Langshan

A mountain range in Inner Mongolia, China.

The growth of Langshan was a different story. The Buddhist monastery Guangjiao (Broad Teaching) for which Langshan was noted can be traced back to the Tang dynasty, when the hill it now stands on was still an island in the Yangzi, and a ferry was used for pilgrimages. Langshan subsequently became one of the earliest small towns in Nantong, for the thousands of visitors who were attracted by the monastery and the vistas of the river demanded restaurants, inns, snack shops, joss stick and candle shops, and other services.

2003, Qin Shao, “The Model in Space and Time”, in Culturing Modernity: The Nantong Model, 1890-1930, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 71:


Haimen

Borrowed from Mandarin 海門／海门 (Hǎimén, literally “sea gate”).

At the mouth of the Yangtze, population-density on the island of Tsungming and the peninsula Haimen reaches an exaggerated figure, the one of 1475, the other of 700 inhabitants per square kilometre.

1926, Paul Vidal de La Blache, translated by Millicent Todd Bingham, Principles of Human Geography, London: Constable Publishers, published 1959, →OCLC, page 76:

Japanese authorities served notice today that they intended to land troops at Haimen, 200 miles down the coast from Shanghai, later tomorrow in a new move to tighten the China coast blockade.

1939 February 17, “JAPANESE TO SEIZE NEW COASTAL AREA; Foreign Shipping Is Warned of Move to Tighten Blockade South of Shanghai FRENCH IN HANKOW CLASH Gunboat to Aid Americans at Kuling--Invaders Shifting North in Guerrilla Fight”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-20, page 13:

The Holy See was informed "a few days ago" of the decision by China to transfer Bishop Shen Bin from Haimen, in the Jiangsu province, to the diocese of Shanghai, the Vatican said.

2023 April 4, Crispian Balmer, “Vatican says China has unilaterally appointed bishop to Shanghai”, in Raissa Kasolowsky, Jonathan Oatis, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-05, World:

A district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Nantong, Jiangsu, China.

海門

district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Jiangsu, China


Aksu

Borrowed from Uyghur ئاقسۇ (aqsu, literally “white river”), from Chagatai آقسُو (Āqsū), اکسو (Aksū).

bor

The representative took the hint, and decided after consulting the masses to approach the Aksu Prefecture Administrative Office. When they arrived for negotiations, the office made an emergency call to the Xinjiang Autonomous Region Party Committee in Urumqi, which telegraphed back that the problem should be dealt with on the spot.

1995, Gregor Benton, Alan Hunter, editors, Wild Lily, Prairie Fire, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 223:

Shaya prison is located in remote Aksu Prefecture, about seven hundred miles southwest of the Xinjiang capital of Urumqi.

2013, Paul A. Marshall, Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians, Thomas Nelson, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

Units of the 5th Division of the 2nd Army also marched in from Yanqi, and, on 29 December 1949, arrived in Onsu (Wensu) County in Aksu Prefecture.

2014, Michael Dillon, Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century, Routledge, page 197:

The Hans strove to capture the important trade route with the west through Hami, Aksu, Kashgar, Turfan and Khotan.

1946, Chandra Chakraberty, The Cultural History of the Hindus, Calcutta: Vijaya Krishna Brothers, page 267:

A report from the China mainland indicated that scores of demonstrating youths were killed last November in Aksu in the western province of Sinkiang, after 70,000 of them rusticated from Shanghai staged a demonstration.
They took over the office building of the "agriculture bureau" and demanded that the Peiping regime allow them to return to Shanghai. Communist "vice premier" Wang Chen was forced to hurry to Aksu from Peiping and instructed troops to suppress the youths by any means, even if it meant bloodshed.

1981 April 26, “Youths resist Communist pressure”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 16, Taipei, page 1:

From here the Silk Road bifurcates. In times of unrest, the caravans would move south through the sparse towns along the foot of the Kunlum Mountains, protected from robbers by the Taklimakan desert. But more often they would brave the great northern route with its line of rich oases - Turfan, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu - and hope to evade marauders from the grasslands just to the north.

1989, Colin Thubron, The Silk Road: Beyond the Celestial Kingdom, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 15:

A county-level city in Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Karamay

Borrowed from Uyghur قاراماي (qaramay, literally “black oil”).

On 18 June 1985 I spent three hours birdwatching at an artificial lake near the power station in the Karamay Oilfield in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Peoples^([sic – meaning People's]) Republic of China. The site is approximately 46°N, 85°E, close to the oil town of Karamay and within 300 kms of the border with Kazakhstan in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It is a desert region with rocky outcrops, dry ravines, rock and gravel desert plains, and saline flats.

1986, W G Harvey, “A Taste of Karamay”, in Oriental Bird Club Bulletin, number 4, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 8:

In 1955 a large petroleum field was discovered at Karamay, to the north in the Junggar Basin; it was brought into production in 1958-59 and has since become one of China’s major domestic sources of oil.

2011, Kenneth Pletcher, editor, The Geography of China, Britannica Educational Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 263:

This month he is in the news because the city of Karamay in western China is unveiling a sculpture that looks very similar to “Cloud Gate”, a no-tonne stainless-steel structure nicknamed the Bean, in Chicago’s Millennium Park, that is popular with Chicagoans and tourists alike....Determining “fair use” is complicated and to some extent subjective, but a prerequisite is that the artist accused of borrowing (or stealing in the Kapoor controversy) admits to using another artist’s art. That is not the case with “Big Oil Bubble” as the Karamay sculpture is called. Its defenders say that it was inspired by the city’s natural oil well (Karamay means black oil in Uighur, the local language) and that the blobs around the sculpture represent little oil bubbles.

2015 August 29, “The Bean and the Bubble”, in The Economist, volume 416, number 8953, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 27:

A prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang, China.


Gar

No crops had ever grown before at the high altitude of Menshih Township of Gar County at the foot of Kangtiszu Peak.

1972, Kao Yuan-ching, “Changes on the Ari Plateau”, in Great Changes in Tibet [西藏巨变], 1st edition, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 28:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Shihezi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 石河子 (Shíhézǐ, literally “stone river”).

The same day, violent clashes erupted in many parts of Sinkiang, such as Shihhotzu where fighting was particularly serious. Army-backed factions controlled the roads linking Shihhotzu and Urumchi and telephone communications were cut.

[1969 August, Chien Yu-shen, “Wuhan Upheaval and After”, in China's Fading Revolution: Army Dissent and Military Divisions, 1967-68, Hong Kong: Centre of Contemporary Chinese Studies, →OCLC, page 19:

Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service in Mandarin at 1300 GMT on 30 October reports that 143d Regimental Farm in Shihhotze Prefecture develops forestry. The same broadcasts reports that 84th Regimental Farm in Poerhtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture restores award system in efforts to promote animal husbandry.

[1978 November 3 [1978 October 30], “PRC Radio Reports on Activities of Chinese PLA Units”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 214, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service via Editorial Report OW, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, National Affairs, page E 7:

But most Bingtuan new cities were like Shihezi: company towns populated mainly by Han and independent of the Xinjiang authorities, answering only to the Party.

2007, James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 366:

In October, the Police Department of the town of Shihezi, in northern Xinjiang, posted a notice on a microblog saying that all residents would have to hand in their passports for an annual review. The notice was later deleted, but screen captures of it remain online.
Shihezi was founded decades ago as an agricultural settlement and garrison, known as a bingtuan. The bingtuan system is widespread across Xinjiang and is operated by the powerful Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, a central-government agency with military ties. Like other bingtuan, Shihezi has a mostly Han population.

2016 December 1, Edward Wong, “Police Confiscate Passports in Parts of Xinjiang, in Western China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-12-01, Asia Pacific:

A county-level city in northern Xinjiang, China.


Aral

On a local level, the Poplar Research Institute in Korla and the Tarim University in Aral City have to be added to the list of scientific institutes.

2011, Stefan Zerbe, Niels Thevs, “Restoring Central Asian Floodplain Ecosystems as Natural Capital and Cultural Heritage in a Continental Desert Environment”, in Sun-Kee Hong, Jianguo Wu, Jae-Eun Kim, Nobukazu Nakagoshi, editors, Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 292:

The Uyghur Online website (Uyghurbiz.net) said the students were taken away from Tarim University by police from nearby Aral (in Chinese, Ala'er) city in early May, adding that one of them, identified as Ibrahim, was detained after being accused of "having overseas contacts."

2013 June 13, Qiao Long, Hai Nan, Luisetta Mudie, “Chinese Controls on Uyghur Students Ahead of Ramadan”, in Luisetta Mudie, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2016-06-09:

In some of the videos, Han migrants say that any single person below the age of 35 who moves to the sub-prefecture-level cities of Aral (in Chinese, Ala'er) in Aksu (Akesu) prefecture or Tumshuk (Tumushuke) in Kashgar (Kashi) prefecture will be provided with a house and a job, while a family of three will receive a two-bedroom home, free utilities for a year, and 40 mu (6.5 acres) of land, tax-free.[…]
Aral was built by the XPCC on an existing Uyghur village beginning in the 1950s and as of 2015, 167,697 of the city’s 179,214 residents were Han, while 6,036 were Uyghur, and 5,481 were from other ethnic groups, according to the XUAR’s Bureau of Statistics.[…]“Everyone who is coming to Aral is Han—there are no Uyghurs here and they can’t move here even if they want to,” she said, adding that “it’s a requirement that [people coming here] are Han.”
“Aral is safe. There are checkpoints every 500 meters (1,640 feet). Additionally, Aral is a place that leader Xi Jinping is specially developing. Safety is good here. If we call the police, they arrive in just one minute.”

2020 April 13, “Subsidies For Han Settlers ‘Engineering Demographics’ in Uyghur-Majority Southern Xinjiang”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-04-14:

In a video recruitment advertisement for the Bingtuan 1st Division in Aral City, Aksu, where more than 99 per cent of the population is Han, the narrator stresses the local population is scarce and the need for labour input is urgent and necessary (see Advertisement No. 25).

2022, Guldana Salimjan, “Recruiting loyal stabilisers: On the banality of carceral colonialism in Xinjiang”, in Xinjiang Year Zero, Australian National University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 101:

A sub-prefectural city in Xinjiang, China.

A town in Qiemo, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township.

阿熱勒

Aral, Qiemo, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China

A township in Yutian, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Wujiaqu

/wuːd͡ʒiɑːˈt͡ʃuː/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 五家渠 (Wǔjiāqú).

On the farms in Altai, Ili, Tahcheng, Burtala, Shihotzu and Wuchiachu in Northern Sinkiang, members of the farms have been studying and applying the "three constantly read articles" in a living way.

[1969 March 4 [1969 February 25], “Sinkiang PLA Engages in Farming Preparations”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 42, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA International Service, →OCLC, Communist China: Northwest Region, page H 2:

Most bingtuan prisons have a small number of former civilian bingtuan members who have been convicted of crimes. There are also contingents of regular native Xinjiang prisoners, including some who were transferred to the prisons of the First Division after 1985. Yang Zhenhua, p. 416. We believe that the Sixth Division in Wujiaqu also has Xinjiang prisoners.

1998, James D. Seymour, Richard Anderson, New Ghosts Old Ghosts Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 58:

This spider with markings on its back resembling a human face was found in the city of Wujiaqu in northwestern China in April 2006.

2007, Geoff Tibballs, Ripley's Believe It or Not! 2008, Random House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 177, column 2:

A residential compound is seen during a smoggy day in Wujiaqu, Xinjiang Uighur autonomous region, Nov. 19, 2013.

2013 December 27, Alissa Ambrose, “2013: The year in photos”, in CBS News, archived from the original on 2021-06-19:


Tumxuk

The stated mission of the Bingtuan is to increase the Han population of Xinjiang: recruiting Han migrants, supported by subsidies from Beijing, is ‘the will of the state.'⁶ For example, a Bingtuan advertisement circulated on the ubiquitous Chinese social media app Weixin/WeChat in the first half of 2020 called for able-bodied people aged 18-35 with household registration in China proper and ‘good political quality’ (zhengzhi suzhi hao) to move to a new settlement built by the Third Division 50ᵗʰ Regiment 18 km from the southern city of Tumshug (Tumxuk, Tumushuke), between Kashgar and Aksu.

2007, James A. Millward, “Colonialism, Assimilationism and Ethnocide (2000s-2020s)”, in Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 367:

Frontier Services Group said in January that it had reached an agreement with officials and an industrial park in Tumxuk, a city in western Xinjiang, to build a training facility there....Tumxuk lies between Kashgar and Aksu, larger settlements that have been a focus of the Chinese government’s drive to stifle antigovernment sentiment....But Tumxuk has also been drawn into the regionwide drive to transform Uighur society through indoctrination camps....Tumxuk has more than 160,000 inhabitants, nearly two-thirds of them Uighur, according to official population estimates, and government reports and records show that the city has built at least one camp, as well as other specialized schools, to “deradicalize” minority residents....In 2017, a unit of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Tumxuk issued a tender notice inviting bids for building work on a “legal education and training center” — a phrase sometimes used for the indoctrination camps.

2019 February 1, Alexandra Stevenson, Chris Buckley, “Blackwater Founder’s New Company Strikes a Deal in China. He Says He Had No Idea.”, in New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-01:

Tumushuke

sub-prefectural city, from Mandarin Chinese

But I hadn’t come to stay: my goal was two ancient Buddhist sites built into cliffs near a town called Tumxuk....It seemed easy enough to get there; there was only one town named Tumxuk on the map, located north of Aksu.

1994, Christa Paula, The Road to Miran, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 39:

A town in Onsu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Hao

From atonal romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 鎬／镐 (Hào).

(historical) A former capital of China under the Zhou Dynasty, now within Xi'an, Shaanxi.


Fukang

Leaving the little "hsien" city of Fukang—"The Mound of Peace"—we realised with delight that only one more night in an inn lay between us and the Mission Compound in Urumchi, where we should find a bed, sheets, bathing facilities in the place of the small tin basin which we carried, and the possibilities of getting our clothes washed.

1927, Mildred Cable, Francesca French, Through Jade Gate and Central Asia, Hodder and Stoughton, published 1937, →OCLC, page 255:

Another mountain lake at Fukang will be tapped to water 45,000 mow of nothern Sinkiang farms.

1943, China at War, volumes 10-11, China Information Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 29:

The explosion occurred at 2.40am in the Shenlong mine, 38km east of the city of Fukang, when 87 miners were working underground.

2005 July 12, Celine Sun, “At least 65 dead in Xinjiang coal mine explosion”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-05-31:

Fukang, which sits near regional capital Urumqi, decided to remove all matches from circulation to ensure they are not used by “terrorist groups or individual extremists to carry out criminal activities”, the People’s Daily said on its website.
Police destroyed 20,223 boxes of matches, which will ensure that the city maintains its current peaceful environment, the newspaper added, citing the local government.

2014 July 15, Ben Blanchard, “Chinese city bans, destroys matches to fight terror”, in Michael Urquhart, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-02, Emerging Markets:

A county-level city in Changji, Xinjiang, China.


Kuytun

Departing the oasis of Shihezi and crossing the Gobi Desert tor about a hundred kilometres, I saw another great oasis, namely, another land reclamation base of the Xinjiang Production Construction Corps — Kuytun City. I made no stop over there but proceeded tor a hundred fifty kilometres, staying overnight in Jinghe County, which derived its name from the Jinghe River in its domain.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 157:

The biggest attack took place in Kuytun, where a bomb went off on October 1, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.

2002, Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook, International Strategic Studies Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 322:

In the city of Kuytun, controversy caught up with me... matters finally came to a head. The police got me... took me in for questioning. It was a roadside checkpoint, Uyghur people being ordered from their trucks, cargos searched, guns pointing all too casually about the place.

2014, Julian Sayarer, Life Cycles, John Blake, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 99:

Twenty-four-year-old college student Vera Yueming Zhou came to the United States in 2008 and is a U.S. permanent resident. She also happens to be a member of the Hui, a largely Muslim ethnic group. In October 2017, she used a virtual private network application to file her University of Washington homework while visiting her father in the city of Kuytun, China. That infraction was enough to get her arrested and sent to a “reeducation camp,” where she spent five months in a small, crowded cell with 11 other Muslim women. She never had a hearing or trial.
Despite having recently undergone cancer surgery, she was denied necessary medical treatment in the camp. She was allowed only one highly supervised visit with her father during her imprisonment, for 15 minutes. The prisoners were forced to sing patriotic songs, forbidden to speak their native language or practice their religions, kept under constant surveillance and encouraged to report on each other to their jailers.
After being released from the camp for unknown reasons, Zhou remained trapped in China because authorities kept her passport and green card. She was placed under extreme surveillance in Kuytun, where she lingered in limbo for 18 more months.

2020 January 23, Josh Rogin, “Opinion: China’s camps now have survivors, and their ordeals aren’t over”, in Washington Post, archived from the original on 2020-01-24:


Changji

/t͡ʃæŋˈd͡ʒiː/

/t͡ʃɑːŋˈd͡ʒiː/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 昌吉 (Chāngjí).

During my inspection of counties in Changchi Prefecture last September, I came to realize that the irrigation of the Sinkiang farmland depended mainly on the melted snow of the Tienshan Mountains.

[1978 July 11 [1978 July 8], Wang Feng, “Leading Cadres Must Accept Criticism and Supervision From the Masses”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 133, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, National Affairs, page E 15:

As elsewhere in Xinjiang, the number of Han Chinese throughout the Changji prefecture increased in the late 1950s. Towns and villages all along the main east-west road experienced considerable growth.

1998, Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 165:

On its public WeChat account, East Hope Group said that it had “responded to the national Western Development Call and actively participated in the development and construction of Xinjiang,” including constructing a polysilicon project in Changji prefecture in 2016, the Horizon report said.

2021 January 8, Ana Swanson, Christopher Buckley, “Chinese Solar Companies Tied to Use of Forced Labor”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-08:

In Changji, about 40 km west of the regional capital, Urumqi, green and red minarets of the city's Xinqu Mosque lay broken below a Chinese flag flying over the deserted building's courtyard.
Reuters analysed satellite imagery of 10 mosques in Changji city and visited six of them.
A total of 31 minarets and 12 green or gold domes had been removed within a period of two months after April 2018, according to dated images.
At several mosques, Islamic architecture was replaced with Chinese-style roofing. These included Changji's Tianchi road mosque, whose gold dome and minarets were removed in 2018, according to publicly available satellite images.

2021 May 13, Cate Cadell, “Mosques disappear as China strives to 'build a beautiful Xinjiang'”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-13, China:

A Hui autonomous prefecture in northern Xinjiang, China.

A county-level city in Changji, in northern Xinjiang, China.

昌吉

autonomous prefecture and county-level city in Xinjiang, China


Bole

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 博樂／博乐 (Bólè).

As September gets under way, the fields and open country of southern Xinjiang, stretching from Turpan through Korla, Aksu and Kashi to Hotan, as well as the northern country areas from Manas and Shihu westwards across to Bole (Bortala), are all abloom with silvery, snow-white blossoms.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang : the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 221:

"We are destined to become a very important region," said Hua Dingchuan, a trade official in Bole, a city that 10 years ago had virtually no private cars, and now is as densely developed and busy as any American suburb.[…]
Bole, a city in Xinjiang Province, is now densely developed and has the conveniences of modern Chinese life.

2004 March 28, Howard W. French, “China Moves Toward Another West: Central Asia”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-28, World:

In the city of Bole, retired teachers from the Wutubulage Middle School were called in to stand guard at mosques and prevent students from entering, according to a statement on the municipal party committee website.
Also in Bole, the Bozhou University of Radio and Television said on its website it held a meeting with working and retired minority teachers on the first day of the Ramadan to remind them of the fasting ban.

2014 July 3, Didi Tang, “China bans Ramadan fast in Muslim northwest”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-20:

A county-level city in Bortala prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Zhapu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 乍浦 (Zhàpǔ).

In that year the large Hangzhou garrison was subdivided when a Left Wing (zuo yi) brigade-general was created at Zhapu to oversee the naval garrison on the shores of Pinghu County. Zhapu was the port of Hangzhou.

1990, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 69:

Scholarly consensus exists that, by the time of the Taiping rebellion, both were in bad shape, poorly equipped, with low morale - with the qualification made by Crossley in Orphan Warriors that the British were amazed at the fighting spirit which the Manchus displayed during the attack on the garrison of Zhapu near Shanghai in an episode of the First Opium War.

2013, Christine Moll-Murata, Ulrich Theobald, “Military employment in Qing dynsaty China”, in Erik-Jan Zürcher, editor, Fighting for a Living: A Comparative History of Military Labour 1500-2000, Amsterdam University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 361:

A crane is transferring containers for import and export at Zhapu Port in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China, July 13, 2021.

2021 July 28, “Biden nominates Huawei prosecutor for key Chinese exports position”, in CNBC, archived from the original on 2021-07-29, Politics:

A town in Pinghu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China, on the northern shore of Hangzhou Bay and important under the Qing as a port and military garrison.


Kash

From Russian Каш (Kaš) and Chinese 喀什 (Kāshí), from Mongolian Хаш (Xaš), from Mongolian хаш (xaš, “jade”).

In the Chinese part of the river basin, three hydroelectric power plants have been constructed (i.e., one on the Kash River, and two on the Kenes River).

2004, V.M. Starodubtsev, O.L. Fedorenko, M.Zh. Burlibaev, “Assessment of the Influence of River Runoff Regulation on Ecological Situation”, in Christopher M. Teaf, Bulat K. Yessekin, Mikhail K. Khankhasayev, editors, Risk Assessment as a Tool for Water Resources Decision-Making in Central Asia (NATO Science Series), volume 34, Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 282:

A river in Xinjiang, China, a tributary of the Ili.


Jianchang

Translingual: Jianchangosaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 建昌 (Jiànchāng).

The driver was taken into custody after the crash around noon in the coastal city of Huludao in Liaoning province, said the spokesman for Jianchang county in the city’s suburbs, who declined to give his name as is standard with Chinese bureaucrats.

2018 November 22, “Car strikes crowd at China school, killing 5 and hurting 18”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2018-11-23:


Xichang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 西昌 (Xīchāng, “Western Prosperity”).

uder

Chao-erh-feng planned some fundamental measures to control the Lolo, including the construction of a through road between Lei-po and Hsi-ch'ang. Up to the present this has not been accomplished, however. The Hsi-ch'ang sector was finished as far as Chao-chio city and beyond to Yeh-lu-na-ta.

[1954, Herold J. Wiens, Han Chinese Expansion in South China, Shoe String Press, published 1967, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 290:

After a five-day rest at Huili, the Red Army continued its drive northward. Passing through the Yi nationality area of Tehchang, Hsichang the vanguard troops led by Liu Po-cheng made an alliance with the chieftains of the Kuchi tribe, and managed to neutralize the Laowu tribe.

[1978 February, “The Long March (II)”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVII, number 2, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39, column 2:

A city of flowers and pagodas, Xichang is the capital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region, which contains 3.3 million people, 1.37 million of them Yi.

1987 December 20, Ross Terrill, “A World Away From Beijing”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-04-22, Travel:

A top official in the city of Xichang in Sichuan province was quoted as saying by the Xinhua News Agency that the area had gone 20 consecutive days without rain, with temperatures of 88 Fahrenheit on Monday and winds blowing at 65 feet per second.

2020 April 1, “World Digest: April 1, 2020”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-04-04, National:

A county-level city in Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China.


Wusu

Pending the completion of the Sinkiang railroad, the region is served by a number of major land routes that have been transportation links since ancient times. They are the North Road (north of the Tien Shan) passing from Kansu through Urumchi and Wusu, where it bifurcates into two routes going to the Soviet Union.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 257:

And on Sunday, a Public Security Bureau chief in northwest China was relieved of duty for “allegedly keeping a pair of twin sisters as mistresses,” according to Xinhua, the official Chinese news agency.
Qi Fang, the police chief in Wusu, has been accused of renting “a high-end apartment unit for the sisters in downtown Wusu” and charging the rent as an official expense.

2012 December 10, Mark McDonald, “A World of Corruption”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-01, View from Asia:

The site of the Grand Mosque in Wusu, Xinjiang, in 2017 and 2019.

2019 November 3, Fred Hiatt, “In China, every day is Kristallnacht”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-11-05, Opinions:


Artux

From Urumqi to Kashgar buses take an average of three or four days to cover 940 miles passing through Turpan, Korla, Kuche, Aksu and Artux.

1985, Brian Schwartz, China Off the Beaten Track, New York: St. Martin's Press, →ISBN, page 5:

We drove west on the smooth highway for about two hundred kilometres and arrived in Artux (Artush) County. This area has more abundant water resources than Aksu Prefecture. We crossed bridges several times on the way and also saw small rippling lakes that the local people call haizi. We had already entered the most fertile area in southern Xinjiang. Not far from Artux is Kashi, the largest city in southern Xinjiang, but to retrace the route where the Silk Road left China, we did not go to Kashi first. Instead we went west from Artux for some hundred kilometres and arrived in Wuqia County near China's westernmost tip.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 242–243:

Eric Shipton, Britain's final representative in Kashgar and an accomplished mountaineer, failed several times from the southern route via Muk and Mingyol, finally gaining access from the north via Artux and Karakum.

2012, Simon Foster, Candice Lee, Jen Lin-Liu, Beth Reiber, Tini Tran, Lee Wing-sze, Christopher D. Winnan, Frommer's China, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 325:

A county-level city in Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China.


Yining

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 伊寧／伊宁 (Yīníng).

The Uighurs yearn for reestablishment of the once independent Central Asian republic that was called Eastern Turkestan and had its capital in Yining 50 years ago.

1997 February 23, Steven Mufson, “ETHNIC TURMOIL ROILS WESTERN CHINA”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

Relations between the Uighurs and the Chinese have always been bad, but in the last few years they’ve gotten even worse, especially since early 1997, when fighting flared in Yining, the capital of the short-lived East Turkestan Republic. Details are sketchy because the central government cordoned off Xinjiang from the rest of the world, but it appears that unrest — and subsequent executions — left several hundred dead, perhaps more.

2001, Gordon G. Chang, “Lake of Gasoline: The Discontent of the People Is Explosive”, in The Coming Collapse of China (Business/Current Affairs), New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

This summer, Yining, a city in the Xinjiang region of far-western China, celebrated a boom of Chinese tourists seeking a sunny respite from Covid worries in their hometowns. Now Yining is under its own grueling, weekslong pandemic lockdown, with residents calling for help over limited food, difficulty getting medicines and drastic shortages of sanitary pads for women.

2022 September 11, Chris Buckley, “Just Bread and Noodles: China’s Covid Lockdown Distress Hits Xinjiang”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-11, ASIA PACIFIC:

A county-level city in Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A county of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Korla

Toksoun, a fortified place, some miles nearer Korla, on the main road, was occupied by 4,000 jigits and 2,000 sarbazes with five guns. Hacc Kuli Beg had command here. At Korla there were also about 1,500 men, who were brought up to the front shortly after Captain Kuropatkine's departure.

1878, Demetrius Charles Boulger, The Life of Yakoob Beg; Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar, London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., →OCLC, pages 244–245:

The first stage of the project began at the Turpan station of the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and ended at the western station of Korla, extending over 476 kilometres.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 198:

Korla, the capital of the Bayingolin Mongol Administrative Region, is a flat, grey sprawl of low buildings and a few ostentatious new hotels, nestled in the armpit of the Tian and Kuruktagh mountains. It is marked by industry. The natural gas fields have brought money since the 1950s and with it a massive influx of Han Chinese. No one nationality appears to be in the absolute majority, resulting in the undefined ugliness caused by lack of pride or urban planning. Korla is a place of transit. Everyone stops here. It is the terminus of the railway, and a nodal point for the roads from Urumgi, Kashgar, Ruogiang and the East.

1994, Christa Paula, The Road to Miran, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 205–206:

A Muslim activist was sentenced to death in China’s restive northwest for setting up a group that wants to establish Islamic rule, a court official said Wednesday.
Arkhan Abulla was sentenced by the People’s Intermediate Court in Korla, a city in the Xinjiang region, said a court official, who would not say when sentencing took place.

2001 February 14, “China To Execute Islamic Protester”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-02-03:

The complex, located in Korla city in southern Xinjiang, will have key production units such as a 600,000 tonnes-per-year ethylene facility and a 300,000 tpy high-density polyethylene facility, the newspaper said.

2019 April 17, Min Zhang, Aizhu Chen, “CNPC starts building $1.4 bln ethylene plant in northwest China -state media”, in Joseph Radford, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-16, Oil Report:

RFA’s Uyghur Service recently received information that the former detainees in Korla (in Chinese, Kuerle)—a county-level city in Bayin’gholin Mongol (in Chinese, Bayinguoleng Menggu) Autonomous Prefecture and the XUAR’s scond-largest city—are serving the deferred sentences at home, but are subject to harsh restrictions.

2020 August 24, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Former Camp Detainees Serving ‘Deferred’ Jail Sentences in Xinjiang’s Korla City”, in Elise Anderson, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-08-28:

A county-level city in Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China.


Hotan

Today in Hotan Prefecture, including Pishan, Moyu, Lop, Qira, Yutian and Minfeng counties–places under the jurisdiction of ancient Khotan State which once dominated the southern route of the Silk Road–818 cobbled canals with a combined length of 1,500 kilometres have been built. Thus, melted snow from the Kunlun Mountains irrigates the prefecture's 200,000 hectacres of farmland.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 286:

Hotan is located in southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is an oasis town in the Tarim Basin, north of the Kunlun Mountains and south of the Taklamakan Desert. Hotan Prefecture is a multinational area: 96 percent Uyghur and 3 percent Han.

2011 November 4, Dongya Zhang, “A discovery of folk gems in Hotan”, in Beijing Today, number 543, →ISSN, →OCLC, Travel China, page 21, column 3:

It is not uncommon to find Uyghurs, particularly from Hotan and Kashgar in southern Xinjiang, – perceived by the authorities as anti-government hotspots – reporting that half or more of their immediate family members are in a mix of political education camps, pre-trial detention, and prison. For example, an interviewee said her husband, his 4 brothers, and their 12 nephews – that is, all the men in the family – have been detained in political education camps since 2017.

2018, Maya Wang, ““Eradicating Ideological Viruses” China’s Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang’s Muslims”, in Human Rights Watch, →OCLC:

ByteDance has also been working with Xinjiang authorities under a program called “Xinjiang Aid,” whereby Chinese companies open subsidiaries or factories in Xinjiang and employ locals who have been detained in the camps. Its operations are centered on Hotan, an area of Xinjiang considered backward by the Communist Party and where the repression has been among the most severe.

2019 November 28, Anna Fifield, “TikTok’s owner is helping China’s campaign of repression in Xinjiang, report finds”, in Washington Post, archived from the original on 2019-11-28:

Two Chinese men view an exhibit on the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Hotan, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, 2003.

2006, Shu Shin Luh, The People of China, Mason Crest Publishers, →ISBN, page 114:

Analysis of satellite imagery in the public domain indicates that many religious sites appear to have been removed or changed in their characteristic identifying features, such as the removal of minarets. An illustrative example is the transformation of the Imam Asim Shrine, located in southern Xinjiang, north of the city of Hotan (see images below). This was formerly a pilgrimage site for Uyghurs and other Muslim communities that included the tomb of the Imam, a mosque, and several related tombs.

2022 August 31, “OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China”, in Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, archived from the original on 2022-09-05, page 27:

A county-level city in Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

和田

prefecture in Xinjiang; county-level city in Xinjiang; county in Xinjiang

Recent excavations at the Mälikä Awat site in Hotan County revealed a forty-five-kilogram cache of Western Han "five-zhu" coins buried in the sand in a large ochre-red pottery crock, standing over half a meter tall and measuring fifty-six centimeters in circumference.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang : the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, page 145:

The authorities’ attempt to enforce absolute secrecy is confirmed by another document dated November 2018, this one from a local government file in Hotan County.

2019, Adrian Zenz, “China Didn’t Want Us to Know. Now Its Own Files Are Doing the Talking.”, in New York Times:

A county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Tacheng

More than 13,000 geese were destroyed in Tacheng, in the Xinjiang autonomous region, after about 500 died of H5N1 avian flu, China's Agriculture Ministry reported.

2005 June 11, Donald G. McNeil Jr., “New Asian Flu Outbreaks in China Raise Fears of a Mutant Virus”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29:

Late on the night of August 26, 1855, an inferno raged through the Russian trade concession in the Qing frontier town of Tacheng.[…]
In 1766, less than ten years after the conquest of Xinjiang, Qing forces founded a small outpost on the farthest western edge of their rapidly expanding new empire. They named it Suijingcheng, or "Pacification Town," a name that reflected an ongoing reality in this volatile region, as attempts to pacify this newly conquered area would occupy officials and administrators for much of the next two centuries. But the nature of this process of pacification in this isolated settlement, which in later years would come to be known as Tacheng, evolved over time

2010, Judd Kinzley, “Turning Prospectors into Settlers: Gold, Immigrant Miners and the Settlement of the Frontier in Late Qing Xinjiang”, in Sherman Cochran, Paul G. Pickowicz, editors, China on the Margins, Cornell University East Asia Program, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 17:

According to the source, who spoke on condition of anonymity out of fear of reprisal, the day before her disappearance, Munira went to the Ghulja city Public Security Bureau, where she requested permission to videochat with her husband, who is serving his sentence in Shiho (Wusu) city, in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture’s Tarbaghatay (Tacheng) prefecture. The police reportedly denied her request.

2021 April 7, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Wife of Jailed Uyghur Taxi Driver Jailed For Weeping in Front of a Foreigner”, in Uyghur Service, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-04-07:

The Daur minority is another Mongolian-speaking group, most of whom live near the town of Tacheng (Qochek), near the Kazakstan border.

1998, Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, page 25:

Snowstorms in the Tacheng city in the northwestern region of Xinjiang have brought lows of minus 25 degrees Celsius.

2011 January 5, “Factbox: China winter weather latest developments”, in Sui-Lee Wee, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-10-13, ワールド:

A county-level city in Tacheng prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Shandong Peninsula

Partial calque from Mandarin 山東半島／山东半岛 (Shāndōng Bàndǎo).

zh-l

山東半島／山东半岛 (Shāndōng Bàndǎo)

As a satellite city of Qingdao, Jimo boasts the Laoshan Mountain in the south and the Yellow Sea to the east. It is at the center of the manufacturing base and city cluster of Shandong Peninsula, and one of the majors cities within the 30-minute economic rim of Greater Qingdao.

2007, Susan (梁红) Liang, William Zou, “Scenic Spots in Suburban Cities”, in Qingdao: Travel Guide, Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 71:

Bohai Sea is on the northeastern coast of China, bounded by Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas, so pollution there is slow to wash out to the ocean, exacerbating damage to local marine life.

2009 June 22, “Oil slicks poisoning China's Bohai Sea - official”, in Emma Graham-Harrison, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-14, Oil Report:

In a statement, it said the man, whom it did not identify, had been detained Sunday on suspicion of entering South Korea illegally by sea from China.
He had set off from the Shandong Peninsula with a helmet, a life jacket, a telescope and a compass, according to the Coast Guard.

2023 August 24, John Yoon, “Escape China by Jet Ski? A Dissident Is Said to Have Planned It for Years”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-24, Asia Pacific:

A peninsula in Shandong, in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south.


Gutian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 古田 (Gǔtián).

Kucheng

from Fuzhou dialect via Foochow Romanization

At Shuikou, on the border between Minqing and Gutian, on the mainstream of the Min Jiang, Fujian Province will build the largest hydroelectric power station in the East China region.

1983 August 30 [1983 June 29], “Conditions Said Ripe to Begin Construction of Shuikou Hydropower Project”, in China Report, Economic Affairs, number 377, →OCLC, page 25:

Red ferment is one in which red mould grows on polished round rice, and is a specialty of the area round Gutian and Pingnan in Fujian province.

2010, Zhengping (李争平) Li, translated by 译谷 [Shanghai Ego], 中国酒: 英文 [Chinese Wine: Universe in a Bottle], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 29:

[Bian Baoquan] denounces Wang Yuchang, district magistrate of Gutian, Fujian, for incompetency, cowardice and avarice, and possessing a decidedly bad reputation amongst his colleagues. On account of his memorialist has already deposed the said magistrate from his post at Gutian, but he thinks that this man deserves further punishment for failing at the beginning to report a rioting of the "Vegetarians" in his district, preferring to buy peace by asking certain persons to promise concessions to the demands of the secret society men in order to keep them quiet.

2018 [1895 December 14], Lane J. Harris, The Peking Gazette: A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Chinese History, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 264:

Survivors of the peasant movement recall seeing Mao Zedong at Gutian, a day’s walk from the village, during the Gutian Conference in December 1929.

1983, Victor Nee, “Post-Mao Changes in a South China Production Brigade”, in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, editor, China from Mao to Deng: The Politics and Economics of Socialist Development, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 63, column 2:

A place about thirteen miles west of Longyan called Gutian produced an unusual person. […] All visitors to western Fujian Province knew that an earth emperor was living in Gutian, and all were curious to meet him and to admire his style. Quite unexpectedly I had an opportunity to go to Gutian: Wugou and Shanshan, tired of life in Shanghai, came to visit me in the ancient farming village of Longyan, and I took time out to roam with them through all the scenic places close by.

2001, Xie Bingying, “A Traveling Life”, in Lily Chia Brissman, Barry Brissman, transl., A Woman Soldier's Own Story: The Autobiography of Xie Bingying, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 244–245:

At Gutian, Mao made much of introducing a resolution to abolish the practice. This move was tremendously popular with the soldiers. But a few months later, when the Gutian resolutions were circulated, this item was not among them.

2005, Jung Chang, Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story, New York: Anchor Books, →ISBN, page 73:

A town in Shanghang, Longyan, Fujian, China.


Yu

She went to Yangquan Village of Yuxian County in Shanxi Province. Having never been to such a remote and backward countryside area with its scenic views and fresh air, Kang joked with her colleagues that it was like being on a tourist trip.

[2005 February 4, Hester Xu, Yan Zhang, “Fighting a Lonely Cause”, in Beijing Today [今日北京], number 192, →ISSN, →OCLC, 面孔 [miànkǒng, Face], page 9, column 3:

Banners and a portrait of Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong adorn the front of this strange-looking freight train making its first run in Yuxian County, Shanxi Province.

[2011, Warren Bruce Palmer, “The Modern Chinese Economy”, in Robert André LaFleur, editor, China, ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 123:


Gu

en-proper noun

Gu (countable and uncountable, plural Gus)

The comrades of Gu county said: From building a private house to sitting in jail, Xu Peng suffered the consequences of placing profit first as a result of his decadent bourgeois ideology.

1985 July 22, “SHANXI INVESTIGATES ILLEGAL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION”, in China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 119:

According to the recent years study and productive practice of LV Centinula edodes of Gu county, Shanxi, the key techniques for spring cultivation of lentinula edodes?s high yield and good quality are put forward, including choosing suitable cultivation time , proper cultivars and making a good management during the colour-change and passing summer.

2004, Li Yuemei [李月梅], “Key Techniques for Spring Cultivation of Lentinua Edodes?s High Yield and Good Quality [香菇春季栽培高产优质的关键管理技术]”, in Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin [中国农学通报], number 3, →DOI, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-05-25:

Nearly a decade on from its humiliation, Linfen is even trying to reinvent itself as a green city. Yang claimed solar energy had been introduced in hotels, guesthouses and “many households”—including his own. Small wind farms are planned for Linfen’s Puxian and Guxian counties. Some former factory owners have even branched out into “green landscaping.” Last year a seven-mile-long park opened on the banks of the River Fen, which flows through Linfen.

[2012 October 25, Tom Phillips, “China’s Chernobyl Cleans Up Its Act”, in The Daily Beast, archived from the original on 2020-12-05:

A good illustration of this difference can be found by pulling statistics from a single prefecture level city and compare the gross domestic production per capita for two of the prefecture’s counties; in the publication 2010 Línfén tǒngjì niánjiàn (2010 临汾统计年鉴) the GDP per capita in Yonghe County is 5,632 RMB in 2009 while the GDP per capita in Gu County amounts to 47,933 RMB the same year. The two counties are only 188km apart, and yet the citizens under Gu County’s administration enjoy an income approximately 8.5 times higher than those under Yonghe County’s. One of the reasons for Gu County’s relative well developed economy may be its location approximately 51km from Linfen City, while the distance from Linfen City to Yonghe County roughly amounts to 165 km.

2014, Benjamin Lillebrohus, Chinese Rural-Urban Difference in Opportunity of Obtaining Higher Education, University of Lund, archived from the original on 2017-08-17, page 9:


Jiang

It was entirely necessary for the Jiang County People's Procuratorate to bring action against Gao Yuewei and her husband at court in accordance with the law. Like Jiang County in Shanxi Province, other localities should also punish[...]

1984, Daily Report: People's Republic of China, numbers 128-139, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 13:

The wholesale vegetable market in Jiang County, Shanxi Province, was formed in the following way. At first, vegetable farmers living close to the county seat gathered along the road to the county trying to sell their vegetables to truckers and passers-by.

1998, Kate Xiao Zhou, “Markets: The Currents in the Farmer Sea”, in How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 90:

Jiang was the capital for the State of Jin, located in today’s Jiang County in Shanxi Province and adjacent to the Fenshui River.

2015, Wusan Dai, “Communication Technology”, in Yongxiang Lu, editor, A History of Chinese Science and Technology, volume 3, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 440:


Kaifeng

A romanization of the Standard Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 開封／开封 (Kāifēng, “Opening Up the Borders”), reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin, named in the late 8th century BC by the Zhuang Duke of Zheng as he settled new territory.

der

For several weeks preceding the actual overflow of its banks the Hoang-Ho had been swollen from its tributaries. It had been unusually wet and stormy in northwest China, and all the small streams were full and overflowing. The first break occurred in the province of Honan, of which the capital is Kaifeng, and the city next in importance is Ching or Cheng Chou. The latter is forty miles west of Kaifeng and a short distance above a bend in the Hoang-Ho.

1889, Willis Fletcher Johnson, chapter XXVIII, in History of the Johnstown Flood, Edgewood Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 322:

The supposed founder of the Chinese monarchy was Fu-hsi [about 2852 B.C.], and his capital was Kaifeng, now the provincial city of Honan. The early inhabitants of China are said to have lived in this Province.

1897, P. N. Tsü, “Historical Description of China”, in The Geography of the Chinese Empire, Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC, page 9:

Chengchow is on the Pehan (Peking-Hankow) railway, about fifteen miles south of the Yellow river, and about forty-five miles west of Kaifeng. This railway is being rapidly pushed to completion. Another railway is to be built from Kaifeng to Honanfu, which will have its junction with the Pehan railway at this place.

1905, “Foreign Mission Board Report”, in Annual of the Southern Baptist Convention 1905, number 60, Nashville, Tenn.: Marshall & Bruce Company, page 149:

Actual work has begun on the railway which is to link Kaifeng to the Tientsin-Pukow railway at Hsuchowfu and will bring Kaifeng within about two days of Shanghai, writes the Kaifeng correspondent of the C. C. Post on the 11th instant.

1913 November, “Far Eastern Railways”, in The Far Eastern Review, volume X, number 6, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 234, column 3:

During the summer I attended as a speaker and teacher, a summer Conference north of the Yellow River, in which one of our brightest young Christians at Kaifeng felt the call to the ministry; he Is now studying for the ministry in Shantung University.

1921 February 17, Hendon M. Harris, “Annual Report Country Work for Year 1920”, in The Baptist Record, volume XXIII, number 7, Jackson, Miss.: Mississippi Baptist Convention, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2, column 3:

It is learned that Feng Yu-hsiang has decided to abandon Kaifeng and Chengchow and withdraw his army to the west of Fulikwan and Heishihkwan.

1929 June 1, “From the Chinese Press”, in The China Weekly Review, volume XLIX, number 1, →OCLC, page 32, column 1:

After months of blundering, caused by underestimating Chinese resistance, the Japanese have finally thrown their full force into the drive. Kaifeng has fallen and the vital city of Chengchow is endangered.

1938 June 18, “Profits on Slaughter”, in The Nation, volume 146, number 25, New York, page 686:

Kaifeng was raided by the Chinese twice, who remained there long enough to smash up the Japanese puppet organizations. They also dislodged the Japanese from the nearby town of Tunghsu and disrupted the Lung-Hai Railway, cutting the Japanese line of supply to Kaifeng.

1939 January, Lin Yu, “"The China Incident"”, in Philippine Magazine, volume XXXVI, number 1 (369), →OCLC, page 211:

TO REACH THE city of Kaifeng from Sian, it was necessary to get on to the Lung-hai Railway.

1942, Violet Cressy-Marcks, “Waiting for the Moon”, in Journey Into China, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., →OCLC, page 231:

Ricci learned that Ai was born in Honan province and now lived in Kaifeng, its capital.

1955, Vincent Cronin, “Adorers of the Cross”, in The Wise Man from the West, London: Rupert Hart-Davis, →OCLC, page 221:

Liu, who was purged in a power struggle with Mao Tse-tung during the “cultural revolution,” died of pneumonia while being sent to Kaifeng by train several years after he was struggled down, according to mainland reports.

1979 January 7, “Wang Kuang-mei in jail”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

“A lot of people want to go work in big cities, but there is far less demand this year,” said a manager at the Tongxu County Enterprise Bureau, an employment service in the central city of Kaifeng in Henan province. He refused to give his name.

2012 July 12, Joe McDonald, “China’s economic slowdown painful despite stimulus”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-18:

A prefecture-level city on the Yellow River in Henan, China, a former national capital.


Salween

Borrowed from Burmese သံလွင် (samlwang).

Outgoing Premier Wen Jiabao, a geologist by trade and populist by instinct, vetoed the dams in Yunnan province on the UNESCO-protected Nu River, known outside China as the Salween, in 2005, after an outcry from environmentalists.

2013 March 7, Ben Blanchard, “About 60,000 could lose homes for controversial China dams”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2016-01-26:

Three great rivers rush through parallel canyons in the mountains of southwest China on their way to the coastal plains of Asia. At least 10 dams have been built on two of them, the Mekong and the Yangtze. The third remains wild: the remote, raging Nu, known as the Salween in Myanmar, where it empties into the Andaman Sea.

2016 June 18, Edward Wong, “China’s Last Wild River Carries Conflicting Environmental Hopes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-18, Asia Pacific:

About 2,500 people, including 200 students, have crossed the Salween River into northern Thailand's Mae Hong Son province, according to the Free Burma Rangers. An estimated 10,000 people are believed to be displaced in Myanmar's northern Karen state, the agency said.

2021 March 29, “Myanmar: Thousands take to streets as others flee”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-03-29, News:

A 2,815-kilometre-long river flowing from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea, through China, Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand.


Xia

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 夏 (Xià).


Feng

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 灃／沣 (Fēng) and, as the city and surname, its alternative form 豐／丰 (Fēng).

A former capital of China under the Zhou Dynasty, now within Xi'an, Shaanxi.


Feng

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 鳳／凤 (Fèng).

In the movement to study the theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the militia company of Lienfangszu production brigade under the Nanhsing commune in Feng county, Shensi Province, organized the militiamen to take part in class struggle in society, hit out at the sabotaging activities of the class enemies and criticized the tendency toward capitalism, revisionism and the doctrines[…]

1975 [1975 June 20], Survey of People's Republic of China Press, United States Consulate General (Hong Kong), →ISSN, →OCLC, page 58:

Seeking to demonstrate that the case of He Chuanyang and other Chongqing students were not unique, a widely circulated post, entitled "One after another, they change their race" rehashed a 2008 story of ethnic-based corruption in Feng County in Shaanxi Province (Hanwu tianxia 2009). Following a decline in the local economy, construction company officials encouraged the Feng County government to construct a "Qiang ethnic native village" (Qiangzu guli 羌族故里) to open up new sources of revenue while nominally boasting local tourism.

2014, Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 315:

SHAANXI[…]
The policeman, named Liu Zhi, spotted the boy sitting weeping in the street, with an empty bottle of poison beside him, as he drove to work in Feng county.

2015 March 27, Angela Meng, “Around the nation: President Xi Jinping’s ‘China dream’ fires model maker’s imagination”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-03-30, China Insider:

A large scale survey and a small scale continuous monitoring was conducted to evaluate the impact of Pb/Zn smelting on soil heavy metals (HMs) accumulation and potential ecological risk in Feng County, Shaanxi province of China.

2017 May, Feng Shen, Renmei Liao, Amjad Ali, Amanullah Mahar, Di Guo, Ronghua Li, Sun Xining, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Quan Wang, Zengqiang Zhang, “Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil near a Pb/Zn smelter in Feng County, China”, in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, volume 139, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The seat of administration was in present-day Feng zhou 鳳州 town, located northeast of Feng 鳳 county in Shaan xi 陝西. The territory administered comprised Feng county in present-day Shaan xi, and the two present-day counties of Hui 徽縣 and Liang dang 兩當 in Gan su 甘肅.

2017, Hua Linfu, Paul D. Buell, Paul U. Unschuld, Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary, volume 2, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 101:

Shaanxi-based current affairs commentator Huang Ping said the caged woman's case had shown that the Feng county chained woman's case was just the tip of the iceberg, and involved the collusion of local officials.

2022 March 3, “Police in China's Shaanxi detain man amid investigation into caged woman”, in Luisetta Mudie, transl., edited by Luisetta Mudie, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2022-03-03:

The 38-year-old lawyer was accused of subversion of state power, according to a trial notice issued by the Baoji Municipality Intermediate People Court last week. Chang’s case was heard at Fengxian People’s Court in the northwest of the country.[…]
Chen, an oncology researcher at a Shenzhen hospital, flew with their eight-year-old son and her mother, 62, to Xian, rented a car at the airport and drove four hours to attend the hearing. But she said they were stopped from entering Feng county, where it was held.

2022 July 26, Mimi Lau, “Chinese human rights lawyer Chang Weiping in closed-door trial as family barred from county”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Politics:


Hannan

zh-l

漢南／汉南 (Hànnán)

In five years, a large agricultural sightseeing zone will emerge in Hannan District of Wuhan City. The project was launched early this year.
Hannan District, surrounded by three rivers — the Yangtze River,[...]

2001, Beijing Review, volume 44, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29:

When an elderly Wuhan man in a wheelchair pushed his sick wife into the Yangtze River and killed her on her request, he never thought he would be a murderer.[…]
Still, the Hannan district court sentenced the 70-year-old to four years of jail for euthanasia in August.

2013 August 13, Chris Luo, “Man, 70, deemed murderer by court after killing sick wife in euthanasia case”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-09-26:

For the understanding convenience, in this study, we took the facet figure spot data of the land use status data sets collected in Hannan district of Wuhan city as an example, referred the uniformity treatment flow scheme and introduced the basic steps and the related principles of application of FEM and its expended modules MyFME to conduct uniformity treatment.

2015, H.B. Zhang, Y.H. Wang, Z.Z. Guo, “Consistent handling approach on multi-temporal land use status data with various differences”, in Zhenqi Hu, editor, Legislation, Technology and Practice of Mine Land Reclamation, CRC Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 68, column 2:

There are three procedures including data preprocessing, tag, and modeling. The first step is the preprocessing including extracting information from the database of land in Hannan district, Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. Next, some parameters and features are calculated.

2017, X F Xun, L F Mo, H X Tao, “Prediction of the unused land for construction based on multi-classifier fusion”, in Ahmed Mebarki, editor, Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning (CEUP2016), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 241:

“He had been hiding it from me and my mom. He wouldn’t talk to us about his physical condition,” said his daughter Yang Jingjing, who had been quarantined in her apartment in Wuhan’s Wuchung district after returning from her parents’ home across town in the Hannan district. “I just want to find my dad.”[...]
Yang Yuanyun was last seen by a police surveillance camera on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, near Shamao Town in the Hannan district.

2020 February 29, Xiao Yu, Shih-Wei Chou, “A Month in Locked-Down Wuhan: A Father's Death, a Sleepless Volunteer and Pressure”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2022-05-01, COVID-19 Pandemic:


Hua

Some forty-five li south of Qian Kou is the market town of Bai Dao Kou. Fifteen li to the west is Dao Kou town, the capital of Hua County, Henan Province.

1997, Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr., “The Police Attack on Impoverished Qi Ji”, in Salt of the Earth: The Political Origins of Peasant Protest and Communist Revolution in China, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 140:

A native of Hua County, Henan Province, Nie joined the CCP in 1938.

2009, “Nie Yuanzi”, in The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Scarecrow Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 200:

Serum samples were separated from blood samples by centrifugation and tested for HCV in the Anyang Cancer Hospital for case-patients from Anyang, Lin, and Tangyin counties, and in the Hua County Hospital for case-patients from Hua County.

2009 November, Fangfang Liu, Ke Chen, Zhonghu He, Tao Ning, Yaqi Pan, Hong Cai, Yang Ke, “Hepatitis C Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors, Anyang, China”, in Emerging Infectious Diseases, volume 15, number 11, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1819:

Huaxian County in central China's Henan Province is a major wheat-producing area, with a wheat planting area of about 8,000 hectares this year.

[2022 February 23, “China Focus: Grain security high on agenda in China's spring farming season”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2022-05-25:


Zhong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 忠 (Zhōng).

Under special conditions (when the previous year is one of abundant sand and the following year is a dry one), there are four locations in the river section that has many sandbar accumulations between Changshou and Zhong County where temporary silt accumulation may occur, making it possible to maintain a water depth of only 3 meters or less (river ship channel departments now are striving to maintain it above 2.9 meters) and resulting in problems in the passage of large barge trains.

1986 March 13 [1985 October 15], China Report Economic Affairs Energy: Status and Development 47, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →OCLC, page 45:

In the spring of 1943, not long before Mother fled her home in Zhong County and came to Chongqing, Father's unit was transferred to another city.

1998 [1997], Hong Ying, translated by Howard Goldblatt, Daughter of the River, New York: Grove Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 92:

There is no lack of precedent for such disturbances. For example, problems left over from the relocation of inhabitants in projects such as the Xinhua Reservoir in Wushan county, the Xiaojiang hydropower station in Yunyang county, and the Baishi Reservoir in Zhong county have constantly been the cause of frequent mass disturbances of no small scale; these problems have not been overcome even at this time.

2002, Deirdre Chetham, Before the Deluge: The Vanishing World of the Yangtze's Three Gorges, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 196:

Blue Sky Rescue, a volunteer group that conducts search and rescue and other emergency work, have teamed up with villagers in Zhong county near the city of Chongqing.

2020 December 12, Sam McNeil, “Flamethrower drone incinerates wasp nests in China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2020-12-12:


Hou

The present paper deals with a collection of mammalian fossils found in situ by a field team of IVPP in the late Pleistocene sandy clays interbeding [sic] with sands and gravels along the Laochihegou valley in Houzhen Commune, Lantian District, Shensi.

[1994, Late Quaternary Studies in Beringia and Beyond, 1950-1993: An Annotated Bibliography, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 258:

Shanghou is also mentioned on the Buzhi ding 不栺鼎 (JC: 2735), which was excavated from the tomb no.3 in Fufeng, Shaanxi and records that the Zhou King went to the garrison at Shanghou.⁸⁴ In a recent study, Shanghou is identified with the present-day Houzhen 厚鎮, located between the Lantian 藍田 county and the Weinan 渭南 county in Shaanxi province.⁸⁵

[2013, Minna Wu, On the Periphery of a Great “Empire”: Secondary Formation of States and Their Material Basis in the Shandong Peninsula during the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1000-500 B.C.E, Columbia University, →DOI, page 164:

The study profile, an outcrop formed by road building (Fig. 2), is at an altitude of about 920 m in west Hou Town (N34°16', E109°27'), Lantian County.

2011, Qian Xue, Zhiguo Rao, Suping Wang, Pingyu Zhang, Fahu Chen, “Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic study of carbonate along a loess/paleosol section in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, on the southeastern edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau”, in Environmental Earth Sciences, volume 64, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 238:

Key projects are Lantian modern broiler industrial park, Dazhai bungeana breeding base, Hou Town walnut industrial park, Bailu Plain film city, and Hou Town mountain biking theme park.

2013 March 13, “Four Agriculture Demonstration Zones to Be Built in Shaanxi”, in Shaanxi Province Department of Commerce, archived from the original on 2021-05-15:

During the winter vacation, Starflag-Bearers cooperated with Xi'an Youth Palace to provide volunteer teaching for primary and middle school students in Dongju Village, Houzhen Town, Lantian County, Xi 'an, delivering academic guidance for the children and witnessing their development.

[2023 February 24, Deng BuGe, Yu Junhao, Feng Ze, Han Huichun, “Documentary on Online Volunteer Teaching and Rural Revitalization of Starflag-Bearers of QMES”, in Liu Yang, transl., edited by Cheng Yin, Northwestern Polytechnical University, archived from the original on 2023-03-30:

A town in Lantian, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.


Daye

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大冶 (Dàyě).

Vuchang commands over ten Cities, as Vuhang, Vuchang, Kiayu, Puki, Hienning, Cungyang, Tungching, Hingque, Taye, Tungxan.

[1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 14:

The outbreak in Daye, a city of more than 900,000 people, was confirmed as a case of the H5N6 strain of the virus, the ministry said in the statement on its website.

2017 March 14, Hallie Gu, Josephine Mason, “China's confirms sixth bird flu outbreak at duck farm in Hubei province”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-03-14, Health News:

The system in Daye in Hubei province is also fitted with facial recognition technology so offenders can be identified and publicly named and shamed, The Beijing News reported.

2018 April 19, Yujing Liu, “Chinese city’s idea to deter jaywalkers – spray them with water”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-04-19, Society:

A county-level city in Huangshi, Hubei, China.


Kuang

In 1958, the Xiawudu Farm 下五渡农场 of the Kuangqu Commune 矿区公社 of Yangquan City 阳泉市 founded a kindergarten.

[2016, Han Xiaoli, “From Busy-Season Childcare Centers to Full-scale Kindgergartens—Rural Childcare Organizations in Shanxi Province in the 1950s”, in Agricultural Reform and Rural Transformation in China since 1949, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 148:


Teng

Dozens of family members congregated at the heavily-secured checkpoint leading to the site in Teng county in southern China's Guangxi region in pairs or small groups on Wednesday.

2022 March 23, Martin Quin Pollard, Thomas Suen, Tony Munroe, “At China plane crash site, relatives wait in grim vigil”, in Alexandra Hudson, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-03-23, China:


Pearl River

Calque of Chinese 珠江 (literally “pearl river”).

Pirates have of late become so bold and murderous in their attacks upon the small sailing craft found in the delta of the Pearl river, and the islands interjacent, as to arouse the Chinese government to take strong measures to suppress and disperse them.

1843 January, “Journal of Occurrences : dispatches from Kiying : arrival of I'lipu ; shipwrecked Japanese”, in The Chinese Repository, volume XII, number 1, Canton, page 56:

The task of directing thousands of pushcarts and tiny handicraft shops and millions of tiny farms and of controlling the flow of crucial supplies created headaches for officials everywhere and the Pearl River Delta area was justly famous for the flowering of tiny enterprises.

1969, Ezra Vogel, Canton under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital 1949-1968, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 132:

A Chinese-language broadcast from Moscow said the Tienanmen crowds were indeed against Mao but the burning of vehicles and building was started by the Maoists to provide themselves with excuses for stepped-up suppression.
We don’t know whether this was the case, but we have learned that some 50,000 Peiping students have been sent to rural and frontier areas since the incident, that corpses have been floating down the Pearl River from Canton, and that the Maoists have been crying out savagely.

1976 April 25, L. Chen, “Mao's word is unanimous vote?”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 16, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Debt-laden real estate developer China Evergrande (3333.HK) has resumed construction of 63 projects in the southern Pearl River delta, a regional subsidiary said on Friday.

2021 November 19, “China Evergrande resumes construction on 63 projects in Pearl River delta”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-11-19:


Qian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 乾 (Qián).

Based on their research we might venture to identify the wine-merchant in the Rietberg Museum as a member of one of the eastern Iranian city-states. He has an oval face, a pronounced hawk’s nose, deep-set, bulging eyes with bushy eyebrows separated by a deep vertical crease, and a broad mouth with fleshy lips. His facial features are reminiscent of those of one of the three envoys anxiously waiting to be greeted by Chinese court officials in the painting on the east wall toward the mortuary chambers in Li Hsien’s or Prince Chang-huai’s (A.D 654-684) tomb at the imperial cemetery in present Ch’ien County, Shensi Province.

[1980, Helmut Brinker, Eberhard Fischer, Treasures from the Rietberg Museum, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 115, column 2:

In Qian county, Shaanxi-which until 1982 was classified as a chronically poor county - the guidelines laid down for commune leaders by county officials are as follows:[...]Thus in Team No. 3, Zhang Jia Bu Brigade, Qian Ling Commune of Qian county, there is 2.19 mou of collective land per head and we found that this land is indeed allocated on a 50-50 basis.

1984, Keith Griffin, “Epilogue: Rural China in 1983”, in Keith Griffin, editor, Institutional Reform and Economic Development in the Chinese Countryside, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 307:

Shensi Province (including Sian)
A returnee from Chien County said he had been received by the secretary of the county party committee and cadres of the united-front work department and the department of public security. Visitors from Taiwan had to fill out forms giving their name, age, family origin, and dates of entry and exit.
Shensi peopel can bribe their way into universities and schools or use their privileged position to gain entry.

[1991, Hu Chang, “Impressions of Mainland China Carried Back by Taiwan Visitors”, in Ramon H. Myers, editor, Two Societies in Opposition: The Republic of China and the People's Republic of China after Forty Years, Hoover Institution Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 152:

A head of a demolition company in Qian county, Shaanxi, said recycling demolition waste was a lucrative business.

2010 June 19, “Recycling rakes in huge profits for demolition companies”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-02-09:

Earlier this year Zhang used the internet to help farmers in Qian county, Shaanxi, find buyers for 3,000 tonnes of pears that would otherwise have spoiled.

2015 August 12, Tom Phillips, Luna Lin, “Fighting food waste: four stories from around the world”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 2015-08-15:


Shu

From romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 沭 (Shù).


Jia

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 佳 (Jiā).

Yan was born in 1908 in Jia County, Shaanxi Province.

1987, Wolfgang Bartke, “Yan Kuiyao (阎揆要)”, in Who's Who in the People's Republic of China, 2nd edition, K. G. Saur, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 572:

After passing through Mizhi and Yulin, the group eventually reached Jia County by the Yellow River.

2002 [1995], Ni Zhen, translated by Chris Berry, Memoirs from the Beijing Film Academy: the Genesis of China's Fifth Generation, Duke University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 179:

Syncretism, however, was the main attraction of Daoism for Qing China. In some instances, Buddhist rites were adopted by Daoist monasteries. In other cases, Buddhist monasteries merged with Daoist ones. Such blending could result in primarily Buddhist temple complexes where certain elements of Daoist worship were retained, as was the case at Baiyunshan in Jia county, Shaanxi; half-Buddhist, half-Daoist settings such as Gaomiao in Zhongwei; or fully syncretic monasteries in which Buddhas, Laozi, and Confucius were all worshiped, such as the Xuankongsi in Hunyuan, Shanxi.

2002, Dazhang Sun, “The Qing Dynasty”, in Nancy S. Steinhardt, editor, Chinese Architecture, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 339, column 2:


Ying

Borrowed from Chinese, mainly Chinese 應／应.

The Liao were responsible for building the tallest and oldest extant wooden pagoda, the famous Timber Pagoda in Ying county, Shanxi.

2002, Guo Daiheng, “The Liao, Song, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties”, in Nancy S. Steinhardt, editor, Chinese Architecture, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 136:

This magnificent 900-year-old five-story pagoda in the Fugong Monastery in Ying County, Shanxi, is the oldest and largest wooden pagoda in China and one of very few ancient wooden structures to have survived earthquakes, fire and other ravages of time, apparently none the worse for wear.

2004, Treasures of China, Reader's Digest, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 120:


Yingde

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 英德 (Yīngdé).

Japanese forces in a three-pronged drive to strengthen their corridor bisecting China have taken Yingtak and are being engaged eighteen miles south of Kuoming, provisional capital of[…]

[1945 January 26, “Japanese Take Yingtak; McClure Is Transferred”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-03, page 9:

A previously unknown freshwater crab has been discovered in plain sight: on sale at a pet shop in China.
The shop owner led scientists to the place where the crab had been collected, in Yingde City in northern Guangdong, a subtropical province on the coast of the South China Sea.

2016 September 26, Nicholas Bakalar, “Ringing Up a New Species of Crab”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-24, SCIENCE:

In Yingde, a city in Guangdong authorities have evacuated some residents to other parts of the city and advised others not to leave their homes. Residents say the stores have run out of staple foods like oil and rice due to people stockpiling goods.

2022 June 22, “China: Floods in the south force evacuations, destroy property”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2022-06-22, News:

A county-level city in Guangdong, China.


Guinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴南／贵南.

Western China’s biggest pumped storage power station officially started construction on Sunday, adding a critical piece of infrastructure that could significantly boost renewable energy production in the Gobi desert and Tibetan plateau, according to the National Energy Administration (NEA).[…]
It will be located in Guinan county in the east of Qinghai and will use the Laxiwa reservoir on the Yellow River as its lower reservoir.

2023 August 10, Victoria Bela, “China breaks ground on major project that could boost renewable energy production in Gobi desert”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-10, Science:

A county of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China.


Dali

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大荔 (Dàlì).

Wen Fang, who lives in Dali county in the northwest province of Shaanxi, made a name posting photos and videos of himself dressed in women’s fashion and strutting his stuff through his village.

2019 December 26, Alice Yan, “Meet the Chinese villager with supermodel looks”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-12-25, Society:


Dali

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大理 (Dàlǐ).

Away over in South-west China, in the Tali prefecture of Yunnan Province, there lies Chungtien County. Set amongst a tumbled mass of mountains rising to the snow line, it is not easily accessible.

[1971, Rewi Alley, “In and around Canton in November 1970”, in Eastern Horizon, volume X, number 1, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 11, column 2:

Eight people entered an abandoned tin mine in the province’s Dali autonomous prefecture on Saturday night, and their excavation caused the mine to cave in,[…]

2008 March 3, Alfred Cang, “China tin mine collapse kills seven: report”, in Ken Wills, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-18, WORLD NEWS:

A Bai autonomous prefecture in Yunnan province, China.


Dali

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大瀝／大沥 (Dàlì).

A town in Foshan city, Guangdong province, China.


Shangqiu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 商丘／商邱 (Shāngqiū).

Some 16,000,000 people live on the great plain of eastern Honan, an area of nearly 30,000,000 mou comprising Shangchiu and Choukou Prefectures and the eastern part of Kaifeng Prefecture.

[1977, Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Weekly Supplement, →OCLC, page 7:

Officials in the city of Shangqiu in Henan Province have admitted that police officers tortured a man to get him to falsely confess to a murder that he did not commit, official Chinese news organizations reported Wednesday.

2010 May 12, Edward Wong, “China: Confession Obtained by Torture”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-05-16, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Henan, China.


Huai River

Partial calque from Mandarin 淮河 (Huái Hé).

The Huai river and the sea formed the boundaries of Yangchow.

1895, Herbert J. Allen, “Ssŭma Chʻien's Historical Records”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 97:

In other sectors of our national life, giant and fundamental solutions have been undertaken for age-old problems, such as the floods with which the Huai river has plagued our people for thirty centuries.

1952 January-February, Soong Ching Ling, “Welfare Work and World Peace”, in China Reconstructs, volume 1, number 1, China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

Those "counterrevolutionaries" who were not executed were subjected to "reform through labor," a euphemism for slave labor, and participated in the intensive work which began on railway and road construction and water conservation schemes. The most important of the latter was the vaunted Huai River flood control project, which has been the subject of praise in all the accounts of fellow travelers who have visited China.

1955, Richard L. Walker, China Under Communism: The First Five Years, New Haven: Yale University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12:

In 1938 the great stream was deflected to the south by the Chinese in a misplaced effort to delay the advance of Japanese forces moving southward from T'ien-ching (Tientsin) and Pei-ching (Peking); and it flowed southeastward into the Huai river system and thence through a series of lakes and the Grand Canal down into the Yangtze drainage area.

1969, Joseph Kitagawa, editor, Understanding Modern China, Quadrangle Books, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 49:

It’s now called Huaihai Road, which commemorates the second great campaign of 1949, when Mao’s soldiers advanced from the Huai River to the sea, putting them in position to take Shanghai.

2011, Lisa See, Dreams of Joy, Oxford: ISIS Publishing, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 157:

The creek connects the Xi River to factories along the Huai River, but it’s too shallow for large boats to navigate.

2013, Ma Jian, translated by Flora Drew, The Dark Road, Penguin Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 152:

China on Sunday raised the flood alert level in the Huai River region in the country’s east to Level II from Level III, the second highest on its four-tier scale, after days of torrential downpours and amid expectations of further heavy rainfall.
Ten reservoirs on the Huai River have seen water levels exceeding warning levels by as much as 6.85 metres, according to the Huaihe River Commission of China’s Ministry of Water Resources.
The 1,000km (620 mile) Huai River flows through major agriculture and manufacturing hubs in Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.

2020 July 19, Muyu Xu, Xu Jing, Tom Daly, “China raises flood alert levels along Huai River”, in Lincoln Feast, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-07-19, Environment:

A major river in central China, now a tributary of the Yangtze.


Xing

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 興／兴 (Xīng).

But Liu Xianglun (later a political affairs counselor to Belgium), who was also at the Central Social Department at the same time Ye Chengzhang was there and who escorted Wang to Xing County, Shanxi Province, remembers that Wang protested both during the trial and on the way to Xing County that he was not a Trotskyite.

1994, Dai Qing, Wang Shiwei and "Wild Lilies": Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942-1944, M.E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 57:

Last summer, Mupona and more than 10 African youths came to Xingxian County, Shanxi Province to explore the magic code of poverty alleviation in this former national poverty-stricken county.

2022 March 13, “China Focus: Foreign students see opportunities through China's "two sessions"”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2022-03-13:

Police in the central Chinese province of Shanxi have detained a 27-year-old man accused of killing at least seven people, four of them by driving into a group of pedestrians and cars.
Authorities in the city of Luliang said on Sunday that the suspect, identified only by his surname Guo, allegedly went to the home of a 21-year-old married woman in Xing county at around 2pm on Saturday, killing her husband, son and mother-in-law.

2023 May 14, Minnie Chan, “Chinese police detain suspect after 7 dead in home and car attacks”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2023-05-14, Politics:


Kham

In the summer of 1956, Chinese troops bombed a large monastery in the eastern Kham region. The Chinese had begun to destroy the religious and cultural artifacts of Tibet.

1996, Whitney Stewart, “The Chinese Takeover”, in The 14th Dalai Lama: Spiritual Leader of Tibet, Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 86:

The exiled Tibetan spiritual leader told the French newspaper Le Monde that the army opened fire during a protest in the eastern Tibetan region of Kham on Monday.[…]
“We know about disturbances in the Kham region. But we do not have any details or figures about injuries or deaths,” said the aide, Chhime Chhoekyapa, in the northern town of Dharamsala.[…]
“The military presence in Tibet is old, but the frenzy of new construction in the Amdo and Kham regions makes me say that this colonisation by the army is designed to last,” he said.

2008 August 21, “China to crack down on use of leanness enhancers in cattle and sheep”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-17, Top News:

For Samdhong Rinpoche, this tour around the world is also his last trip as PM, now that his term is over and cannot be extended. He has decided to take his future after March 20 as it comes. If he could do what he wanted, he would go back to his home monastery in Kham, where he has not returned since 1959 and where he used to sit under the trees and meditate as a young man. He said, "they are wonderful and they are still standing."

2011 February 23, Adrienne Woltersdorf (sb), “Tibetans searching for a future beyond the Dalai Lama”, in Thomas Baerthlein, editor, Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-05-25, Asia:

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

One of the three traditional regions of Tibet covering a land area largely divided between eastern parts of the Tibet Autonomous Region, western parts of Sichuan, and smaller parts of Qinghai and Yunnan.


Arun

A certain Mr. Chen, public security cadre of a grain depot in Arun Banner in Hulun Buir League, defrauded, stole, and sold 83,000 kg of soybean of this grain depot since the beginning of this year alone.

1990 August 9 [1990 July 12], “Inner Mongolia Wins Crime Struggle”, in Daily Report: China, number 90-154, sourced from Hohhot NEIMENGGU RIBAO p1, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 56, column 1:

A banner in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China.


Ussuri

This Nerchinsk Treaty, exacted literally at the cannon's mouth, was not only the first concluded between China and Russia, but the first between China and any foreign Power. It was essentially a boundary treaty, though free trade between the two countries was also provided for ; yet the Chinese made the fatal mistake of leaving the eastern frontier, beyond the line of the Ussuri, for future definition, their only excuse being ignorance of the country ; though the Ming Emperors Hun-wu (1368-98) and Yun-lo, in 1413, had sent expeditions to the lower Amoor ; built temples there ; and erected stone monuments, with inscriptions, that still exist.

1912 January, “Russo-Chinese Relations”, in The Edinburgh Review, volume CCXV, →OCLC, page 198:

In Beijing’s view, in the absence of an explicit treaty provision, the central line of the main channel—the Thalweg principle—provided a legal basis for delimiting the boundary in the two rivers. On this basis, Beijing claimed that 600 of the rivers’ 700 islands—including Zhenbao Island on the Ussuri River, just 180 miles southwest of an important Soviet city, Khabarovsk—belonged to the P.R.C.

1980, Melvin Gurton, Byong-Moo Hwang, China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 210:

In January 1969, Chinese and Soviet soldiers fought around Zhenbao Island in the Ussuri River.

2005, Michael P. Colaresi, “Climbing the Wall: The Sino-American Rivalry”, in Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry, Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 202:

In 2008 Moscow ceded 174 square km (67 square miles) of land to Beijing on their shared border along the Ussuri and Amur Rivers, where the two powers exchanged fire in 1969, leaving nearly 60 dead.

2011 March 1, Thomas Grove, “Analysis: Russia turns military gaze east to counter China”, in Mark Trevelyan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-08-19:

Since the Ussuri River border skirmishes that marked the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s, the Kremlin has perceived its long border with China as a security challenge as much as a commercial opportunity.

2014 November 10, Andrew E. Kramer, “Gazprom Makes a New Gas Deal With China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-11-11, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS:

A river forming part of the border between Heilongjiang, China and Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai, Russia.


Jiao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 郊 (Jiāo).

The mean density of Phlebotomus chinensis was 6.3 sandflies per trap per night in Yangquan City from during the period from May to September, 2020, with the highest density observed in Jiaoqu District (12.6 sandflies per trap per night) and the lowest in Yuxian County (1.1 sandflies per trap per night), and there was a region⁃specific mean density of Ph. chinensis in Yangquan City (H = 17.282, P < 0.01).

[2022 November 23, Zhang Pei⁃jun et al., “2015—2020年山西省阳泉市犬源型内脏利什曼病 疫情调查 [Prevalence of mountain⁃zoonotic type visceral leishmaniasis in Yangquan City of Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020]”, in Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control, volume 34, number 5, →ISSN, →OCLC:


Ü-Tsang

Borrowed from Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang).

bor+

The Northern Plain (U-Tsang)
The Northern Plain is the largest region of the country. This vast area called the Changthang, covers a large portion of the country. To the extreme north is a cold, desolate desert quarter neighboring on the Chinese-Turkestan border that is mostly uninhabited. The western part of this region, which borders on Ladakh, supports a small number of nomads who live off the scant vegetation. In the 1950s, U-Tsang was sectioned off by the Chinese and named the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) (See photo, pg. 37).

1998, Robert Z. Apte, Andrés R. Edwards, “The Geography of the Land of Snows”, in Tibet: Enduring Spirit, Exploited Land, 1st edition, Heartsfire Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 20:

The government-in-exile calls Tibet “Cholka-sum”, meaning “The Three Provinces”. These historic areas are U-Tsang, which roughly corresponds to the TAR, Amdo centred around Qinghai Province, and Kham centred around Sichuan in China’s southwest.

[2008 March 21, “Who are the Tibetans, what is Tibet?”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-27, Global Coverage 2:

The Tibetan plateau — the geographic and cultural region associated with Tibet — has traditionally been divided into four historical regions. Three are almost entirely in China: Amdo in the north, now associated mostly with Qinghai and Gansu provinces in China, Kham in the east, split between Sichuan province and TAR, and Ü-Tsang, or central Tibet, the region is generally identified with the idea of Tibet, both culturally and administratively, although parts of Ü-Tsang extend to northern Nepal and the Indian states of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

2020 July 11, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, “History of Tibet-Ladakh Relations and Their Modern Implications”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2020-07-13:

One of the three traditional regions of Tibet covering a land area largely corresponding to most of the Tibet Autonomous Region.


Ulan

The lake is situated in Ulan county, Haixi autonomous prefecture, in western China’s Qinghai province. The blue skies reflected off the surface of the crystallised saline water have given it the name “Mirror of the Sky”, and it attracted millions of tourists in the first half of 2018.

2018 July 31, Zhou Jiaquan, “Hordes of tourists damaging Chinese salt lake’s pristine environment with discarded plastic”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-31, China:

A county of Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China.


Liangshan

Xiao Fuhua, 33, whose wife and three children are in Liangshan, in southern Sichuan Province, said he has been unable to reach his family.[…]
It's said that the earthquake in Liangshan is not very big, but I'm still worried because my family lives in a mountainous area. And once an earthquake strikes Langshan^([sic – meaning Liangshan]) it will be very terrible."

2008 May 14, David Barboza, “Workers on Chinese coast struggle after devastating earthquake back home”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-14, Asia Pacific:

Every two weeks, when the students, ages 6 to 15, return from boarding school, they climb a chain of 17 bamboo ladders, secured to a sheer cliff face and leading some 2,625 feet up, according to reports.
Locals say the ladders — which lead through treacherous terrain in the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture in Sichuan province — have been there nearly as long as the village.

2016 May 27, Lindsey Bever, “Chinese schoolkids climb a 2,625-foot cliffside ladder to get home. Soon, they’ll have stairs.”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-02, World:

Two people were missing after the landslide in mountainous Sichuan province's Liangshan, while one person was pulled out alive, the government said in a statement on its official microblog.

2017 August 8, Ben Blanchard, “Landslide in southwest China kills 23”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-03-22, Environment:

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

An autonomous prefecture of Sichuan, China


Shanwei

He had reached the retirement age of fifty-five in 1957, after being first employed by the Government as a young man. Born in Kowloon about 1903, he was taken back to Shan Wei in eastern Kwangtung (Fig. 3.1) at age eight for his primary education comprising four or five years in a private school with over a hundred students.

[1975, Cornelius Osgood, “The Man Who Retired”, in The Chinese: A Study of a Hong Kong Community, volume 1, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 370:

Residents reached by telephone said Dongzhou, a farming and fishing village 14 miles southeast of Shanwei city, in Guangdong province near Hong Kong, was quiet Friday for the second night in a row. But checkpoints were reinforced on roads leading in and out of the village, leaving its 10,000 residents blocked in unless they traveled by sea or walked circuitous routes.

2005 December 9, Edward Cody, “Chinese Police Intensify Lockdown of Villagers”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-10-13:

The government of Shanwei, the prefecture-level city that includes Wukan, later blamed news media outlets from outside the Chinese mainland, including Apple Daily and Initium Media from Hong Kong, of “instigation, planning and direction” in Wukan.

2016 June 21, Austin Ramzy, “Chinese Official Whose Arrest Stirred Protests Confesses to Taking Bribes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-21, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong, China.


Kunshan

An armed conflict between Hua Kuo-feng’s supporters and elements of the “gang of four” in Kunshan County, Kiangsu Province, ended with about 200 killed in mid-November, according to an intelligence report reaching Taipei Dec. 14.

1976 December 19, “Armed conflict incidents rise”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 50, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

A county-level city in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.


Dongxiang

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 東鄉／东乡 (Dōngxiāng).

The most recent census found 513,000 Dongxiang people in China, and an overwhelming majority live in and around Dongxiang County. Of the 25 townships in the county, 19 do not have a single Chinese person. Most people do not speak Chinese, and some, like Mr. Tie, have only a vague notion of China, despite living in the middle of it.

2006 March 19, Jim Yardley, “Deep in China, a Poor and Pious Muslim Enclave”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-08-21, Asia Pacific:

An autonomous county of Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China