Hailar

From Mongolian Хайлаар (Xajlaar)/ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ (qayilar).

After visiting Hailar, the trade centre of North-Eastern Mongolia and Trans-Hingan Manchuria, Dr. Fritsche entered Russian territory at Tsurukhaitu.

1874 June 22, Henry Bartle Frere, Address to the Royal Geographical Society, page clxxvi:

The first outbreak continued without any interruption at Manchouli and passed on to the other cities until its suppression in the following April. The second outbreak did not show its full virulence until November, at Hailar, where I personally examined the early bubonic cases and saw the gradual evolution through the septicemic into the pulmonary form.

1922, Lien Teh Wu, “Plague in the Orient with Special Reference to the Manchurian Outbreaks”, in Addresses & Papers, Dedication Ceremonies and Medical Conference, Peking Union Medical College, September 15-22, 1921, Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Press, →OCLC, page 193:

From the time the Allies invited them into Harbin (the end of December, 1917), Chinese troops had been moving rapidly along the Chinese Eastern Railway to take over garrison duties throughout the zone.⁹ According to Semenov, it was only through a combination of force and trickery that he was able to keep Hailar and Manchouli out of their hands.¹⁰

1957, James William Morley, The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918, Columbia University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 85:

The aircraft was reported to have landed at Hailar, a city of about 100,000 people in Inner Mongolia about 70 miles from the Soviet border.

1985 December 25, “SOVIET AIRLINER REPORTEDLY HIJACKED TO CHINA”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, section 1, page 4:

Hailar district, an administrative division about three hours away from Manzhouli, has blocked some roads linking it to the outside and required people arriving from Manzhouli to be quarantined at centralised facilities for two weeks.

2021 November 28, Roxanne Liu, Gabriel Crossley, “Parts of northern China tighten curbs on new COVID-19 flare-ups”, in Kim Coghill, Gerry Doyle, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-11-29, China:

A district and former county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China.


Tanggu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 塘沽 (Tánggū).

The Dagang refinery, in the northern port of Tianjin, has been shortlisted as a potential partner for a proposed 200,000 barrels-per-day (bpd) refinery with Russian state giant Rosneft ROSN.MM, officials have told Reuters.[…]
It has also started building depots at nearby Tanggu, with capacity to store 650,000 tonnes (4.7 million barrels) of crude oil and refined fuels, said the official, without giving a timeframe for completion.

2007 February 5, Chen Aizhu, “PetroChina plant expands, awaits Russian JV plan”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-09-12, Market News:

And the discussion on China’s social media sphere isn’t done yet. On the evening of August 13, the top-trending hashtag on Sina Weibo was “#塘沽爆炸真相#” – “Tanggu [the explosion’s location in the Binhai district] explosion truth.”

2015 August 14, Shannon Tiezzi, “The Tianjin Explosion, As Chronicled on Chinese Social Media”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2015-10-27:

A subdistrict of Binhai district, Tianjin, China, on Bohai Bay; former district of Tianjin, China.

塘沽

subdistrict of Binhai district, Tianjin, China; former district of Tianjin, China


Zhaoqing

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 肇慶／肇庆 (Zhàoqìng).

Residents said people were concerned the halt was just temporary. “The notice was released by Lubu town government, but the project is led by Zhaoqing city government so the notice issued by the town government is not enough,” said a resident and restaurant worker who would only gave his surname, Yu.

2016 July 3, Louise Watt, “Police injured as residents protest incinerator in China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-31:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.


Sanshui

Borrowed from Mandarin 三水 (Sānshuǐ, literally “three waters”).

People in some 10 counties along the West River basin in Kwangtung Province have been mobilized to join in flood-fighting or disaster relief work, with more than 10,000 in Sanshui County alone.

1978 May 28, “Drought striken North”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIX, number 21, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

This month, she will travel to the Sanshui District in Guangdong province to begin recording the show. The 10th season of Chinese Dream Show began last Sunday (Feb 25).

2018 March 4, Huiwen Ng, “Grandma Mary to star in reality talent show Chinese Dream Show”, in The Straits Times, archived from the original on 2018-03-04:

A district of Foshan, Guangdong, China; former county of Guangdong, China.


Wanzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 萬州／万州 (Wànzhōu).

After more than three hours in cramped vans and buses, we gave up on our hoped-for destination, a supposedly lovely town called Wanzhou, and debarked, at lunchtime, in Liangping, a gray, homely town we’d never heard of.

2010 December 24, Matt Gross, “Lost in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-04, Travel:

A statement from Wanzhou district police said the 48-year-old female passenger asked the driver to pull over after she missed her stop, but he didn’t.

2018 November 2, “Woman fought with driver, causing bus to fall in China river”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-08-16:

In Wanzhou district, northeast of Chongqing, floods have caused 227.8 million yuan ($31.5 million) worth of economic losses, state broadcaster CCTV said.

2023 July 5, Bernard Orr, Ella Cao, Ethan Wang, “Rain kills 15 in southwest China as Xi urges better defences”, in Andrea Ricci, Robert Birsel, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-07-05, Asia Pacific:


Tongzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 通州 (Tōngzhōu).

The centerpiece of the plan will be an administrative center in the Beijing suburb of Tongzhou, a historic move that reverses decades of urban planning that wedged government offices into the imperial city center.

2015 July 11, Ian Johnson, “Chinese Officials to Restructure Beijing to Ease Strains on City Center”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-07-13, ASIA PACIFIC:

A residential project in the capital city that went on sale in October in the eastern district of Tongzhou offered a 1% discount to buyers if they made down-payments within seven days to one month, a salesperson told Reuters.

2022 January 5, Liangping Gao, Ryan Woo, “Home prices in large Chinese cities show tentative signs of stabilising”, in Ana Nicolaci da Costa, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-05, Asian Markets:


Nan'ao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南澳 (Nán'ào).

The force composition of the two PLA concentrations—on the Dongshan-Nan'ao Islands area at the southern end of the Strait and Haitan Island at the northern end-reflected their assigned missions dealing with achievement of air and sea superiority and amphibious assault.

1997, John W. Garver, “The Confrontation”, in Face Off: China, the United States, and Taiwan's Democratization, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 99–100:


Guiping

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 桂平 (Guìpíng).

There was a battle at Kueiping just before the ladies came down. The buildings were hit but no one was hurt. Fighting is still going on in various places along the West River.

[2010, Bernice A. Verbyla, “News from Kwangsi”, in Aunt Mae's China: This is the Story of Beatrice Mae Tonkin, Xulon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 132:

Once their boat reached Tai Hong Kwong, a village alongside a sharp bend in the Pearl River north of Kweiping (Guiping), Ka Yik led his American friends down the muddy, narrow streets to a shop belonging to his father.

2016, Bill Lascher, “"Why Should I Contribute a Little More Trash?"”, in Eve of a Hundred Midnights: The Star-Crossed Love Story of Two World War II Correspondents and Their Epic Escape Across the Pacific, 1st edition, William Morrow, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 31:

An officer with the Guiping city traffic police said six vehicles were covered in mud and rocks, but it wasn’t clear how many people were inside them.

2013 August 19, “Death toll from weekend flooding, landslides passes 100”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-10-24, China:

In Guangxi, two cities -- Guiping and Beiliu -- both said students would not be allowed to go to school unless both of their parents were fully vaccinated. After vocal opposition on social media, the notices were deleted although it is unclear if the restrictions will still apply.

2021 July 15, Ben Westcott, “Unvaccinated people in parts of China to be denied access to hospitals, parks and schools”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2021-07-16:


Luntai

In many cases, the Postal Guide gives the Chinese name alone. This applies to most small places, and it is not always easy to identify Chinese post offices with Turki villages ; e.g. are Luntai (east of Kucha) and Shanshan (east of Turfan), as shown in the somewhat diagrammatic Postal Atlas of China, identical with the Bugur and Pichan of the Survey of India maps?

1925 March, J. H. Reynolds, “Place-names in Sinkiang”, in The Geographical Journal, volume LXV, number 3, London: Royal Geographical Society, page 242:

In September, state media said police shot dead 40 rioters, some of whom were seeking to blow themselves up, after explosions went off in Luntai county.

2014 October 12, Michael Martina, “Policewoman killed in China's Xinjiang - state media”, in Robert Birsel, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-11, World News:

A county of Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Zhuzhou

/ˌd͡ʒuːˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 株洲 (Zhūzhōu).

A June 27 Hsinhua report tells how 8,000 young people have been successfully "settled" and "re-educated" on the outskirts of Chuchou, a city in Hunan province. Success was achieved in this task because "the Chuchou municipal committee of the Chinese Communist party raised its consciousness of the struggle between the two lines during the great movement to criticize Lin Piao and rectify the style of work."

[1974 August 5, Peter Green, “The Big-Character Posters on the Walls of China”, in Intercontinental Press, volume 12, number 30, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1075, columns 2, 3:

In the 1960s it was reported that Chinese uranium ore was only partly processed at the Chuchou Uranium Processing Plant in Hunan Province and was then sent to Czechoslovakia for further concentration.

[1978, Doing Business with the People's Republic of China: Industries and Markets, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 280:

In Hunan Province, a spill occurred Jan. 4 in the industrial city of Zhuzhou after workers cleaning up a wastewater ditch mistakenly diverted the sewage water into the nearby Xiangjiang River.

2006 January 12, Jim Yardley, “China Chemical Spills Spur Plan to Guard Water Supply”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-05-06:

In May, authorities in China’s southern Hunan province detained Chen after he made a posting on social media commemorating the crackdown. He described being harassed by state security police over the years during “sensitive periods” around the anniversary date.
The rights group Chinese Human Rights Defenders said he was believed to have been held in a detention center in Zhuzhou, in Hunan, shortly after.

2023 September 22, Huizhong Wu, Johnson Lai, “A Chinese dissident in transit at a Taiwan airport pleads for help in seeking asylum”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-09-22, World News:

A prefecture-level city in Hunan, China.


Yueyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 岳陽／岳阳 (Yuèyáng).

Japanese troops were pulled to Yuehyang, at the junction of the Hsiang and Yangtze rivers, from Hunan, Honan, and Hupeh provinces.

[1982, Roy M. Stanley II, “The Land War in China”, in Prelude to Pearl Harbor, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 128, column 1:

In his capacity as Thief-punishing General, after the grand birthday celebrations in Hankow, he transferred his headquarters to Yüeh-yang.

[1999, Chiang Kuei, translated by Timothy A. Ross, A Translation of the Chinese Novel Chung-yang (Rival Suns) by Chiang Kuei (1908-1980), Edwin Mellen Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 342:

岳陽

prefecture-level city or county of Hunan, China

In Yueyang county, Hunan, some 22,000 people lost their homes during the building of Tieshan Reservoir.

2011, Frank Dikötter, Mao's Great Famine, Bloomsbury, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 170:


Luding

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 瀘定／泸定 (Lúdìng).

zh-l

瀘定／泸定 (Lúdìng)

Originally, planks had been laid across the nine chains, and the whole bridge, suspended between two cliffs, swayed like a cradle with the motions of the person walking upon it. Now the planks were gone, having been taken by the enemy into Luting City. All that remained were the black hanging chains.

[1971, Dick Wilson, “The Bridge of Iron Chains”, in The Long March 1935: The Epic of Chinese Communism's Survival, New York: Viking Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 168:

Luding (Dadu Rivier) Bridge on Ya'an-Kargilik County Highway spans the Dadu River in Luding County, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garze, Sichuan Province.
It shortens the distance between Ya'an City and Luding County, greatly benefitting local inhabitants.

2021 June 17, “'First Bridge of Sichuan-Tibet' spans two cliffs”, in Li Yuxin, editor, China News Service, archived from the original on 2021-06-18:

As aftershocks of 3.0 magnitude or higher continued to rock the area, rescuers transported over 50,000 people from the hardest-hit Luding county, according to local media

2022 September 6, “China earthquake death toll jumps to 65 as aftershocks rattle Sichuan”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-09-06:

A county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China.


Hepu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 合浦 (Hépǔ).

Here in Hepu County, an impoverished agricultural district just north of China's border with Vietnam, Chan and his business partners are hatching plans for a mammoth food processing operation they promise will be the world's largest producer of foie gras.[…]
Hepu farmers say they can raise a single goose for less than 40 yuan--about $5. That's a fraction of what competitors in France must spend.

2000 August 1, Clay Chandler, “A Golden Goose in Red China? Entrepreneur Bets Millions That Foie Gras Will Fatten Export Figures”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:


Jingjiang

/d͡ʒɪŋˈd͡ʒ(i)æŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 靖江 (Jìngjiāng).

Chingchiang county was once a large sandy island that became a part of the north shore in the first half of the 17th century. Chungming Island was close to the south shore two centuries ago, but today it is separated from the north shore by only a narrow strip of water and is still moving closer to it.

[1975 February, “Deltas”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXIV, number 2, Peking: China Welfare Institute, →OCLC, page 38, column 2:

The government of Jingjiang city in China's eastern Jiangsu province said on Friday that a fire at a chemical plant had been put under control and there were no casualties.

2016 April 22, Brenda Goh, Elias Glenn, Beijing newsroom, Michael Martina, Pete Sweeney, “China local government says chemical fire under control, no casualties”, in Ed Davies, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-07, EMERGING MARKETS:

A county-level city in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.


Hanzhong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 漢中／汉中 (Hànzhōng).

The Xinhua state news agency said the attack occurred at 8 a.m. at a kindergarten in Nanzheng County of Hanzhong City.
Liu Xiaoming, deputy director of the propaganda department of Hanzhong City, confirmed the deaths and injuries.

2010 May 12, “7 Children Killed in School in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-05-16:

For Wang, the recent graduate, the CCP badge is essential. Raised in Hanzhong, a city of 3 million in Shaanxi province, by two civil servant parents, Wang applied to join the party in his first year at college. Uploading photos of himself dressed in dark suits with the bright red emblem of the party pinned to his lapel “gives people the feeling that you are mature and serious,” he said.

2022 August 15, Vic Chiang, Christian Shepherd, “In China, civil servant chic is the new look for straitened times”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-15, Asia:

A prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China.


Baise

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 百色 (Bǎisè).

After having made contact with General Chennault and the OSS, Ho left for Kwangsi to visit the Dong Minh Hoi. This time he went to Paise instead of Liuchow because Liuchow had fallen into Japanese hands on November 11, 1944.

[1969, King C. Chen, Vietnam and China, 1938-1954, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 94:

Liu Jih-fu was an oldtime Kwangsi military leader. When the Kwangtung army captured Nanning, he withdrew his 3,000 to 4,000 men to Paise (Poseh) near the Yunnan border and fought on there.

[1979, Te-kong Tong, Li Tsung-jen, “Establishment of the Self-governing Armies”, in The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen (Studies of the East Asian Institute of Columbia University), Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 90:

According to Xinhua news agency, both the route and the timetable of the torch relay were adjusted on Sunday in order to minimize disturbance on the examinees in Baise, a city in southwestern China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

2008 June 11, Flora Zhang, “How College Entrance Exams Shortened the Olympic Torch Relay”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-07:

Why did the outbreak in Baise spark fears around the world about the key metal?
Where is Baise?
Located near the border with Vietnam, Baise is nicknamed the "aluminium capital of southern China".
Home to around 3.5 million people, Baise is a hub for aluminium mining and production.

2022 February 9, “Why has a Chinese city's lockdown sent aluminium prices surging?”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-02-09:

A prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China.


Tonghua

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 通化 (Tōnghuà).

An official in the northeastern Chinese city of Tonghua, where residents are barred from leaving their homes amid a strict lockdown, apologized to residents who said they had not been receiving enough food.
Tonghua, an industrial city of about two million people in Jilin Province, went into lockdown on Jan. 20 after the number of recent cases grew to nearly 100.

2021 January 26, Salman Masood, Lin Qiqing, “Chinese city apologizes over food shortages during lockdown, and other news from around the world.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-26:

A prefecture-level city in Jilin, China.

通化

prefecture-level city or county of Jilin, China

In order to improve the line of communications in Manchuria, the Chinese authorities are going to extend the Mukden-Hailung to Linkiang viá Hsinking and Tunghua as requested by the residents of these cities; but in view of the small amount of the product for export by the line, the prospect is not quite favourable. According to semi-official reports, the proposed extension will start at Hsinking for Tunghua, over 320 Chinese li away. Then 20 Chinese li east of Tunghua it will have to negotiate the mountainous region from Tungchangtai and Sanhotzu, necessitating the construction of an extensive tunnel.

[1928 March 8 [1928 February 20], A.N.A., “NEW RAILWAYS IN MANCHURIA.”, in Hongkong Daily Press, number 21,732, Hong Kong, sourced from Peking, →OCLC, page 3, column 3:

Evidently negotiations were successful, since about this time the Red guerrillas" were reported to have expanded their forces by collaborating with the Big Swords in nearby Chinchuan Hsien and with the National Salvation Army in Tunghua and Liuho hsien.

[1983, Chong-Sik Lee, “Radicalism versus United Front among the Guerrillas”, in Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922-1945, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 214:

Kangmei Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
* Says to cooperate with government of Tonghua county, where healthcare market is worth over 3 billion yuan ($496 million), on medical services

2014 January 15, “China's Kangmei Pharma to cooperate with govt of Tonghua county on medical services”, in Reuters, sourced from Hong Kong and Singapore newsrooms, archived from the original on 2024-10-05:


Mengtsz

1889, the opening of Mengtsz and relaxation of fiscal restrictions in Tonkin restored the Red River to its natural use as a trade route to Yunnan.

1908, Hosea Ballou Morse, The Trade And Administration Of The Chinese Empire, Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 259:

Two lines of travel lead south and east from Yunnanfu. One is the route of the railway through Mengtsz to French Indo-China, with a caravan trail which branches off to Szemao in the southwest. The other road is the big east highway to Kwangtung. This road goes overland to Poseh at the head of navigation on the Si Kiang in western Kiangsi^([sic – meaning Kwangsi]), 355 miles distant, and requires twenty days of travel. From Poseh boats go down stream to Canton.

1934, George Babock Cressey, China's Geographic Foundations: A Survey of the Land and Its People, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., →OCLC, page 379:

Upon arriving in Hokow, Huang Hsing found that the revolutionary forces there lacked fighting spirit. His strategy was to attack Mengtsz, the gateway to Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan, but he found the soldiers very reluctant to move.

1961, Chün-tu Hsüeh, Huang Hsing and the Chinese Revolution, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, published 1968, →OCLC, pages 70–71:

(dated) Alternative form of Mengzi (a county-level city in Yunnan, China).


Gejiu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 箇舊／个旧 (Gèjiù).

The Ko-chiu area in Yunnan is still the backbone of the Chinese tin industry, as it supplies about two-thirds of China's total output.

[1973, Chiao-min Hsieh, ATLAS OF CHINA, McGraw-Hill, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 97:

According to French Consul François, the governor-general and other leading officials personally attended the drill practices close to Yunnanfu. Five prefectures succeeded in organizing t’uan-lien, which paraded and drilled before dawn and before dusk in the villages.¹⁸ In the winter of 1903-4 an occasion arose to test the experiment. A revolt, antiforeign and antiofficial in inspiration, started among the perennially restive young tin miners in the Ko-chiu mining region.

[1980, Donald S. Sutton, Provincial Militarism and the Chinese Republic: The Yunnan Army, 1905–25 (Michigan Studies on China), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 56–57:

In Gejiu, a city of 310,000 people on a route favored by drug traffickers, initial rounds of AIDS testing in recent years found more than 1,000 people with H.I.V., nearly all drug users or prostitutes. Tong Waiyuan, a vice mayor, explained that Yunnan's new plan included needle exchanges, condom promotion, and more testing and education and counseling.

2005 June 16, Jim Yardley, “Chinese City Emerges As Model in AIDS Fight”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, Asia Pacific:

An estimated 50,000 tonnes of capacity is expected to be closed in 2010 among 53 lead smelters in the Shadian industrial section of Gejiu city in Yunnan province which has 500,000 tonnes of lead smelting capacity a year, local officials said Thursday.

2010 June 3, “China's Gejiu area lead smelters face closure -industry”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-30, Metals News:

A county-level city in Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China.


Yadong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 亞東／亚东 (Yàdōng).

The mountain pass, at a height of 4,545 meters, or 14,911 feet, connects Yadong County in Tibet with the northeast Indian state of Sikkim.

2006 July 6, David Lague, Amelia Gentleman, “On the Silk Road, China and India smooth tensions - Business - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-04, International Business:

Late last month, China warned India not to “push your luck” by underestimating Beijing’s determination to protect what it believes is sovereign territory high in the Himalayas. Although India has called for a negotiated settlement and both sides have shown restraint as Chinese troops work to extend the road from Yadong in Tibet, rhetoric has grown increasingly heated of late.

2017 August 6, Cindy Boren, “‘A message of peace’: Amid border tension, Indian boxer offers title belt to Chinese opponent”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-06, Early Lead:

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Liaoyang

Borrowed from Mandarin 遼陽／辽阳 (Liáoyáng).

Holonym: Liaodong

It was just such a mob as this, started by undisciplined soldiers, which resulted in the death of Rev. Mr. Wylie, of the Scotch United Presbyterian Mission, at Liaoyang.

1895 April, “Editorial Paragraphs”, in The Missionary Herald, volume XCI, number IV, →OCLC, page 130:

* China’s top state energy group CNPC has started test runs at a new crude unit in subsidiary plant in Liaoyang that’s designated to process Russian crude oil, the group said on Monday[…]
* Reuters has reported Liaoyang was expected to become a main Russian oil processor under CNPC from end of this year after a major upgrade. For now, CNPC’s Dalian refinery is taking most of the increased supplies of Russian crude from the East Siberian Pacific Ocean pipeline (ESPO).

2018 July 22, Aizhu Chen, “China's CNPC starts test runs at new crude unit in Liaoyang for Russian oil”, in Gopakumar Warrier, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-14, Commodities News:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China.

遼陽

prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China


Jinghong

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 景洪 (Jǐnghóng).

In Jinghong, the capital of Xishuangbanna Prefecture (pronounced she-shwang-ban-na), a cavalcade of bronze and stone elephant statues — some ferocious looking, others positively giddy — have been mounted on traffic islands and in front of new Thai-style shopping malls.

2014 April 25, Andrew Jacobs, “In Land That Values Ivory, Wild Elephants Find a Safe Haven”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-04-26, Asia Pacific:

Beyond Yunnan’s fragmented nature reserves, the churn of urbanisation continues. Xishuangbanna’s population has doubled in 40 years, its ethnic minorities subsumed in an urban sprawl centred on Jinghong, the region’s political centre.[…]
A study published last year said existing schemes “do not offer adequate protection”, with nearly 25% of the region’s biodiversity hotspots not covered. Another 2020 paper showed Jinghong had lost a quarter of its tropical forest since 1999.

2021 March 16, David Stanway, “China's Yunnan vows ecological 'security barrier' to limit disease risks”, in Janet Roberts, Blake Morrison, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-03-17, Environment:

A woman wears traditional clothes at a night market in the city of Jinghong in Xishuangbanna

2023 January 19, “Zero-Covid left in dust as Chinese revellers fuel travel boom”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-01-19:

A county-level city in Xishuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan, China.

景洪

county-level city of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China


Zhabei

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 閘北／闸北 (Zháběi, literally “area north of the sluices”), named after its position relative to two canal sluices constructed during the middle of the Qing dynasty.

bor

Shanghai Railroad station, West Tianmu Road, Zhabei District, Shanghai
The lady who's in charge of the money pot told me that most of the people who work in the toilets are paid about 1,200 RMB (€127) each month. It's less than the average wage in China (€200), but it's not bad.
The toilet is managed by Amenities Authority under Zhabei District (Shanghai) local government, so excluding maintenance costs, the rest of the money turns into government revenue."

2008 December 16, Xiaodong Du, “Shanghai's public toilets make pots of money”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2015-09-10:

(historical) A former district of Shanghai, China, now merged with Jing'an.


Xujiahui

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 徐家匯／徐家汇 (Xújiāhuì, literally “Xu Family Confluence”) in reference to the prominence of the Xu family in the area during the Ming dynasty and the previous junction of several streams and canals in the area.

徐家匯

Area of Xuhui District in Shanghai, China

The factory we went to see was out in the Hsuchiahui (Siccawei, in Shanghai dialect) district, and was called the Deaf and Mute Workers' Electrical Appliance Factory No. 2.

[1973, Rewi Alley, “Shanghai”, in 中国见闻 [Travels in China, 1966-71], Peking: New World Press, →OCLC, page 76:

Early on the morning of the eighteenth the Taipings occupied the historic town of Hsu-chia-hui, or Siccawei, just west of the port, where Jesuit missionaries had long before established an important Catholic community.

[1992, Caleb Carr, “"Not As Was Hoped, Dead..."”, in The Devil Soldier: The Story of Frederick Townsend Ward, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 126:

The company joined with a local electronics chain, Jiangsu Five Star Appliance, to open the store in the busy Xujiahui shopping district of Shanghai.

2006 December 26, “Best Buy opens first China outlet - Business - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-04-14, International Business:

A subdistrict of Xuhui, Shanghai, China, consisting of the central part of the larger neighborhood.


Hongkou

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 虹口 (Hóngkǒu, literally “Rainbow Mouth”), a variation of earlier 洪口 (Hóngkǒu, literally “Flood Mouth”).

There were also public mess halls in Shanghai, but they were mostly managed by the people. Under the disguise of "cultural revolution", some inhabitants' service establishments appeared in the districts around Chu's Family Bay. With the help of the old street inhabitants' committee, the one thousand odd households in Lungchang-li and Hungkou District were also organized and mess halls, factories, nurseries and spare-time middle-schools were set up. But they were not as progressive in scale and in nature as those in Peking and Tientsin.¹³

[1962, Shih Ch'eng-chih, “Types of Experimental Urban Communes”, in Urban Commune Experiments Communist China, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, published 1974, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 54:

On Tuesday, Netanyahu and his wife toured Shanghai’s Ohel Moshe synagogue in the Hongkou district that was home to many of the 18,000 Jews granted refuge in Shanghai from the horrors of Nazi persecution.

2013 May 7, “Netanyahu: Jewish people capable of own defense”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-25:


Puxi

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 浦西 (Pǔxī, literally “West Bank”), derived from its position west of the Huangpu River.

Shanghai's Puxi district, on the west bank of the Huangpu River, could become the focus for the city's financial community, like Central.
There are 10 areas within Puxi, the most famous of which is Huangpu. It accommodates the Bund, the traditional commercial hub of Shanghai.

1994 December 6, Richard Warren, “Territory 'model' for Shanghai”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-06-21:

Where just 20 years ago there were rice paddies, now stands the new and ultramodern Pudong financial district and its imposing office towers. On Puxi, across the river, is the Bund, a collection of stately Art Deco buildings from the 1920s and '30s that call to mind old parts of New York or London. Before the 1949 Communist revolution, the buildings housed the headquarters of international banks and trading companies.

2004 June 2, Alexandra A. Seno, “DOING BUSINESS : Shanghai seizes the gilded, glitzy day”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-02-10, Style:

An executive at a foreign bank in Shanghai, who declined to be identified, said his bank is on a hybrid working model, with some staff working and sleeping at a backup office in Puxi, in the western side of the city, while some others staying in a trading room in Pudong.

2022 March 29, “REFILE-In China's Wall Street, bankers and traders sleep in offices to beat Shanghai COVID lockdown”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-04-30, 公司新闻(英文):

The central area of Shanghai, China, particularly Huangpu District.


Changtang

In elevation the lowest limit of Changtang may be reckoned about 13,800 feet, and the highest of Rong 14,300, the mean line of demarcation being 14,000 feet.

1853 November 22, H. Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet, Royal Geographical Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 22:

Written by two American professors of anthropology on the basis of their scientific study and investigation in Qangtang area, Tibet, for 10 months from 1986 to 1988: description of the way of life of the Tibetan herdsmen and their economy and life before and after the peaceful liberation, especially their economic and religious life since the implementation of reform and opening in 1979, proving that Chinese government’s special policies and flexible measures are favourable for Tibet’s economic development.

[1994, Catalogue of Chinese Publications in Tibetan Studies (1949-1991), 1st edition, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 252, column 2:

Our path across the trackless Changtang was littered with the impressive skulls and horns of wild yaks slaughtered by the modern-day poachers of Tibet. Yielding close to a tonne of meat, it pays to shoot a wild yak — provided that you own a truck to take your kill to the closest village or town hundreds of miles away. Unfortunately, the number of truck-owning Tibetan and Chinese poachers in certain parts of the Changtang is increasing rapidly.

2002, Michel Peissel, Tibet: The Secret Continent, Thomas Dunne Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 33:

We had climbed, almost imperceptibly, on to the Changtang, the name for the northern part of the Tibetan plateau, one of the most remote and least known regions of the world, as well as being one of the highest. Remote and unknown to outsiders, that is: the Changtang is also home to about half a million nomadic herders, or drokba.

2005, Nick Middleton, Extremes Along the Silk Road: Adventures off the World's Oldest Superhighway, John Murray, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 131:

Observing Lake Yaniugol, rising high in the steppe, he writes: “It settled like a sacred host of jade upon the sand. It appeared to us at twilight, in the hollow of a ledge, flanked to the north by the sharp incisors of the Kunlun peaks soaring to 6,000 meters, and to the south by the Changtang. Behind this shimmering disk, the secret plateau.”

2021 December 3, Liesl Schillinger, quoting Sylvain Tesson, “Books That Satisfy Your Yearning for Far-Off Places”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-03, Travel:

A part of the high altitude Tibetan Plateau in western and northern Tibet extending into southeastern Ladakh, India.


Jixi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 雞西／鸡西 (Jīxī).

Heilungkiang. The commander of the garrison of Chihsi was reported to have ordered an armed attack on a Red Guard rally on May 14, a number of Red Guards being wounded and 1,000 arrested, whilst 11 people were reported on June 12 to have been killed in fighting between 20,000 Maoists and anti-Maoists at Kiamusze.

[1967, “The Wuhan Revolt and After”, in The Cultural Revolution in China: Its Origins and Course (Keesing's Research Report), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 50:

In Heilongjiang Province alone, 14 graphite deposits are reported, with 1 occurrence near Jixi City reportedly containing 300 Mmt of surface-minable material (31) and another large deposit located in the Heling area of Boli County.

1987, Catharine T. Fogg, Edward H. Boyle, Jr., “Major CPEC Flake Graphite Producers”, in Flake and High Crystalline Graphite Availability—Market Economy Countries: A Minerals Availability Appraisal, number 9122, Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 40, column 1:

A prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China.


Jixi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 績溪／绩溪 (Jìxī).

A native of Chihsi hsien, Anhwei, Hu Shih was born in Shanghai.[…]Hu Shih and his mother returned to the family home in Chihsi in early 1895, but Hu Ch'uan remained in Taitung, where he was serving as prefectural magistrate and garrison commander, until summer.

[1968, “Hu Shih”, in Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, volume II, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 167:

Another Hu family, from Jixi County, sold tea; they were the ancestors of President Hu Jintao, whose father, while living in Jiangsu, tried to expand the tea business to Shanghai and Zhejiang, and exported tea leaves to Europe and the United States, wrote Lee Khoon Choy, a retired Singaporean journalist and politician, in a book, “Pioneers of Modern China.”

2012 March 29, Edward Wong, “In Rural China, Temples to Past Merchant Wealth Endure”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-03-30, Asia Pacific:


Nanling

According to The Paper, a news website, Mr. Liu was arrested early Friday at his home in Nanling County in the eastern province of Anhui.

2017 August 17, Amy Qin, “Chinese Novelist Is Arrested in 4 Murders From 2 Decades Ago”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-17, Asia Pacific:

The outbreak killed 80 of 459 hogs on a farm in Nanling county in Wuhu city, with the remaining 379 culled, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said on Thursday. The farm is 350 km (217 miles) directly west of Shanghai.

2018 August 30, Elias Glenn, Josephine Mason, “China reports fifth case of African swine fever”, in Mark Potter, Richard Pullin, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-02-24, World:


Yongding

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 永定 (Yǒngdìng).

It was never easy to get in or out of Chen Dong, in the rugged and mountainous southwestern corner of Yongding County in Fujian Province, near the border with Guangdong Province. For most of the 20th century, there were no paved roads in the area, so walking to the nearest town could take days.

2003 August 17, David W. Chen, “A China Odyssey Sheds Light on a Murky Past, and Hints at the Future”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-02-20, World:

Communal packed-earth buildings in China date back 6,000 years, but tulou took the style to a whole new level both in scale and sophistication. In 2008, Unesco recognised their importance and gave 46 buildings a World Heritage listing. Three clusters of tulou – Hongkeng, Gaobei and Chuxi – in Yongding district, near the border with Guangdong, account for 21 of them. However, the Lin elders tell me the listing has done little to help them, and tulou in various states of disrepair dot the countryside.

2017 October 17, “Inside Fujian’s Unesco-listed Hakka roundhouses: their history, architecture and why heritage status is mixed blessing”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-19, Travel & Leisure:

A district of Longyan, Fujian, China, formerly a county.

A government official in the Yongding district in Zhangjiajie, which oversees the suburban Xixiping neighbourhood, confirmed the blast but declined to give further details.

2008 July 2, Shipeng Guo, Benjamin Kang Lim, “China man blows up govt office and injures 12”, in Ben Tan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-23, World News:

A district of Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China.


Dianbai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 電白／电白 (Diànbái).

zh-l

電白／电白 (Diànbái)

After July 7, Dianbai become synonymous with another trend in China: widespread cheating on entrance examinations.[…]
In Dianbai, shops openly sold or rented pagers that could receive exam answers and display them on their screens.

2000 August 8, John Pomfret, “China Finds Rampant Cheating on College Test”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

There was paperwork to sign and a weekend to contend with before a day of travel from Beijing to Dianbai, the town the orphanage was in. When the bus arrived in Dianbai the orphanage director got on the bus and said we should go to our hotel in Maoming and the girls would be brought to us.

2003, Richard Mintzer, Yes, You Can Adopt!: A Comprehensive Guide to Adoption, Carroll & Graf Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 201:

A district and former county of Maoming, Guangdong, China.


Guiyu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴嶼／贵屿 (Guìyǔ).

In Guiyu Township, Chaoyang County, Guangdong, the average yield for potato is 9.75 t/ha and for winter sweetpotato yield is about 17.25 t/ha.

1996, Charles S. Gitomer, Potato and Sweetpotato in China: Systems, Constraints, and Potential, Lima, Peru: International Potato Center, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 56:

Following up news articles and e-mails from mainland China, BAN was directed to an e-waste processing area known as Guiyu on the Longdong River near the city of Shantou in the northeast [of] Guangdong Province, four hours by car from Hong Kong. In the course of three intensive days in and around Guiyu's four villages, the small investigative team witnessed firsthand what passes for recycling of e-waste in Asia.

2002, Jim Puckett, 5:35 from the start, in Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia, spoken by Mary Ryan, Basel Action Network, →OCLC:

On a recent morning in Guiyu, in Guangdong province, hundreds of men squatted in concrete-block sheds, sifting through computers and printers and breaking them into scrap with their bare hands.

2003 February 24, Peter S. Goodman, “China Serves As Dump Site For Computers”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-01:

The residents of Guiyu, including children, make their living sorting, dismantling and burning computer parts or bathing them in nitric and hydrochloric acids to recover precious metals.

2008 January 12, Jon Mooallem, “The risk-filled afterlife”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-14, International Business:

On seemingly every street, laborers sit on the pavement outside workshops ripping out the guts of household appliances with hammers and drills. The roads in Guiyu are lined with bundles of plastic, wires, cables and other garbage.

2013 May 30, Ivan Watson, “China: The electronic wastebasket of the world”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2013-05-31:

GUIYU, China (Reuters) - The dizzying stench of burning plastic still drifts through the alleys, workshops and warehouses of Guiyu, the southern Chinese town that has long symbolized China’s role as the main recycler of the world’s waste.[...]In the 2000s, Guiyu became a symbol of the environmental devastation caused by recycling hazardous waste with little regulation after being singled out by groups like Greenpeace and featuring in a string of international media reports. Trash is still the mainstay of Guiyu’s economy, but hundreds of recycling businesses have been consolidated or shut completely in recent years and authorities are now cracking down on smuggled waste, further starving small and polluting businesses of supplies. “Although the dismantling of old electronics is the leading industry in Guiyu, we should say it was more a profession than an industry,” said Zheng Jinxiong, vice chairman of a government commission tasked with running the recycling industry park, set up on the edge of town.

2018 January 23, David Stanway, “China trash town's cleanup bolstered by import ban”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-12-24:

For a long time, Guiyu in China was considered the world's biggest electronic trash dumping ground.

2018 February 14, Harald Franzen, “China cleans up electronic recycling”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-02-15, Environment:

Before writing his debut novel, The Waste Tide, a 2013 eco-thriller about a workers’ uprising in a futuristic dump called Silicon Isle, Chen spent time in the southeastern city of Guiyu, one of the world’s largest dumping grounds for electronic waste, observing migrant workers toil in the toxin-laden trash.

2021 March 9, Yi-Ling Liu, “Sci-Fi Writer or Prophet? The Hyperreal Life of Chen Qiufan”, in Wired.com, archived from the original on 2021-03-09:

A town in Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong, China.


Hulunbuir

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ
ᠪᠤᠢᠷ (kölön buir), from Hulun Lake and Buir Lake.

Before it disappeared from the scene, the Tsarist government had effected two slight alterations in the previous agreements, one of which would more accurately define the territorial limits of Outer Mongolia, and the other determine the status of Hulunbuir (Mongolian Barga), which was adjacent to the Province of Tsitsihar (in Manchuria), as well as that of Tannu-Urianhai.

1949, Michel N. Pavlovsky, Chinese-Russian Relations, New York: Philosophical Library, →OCLC, page 65:

Hailar is the former capital of the Huna League and since 1954 administrative center of the Hulunbuir League.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 239:

In November 1911, when China was preoccupied with the republican revolution, the Outer Mongolian lamas and princes nevertheless declared independence, and enthroned the Jebtsun-damba as the Bogdo-gegen or king. They were joined by Inner Mongolian dissidents and those of Hulunbuir.

1976, Sow-Theng Leong, Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917-1926, Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 71:

A high school student in the city of Hulunbuir said students rushed out of their school on Tuesday and destroyed a fence before paramilitary police swarmed in and tried to return them to class.

2020 September 3, Huizhong Wu, “Students in Inner Mongolia protest Chinese language policy”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-02-03:

A prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China.

Columbia University Press
Hulunbuir
Saul B. Cohen


Huludao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 葫蘆島／葫芦岛 (Húlúdǎo).

In the city of Huludao in Liaoning province, 17 miners died following a fire in the pit caused by sparks thrown off by welders, the State Administration of Work Safety reported on its website.

2015 December 17, “Chinese mine accidents leave as many as 36 dead”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-10-05:

With ages ranging from 4 to 69 years old, 3,090 girls and women participated in a world record-breaking largest bikini photo shoot on a beach in Huludao, Liaoning Province, China, in August 2011.

2019 October 11, “25 of the strangest Guinness World Records ever”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-10:

The city of Huludao in the province has asked residents to not use high-energy electronics like water heaters and microwaves during the peak power use periods from 10:00-12:00 am (0200-0400 GMT), 3:00-4:00 p.m. and 07:00-08:00 p.m.

2021 September 27, Shivani Singh, Min Zhang, Beijing newsroom, “China's power crunch begins to weigh on economic outlook”, in Ana Nicolaci da Costa, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-09-27, China:

Huludao’s Xingcheng county and two districts have ordered entertainment venues such as theatres and cinemas to close, while restaurants are not to offer banqueting services or cater for large gatherings.

2022 February 10, Zhuang Pinghui, “Omicron cases crash in ‘vital window’ for China city Baise’s outbreak battle”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-02-10, Science:

Lei said the smell of exhaust gas from chemical plants in Huludao’s Longgang district is noticeable almost every day. “Sometimes there isn’t a noticeable odor but it just chokes you and makes you want to cough,” he said.

2022 July 26, Christian Shepherd, Vic Chiang, “A Chinese artist fights pollution with rock music”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Asia:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China, formerly known as Jinxi.


Gulangyu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鼓浪嶼／鼓浪屿 (Gǔlàngyǔ).

ON approaching Amoy, (Hiámun ching, 夏門城,) from the southward, Chapel island, called by the Chinese Tungting 東椗 and situated in lat. 24° 10.'3 N., and long. 118° 13.'5 E., or 9.44 E. of the S.W. point of Kúláng seu 鼓浪嶼, may been seen from four to five leagues : it has an even surface, is about 200 feet high, and its circumference three cables. It is perforated at its southeast extreme, which shows when it bears E.N.E. or W.S.W.

[1843 August, “Sailing directions to accompany seven charts of the coast of China, between Amoy bay, and the Yángtsz’ kiáng.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume XII, number 8, Canton, →OCLC, page 401:

A large sign on Xiamen's Gulangyu Island, favored address for residents here, says "military zone, entry forbidden," closing off the portion of the island closest to the Nationalist islands.[…]
Gulangyu island has a spectacular crows-nest lookout reached by winding stone staircases. From so high, the Nationalist islands look like lumps of cookie batter dropped onto the smooth harbor, with picturesque sailing junks not far away.

1980 April 9 [1980 April 8], Jay Mathews, “Nationalist Islands Sound Siren Call to Mainland Chinese”, in The Washington Post, sourced from XIAMEN (Amoy), China, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28, Politics:

If Unesco accepts two new applications under consideration, China could become the country with the most heritage sites, surpassing Italy, which has 51. That landmark has been touted by Chinese state media as a major accomplishment. China’s second application under review this year covers Gulangyu, the pedestrian-only island near the city of Xiamen, in Fujian Province.

2017 July 6, Steven Lee Myers, “China Is Challenged on Bid for Unesco Heritage Status in Tibetan Area”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-07-06, Asia Pacific:


Chongming

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 崇明 (Chóngmíng, literally “Lofty & Bright”), initially given as the name of a town on the island in 705.

bor

(historical) A former town in Jiangsu, China.

Empty inside
Hu, who has worked in marketing and supply chains for French companies like personal-care giant L'Oreal and sports retailer Decathlon, said that in her career she "appeared happy on the outside, but felt empty inside."
She now sows organic, pesticide- and fertiliser-free sweet potatoes, long beans and other crops on rented plots of land with like-minded friends on Chongming, a large, primarily agricultural island on Shanghai's outskirts.[…]
Liang, who moved to Chongming three years ago, has had to rapidly learn horticulture -- his farmer neighbours and internet websites help -- while dabbling in side work online for extra income.

2021 November 17, “China's millennial 'new farmers' opt to live off the land”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-11-17:

An island at the mouth of the Yangtze River in eastern China.

At a regular press conference, an official from the Chongming district, an outlying island area, said most curbs would be kept in place, although it has reported zero cases outside quarantined areas and 90% of its 640,000-or-so residents were now in theory allowed to leave their homes.

2022 April 21, Brenda Goh, Ella Cao, Marius Zaharia, “Shanghai people 'not free to fly' out of homes as COVID cases tick back up”, in Simon Cameron-Moore, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-01:

A district of Shanghai, China, consisting of Chongming Island as well as Changxing, Hengsha, and other smaller islands in the Yangtze.


Tengchong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 騰衝／腾冲 (Téngchōng).

The Chinese didn’t relent, however, and despite huge losses to both forces, the Y Force eventually took the city on June 10. Now they had to turn their attention to the Japanese garrison city of Tengchung, forty miles to Lungling’s north, and to the long, impregnable, and still-Japanese-controlled ridge of Sungshan, which still imperiled the Burma Road and its Salween River crossing.

[2003, Donovan Webster, chapter 14, in The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 222–223:

Yet something is happening: On Sept. 14, in a ceremony at a war memorial in Tengchong, Yunnan, the remains of 19 soldiers of the Nationalist Chinese Expeditionary Force who died in Burma during World War II were reburied in China, a first since the Communists seized power in 1949.

2011 October 19, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “China Honors Its War Dead, but Quietly”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-01-28, ASIA PACIFIC:

Wang and Javid Zarif also reaffirmed their commitment to Iran's 2015 nuclear deal with world powers, according to the Chinese foreign ministry, an implicit rebuke of the United States for abandoning the accord during their Saturday meeting in China's southwestern Tengchong city.

2020 October 11, “China backs Iran nuclear deal, calls for new MidEast forum”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-10-11, Live news:

A county-level city in Baoshan, Yunnan, China.


Barkol

When Chinese come in contact with Mongols in such small numbers that they do not bring with them the disastrous economic and social forms of landlordism and economic subjection to the land, they do not have to underlive and drag down the Mongols, but are able to raise themselves to the Mongol level. A modern example of this type of social-tribal-“racial” transformation is to be found in the Barkol region of Chinese Turkistan, where in the mountains near the great caravan route from Kueihua to Kuch'engtzu the so-called Erh-hun-tzu or Bastards are a prosperous quasi-tribal group founded by the Chinese who have left the caravans and taken Mongol wives.

1935, Owen Lattimore, The Mongols Of Manchuria, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., →OCLC, page 231:

In October, 1931, when the Tung-kan rebel Ma Chung-ying had successfully captured Barkol (Chen-hsi) and Ha-mi, Chin signed a new agreement with the Soviets.

1944, Martin R. Norins, Gateway to Asia: Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West, New York: The John Day Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 16:

But it had just rained in Barkol and the dirt road outside the city was muddy. When people heard that we wanted to go to Mori across the grassland, they kindheartedly tried to dissuade us, saying there was no village and would be very few travellers on the way. If the jeep sank into mire, how could we pull it out?

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 122:

Although the area has been used by Kazaks off and on since the nineteenth century, the number of Kazaks in Barkol county was never very large. The pre-1949 population of Han Chinese at Barkol was already over 10,000, while Kazaks numbered less than 5,000. Nonetheless, after 1949, Barkol was designated a Kazak autonomous county, a status that continued despite an overwhelmingly Han Chinese population (see table 5.10).

1998, Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 158:

Uighur farmers hoe their farmlands to prepare for growing potatoes in Barkol Kazahk Autonomous county, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region May 4, 2014.

2014 July 28, Stian Reklev, “Drought hits China food production: Xinhua”, in Tom Hogue, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-23, Business News:

A Kazakh autonomous county in Hami prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Yanping

From Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 延平 (Yánpíng).

The Chinese String Puppet Show is a folk art with unique Chinese characteristics. The string puppets in Taqian Town, in Yanping District of Nanping City, Fujian Province, enjoy a long and rich history.

2002 October, Wang Shiliang, “Daqiang Puppets”, in China Tourism, number 267, H.K. China Tourism Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 80, column 2:

It must be pointed out that due to the intervention of the government in 1998; the snake god contest had new contents in its ceremony activities. For example, there is a placard with eye-catching slogan of "to revitalize Zhanghu by developing economy" at the forefront of the parade and a rostrum at the centre of the town for the authorities of the government in Yanping district, Nanping and those of the town. All of the parades were expected to pass by here and put on a show.

2012, Ma Guoqing, “Globalization: Production of Culture and Cultural Identity — Ethnic Group, Local Society and Transnational Cultural Circle”, in Deng Zhenglai, editor, Globalization and Localization: The Chinese Perspective, volume 3, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 214:


Shaoshan

Mao Tse-tung, for example, leader of Communist China, was born in Shaoshan, province of Hunan, the son of a well-to-do farmer.

1954 April 14, Carolyn Wells, “Internationally Speaking...”, in The Agnes Scott News, volume XXXIX, number 15, Decatur, GA: Agnes Scott College, page 1:

During the days honouring Chairman Mao's memory on the first anniversary of his passing away, people of Shaoshan, his home village, recalled his revolutionary activities in leading them in the peasant movement and his concern about their struggle and livelihood.
Shaoshan people talked about how Chairman Mao set up the first Communist Party branch in Shaoshan, kindling the sparks of revolution.

1977 September 19 [1977 September 17], “Mao's Home Village Recalls His Revolutionary Activities”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 181, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA, →ISSN, →OCLC, page H 1:

Trade in Mao memorabilia is big business in the Chinese city of Shaoshan, birthplace of the Great Helmsman.

2010 June 25, “A Mao Trinket Must Look Like Mao, Not Elvis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-06-30, Week in Review:

Prosperity has certainly come to Shaoshan, located in the south-central Hunan province. The town has a massive “red tourism” industry, with a museum, a library, a cultural centre and soon a theatre, all dedicated to Mao.

2013 December 27, “120th anniversary sees tourists flood birthplace of father of modern China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2013-12-28:

A county-level city in Xiangtan, Hunan, China.


Medog

Their trek took them across the snowbound Gawalung pass from the Lhasa-Sichuan road and then south along the Tsangpo to Medog, a garrison town near the Indian border.

2002, Michael McRae, The Siege of Shangri-La, New York: Broadway Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 124:

At present, there are only three routes to Medog on foot.

2005, 成卫东 [Cheng Weidong], 雪域寻梦 [Dreams of Snow Land], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 135:

China announced Thursday that it had connected a Tibetan county, Medog, to the nation’s highway system, ending the relative isolation of the area. Until Wednesday, Medog, in the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, was the last county in China with no highway linking it to the outside world, officials said.

2010 December 16, Edward Wong, “Isolated County in Tibet Is Linked to Highway System”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-07-25, Asia Pacific:

The Lhoba people are a small, ancient, tribal ethnic group from the Himalayas and are located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Medog County is rich in biocultural diversity. For a long time, Medog has been almost isolated from the outside world. The Lhoba people, who live in Medog, have maintained a relatively unique lifestyle and have accumulated rich traditional knowledge (TK), especially about medicinal and edible plants.

2020 March 1, Yang, J. et al., “Medicinal and edible plants used by the Lhoba people in Medog County, Tibet, China”, in Journal of Ethnopharmacology, volume 249, →DOI, article 112430:

A county of Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

墨脫

county in Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Bo'ao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 博鰲／博鳌 (Bó'áo).

On April 16th, a Japanese landing party, covered by warships and aeroplanes, effected a landing at Poao on the eastern coast of Hainan Island in face of the Chinese force and occupied the port.

[1938, Tokyo Gazette, volume 2, →OCLC, page 35:

Beimen beach is just north of Bo'ao port, seaward of the village.

1988, Susana Salas Frazier, John G. Frazier, et al., “Sea Turtles in Fujian and Guangdong Provinces”, in 两栖爬行行动学报 [Acta Herpetologica Sinica], volume 1, Science Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 37:

And a spectacular international conference center in a resort town called Bo'ao is being promoted as China's answer to Davos, Switzerland, where each January the annual World Economic Forum of business leaders, government officials, activists and intellectuals is held.[…]
Investors have taken notice. Li Ka-shing, the Hong Kong billionaire, is scouting development projects here. And Citic Pacific, a huge Hong Kong conglomerate, plans to spend hundreds of millions of dollars over the next few years to develop residential and commercial property in Bo'ao.

2005 January 18, David Barboza, “China's Latest Capitalist Beachhead”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, Business:

In this photo released by China's Xinhua News Agency, Chinese president Xi Jinping delivers a speech via video link to the opening ceremony of the Bo'ao Forum For Asia in Bo'ao in southern China's Hainan Province, April 21, 2022.

2022 April 21, “China's Xi says international disputes should be resolved via dialogue, not sanctions”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2022-04-21:


Wenchuan

Borrowed from the Mandarin 汶川 (Wènchuān).

On the evening of March 6, Wenchuan was reached, and a fairly comfortable inn was found in which they made their headquarters for some time.

1911, W. N. Ferguson, Adventure, Sport and Travel on the Tibetan Steppes, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →OCLC, page 87:

At 2:28 p. m. on Monday, exactly a week after an 8.0-magnitude earthquake jolted Wenchuan, the 1.3-billion Chinese people stopped to observe three minutes in silence for the victims.

2011, “Wenchuan And Yushu Quakes”, in 听听中国怎么说 [China Invites The World To Listen], Beijing, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 271:

After Wenchuan County officials announced the day of thanksgiving to mark the anniversary on Saturday, the state news media described “beautiful, tidy buildings” that now populate the most ravaged disaster zone.

2018 May 10, Tiffany May, “10 Years After Tragic Quake, China Calls for ‘Thanksgiving’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-05-10, ASIA PACIFIC:

Though An An’s exact birthday isn’t clear, records show he was born in 1986 in Sichuan, China.
He originally lived at the Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan’s Wenchuan County until his transfer to Ocean Park.

2022 July 21, Cortney Moore, “World's oldest male panda, An An, dies at age 35 in Hong Kong”, in Fox News, archived from the original on 2022-07-21, Asia:

A county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China.


Dushanzi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 獨山子／独山子 (Dúshānzǐ).

By mid-1960 track had been laid to within 200 miles of Urumchi; but by mid-1961 it remained uncompleted, possibly because of a lack of steel for rails. From Urumchi, it was planned to extend the line westward past the oilfields at Tushantzu, into the Dzhungarian Gate.

[1962, W. A. Douglas Jackson, “Sino-Soviet Relations and the Communist Revolution”, in The Russo-Chinese Borderlands: Zone of Peaceful Contact or Potential Conflict?, 2nd edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., published 1968, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 91:

An oil field was discovered at Karamai in 1955, the first of a number to be found in Dzungaria. This oil find has greatly helped China’s industrial development, and the oil fields are now linked to Lanchow by pipeline and by rail. Large refineries have been built at Lanchow and at Tushantzu in Dzungaria.

[1971, Robert Clayton, “Sinkiang”, in China (Finding Out About GEOGRAPHY), New York: John Day Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12, column 1:

Petroleum is by far the most important fuel resource in Xinjiang. Initial commercial petroleum production dates from about 1940, when the relatively small Dushanzi field was developed, largely by the Soviets, some fifteen miles southeast of Wusu, a highway junction west of Urumqi.

1979, Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949-1977, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

On February 16, 1944, China and Russia signed the Resource Sale Agreement, by which the USSR sold all its buildings and facilities at the Tu-shan-tzu oil fields to China for $1.7 million (U.S. dollars).

[1987, Arthur C. Hasiotis, Jr., Soviet Political, Economic, and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949, Garland Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 127:

“It is hugely difficult to build a new refinery out of the Gobi Desert. We have pushed it back by about a year,” a company source told Reuters by telephone from Dushanzi city in Xinjiang region, near the Kazakhstan border.

2008 January 3, Aizhu Chen, “RPT-UPDATE 2-PetroChina delays refinery, petchem unit to end '08”, in Ramthan Hussain, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-21, Oil and Gas:


Qinhuangdao

From the Hanyu Pinyin Qínhuángdǎo romanization of the Mandarin 秦皇島／秦皇岛 (Qínhuángdǎo).

A 221‐mile oil pipeline has been completed from the North China port of Chinhuangtao to Peking, the official Hsinhua news agency reported today.

[1975 July 9 [1975 July 8], “China Completes Pipeline”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-02-07, page 64:

In Funing county of Hopei province, in the opposite direction to Chinhuangtao, if you go from Peitaiho, we saw then a reservoir built in 1959 to tame the Yangho River which had been a menace in the past.

[1978 December, Ruth Weiss, “Peitaiho—Vistas from a Seaside Resort”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVII, number 12, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 37, column 1:

In addition, on the basis of making full use of Dalian and Qinhuangdao ports for exports, we should fully use Qingjin and Luojin ports in the DPRK to expand our province's export commodity capacity.

1984 December 26 [1984 September 20], Chen Lei, “Further Emancipate the Mind and Penetratingly Carry Out Reform and Open-Door Policy”, in China Report: Economic Affairs, number 84-107, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →OCLC, page 18:

The suspect, a 27-year-old hospital employee who had no known motive, was arrested after the attacks, the Qinhuangdao City Public Security Bureau said in a statement online. The stabbings took place Thursday morning in Beidaihe, a resort area in the Hebei Province city of Qinhuangdao, about 180 miles east of Beijing.

2014 November 20, Austin Ramzy, “Man Stabs 7 Hospital Workers to Death in China, Police Say”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-11-20, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Hebei, China.


Xisha

Columbia University Press
Frederick A. Praeger
Saul B. Cohen
Xisha (disambiguation)

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 西沙 (Xīshā, literally “western sand”).

Only last month, China established Xisha District (西沙) on Woody Island (Yongxing Island, 永興島) and Nansha District (南沙) on the reef, both of which fall under Sansha, a prefecture-level city established in 2012.

2020 May 27, Li-shih Lu, “China’s expanding military reach”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-06-03, Editorials, page 8:

Holotype. ♂, China, Hainan Province, Yongxing Island, Xisha District, Sansha City, 23-III-2017, coll. Bo CAI, yellow pan traps (NJFU).[…]
Etymology. The specific epithet is named after Xisha District, Hainan Province, where the species was first discovered.

2021 [2020], Yu Zhou [周玉], Bo Cai [蔡波], Cuiqing Gao [高翠青], “A new species of Geocoris Fallén (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Geocoridae) from Hainan Province, China [中国海南大眼长蝽属一新种（半翅目：异翅亚目：大眼长蝽科）]”, in Entomotaxonomia [昆虫分类学报], volume 43, number 1, published 2021, →DOI, →ISSN Invalid ISSN, archived from the original on 2024-03-06, pages 4-5:

Sansha City has two districts, both created in April 2020.²¹² The Xisha District (西沙区) People’s Government is based on Woody Island and has jurisdiction over the Paracel Islands and Zhongsha Islands.²¹³ The Nansha District (南沙区) People’s Government is based on Fiery Cross Reef and has jurisdiction over the Spratly Islands.²¹⁴ Each district assumably has a district party committee as well.²¹⁵ Though publicly available information on these new districts is scarce, the establishment of Xisha District and Nansha District will likely improve Sansha’s administrative capacity and expand localized policymaking.²¹⁶

2021 January, Zoe Haver, “China Maritime Report No. 12: Sansha City in China's South China Sea Strategy: Building a System of Administrative Control”, in CMSI China Maritime Reports, number 12, China Maritime Studies Institute [中国海事研究所], →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-05, page 29:

On 18 April 2020, Chinese media reported on the State Council’s decision to set up two administrative units on islands in the South China Sea.⁷ This „major administrative move” meant that the Xisha district would be used for controlling Paracel Islands and surrounding waters and the Nansha district for governing the Spratly Islands and surrounding waters in the heart of the area contested by six regional countries.

2022, Dragana Mitrovic [Драгана Д. Митровић], “Pandemic's effects on China's foreign policy and its global power role”, in Srpska politička misao [Српска политичка мисао], volume 29, number 75, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-05-14, pages 150-151:

Српска политичка мисао


Nansha

en-proper noun

Nansha (usually uncountable, plural Nanshas)

From the Mandarin Chinese 南沙 (Nánshā) Wade–Giles romanization: Nan²-sha¹, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

On April 28, 2005, the State Council approved a new scheme of district administration in Guangzhou.[...]The southern part of Panyu was upgraded into an independent urban district, Nansha district.

2010, Martin King Whyte, editor, One Country, Two Societies: Rural-Urban Inequality in Contemporary China, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 408:

Nansha District is the former Guangzhou Nansha Economic and Technological Development Zone that was established in 1993³ and was separated from Panyu District in 2005, representing the spatial and strategic importance of the region in Guangzhou's future development.

2017, Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China, Springer, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 39:

The world’s most indebted property developer on Jan. 26 transferred its control over a theme park called Evergrande Fairyland in the Nansha district of Guangzhou to Minmetals International Trust Co, according to the records.

2022 February 25, Clare Jim, “Two more Evergrande property assets taken over by state-owned firms”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-07, 公司新闻(英文):

A district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

The Nansha District (南沙区) People’s Government is based on Fiery Cross Reef and has jurisdiction over the Spratly Islands.²¹⁴ Each district assumably has a district party committee as well.²¹⁵ Though publicly available information on these new districts is scarce, the establishment of Xisha District and Nansha District will likely improve Sansha’s administrative capacity and expand localized policymaking.²¹⁶

Српска политичка мисао


North China Plain

It is probable that, as the campaign progresses, the Manchurian Communists will be able to secure a foothold on the North China Plain.

1948 June 12, Lewis Clark, “The Minister-Counselor of Embassy in China (Clark) to the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth)”, in Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, volume VII, Nanking: Government Printing Office, published 1973, →OCLC, page 296:

The predominantly calcareous alluvium of the North China plain and the summer rainfall have made the region one of the most important agricultural areas of China.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 99:

The North China Plain, extending across 14 million hectares (35 million acres), was a hotspot for extreme heat and ozone pollution in China, wrote the Chinese and US researchers behind the study.

2022 April 20, Echo Xie, “Dead heat by 2050: massive North China area to be hotspot for killer mix of heatwaves and surface ozone, study finds”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2022-04-20:

A large alluvial plain of northern China, bordered to the north by the Yanshan Mountains, to the west by the Taihang Mountains and Funiu Mountains, to the southwest by the Dabie Mountains and Tongbai Mountains, and to the east by the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and merging with the Jianghuai Plains to the south.


Jiuzhaigou

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 九寨溝／九寨沟 (Jiǔzhàigōu).

zh-l

九寨溝／九寨沟 (Jiǔzhàigōu)

Taxi - Taking a taxi from Jiuzhaigou County to the scenic area is about RMB 10.

2004, Intercontinental's Best of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 420:

From January 2013 to October 2013, Songpan County, which includes the Huanglong preserve, had 3.22 million visitors,[…]Jiuzhaigou County had 4.76 million visitors last year.

2014 June 13, Edward Wong, “In China, Negotiating Peaks and Police”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-06-14, Travel:

Fallen trees are seen blocking a road after an earthquake in Jiuzhaigou county, Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan province, China August 8, 2017.

2017 August 8, Ben Blanchard, Nick Macfie, “Four dead as quake strikes in remote part of China's Sichuan province”, in Andrew Bolton, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-08-11, Environment:


Lop Nur

From Uyghur لوپنۇر (lopnur), from Written Oirat ᠯᠣ᠊ᠫ
ᠨᡇᡇᠷ (Lob nuur), from ᠯᠣ᠊ᠫ (Lob) + ᠨᡇᡇᠷ (nuur, “lake”), where the former is itself of unknown origin from older times, possibly Old Uyghur. Compare Mandarin 羅布淖爾／罗布淖尔 (Luóbùnào'ěr), 羅布泊／罗布泊 (Luóbù pō, “Lop Lake”).

Kennedy at the time was greatly concerned over reports that the Chinese Communists were secretly conducting nuclear explosions at Lop Nor in Northwest China—a sure indication they were working on atomic weapons. This was the period when Moscow and Peking were still close to each other, otherwise it might have been possible for the United States to devise a way to neutralize Peking's nuclear potential at an early stage. At their meeting Kennedy asked Chen many questions about Lop Nor. Could he have been thinking of a preventive surgical strike?

[1983, James C. H. Shen, “Rejoining the Government”, in Robert Myers, editor, The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally, Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 39:

I've taken camels over the forbidding Kum Tagh sand dunes and crossed the 200-kilometre-long dried-up lake-bed of Lop Nur.

1998, John Hare, The Lost Camels of Tartary: A Quest Into Forbidden China, Abacus, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 4:

It also seems apparent that he fought with the Red tribes against Germany. His symbol was found by Sven Hedin even as far away as in Lop Nur in China (see Figs. 45-48).

2016 [1924], Hermann Wieland, translated by Gregory Klanderud, Atlantis, Edda & Bible, Hermitage Helm, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 203:

Many visitors to Xīnjiāng will experience this huge expanse during their travels or can arrange camel-trekking tours and expeditions through its vast sand dunes. China’s biggest shifting salt lake, Lop Nur (the site of China’s nuclear bomb tests) is also here.

2015 May, Damian Harper et al., China (Lonely Planet), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 982:

U.S. concerns about Beijing’s possible breaches of a “zero yield” standard for test blasts have been prompted by activities at China’s Lop Nur nuclear test site throughout 2019, the State Department report said.
Zero yield refers to a nuclear test in which there is no explosive chain reaction of the type ignited by the detonation of a nuclear warhead.
“China’s possible preparation to operate its Lop Nur test site year-round, its use of explosive containment chambers, extensive excavation activities at Lop Nur and a lack of transparency on its nuclear testing activities ... raise concerns regarding its adherence to the zero yield standard,” the report said without providing evidence of a low-yield test.

2020 April 15, Jonathan Landay, “China may have conducted low-level nuclear test blasts, U.S. says”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-04-16, World News:

A largely dried up salt lake, known for being used as a nuclear testing site, located in southeastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.


Yangjingbang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 洋涇浜／洋泾浜 (Yángjīngbāng).

Holonym: Shanghai

Some of the famous inns like the Taian Inn and the Qianyi Inn located in the Jiaji Long (lane) to the north of Yangjingbang (the present Yanan Road, East) started their business in a lane.

1985, Jia You, “GENERAL ASPECTS OF STREET-LANES IN SHANGHAI”, in Min Dayong, transl., Anecdotes of Old Shanghai, 1st edition, Shanghai Cultural Publishing House, →OCLC, page 137:

The French Concession lay between the walled Chinese city and Yang-ching-pang Creek, later filled in and called Edward VII Avenue. The British Settlement stretched from Yang-ching-pang to Soochow Creek while the American settlement consisted of a piece of land fronting the river to the north-east of Soochow Creek.

[1990, Harriet Sergeant, “A Simple Equation – The Rise of a Great City”, in Shanghai: Collision Point of Cultures, 1918-1939, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 18:

Rows of simply constructed, single-story wooden houses appeared literally overnight along the Bund, in the northwest part of the British Settlement, as well as on the banks of Yangjingbang, the creek that separated the British and French settlements.

1999, Hanchao Lu, “Going to Shanghai”, in Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century, University of California Press, published 2004, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 33:

By 1848 this boundary had been pushed westwards to today’s Central Tibet Road (formerly known as Defence Creek) and bounded by Suzhou Creek to the north and by the Yangkingpang Creek (today’s East Yan’an Road) to the south. The British were adamant about keeping their +70-acre area free of Chinese residents.

[2013, Paul Mooney, Peter Hibbard, “Getting Around Shanghai”, in Beijing & Shanghai: China's Hottest Cities, Odyssey Books & Maps, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 338:

(historical) A former tributary of the Huangpu, Shanghai, China.


Huangpu

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 黃埔／黄埔 (Huángpǔ).

An explosion hit an oil refinery in Guangzhou, in the Guangdong province in South China early on Thursday, triggering a fire, the Hong Kong Free Press reported.
According to the report, the blast occurred in an industrial zone in Huangpu district and no casualties have been reported.

2015 December 23, Apeksha Nair, “Explosion hits Guangzhou oil refinery - media”, in Sandra Maler, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-11, World News:

A district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China


Leizhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 雷州 (Léizhōu).

A peninsula in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.

APRIL 28, GUANGDONG PROVINCE
Chen Kangbing, 33, broke into a primary school in Leizhou, Guangdong province, and stabbed 16 students and one teacher with a knife. He had been laid off as a teacher at a nearby school district.

2010 May 12, Lucy Hornby, Huang Yan, “Factbox: Attacks on Chinese schools this year”, in Jeremy Laurence, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-15, World News:

A county-level city in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.


Shanyang

Translingual: Shanyangosaurus

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 山陽／山阳 (Shānyáng).

The guerrilla base in southern Shensi was founded by a part of the main force of the Central Plains Liberation Army and included Lushih and Hsichuan in western Honan and Lonan and Shanyang in southern Shensi.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume I, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 118:

My presumption is that this same mechanism was at work in two counties in Shaanxi Province, as recorded in county gazetteers. In Qianyang County, during the Cleansing of Class Ranks campaign of 1968-69 that put to an end the Cultural Revolution fighting, 152 households were newly labeled as landlord and 130 as rich peasant, while in Shanyang County over a thousand households were re-labeled as landlords or rich peasants.

2002, Jonathan Unger, “The Cultural Revolution in the Villages”, in The Transformation of Rural China, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 65:

Sludge spewed into the Shuanghe River and Donghe River in Shaanxi province’s Shanyang county when the spillway collapsed early on Tuesday, Xinhua said.[…]
In April, ore tailings from another vanadium mine in Shanyang county polluted and literally blackened three rivers, state media reported at the time.

2008 July 23, Beijing Newsroom, “Vanadium mine leak taints rivers in northwest China”, in Guo Shipeng, Nick Macfie, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-26, Environment:


Nanhui New City

c. 2012, partial calque from Mandarin 南匯新城／南汇新城 (Nánhuì Xīnchéng).

南匯新城／南汇新城 (Nánhuì Xīnchéng)

The 20.2 mile (32.5 km) long box girder structure with a central cable-stayed section connects Luchao Port in Nanhui New City in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai with the deep-sea port of Yangshan in Zhejiang Province.

2013, Wolfgang Kunth, editor, Terra Maxima: the Records of Humankind, Firefly Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 366:

While in Shanghai we also visited the city's future economic engine, its new Free Trade Zone called Nanhui New City, and we gained diverse perspectives of Shanghai’s emerging issues from conversations with leaders in media, education, and the non-profit sector.

2014, Samuel Kim, John Lim, “Mutual Sharing: Learning and Service”, in Experiencing Asia: Essays from the Asia Leadership Trek, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 34–35:

A decent portion of Nanhui New City, on the far outskirts of Shanghai's Pudong district, has already been built.

2015, Wade Shepard, Ghost Cities of China: The Story of Cities without People in the World's Most Populated Country, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=5uhiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT56:

A town & planned city in Pudong district, Shanghai, China.


Nanhui

-- China’s State Council has approved the merger of the Shanghai Pudong New District with the neighbouring Nanhui district, the Shanghai municipal government said.[...]
-- The Pudong district of Shanghai, the country’s financial and commercial hub, is about to more than double in size as it will merge with neighbouring Nanhui district.

2009 May 6, “UPDATE 1-PRESS DIGEST - China - May 7”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-07, Banks:

The city’s anti-corruption watchdog announced that Wu Zhongquan, former director of the Construction and Transportation Commission in Shanghai’s Minhang district, and Tang Guiming, former party secretary of Xuanqiao county in the now defunct Nanhui district were being investigated for “serious disciplinary violations”, a phrase routinely used as a euphemism for corruption.
Also being investigated were Zhu Jinhua, former deputy director of the urban planning and land management department in Nanhui, and Zhang Wenjun, former bureau chief of Nanhui’s housing and land administration bureau.

2014 September 24, “Shanghai graft probe ensnares 11 officials”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-10-13, China:

(historical) A district of Shanghai, China.


Hengyang

Borrowed from Mandarin 衡陽／衡阳 (Héngyáng).

A publication circulated recently in the Hengyang area of Hunan Province called on the mainland people to rise against Communism to uphold freedom and democracy, an intelligence report from the mainland said.

1979 July 15, “Publication for freedom”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 27, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

This is not the first time a city in China has clamped down on Christmas merriment. Last December, Hengyang, a city in Hunan province, issued a stern notice asking Communist Party officials and their relatives to “resist the rampant Western festival.”

2018 December 19, Tiffany May, “Chinese City Bans Christmas Displays Amid Religious Crackdown”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-12-19, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Hunan, China.


Chuguchak

My four months on the desert road to Turkestan were the first part of a journey overland from Peking to India. The Mongolian journey I made alone in 1926, but early in the following year my wife joined me at Chuguchak, on the Siberian border, and together we traveled on through Chinese Central Asia and over the Karakoram route to Leh, Kashmir, and India.

1929, Owen Lattimore, “Preface”, in The Desert Road To Turkestan, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, →OCLC, page vii:

THE decision having been reached to send me to Sinkiang, the question arose as to how I was to get there. Urumchi can be reached from three directions ; from Kashmir in India across the Himalaya, Karakoram and Pamir to Kashgar, and thence a further journey of near a thousand miles through Eastern Turkistan to Urumchi ; from China across the Gobi desert to Hami and thence on across the T'ien Shan range to Urumchi ; and via the Trans-Siberian and Turkistan-Siberian railways through Russian Central Asia to the Chinese frontier town of Chuguchak (Ta-ch'eng) and thence by cart or motor truck across the Dzungarian steppe to Urumchi.

1937, Sir Eric Teichman, Journey to Turkistan, Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 27:

Tatar commercial penetration into new regions of Central and Eastern Asia very often preceded Russian political expansion. Tatars appeared in Manchuria, the Far East, and Tuva (called the Urjankhai region before the revolution of 1917) even before the appearance of Russian administration there. Tatar merchants were involved in trade with China, especially Sinkiang, and gained a foothold in the border market of Chuguchak as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century.

1960, Serge A. Zenkovsky, Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 21:

By chance—ill chance, as it had turned out—Georg Vasel, the young German airfield engineer, found himself at the remote town of Chuguchak on the Sinkiang-Soviet border at the time. It was an unhealthy place for a European just then, and it was from a prison yard that Vasel watched ‘regiment after regiment’ marching through the snow towards Urumchi, followed by ‘greyish-green monsters - armoured cars with machine-guns mounted on their steel turrets’.

1985, Peter Hopkirk, Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia, W. W. Norton and Co., →ISBN, →OCLC, page 226:

Eleanor chronicled both her solo journey from Beijing via the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Novosibirsk and Semipalatinsk and then via sled in the dead of winter to Chuguchak and the couple's subsequent travels in Turkestan Reunion. Their odyssey together across Xinjiang provided the framework for Lattimore's much broader cultural and historical observations in High Tartary.

1995 April 16, Orville Schell, “THE STRANGE ORDEAL OF OWEN LATTIMORE”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-12-08:

(dated) Tacheng (a city in Xinjiang, China).


Songhua

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of 松花 (sōnghuā) in 松花江 (Sōnghuā Jiāng).

The water quality of the Songhua River (Northeast China) was of concern, especially in the 1980s and early 1990s, and there were many studies carried out on this aspect. However, only one or several independent water quality indices were used to consider the effects of pollutants on the water quality, for instance, heavy metal and toxic organic pollutants. The combined effects of multiple indices were seldom studied. In this article, based on the environmental monitoring data, the water quality of the Songhua River was analyzed using factor analysis, which comprehensively considered six indices of water quality of each monitoring section.

2003 April, Yu, S. et al., “Factor Analysis and Dynamics of Water Quality of the Songhua River, Northeast China”, in Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, volume 144, number 1, archived from the original on 2024-10-17, pages 159–169:

The reports, including some from the official Xinhua news agency, suggested that officials here and in Jilin Province, where the disaster occurred 380 kilometers, or 235 miles, up the Songhua River, lied or told only part of the story until they had no choice but to admit the truth.[…]
"They were trying to lie and get by," said Qi Guangzhong, 64, as he walked along the Songhua River on Friday. "The government wanted to hide this."

2005 November 25, Jim Yardley, “China tried to keep benzene spill secret”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-08-29, Asia Pacific:

The study site of the Songhua River is located in the Heilongjiang Province on the territory of Northern China. The Songhua flows from south west to northeast near the center of Harbin, having a length of about 50 km within the city. The Songhua is a plains river with a sandy bottom and meandering bed. The fairway width ranges from 400 to 800 m, depth from 2 to 12 m. Bottom sediments of the Songhua nearby Harbin, as compared to other rivers and lakes of Northern China, contain particularly high concentrations of Pb, Zn and Ni, as well as appreciable levels of Cd and As [6, 12].

May 2020, Zarykhta, V.V. et al., “Differential Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soft Tissues of Three Bivalvian Species from the Songhua River near Harbin (China)”, in Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, volume 56, number 2, pages 125–132:

A river in Northeast China which is the longest tributary of the Amur.


Zurong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 足榮／足荣 (Zúróng).

The medium-risk zones are mainly located in the western region of DeBao County, which mainly includes JingDe and DongLing. The lower risk zones exist mainly in ZuRong, and the lowest risk zones are in RongHua.

[2017 August 21, Jiajun Zeng, Guoru Huang, “Set pair analysis for karst waterlogging risk assessment based on AHP and entropy weight”, in Hydrology Research, volume 49, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1153:

Officials working in Zurong town’s Bainong village have recently assumed new duties. For example, they deliver fresh vegetables and pork to the Bainong Oil Pressing Plant in the village every day in order to ensure that everyone working there can have a good meal each day.

2020 June 16, Wang Jinli, “Poverty alleviation factories resume operations in Guangxi”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2021-04-29:

The content of soil organic matter is between 12.1 and 49.3 g/kg, with an average value of 27.5 g/kg, which is moderate, while the average content of organic matter in Najia Town, Zurong Town and Du’an Town is 38.0, 33.5 and 32.5 g/kg, respectively, which is within the high range.

2022 December, Zhipeng Liang et al., “Evaluation of Soil NutrientStatus Based on LightGBM Model:An Example of Tobacco Planting Soilin Debao County, Guangxi”, in Applied Sciences, volume 12, number 23, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-09:


Dabancheng

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 達坂城／达坂城 (Dábǎnchéng).

On arrival of the news at Urumtsi, a panic occurred amongst the officials and Chinese population, and So and Yang seized the opportunity to incite the Mahomedan population in the country round to attack the town of Ta-pan Ch’êng, not far distant from Urumtsi.

[1882 [1881 April 21], Translation of the Peking Gazette for 1881, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 49:

Work on the Tien Shan tunnel project at Tapancheng will also be advanced in the beginning of May.

[1958, Survey of China Mainland Press, numbers 1762-1781, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29:

Beyond a large salt lake is the town of Dabancheng, where buses sometimes stop at the lively Peasant-Farmers Market. The ladies of old Dabancheng were made famous by an Uygur folksong praising their beautiful long plaits. Beyond the town are the ruins of a fort built in 1870 by Yakub Beg of Kashgar and destroyed soon after by the Qing- dynasty army that was sent to put down the rebellion.
From Dabancheng the road begins its descent into the Turpan Depression, leaving the railway and weaving through the rocky White Poplar Gully.

1993, Judy Bonavia, The Silk Road From Xi'an to Kashgar, Passport Books, NTC Publishing Group, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 212:

At Dabancheng, in Xinjiang province in the northwest, China is building a wind farm that could one day be the largest in the world. Chinese wind engineers are calling it the “Three Gorges of the sky” after the dam.

2010, Neil Morris, The Energy Mix, Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

In 2009, the Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Dabancheng District to jointly build the “China Wind Valley”, and started building the largest experimental wind farm and a demonstration wind farm of 50,000 kilowatts; In December, the maximum power wind generating set of 3 MW was successfully set and debugged to operate at the Dabancheng experimental wind farm.

2014, 李欣凭 [Li Xinping], 活力新疆 [Modern Xinjiang], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 115–116:

Some prison-style facilities like the one outside Kashgar are new. Other existing sites have been expanded with higher-security areas. New buildings added to Xinjiang's largest camp, in Dabancheng, near Urumqi, last year stretched to almost a mile in length, Ruser said.

2020 September 23, Anna Fifield, “China is building vast new detention centers for Muslims in Xinjiang”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-09-24, Asia & Pacific:

A detention facility in Dabancheng, Xinjiang, last year. Former detainees have described physical abuse, mistreatment and hours of indoctrination in official Communist Party ideology.

2022 August 25, Nick Cumming-Bruce, Austin Ramzy, “U.N. Report on Rights Abuses in Xinjiang May Be Delayed Again”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-25, Asia Pacific:


Yangshuo

Borrowed from Mandarin 陽朔／阳朔 (Yángshuò).

On December 10, 1851 the court issued a seemingly self-confident and boastful edict,¹¹ in which it stated that Yung-an was being surrounded by imperial troops under Saishanga, who had been stationed at Yangshuo 陽朔 ; it announced, with reference to the Taiping movement, that "this wriggling little band of wretches has now become as a wandering ghost at the bottom of a caldron; whenever the day is selected it can immediately be crushed with a single blow"; and it promised that ample funds for suppressing the Taipings would be forthcoming as long as they were needed.

1958, Edwin George Beal, Jr., 釐金制度之起源 [The Origin of Likin, 1853-1864], Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

To sail downstream from Kweilin between the green hills that line the banks of the Likiang around Yangshuo is a never-to-be-forgotten experience. As another popular saying has it: “Even more beautiful than the scenery of Kweilin is that of Yangshuo.”

1964, 任育地 [Jen Yu-ti], 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 201:

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.[...]This was the county of Yang-shuo that we had come to see. The respective beauties of Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo have been debated by visitors over the centuries, some extolling one and some the other.

[1977, Yee Chiang, “Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo”, in China Revisited, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 153, 155:

Though Yangshuo County agencies did not respond to requests for interviews, the park proposal suggests a sense of rivalry with Guilin and the Li River. In it, officials note that while Guilin and the Li River were designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations last year, Yangshuo County was named as having the single best karst landscape by Chinese National Geographic magazine.

2015 September 14, Edward Wong, “Bucolic River in Southern China Seeks a Place Among Busier Rivals”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-16, Asia Pacific: