Uqturpan

I met Yao Jichen of the county cultural hall, who had gone west along this road and discovered a beacon tower of Han times at a spot near Bedel Mountain Pass fifty kilometers west of Wushi (Uqturpan) County.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 235:

Students from ethnic minorities give the Young Pioneer's salute to their teacher (right) at a primary school in Uqturpan county, Xinjiang on May 3, 2012.

2017, Alan Taylor, “Scenes From Xinjiang”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 2017-05-08:

No casualties or economic loss have been reported after a 5.0-magnitude earthquake hit Uqturpan County of Aksu Prefecture, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region at 1:29 p.m. Sunday.

2019 October 27, “No casualties reported in Xinjiang earthquake”, in Li Xia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2021-09-30:


Aqyar

Mehmut Memet, 23, and his mother, Ayturem Hudesh, went missing from their home township of Aqyar, in Aksu (in Chinese, Akesu) prefecture’s Uchturpan (Wushi) county, in 2017, Mehmut’s Turkey-based sister Zeytune Memet recently told RFA’s Uyghur Service.

2020 March 18, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Missing Uyghur Brothers Confirmed Detained in Xinjiang Internment Camp”, in Elise Anderson, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-03-19:

Figure 5: Officials from Aqyar Township, Aksu Prefecture announcing plans to elicit more gratitude towards the party from villagers.

2021, Vicky Xiuzhong Xu, James Leibold, Daria Impiombato, The architecture of repression: Unpacking Xinjiang’s governance, number 51, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-11-08, page 12:

A town in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township


Kunlun

Kunlun
Kunlun (mythology)#Name
Wikipedia
Zhengzhang Shangfang

From the Mandarin 崑崙／昆仑 (Kūnlún) and 崑崙山／昆仑山 (Kūnlún Shān), with the character 山 (shān) being an ambiguous reference to any raised place, inclusive of islands, hills, mountains, and mountain ranges. The characters 崑崙／昆仑 (Kūnlún) are phono-semantic compounds adding 山 (shān) as a semantic component (形旁 (xíngpáng)) to the characters 昆 (kūn) and 侖／仑 (lún), which were presumably also homophones for Kunlun in Old Chinese—Zhengzhang's reconstructed pronunciation being /*kuːn.run/—but leaving its further development or original meaning uncertain. See also the Name section of the Wikipedia entry on the mythological Kunlun.

zh-l

崑崙山／昆仑山 (Kūnlún Shān)

崑崙

Mythological Chinese mountain or mountain range

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force ; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured * to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

[1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

Crossing the Altyn Tagh had proved hard enough, but no sooner had the travellers left those mountains behind and crossed the border into Tibet than they had plunged into the recesses of the Kunlun Mountains.

1822, C. Bernard Rutley, “Zong”, in The Forbidden Land, Blackie & Son, →OCLC, page 90:

Between the Himalaya and the Kunlun to the north lies the very high plateau of Tibet, which is traversed by a number of smaller mountain chains.

1944, Bernhard Haurwitz, James M. Austin, “Asia (Including Russia)”, in Climatology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., →OCLC, page 269:

Brodie lent only half an ear. He was eying the wall map, comparing it with what he had seen from the chopper. He picked out the three nearest towns—Yarkand, Karghalik, and Kokyar—running north to south. Everything inside a huge semicircle bounded on the west by the Yarkand River and the southeast by the Kunlun Mountains was shaded. That must be the barbed-wire zone guarded by the army.

1978, Hugh McLeave, A Borderline Case, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 148:

I joined an AMICAL expedition to the previous unclimbed 7129-meter-high Kokodak Dome, also known as Kokodak II. The peak is part of the Kongur Range in the Kunlun mountains in the region Xinjiang.

2014 August 30, “First ascent of Kokodak Dome”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2022-08-09:

Observing Lake Yaniugol, rising high in the steppe, he writes: “It settled like a sacred host of jade upon the sand. It appeared to us at twilight, in the hollow of a ledge, flanked to the north by the sharp incisors of the Kunlun peaks soaring to 6,000 meters, and to the south by the Changtang. Behind this shimmering disk, the secret plateau.”

2021 December 3, Liesl Schillinger, quoting Sylvain Tesson, “Books That Satisfy Your Yearning for Far-Off Places”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-03, Travel:

A mountain range in China forming the border between the Tarim Basin to its north and the Tibetan Plateau to its south, extending across the Chinese provinces of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai.

...the Yellow Riuer... is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

(Chinese mythology) A mountain or mountain range somewhere west of the North China Plain believed to be the home of Xiwangmu and the Peaches of Immortality, as well as other gods and Taoist immortals, and previously believed to help support the dome of the sky.


Onsu

Qirmish Ata Mazar is located in a mountain valley 61 km west of Onsu county town, in Aqsu prefecture.

2007, Ildikó Bellér-Hann, editor, Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia, Ashgate, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 159:

The Wensu (Onsu) county government in Aqsu district reported taking steps to monitor returnees from pilgrimages in order to “place them in the ‘line of vision’ of the government and Party committee” and “understand” the activities they participated in while abroad.

2009 October 10, “Human Rights”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2009, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 130:

In December 1994, Abudumijit Muhammatkelim organized a terrorist group with himself as the head, which plotted acts of violence and terror with purchased and homemade weapons and ammunition. He directed his followers to commit a robbery on February 10, 1996, in Onsu County of Xinjiang, which involved the gun killing of two policemen and a herdsman.

2010, J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke, The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat, Praeger, →OCLC, page 149:

Units of the 5th Division of the 2nd Army also marched in from Yanqi, and, on 29 December 1949, arrived in Onsu (Wensu) County in Aksu Prefecture.

2014, Michael Dillon, Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 197:

On Aug. 20, our hosts sent us to the city of Aksu to visit the Onsu County Vocational Skills Training Center. Here we were supposed to meet the “extremists and terrorists” whom China was “deradicalizing.”

2019, Olsi Jazexhi, “What can the Muslim world do to save the Uighurs and Islam in China?”, in Daily Sabah:

A county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China


Maralbexi

The highest GFAO per agricultural capita, namely 3,391.3 RMB, was found for Bachu (Maralbexi), which is also the largest cotton producer of Kashgar (though just slightly larger than Shache).

2009, Max Spoor, Shi Xiaoping, “Cotton and Rural Income Development in Xinjiang”, in Max Spoor, editor, The Political Economy of Rural Livelihoods in Transition Economies: Land, peasants and rural poverty in transition, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 238:

Three “community workers” were patrolling a neighbourhood of Bachu County, known as Maralbexi by Uighurs, in Kashgar after a tip-off that there were “suspicious people” in a private house, Hou said.

2013 April 24, “"Terrorist" axe, knife and arson attack kills 21 in China's Xinjiang”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-12-18:

In April 2013 in Bachu County (or Maralbexi County), 15 officials were reportedly killed. State media reported that the authorities killed 6 alleged attackers, captured 8, and apprehended 11 more later.

2015 November 23, “China: Allow Independent Investigations Into Xinjiang Violence”, in Human Rights Watch, archived from the original on 2020-09-12:

On the other hand, after the 2012 farm market incident in Kargilik, in October 2014, another random attack happened in a farm market in Maralbexi County, Xinjiang, causing 22 deaths.

2017, Scott Nicholas Romaniuk, Francis Grice, Daniela Irrera, editors, The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 672:

A county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China


Rutog

We obtained total livestock numbers for all eight xiangs in Gerze County that use the reserve but not the numbers of sheep, goats, yaks, and horses for three of these xiangs; we also lack data for a few xiangs in Rutog County, in the western tip of the reserve, and in Amdo County, at the eastern end (table 15.2).

1998, George B. Schaller, Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 305:

Bird Islet is located on Pangong Tso Lake in Rutog County in the north of Ngari Prefecture. The lake is 4,242 meters above sea level and is called "Com Ngangla Renbo" in Tibetan, meaning "beautiful, long and narrow lake."

2005, 成卫东 [Cheng Weidong], 雪域寻梦 [Dreams of Snow Land], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 273:

On July 17, a glacier in Rutog county in western Tibet suddenly slid, causing one of the largest ice avalanches ever documented. About 3,500 cubic feet of ice and rocks cascaded through a narrow valley, killing nine herders along with more than 350 sheep and 110 yaks in the remote village of Dungru.

2016 September 8, Kata Karáth, “Climate change could be to blame for an unusual avalanche in Tibet that can be seen from space”, in Quartz, archived from the original on 2016-09-09:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

Shan knew about Rutog. About one hundred twenty miles from Xinjiang. Close to India. A nuclear zone, a missile command center.

2002, Eliot Pattison, Water Touching Stone, St. Martin's Paperbacks, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 348:

"Gou shi! Peng, where are they?"
Peng stood at a large wallmap of the region, estimating the intersection of the Harbin's reported sighting."
"The last reported position was in western Tibet," Peng replied, "near Bangong Co. The nearest village is Rutog."

2007, Tom Grace, The Secret Cardinal, Vanguard Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 271:

A town in Rutog County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Gêrzê

Also in Totalashan of Rutog and the area to the north of Gêrzê of Tibet there appear corals with dissepiment like Polythecalis, Chusenophyllum and Wentzellophyllum.

1992, The Paleoclimate of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 63:

Gerzê is really the end of the world. It is situated in the middle of an empty desert, and I can't imagine why anyone ever stopped to build a town here. Except for a few nondescript Chinese concrete buildings, all the walls and houses are made from mud bricks and everything— the houses, the road, even the surrounding countryside—is the same light brown color. Beyond the town, emptiness stretches to the horizon.

[1992, Jim Reynolds, The Outer Path: Finding my way in Tibet, Sunnyvale, Cali.: Fair Oaks Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 90:

Ge Yi was from Chabug Village in Gêrzê County. Before he became Party branch secretary of Nuxtiu Village, his family had more than 400 sheep and 100 yak, making them one of the wealthy families in the village.

2012, Du Wenjuan, Tales from Tibet, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=NKmUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT296&lpg=PT296:

The Upper Carboniferous Zhanjin Formation has attracted much attention from geoscientists for containing glacial–marine diamictite and cold‐water fauna typified by the bivalve Eurydesma. The presence of this Formation has provided important evidence for determining the northern border of Gondwana. Previous researchers have classified those strata north of Niangrong Co in the Gêrzê region as part of the Zhanjin Formation based on the presence of glacial–marine diamictite, although the absence of biological fossil evidence has defied clear age determination.

2015 October 24, Luo Shenglong, Wang Genhou, Gao Jinhan, Wang Xunlian, Xiao Hongji, “Age of the Purported Zhanjin Formation in Gêrzê County, Tibet: A New Understanding and Its Significance”, in Acta Geologica Sinica, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-26:

A town in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Tiananmen

tyěnʹänʹmǔnʹ

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 天安門／天安门 (Tiān'ānmén), literally "the gate of Heaven's peacemaking" or conventionally: "the gate of heavenly peace", without syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)).

天安門／天安门 (Tiān'ānmén)

隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)

In 1966, Mao sanctioned the start of the Cultural Revolution, a campaign against entrenched party interests and "capitalist-roaders" that brought China to the brink of civil war and ruined lives and careers.
All the while, he nurtured a personality cult. People carried around his "Little Red Book" of quotations; Mao thought was studied in schools, and his portrait hung on the Tiananmen gate in front of the former imperial palace. It hangs there still.

1993 December 27, Steven Mufson, “CHINA MARKS CENTENARY OF MAO'S BIRTH”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-17:

Like many Beijing landmarks - the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Literary Glory, the Hall of Martial Valour - Tiananmen's name, "The Gate of Heavenly Peace", is abstract and absolute, an appellation bequeathed by Mao Zedong, "The Great Helmsman," whose cult still lives on in his mausoleum in the square, and in the sale of kitsch Maomorabilia.

2006, Philip Dodd, Ben Donald, The Book of Cities, New York (printed in China): MJF Books, →ISBN, page 241:

His May 30, 1989, photo captured the “Goddess of Democracy,” the students’ version of the Statue of Liberty, facing the portrait of Communist China’s first leader, Mao Zedong, on the massive Tiananmen gate.

2019 June 1, Krysta Fauria, Christopher Bodeen, “‘Tank man’ photographer urges China to open up on Tiananmen”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-12-01:

“Today the socialist China stands tall in the world’s east,” Mr Xi, 66, told cheering crowds from Tiananmen Gate as he delivered a speech invoking the “Chinese dream” of national rejuvenation from the rostrum where Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

2019 October 1, Didi Tang, “Hong Kong shooting blights Beijing’s big day”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-08-10:

FILE PHOTO: A Union flag and a Chinese flag on a pole with security cameras in front of a portrait of late Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong at the Tiananmen gate, during a visit to China by the then British prime minister, Theresa May, in Beijing, January 31, 2018.

2020 September 15, “Britain warns it citizens of risk of arbitrary detention in China”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-09-16, China:

A gate near the Forbidden City, Beijing, China.


Yan'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 延安 (Yán'ān).

Upon receiving intelligence reports about the massing of enemy paratroopers, General Peng Dehuai posted a defence regiment at Yan'an airfield, and requested that Mao leave Yan'an as soon as possible.

1992, Yanchi (权延赤) Quan, “Mao Enjoys a Challenge”, in Wang Wenjiong, transl., edited by Gale Hadfield, 走下神坛的毛泽东 [Mao Zedong: Man, Not God], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, published 1996, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 13:

On my last trip before completing this book, I visited Zizhou county, about 200 miles north of Yan’an, where peasants had tried to engage a lawyer to defend themselves in the courts against the oppressive and brutal control of local Party officials. Not much had changed here in the seventy years since Mao’s Long March and his ‘liberation’ of the peasants from their ‘cruel landlords’. Now, the peasants were afraid not of landlords but of the Party officials who prey on them just as the landlords once did.

2000, Jasper Becker, The Chinese, London: John Murray, published 2003, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 365:

I had planned to go to Zizhou, the county where Mr. Ma had organized the peasants. It was halfway between Yulin and Yan'an, which is where Mr. Ma lived.

2004, Ian Johnson, Wild Grass: Three Stories of Change in Modern China, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 31:

A prominent example of such action took place in the villages in Zizhou County, a drought-prone area several hundred miles north of Yan’an, Shaanxi Province, Mao’s revolutionary base area.

2012, Merle Goldman, From Comrade to Citizen: the Struggle for Political Rights in China, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 212:

Both the Lvliang area investigated in this study and the Yan'an area are located in the Loess Hill Ravine Region, and the average thickness value of the individual landslides in Lvliang section is close to that in Yan'an.

2020, Xiangzhou Xu, Tongxin Zhu, Hongwu Zhang, Lu Gao, Experimental Erosion: Theory and Practice of Soil Conservation Experiments, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 79:

A prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China.

Encyclopedia Britannica
West Yan'an Road station
Yan'an


Kuqa

From here the Silk Road bifurcates. In times of unrest, the caravans would move south through the sparse towns along the foot of the Kunlum Mountains, protected from robbers by the Taklimakan desert. But more often they would brave the great northern route with its line of rich oases - Turfan, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu - and hope to evade marauders from the grasslands just to the north.

1989, Colin Thubron, The Silk Road: Beyond the Celestial Kingdom, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

The Kizi Kuqa Beacon Tower
Standing 6 mi. (10 km) west of Kuqa County, this ancient watchtower—or the weather-beaten remains of it—was one of many built along the southern arm of the Silk Road to protect traveling merchants and emissaries from bandits.

2004, Treasures of China, Reader's Digest, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 96:

Under his instruction, Yasin Molla Memet and a dozen other followers in the Chinese territory broke into the homes of Kawul Tika and three other villagers in Kunas Village of Alahag Township, Kuqa County, Xinjiang, on April 29, 1996, killing four villagers and injured^([sic – meaning injuring]) three others with explosives, guns and knives.

2010, J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke, The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat, Praeger, →OCLC, page 149:

Three driverless tractors were at work on a three-hectare demonstration cotton field in Kuqa County, Aksu Prefecture, ploughing, raking, seeding, fertilizing, and even mulching all by themselves.

2018, “Driverless tractors ease burden of Chinese cotton farmers”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency:

In the north-west of Kuqa County, in a ravine, is the site of the 47 Kizilgaha Caves. This is one of the large groups of Buddhist caves in China.

2018, Benoy K Behl, “China and Mongolia”, in Buddhism: The Path of Compassion, Publications Division, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 194:

A county-level city in Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a county


Toksun

As shown by the map, this hill range, known over different sections by varying local names such as Tuz-tagh or Kawan-tagh, stretches with a general east-to-west direction along the whole length of the depression from the Pichan oasis to north of Toksun.

1933, Aurel Stein, Note on a Map of the Turfan Basin, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 240:

The Tungans fled towards Toksun, while the government troops stormed Turfan, which our convoy had left a few days before.

1936, Sven Hedin, The Flight of "Big Horse": The Trail of War in Central Asia, E. P. Dutton, →OCLC, page 15:

Karez in Xinjiang has a long history. Karez in Toksun County today has a history of more than 300 years. The karez in Shanshan County dates back to 400-plus years ago. In recent years, an ancient karez was unearthed in Turpan, which is over 100 m long, with 7 vertical wells. It has a history of 1 500 years.

1997, “Impressions on Fire Land”, in Travelling around Xinjiang: A Land of Enchantment, Beijing: Science Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 198, columns 2, 3:

The two hottest places in China on Monday were Linxian in Shanxi province, and Toksun county in the Xinjiang region, which both saw temperatures of 42 degrees.

2017, Kinling Lo, “Hot ways to chill: China’s heat wave inspires creative thinking among sweltering locals”, in South China Morning Post:

Zhou Bangyu, an official from Hunan Province in central China, helped Yiburanyim Abulza, a poor villager in Toksun County sell 800 kilograms of dried grapes in two weeks.

2018, “China Focus: Industry plays big role in poverty alleviation in Xinjiang”, in Liangyu, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2020-08-08:

Elsewhere in Central Asia, laghman is often submerged in broth, but here the noodles are cooked on their own and then given a ladling of beef stew. “Soup is soup; laghman is laghman,” said Adil Nurdun, who grew up in Toksun County, south of Xinjiang’s capital, Urumqi, and runs the restaurant with Arkin Ali, a native of Aksu Prefecture to the west, bordering Kyrgyzstan.

2019, Ligaya Mishan, “Uighur Noodles, Terrifically Chewy and Earthy, at Nurlan in Flushing, Queens”, in New York Times:

A county of Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang, China

A town in Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang, China

A township in Baicheng, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China


Jiamao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 加茂 (Jiāmào).

This variety, sometimes know as [tha:i¹¹], is spoken by about 70,000-80,000 people who live mainly in the Jiamao township, Baoting County, and in adjacent areas of Lingshui and Qiongzhong counties.

2008, The Tai-Kadai Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 639:

In 2017, I visited a survivor, Chen Liancun, at Baoting County of Hainan Island.[...]At sixteen, she was abducted by Japanese soldiers and detained at the Jiamao military stronghold.

2021, Bárbara Mujica, editor, Collateral Damage: Women Write about War, University of Virginia Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=4q0BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87:


Kümüx

Borrowed from Uyghur كۈمۈش (kümüsh) meaning 'silver', referring to local silver mines.

From the evidence of the latest Ludlovian to Early Devonian ophiolite, which crops out from the northern slope of Mt. Saarming to Kümüx and areas further east (Wang Zuoxun et al., 1986, 1990; Xiao Xuchang et al., 1990), the South Tianshan back-arc basin had already developed into a finite ocean basin along the Hantengri-Kümüx Fault after the Ludlovian.

1996, Zhou Zhiyi, W. T. Dean, Phanerozoic Geology of Northwest China, Beijing: Science Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 11:

I wheeled down into Kümüx just after sunset and drank three Jianlibau soft drinks straight off in the first shop I came to.

1998, Anne Mustoe, Lone Traveller: One Woman, Two Wheels and the World, Random House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 114:

A town in Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

A residential community of Kümüx, Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Shufu

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 疏附 (Shūfù).

Kashgar is the largest city of the Tarim basin, situated also near the Soviet border. Its Chinese official name is K'o-shih, an abbreviated form of K'o-shih-k'a-erh, the phonetic rendering of Kashgar. Prior to 1950, Kashgar was known as Shufu. The city has a population of about 75,000, predominantly Uigur in ethnic composition. It is a center for trade in cotton, silk and sheepskins.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 257:

A police officer reached by Reuters in the county where the incident occurred, called Shufu county in Chinese, said it was “not convenient” to provide any additional information.

2013 December 16, Ben Blanchard, Megha Rajagopalan, “Riot in China's Xinjiang kills 16, 'terror gang' blamed”, in Raju Gopalakrishnan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-01-19, World News:

SHUFU COUNTY, KASHGAR
Teaching Uighur children in Mandarin will not bring stability to Xinjiang
"I CAN speak Chinese, I’m so awesome!” reads a sign on the wall of the Mingde primary school in Shufu, a town near the oasis city of Kashgar in the far western province of Xinjiang.

2015 June 27, “Tongue-tied”, in The Economist, volume 415, number 8944, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 35:

Adil Tursun, a chemistry teacher and faculty director at Kashgar Kona Sheher (in Chinese, Shufu) County No. 1 High School was arrested in 2016 and sentenced in 2018 to seven years in Xinshou Prison in Shanghai after already having served two years of detention, said Abduweli Ayup, a former student who is now a Uyghur activist and linguist based in Norway.

2022 March 11, Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur educator serving 7-year sentence for instructing students in mother tongue”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2022-03-12:

A list obtained and partially verified by the AP cites the names of more than 10,000 Uyghurs sent to prison in just Konasheher county alone, one of dozens in southern Xinjiang. In recent years, China has waged a brutal crackdown on the Uyghurs, a largely Muslim minority, which it has described as a war on terror.

[2022 May 16, Huizhong Wu, Drake Kang, “Uyghur country in China has highest prison rate in the world”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-16:

A county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Alaqagha

Borrowed from Uyghur ئالاقاغا (alaqagha).

On 29 April 1996, a group of dozen armed men attacked the houses of Qavul Toqa, a member of the CPPCC National Committee and Deputy to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region People's Congress at Qunas village of Alaqagha Township in Kuqa County.

2007, Mahesh Ranjan Debata, “Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang”, in China's Minorities: Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 168:

In a recent example that demonstrates both of these tendencies, Radio Free Asia reported on 20 May that in Alaqagha township near Aksu, authorities had violently suppressed a protest against the detention of women and schoolgirls for wearing the hijab or headscarves, killing up to four protestors.

2014 May 23, Michael Clarke, “Why is Xinjiang violence escalating?”, in BBC, archived from the original on 2014-05-23:

A Washington Post team was turned away at the one of several checkpoints around Elishku, as army trucks rumbled past, and was subsequently detained for several hours by informers, police and Communist Party officials for reporting from villages in the surrounding district of Shache county; the following day, the team was again detained in Alaqagha in Kuqa county, and ultimately deported from the region from the nearest airport.

2014 September 19, Simon Denyer, “China's war on terror becomes all-out attack on Islam in Xinjiang”, in Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-09-20, World:

While the Chinese state and international media were probing into the nuts and the bolts of terrorist onslaught on innocent, mostly elderly, citizens of Urumqi, in the same week suppression of civil rights demonstrations by peaceful Uyghur protesters at Alaqagha township in Aksu prefecture's Kucha county went almost unnoticed.

2018, Debasish Chaudhuri, Xinjiang and the Chinese State: Violence in the Reform Era, Routledge, →ISBN, →OCLC:

Uighur Muslim women visit a market in Alaqagha in western China's Xinjiang province in July.

2020 June 18, “China expressed strong opposition over US' Uighur Human Rights bill”, in The New Indian Express, archived from the original on 2020-06-18:

A town in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China.

(historical) A village in Alaqagha, Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Oytograk

Borrowed from Uyghur ئويتوغراق (oytoghraq).

...glaciation NE of Oytograk, today covered by star dunes, supplied the sands for the oldest dunes which had been active before (or during?)...Today, the star dunes at the southern margin near Qira and S of Oytograk have the oldest aeolian age according to granulometry, salinity and heavy-mineral content and in spite of their slight grain patina.

1995, Die Erde: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, volume 126, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 218–219:

The precaution line of 1999 has extended the trend to the northern part of the Keriya oasis, that is, the natural oasis has extended the desert in some degree，especially in the northern part of Karki village. The 1999 precaution line has a trend of local expansion in the southern part of Langan village, and this is in relation to irrigation and opening up wasteland. The 1999 precaution line is also expanding in Oytograk village in the eastern part of Keriya County and along the Keriya River, owing to the increase of the Keriya River’s flux.

2003, Tashpolat Tiyip, Liu Chuansheng, Ding Jianli, “Extracting precaution line of the arid area environmental changes using 3S techniques”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), →DOI:

Irrigation has expanded since 1949 with the increase in cultivated land. Agricultural water consumption increased from 300 million m³ in 1949 to more than 600 million m³ in 1980. Thus Figs. 4.9, 4.10, and 4.11 show cultivated areas increased since 1977 in Oytograk (circle1), in the south of the Keriya oasis (circles 2 and 3), and in Laysu (circle 9), and the extension of cultivated lands and the irrigation system contributed to a transformation of some desert areas into oasis.

2010, Yalikun Tashi, Philippe C. Chamard, Marie-Françoise Courel, Tashpolat Tiyip, Yiliminuer Tuerxun, Sam Drake, “The Recent Evolution of the Oasis Environment in the Taklimakan Desert, China”, in Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 69:

A township in Yutian, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Wenchang

Messrs. David and Oustalet state that its visits Southern China in the summer season; and Swinhoe procured it at Swatow, and says that it is supposed to breed in the Wenchang district, N.E. Hainan.

1886, H.E. Dresser, A Monograph of the Meropoidæ or the Family of Bee-eaters, →OCLC, page 58:

Entire administrative districts were ordered to adopt the same planting density, irrespective of the varying conditions within that district. Mencheong county authority in Kwangtung sent cadres to direct a collective to adopt a density known by the local peasants to be technically disastrous ( NFJP , June 26, 1956).

[1968, Kenneth R. Walker, “Organization for Agricultural Production”, in Economic Trends in Communist China, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 421:

The highlight of the article is that the mass education measures used at Wenchang of Hainan Island were “teaching, criticism, debate, struggle, arrest and execution.” (Begin translation)
When this anti-revolutionary revisionist element Lin Li-ming returned to Hainan, he made his native place Wenchang the “key point county” of his work and designated the Chengchiao (Township Outskirts) Commune as the focus of that key point.

1978 June 4, L. Chen, “Has Peiping made changes?”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIX, number 22, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Charlie Soong (1866-1918), also called Charles Jones Soon, was born Han Chiao-shun and was reared until he was nine in Wen-ch’ang, a port on the eastern coast of the island of Hainan.

[2002, “Soong”, in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, volume 11, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15, column 2:

On Tuesday, President Xi Jinping visited the launch site in Wenchang on the southern island of Hainan from which the Tianhe module was fired into orbit.

2022 April 16, “Chinese astronauts land after 6 months on space station”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-04-16:


Changde

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 常德 (Chángdé).

Changte commands over four Cities, as Changte, Taoyuen, Lungyang, Juenkiang.

[1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 14:

Three other tourists from Zhangjiajie later traveled to the central city of Changde, taking a river cruise with dozens of other people. About 27 infections in at least six places have been linked to the boat ride.

2021 August 4, Sui-Lee Wee, Elsie Chen, “After Months as a Covid Success Story, China Tries to Tame Delta”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-08-04:

A prefecture-level city in Hunan, China.


Chengmai

Zhao Caisen was arrested on suspicion of causing the accident in Chengmai County on April 10, Xinhua said, citing a warrant issued by the prosecutor of Wenchang City.

2014 April 25, Koh Gui Qing, “China arrests driver in fatal school bus crash - Xinhua”, in Alison Williams, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-06-24, Autos & Transportation:


Mount Mogan

Partial calque from Mandarin 莫干山 (Mògān Shān).

FOLLOWING in the footsteps of foreign missionaries, Chinese gangsters and Chiang Kai-shek, I traveled to the mountain outpost of Moganshan looking for a breather from full-throttle Shanghai.

[2012 April 12, Justin Bergman, “A Lofty Retreat From Sweltering Shanghai”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-04-17, Travel:

A mountain in Deqing, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China


Lufeng

陸豐／陆丰 (Lùfēng)

Other speakers included (Chen Chun-keng), leaders of the Haifeng and Lufeng county CCP committees and representatives of the old revolutionary bases.

1978 November 24 [1978 November 23], “Kwangtung Holds Rally to Mark Anniversary of Soviet Regime”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 227, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Canton Kwangtung Provincial Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, page H 2:

P’eng P’ai was able to return to Hai-feng county on the heels of the Eastern Expedition at the end of February 1925 and to revive his shattered movement there. Membership grew rapidly to a reported 70,000, with 12,000 in neighbouring Lu-feng county, but Ch’en Chiung-ming’s troops recovered these counties in the summer and again the movement was driven underground.

[1983, C. Martin Wilbur, “The Nationalist Revolution: from Canton to Nanking, 1923-28”, in John K. Fairbank, editor, The Cambridge History of China, volume 12, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 543–544:

It was the third day of tensions in Lufeng. Hundreds of villagers attacked government buildings, according to a statement by the municipal government of Shanwei region, which includes Lufeng.

2011 September 23, James Pomfret, Sisi Tang, Chris Buckley, Sabrina Mao, Sui-Lee Wee, “Hundreds protest in south China over land grab”, in Brian Rhoads, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-11, World News:

A county-level city in Shanwei, Guangdong, China


Lufeng

Translingual: Lufengosaurus

Hsinhua said that the almost complete lower jawbone, two other fossilized jawbones and more than 40 fossilized teeth from ancient apes were found in coal seams in Lufeng county in the southwest province of Yunnan.

1977 April 18, “China Says Bone Find Is New Link to Man”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-03-08, page 18:


Kizilsu

Borrowed from Kyrgyz كىزىلسۋ / Кызылсуу (Kızılsuu, “red water”). Uyghur قىزىلسۇ (qizilsu).

bor

Kyrgyz كىزىلسۋ

On August 21, the Southern Xinjiang Administrative Office was established at Kazgar, with jurisdiction over the Aksu, Kazgar, Xiache, and Hetian Special Districts and the newly established Kizilsu A.Z. and Tash Kurghan A.X.

1979, Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949-1977, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 45:

The Kirgizs. This nationality has a population of 113,999, of which about 80 per cent live in close communities in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

1985, 《中国手册》编辑委员会 [China Handbook Editorial Committee], translated by Chen Zhucai, 社会生活 [Life and Lifestyles] (《中国手册》 [China Handbook Series]), Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 61:

Xinjiang provincial television said in a broadcast from Urumqi, the regional capital, that a revolt by a "small number of ruffians" was put down in the town of Baren in the Kizilsu Kirghiz autonomous prefecture on April 5 and 6.

1990 April 23, “Beijing Reports 22 Deaths In Revolt in Western Region”, in New York Times:

The semi-nomadic Kyrgyz are spread throughout western and southern Xinjiang, but there is a significant concentration in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, set in the foothills of the Tianshan range which separates them from their kin in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan. Most Kyrgyz are herdsmen, tending flocks of sheep and camels and, like the Kazakhs, they moved their animals across the mountains according to the season until the Sino-Soviet dispute closed the border. Their language and customs are closely related to those of their Kazakh neighbours.

1996, Michael Dillon, China's Muslims, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 10:

An awkward silence persisted in the corridor of level six of the Artux People’s Hospital in Kizilsu Prefecture until at last the lone woman in the group finally spoke.

2016, Alex Ryan, Beijing Red, Crooked Lane Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 45:

A Kirgiz autonomous prefecture in Xinjiang, China.

Aksu

Other geographical terms with the -su (water/river) suffix

Kiziloy

Other geographical terms with the word 'kizil' (red)


Mulan

en-proper-noun

Mulan (countable and uncountable, plural Mulans)

From Mandarin 木蘭／木兰 (Mùlán, literally “magnolia”).

Not only were the Korean Communists numerous, but their influence extended over a wide territory ranging from Chientao in the southeast to Ilan and Mulan in the southern part of Heilungkiang Province, where the Koreans had formed communities of their own.

1983, Chong-Sik Lee, Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922-1945, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 222:

We had no idea how long this period of “re-education” might last. We were to present ourselves within ten days to local officials in Mulan county, about four hours by road from Harbin.

1992, Zhimei Zhang, Foxspirit: A Woman in Mao's China, Quebec: Vehicule Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 168:

Any of several places in China:
A county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

A township in Huangpi district, Hubei, China

Any of several places in China:
A river in Fujian, China


Mount Putuo

Partial calque of Mandarin 普陀山 (Pǔtuó Shān).

partial calque

Mount Wutai is really a cluster of five huge summits ranging in altitude up to 10,000 feet that is breached only by a few dirt roads twisting over the windswept passes of northern Shanxi. It is the most revered of the four mountains sacred to Chinese Buddhists, more than Mount Emei in Sichuan, Mount Putuo in Zhejiang or Mount Jihua in Anhui.

1984 October 16, Christopher S. Wren, “TO BE LEFT ALONE, CHINA'S BUDDISTS OPEN A DOOR”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, World:

An island in Putuo district, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China


Akto

In 1990 a fight between armed locals and the police and military flared up in Baren, in Akto, near Kashgar, in which at least 22 people were killed, of whom six were members of the security forces; some sources say the locals had intended to initiate an armed uprising.

1992, “Xinjiang: Unquiet Spring”, in Tibet Information Network (Background Papers on Tibet), page 51:

In April 1990 a group of Kyrgyz started a riot at Baren in Akto county, which led to exchanges of fire and a number of deaths.

1994, Peter Fedinand, editor, The New States of Central Asia and their Neighbours, Council on Foreign Relations Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 100:

The Akto region is a part of China that has been rocked with conflict. In April 1990 an “armed counter revolutionary rebellion” occurred in Baren Township of Akto County. “There were over twenty deaths, mainly of members of Islamic minorities. Later in 1990...fifty mosques were closed down and the construction of 153 others was halted.”

2000, Paul Hattaway, Operation China: Introducing all the Pooples of China, Piquant, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 31:

This was a boon for the PRC as there had been increasingly violent incidents in Xinjiang since the 1990 Baren Incident in Akto county, which borders Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

2019, Tak-ling Terry Woo, “Religion and Politics in the People's Republic of China: An Appraisal of Continuing Mistrust and Misunderstanding”, in Roy C. Amore, editor, Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide, MDPI, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 88:

The East Turkistan Government in Exile and the overwhelming majority of East Turkistanis across our global diaspora commemorated the 30th Anniversary of the Baren Revolution, also known as the Baren Uprising, or the Baren Massacre, which erupted on April 5, 1990 in East Turkistan's Akto County.

2020 April 5, “30th Anniversary of the Baren Revolution”, in The Voice of East Turkistan, volume 1, number 3, page 17:


Shaoguan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 韶關／韶关 (Sháoguān).

The transfers began in the early 2000s, and by the first half of 2009, nearly 100,000 Uyghur workers had been sent east under this programme. Several hundred of them were working from May 2009 in the Xuri Toy Factory in Shaoguan, Guangdong, a facility that made toys for Hasboro, Mattel and other international companies.

2007, James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 368:

The region has been simmering since a factory brawl in the southern Chinese city Shaoguan last month that killed two Uighurs.

2009 July 7, Disha Uppal, “Tension Remains High in Xinjiang”, in Anne Thomas, editor, Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2024-01-28:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.


Jinjiang

/d͡ʒɪnˈd͡ʒ(i)æŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 晉江／晋江 (Jìnjiāng, “Jin River”).

Jacques Amoyt in his volume The Manila Chinese traced Fukienese in the Philippines as originating from six hsien - Chinchiang, Nanan, Huian, T'ungan, Anch'i and Yungch'un and from the cities of Amoy (Hsiamen) and Chinchiang, formerly known as Ch'uanchou. Chinchiang hsien alone contains the ancestral homes of at least 50 percent of the emigrants.

[1976, Robert J. Bolton, “The Minnan Chinese - An Overview A Vignette”, in Treasure Island: Church Growth Among Taiwan's Urban Minnan Chinese [寶島], South Pasadena, Cali.: William Carey Library, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 20:

Another report said some people in Chinchiang in Fukien province saw Lt. Col. Fan flying along the seashore in the wrong direction and decided something must be happening.

[1977 September 25, “Reds reported shocked by Fan's defection to Taiwan”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVIII, number 38, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, columns 1, 2:

Jinhua and others are spending big to get there. In Jinjiang, a city in Fujian Province once known as a shoe-manufacturing center, Jinhua’s new factory is almost finished. Rising five stories and stretching several football fields long, the structure boasts 100,000 square feet of new office space.

2018 June 22, Paul Mozur, “Inside a Heist of American Chip Designs, as China Bids for Tech Power”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-06-22, Technology:

The Taiwanese-controlled island of Kinmen located just off the Chinese coast has begun importing water from its neighbor via a pipeline despite heightened tensions between Beijing and Taipei.
Water from Jinjiang in China’s Fujian province began flowing through the 16-kilometer (10-mile)-long pipeline Sunday under a 30-year contract.

2018 August 6, “Taiwan’s Kinmen island begins importing water from China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-07:

A county-level city in Quanzhou, Fujian, China


Wuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 梧州 (Wúzhōu).

The aircraft, with 123 passengers and nine crew on board, lost contact over the city of Wuzhou, China's Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and the airline said.[...]Online weather data showed partly cloudy conditions with good visibility in Wuzhou at the time of the crash.

2022 March 21, “Chinese Boeing jet crashes in mountains with 132 on board, no sign of survivors”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-03-21:

A prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China.


Panyu

Excavated from the tomb of Southern Han Dynasty at Panyu District, Kuangtung.

1976, 世界陶磁全集, volume 11, →OCLC, page 335:

In recent months, authorities in southern Guangdong province have faced increasingly assertive protests by residents opposed to potentially high-polluting projects including plans for a waste incinerator in Guangzhou’s Panyu district that was eventually put off by authorities.

2010 January 25, James Pomfret, “Hundreds protest S.China project over pollution worries”, in Ken Wills, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-05, Environment:

A district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.


Chenghai

The Chenghai district, in which Swatow is situated, is in fact but a vast alluvial plain formed by the sand and mud brought by the waters of the Han river, the numerous branches of which find their outlet to the sea in that district.

1880, Reports on the Trade of the Treaty Ports 1879, Imperial Maritime Customs, →OCLC, page 208:

China supplies about 70 percent of the world’s toys. Guangdong’s toy exports account for about 75 percent of all such exports and earn the province US$15 billion every year. Almost half of these toys are produced in Chenghai, a scruffy town of 700,000 permanent residents, plus many migrant workers, in the Shantou district.

2013, Rowan Callick, “Doing Business”, in The Party Forever: Inside China's Modern Communist Elite, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 148:

During my grandparents’ generation and the generation before, most of the clansmen were illiterate, but they were deeply religious and followed traditional ways. They spoke the Chaozhou (Teochew) dialect and were originally from the Chenghai district of the city of Shantou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China.

2015, J. K. Chua, “Cultivating Gratitude: The Seven Signs from Heaven”, in Pebbles in the Pond: Transforming the World One Person at a Time, Wave Four, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 52:

Amid yellow pagodas pointing heavenward, Mr. Peng and a small group of volunteers built memorial arches across the park’s steep roads and paths lined with riotous subtropical vegetation. The site, in the Chenghai district of Shantou, was an appropriate place for memory — Buddhist pagodas are associated with the dead, and many local victims of the Cultural Revolution lie here, many buried in mass graves.

2016 October 2, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “Fate Catches Up to a Cultural Revolution Museum in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-03, Asia Pacific:

A district of Shantou, Guangdong, China; former county of Guangdong, China.


Barin

Village chiefs from Barin township, in Kashgar (in Chinese, Kashi) prefecture’s Peyziwat (Jiashi) county, recently told RFA’s Uyghur Service that hundreds of the Islamic holy books printed before 2012 had been seized since authorities issued an order recalling them on Jan. 15.

2017, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Xinjiang Authorities Confiscate ‘Extremist’ Qurans From Uyghur Muslims”, in Mamatjan Juma, Alim Seytoff, transl., Radio Free Asia:

A town in Payzawat, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China

The counter-revolutionary armed riot which took place in the Barin town of Aktu County on April 5, 1990 was a well-planned, well-organized and premeditated violent act of a small number of reactionaries and ethnic separatists hidden in Barin. Cloaked in religion, they deceived and forced some blind-minded public to take part in their plot to destroy national unity and overthrow the government. The riot was a rare and the most serious incident carried out by the ethnic separatists since the liberation of Xinjiang.

1998, Zhang Yumo, “THE ANTI-SEPARATISM STRUGGLE AND ITS HISTORICAL LESSONS SINCE THE LIBERATION OF XINJIANG”, in Turdi Ghoja, transl., Uyghur American Association, archived from the original on 2019-09-03:

In 1990, an uprising in Barin town resulted in a clash between Uyghurs and police.

1999, Soledad A Hernando, Emergent Institutions in Asia: Cases and Concepts, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 87:

Uighur discontent rumbled on for many years but the acknowledged turning point was the Barin uprising of 1990, when Afghan-trained Islamists set up loudspeakers in mosques in the villages of Barin and Turand and broadcast speeches praising jihad.¹³ The local police were attacked and their weapons seized, at which point the Chinese government responded decisively. Its overreaction to the Barin uprising only served to attract more Uighurs to the separatist Islamist banner:

2003, Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror, New York: Berkley Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 230:

1990
On April 5, a group of terrorists, aided and abetted by the "East Turkistan Islamic Party," created a grave terrorist incident in Barin Township, Akto County, Xinjiang.

2009, “Full Text: The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps”, in China Internet Information Center, page 1:

On April 5,1990, a group of terrorists, aided and abetted by the "East Turkistan Islamic Party," created a grave terrorist incident in Barin Township, Akto County, Xinjiang.

2010, J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke, The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat, Praeger, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 127:

A police officer in Barin township, who declined to give his name, said officers have recently been watching the station around the clock lately because the situation in the area, which is the most sensitive part of the Kizilsu Kirghiz prefecture, remains tense.

2017 April 12, Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin, “Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China’s Xinjiang”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2017-04-17:

A township in Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China.

A township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China

A township in Shule, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China

Thanks to this work and research experience I had the possibility to get access areas which in 2012 were still closed to foreigners and Chinese non-residents as Peizawat County, Akto County, and Barin village, to collect material and make interviews to farmers.

2020, Alessandra Cappelletti, Socio-Economic Development in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Disparities and Power Struggle in China's North-West, page viii:

A village in Barin, Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China.


Guide

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴德／贵德 (Guìdé).

She said she had chosen to speak out because she wanted to explain to the public why she left Guide county in Qinghai, where she and her husband Xie Chengde ran a successful honey farm that once featured on state television.
The authorities in Guide said they are now investigating the case following her accusations.

2021 February 8, Mandy Zuo, “Award-winning Chinese reporter’s account of years of domestic violence causes uproar on social media”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-02-07, China:

A county of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China.


Bulungkol

Borrowed from Uyghur بۇلۇڭكۆل (bulungköl).

The second fault is located between Gez (No. 4) and Bulungkol (No. 5).

1996, Yu-sheng Pan, Geological Evolution of the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 242:

On the way there, the route passes Bulungkol, a broad flood plain at the confluence of two rivers, which is flanked by massive sandstone hills topped by snowy peaks. On the journey it is essential to take a passport to avoid being sent back from the Gezcun border control centre, which actually comes before Bulungkol and where photographs are strictly prohibited.

2009, Hans-Wilm Schütte, China, Baedeker, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 386:

Since then, China leads the world in installation of renewable village systems, of which 100 include wind. One example is the electrification of five villages in Bulunkou Township (Table 10.6) in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, China [34, chap. 5].

[2009, Vaughn Nelson, “Applications and Wind Industry”, in Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, CRC Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 211:

Authorities are promoting the letter mainly in villages in border areas, such as Muji and Bulungkol in Akto (in Chinese, Aketao) county, he said.

2017 April 12, Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin, “Six Dead, Four Injured in Two Successive Suicide Attacks in China’s Xinjiang”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2017-05-31:


Banan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 巴南 (Bānán).

By 2006, after working in the city for nearly twenty years, Yu bought his first apartment in Chongqing’s Ban’an^([sic – meaning Banan]) District for US$20,000, securing a 70 per cent mortgage from a local rural credit company, now part of the restructured Chongqing Rural Credit Commercial Bank.

2012, Tom Miller, China's Urban Billion: The story behind the biggest migration in human history, Zed Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 60:

Its Indian arm, Maruti Suzuki, is the largest passenger-car manufacturer on the subcontinent, and Suzuki’s joint venture in China with Changan Automobile recently announced it would build a second plant in the Banan District of Chongqing. The plant will give the venture an annual capacity to build 500,000 cars.

2012 April 19, Paul Stenquist, “Suzuki: Going Places Elsewhere, but Not in America”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-07:

It was reported that Decathlon, the biggest global sports products retailer, is investigating the road logistics base in Banan District, which is planned to create a Southwest logistics distribution centre in Chongqing.

2014, Retail Market Study Worldwide 2014, 6th edition, →ISBN, page 879:

One of China’s top titanium producers has halted production at its unit in Chongqing after members of staff were found to be infected with the new coronavirus, a local government official said on Friday.
Pangang Group Vanadium Titanium and Resources, which produces around 220,000 tonnes per year of titanium dioxide - used as white pigment in paints, paper, plastics and textiles - subsequently put the facility in Chongqing’s Banan district under lockdown, the Banan official said.

2020 February 14, Min Zhang, Tom Daly, “China titanium producer Pangang shuts unit as coronavirus cases found”, in David Evans, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-02-14, Commodities:

Extreme heat in China’s southwestern Chongqing municipality has left the city parched and several mountains ablaze.
At least four districts have reported fires since Thursday, forcing 1,500 people from 540 households to be evacuated.
The latest blaze broke out in Banan district on Sunday, while another in Jiangjin district that had been burning since Thursday was not put out until Monday morning.

2022 August 22, Nick Yang, “Fires blaze in southwest China as extreme heat scorches region”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-22, Politics:


Chihli

The Yalu is mainly useful in floating down immense rafts of wood, which find their way from the town of Antung, at the mouth of the river, to the port of Newchwang, and to Chefoo and Tientsin for the provinces of Shantung and Chihli.

1895 May, John Ross, “Manchuria”, in The Scottish Geographical Magazine, volume XI, number V, Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 220–221:

TS‘I: principality, separated by the Yellow River from Tsin and Yen; it lay in North Shan Tung, and in the coast part of Chih Li.

[1908, Edward Harper Parker, Ancient China Simplified, London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., →OCLC, page xi:

Mr. Lattimore was born in Paotingfu, China, where his American parents served on the faculty of the Chihli provincial college.

1984 February 28, Herbert Mitgang, “RICHARD LATTIMORE DEAD; A CLASSICAL SCHOLAR AND POET”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Obituaries:

We have been unable to find much information about Mr Chih-Chang and his connection with this Exposition, but we learned that he was born in 1877 at Tientsin, Chihli, where he also studied law at Peiyang University.

2017, The March 2017 Baltimore Auction of U.S. Coins, Stack's Bowers, page 54, column 1:


Boritokay

Zhou, deputy government head of Boritokay township and also a Party member, has been working in Xinjiang since graduating from a teachers' college in Sichuan province, in southwestern China.

2020 July 6, “Young Party members dedicated to poverty reduction”, in State Council Information Office, archived from the original on 2022-02-19:

A township in Ulugqat, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China.


Black River

Specific data on the flow of the Red River near Hanoi was impossible to obtain but last month Le Monde, the Paris newspaper, published a dispatch predicting that the flow of the Black River, a main tributary, would reach 32,500 cubic meters a second at Sontay, about 25 miles northwest of Hanoi (a cubic meter is about 35 cubic feet).

1972 July 14, Seymour M. Hersh, “Dikes in Hanoi Area Represent 2,000‐Year Effort to Tame Rivers”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-02-24:

The Black River Watershed is a tributary system of the Red River. Like the Red River, the Black River has its source in China and flows out through Vietnam.

1996, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Thai Studies: Theme 2, Cultural crisis and the Thai capitalist transformation, →OCLC, page 131:

The Upper Red River veers northwards to China, but we take a sneaky left-hand turn down the Da River (Black River).

2017 July 1, Colin Hinshelwood, “Cruise Vietnam’s scenic and lush Red River”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2017-06-25:


Qinggil

Sheep ked were collected in the spring of 2014 from the Qinggil County (89°47’–91°04’ E, 45°00’–47°20’N), Xinjiang UAR, China.

2017, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Nuer Kuermanali, Zhao Li, Shi-Jun Chen, Yuan-Zhi Wang, Han Tao, Chuang-Fu Chen, “The complete mitochondrial genome of the parasitic sheep ked Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)”, in Mitochondrial DNA Part B, volume 2, number 2, via Taylor & Francis, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-03-22, page 432:

Meanwhile, in the Altay region of Xinjiang, which borders Kazakhstan, authorities recently detained three ethnic Kazakhs in Qinggil (in Chinese, Qinghe) county, a former township official told RFA.
"Three people in Qinggil county have been detained, and we are trying to find out where they are," the former official said. "We found out [on Saturday] that they have been detained, but we don't know where they're being held."

2017 December 18, Qiao Long, “China Detains Kazakhs During 'Unity Week' in Troubled Xinjiang Region”, in Luisetta Mudie, transl., edited by Luisetta Mudie, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-10-29:

In the Qinggil rebel group, political power was concentrated in the hands of Osman, Sugurbayow and other Kazakh figures, while the political leader of the Jiminay faction was the Uyghur Molla Islam Ismayil.

2018, Wang Ke, translated by Carissa Fletcher, The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 190:

The news story that Kama read was about an elderly person named Abibao in Qinggil County who had raised ten orphans.

2021, Li Juan, translated by Jack Hargreaves and Yan Yan, Winter Pasture: One Woman's Journey with China's Kazakh Herders, 1st edition, Astra Publishing House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=aML0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT288:

A county of Altay prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Yulin

Thousands of dogs are slaughtered and served in restaurants in Yulin, in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, for the festival, which is set to begin on June 21. Its proponents defend the practice as an expression of cultural heritage and argue that eating dogs is no different from eating cows or turkeys.

2016 June 9, Shaojie Huang, “Animal Advocates Call for End to Dog Meat Festival in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-09:

The Yulin city government hopes to sell 8,000 housing units to villagers this year, the paper said, pointing to the collapse in urban demand.
But rural residents in the Guangxi autonomous region, which includes Yulin, on average earn only about 5,000 yuan ($748) a year, less than half of what urban residents make, official statistics show.

2022 June 27, Liangping Gao, Ryan Woo, “Chinese city desperate for home buyers entices villagers with job prospects”, in Edmund Klamann, Mark Porter, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-29, Asian Markets:


Yulin

About twelve wersts and a half from Yulin, we arrived at the fort of Tcha tao, close to which there is an inn, where we found a great number of travellers assembled; some were preparing to proceed on their difficult road across the mountains, and others resting themselves after having accomplished this fatiguing journey.

1827, George Timkowski, Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China in the Years 1820-1821, volume I, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 307:

Under the threat of sandstorms, the town of Yu-Lin had been "on the move" three times in the past. If one climbs up the rampart in the northeastern corner of the old town, one can see remnants of the Great Wall, standing amidst the vast yellow sands.

[1960 September 19 [1960 April 18], Ku-hsien Chiang, The Green Yu-Lin of Shensi Province - Communist China., United States Joint Publications Research Service, →OCLC, page 2:

The next morning I caught a taxi north of Yulin, where the Great Wall ran through the desert. Tourists rarely came to see the wall here, because it was unrestored and the northern Shaanxi roads were so bad.

2001, Peter Hessler, River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze, London: John Murray, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 190:

At the section of the Great Wall of China that runs through Yulin, tour guide Gao Jing says she tried to learn English in expectation of the increased number of overseas visitors the city planned to attract as part of its economic transformation.
But the international tourists haven't come to Yulin, once a coal, oil and natural gas boom town in the northwestern province of Shaanxi, and in their absence she has forgotten her English.

2016 August 22, Sue-Lin Wong, Beijing Newsroom, “Former China boom town learns hard lessons about service economy”, in Alex Richardson, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-12-01, Business:

A prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China.

U.S. cameras have photographed construction of a ship berthing area, a jetty and more than 50 buildings, as well as dredging of a channel at Woody Island, one of the largest of the group.
Chinese convoys are reported sailing frequently from the port of Yulin on Hainan Island's south coast to Woody Island, about 200 miles to the southeast.

1971 July 7, “Peking Building New Sea Base?”, in The Salem News, volume 83, number 160, Salem, Ohio, sourced from AP, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 1:

The United States once asked Communist China to permit US Seventh Fleet to dock at Shanghai, and Peiping considered the possibility of allowing the U.S. Navy to make use of port facilities at Yulin on Hainan Island, according to a top Chinese Communist official.

1980 December 7, “Yulin on Hainan”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXI, number 48, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3, column 4:

Yulin base was originally developed to serve mainly as a conventional submarine facility, located on the eastern bank of the Yulin Bay. It is close to the Parcel and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea disputed between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.

2012 September 5, Keshav Prasad Bhattarai, “Rising India And China: Can Two Tigers Learn To Share A Mountain – Analysis”, in Eurasia Review, archived from the original on 2013-02-21:


Mohe

Only in 2008 did the two countries agree on the border, which tracks the Amur River as it wiggles east for almost 3,000 kilometres from just west of Mohe, China’s most northerly town, towards the Sea of Japan.

2014, David Eimer, The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China, Bloomsbury USA, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 282:

In a two-storey wooden house with about 100 Father Christmas dolls, the white-bearded figure in a red suit writes down seasonal wishes with a quill and poses with tourists at the theme park on the outskirts of Mohe, China's northernmost city.[…]
Mohe, known as China's Arctic Town, holds the record for its lowest-ever temperature of minus 52.3 Celsius (minus 62.1 Fahrenheit), on Feb. 13, 1969.
For most visitors, the highlight of a trip is the fulfilment of a long-held wish to meet Santa.
"I've achieved my childhood dream," said Huang Liwen, 30, who had travelled to Mohe from Guangdong province in southern China.

2020 December 21, Xihao Jiang, Carlos Garcia Rawlins, “Santa welcomes visitors at winter wonderland in China's Arctic Town”, in Karishma Singh, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-08, China:

A county-level city in Daxing'anling prefecture, Heilongjiang, China, the northernmost city in China, formerly a county


Siping

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 四平 (Sìpíng).

In 2015, four teachers at a RYB Education kindergarten in Siping, northeast China, were charged with using sewing needles to jab more than 20 children on their heads, mouths and limbs, supposedly as punishment.

2017 November 24, Chris Buckley, Karoline Kan, “Beijing Kindergarten Is Accused of Abuse, and Internet Erupts in Fury”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-11-24, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Jilin, China.


Chahar

Borrowed from Manchu ᠴᠠᡥᠠᡵ (cahar), from Classical Mongolian ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ (čaqar).

Chiang’s foreign office in Nanking denied that there were any provincial troops in the disputed area; there were only a few militia. At any rate, Nanking replied, the territory in question was part of the Kuyuan district, and Kuyuan was in Chahar, and Chahar was Chinese territory, so what were the Japanese complaining about?

1938, Robert Berkov, Strong Man of China: The Story of Chiang Kai-shek, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, page 198:

The border-area government resembled a provincial administration. It was headed by a six-man Border Region Administrative Committee with Sung Shao-wen as Chairman and Hu Jen-k'uei as Vice-Chairman. The other four committeemen were Nieh Jung-chen, Communist Party representative and local military commander; Liu Tien-chi, representative of the Kuomintang; Chang Su, regional representative for Chahar; and Sun Chih-yuan, regional representative for Hopei.

1962, Chalmers A. Johnson, Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937-1945, Stanford University Press, page 101:

The critical state of military affairs has increased the importance of Peiping as the government’s headquarters in north China. Not long ago, General Fu Tso-yi was appointed Commander of a new North China Communist Suppression Headquarters, with its center here, to direct and control all military operations in the provinces of Jehol, Chahar, Suiyuan, Hopeh, and part of Shansi.

1963, A. Doak Barnett, China on the Eve of Communist Takeover, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 28:

In the summer of 1935 came another humiliation. The Ho-Umetsu “agreement” was stuffed down the throat of supine China. By its terms, Central Government troops were expelled from the provinces of Hebei and Chahar. No units of China’s ruling party, the Guomindang, could function in these provinces—not even in the great cities of Beiping and Tianjin.

2005, Israel Epstein, History Should Not be Forgotten, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, page 19:

(historical) A former province of China, now mostly part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.


Jiangyin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江陰／江阴 (Jiāngyīn).

The leader of a small bandit gang from the county of Chiang-yin on the south bank of the Yangtze fled north to Chang Shih-ch’eng’s camp in 1354 or 1355 to seek his help in putting down a rival.

[1962, F. W. Mote, “The Man of the Green Hill”, in The Poet Kao Chʻi, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 60:

Mr. Ren, an entrepreneur in the eastern city of Jiangyin, found that the more successful his small factory, the more problems from neighbors jealous of his wealth.

1989 April 6, Nicholas D. Kristof, “Beijing Journal; Second Thoughts: Laissez Faire or Plain Unfair?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-11-28, Section A, page 4:


Anqing

/ˌɑːnˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 安慶／安庆 (Ānqìng).

Another major producer of sodium cyanide, Anhui Shuguang, appears to have a subsidiary located not only close to a residential area of Anqing in Anhui Province, but also only a few hundred feet from the Yangtze River in central China. The Times found a kindergarten and another school within 1,000 meters of the factory.

2015 August 21, Patrick Boehler, Josh Keller, K.K. Rebecca Lai, Vanessa Piao, Crystal Tse, “Tianjin Blast Exposes the Dangerous Proximity of Toxic Chemicals in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-08-21:

In addition to conventional weather monitoring technology, Anqing city in China's Anhui province is using virtual reality goggles linked to river-monitoring cameras that use 5G internet to transmit images to inspectors, according to Xinhua.

2020 August 20, “What's behind China's record floods?”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-08-23:

The attack happened on Saturday afternoon, on a shopping street in Anqing city, Anhui province, which is located around 430 kilometers from Shanghai.

2021 June 6, Tanika Godbole, “China: Man with knife kills 6 on commercial street”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-06-06, News:

A prefecture-level city in Anhui, China.


Changshu

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈʃu/

The American Church Mission Hospital at Changshu was formally opened in September.

1923 January 13, “Medical News”, in Journal of the American Medical Association, volume 80, number 2, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 119:

For example, one report told of how the Changshou County Chemical Fertiliser Plant (in Jiangsu province) was financed.[...]Anecdotal reports such as the one from Changshou County implied that much of the investment funding for small fertiliser plants was raised locally, outside of the state sector.

[1991, Christine P. W. Wong, “Central Planning and Local Participation Under Mao: the Development of Country-Run Fertiliser Plants”, in Gordon White, editor, The Chinese State in the Era of Economic Reform: The Road to Crisis, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 30, 31:

He noted the opening of a Toyota China branch this year in Nanjing, Jiangsu’s capital and the site of a massacre under Japanese occupation in 1937. Toyota has also opened a technical center in Changshu, east of Nanjing.

2013 September 18, Norihiko Shirouzu, Kazunori Takada, “Japanese Carmakers Struggle With History in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-02-06, Global Business:

The IVFC, which took place in Changshu, Suzhou, China in November 2018, attracted a diverse group of teams looking to showcase their latest developments in AV technology. In addition to teams from university research institutes, innovative startup companies and vehicle manufacturers engaged in developing driverless cars participated in the competition. The challenge was hosted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and organized by the Changshu Municipal People’s Government.

2019 February 12, “Velodyne Lidar’s Sponsorship of Autonomous Vehicle Competition in China Advances Research and Development of Self-Driving Cars”, in AP News, Business Wire, archived from the original on 2023-04-02:

A county-level city in Suzhou, Jiangxi, China.


Nujiang

/ˈnuːˈd͡ʒiæŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 怒江 (Nùjiāng).

On the side of a commercial van in the city, I saw the logo “Shangri-la Tours” written in English. Miffed by Lijiang's presumption, the Nujiang prefecture along the Salween River appointed a committee of academicians to study the origins of the Shangri-la myth, to see if they might claim it instead.

2003, Noel Grove, Earth's Last Great Places: Exploring the Nature Conservancy Worldwide, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 173:

“People here have benefited from improved infrastructure and connectivity to eliminate poverty,” Kong, now head of Dulongjiang township of Gongshan county in Yunnan’s Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, told the Global Times.

2022 July 27, “Global Times: Dulong people achieve miracle of eradicating poverty, embracing better life under firm leadership of CPC”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-09-07:

A Lisu autonomous prefecture in Yunnan, China.


Fengtai

Borrowed from Mandarin 豐臺／豐台／丰台 (Fēngtái).

Only Japan, since 1933, had exercised the right of stationing troops at most of the twelve places specified in Article IX. In addition, from the end of 1935 Japan arbitrarily assumed the right of stationing a military force at Tungchow, and from September 1936 at Fengtai. The maintenance of Japanese troops at these two towns was clearly contrary to the provisions of the Boxer Protocol.

1938, T. A. Bisson, Japan in China, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 13:

In fact, the existing admission procedures apply only to what are known as “intellectual youth”, that is to say secondary school graduates transferred to the country or a factory, and only students in large towns fall into this category. Fengtai, near Peking, has a population of 150,000 and is nevertheless regarded as belonging to the country, its secondary school graduates being excluded from selection for the universities. On the other hand, secondary school graduates in Peking who have been sent to Fengtai factories are entitled to apply for a university place.

1977, Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “Higher Education in the People's Republic of China”, in Science and Technology in the People's Republic of China, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 121:

“The circumstances of the criminality were slight and they were able to acknowledge and repent their crimes,” the procuratorate, or prosecutors’ office, of Fengtai district in south Beijing, said of the officers.

2016 December 23, Chris Buckley, Adam Wu, “No Trial for Beijing Officers Over Death of Environmentalist”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-12-24, Asia Pacific:

An outbreak in the Xinfadi wet market, in Fengtai District of southern Beijing, in mid-June led to a complete lockdown of 12 communities near the market and mass testing of over 11 million residents across Beijing by 6 July. A total of 335 new cases were detected.

2021 May 13, Zhenjie Yang, Guilan Zhu, Linda Chelan Li, Yilong Sheng, “Services and surveillance during the pandemic lockdown: Residents’ committees in Wuhan and Beijing”, in China Information, volume 35, number 3, →DOI, page 425:

Local authorities have identified Fengtai district in southern Beijing as the epicentre of a cluster of six new confirmed infections, taking the number of cases in the capital to 34.

2022 January 23, “Beijing tests 2 million for Covid as Winter Olympics loom”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-01-23:


Qingyuan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 清苑 (Qīngyuàn).

The same point of view was expounded in a folk ditty of Hopei Province: "Bound feet, bound feet, past the gate can't retreat."⁶

[1967, Howard S. Levy, “Introductory Remarks”, in Chinese Footbinding: The History of a Curious Erotic Custom, New York: Bell Publishing Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 30, 301:

The political and legal affairs committee of Qingyuan district in Baoding, Hebei province, announced on Friday that it would look into the allegation after a report by The Beijing News that day.
According to the report, the police officer, identified only by his family name Yang, was being tried for dereliction of duty in Qingyuan District People’s Court last month when he submitted a recording of a conversation in which the boss allegedly tells Yang and an auxiliary officer to take full responsibility for the death of a suspected criminal.

2019 December 9, Zhuang Pinghui, “Communist Party to reopen death in custody case after police officer claims he was scapegoat”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-12-09, China society:


Qingyuan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 清遠／清远 (Qīngyuǎn).

Lt. Col. G. B. Fisher, Three Years' Service in China (1863), p. 57, gives the following conversation between the emperor and the provincial judge of Kwangtung, referring to the campaign against rebels in Ch’ing-yüan Hsien (Kwangtung): "Question. Which are foremost in action, the regulars or the braves ? Answer. The braves, in general. . . .

[1960, Kung-chuan Hsiao, Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, University of Washington Press, published 1967, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 655:

1945
January[…]
19. China: Japanese troops take Chingyuan, on the Canton to Hankow railway.

[2004, “Chronicle September 1939–August 1945”, in World War II: Day by Day, DK, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 599, column 1:

“I booked my ticket this morning after hearing the news,” said Chen Ting, who was accompanied by her three-year-old son among about 40 people getting off a train in Hubei’s Xianning city.
The 28-year-old had travelled from Qingyuan city in the southern province of Guangdong, where she runs a wholesale business.

2020 March 24, Brenda Goh, Ryan Woo, Se Young Lee, Stella Qiu, Yawen Chen, Samuel Shen Liangping Gao, Roxanne Liu, Huizhong Wu, Min Zhang, Shivani Singh, “Locked-down no longer, China's Hubei begins return to normal”, in Michael Perry, Christian Schmollinger, Giles Elgood, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-04-28, World News:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China.


Nyingchi

Today, developments in modern technology can be observed in the industrial center of Nyingchi on the lower reaches of the Nyang River.

1982, Zhang Mingtao, The Roof of the World, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 107:

To accommodate the expected visitors, a resort of “holiday villas” for a thousand guests was being planned for Nyingchi, near the upper end of the gorge, as well as a luxury hotel that will cater to the wealthy and powerful. Anticipating the tourist boom, business owners in Nyingchi prefecture formed a club dedicated to investigating reports that a “legendary wild man,’ presumably a yeti, inhabits the gorge.

2002, Michael McRae, In Search of Shangri-La, Broadway Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 198:

Nyingchi, east of Lhasa, is an ideal place to start the journey because of its lower elevation and pleasant scenery.

2011 August 26, Dongya Zhang, “Tibet season”, in Beijing Today, →OCLC, page 20:

A prefecture-level city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Yingkou

Yingkou, the real port of Newchwang, will shortly be connected by rail with the capital.

1900 April 26, “The Foreign Trade of China in 1899”, in The Board of Trade Journal, volume XXIX, number 178, page 155:

Tobacco—Tobacco is one of the staple products of Manchuria. The best leaf is raised around Kirin. It is blended with foreign leaf in making cigarettes. The British American Tobacco Company has a factory at Mukden, and the East Asia Tobacco Company has a factory at Yingkou. The export of the native leaf is increasing.

1922, South Manchuria Railway Company, Manchuria, Land of Opportunities, Thomas F. Logan, Inc., →OCLC, page 23:

Meanwhile, Liaoning’s provincial health authority reported three new infections, including two local ones, both in the port city of Yingkou.

2021 May 14, “Officials log first local covid cases in weeks”, in The Washington Post, Reuters, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-16, World Digest:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China.

營口

prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China


Dandong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 丹東／丹东 (Dāndōng).

Another 40km south of Samjiyon is the Amnok riverbank city of Hyesan, opposite China, worth visiting for another China/DPRK comparison that’s also a favourite for visitors to Dandong (see page 205).

2008, Robert Willoughby, “Mt Paektu”, in North Korea (Bradt Travel Guides), 2nd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 201:

The project is expected to see the revival of a long-stalled plan to create a special economic zone at Sinuiju, a North Korean city in North Pyeongan province directly across the Yalu River from the Chinese city of Dandong.

2013 September 6, Joon Ho Kim, Richard Finney, “North Korea Plans Tourist, Economic Zones to Lure Foreign Cash”, in Doeun Han, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-03-13:

North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency said Saturday that Joo was arrested on April 22 after trying to illegally enter North Korea by crossing the Amnok River from the Chinese border town of Dandong.

2015 May 3, Tong-Hyung Kim, “N. Korea arrests U.S. students for illegal entry”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-05:

Positioned near the mouth of the Yalu River, Dandong is China’s largest border town, and much of North Korea’s trade with the world flows across its old bridges or through its deepwater port.

2017 May 12, Jane Perlez, Yufan Huang, Paul Mozur, “How North Korea Managed to Defy Years of Sanctions”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-05-12, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China, across the Yalu River from Sinuiju, North Pyongan, North Korea.


Chamdo

Chamdo is the capital of the province of Kham, and was heretofore fortified, but the walls had fallen to decay.

1852, Henry T. Prinsep, Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia, 2nd edition, London: W. H. Allen & Co., →OCLC, page 133:

Haste would have been undignified for a Tibetan government official whatever his mission, and in any case the rough track that passed for the main street of Chamdo was heavily iced.

1957, Robert Ford, Wind Between the Worlds, Berkeley: Snow Lion Graphics, published 1987, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 4:

Gosay Tsering, my father’s eldest minister, spoke first. ‘For centuries, like the body following the head, we in Gonjo have paid taxes and obeyed the laws laid down by the government of Tibet. But in a few short years’ - he raised his hand in emphasis - ‘the Chinese have changed all that. Now our decisions are forced to be made by the fraudulent “Chamdo Liberation Committee.” ’
The mention of the committee in Chamdo brought heated response, for it was well known that though the committee was composed of Tibetans and Chinese, the Tibetans were represented in name only, and the governing force was Chinese.

2000, Ani Pachen, Adelaide Donnelley, Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun, Doubleday, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 90:

According to the reports, which could not be independently verified, Tenzin Phuntsog, 46, formerly of the Karma monastery in the town of Chamdo, ignited himself near the monastery. He survived and is being treated at a hospital, the reports said.

2011 December 2, Keith Richburg, “A 12th self-immolation, first in Tibet proper, poses test for China”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-12-03, Asia & Pacific:

Tsering Woeser said Karma Tsewang was taken away by police Dec. 6 while traveling on business in the city of Chengdu. She said the monk was taken to Chamdo prefecture, where he has been detained since.[…]
Police in both Chamdo and Nangqian said they had no knowledge of the case. Calls to local governments were either unanswered or answered by people who said they did not know about the case.
Tsering Woeser said that Tang, who was retained by Karma Tsewang’s family, had been denied visits with the monk in Chamdo.

2013 December 31, “Correction: China-Tibet-Monk Detained story”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-13:

In eastern Tibet’s Chamdo district, where some of the earliest military-style training programs emerged, state media images from 2016 show laborers lining up in drill formation in military fatigues. In images published by state media in July this year, waitresses in military clothing are seen training at a vocational facility in the same district. Pictures posted online from the “Chamdo Golden Sunshine Vocational Training School” show rows of basic white shed-like accommodation with blue roofs. In one image, banners hanging on the wall behind a row of graduates say the labor transfer project is overseen by the local Human Resources and Social Security Department.

2020 September 22, Cate Cadell, “Exclusive: China sharply expands mass labor program in Tibet”, in Janet McBride, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-09-22, AMERS:

昌都

prefecture-level city in Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Ngari

Tibet is divided into four parts; Ngari (Neri), a pretty large country, is the fourth ; it lies to the south, and borders on countries inhabited by people who are known by the names of Lataka and Gougoutsie.

1827, George Timkowski, Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China in the Years 1820-1821, volume I, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, page 444:

My first step was to contact a colleague from Hong Kong, the sexologist Li Kai-Sing, whose work in Tibet before the Communist takeover had earned him an international reputation as an authority on polyandry. He promptly contacted a Ngari herdsman name Lo Wu, who had worked with him in the past and who was a member of a love commune which numbered eighteen wives and forty-three husbands. Lo Wu agreed to introduce me to all the members of his commune, and to assist me in every way possible as I attempted to gather the data I sought.
My next step was to learn everything I could about the Ngari herdsmen's culture and social mores, so that when I finally did arrive in Tibet I'd be able to meet my subjects on what was more or less their own level. Unfortunately, the literature on Ngari culture and social mores was scant, because very few investigators other than Li Kai-Sing had set foot in that godforsaken corner of the world.

1968, Troy Conway, Keep It Up, Rod!, Warner Communications, published 1973, →OCLC, page 10:

At the same time, in the western areas of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Ngari area also launched a Buddhism revival movement. As it appeared on the upper route of the Ngari area, Tibetologists called it the ^([sic]) "the upper route spread of Tibetan Buddhism".

2003, 尕藏加 [Ga Zangjia], Tibetan Religions (Series of Basic Information of Tibet of China), China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 71:

I had met him in Ngari in 1997, when he was Commissioner of Ngari Prefecture, and struck up a friendship with him through our mutual love of photography.

2005, Weidong (成卫东) Cheng, 雪域寻梦 [Dreams of Snow Land], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 187:

A prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

阿里

prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Changle

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 長樂／长乐 (Chánglè).

Diongloh, a small port on the Min river 15 miles southeast of Foochow, fell to Chinese troops on Saturday.[…]Approximately 200 Japanese who tried to make a stand at Diongloh were wiped out, the Chinese said.

[1945 May 22 [1945 May 21], Spencer Moosa, “Chinese Take Railhead as Japs Retire”, in Hope Star, Hope, Ark., sourced from Chungking (AP), →OCLC, page 6, column 7:

Such an informal recruitment process seems to give just about anybody with the right connections or in the right social circles the opportunity to enter the business. Such was the story of a teacher in Changle County who became involved in the business because her husband was without a stable job at one point.

2008, Sheldon X. Zhang, Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 31:

Nowadays, the craft has been listed as one of the intangible cultural heritages of Fuzhou City. Four inheriting bases for the craft have been set up in four schools in Changle District of Fuzhou, where Chen spends his leisure time teaching students.

2021 June 6, “GLOBALink Young craftsman revives hundred-year-old handicraft in SE China's Fujian”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2021-06-06:

The New York outpost, which was set up by the city of Fuzhou, is based in the offices of a Chinese community organization, the America Changle Association NY, according to the state-run China Youth Daily, which last year published a document listing various police outposts. Changle is a district in the city of Fuzhou. The article has since been deleted.

2023 January 12, Megha Rajagopalan, William K. Rashbaum, “With F.B.I. Search, U.S. Escalates Global Fight Over Chinese Police Outposts”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-12, Europe:

A district of Fuzhou, Fujian, China; former county of Fujian, China.


Yarlung Tsangpo

/ˈjɑː(ɹ)lʊŋ ˈtsæŋpəʊ/

/- ˈtsɑːŋpəʊ/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ (yar klungs gtsang po).

bor

ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ

The Himalaya guards the southern rim of the plateau in one continuous sweep of 2250 km, each end marked by a massive mountain, Nanga Parbat on the Indus in the west and Namjagbarwa at the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo in the east.

1998, George B. Schaller, Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 21:

A forty-minute drive through the Yarlung Tsangpo River valley took the team from the airport to the city of Lhasa.

2015, Chris Kuzneski, The Prisoner's Gold, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 232:

In October, China began operating the giant Zangmu Dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, upsetting India and Bangladesh because the river is an important waterway in their countries.

2016 June 18, Edward Wong, “China’s Last Wild River Carries Conflicting Environmental Hopes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-18, Asia Pacific:

In November of last year, China’s state-owned media shared plans for a 60-gigawatt mega-dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo river in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).[...]The Yarlung Tsangpo is of particular significance, as it represents the body of the goddess Dorje Phagmo, one of the highest incarnations in Tibetan culture.

2021 February 8, Oliver Lees, “China to build the world’s biggest dam on sacred Tibetan river”, in Al-Jazeera, archived from the original on 2021-02-08:

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

The upper stream of the Brahmaputra River located in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Tunxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 屯溪 (Túnxī).

The bronze vessels discovered at Tunhsi, in Anhwei province south of the Yangtze River, were found in several tombs of the Western Chou dynasty.

[1973 June, Nai Hsia, “600,000 Years of Labor and Struggle”, in China Reconstructs, China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24, column 3:

The same is true of Western Zhou bronzes excavated in Dantu county, Jiangsu Province, and Tunxi, Anhui Province.[...]The bronzes from a tomb of the Western Zhou at Yiqi, Tunxi, also have some of their own peculiar designs, such as a gui with a weaving pattern commonly seen on bamboo-woven articles of south China, but rarely encountered in the Central Plain.

1980, Li Xueqin, 中国青铜器的奥秘 [The Wonder of Chinese Bronzes], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 77:

Thus, it was only with the help of supporters that Gale was able to take postgraduate medical courses at Columbia Medical College, and prepare for the new mission field in Tunki Anhwei.

[2001, M. Cristina Zaccarini, The Sino-American Friendship as Tradition and Challenge: Dr. Ailie Gale in China, 1908–1950, Lehigh University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 97:

Round-trip flights between Shanghai and Huangshan City (also known as Tunxi) start at 580 renminbi (about $93)[…]

2011 October 28, Justin Bergman, “In Anhui, China, Centuries-Old Charm”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-05-01, TRAVEL:

An hour later, we said hello to Tunhsi. Tunhsi is the gateway to Huangshan, China’s most spectacular mountain.

[2016, Bill Porter, “Huangshan & Chiuhuashan [黃山 九花山]”, in South of the Yangtze: Travels Through the Heart of China, Counterpoint Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 139:


Gyantse

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

A town in Gyantse County, Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Xinhui

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 新會／新会 (Xīnhuì).

Hsinhui is one of the four famous counties in Kwangtung Province, where the great bulk of Overseas Chinese in North and South America originally came from.[…]Because of its picturesque landscape with one of the oldest banyan trees in existence, Hsinhui county has become one of the eight most scenic resorts in Kwangtung Province, which included the visits of Chou En-lai and Yeh Chien-ying.

[1973, T. K. Cheung, “My First Encounter and a Political Debate”, in Ex-CIA Man: In and Out of China, Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, →OCLC, page 23:

A number of Jiangmen's townships have become highly concentrated production areas. For instance, in 2001, Siqian, in Jiangmen's southern city of Xinhui, produced 80 percent of its industrial value from metal kitchen products.

2003 April, Michael Enright, Edith Scott, “Jiangmen”, in The Greater Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong: Invest Hong Kong, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 101:

The smell of tangerines wafts across Jiangmen’s Xinhui district on a late autumn day, as it has done for centuries.
But ambitious urbanisation plans for the city on the west bank of the Pearl River, part of the Chinese government’s “Greater Bay Area” drive, mean it may not do so for much longer.

2017 November 19, Huifeng He, “Pearl River Delta’s poorer cities plan big changes in ‘Greater Bay Area’ push”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-11-19, Policies & Politics:

A district of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China; former county of Guangdong, China.


Wulong

SUMMARY OF A FARM BUSINESS STUDY IN WU LUNG, SZECHWAN 1943-44
A farm business study was made in Wulung County, Eastern Szechwan Province for the year 1913-44 . Wulung, a mountainous county, is located on the right bank of the[...]

[1940s, Economic Facts, numbers 16-51, Nan-ching shih University, →OCLC, page 715:

A landslide at a southwestern Chinese iron ore mine has buried at least 59 people, state media said on Friday.
Rescuers were on their way to the disaster site in Wulong county in Chongqing municipality, the official Xinhua news agency said.

2009 June 5, Ben Blanchard, “Landslide buries at least 59 in southwest China”, in Bill Tarrant, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-07, Asia Crisis:

In another case, the CYD disclosed a brazen case of law violation. In November 1997, when a female college graduate went to the Center of Exchange of Talent (rencai jiaoliu zhongxin) in Wulong county government, Chongqing, for a job interview, the head of the center, Luo Yongsheng, lured the student and raped her.

2013, Qiang Fang, “Chinese Media and the Rule of Law: The Case of the China Youth Daily, 1979-2006”, in Xiaobing Li, Qiang Fang, editors, Modern Chinese Legal Reform: New Perspectives, University Press of Kentucky, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 42:

A district of Chongqing, China, formerly a county.


Jinzhou

Translingual: Jinzhousaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 錦州／锦州 (Jǐnzhōu).

/d͡ʒɪnˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Zhao Guoli, vice director of public security for an industrial park in Jinzhou city, was shot Friday after the Supreme People’s Court upheld his death sentence, the newspapers said.

1997 May 10, “Chinese police officer executed for embezzling”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-02:


Jinzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 晉州／晋州 (Jìnzhōu).

/d͡ʒɪnˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Bishop Jia Zhiguo was detained June 25 by officials from the religious affairs bureau in Jinzhou, a northern city in Hebei Province, said the Cardinal Kung Foundation, based in Stamford, Connecticut.

2006 July 7, Keith Bradsher, “Hong Kong cardinal is a thorn to Beijing, a beacon for Vatican - Asia - Pacific - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-07-01, Asia Pacific:

A county-level city in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.