:

A Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Gansu, China.


Debao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 德保 (Débǎo).

The poor and lower-middle peasants of Chuang, Yao and Miao nationalities of the Tungling people's commune in Tepao County, Kwangsi, met the P.L.A. men near the border after travelling 24 hours on end, covering nearly 100[…]

[1969, Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, →OCLC, page 12:

By 31 July the peasants in Tepao County had reaped 116,000 mou of early rice and maize, and transplanted 148,000 mou of midseason and late rice, accounting for 92.2 percent of the plan.

[1978 August 10 [1978 August 3], “Kwangsi Strives to Fulfill Summer Farmwork”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 155, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Nanning Kwangsi Chuang Regional Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China Central-South Region, page H 4:

Government officials in Guangxi Autonomous Region said the Huayin capacity was only the first phase of a planned 3.2 million tonnes alumina complex in Debao county in Baise city.

2008 June 18, Polly Yam, “Chalco partly-owned alumina plant starts full run”, in Michael Urquhart, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-18, ALUMINUM:


Baicheng

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 白城 (Báichéng).

Pai-ch’eng, also called T’AO-AN, Pinyin BAICHENG or TAOAN, city, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region (tzu-chih-ch’ü), China. It is a county-level municipality (shih) and the administrative centre of Pai-ch’eng Prefecture (ti-ch’ü).

[1991, “Pai-ch’eng”, in The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition, volume 9, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 62, column 2:

In Baicheng Prefecture of Jilin Province, the entire wool clip is sold directly to wool processors on a clean-yield basis.

1995, John W. Longworth, Colin G. Brown, “Testing Times”, in Agribusiness Reforms in China: The Case of Wool, CAB International, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 89:

China WindPower Group 0182.HK climbed 3.2 percent after it said it had entered into an agreement to be granted exclusive rights to develop wind power projects with a capacity of 1,500 megawatts in Baicheng, in the Jilin province.

2009 July 15, “HK, Shanghai shares buoyed by U.S., China optimism”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-26, Investment Services:

Little Lu Chenchen failed to breathe and his heart beat only ten times a minute when he was born at 12:10 pm on Jan 6 in a hospital in Baicheng City, Jilin Province.

2017 January 12, “Asphyxiated newborn survives after 350-km rescue mission”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2020-01-10:

A prefecture-level city in Jilin, China, formerly a prefecture


Da'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大安 (Dà'ān).

Workers of a lantern production factory in Da'an District, Zigong City, transport the finished lanterns.

2022 February 1, “In picture: Lunar New Year celebrations around the globe”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-14, World:


Zhangjiajie

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 張家界／张家界 (Zhāngjiājiè).

In 2007, the Southern Weekly newspaper alleged irregularities in a hotel construction contract awarded to the company by a district government in Zhangjiajie, in Hunan Province.

2011 December 16, Michael Wines, “Revolt Begins Like Others, but Its End Is Less Certain”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-12-18:

The salamanders are considered a delicacy. In September, a three-day festival in the city of Zhangjiajie celebrated the propertied health benefits of the ancient species, which has lived largely unchanged since the Jurassic period. There's no scientific evidence to support the claims that eating the salamander or using skin products or medicines made from its body have any positive effects on human health, but desire for the traditional treat persists.

2015 December 16, Rachel Feltman, “Scientists find a 200 year old giant salamander just chilling”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-12-17, Speaking of Science:

A prefecture-level city in Hunan, China.


Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island

/bɒlˈʃɔɪ ˌʊsəˈɹiːski ˈaɪlənd/

From Russian Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров (Bolʹšój Ussuríjskij óstrov).

Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров

China and Russia prepare for the launching ceremony of the border monument on Heixiazi Island/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, October 13, 2008. The ceremony, held a day later, marked Russia transferring half of the island’s sovereignty to China.

2008, “Return of Heixiazi Island/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2010-08-11:

In 2004 Russia settled a long-running border dispute with China, handing over Tarabarov island in the Amur river, and half of another large island, Bolshoy Ussuriysky.

[2010 [2009 August 2], Luke Harding, “Russia Fears Embrace of Giant Eastern Neighbour”, in Richard Joseph Stein, editor, Russia (The Reference Shelf), volume 82, number 4, H. W. Wilson Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 168:

To reveal the molecular epidemiology of hantaviruses in this region, a total of 374 small mammals (eight species of rodents and one species of shrew) were captured in the Chinese part of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heilongjiang Province).[…]Overall, these results suggest that Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island harbors considerable hantavirus diversity.

2014, Cai-QiaoWang et al., “Co-circulation of Hantaan, Kenkeme, and Khabarovsk Hantaviruses in Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, China”, in Virus Research, volume 191, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The island is divided in almost equal sections between Russia and China. The Soviet Union occupied the whole of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) following the so-called Chinese Eastern Railway Incident of 1929, but in an historic agreement between Russia and China signed in 2004, Moscow agreed to return about half of it. The transfer took place in 2008. Since then the island in the Ussuri has become a miniature symbol of the vast Asian regions divided between the two geopolitical giants.

2016 May 5, Bruno Maçães, “Signs and Symbols on the Sino-Russian Border”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2016-05-06:

An island at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers divided between Heixiazidao, Fuyuan, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China and Khabarovsky district, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia


Ximiao

At Ximiao, uplifted sedimentary rocks split the Ruo Shui into the Dong He (East River) and the Xi He (West River).

1987 July, A. S. Walker, J. W. Olsen, Bagen, “The Badain Jaran Desert: Remote Sensing Investigations”, in The Geographical Journal, volume 153, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 206:

Between Dingxin and Ximiao it is called the Ruo River. At Ximiao in Inner Mongolia the river bifurcates into two streams, the Xi (Morin) and Dong (Narin) rivers, which empty, respectively, into Lakes Gaxun (Gashun) and Sub (Sogo).

c. 2015, “Hei River”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, archived from the original on 2015-09-06:

A location in Ejin, Alxa, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Ejin

On Monday, disease-hit Erenhot in Inner Mongolia banned travel in and out of the city and ordered residents to stay at home, while an outbreak in Ejin county prompted authorities earlier this week to shutter tourist sites and restrict travel.

2021 October 22, “Beijing launches new mass testing wave after four Covid cases found”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-10-22:

Instead, the Beijing resident has been stuck for more than three weeks, much of it in quarantine, after authorities discovered a cluster of COVID-19 cases in a nearby city. He was among more than 9,000 tourists who became trapped in Ejin Banner, a remote part of China’s Inner Mongolia region that is in the Gobi.

2021 November 10, Huizhong Wu, “As many try living with virus, China keeps up zero tolerance”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-11-10:

A banner in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Bayan Mod

The annual variation of precipitation shows a clear summer maximum which, however, becomes weaker or is nearly extinguished in Northwest China. Evidence is given by comparing the annual variation of precipitation for Bayan Mod/252 with Ürümqi/269 and Altay/270, and by considering the portions of precipitation for winter and summer:[…]

1988, Manfred Domrös, Peng Gongbing, “Climate Zones of China”, in The Climate of China, Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 262:

Bayan Mod, in the heart of the Badain Jaran Jesert, is especially dry during the winter. It receives only 5.8 mm of precipitation. This 5-month total represents barely 5 percent of the annual precipitation total of 100 mm.

1997, “Northwest China”, in East Asia: A Climatological Study. Volume 1: Continental, →OCLC, page 4-117:

The ratios of Mg to Ca were around 0.16 (ranging from 0.14 at Bayan Mod to 0.25 at Badaijilin), although there is a possibility that a part of Mg is present as dolomitic calcite (Quan et al., 1994).

2001, Yoriko Yokoo, Takanori Nakano, Masataka Nishikawa, Hao Quan, “The Importance of Sr Isotopic Compositions as an Indicator of Acid-Soluble Minerals in Arid Soils in China”, in Acid rain 2000: Proceedings from the 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition: Looking back to the past and thinking of the future, Tsukuba, Japan, 10-16 December 2000 : conference statement, plenary and keynote papers, Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 765:

At Bayan Mod, the dominant winds are from the NW (Fig. 1), driven by the winter monsoon blowing from the Siberian High Pressure, with DP and RDD of 280.8 vector units (VU) and 120.5°, respectively.

2019, Fangen Hu, Xiaoping Yang, Hongwei Li, “Origin and morphology of barchan and linear clay dunes in the Shuhongtu Basin, Alashan Plateau, China”, in Geomorphology, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 119:

A location in Alxa Left banner, Alxa league, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Bayan Obo

From Mongolian ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ
ᠣᠪᠤᠭᠠ (bayan obug-a, literally “rich ovoo (cairn)”).

Bayan Obo is 146 km by road north of Baotou (population 1.5 million), where the ores are concentrated and smelted. The climate of Bayan Obo is extremely dry.[...]About 40,000 people live at Bayan Obo, most of whom work either directly in mining or in support activites.

1990, Lawrence J. Drew, Meng Qingrun, Sun Weijun, “The Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China”, in Lithos, volume 26, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 43:

In 1992, during his visit to Bayan Obo, China’s largest rare earth mine, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping declared, “There is oil in the Middle East; there is rare earth in China.”

2010, Cindy A. Hurst, China's Ace in the Hole: Rare Earth Elements, number 59, NDU Press, →OCLC, page 124:

Wearing the worn and dusty clothes of an unskilled laborer, he looked like most of the inhabitants of Bayan Obo, a company town in Inner Mongolia that was itself worn and dusty.

2012, Clive Cussler, Dirk Cussler, Poseidon's Arrow (Dirk Pitt series) (Fiction), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 216:

On orders from Beijing, state-controlled enterprises have dismantled Baotou refineries and rebuilt them at an enormous mining complex at Bayan Obo in the Gobi Desert, which mines about half the world’s rare earths.

2013 October 22, Keith Bradsher, “China Tries to Clean Up Toxic Legacy of Its Rare Earth Riches”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-03-16, International Business:

All rocks around us contain significant amounts of rare earth elements, but they become concentrated in these exotic magmas through slow crystallisation in Earth’s crust. This is usually not enough to make an ore deposit, which consists of millions of tonnes of rock made up of between 5 and 50% by weight of rare earth elements. A second step of concentration is required.
In giant deposits such as Bayan Obo in Inner Mongolia, hot fluids loaded with carbonate appear to have undergone this extra concentration step. But exactly how has been a mystery.

2022 March 18, Joël Brugger, Barbara Etschmann, Marion Louvel, “Powerful X-rays reveal the birth of giant rare earth element deposits – and may give clues for sustainable mining”, in The Conversation, archived from the original on 2022-03-18:

A mining district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Aratürük

In the city, the old drum-tower now has the mottoes over each gate restored. West to Yiwu (Araturuk) in Xinjiang, north to the desert, south to the Qilian Mountains, and east to Hua Shan, it is certainly a graceful addition to a modernizing city.

1979 October, Rewi Alley, “Gansu”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVIII, number 10, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 30, column 2:

In the Kaiyuan reign period of the Tang Dynasty, Beiting commissioner was appointed to command the troops in Hanhai, Tianshan and Yiwu (Araturuk). The troops in Yiwu (Araturuk) were stationed in Ganluchuan.

1997, “Strategic Passage of the Western Regions”, in Travelling around Xinjiang: A Land of Enchantment, Beijing: Science Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 211, column 1:

The Yiugurs called the city Yiwu or Aratürük, close to Hami, Tuhulu 吐葫蘆.

2018, Zhivko Voynikov, “INFORMATION ON BULGARIAN PEOPLE IN THE CHINESE DYNASTIC CHRONICLES”, in WHO ARE THE ANCIENT BULGARIANS OR PROTOBULGARIANS?, page 68:


Jartai

Here the Alxa Platform Uplift needs a special explanation. Some Chinese geologists consider that it is not a platform but a part of a Paleozoic geosyncline. Here we still believe that it represents a platform uplift. This is supported by the following lines of evidence:[...](4) there occurs the high-grade metamorphic Alxa Group north of Jartai, which is intruded by 1365-my-old gabbro and overlain by the Late Proterozoic metamorphic rock series; and[...]

1987, “Brief Description of the Main Tectonic Units of China”, in Geotectonic Evolution of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 51:

Going to Jartai by Mistake
[...]At last, we saw lights up ahead and stopped our car to make inquiries. We were told that in fact this was not Linhe but Jartai, a name entirely unfamiliar to us.[...]
Jartai, the site of China's first mechanized saltworks, is not a big town, but all its hotels were packed with tourists.

1993 August, Miao Wang, Shi Bao Xiu, edited by Tu Nai Hsien, From the Pamirs to Beijing: Tracing Marco Polo's Northern Route, Hong Kong: HK China Tourism Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 101, 102:

To evaluate the stability of the NOAA Pathfinder data set, a window containing mobile sand dunes without vegetation—visited during fieldwork in September 1995—was chosen north of Jartai in the Ulan Buh Desert (Eval-site in Fig. 9).

2000 December, Micael C. Runnström, “Is Northern China Winning the Battle against Desertification?”, in AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, volume 29, number 8, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 471:

In this aerial photo taken on April 16, 2021, workers water sacsaoul trees in Gobi desert areas around Jartai Township of Araxan Left Banner, north China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

2021 April 17, “Xinhua Photos of the Day (April 17)”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2021-04-17:

A town in Alxa Left, Alxa, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.

In Alashan there are salt lakes here and there, Charatai-Dabasu being 33 miles round, and encrusted with a layer of fine salt, 2 to 6 ft. thick.

[1920, “GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL”, in G. W. Prothero, editor, Mongolia (Handbooks Prepared under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office), number 68, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, →OCLC, page 10:

Notable lakes in the Mongolian land are[...]These are salt lakes. Freshwater ones are the Charatai Dabuson in Alashan and the Dabasana Nor in the Ortus country.

[1927, Henry H. Howorth, “A GENERAL VIEW OF THE GEOGRAPHY, ETHNOGRAPHY, AND BIOLOGY OF CENTRAL ASIA”, in History of the Mongols, volume IV, Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 12:

A lake in Alxa Left, Alxa, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Sogo Nur

From Written Oirat, with the latter half from ᠨᡇᡇᠷ (nuur, “lake”).

When we were in Zhangye we consulted a map and saw that the Ruoshui River has its source in the Qilian Mountains, then winds north through the Hexi Corridor and into the desert. It then flows through the forests of Ejin Banner and pours into two lakes — the Gaxun Nur and the Sogo Nur.[...]
The Mongolian woman told us that in recent years the water flowing from the south has seldom reached the lakes here, and consequently the Gaxun Nur had dried up. This summer, less water than usual had poured into the Sogo Nur, so it too was almost empty.[...]
Next, we headed northeast to visit Sogo Nur. After two hours of driving through willow bushes no more than two feet in height, we saw the white surface of a lake. A solitary thatched cottage stood by the road leading to the lake, and the sound of our engine brought a middle-aged Mongolian man out to greet us. After a short conversation, she^([sic – meaning he]) told us that the lake had dried up just ten days earlier.

1993 August, Miao Wang, Shi Bao Xiu, “A Detour Through the Desert to Etzina”, in Tu Nai Hsien, editor, From the Pamirs to Beijing: Tracing Marco Polo's Northern Route, Hong Kong: HK China Tourism Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 94, columns 1, 2:

In the Badain Jaran District (Fig. 15-1, II-8-2), marine Lower Carboniferous strata occur at Sogo Nur, in the western part of the northern area, and rest disconformably on Upper Devonian.

1996, Zhou Zhiyi, W. T. Dean, editors, Phanerozoic Geology of Northwest China, Beijing: Science Press, →OCLC, page 216:

Lakes in arid zone are sensitive to climatic changes. The lacustrine sediment sequence in Sogo Nur has well and truly recorded climatic events such as the Sui-Tang Dynasty Warm Period, the Song-Liao Dynasty Cold Period, the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age and the 20th Century Warm Period.

2004 January, Jin Heling et al., “Vicissitude of Sogo Nur and environmental-climatic change during last 1500 years”, in Science China Earth Sciences, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-22:

A lake in Ejin, Alxa, Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Bayannur

From Mongolian ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (bayannaɣur), from ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan) + ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (naɣur). Compare Mandarin 巴彥淖爾／巴彦淖尔 (Bāyànnào'ěr). See also Ordos /nʊːr/, Mongolian нуур (nuur, “lake”).

“The shelterbelts here," explained 53-year-old Ma Shoushou, head of the Bayannur League sand-protection station, “are only part of a great network of shelterbelts planted in 320 counties and banners stretching over 11 provinces and autonomous regions in China’s north, northeast and northwest.

1982 January, “Fighting Back the Deserts”, in China Reconstructs, China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 40:

A 'commodity grain base' of at least regional significance is reported from the irrigated 'inland delta' area of the Bayannur Meng Banner^([sic – meaning League]), on the Yellow River west of Baotou, centred on Linhe and Wuyuan (People's Daily, 9 July 1979; Fig. 10.1).

1985, Frank Leeming, Rural China Today, Longman, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 148:

A herdsman in Inner Mongolia was confirmed to be infected with bubonic plague, Chinese health officials said, a reminder of how even as the world battles a pandemic caused by a novel virus, old threats remain.
The Bayannur city health commission said the plague was diagnosed in the herdsman on Sunday, and he was in stable condition undergoing treatment at a hospital.

2020 July 6, Austin Ramzy, “Bubonic Plague Is Diagnosed in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-06:

Authorities in the Bayannur district raised the plague warning Sunday, ordered residents not to hunt wild animals such as marmots and to send anyone with fever or showing other possible signs of infection for treatment.

2020 July 7, “Bubonic plague case reported in China's Inner Mongolia”, in Stars and Stripes, volume 79, number 57, →OCLC, page 13:

A prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Alxa

The city Marco Polo called Kalachan was somewhere in today’s Alxa League, a large area encompassing both Alxa Left Banner and Alxa Right Banner, a banner being equivalent to a county.

2004 September, Wang Miao [王苗], Shi Baoxiu [石宝琇], “A Detour Through the Desert to Etzina”, in Tracing Marco Polo's China Route [与马可·波罗同行], China Intercontinental Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 150:

The 15th Alxa Festival, which was held in the Alxa League of north China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from October 1 to October 5, has attracted many off-road players, enthusiasts and tourists to enjoy the race.

2020 October 9, “Xinhua Silk Road: China’s large-scale desert off-road festival delights participants with visual feast”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2022-06-28:

More than 500 emergency personnel were at the mine in Alxa League, a prefecture in the Chinese region of Inner Mongolia, by late Wednesday night, state media said.

2023 February 23, Chang Che, John Liu, “More Than 50 Missing After Coal Mine Collapses in Northern China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-23, Asia Pacific:

A league in Inner Mongolia, in northern China.


Pukou

From the point of view of communication facilities, Pukou appeared to be a suitable site, but was found rather too accessible and therefore objectionable from the strategic viewpoint.[...]
Moreover, the site is only about 50 kilometers by water from Pukou, which renders the transport of coal supplies fairly easy. Coal brought from the north by the Tientsin-Pukou Railway could be quickly transhipped to the steelworks from Pukou, and supplies from Pinghsiang, carried from Wuchang (via Yushan-Pinghsiang and Hunan-Hupeh Railway) or Kiukiang (via Yushan-Pinghsiang and Nanchang-Kiukiang Railway) would be available by water.
The other possible site for the steelworks, Hsiehchiatien, lies in the district of Luho on the northern bank of the Yangtze, and is 20 kilometers from Pukou. The land between Pukou and Hsiehchiatien is very low, but the proposed site is surrounded by hills, and thus secure from the danger of being flooded.

1934 October, “State Plants for Industrial Development in China”, in The Far Eastern Review, volume XXX, number 10, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 441, column 2:

The “bank”, in Nanjing’s Pukou district in Jiangsu province, promised customers 2 per cent interest a week for their deposits. Almost 200 people were conned.

2015 January 23, Alan Yu, “Looks just like the real thing: bogus bank in China scams people of over 200 million yuan”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-01-25, China:


Lüda

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 旅大 (Lǚdà), from 旅順／旅顺 (Lǚshùn, “Lüshun”) + 大連／大连 (Dàlián, “Dalian”).

In 1898 Russia acquired a naval base in China, at Port Arthur (now part of the city of Lüda); Japan took over this base in 1905, Russia regained it in 1945, but in 1955 it was returned to China.

1987, Andrew Boyd, “China and Russia”, in An Atlas of World Affairs, 8th edition, Routledge, published 1989, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 147:

Lüda
Lüda is a double city composed of Lüshun and Dalian, located at the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in Liaoning Province.

1989, “The Northeast”, in All China, Revised edition, Passport Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 60:

(historical) A former directly-administered municipality in China, from 1950 to 1954; former prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China, from 1954 to 1981; modern Dalian


Yichun

That’s the case in Yichun, a Maryland-sized area of about 1.3 million people deep inside the birch and pine forest on China’s border with Russia.
Yichun is a poor city in a poor province. The income of its residents was little more than half the national average last year. That hasn’t stopped the government from going on a spending spree. The new local police headquarters has a miniature dome reminiscent of that of St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City.

2011 July 16, Henry Sanderson, Michael Forsythe, “In China, loans lure city officials”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-03, Business:

He was in Yichun, a faded boomtown in northeastern China, where in December, 2016 he began photographing young people whose isolation he recognized in his own life.

2019 February 26, Tiffany May, “Young People Left Behind in China’s Snowbound Rust Belt”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-26, Lens:

A prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China.


Yichun

Yichun and Wantsai produce grass-linen, another distinctive handicraft product.

1964, Yu-ti (任育地) Jen, 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 133:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangxi, China.


Mangnai

The border of the great north-west province of Xinjiang, a region three times the size of France, lay at the mining town of Mangnai, fifty miles beyond where I was sleeping. This was an old, feared frontierland - High Tartary or Chinese Turkestan - one sixth of all China now, which barged up against Central Asia. But at Mangnai the road roughened to a stone trail, where trucks, even my bus, gave up.

2006, Colin Thubron, “The Southern Road”, in Shadow of the Silk Road, London: Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, page 97:

A number of oil fields are in operation, notably in the Mangnai area in the western part of the basin. A large oil refinery has been constructed at Lenghu, southwest of Dangjin Pass, and another has been built at Mangnai.

2011, “Major and Other Notable Deserts of the World”, in John P. Rafferty, editor, Deserts and Steppes, 1st edition, Encyclopedia Britannica, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 143:

Spanning 32 hectares (80 acres), the base is situated 60km (37 miles) from the town of Lenghu near the upper reaches of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, an arid desert region dubbed “the place on Earth that is most unlike being on Earth”, according to camp manager Gao Junling.[...]
But the “Mars village” was originally proposed by the local government in 2017 as a cultural and educational centre for science, popular science and science fiction, according to Ma Wenwu, a member of the Mangnai city committee, which oversees Lenghu.

2019 March 4, Laurie Chen, “China opens ‘Mars camp’ for researchers, tourists and plans to send rover to red planet”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2019-03-03, Science:

A county-level city in Haixi prefecture, Qinghai, China.


Wuwei

Now this old-new part of China is having a boom. Building is going on apace in the cities of Wuwei, Changyeh, and Kiuchuan of the Corridor.

1945 June, Walter C. Lowdermilk, “China Fights Erosion with U. S. Aid”, in National Geographic Magazine, volume LXXXVII, number 6, Washington, D.C., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 663, column 2:

At least 39 people were injured, six of them seriously, in a gasoline bomb explosion at a rural bank branch in a heavily Tibetan area of northwest China’s Gansu Province, a person at the local police station said by telephone, but there were no immediate signs that the attack was politically motivated.
The bomb was detonated during a bank meeting on the fourth floor of the building in Wuwei City, according to the official Xinhua News Agency.

2011 May 13, Keith Bradsher, “Bank Bombed in Heavily Tibetan Area of China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-05-14, Asia Pacific:

But halfway back, he learned that there had been a change in dynasties and decided he would be better off staying where he was. And so Lu Kuang set up his own Silk Road kingdom at Wuwei in the middle of the Kansu Corridor.

2016, Bill Porter, The Silk Road: Taking the Bus to Pakistan, Counterpoint, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172:

A prefecture-level city in Gansu, China.


Wuwei

Two children walk on a flooded playground at a school in Wuwei county, east China's Anhui province August 28, 2007.

2007 August 29, “Predictions off for global warming flood risk”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-07-01, Pictures:

A county-level city in Wuhu, Anhui, China


Jiayuguan

Translingual: Chiayusaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 嘉峪關／嘉峪关 (Jiāyùguān).

This reconstructed Great Wall stretched from the River Yalu in the east, on the border with Korea, to Chiayükuan in Kansu Province.

[1977, Flavio Conti, “The Great Wall, People's Republic of China”, in Patrick Creagh, transl., Breaking the Confines (The Grand Tour), New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, published 1978, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 55, column 3:

There is a striving towards naturalism in agricultural scenes painted on bricks in tombs of the third century AD recently excavated at Chia-yü-kuan in Kansu Province which is reminiscent of later European illuminated manuscripts such as the English fifteenth-century Luttrell Psalter in the British Library.

[1979, Paul Hulton, Lawrence Smith, “Naturalism in Sung China”, in Flowers in Art from East and West, Jarrold and Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 3:

Jiuquan is 150 miles into the Gobi Desert from the nearest city, Jiayuguan in Gansu Province.

2022 November 29, Keith Bradsher, “China to Launch 3 Astronauts to New Space Station: How to Watch”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-11-29, Asia Pacific:


Zhangye

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 張掖／张掖 (Zhāngyè).

Rice is grown in the warm and humid climate of the Southern Kansu Highlands and around the oases in the Hohsi Corridor, like Changyi and Kiuchuan, where water is abundant. The rice produced in the Hohsi Corridor is known for its excellent quality.

[1964, Yu-ti (任育地) Jen, 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 196:

Gun was taking photos of the reclining Buddha in Changyeh and had climbed the loft to get closer to the large face.[…]
The reclining Buddha in Kanchow, which was the old name of Changyeh, is famous. The figure is 34.5 meters long and 7.5 meters high.

[1979, Jan Myrdal, “The Reclining Buddha”, in Ann Hening, transl., The Silk Road: A Journey from the High Pamirs and Ili through Sinkiang and Kansu, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 259:

Maggie Zhang, co-founder of SheTalks, a company in Beijing that organizes events for women, is working out of her parents’ apartment in the northwestern city of Zhangye in Gansu province. She went for the Lunar New Year and said she might stay through March.

2020 February 14, Joe McDonald, Yu Bing, “China’s virus crackdown leaves millions working at home”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-04-14:


Anxin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 安新 (Ānxīn).

After studying "On practice", "Where do correct ideas come from?" and other brilliant works by Chairman Mao, the PLA cadres engaged in the work of "three supports and two militaries" (i.e. support the broad masses of the Left, support industry, support agriculture, military control, and political and military training) in Anhsin County, Hopei Province, came to understand that to uphold the materialist theory of reflection and oppose idealist apriorism, it was necessary to conscientiously make investigations and study in[…]

[1971 August, Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East, volume 3, British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service, →OCLC, page A-2:

Xi himself visited Anxin county in late February, which only became public when China announced plans for Xiongan on April 1.[…]
Not everyone in Anxin is cheered by the prospect.
An Anxin restaurant owner in her 50s surnamed Liu said she checks social media constantly for updates, as she fears being forced out of the spacious villa built on her farmland.

2017 April 12, Yawen Chen, Elias Glenn, David Stanway, “Xi stamp of approval fuels frenzied hopes for new China economic zone”, in Tony Munroe, Will Waterman, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-04-12, Emerging Markets:

A county of Xiong'an, Baoding, Hebei, China.


Dazhai

/ˌdɑːˈd͡ʒaɪ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大寨 (Dàzhài).

As in the whole country, cadres and poor and lower-middle peasants in our Taning County, inspired by the spirit of the National Conference on Learning From Tachai in Agriculture, were greatly stimulated and high in spirits and resolved to fight hard in the movement of learning from Tachai in agriculture and building Tachai-type counties everywhere.

[1976 November 5 [1976 November 2], “Shansi Article Accuses 'Gang' of Sabotages Tachai”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 215, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page K 4:

In 1964 a new policy emerged, which continued until about 1978 within the context of greater state support to agriculture. The origins of the policy go back to February 1960 in Hsi-yang county and the small village of Ta-chai. In that year Ch’en Yung-kuei, the production team leader of Ta-chai, reported to the Shansi Communist Party Congress how his village had raised crop yields to unprecedentedly high and stable levels through a new kind of team spirit and organization.

[1980, Ramon H. Myers, “The Development of the Socialist Economy”, in The Chinese Economy Past and Present, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 216:

The term “shanzhai” also riffs off a popular Cultural Revolution era slogan about a model village, Dazhai, which has been changed to read: “In agriculture learn from Dazhai, in industry learn from Shanzhai.”

2009 February 6, Tyra Dempster, Ben Blanchard, “"Sham glam" sweeps China as fakes get trendy”, in Miral Fahmy, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-26, Lifestyle:

A town in Xiyang, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China, formerly a township


Zhenbao Island

Partial calque from Mandarin 珍寶島／珍宝岛 (Zhēnbǎo Dǎo, literally “treasure (Zhenbao) island”)

zh-l

In Beijing’s view, in the absence of an explicit treaty provision, the central line of the main channel—the Thalweg principle—provided a legal basis for delimiting the boundary in the two rivers. On this basis, Beijing claimed that 600 of the rivers’ 700 islands—including Zhenbao Island on the Ussuri River, just 180 miles southwest of an important Soviet city, Khabarovsk—belonged to the P.R.C.

1980, Melvin Gurton, Byong-Moo Hwang, China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 210:

Later, in the 1980s, western scholars found that, notwithstanding the substantial Soviet military buildup near the Chinese borders in the late 1960s, it was Beijing that initiated the clash on Zhenbao (Damanski) Island. Peter Zwick has argued that the Soviets were in a generally reactive mode during the height of the conflict and exhibited restraint in responding to what they saw as Chinese provocations.

2005, Vitaly Kozyrev, “Soviet Policy Toward the United States and China, 1969-1979”, in William C. Kirby, Robert S. Ross, Gong Li, editors, Normalization of U.S.-China Relations: An International History, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 258:

In January 1969, Chinese and Soviet soldiers fought around Zhenbao Island in the Ussuri River.

2005, Michael P. Colaresi, “Climbing the Wall: The Sino-American Rivalry”, in Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry, Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 202:

In mid-1969, both countries fought a brief border war over Zhenbao Island [13], along the Ussuri River halfway between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, killing dozens of conscripts on either side.

2012 February 21, Frank Jacobs, “Manchurian Trivia”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-29, Borderlines:

Photo taken on Sept. 28, 2016 shows the scenery of the Zhenbao Island wetland in Hulin, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province. The 29,275-hectare wetland has been designated as a wetland of international importance by the Ramsar Convention in 2011 for its vital importance as a unique wetland for biological diversity.

2016 September 29, “Scenery of Zhenbao Island wetland in Heilongjiang(1/6)”, in Li Yan, editor, China News Service, archived from the original on 2016-10-06:

In 1969, Chinese forces instigated a brutal ambush on unsuspecting Soviet border guards at Zhenbao Island, a contested bank on the Ussuri River. After numerous rough but not lethal hand-to-hand scuffles in the past, the island became the epicenter of a pitched battle and weeks-long exchange of fire. The initial ambush, conducted with small arms, escalated into deployment of heavy armor supported by rocket artillery. Hundreds of people were killed. Within two weeks, both sides were contemplating the possibility of a nuclear exchange.

2021 March 29, Blake Herzinger, “China’s Military Could Turn Small Clashes Into Major Conflicts”, in Foreign Policy, archived from the original on 2021-03-29:

An island in Zhenbaodao, Hulin, Jixi, Heilongjiang, China


Hegang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鶴崗／鹤岗 (Hègǎng).

The inmates who had survived until the collapse of the "Manchukuo" regime were now telling the People's Government with bitterness and hatred about what the puppet rulers had done to them. A peasant of Hokang city was arrested in 1944 and taken to the police headquarters on a charge of anti-Manchukuo and anti-Japanese activities. There were seventeen others there with him, and after being viciously beaten they were moved to the Hokang Reformatory and forced to mine coal in the Tungshan mines.

[1964, Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi, “From Fear to Recognizing my Guilt”, in W. J. F. Jenner, transl., From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi, Second edition, volume 2, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, published 1979, →OCLC, page 386:

The principal coal centers are Kisi, northeast of Mutankiang, and Hokang and Shwangyashan, in the Kiamusze area, all producing coal of coking quality. Hokang, the most important coal field, has 5 billion tons of Jurassic coal, part of which is accessible to strip-mining operations. Development of the Hokang basin began in 1936 with construction of a rail spur southward to the riverside coal terminal of Lienkiangkow on the Sungari River, opposite Kiamusze.

[1972, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 271:

The explosion took place at the Xinxing Coal Mine in Hegang City, in Heilongjiang province, according to the official Xinhua news agency.

2009 November 21, Keith Bradsher, “At Least 92 Die in Chinese Mine Explosion”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-02-21, Asia Pacific:

Zou, from Hegang, a city in the Chinese province of Heilongjiang, paid an unspecified sum for the TOEFL and $2,000 for the SAT, Kitchen told a judge in U.S. District Court in Pittsburgh.

2015 October 29, Joe Mandak, “Chinese woman pleads guilty in college test-taking scheme”, in AP News, sourced from PITTSBURGH (AP), archived from the original on 2024-05-09:


Shuangyashan

Shuangyashan is located in north-east China, in a forested province named Heilongjiang after the ‘black dragon river’. The temperature slips below zero for a greater part of the year.

2014, Reshma Patil, “Boomtown”, in Strangers Across the Border: Indian Encounters in Boomtown China (International Relations), HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 162:

Frustration among miners like Li over unpaid wages has swelled to the brink of unrest in Heilongjiang province in China’s far northeast, also known as Manchuria. It spilled over most recently a week ago when thousands of miners protested in the town of Shuangyashan, a direct challenge to Beijing’s assertion that it is proceeding smoothly with a sweeping plan to cut capacity in industrial sectors and make the economy more efficient.

2016 March 18, Gerry Shih, “Anger in China’s coal country as miners feel left behind”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-08-24:

The government’s default approach to labor disputes has been to treat them as a threat to law and order. After a widely reported miners’ strike in the northeastern city of Shuangyashan in 2016, for example, the Public Security Bureau arrested 30 people for what it called serious criminal charges.

2018 April 2, Harvey Thomlinson, “China’s Communist Party Is Abandoning Workers”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-04-02, Opinion:


Dehong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 德宏 (Déhóng).

The Tais who now live in Hsishuangbanna and Tehung did not come after Kublai Khan. Known as Tianyueh in Chinese literature, their ancestors were there as early as 2,000 years ago during the time of the Western Han.

[1978 July, Yu-ting Tu, Chen Lu-fan, “Was There a Massive Exodus of Thais?”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVII, number 7, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 31, column 1:

6. It has exposed and criticized their reactionary principle of slandering Tehung Prefecture as a ‘peaceful border area’ and a ‘revsionist paradise’ and their crimes of sabotaging stability in the border areas and the building of border defense.

[1978 November 14 [1978 November 8], “Yunnan Prefecture Reveals Gang's Sabotage in Border Areas”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 220, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Kunming Yunnan Provincial Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China Southwest Region, page J 3:

It is not clear why the refugees are being expelled now. An employee at the Chinese Foreign Ministry said the ministry had no immediate comment after it was sent a list of questions on Thursday. Calls to the Yunnan propaganda office went unanswered, as did calls to the propaganda office of Dehong Autonomous Prefecture, the location of the camps.

2012 August 23, Edward Wong, “China Forcing Repatriation of Ethnic Refugees From Myanmar”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-08-23, Asia Pacific:

A Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture in Yunnan, China.


Chongzuo

From the Hanyu Pinyin form of the Mandarin 崇左 (Chóngzuǒ).

The court statement and a report by the official Xinhua news agency said that Mr. Cao had symptoms consistent with the coronavirus, but did not say whether he had tested positive for the disease. Huang Qinmei, the deputy mayor of Chongzuo, the city of which Pingxiang is part, said at a news conference in May that Mr. Cao had tested positive.

2021 November 20, Keith Bradsher, Li You, “Covid News: Cambodia’s Reopening Is Propelled by Vaccinations”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-11-21:

Two of the final clips show a herd of ostriches running down a city street. The videos match footage seen in January 2022 news reports about a herd that escaped from a farm in Chongzuo, China.

2023 July 6, Melissa Goldin, Karena Phan, “Videos of lions and other animals roaming city streets have nothing to do with protests in France”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-07-06:

The 400,000 metric ton-per-year smelter, located in Chongzuo city of Guangxi prefecture, will start processing copper concentrates within three months - compared with market expectations for the first half of 2024.

2023 August 10, Julian Luk, “Exclusive: China's Nanfang to open major copper smelter ahead of expectations”, in Pratima Desai, Veronica Brown, David Evans, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-08-10:

A prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China.


Golog

41 year-old Thupten from Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture confirmed this threat of punishment. “The people in my area were very discontent when an election was announced. We knew that the candidates selected had already been carefully vetted by higher Chinese officials, and that our ‘voting’ was mere lip-service to Chinese claims of democracy, but we did it anyway.

2000 September, “Corrupt and Farcical Elections”, in Racial Discrimination in Tibet, Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, →OCLC, page 116:

The February 1982 National Geographic listed a figure of between 80,000 and 90,000 Gologs, living in six counties of the remote Golog Tibetan Prefecture in Qinghai Province, China. A total of 100,343 people lived in the Golog Prefecture in 1953, but by 1964 the population had diminished to only 56,071. Thousands of Golog migrated from the area. Thousands more were either killed in battle or starved to death by the Chinese army.

2004, Paul Hattaway, Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 65:

The authorities, who said they had restored order in the region, said 6 people were arrested and 89 others had “surrendered” to the police. The attack involved monks from the Ragya Monastery in the Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Golog in Qinghai Province.

2009 March 22, David Barboza, “Tibet Protesters Are Held in China After Riot”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-05-01, Asia Pacific:

A non-profit project jointly initiated by Tencent Sports and the Yao Ming Foundation has brought students from Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province a long way to the court of 2019 FIBA World Cup, connecting audience members’ hearts together during the halftime.

2019 September 13, “Tencent Sports Public Service Project Shines at FIBA World Cup”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-30:

A Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Qinghai, China.


Shichahai

/ˌʃɪ.t͡ʃɑːˈhaɪ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 什剎海／什刹海 (Shíchàhǎi).

One of the places where Little Bald Head loved so much to spend a summer afternoon in the company of his grandfather was the market place and amusement center near the lotus pond of Shih Cha Hai (十刹海), of the Sea of Ten Monasteries—a stretch of water which was apparently designed to be used as a reservoir for the "sea palaces" which have in recent years been thrown open to the public as parks.[...]The first visitors to the Shih Cha Hai were there primarily to admire the lotus blossoms which to the mind of the cultured Chinese represent a human type— that of the chuin tze (君子), Superior Man.

[1940, H.Y. [盧興源] Lowe, The Adventures of Wu: The Life Cycle of a Peking Man, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, published 1983, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 160:

A lot of people say that winter swimming in lakes is frightening or freezing. But actually it is not. Anyone without a serious illness can manage it if they practise gradually. I come to Shichahai every afternoon and swim for about seven minutes.

2006 February 12, Alice Yan, “More hardy souls warm to winter swimming”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-11:

A lake in Xicheng district, Beijing, China.

A subdistrict of Xicheng district, Beijing, China.


Muling

Love could not be won by the subjective desire and zeal of one side alone. Ri had expelled the girl who had broken his heart to Muling County and had had a love affair with another woman before coming to Wangqing.

2008 [1935], Kim Il-sung, “With the Conviction of Independence”, in Kim Il Sung Works, volume 48, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →OCLC, page 116:

1902: During the Russo-Japanese war, soldiers reported sightings [of] a winged cave-dwelling dragon, 40 mi. from Muling, in Heilongjiang province.

2009, Michael Newton, Hidden Animals: A Field Guide to Batsquatch, Chupacabra, and Other Elusive Creatures, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 153:

A man in Muling, a city administered by Mudanjiang, has been arrested on suspicion of killing his father-in-law, who died after drinking wine containing poison,[…]

2014 December 29, “Evidence of 'missing link' in domestication of cats found in China”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-11-12, China Insider:

A county-level city in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China, formerly a county.


Dongning

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization for the Mandarin 東寧／东宁 (Dōngníng).

At the same time, according to official information, fighting occurred on the night of August 17, at Tungning,¹²⁹ south of Suifenho. Tungning was then occupied by Soviet troops possibly “consisting of Koreans, Buriats and Magyars” as front-line formations.¹³⁰

[1959, Peter S. H. Tang, “Consequences of Soviet Railway Policy”, in Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931, Duke University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 223:

Tungning, one of the most isolated towns in all Manchuria, is four hundred miles east of Harbin. To get there, I went by rail to the border town Progranichnaya, where the Chinese Eastern Railway enters eastern Russia (Siberia), then traveled sixty miles south through wild mountains on the Manchuria-Siberia border, a journey of one day by bus or two days by Russian wagon.[…]
At Tungning we found a well-to-do Christian who was the leading carpenter of the town. He was known by all as a believer. Although the population of Tungning was large (40,000), no one knew of any missionary or other Christian worker having ever been there. They did know of some Korean Christians in a village nearby. Tungning was a real frontier town, and the only one in all China where we had seen no heathen temple.

[1969, Charles Alexander Leonard, “Pioneering on the Chinese Frontiers”, in Repaid a Hundredfold, Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 102–103:

Chinese authorities have locked down an area of more than 250,000 people after half a dozen coronavirus cases were confirmed near the Russian border in the northeastern province of Heilongjiang. Checkpoints have been set up in Dongning and Suifenhe, and people were told not to leave unless necessary. Bus service has been suspended, schools closed and production halted at factories not making daily necessities. Restaurants were told to stop dine-in service and residential communities to control entry. Four cases have been confirmed since Thursday in Suifenhe and two in Dongning.

2020 December 13, “Asia Today: Japan, S.Korea set new daily records, mull steps”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2020-12-13:

The northeastern cities Huichun^([sic – meaning Hunchun]) and Dongning, both along the border with Russia, have suspended from mid-November some non-essential imports by highways, such as wine, milk and chocolate, to reduce infection risks.

2021 November 30, Roxanne Liu, Gabriel Crossley, Beijing Newsroom, “Two Chinese border cities limit rail imports amid COVID outbreak in the north”, in Christopher Cushing, Edwina Gibbs, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-11-30, Commodities:


Tengzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 滕州 (Téngzhōu).

Zhang Shijun’s letter issued earlier this month urged Chinese president Hu Jintao to “use his wisdom” to officially reassess the “June Fourth tragedy, the event in China’s recent history that causes bitter weeping and choking back tears.”
He was taken away by police from his home in Tengzhou, Shandong province, around 2 a.m. on Friday, the Civil Rights and Livelihood Watch group said.

2009 March 20, Lucy Hornby, “Soldier who spoke on Tiananmen detained: rights group”, in Jerry Norton, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-18, World News:

Mr. Qi was originally detained after he wrote a series of articles in the state-run media detailing corruption among local party officials in the city of Tengzhou.

2011 July 29, Andrew Jacobs, “China Jails Journalist Who Reported on Corruption”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-11-30, ASIA PACIFIC:

A county-level city in Zaozhuang, Shandong, China.


Cho Oyu

I had a good view of the glacier from here : the East side is very steep and broken, with several tributary glaciers flowing down from Cho Oyu and Pk. 25,909, and from a 23,000-foot Peak (not triangulated) to the North of the latter.

1922, E. O. Wheeler, “Appendix II: The Photographic Survey”, in Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance, 1921, Longmans, Green and Co., →OCLC, →OL, page 332:

This may seem a strange and unprofessional way of beginning the story of the ascent of a 26,000-foot mountain, but it was not just the wish to conquer a high peak that turned our thoughts to Cho Oyu; it was the longing for the boundless peace of evening such as these.
"Next year, Cho Oyu?" Pasang asked.
"Cho Oyu," I agreed.
Adjiba brought the fried liver of the goat.
"We go for Cho Oyu," Pasang told him.
"Aha," Adjiba said, cutting a cucumber into thin slices.
That's how we decided to attack the seventh highest mountain in the world.

1957 [1955], Herbert Tichy, “Turquoise Goddess”, in Basil Creighton, transl., Cho Oyu: Gnade der Götter by Ullstein Verlag [Cho Oyu: By Favour of the Gods], London: Methuen & Co, →OCLC, page 14:

Tingri lies at the edge of a vast plain. There are great views of the Himalayan giants to the south, assuming there's no cloud cover. Everest, or the uppermost part of it, is visible to the far left, but from this distance it doesn't look like a mammoth. However, Cho Oyu, straight ahead, looks stunning. It's worth taking a short hike to the south of Tingri for better views; another viewpoint is from the top of the hill above the village, where there are some old fort ruins.

2006 August, Michael Buckley, Tibet (Bradt Travel Guides), 2nd edition, Globe Pequot Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 200:

Rozov set a new world record in 2013 for the highest-ever base jump when he leapt from Changstse, a peak in the Everest massif towering at 7,220 metres in a specially-designed wingsuit.
He broke his own record three years later by jumping from a height of 7,700 metres on Mount Cho Oyu.

2017 November 12, “Russian base jumper dies in Nepal's Everest region”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2017-11-12:

A team of Nepali mountaineers has set out for Mt. Cho Oyu with a view to opening the first commercial route to the top of the world's sixth tallest peak from the Nepali side, officials and mountaineering agencies said.
"A team led by veteran Gelje Sherpa set out for Mt. Cho Oyu on Wednesday," Mingma Devid Sherpa, founder of the Elite Exped which is one of the sponsors of the expedition, told Xinhua.[...]
"Because of the low success rate from the Nepali side, we have failed to commercialize our existing routes," said Santa Bir Lama, president of Nepal Mountaineering Association. "The team is aiming to find the easiest way to Mt. Cho Oyu from the Nepal side."

2022 January 28, “Nepali team to explore 1st commercial route to Mt. Cho Oyu from southern side”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News, archived from the original on 2022-01-28:

When approached from the Tibet side, Cho Oyu is the safest of the 14 peaks. But Harila and her team had been forced to attempt it from the Nepal side because their visas and permits to enter Tibet had never been approved by the Chinese government. And even if they did accomplish this groundbreaking ascension of Cho Oyu, they would have no way to access the mission’s final peak as the Shishapangma mountain is entirely within Tibet.

2023 February 19, David Gardner, “A Race Up the World’s Tallest Mountains, and for Gender Equality”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-19, Sports:

A mountain in the Himalayas on the border between Solukhumbu district, Koshi, Nepal and Tingri County, Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; the world’s sixth highest mountain.


Ma'anshan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 馬鞍山／马鞍山 (Mǎ'ānshān).

Oatly said in November it had opened its first production facility in Ma'anshan, China, just a few months after opening its first Asian factory in Singapore, signaling its margins would improve by bringing more production in-house.

2022 March 8, Praveen Paramasivam, “Oatly to emerge winner in 2022 plant-based peers' battle”, in Shinjini Ganguli, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-03-08, European Markets:

A prefecture-level city in Anhui, China.


Dong'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 東安／东安 (Dōng'ān).

東安／东安 (Dōng'ān)

Dunyi Street in the Dong'an district of Mudanjiang, which is known for its special Russian-Chinese atmosphere, has been listed as a state-level tourism and leisure district, as reported by Dongbeiwan, a partner of TV BRICS.

2023 March 11, “Dongyi Street is listed as a state-level tourism and recreation district in the PRC”, in TV BRICS, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

A district of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China.


Xinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 西南 (Xīnán).

A subdistrict of Sanshui district, Foshan, Guangdong, China.

A resident of Shangdaimei village, also near Shanwei city, said hundreds of villagers had marched to local government offices in Xinan township on Sunday to protest the sale of their farmland.[…]
An official who answered the phone at the Xinan township government confirmed the protest had taken place.

2011 December 19, Fung Yat-yiu, Wen Yuqing, Luisetta Mudie, “Villagers Defy Threat of Force”, in Luisetta Mudie, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-09-10:

A town in Lufeng, Shanwei, Guangdong, China.


Qin'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 秦安 (Qín'ān).

Likewise, the magistrate of Ch’in-an county in Kansu thought it by no means unreasonable from the fiscal point of view to report in 1535 so disproportionate a population as one of 12,424 males and 6,099 females.

[1959, Ping-ti Ho, “The Nature of Ming Population Data”, in Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953, Harvard University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page iv, 12:

In 1967, 17 bronzes of the Chin Dynasty¹ (221-207 B.C.) were excavated at Shangyuanchia, Chinan County.

[1972, Hsin-wen Lan, “Finds from Kansu”, in 中国新出土文物 [New Archaeological Finds in China: Discoveries During the Cultural Revolution], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 30:

Linwei, eighty li southeast of Qin’an county in Gansu, was the administrative center of Lueyang commandery (Dushi fangyu jiyao 59/2596; Zang 1936:849.1, 1293.1).

1998, “Li Te [李特]”, in Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom [大成], Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 117:

Dadiwan Site is located in the gentle hillsides on the south bank of Qingshui River in Qinan County, Tianshui City. The earliest site dates from 7,800 years ago, and the most recent site dates from 4,800 years ago.

[2008, “Northwest China”, in Chen Xuejian, editor, Travel Around China, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 263, column 3:

A county of Tianshui, Gansu, in northwestern China.


Xian'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 咸安 (Xián'ān).

The Financial Daily reported that the obsession began at a spring festival this year in Damu township, in the mountainous Xianan district, when a resident returned home for a holiday with her husband from Guangdong province, where the Hong Kong Mark Six draw can be seen on TV.

[2001 August 16, Mark O'Neill, “Hubei punts on Mark Six imitation”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-09-18:

There are over 5,000 registered believers and 38 Christian gathering sites in Xian'an District. Amongst the sites are 7 downtown churches: Xian'an Central Church, Wenquan Grace Church, Dafan Chruch, Shuangquan Church, Hongqiao Church, Guanbu Church, and Shuangquan True Jesus Church.There are also churches and meeting places in the villages and towns of Xian'an District.

2017 April 19, Church of Xian'ning^([sic – meaning Xianning]), “Development and Characteristics of Christianity in Xian’an, Hubei”, in China Christian Daily, archived from the original on 2023-06-29:

In Tunliu County in Shanxi Province, authorities set out to collect blood samples from 36,000 men and boys, or roughly 26% of the county’s male population, while 40,000 samples were collected from the roughly 300,000 male residents in the Xian’an District of Xianning, Hubei Province.

2020 June 17, James Leibold, Emile Dirks, “Genomic surveillance: inside China’s DNA dragnet”, in Australian Strategic Policy Institute, archived from the original on 2020-06-24:


Tianjia'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 田家庵 (Tiánjiā'ān).

It is located in the western suburb of Tianjiaan, Huainnan^([sic – meaning Huainan]) City, Anhui Province. Like a multi-colored band, it joins together the railroad and highway which cut across the north and south Huai regions.

[1983 January 14 [1982 October 1], “First Dual-Purpose Bridge Over Huaihe Completed”, in China Report: Economic Affairs, number 300, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Beijing GONGREN RIBAO p 1, →OCLC, Transportation, page 114:

Based on the initial data, we tried to forecast the 2005 EC development in various districts of Huai'nan^([sic – meaning Huainan]). Listed below is only the result of the forecast of EC development in Tianjia'an District.

2006, G. Jianquan, Fankun, T. Bingyong, B. Shi, Y. Jianzheng, “Forecast of the regional EC development through an ANN model with a feedback controller”, in Computational Finance and Its Applications II, WIT Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 233:


Ji'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吉安 (Jí'ān).

``I never saw shoes. Just straw sandals,″ said Xia, a thin and vigorous man of 78 who lives in a retirement home for revolutionaries in Ji’an, in Jiangxi province in southern China.

1999 September 26, Renee Schoof, “China Marks Communism Half Century”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-22:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangxi, China.


Ji'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 集安 (Jí'ān).

A policewoman at the Chinese border town of Ji'an said: "Some leader came yesterday," but declined further comment on reports that the two Kims had traveled there on late on Wednesday.

2010 August 26, Maxim Duncan, Jeremy Laurence, Brett Cole, Kwon Youri, Tabassum Zakaria, Chris Buckley, Jonathan Thatcher, “Kim Jong-il makes surprise China visit: sources”, in Sanjeev Miglani, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2016-03-05, World News:

After watching Mr. Kim’s movements for the past few days, the South Korean authorities said his train had crossed the border with China, traveling from the North Korean town of Manpo to Jian in China, according to an official at the presidential Blue House in Seoul.

[2010 August 26, Choe Sang-Hun, Sharon LaFraniere, “Carter Wins Release of American in North Korea”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-11-09, Asia Pacific:

In particular, the recent opening of a bridge connecting the Chinese city of Jian (集安) and the North Korean town of Manpho (만포, 满浦) suggests that both the DPRK and China seem to be willing to open what would be a third economic cooperation corridor, in addition to the main Dandong-Sinuiju axis and the already existing Hunchun-Rason routes linking North Hamgyong Province with the Yanbian Korean Prefecture of Jilin Province. This was revealed during fieldwork interviews I conducted in Jian and the borderlands in 2018.

[2019 May 3, Théo Clément, “The Jian-Manpho Bridge: Another Failed Attempt at Economic Integration or One More Nail in the Coffin of “Maximum Pressure”?”, in 38 North, archived from the original on 2019-05-05:

A county-level city in Tonghua, Jilin, China.


Chang'an Avenue

Partial calque from Mandarin 長安街／长安街 (Cháng'ān Jiē).

長安街／长安街 (Cháng'ān Jiē)

The wall poster, put up on Changan Street in Peiping on March, declared that the Chinese Communist regime should actively promote democracy, especially the democratic system formulated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

[1979 April 1, “Wallposter call”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 12, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3, column 3:

I was a Communist Party member, and I was leading about 40 students from my college out of Tiananmen Square early on the morning of June 4. The crackdown was pretty much over.
Several girls were with us, and one was really scared. I told her not to worry, that I'd stay with her. But when we turned onto Changan Avenue, the army began shooting tear gas at us.

[2001 February 4, Craig S. Smith, “Tiananmen's Shadow”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, Section 6, page 52:

After the crackdown, an unarmed man briefly stopped a line of tanks on Chang’an Avenue. The scene, captured by foreign journalists, has become one the most powerful symbols of dissent in China. The man remains unidentified.

2015 September 3, Patrick Boehler, “China’s Military Parade Celebrates World War II Victory”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-02, World:

The SK Tower transaction is particularly significant, given the 35-storey office building’s prime location in the heart of Beijing’s central business district, right next to the Chang’an Avenue thoroughfare.

2021 June 9, “Chinese insurer Hexie snaps up US$1.4 billion Beijing tower from SK Group in largest office deal since onset of coronavirus pandemic”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-06-09:

Fu Yangen, a Beijing resident, gave a resounding "Yes!" when asked if she would like the party to stay in power for another 100 years.
"It has enabled us ordinary people to achieve happiness in our lives," said Fu, 27, as she posed for photos in front of large anniversary-themed flower arrangements along Changan Avenue, the city's main thoroughfare.

[2021 June 30, “China's Communist Party to celebrate 100th birthday in show of pomp and power”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-06-30:

A street in Beijing, China that runs past the Forbidden City, Zhongnanhai and other important locations.


Helong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 和龍／和龙 (Hélóng).

The tactics of the General culminated in victory in the battle of Hualatzu, Antu county in March 1940, the battle of Yangtsaokou, Tungnancha, Antu county in April, the battle of Shihliping, Holung county in May and the subsequent battle of Yulangtsun, Holung county.

[1969, Bong Baik, “Large-Troop Circling Operations that Terrified Japanese Imperialism”, in Kim Il Sung Biography: From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland, volume I, Tokyo: Miraisha, →OCLC, page 464:

In this large-scale operation of advance into the homeland we plan to dispatch the KPRA in three directions: The main unit will cross the Amnok River and push towards Hyesan, a strongpoint of frontier guards of the Japanese imperialists; another unit is to skirt Mt. Paektu and push on, by way of Antu and Helong, to the northern border area adjoining the Tuman River; and the third unit is to advance as far as the Linjiang and Changbai areas on the shore of the Amnok River.

1980 [1937 March 29], Kim Il-sung, “Let Us Inspire the People with Hopes of National Liberation by Advancing with Large Forces into the Motherland”, in Kim Il Sung Works, volume 1, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →OCLC, page 126:

The Helong city government said a 55-year-old man surnamed Zhao, his 26-year-old daughter and another man aged 67 were killed Saturday. It said in a statement that police from the provincial to the local levels were investigating.[…]
Calls to Helong city and Yanbian prefecture government spokesmen rang unanswered on Thursday.

2015 April 30, Christopher Bodeen, “3 killed in Chinese town where North Koreans blamed in past”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-26:

A county-level city in Yanbian prefecture, Jilin, China.


Antu

From Mandarin 安圖／安图 (Āntú, literally “pacify the Tumen”).

bor

The map was of the Antu county of Laoling with a scale of one to 250,000, “the locality where Downey and Fecteau were scheduled to pick up agent Li Chun Ying from their aircraft,” the broadcast said and added that the spot was "clearly marked with a pencil."

1954 December 1, “Chinese Cite Airlift Methods of U.S. Spies”, in Daily Worker, volume XXI, number 239, New York, page 2, column 2:

On their persons they had a detailed map of Antu County in Kirin Province of China and a Chinese-English conversation sheet. Downey admitted that earlier he had trained agents who were air-dropped into China and had contacted them.

1954 December 25, “Uniformed Spy is a Spy, Says Legal Expert Ch’en T’i-ch’iang”, in Jerome Alan Cohen, Hungdah Chiu, editors, People's China and International Law: A Documentary Study, volume 1, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, published 1974, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 636:

1969, Bong Baik, “Large-Troop Circling Operations that Terrified Japanese Imperialism”, in Kim Il Sung Biography: From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland, volume I, Tokyo: Miraisha, →OCLC, page 464:

Our first stop is in Antu County, Kirin Province, a rugged and hilly extension of the Changpai foothills. The temperature in midsummer lingers around 20° C.

1972, Chi Hsin, “Where the Sunghua River Flows”, in The Seeds and Other Stories, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 145:

The radiation level in Changbai Korean autonomous county – the closest Chinese urban area to the Punggye-ri test facility – climbed gradually from an average of 104.9 nanograys per hour immediately after the test on Sunday to 108.5 on Tuesday, according to figures released by China’s environment ministry.[…]
Similar upward trends were reported by monitoring stations in other regions, including in Antu county at the foot of Changbai Mountain and in Yanbian Korean autonomous prefecture further north.

2017 September 6, Stephen Chen, “China detects rising radiation levels in areas close to North Korean nuclear blast site”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-09-06, Diplomacy & Defense:

The source said that a friend from Jilin’s Antu county had told him that only border crossing between the two nations by land, across North Korea’s sacred Mt. Paekdu—known in China as Mt. Changbai—had been closed from Sept. 17-21.

2018 September 20, Joonho Kim, Joshua Lipes, “North Korea Shuts Down Illegal Cell Phone Access to Chinese Networks Amid Kim-Moon Summit”, in Leejin Jun, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-09-20:

A county of Yanbian prefecture, Jilin, China.


Longjing

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 龍井／龙井 (Lóngjǐng).

The influx into the Chientao (間島) of Corean farmers, hunters, and trappers had long been a burning question before the Governments of China and Japan finally agreed by the Chientao Convention of 1909 or China-Corean Frontier Agreement to recognize the Tumen river as the boundary between Corea and China, and to open Lungchingtsun (龍井村) along with three other places to foreign residence and trade. A Chinese Custom House was accordingly opened here on 1st January 1910, but was made subordinate to the Hunchun (琿春) Customs.² It remained in this subordinate position till July 1924 when the head office was transferred to Lungchingtsun,³ while Hunchun—at which in accordance with the Manchurian Convention of 1905 a Custom House had been opened on 27th December 1909—fell into the position of a branch office. The reason for this deposition of Hunchun was the advent in 1923 of the T’ien T’u (天圖) light railway which running through Lungchingtsun to Yen Chi Fu (延吉府) connected both places with the frontier district of Kaishantun, and thence through Kainei (Hui Ning 會甯) to the Corean port of Seishin.

[1938, Stanley F. Wright, “From the Revision that Failed to the Peking Tariff Conference of 1925-1926”, in China's Struggle for Tariff Autonomy: 1843-1938, Paragon Book Gallery, →OCLC, page 406:

Longjing county is another part of eastern Jilin province. It is located on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Tumen river. The Longgang range — a branch of the Changbai range — extends into the southern part of its territory.

1995, Zhen-hua Liu, “Recent Neolithic Discoveries in Jilin Province”, in The Archaeology of Northeast China: Beyond the Great Wall, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 95:

The meeting was attended by approximately 30 people involved in youth work, including YCL committee members and heads of children’s departments in the Wangqing area, delegates of young people from Yanji, and student delegates (underground workers) from Longjing.

2008 [1935], Il-sung Kim, “With the Conviction of Independence”, in Kim Il Sung Works, volume 48, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →OCLC, pages 67–68:

* Chinese officials will lift African swine fever-related restrictions in Longjing city, in northeastern Jilin province, the Ministry of Agriculture said on Wednesday

2018 December 19, “China to lift African swine fever limits for city in Jilin province”, in Louise Heavens, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-12, Consumer Products & Retail News:

Five ethnic Korean children prayed in a local church in Longjing, which borders North Korea and is home to a large ethnic Korean community.

2019 February 26, Tiffany May, “Young People Left Behind in China’s Snowbound Rust Belt”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-26, Lens:

A county-level city in Yanbian prefecture, Jilin, China, across the Tumen River from Hoeryong, North Hamgyong, North Korea.