Hong Kong

[hɔŋ˥ kʰɔŋ˥]

Columbia University Press
Hong Kong
Saul B. Cohen

Etymology tree
Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²)bor.
English Hong Kong
From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “fragrant harbor”), the former name of a settlement in what is now Aberdeen on the southwest side of Hong Kong Island, where incense was stored for export.

bor

CHINA.
A rebellion of more than ordinary importance is in progress in this country. At the departure of the last mail from Hong Kong numerous bands of robbers were plundering and burning throughout the provinces of Kangsi and Canton, and, having captured the city of Kintschan, had advanced to within 120 English miles of Canton.

1850 December, “Foreign News”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XXXIV, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, page 645:

In 1962 a special law had to be passed to permit the immigration of several thousand Chinese refugees who had escaped from Communist China to Hong Kong.

1964, John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 78–79:

The Chinese had promised to let Hong Kong keep its much more democratic political system, but I had the clear impression that the details of their reunion were still being worked out, and that neither side was fully satisfied with the present state of affairs.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 437:

A 90-year-old Roman Catholic cardinal, a singer and at least two others have been arrested in Hong Kong on suspicion of colluding with foreign forces to endanger China’s national security, in an action widely condemned as a further sign of Beijing’s erosion of rights in the city.

2022 May 11, “Reports: Hong Kong arrests Roman Catholic cardinal, 3 others”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-12:

A city in southeastern China, located on an island east of the Pearl River delta in the South China Sea; formerly owned by the United Kingdom.

Sampans and punts crowded the tight harbors of places like Shau Kei Wan on Hong Kong Island, and these fisherfolk cooked up the day’s catch for their customers on the most minimal of stoves.

2016, Carolyn Phillips, “The Coastal Southeast”, in All Under Heaven: Recipes from the 35 Cuisines of China, Ten Speed Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 189:

This two-bedroom, two-and-a-half-bathroom apartment is in the western section of Mid-Levels, an affluent residential area built into the northern slope of Victoria Peak on Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong.

2019 April 17, Marcelle Sussman Fischler, “House Hunting in … Hong Kong”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-17, Real Estate:

An island in southeastern China, Hong Kong Island, the site of the city of the same name, lying off Guangdong (Canton) province.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing

A special administrative region of China, which includes the city and island of the same name as well as nearby islands and the Kowloon Peninsula.

Ҳонқонг

coastal administrative region in south-east China


Tibet

Of unclear origin, but probably from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅 (Töpüt) ('hilly, mountainous place') via Classical Persian تبت (tabbat, tubbat). In one proposed etymology the ultimate origin is Tibetan བོད (Bod), used in the compound name sTod-bod (pronounced Tö-pöt), meaning “Upper Tibet”. In another proposal, the name comes via Mongolian Töpüt from an alteration of Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “height, summit”). Bialek instead derives the name from Old Tibetan དཔོན (dpon, “leader, ruler”), with addition of the Old Turkic plural suffix -𐱅 (-t²) and a epenthetic vowel to break up the non-Turkic initial consonant cluster [tp]; according to her, Middle Chinese 吐蕃 (tʰuo^X pʉɐn) comes from the same source.

شِيزَانْغ

shorthand for the Tibet Autonomous Region

The estimated population of the Chinese Empire (exclusive of Tibet) is given, on the basis of this census, as 329,542,000, while the population of Tibet is estimated at 1,500,000.

1922, Bertrand Russell, The Problem of China, London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC, →OL, page 33:

Third, we should open up two new international broadcasting stations—Radio Free China and Radio Free Tibet— to provide these nations with independent information and commentary.[...]The people of Tibet represent a separate case. Conquered by the Chinese in 1950, occupied brutally by troops who killed thousands, desecrated local cultural and religious sites, and denied reasonable demands for autonomy, Tibetans have elicited much sympathy but little support from the outside world. The outrage over the brutal killings of peaceful demonstrators in Lhasa in March 1989 quickly faded after the massacres in Beijing in June. While there is a limit to what we can do, we should do more than we have done. In addition to raising the issue of Tibet in bilateral talks, we should establish Radio Free Tibet so that its people, though isolated, will no longer feel abandoned.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 179–180:

I also supported more political freedom in China, and had recently invited the Dalai Lama and Hong Kong human rights activist Martin Lee to the White House to highlight my support for the cultural and religious integrity of Tibet and for maintaining Hong Kong's democracy now that the UK had restored it to China.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 387:

(historical) A country in East Asia that existed from 1912 until its annexation by China in 1951.

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region#English

An autonomous region of China. Official name: Tibet Autonomous Region. Capital: Lhasa.


Lhasa

From Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

The earliest historical relic of the Tibetans—like that of many, perhaps of most, other races—is a weather-beaten stone, the Do-ring. It stands in the center of Lhasa, across the courtyard in front of the western doors of the Cathedral or Jokang, beneath the famous willow-tree.

1905, Perceval Landon, The Opening of Tibet: An Account of Lhasa and the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission Sent There by the English Government in the Year 1903-4, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., page 3:

The 37bn-yuan ($5.7bn) track extends from the region’s capital Lhasa eastward to the city of Nyingchi, which is Tibetan for “Throne of the Sun”.

2021 June 5, “Fast track to the throne”, in The Economist, volume 439, number 9248, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 36:

The most notable stop on the president's itinerary was the Lhasa, the Tibetan city that was once home of the Dalai Lama.
Xi visited the public square in front of the Potala Palace, the traditional seat of the Dalai Lama's power. Tibet's religious leader has been living in exile since 1959 following a failed uprising against the Chinese rule. While in Lhasa, Xi visited a monastery and "inspected ethnic religion" and Tibetan cultural heritage protection,[…]

2021 July 23, “China: Xi visits Tibet for the first time as president”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-23, News:

There has been a widespread outcry from the residents of Lhasa, the capital of the Chinese autonomous region of Tibet, about how local authorities are managing a Covid-19 lockdown, instated on August 9.

2022 September 30, “How China uses zero-Covid policy to crack down on Tibetans”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-09-30:

Prayers are a part of daily life in Tibet, and in counties such as Nyemo, on the outskirts of Lhasa, its inhabitants try to make a living by making incense to be used in temples.

2023 August 4, Jesus Centeno, “Tibet prays under the Chinese flag”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-08-06:

The capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Great Wall of China

First used by Daniel Defoe on page 29 of his 1729 pamphlet The Advantages of peace and commerce: with some remarks on the East-India trade; attested but not much in currency until the early 1900s, when it supplanted "the Chinese wall" (not to be confused with the later jargon term Chinese Wall), perhaps in response to or as part of exaggerated accounts of the wall's size and construction.

Of the Mongall Tartars.
The Mongalls are a numerous people, and occupy a large extent of country, from this place to the Kallgan, which ſignifies the everlaſting Wall, or the great wall of China. From this wall they ſtretch themſelves northward as far as the river Amoor; and from the Amoor, weſtward, to the Baykail ſea ; where they border with the territories of the Kontayſha, or prince of the black Kalmucks. On the ſouth, they are bounded by a nation called Tonguts, among whom the Delay Lama has his residence.

1767, Annual register, or a view of the history and politics and literature for the year, page 38, column 2:

The Mongalls are a numerous people, and occupy a large extent of country, from this place to the Kallgan, which ſignines the everlaſting Wall, or the great wall of China.

1796, The Annual Register, or, a view of the History, Politicks, and Literature for the Year 1767, 5th edition, London: J. Dodsley, page 38:

Near that same fortieth parallel of latitude on which our Asiatic journey was begun and ended, we now struck, at its extreme western limit, the Great Wall of China. The Kiayu-kuan, or "Jade Gate," by which it is here intersected, was originally so called from the fact that it led into the Khotan country, whence the Chinese traders brought back the precious mineral.

1894, Thomas Gaskell Allen, Jr., William Lewis Sachtleben, “Over the Gobi Desert and through the Western Gate of the Great Wall”, in Across Asia on a Bicycle: The Journey of Two American Students from Constantinople to Peking, New York: The Century Co., →OCLC, pages 190-191:

A northern section of the Great Wall of China collapsed after a period of heavy rain last month, with many blaming poor-quality renovations for the deterioration of the iconic landmark.

2018 August 2, Christina Zhao, “Great Wall of China Collapse: Poor Renovation Works And Heavy Rainfall Blamed”, in Newsweek, archived from the original on 2018-08-02:

Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.

2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, Asia Pacific:

Sadowski-Synnott scored 92.88 on her final run, landing back-to-back 1080s on a challenging course resembling the Great Wall of China.
Asked how she felt about making history as the island nation's first Winter Games gold medallist, she said it made her a "proud Kiwi".

2022 February 6, Mari Saito, Winni Zhou, “Snowboarding-Proud Kiwi Sadowski-Synnott bags New Zealand's first Winter Games gold”, in Jacqueline Wong, Clare Fallon, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-30:

An ancient Chinese fortification, almost 4,000 miles long, originally designed to protect China from the Mongols.


Luo

From the pinyin romanization of Chinese 洛 (Luò).

A river in Shaanxi, China, tributary to the Wei.

The remains of the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, Luoyang 洛阳, are situated approximately 15 km east of the present-day city of Luoyang in Henan. Since the site is bordered on the north by the Mangshan 邙山 Mountains and overlooks the Luo River to the south, it has protective natural barriers and is also at an important junction for transportation and communication (fig. 37).

1982, Zhongshu Wang, “Luoyang: The Capital City of Eastern Han”, in K. C. Chang et al., transl., Han Civilization, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

Several dozen animals have died and villagers are suffering nausea and dizziness after a massive spill of cyanide into the Luo River in Henan province.

2001 November 6, Josephine Ma, “Villagers ill after river poisoned by cyanide”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-04:

A river in Henan, China, tributary to the Yellow River.

A river in Fujian, China, flowing into the Taiwan Strait.


Amoy

Latin: amoyensis

From the Postal Romanization of Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi), specifically the Zhangzhou Hokkien dialect.

Near the Coaſt of the Province of Fokien lie Quemuy and Eymuy : Further off at Sea, oppoſite to them, appear Formoſa and Tayowan ; the firſt by the Chineſes, who now poſſeſs it, call'd Talieukich ; but to the Eaſt, near the Province Chekiang are the Iſles Changque and Chenxan.

[1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 468:

Passing one or two headlands to the northeastward of this place, we reach the harbor of Amoy, as pronounced by the natives, or, as more generally pronounced Heämun. This harbor is in the southwestern corner of a considerable bay, in which are two large and many smaller islands. The largest and westernmost island, named Amoy, forms the northern limit of the harbor, which is sheltered on the east by the smaller of the two principal islands, while the mainland shelters is on the west and south. The town of Amoy is situated at the south end of the larger island, and the anchorage for ships is immediately in front of it.

1837 May, “Coast of China: the division of it into four portions ; brief description of the principal places on the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern portions.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume VI, number 1, Canton, →OCLC, page 12:

Leaving Namoa, and sailing up the coast towards Amoy, the stranger is continually struck with the barren rocky nature of the coast, and in some parts has a view of hills of sand, the particles of which, when a hurricane blows, mix with the wind, and whiten the ropes of vessels and render it most unpleasant to be in the vicinity.

1847, Robert Fortune, Three Years' Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China: Including a Visit to the Tea, Silk, and Cotton Countries; with an Account of the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, Etc., 2nd edition, John Murray, Albemarle Street, pages 23–24:

He told me of a place on the mainland, near his native village—some seventy miles up the coast, between Foochow and Amoy—where game was plentiful, and sportsmen rare.

1896, Charles J. H Halcombee, The Mystic Flowery Land: A Personal Narrative, London: Luzac & Co., page 110:

The tea grown in the southern Fukien hills goes out through Amoy; in a shallow bay on one side of town there stand out of the mud at low tide hundreds of upright granite blocks like Western tombstones, on which oysters are grown. But the only unique industry Amoy and its island seem to boast is the making of toy cats, dogs, lions, tigers, and even more fearsome beasts from mud gaudily painted, the heads and tails so balanced that they wag gravely back and forth.

1925, Harry A. Franck, Roving Through Southern China, The Century Company, →OCLC, page 198:

The Merope stopped at Namoa, an island off the coast of Kwangtung and Fukien, where some small sales were made, and then, proceeding to Amoy, attempted to open trade relations there.

1934, David Edward Owen, British Opium Policy in China and India, Yale University Press, →OCLC, page 122; republished Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1968:

In February last year, he went to Amoy in Fukien Province on business. Amoy lies opposite Kinmen. One February day he swam to Kinmen and reached freedom. He has since worked for the General Political Warfare Department of the Ministry of National Defense.

1975 October 12, “Escapees from mainland plan wedding in Taipei”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 40, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4:

Aung San escaped by disguising himself as a Chinese crewman on a Norwegian boat. He arrived in Amoy seeking contact with Chinese communists to help in Burma's drive for independence.

2013, Myanmar (Burma) (Insight Guides), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 41:

Naming it for the city-state’s Fukienese people, who hailed from Amoy, China, the company wove in Chinese-themed detailing throughout the hotel.

2014 November 11, Cheryl Lu-lien Tan, “Hotel Review: Amoy Hotel in Singapore”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-11-12, Travel:

Kinmen Island lies in the Amoy (Xiamen) Bay, southeast of mainland China's Fujian Province, with a total area of 150.456 square kilometers. The outlying island is 277 kilometers off the coast of Taiwan proper and a mere 10 kilometers from Xiamen Harbor.

(Can we date this quote?), “Kinmen Battlefield Culture”, in Ministry of Culture, archived from the original on 2021-09-16, Potential World Heritage Sites in Taiwan:

Files from the US consulate in Xiamen (Amoy) held by the US National Archives as microform material and digitized by TBMC include the consulate’s official dispatches to the US Department of State from 1844 to 1906.

2023 August 11, “Unlocking the Past: Digital Archives Illuminate Taiwan’s History”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2024-07-26, Culture:

Back in China, the American vice-consul in Amoy was one Le Gendre, married to Clara. His responsibilities lay in Amoy plus four other locations on Formosa (Taiwan) — Tamsui, Anping, Keelung and Takao.

2023 October 12, Bradley Winterton, “Book review: ‘Puppet Flower’: the roots of modern Taiwan”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-11-25, Features, page 14:

(dated) Xiamen, a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China.

The Jiulong River, a large river in southern Fujian, China.


Everest

en-proper noun

Everest (countable and uncountable, plural Everests)

One day in the late spring of 1924 an observer on the East Rongbuk Glacier at the foot of Everest, staring up at the summit of the mountain through a telescope, saw the morning mists part around the summit, and saw there two black figures climbing steadily upwards. One of them was an Oxford undergraduate, the other was Mallory. They were, at that moment, at a height of 28,400 feet, higher than any man has ever climbed before and only six hundred feet below the top.

1925, Willard L. Sperry, Reality in Worship: a Study of Public Worship and Private Religion, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL, pages 337–338:

The early expeditions, though they failed, did make the picture much clearer. The problems of Everest emerged- problems of supply and support, unbelievably treacherous weather, and worst of all, the problem of altitude itself- the terrifying lack of oxygen. Several of the early climbers attacking the summit from the north got within a thousand feet of it. Mallory and Irvin for instance, who attempted it in 1924. Neither of them came back. Why should a man climb Everest? It was Mallory himself who gave the classic reply: 'Because it is there'. Everest remained a challenge: aloof, inviolate, murderous.

1953, 5:41 from the start, in The Conquest of Everest, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-30:

Everest saw a clutch of records on Thursday including the most summits for a woman and the first all-Black team -- and a Ukrainian climber reached the top of the world for her war-torn country.
Nepali climber Lhakpa Sherpa, 48, reached the snow-capped summit for the 10th time, breaking her own record set in 2018.
"Lhakpa stood atop Everest at 6:15 am today. This has become her 10th ascent," Mingma Gelu Sherpa of Seven Summit Adventure, the agency that handled her expedition, told AFP from the Everest base camp.

2022 May 12, “Ukrainian summits Everest 'for her people' as records tumble”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-12:

It was unclear whether Pasang Dawa Sherpa planned a third ascent of Everest this season, which started in April and ends the first week of June. Such a feat has never been attempted in the history of Everest climbs, mountaineering experts say.

2023 May 23, Bhadra Sharma, Sameer Yasir, “4 Everest Ascents in 10 Days: Sherpas Battle for a Climbing Record”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-23, Asia Pacific:

(uncountable) A mountain on the border of Tibet, China and Nepal


Mount Everest

Brian Houghton Hodgson
Columbia University Press
Edward Stanford
George Everest
Royal Geographical Society
Surveyor General of India

From mount + Everest, coined by the British army officer and Surveyor General of India Andrew Scott Waugh (1810–1878)—originally as Mont Everest—in a paper of 1 March 1856 to the Royal Geographical Society, after his predecessor George Everest (1790–1866): see the quotation. The name Mount Everest was used in a 27 October 1856 paper by the British naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson (1800 or 1801 – 1894) and by Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871), the President of the Society, at a meeting of the Society on 11 May 1857 at which the two papers were read.

coinage

[T]he privilege, as well as the duty, devolves on me to assign to this lofty pinnacle of our globe, a name whereby it may be known among geographers and become a household word among civilized nations. In virtue of this privilege, in testimony of my affectionate respect for a revered chief, in conformity with what I believe to be the wish of all the Members of the scientific department, over which I have the honour to preside, and to perpetuate the memory of that illustrious master of accurate geographical research, I have determined to name this noble peak of the Himalayas ‘Mont Everest.’ […] In the case of Mont Everest the accordance of the independent heights is closer than could have been anticipated, because the mountain, though lofty and massive, is not a sharp well-defined peak and was observed from great distances.

[1856 March 1, A[ndrew] S[cott] Waugh, “1. Papers Relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest. A. By Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Waugh, Surveyor-General of India, dated Dehra, March 1st, 1856; […]”, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, volume I, number IX, London: Edward Stanford, […] [for the Royal Geographical Society], published 11 May 1857, →OCLC, page 346:

It appears from a late survey made of the Himalaya range, by Colonel Waugh, that the Khanchinjinga, which has been hitherto supposed to be the highest summit, is, in fact, not so—a higher mountain having been discovered, situated between Katmandoo and Khanchinjinga. This last named is 28,156 feet above the level of the sea; but the new summit reaches the enormous height of 29,002 feet. It has been proposed to call this Mount Everest, after a former Surveyor-General of India.

1856 October 15, “Science and Inventions. The Fortnight.”, in The Critic, London Literary Journal, volume XV, number 373, London: John Crockford, →OCLC, page 500, column 3:

EVEREST MOUNT.—A mountain of the Himalaya range, situate between the mountain of Kinchingunga, in Sikkim, and the city of Khatmandoo, in Nepaul, and presumed to be the loftiest summit in the world. Its elevation is 29,002 feet above the level of the sea. The highest summit of the Andes is Sorata, having an elevation of 25,267 feet. Mount Everest is reported to have been recently discovered by Colonel Waugh, and to have been named in compliment to the late surveyor-general of India.

1857, Edward Thornton, “Everest Mount”, in A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the East-India Company, and the Native States on the Continent of India. […], London: W[illia]m H[oughton] Allen & Co., […], →OCLC, page 306, column 1:

But narrative, after all, is Mr. Gilfillan's forte, and his picture of the flood is a masterpiece. […] Then, we have mountains submerged and volcanoes extinguished, "Ben Nevis sunk fathoms and fathoms more beneath the waves"—"the eye of Mount Blanc darkened, Old Taurus blotted out," the tide "rolling over the summit of Mount Everest, and violating its last particle of virgin snow"—and lastly, "some human scenes of extraordinary interest," which Mr. Gilfillan descries amidst the surrounding confusion.

1860 July 21, George Gilfillan, quotee, “Alpha and Omega [book review]”, in The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science, and Art, volume X, number 247, London: […] Spottiswoode and Co., […], →OCLC, page 87, column 2:

The mountains of Asia are the loftiest in the world. Mount Everest, one of the Himalayas, is more than five and one-half miles high,—a mile higher than Mount Tupungato!

1863, Fordyce A[lmon] Allen, “Asia. Lesson XLII.”, in A Primary Geography on the Basis of the Object Method of Instruction (Lippincott’s Geographical Series), 3rd edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co., →OCLC, page 45:

Chimborazo was long supposed to be the tallest mountain on the globe, but its supremacy has been supplanted by Mount Everest in Asia, and Aconcagua in Chile. [Footnote †: Mount Everest is 29,000 feet, and Aconcagua 23,200. [Hermann von] Schlagintweit enumerates thirteen Himalayan summits over 25,000 feet, and forty-six above 20,000.]

1870, James Orton, chapter VIII, in The Andes and the Amazon: or, Across the Continent of South America, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 131:

It was one of those termite cones that, according to Lieutenant Cameron's comparison, are more astonishing than the pyramids of Egypt, raised by the hands of men, because they have been built by such small insects. "It is," said he, "as if a nation had built Mount Everest, the highest mountain of the Himalaya chain."

1878, Jules Verne, “The Bad Roads of Angola”, in [anonymous], transl., Dick Sand; or, A Captain at Fifteen. […], New York, N.Y.: George Munro, […], →OCLC, part II, page 197:

Although the real elevation, and even the geographical position, of even the highest mountain in the world are quite uncertain, it may be assumed that the goal lies somewhere near the northern frontier of Nepal, very probably north of the summit recognised by surveyors as Mount Everest, and that the height is at least 29,000 to 30,000 feet.

1892 October, Clinton T[homas] Dent, “Can Mount Everest be Ascended?”, in James Knowles, editor, The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, volume XXXII, number CLXXXVII, London: Sampson Law, Marston & Company […], →OCLC, page 605:

The years have gone by and still we know not whether or no [George] Mallory and [Andrew] Irvine reached the summit. But the will to climb Mount Everest is still alive.

1926 October, Francis Younghusband, “Preface”, in The Epic of Mount Everest, school edition, London: Edward Arnold & Co., published April 1931 (1933 printing), →OCLC, page 5:

Our investigations were carried out almost exclusively among the Sherpa people living within thirty miles of Mount Everest. Tracks and sightings of the Yeti have been reported over a much wider area than this, but a large proportion of the more tangible evidence used in support of the Yeti theory comes from the region we examined.

1962, Edmund Hillary, Desmond Doig, “Into the Mingbo Valley”, in High in the Thin Cold Air: The Story of the Himalayan Expedition, Led by Sir Edmund Hillary, […], Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, →OCLC, page 129:

This abode of snow is the loftiest mountain range on earth. Its highest peak is the mighty Mount Everest. The Himalayas extend from Afghanistan in the east up to south-east Tibet, a distance of over 2,400 km in length and 250 to 400 km in breadth.

1989 December 30, P[ritamial] V[ijoyshanker] Bole, “Introduction”, in 100 Himalayan Flowers, New York, N.Y.: The Vendome Press, published 1991, →ISBN, page 8:

Nepal and China, the two countries that share a border on Mount Everest, announced a new official measurement of the mountain’s height on Tuesday: 8,848.86 meters, or 29,031.69 feet.

2020 December 8, Ankit Adhikari, Joanna Slater, “It’s official: Mount Everest just got a little bit higher”, in The Washington Post (Asia & Pacific section), Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-12-08:

Lhakpa Sherpa has climbed Mount Everest 10 times, the most ascents ever by a woman. She has no plans of slowing down.

2023 January 31, Bhadra Sharma, Adam Skolnick, “The Queen of Everest trains while working at whole foods”, in The New York Times (Sports section), New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-31:

A mountain in the Himalayas, on the border of Solukhumbu district, Koshi, Nepal and Tingri County, Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; the world's highest mountain above sea level.

Mali Everest

world’s highest mountain above sea level, located in the Himalayas


Kashmir

Borrowed from Hindustani कश्मीर / کشمیر (kaśmīr, “Kashmir”), from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).

The picturesque Himalayan region of Kashmir is dangerously contested territory, parts of it claimed by India, Pakistan and China. While the three nuclear armed nations have gone to war over territorial disputes over the past seven decades, the rights of Kashmiris and their dreams of self-determination have been systematically sacrificed, like lambs to slaughter for the Muslim festival.

2019 August 11, Leela Jacinto, “Modi’s shock Kashmir move threatens India’s standing on world’s stage”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2019-08-11, Asia / Pacific:

Pakistan has claimed Kashmir since the partition of India in 1947 and the countries have fought two wars over the region, which is also partially claimed by China.

2023 January 11, Rupam Jain, Kanupriya Kapoor, “How India's ruling party is tightening its grip on Kashmir”, in Mike Collett-White, David Clarke, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-01-12:

A region of the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) China, India, and Pakistan.


Beijing

Beijing
Encyclopædia Britannica
Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Peking University
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press
Xinhuamen
Yongle Emperor

/ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/

c. 1958, the atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), composed of 北 (“north, northern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Nanjing to the south, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

Liu Lao-zheng sidled right up to Zao-hua and said: “That’s right. I went to Beijing [Peking] to visit with my daughter. Zao-hua, I hear that you have become the workpoint recorder.”[…]
Liu Lao-zheng pulled out an abacus from a sack he was carrying over his shoulder. “Huala, huala,” he shook it several times and said: “I bought one in Beijing. I’ll lend it to you to use.”

1976 [1966], Hao Ran, “Debut”, in Wong Kam-ming, transl., Revolutionary Literature in China: An Anthology, White Plains, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 92:

Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.

2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, Asia Pacific:

A protester unfurled two banners on a highway overpass in central Beijing on Oct. 13, denouncing Xi Jinping as a “despotic traitor.” China’s censors went to great lengths to scrub the internet of any reference to the act of dissent, prohibiting all discussion and shutting down many offending social media accounts.

2022 October 24, Yuan Li, “A Lonely Protest in Beijing Inspires Young Chinese to Find Their Voice”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-24, Business:

Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China.

2023 March 22, “China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

A direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.


Cathay

From Latin Cathaya, variant of Cataya, from Old Turkic 𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪 (Qïtań), and ultimately from Khitan 𘱿𘲫 (*qid ún); the Khitan people who conquered northern China as the Liao dynasty in the 10th century and ruled the central Asian Qara Khitai Khanate in the 12th, just prior to the overland European missions to China occasioned by the Pax Mongolica. Most likely cognate with Mongolian хутга (xutga, “knife”) from Proto-Mongolic *kïtuga.
Doublet of Khitan. Cognate with Russian Кита́й (Kitáj, “China”). See Names of China.

Columbus listened to many of these sea-stories, and heard many wonderful things about a very rich land away to the East that folks called Cathay.
If you look in your geographies you will not find any such place on the map as Cathay, but you will find China, and that was what men in the time of Columbus called Cathay. They told very big stories about this far-off Eastern land. They said its kings lived in golden houses, that they were covered with pearls and diamonds, and that everybody there was so rich that money was as plentiful as the stones in the street.
This, of course, made the sailors and storekeepers, who were part pirate, very anxious to go to Cathay and get some of the gold and jewels and spices and splendor for themselves. But Cathay was miles and miles away from Italy and Spain and France and England. It was away across the deserts and mountains and seas and rivers, and they had to give it up because they could not sail there.

1892, Elbridge S. Brooks, “A BOY WITH AN IDEA.”, in The True Story of Christopher Columbus, Called the Great Admiral (Juvenile), Boston: D. Lothrop Company, →OCLC, pages 16–17:

For us that epic celebration somehow is confined to Thanksgiving Day when we celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims who fled the tyranny of Charles I. But imagine, had the Genoese captain and his Spanish caravels not sailed eastward searching for Cipango and Cathay in 1492, then the Pilgrims might have been forced to turn to the known continents of Africa or Asia.

1982 October 11, “Our Columbus”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

For Marco Polo in the 13th century as for Ezra Pound in the 20th, China was "Cathay," a land of mythic wonders. For the American-born director and writer Ping Chong, to visit China and make theater in the West meant exploring myth and history, joining Asian and Western traditions.

2005 November 1, Margo Jefferson, “Puppets Help Evoke China's History of Love and War”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, THEATER:

(archaic) China, specifically medieval northern China as reached by the overland Silk Road to Xi'an or Beijing, not known at the time to be related to southern China as reached by the maritime routes to Guangzhou.

بِلَاد الْخَطَا

Medieval northern China — see also China, Serica


Indus

Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿduš/), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬎 (hiṇdu)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš or borrowed from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu) (whence Sindh).

Floods in the river Sutlej – which originates in Tibet and crosses India before merging into the Indus river – has completely cut off several villages and areas in Pakistan, submerging hundreds of hectares of farmland.

2023 August 29, “Pakistan raises flood alert in eastern region as over 128,000 evacuated”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-04-24:

A major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea.


Guilin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 桂林 (Guìlín, “Laurel Forest”), with particular reference to the area's Cinnamomum cassia.

In early May, advance elements of Li Zong-ren’s Seventh Army of the Northern Expeditionary Force advanced from Guilin, securing Tang’s flanks and boosting his soldiers’ morale.

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Elites and the Mass Movement, 1926”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 235:

In 1945, Tom was sent into remote Kueilin, Kwangsi Province where primitive conditions necessitated bathing in a small round bamboo tub just big enough to hold him.

[2001, Nancy Y.W. Tom, “World War II”, in Fred Tom, son of Hawaiʻi, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside. After Guilin, we made a stop in Hong Kong to see Tung Chee-hwa, the chief executive chosen by the Chinese after the British left.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 436–437:

The West River was formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Hsun, which led further west to Kuanghsi’s new provincial capital of Nanning, and the Lichiang (or Kueichiang), which led north to the province’s old capital of Kueilin. Summer rains lifted the level of both rivers by as much as twenty meters, and summer was the only time of the year that Kueilin could be reached by boat.

[2015, Bill Porter, “Wuchou [梧州]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:


Sanya

zh-l

三亞／三亚 (Sānyà)

About forty bombers and fighters were based at the Hoihow Airport and at Sanya in the southern part of the island, both fields built by the Japanese and used in the war to strike at Allied positions in China and Southeast Asia.[...]CAT kept planes at its main base at Sanya on a standby basis for emergency evacuation in case of Communist invasion.

1972, Seymour Topping, “Departure”, in Journey Between Two Chinas, Harper & Row, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 102–103:

In mid-November, the commander of the Hainan Military Sub-district ordered troops stationed at Sanya Bay to join the demonstration.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

One sample question: How will Chinese ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs) based at Sanya, on Hainan Island, reach patrol grounds in the western Pacific should Beijing choose to send them out? To maintain stealth, SSBNs would first have to evade any adversary picket submarines lying offshore. Once in deep water, they would cruise eastward toward the Philippines. In all likelihood Chinese boats would exit through the Luzon Strait, the narrow sea between Taiwan and the Philippine island of Luzon.

2014, James R. Holmes, “Strategic Features of the South China Sea”, in Naval War College Review, volume 67, number 2, page 45:

The aircraft can fly to the southernmost edge of China's territorial claims -- the James Shoal -- in just four hours from the southern city of Sanya, state-owned Global Times reported.

2017 December 24, “World's largest amphibious aircraft takes off in China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2017-12-24:

A resort city, a prefecture-level city on Hainan island, Hainan province, China.


Zhejiang

Translingual: Zhejiangosaurus

/d͡ʒəˈd͡ʒjɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 浙江 (literally “crooked river”), from a former name of the Qiantang River.

The kiln site actually responsible for such refinement has so far not been located. Shao-hsing, Chechiang Province, is commonly considered their point of origin since so many jars have been unearthed from tombs in that district.[...]It would take until the late third century for the potters of Chechiang to reduce the amount of oxygen in their kilns to the extent necessary for the formation of the glaze color which we call celadon green.

[1982, Jenifer Neils, editor, The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art, Indiana University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 85:

In the eastern province of Zhejiang, drivers are tested at highway exits before they can enter.

2022 May 25, John Liu, “China pushes for regular mass testing in ‘zero-Covid’ pursuit.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-05-25, Daily Covid Briefing:

But Wang, who ran a bubble tea shop in an economic backwater in eastern China, says he has neither the money nor the skills to look for a school or job in the US.
After graduating from a vocational high school in 2008, Wang worked in graphic design for a few years in eastern Zhejiang province. Frustrated by low wages and stagnant career growth, he switched to online retail, riding a boom in China’s internet sector.

2022 August 17, Yong Xiong, Selina Wang, Nectar Gan, “‘I want freedom’: One man’s escape from zero-Covid China to seek his American dream”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2022-08-18:

A coastal province in eastern China, running from Hangzhou Bay to Fujian. Capital: Hangzhou.


Peking

Abraham Ortelius
Atlas Maior
Chinese Imperial Post
De Bello Tartarico Historia
Francis Xavier
Joan Blaeu
Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Martino Martini
Novus Atlas Sinensis
Peter Heylyn
Postal Romanization
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

c. 1655 romanization of the Nanking court dialect Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The early Portuguese and Jesuits such as Francis Xavier used the spelling Paquim; Abraham Ortelius used C. Paquin for his 1572 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas; Italian Jesuit Martino Martini used Peking in his 1654 Latin De Bello Tartarico Historia and 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis, which were quickly translated into English and later used by Joan Blaeu for his 1665 Atlas Maior. Peter Heylyn's Cosmographie changed its spelling from Paquin in the 1652 edition to Peking in the 1658 edition, but both Pekin and Peking were used interchangeably in English until the Chinese Imperial Post adopted Peking as its official transcription in the 1890s.

The Emperour hearing of the ill ſucceſſe of this Affairs, began to think of leaving the Northern parts, where his Royal City of Peking is ſituated, and to paſſe to Nankuing which is far more Southward; but he was diſſwaded from this intended courſe as well by his loyal, as diſloyal ſubjec͡ts : by theſe, that they might give him up more ſpeedily into the enemies hands, before their treachery was diſcovered; and by the others, leſt his flight might trouble the Kingdome more, and diſcourage all his Subjec͡ts from giving their beſt aſſiſtance; for they thought the City impregnable, being fortified with ſo ſtrong a Garriſon; nor did they doubt that the Kings preſence would draw the ſources of the whole Kingdom to him.

1655, The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, page 273:

This is not a time for a long speech but, I would not want this opportunity to pass without saying just a word with regard to the significance of this moment. Some of you may recall that it was two and a half years ago that right here in Guam, I announced a new direction for American foreign policy based on the principles of self-reliance, self-respect- equal dignity for all nations, large and small throughout the world. And tomorrow, I will take off from Guam for Shanghai and Peking, the first President of the United States ever to visit China. Guam, I know it is said, is where the American day begins. And I would hope that all of you today would join me in this prayer, that with this trip to China, a new day may begin for the whole world. Thank you very much.

1972 February 20, President Richard Nixon, 15:48 from the start, in Nixon in China (The Film), Agana, Guam: Richard Nixon Presidential Library:

The noise of gunfire rose from all over the center of Peking. It was unremitting.

1989 June 4, Kate Adie, 0:02 from the start, in Archive: Chinese troops fire on protesters in Tiananmen Square - BBC News, Peking: BBC News, published 2014:

Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.

2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29, Opinion:

Dated form of Beijing, a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.


Dai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 傣 (Dǎi), borrowed from a Tai language. Doublet of Tai and Thai. Compare Thai ไท (tai).

An ethnic group of China, one of the 55 officially-recognized minorities.


Dai

Dai (Spring & Autumn)
Dai County
Dai Prefecture

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 代 (Dài), likely from a presinitic name for the area or its people.

(historical) A small northern state of ancient China.

(historical) Various other kingdoms and princely appenages of imperial China named for the ancient state.

(historical) A prefecture of Shanxi under imperial China.

Tian Yongsheng from Shanxi province is desperate to find a way to relieve the chest pain which has haunted him for years.[…]
He is well aware what will happen if he is not treated. Many of his neighbours in Dai county - all coal miners - have died of the disease after suffering great pain.
'In the five villages [in Dai county] that I knew, all men from 18 to 50 suffer pneumoconiosis,' said Mr Tian. 'Among 100 coal miners, 100 have pneumoconiosis.

2004 July 30, Josephine Ma, “Coal miners face long, painful death”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-11-06:

One of the most remarkable features of the redemptive societies was their continuing ability to draw members of the CCP and the Youth League into their ranks. In 1950 in Shanxi, 18 percent of the 3,000 Communists in Dai County were members of the Yiguandao, which had affiliates in 74 percent of rural Party branches.

2015, S. A. Smith, “Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s”, in Jeremy Brown, Matthew D. Johnson, editors, Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 350:

A northern section of the Great Wall of China collapsed after a period of heavy rain last month, with many blaming poor-quality renovations for the deterioration of the iconic landmark.
The damaged section of the historical wall is located near Yanmen Pass, in Dai County, in the Shanxi province.

2018 August 2, Christina Zhao, “Great Wall of China Collapse: Poor Renovation Works And Heavy Rainfall Blamed”, in Newsweek, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-08-02:

A county of Xinzhou Prefecture in Shanxi, China.


Fan

In a report boasting of the rich supply of commodities in Fan County of Honan Province , the Peiping Ta Kung Pao of 1 December 1965 pointed out: “ Within 10 days before the autumn festival of this year, the commercial organs in Fan County[...]

1966, Tien-chien Hwang, Communist China's Setbacks and Internal Tensions in 1965, volume 2, →OCLC, →OL, page 34:

In a commune in Fanxian county, Henan province, a low-incidence area, two cases of pharyngoesophageal cancer were detected among 11,399 chickens over 6 months of age, showing an incidence rate of 17.55 per 100,000.

[1980, Li Mingxin (Li Min-Hsin), Li Ping, Li Baorong (Li Pao-Jung), “Recent Progress in Research on Esophageal Cancer in China”, in Advances in Cancer Research, volume 33, Academic Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 193:

In 341 B. C., King Wei of Qi chose Tian Ji and Tian Ying as general, Sun Bin as military counselor to lead the troops in fighting against Wei to rescue Han. Again, they gave Wei a severe blow at Maling (to the southwest of modern Fan County, Henan Province).

2003, Yingpin (张英聘) Zhang, “Chasing the Deer on the Central Plains Seeking Control of the Empire”, in 中国历史与文明 [The History and Civilization of China], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 38:

A young entrepreneur who stunned friends and family by quitting his job in Beijing to be a farmer in his hometown of Fan county has made himself a multimillionaire selling organic produce,[…]

2012 December 15, “China Digest, December 15, 2012”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-12-17, China:

They found that the concentration of iron, manganese, selenium and zinc in groundwater exceeded the standards in some of the study areas, including Wucheng County, Dong'e County, Guan County and Yucheng City in Shandong, as well as Fan County in Henan.

2015, Keisuke Ikehata, Yao Jin, Nima Maleky, Aijun Lin, “Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Resources in China—Occurrences and Public Health Implications”, in Sanjay K. Sharma, editor, Heavy Metals In Water: Presence, Removal and Safety, Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 160:

The average trip expense per time for each patient from Fan County People’s Hospital of Puyang City or Zhenping County People’s Hospital of Nanyang City to Henan Provincial People’s Hospital by common transportation vehicles was 100 RMB.

2019, Liu Luwen et al., “Initial Experience of the Synchronized, Real-Time, Interactive, Remote Transthoracic Echocardiogram Consultation System in Rural China: Longitudinal Observational Study”, in JMIR Medical Informatics, volume 7, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:


Guangzhou

/ˈɡwɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu, “expansive district [capital]”).

der

The Chinese side of the border, Shumchun, is a long building—a combination reception house, customs office, and dining facility. We were guided down corridors, past dining rooms crowded with businessmen noisily enjoying lunch before the train for Guangzhou pulled out.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

As a result, decisions to clean up the environment are routinely—and inaccurately—described as hurtful to prosperity. For example, in Guangzhou, China, the vice director of the city’s planning agency felt forced to defend a decision to limit automobile traffic as a means of reducing dangerous levels of air pollution by saying, “Of course from the government’s point of view, we give up some growth, but to achieve better health for all citizens, it’s worth it.”

2013, Al Gore, “Outgrowth”, in The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 163–164:

In a post on Chinese social media site Weibo, the woman, who remains unnamed, recounted how subway security in the southern city of Guangzhou had stopped her from travelling because of her heavy eye make-up and dark lipstick.

2019 March 19, Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “China's goths protest after woman told to remove 'distressing' make-up on subway”, in The Guardian:

Ten officials from Guangzhou have been disciplined after thousands of banyan trees, a mainstay of the southern Chinese city’s landscape, were cut down. The decision, announced over the weekend, was likely to have been approved by President Xi Jinping, who made an unusual intervention to signal his displeasure, experts said.
Li Xi, the Communist Party chief in Guangdong, the province in which Guangzhou is located, told state media Sunday that the tree removal “gravely damaged the city’s natural ecological environment” and “hurt the public’s fond memories and feelings.” Li added that local officials should realize that Xi paid significant attention to Guangzhou and recognize the severity of the problem.

2021 December 15, Amy Cheng, “Chinese officials axed for cutting down thousands of trees after Xi Jinping signals disapproval”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-15, Asia:

A major city and port, the capital city of Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Fang

The county sense is from Mandarin 房 (Fáng). The surname sense could be from Mandarin 方 (Fāng), 房 (Fáng), 芳 (Fāng), 仿 (Fǎng) or 放 (Fǎng).

Many valuable medicines are produced in Hupei, particularly in the Shih-nan Prefecture and in the Fang and Hsing-shan districts.

1907, Report for the Year 1907 on the Chemical, Metal and Mining Industries of the Consular District of Lyons, →OCLC, page 23:

FANG COUNTY HYDROELECTRICITY--This year the people in Fang County have developed 135 small hydroelectric power stations with a total installed[...]

1978, Translations on People's Republic of China, numbers 471-479, →OCLC:

After parting with his brothers, Wang Yü-yang journeyed on the southwest road and came to a small town nestled in the rural region of Fang County.

1990, Eva Wong, transl., Seven Taoist Masters: A Folk Novel of China, Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 110:

“Its speed was very fast, but it was walking, not running,” Yuan said. As the creature ranged across a mountain in Fang county, bordering the Shennongjia Forestry District, “it walked faster than a human ran”.

2018 August 26, Laurie Chen, “Dreamers, crackpots or realists? The diehards on the trail of China’s ‘Bigfoot’”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-08-25:

Hubei Sanxin Biotechnology Co., LTD, located in Fang County, Shiyan City, has developed a series of traditional Chinese medicine [from] Polygonum Cuspidatum, including "yellow bud stem" vegetables, resveratrol extract, emodin extract, and crude Polygonum cuspidatum extract and so on.

2019, Na Li, Ni Yan, “Present Situation and Development Suggestions of Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry in Hubei Province”, in 2019 4th International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2019), →DOI, →ISBN, page 147:

Now, the Fang County government is trying “incentives,” according to a statement posted Saturday on its website. People who report their own fevers will receive 1,000 renminbi, the equivalent of $143 — a few days’ salary for the average Hubei resident.

2020 March 12, “Deaths in China Surpass Toll From SARS”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-21, Asia Pacific:


Fu

The battle of Chihlo, south-west of Fu county, was the last major engagement in which the Central Red Army took part after its arrival in October and in which one of the enemy divisions was completely annihilated.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume 1, Bombay: People's Publishing House, →OCLC, page 316:

Mao's early career also illustrates his ability to alternate upsurges of optimistic advance with calculated retreats and cold pragmatism. One reason why flexibility and pragmatism were so important was the tendency of Mao's comrades to implement orthodox Russian Marxism without making allowance for important differences between Russian and Chinese conditions. Mao complained of such colleagues that "what a man has learnt in Yenan [in theoretical classes] he doesn't know how to apply in Fu county."

1977, Dick Wilson, editor, Mao Tse-tung in the Scales of History: a Preliminary Assessment, Cambridge University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 177:

He immediately went to Fengxian to care for his wife and children. Fearing for their safety, he moved them to Fuzhou (modern Fu county, Shaanxi).

1996, David R. Knechtges, “The Poetry of Du Fu (Tu Fu)”, in Ian P. McGreal, editor, Great Literature of the Eastern World, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 80, column 1:

Smoked Painting in Fu County originated from dish rack – a type of ancient folk ornamental artifact in Fu County. Dish rack is a piece of furniture which different rural counties in the south of Yan’an use as a tiled jar to place rice, flour, and tableware. It is similar to today’s kitchen cabinet in function.

2017 December 22, “Top ten artifacts in Shaanxi”, in The Government Website of Shaanxi Province, archived from the original on 2023-03-18:

The Bailong Temple in Yan’an-administered Fu county fell victim to the government’s persecution.
The Buddhist Guanyin Temple, the folk religion Zushi Temple, and three other folk religion temples in the district were also demolished one after another in the second half of 2019. In Yan’an-administered Fu county, Bailong Temple was destroyed, while numerous folk religion temples were shut down.

2020 August 24, Xiaolu Zhou, “Numerous Temples Shuttered in Two Shaanxi Province’s Cities”, in Bitter Winter, archived from the original on 2020-08-25:

Clad in a safety helmet and work overalls, 54-year-old Tang Keqi goes each morning to the construction site of Fuxian County power plant in Yan’an City. Surrounded by dump trucks amid the hum of electric powered engines, he oversees the 2,000 or more workers on the site.

[2021 September 1, MA LI, “New Drivers of Yan'an's Development”, in China Today, archived from the original on 2021-11-02:


Long

en-proper noun

Long (countable and uncountable, plural Longs)

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 隴／陇 (Lǒng).

“Long” is an ancient name for the area around what is now Long County in Shaanxi Province. The land south of Long is the Sichuan Basin.

1997, Stephen R. Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 346:

Each animal is cast with a hollow, open body that fits over the yoke of a cart (cat. nos. 31, 3c, 37), as do similarly designed animal figures excavated from a Qin tomb at Bianjiazhuang, Long county, southwestern Shaanxi Province.

2002, Emma C. Bunker, Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 24:

In May, plaques in Arabic on the lintels above doors of some Hui residents in Shangcha village in Long county under the jurisdiction of Baoji city in the northwestern province of Shaanxi, were replaced with phrases in Chinese, like “Harmony in the family leads to prosperity in all undertakings” and “Diligence and harmony make the family prosper.”

2019 September 6, Xiaolu Zhou, “Purge of Religious Symbols Invades Residents’ Privacy”, in Bitter Winter, archived from the original on 2019-12-30:


Dan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 丹 (Dān, literally “cinnabar, red”).

der

Third, intensifying supervision over water sources for the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, of which approximately 70% of the water comes from the Han River and the Dan River. We have launched specialized campaigns in the two rivers and improved comprehensive management of the basin. A ten-year fishing ban on the Yangtze River has been enforced, which effectively ensured the water quality of the Han River and the Dan River. We will further step up efforts to ensure clear water for the North.

2021 June 23, “Press conference on 'Shaanxi: Carrying forward Yan'an spirit, endeavoring to write new chapter of accelerated growth in new era'”, in State Council Information Office, archived from the original on 2022-06-10:


Pearl

en-proper noun

Pearl (countable and uncountable, plural Pearls)

From pearl.
* (river in China): From Chinese 珠江 (Zhūjiāng, Zyu1 Gong1, “Pearl River”); calque of Chinese 珠 (zhū, zyu1, “pearl”).
* (haven in Hawaii): From Hawaiian Wai Momi (“pearl water”); calque of Hawaiian momi (“pearl”).

calque

The Pearl is a river system in southern China.

2021, John Reibetanz, Earth Words: Coversing with Three Sages, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174:

(with the) Ellipsis of Pearl River: various Pearl Rivers across the world.

Particularly, the river in Guangdong, China, the major river of Canton Province in the People's Republic of China.


Han

An early romanization of the Mandarin 漢／汉 (Hàn), later reinforced by Wade-Giles and pinyin. Originally a river within present-day Shaanxi and Hubei. As a Chinese dynasty, from the founder Liu Bang's short-lived realm in Sichuan and Shaanxi among China's Eighteen Kingdoms, named for the Qin Empire's Hanzhong Commandery, headquartered in a city which also became known as Hanzhong, named for its placement along the middle reaches of the river.
The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history.

Hankow, China, is located 600 miles from the coast, on the north bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang River, at its junction with the Han River.

1902 January 5, L. S. Wilcox, “Conditions in Hankow.; American Trade on the Pacific and the far East”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-18, ANNUAL, page 23:

“By transferring such a significant volume of water away from the Han River Basin, the project is depriving the area of the most basic input it will need to develop in the years and decades to come,” said Britt Crow-Miller, a research assistant professor at Portland State University.[…]
The Danjiangkou reservoir gets its water from the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River which feeds several major cities in central China such as Wuhan, an economic power house in Hubei province sporting a $144 billion GDP.

2014 September 9, Stian Reklev, Kathy Chen, “Quenching Beijing's thirst may stunt regional growth”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-27, Industry, Materials and Utilities:


Han

Atonal form of the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 邗 (Hán).

(history) A former city in Huai'an, Jiangsu, China

(history) A former state in Jiangsu, China under the Zhou dynasty

(history) A canal in Jiangsu, China, connecting Hancheng (now Yangzhou) on the Yangtze with Mokou (now Huai'an) on the Huai.

邗溝

canal in Jiangsu, now mostly part of the Grand Canal


Li

The West Hanshui River flows through the flatland of Qishan Township east of Lixian County, Gansu Province.[…]
Zhuge launched his first northern expedition. He arrived at Qishan Mountain in Lixian County, where he set up his headquarters on the shore of the West Hanshui River.

[1995 October, “Qishan Fort: Zhuge's Commanding Camp”, in China Tourism, number 183, H.K. China Tourism Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 56, column 1:


Li

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.

1977, Yee Chiang, “Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo”, in China Revisited, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 153:

Cormorant fishing on the Li River near Kweilin. With increasingly serious water pollution, fishing with cormorants is becoming a rare sight in China.

1985, Steven W. Mosher, Journey To The Forbidden China, Collier Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 54f:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 436–437:

Days 3-5: Guilin and Yangshuo.
Marvel at the extraordinary scenery lining the banks of the serene Li River.

2011, Andrew Forbes, China, APA Publications, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 16:

In Guilin, the second-largest city in Guangxi, Xi took a boat to inspect the ecological condition of the Li River, a popular tourist destination. The river stretches more than 400km (250 miles) through karst hills and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

2021 April 27, Echo Xie, “Xi Jinping laments stone quarrying as he mines green theme in Guangxi”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2021-04-27, China / Politics:


Pu

He also announced: the former Pu County CCP Committee must be affirmed as a party organization. The decision to reorganize the Pu County CCP Committee was wrong. There was no one and no incidents in Pu County which were related to the conspiratorial activities of the "gang of four" to usurp party power and there was no bourgeois faction connected with the "gang of four."

1980 December 3 [1980 November 29], “Verdict in frameup case of 'armed rebellion' in Pu County, Shanxi reversed under the direction of the Central Discipline Inspection Commission--the frameup case was pure fabrication concocted with the support of the former principal responsible person of the Shanxi provincial party committee”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 234, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Beijing RENMIN RIBAO, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page R 6:

She wanted to find out where the artist lived and learn from him or her. She discovered the artist lived in Pu county, Shanxi province.

2003 January 3, Xiaoli Hu, “New Life in Old Art”, in Beijing Today, number 95, →OCLC, Face, page 9, column 3:


Saga

We saw many other striking manifestations of hydrothermal activity in the Himalayan geothermal belt. The boiling spouters of Namling County, for example, emit endless jets of water and steam; the Rugyog fumarole of Saga County sends up vapors and gases as scorching as the breath of a furnace;[…]

1982, Zhang Mingtao, The Roof of the World, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 73:

Previously, they had met a man from Saga county, not far from the Nepali border, who had given an interesting piece of information: from his place, he had seen people escaping over a mountain into Nepal.

2003, Michele Martin, Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teachings of the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje, Snow Lion Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 82:

More likely than capture is death at the hands of Chinese border police. Killings like that of fifteen-year-old Yeshe Dundrub, shot at night in Saga County (Ch: Saga Xian) in November 1999, while fleeing with forty others to Nepal, are covered up when possible. (Dundrub, whose dream was to be a monk, died in a military hospital bed nine hours after he was shot.)

2010, Jonathan Green, Murder in the High Himalaya: Loyalty, Tragedy, and Escape from Tibet, 1st edition (Politics), PublicAffairs, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 33:

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Tai

The first ancestor of Zhou tribe was Hou Ji who originally lived in Tai (today's Wugong of Shaanxi), and duke of Liu , his successor, moved to Bin (today's Bin county of Shaanxi), and then passed down to the lord of Dan.[…]
Qi later settled down in Tai (southwest of Wugong county of today's Shaanxi), which was located the center of the fertile land of Weibei Plain.[…]
The poem Duke Liu, which only has 6 sections and 234 Chinese characters in total, vividly narrates duke Liu's moving from Tai (today's Wugong county , Shaanxi province) to Bin (today's Binxian county, Shaanxi province) and big events regarding him in a very organized structure.

2016, M Yong et al., “Originating Period of Tourism Culture”, in The General History of Chinese Tourism Culture, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-21, pages 11, 26, 27:

A former settlement in Wugong, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.


Tang

A kingdom in China which existed between 937 and 975.

A biography of Hu claims that Hu's attitudes changed in 1961, after he was sent to supervise agricultural policy changes in Tang county, Hebei province.

1996, Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 328:

Any of a number of places in China.
A county of Baoding, Hebei, China.


Si

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 泗 (Sì) and Mandarin 肆 (Sì).

Dong Xuefeng, head of the Huangwei Township Central School in Sixian County, Anhui province, told a school gathering on Monday that Christmas was a disgrace to the Chinese people because of past humiliations inflicted on the nation by mostly Christian invaders.

[2018 December 26, Mandy Zuo, “Christmas linked to China’s past humiliation by foreign invaders in speech to primary schoolchildren”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-10-20, China/People & Culture:

Si county in Anhui province locked down its 760,000 residents and suspended public traffic as it reported 288 cases on Saturday.

2022 July 4, Sophie Yu, Stella Qiu, Ryan Woo, “Eastern China cities tighten COVID curbs as new clusters emerge”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals:

Most of Anhui’s cases were identified in Suzhou’s Si County, where on Wednesday the authorities ordered its 760,000 residents to refrain from going out unless it was necessary.

2022 July 5, Zixu Wang, “Covid Outbreak Emerges in China’s Anhui Province”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, The Coronavirus Pandemic:


Xi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 西 (Xī).

The most important inland water transport takes place along three great rivers, the Xi-jiang (West River) by Guangzhou (Canton); the Yangzi Jiang, which links Shanghai, Wuhan and Chongqing (Chungking); and the Songhua Jiang (Sungari) which passes through Ha’erbin (Harbin) in the north-east.

[1979, Ronald Francis Price, Education in Modern China, Routledge & Kegan Paul, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 93:

A sand barge struck a bridge over the Xi River between Heshan and the town of Jiujiang in Guangdong yesterday morning, bringing down a section of the structure at least 200 metres long.

2007 June 16, Ivan Zhai, “Sand barge brings down Xi River bridge”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-09-19:

A river in China, the western tributary of the Pearl.

西江

a river in China, the western tributary of the Pearl


Xi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 隰 (Xī).

Daning County is located in the south of Luliang Mountain and west of Linfen City in Shanxi Province. Pu County and Xi County are to the east of Daning County,[...]

2016, Yanyun Wei, Aiguo Zhang, “The Study on Migration and Poverty Alleviation Planning of Daning County”, in Open Journal of Social Sciences, volume 4, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The 203rd Brigade was blocked by the Red 25th Army, a battalion was wiped out in Xi County, and the battalion commander and more than 200 soldiers were captured.

2017, Mao Min, The Revival of China, →ISBN, page 158:

To help the sales of agricultural products is an effective means of poverty alleviation. In 2017, the Company purchased pears from Xi County of Linfen, Shanxi Province twice at a total cost of 1,329,400 yuan; in August 2017, the Company spent RMB260,000 on melon bought from Maigaiti County of Xinjiang;[...]

2017, “2017 Annual Report”, in CITIC Securities, archived from the original on 2021-06-10:

In April,2004, 36 people died in Shanxi’s Xi County coal-mining accident. The provincial governor, Zhang Baoshun (Governor Zhang), having been promoted to his position only two months prior to the accident, was shocked by the chaotic conditions of property rights and the consequential predatory mining activities when he arrived at the scene.

2018 October 17, Lan Xue, Jing Zhao, “Truncated Decision Making and Deliberative Implementation: A Time-Based Policy Process Model for Transitional China”, in Policy Studies Journal, volume 48, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19:

As the new round of the fight against poverty began, he was assigned to take up the provisional post of deputy chief of Yangtousheng Township, Xi County, Linfen City.

2020, Lu Shunmin, Yang Yao, Chen Kehai, Pathway to Prosperity: China's Poverty Alleviation with a Case Study of Shanxi Province Editorial Board, →ISBN:

The systematic dust avoidance effect of Small Xitian building complex in Xi county is rare in the history of science and technology at home and abroad, which confirms the scientific nature of the dust avoidance effect of ancient temple buildings in China and plays a reference role in the research on dust avoidance protection of other ancient buildings in China.

2020, Dongdong Yang, Wenqing Wu, “An Analysis on Dust Avoidance Effect of the Building Complex of Small Xitian in Xi County”, in Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, volume 5, number 3, →DOI, page 59:


Shanghai

Shanghai
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press

c. 1840, likely from an English-derived romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of Chinese 上海 (Shànghǎi), reinforced by Wade–Giles, Postal Romanization, and Hanyu Pinyin.

SHANGHAI (the emporium of Nanking) is the first town of any importance on the coast of Kiangnan province.[…]If, however, these difficulties were surmounted, and suitable precautions taken against existing dangers, the embouchure of this river would be one of the most eligible points for the establishment of British commerce in the whole empire. Be this as it may, however, certain it is that even now Shanghai carries on the greatest native trade of any port on the coast.[…]
The city of Shanghai is built on the left bank, some distance from the mouth. It is laid out with sufficient elegance, and numerous temples.

1840 September 12, “IX.—From Shanghai to Pekin.”, in The Penny Magazine, number 542, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, →OCLC, page 358, column 2:

In January 1901, we reached Japan where Mrs. Hoover remained for the winter while I went to Shanghai in search of a method of reaching North China. The Port of Taku being frozen and there being then no railway connection between Shanghai and the north, all communication had been suspended for the winter.

1951, Herbert Hoover, “Engineering in China—1899–1902”, in The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 55:

By the year 2000, Shanghai is scheduled to become an international center of commerce and finance; economic strategists predict that by 2010 the city will have become the world's largest trading center. This "secret capital" of China has set some ambitious goals for itself. The population is proudly celebrating their collective "coming out," and business is booming.

1999, “Shanghai”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 411, column 1:

Victor Li is determined to get married soon, but like many other young Chinese grappling with an uncertain economic outlook, the well-heeled Shanghai entrepreneur isn't sure he can afford to.
"It's very expensive for us to get married, especially in a big city like Shanghai," the 32-year-old said, as he took a break from a ticketed networking event for wealthier, top university-educated singles at an upmarket Shanghai jazz bar.

2024 January 17, Nicoco Chan, “Some Shanghai singles struggle to get married as economy slows”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-01-21, China:

A major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China.


Oma

Reach Wuma (Öma) in 3-4 hr (90 km) from Gerze.

[1994, Victor Chan, Tibet Handbook, Moon Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 948:

About 33 genus 47 species corals were discovered in the so-called "Xiala Formation(Ft)" in north of Oma Village, Gêrzê County, Tibet.

2011 March, Zhansheng Ji, J.-X. Yao, Guichun Wu, “Discovery of the Late Jurassic coral fauna in the Tukari Formation at northern Oma Village, Gêrzê County, Tibet, China and its geological significances”, in Research Gate, archived from the original on 2021-02-12:

Around Oma-chu, a small village huddled beneath a small rocky splinter, 54km from Gertse, keep your eyes open for the round, tomblike buildings that are actually tsampa (roasted-barley flour) storage bins.

[2019, Tibet (Lonely Planet), →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=K0qVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT308:

A township in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Mekong

c. 19th c., from Thai แม่โขง (mɛ̂ɛ-kǒong, literally “Mother river”), contracted form of แม่น้ำโขง (mɛ̂ɛ-náam-kǒong).

uder

In the isolated villages, some of which are only accessible by boat, most Laotians live off the land. There are huge rice paddies on the fertile banks on the Mekong; rice is the Laotians’ main staple, eaten three times a day here.

2023 September 1, “On the Mekong Through Laos”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-09-02, Nature and Environment:

A river in southeastern Asia that flows about 4,183 km (2,600 miles) from Tibet to the South China Sea in Vietnam.


Yangtze

An irregular romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 揚子／扬子 (Yángzǐ) and 揚子江／扬子江 (Yángzǐ Jiāng), a former name for the lower stretches of the Yangtze derived from 揚子津 (Yángzǐjīn), a former ferry crossing near Yangzhou, applied by foreign visitors to the entire length of the river. The folk etymology that it means "Son of the Ocean" derives from the homophonic misnomer 洋子江 which was apparently given to Matteo Ricci, whose posthumously published journals popularized the river in Europe as Latin Iansu and Iansuchian.

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

You will perceive that the British and French commissioners ascend the Yangtze at pleasure, and have the steamers of their respective countries at their disposal. I was compelled, for the want of other conveyance, to come hither in a little British steamer which plies between Shanghai and Hong Kong.

1853 December 8, Humphrey Marshall, Documents Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Other Countries, number 37, Macao: A.O.P. Nicholson, published 1854, →OCLC, pages 323–324:

The Bishop of Shanghai desires that the bounds of his jurisdiction shall be more clearly expressed, and that therefore his title shall hereafter be, "The Bishop of Shanghai, having jurisdiction in the lower valley of Yangtze." The jurisdiction will be sufficiently large. The Yangtze River is three thousand miles in length, and the population on its borders numbers one hundred millions. As there are already three Bishops of the Church of England, with a large Missionary force of English Clergy, in that empire, Bishop Boone desires that his jurisdiction be limited to the population on the lower Yangtze, a line of eight hundred miles.

1887 [1886 October 19], G. T. Bedell, Thomas H. Vail, B. W. Morris, Geo. F. Seymour, Wm. J. Boone, “Fourteenth Day's Proceedings”, in Journal of the Proceedings of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Chicago, page 99:

It is not till the Yangtze reaches Sha-shih that its character completely changes. The first note of change is a great embankment, thirty feet high, which protects the region from inundation. Below Sha-shih the vast river becomes mixed up with a network of lakes and rivers, connected by canals, the area of the important Tungting Lake being over 2000 square miles.

1900, Isabella L. Bird, The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, volume 1, pages 9-10:

Of the northernmost one of these folds, the writer has some faint recollection of seeing the folded strata. They form the hills to the west of Han-yung and the central ridge across the city of Wu-chang and extends further east; the west-easterly course of the Yang-tze below Yang-lo (lat. 30° 30' N.) is in all probability determined by this E-W fold.

1918, J.S. Lee, The Geology of China, University of Birmingham, →OCLC, page 320:

Aside from the Turfan depression in Hsin-chiang (Sinkiang) province, the hottest part of China lies in the middle and lower Yangtze Valley. Maximum temperatures of 43°-44°C (110°-112°F) have been recorded in Ch'ang-sha and Nan-ching.

1969, Yi-Fu Tuan, China, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, page 22:

Early in the summer of 1127 the emperor was located near the city of Nan-ching just south of the Yangtze River.

1974, John H. Winkelman, The Imperial Library in Southern Sung China, 1127-1279 : A Study of the Organization and Operation of the Scholarly Agencies of the Central Government, page 12:

The Chinese Communists destroyed natural resources by widening the Yangtze River, and brought natural disasters to the mainland, including the worst floods in Szechwan province and other areas.

1982 January 3, “News Stories of Year on Peiping Selected”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIII, number 1, Taipei, page 3:

The rains swelled the Yangtze River, raising record water levels on July 19 at the Three Gorges Dam, upriver from the city of Wuhan.

2020 August 10, “Worst Rains in Decades Cause China Flooding”, in Time, volume 196, numbers 5-6, page 10:

The building, on the outskirts of Ezhou, a city on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, is hailed as the world’s biggest free-standing pig farm, with a second, identical hog high-rise opening soon.

2023 February 8, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu, “China’s Bid to Improve Food Production? Giant Towers of Pigs.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-08:

The chief river of central China and the third longest river in the world, flowing a total of 6300 km.


Liaoning

c. 1929 From Wade–Giles romanization and/or Postal Romanization, from Mandarin 遼寧／辽宁 (Liáoníng, literally “Tranquil Liao”); later reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin, from the name of the main river of the area. The name was restored to the area in 1954 upon the merging of the Liaoxi (“West Liao”) and Liaodong (“East Liao”) provinces.

bor

Name of Fengtien province changed to Liaoning.

1929 March 9 [1929 February 27], “From the Chinese Press”, in The China Weekly Review, volume XLVIII, number 2, →OCLC, page 79, column 1:

The course of the Yalu river traverses a track of country ranging from 124 20' to 128 40' E. Long. and from 39 50' to 42 15, N. Lat., the course of its main stream affording a boundary line on the south-western side of Changpai Mountain (長白山), dividing the southern parts of Liaoning Province from the Korean provinces Kankyo Nando (咸鏡南道) and Hsian Hokudo (平安北道).

1931, Wu Lien-teh, editor, Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Reports 1929-1930, volume VII, pages 208–209:

Mukden, Liaoning, Manchuria [consular district]
All of the Province of Liaoning (Fengtien) except the leased territory of Kwantung; and all that part of the Province of Kirin lying to the south of the parallel of 44° north latitude, including the following places in Kirin which are open to trade: Changchun (Kwanchengtze), Hunchun, Kirin, Lungchingtsun, Towtaokow, Wangching (Paitsaokow), and Yenki (Chützuchieh).

1933, Register of the Department of State, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, page 64:

At Lin-hsi in Jehol, Sha-kang in Hsin-min Hsien, Liaoning, and Ang-ang-hsi in Heilungchiang, cultural deposits were found in a black earth layer which lies beneath a yellowish, sandy layer in a black earth layer, making the transition from the semiarid loess stage of teh terminal Pleistocene to the semiarid condition of the present day, probably represents an ancient forest cover.

1971, Alan P. L. Liu, Communications and National Integration in Communist China, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 32:

By the 1960s Tientsin was the leading chemical manufacturing centre of China, and had become the third ranking industrial region, behind only Shanghai and the central Liaoning province region of southern Manchuria.

1972, “TIENTSIN (T'IEN-CHING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 21, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1140, columns 1, 2:

Indications that the Maoists are tightening their grip on farmers came in a May 7 People's Daily report from a commune at Changwu of Liaoning province.

1976 May 30, L. Chen, “Hua Kuo-feng's grip on farmers”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 21, Taipei, page 3:

After living in a village in China’s northeastern Liaoning province for 2 1/2 years, Kim Jungah could no longer bear the possibility of her daughter seeing her dragged away by Chinese authorities.

2017 December 12, Hyung-jin Kim, “AP Exclusive: Sold NKorean brides face hard choices in China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-10-12:

A province in northeastern China. Capital: Shenyang.


Shandong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 山東／山东 (Shāndōng).

We couldn’t solve this problem by the force of one co-op alone, so we united co-ops. But the people were still discussing the best form of agricultural production.
“Then Chairman Mao inspected agriculture in Shandong Province and issued the call for people’s communes, summed up in his slogan, ‘People’s Communes are Fine!’

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, quoting Zhou Min-fu, “Agriculture: The Foundation”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 99:

One train was en route from Beijing to the seaside resort of Qingdao when the accident happened in Zibo, Shandong province. The second train was from the resort of Yantai, in Shandong.

2008 April 28, “Scores dead and hundreds injured in China train collision”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2010-05-04:

Rescue workers rushed to save a group of miners trapped after an accident at a coal mine in the eastern province of Shandong late on Saturday, Chinese state media reported Sunday.

2018 October 21, “Chinese rescuers rush to save trapped coal miners”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-10-21, News:

Beijing is the last stop in Maduro’s China tour, which began in the southern city of Shenzhen and included stops in Shanghai and the eastern Shandong province.[…]
He also visited Mt Taishan, a sacred mountain in the Shandong province, to seek “blessings for Venezuela,” according to a post on his X (formerly Twitter) account.

2023 September 13, “Maduro meets Xi during official China visit”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-10-04:

A coastal province of China, part of the East China region. Capital: Jinan


Heilongjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 黑龍江／黑龙江 (Hēilóngjiāng).

Yu Changwu from the northeastern province of Heilongjiang has urged the ruling Communist Party to honor its “revolutionary ideals and pledges” and hand land back to the farmers.

2007 December 24, Shipeng Guo, Benjamin Kang Lim, “China detains farmers urging land privatization”, in Lindsay Beck, Roger Crabb, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-11, World News:

A series of new COVID-19 cases in China's far northeastern Heilongjiang province is raising concern that a second wave of the virus could emerge in the Asian country.

2020 April 29, “China tries to contain new coronavirus outbreak”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2020-04-30, Asia:

During this period, minimum temperatures in some parts of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang could fall to below minus 30 degrees Celsius.

2023 November 23, “China renews alerts for cold waves, strong winds”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-11-23:

A province in northeastern China. Capital: Harbin.


Jilin

Latin: jilinensis

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吉林 (Jílín), from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ (girin).

No young Koreans in Jilin accepted Gandhi’s theory. No one was foolish enough to imagine that the outrageous and rapacious Japanese imperialists would hand independence to people on a silver plate, to those who advocated nonviolent disobedience.

2008 [1935], Il-sung Kim, “With the Conviction of Independence”, in Kim Il Sung Works, volume 48, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →OCLC, page 101:

His homeland was in Chilin province, and his village was located more than four thousand li (about thirteen hundred miles) from Mount Wutai.

[2008 [1990], John Blofeld, “Roaming the Famous Mountains and Monasteries of Northern China”, in Daniel Reid, transl., My Journey in Mystic China: Old Pu's Travel Diary, Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 115:

The National Health Commission reported 1,337 locally transmitted cases in the latest 24-hour period, including 895 in the industrial province of Jilin. A government notice said that police permission would be required for people to leave the area or travel from one city to another.[…]
Officials on Sunday locked down the southern city of Shenzhen, which has 17.5 million people and is a major tech and finance hub that borders Hong Kong. That followed the lockdown of Changchun, home to 9 million people in Jilin province, starting last Friday.

2022 March 14, Huizhong Wu, Olivia Zhang, Chen Si, “China battles multiple outbreaks, driven by stealth omicron”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-03-14:

A province of China. Capital: Changchun.

A prefecture-level city in Jilin, China.


Jing

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 涇／泾 (Jīng), as in 涇河／泾河 (Jīnghé) or 涇水／泾水.

zh-m

涇河／泾河 (Jīnghé)

A river in China, a tributary of the Wei.


Thomas Montgomerie designated the mountain K2 in 1856 for being the second peak of the Karakoram range.

Here we have K², the highest mountain at present open to Europeans to attempt, only 750 feet lower than Mount Everest.²

[1912, Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 12:

On the morning of July 31, the mountain rose spangled in the summer sun 2,300 feet above Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli. Strapping on three oxygen tanks, the two men faced toward K2's last fastness.

1954 October 11, “Assault on the Summit: The Conquerors' Account”, in Life, volume 37, number 15, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 33:

What is there on the summit of K2, that would entice a climber to risk everything?

2001, Heidi Howkins, K2: One Woman's Quest for the Summit, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page v:

Meyer’s team was one of eight international expeditions that were setting off on the final day of their ascent of K2, at 28,251 feet the second-tallest mountain on earth. K2 was nearly 800 feet shorter than Everest, the world’s highest peak, but it was considered much more difficult, and more deadly.

2010, Graham Bowley, No Way Down: Life and Death on K2, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xx:

I'm super excited to be on the summit of K2! No Ox! (coughs) It was hard.

2020, Carla Perez, 42:40 from the start, in Breathtaking: K2 - The World's Most Dangerous Mountain | Eddie Bauer, YouTube, Eddie Bauer, archived from the original on 2020-05-22:

Even a successful spring or summer climb of K2 is rare. Fewer than 400 climbers have been to its apex. More people have been to outer space than have stood its summit.

2021 January 19, Adam Skolnick, Bhadra Sharma, “How Climbers Reached the Summit of K2 in Winter for the First Time”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-19, Sports:

A 19-year-old Pakistani has become the youngest person to summit K2, the world's second highest mountain, the Alpine Club of Pakistan said on Tuesday. Shehroze Kashif reached the 8,611 metre (28,251 foot) summit at 8:10 a.m. on Tuesday.

2021 July 27, Umar Farooq, “Pakistani, 19, becomes youngest person to summit K2”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-27:

Climbers have warned of overcrowding on K2 — the world’s second highest mountain and one of its deadliest — after a sherpa took video of queues snaking towards the summit.

2022 August 1, Emma Yeomans, Fiona Kingston, “Overcrowding on K2 as climbers queue to reach peak”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-01, UK News:

A mountain on the border between Pakistan and Taxkorgan, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China, the world’s second highest mountain, located in the Ladakh Karakorams.


Qingdao

/ˈt͡ʃɪŋˈdaʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 青島／靑島／青岛 (Qīngdǎo).

Tsing-tau was no longer defensible when surrendered to the Japanese, according to a correspondent of The Associated Press who was in Tsing-tau throughout the siege and arrived here tonight. His delay in reaching Peking was due to the Japanese holding him in Tsing-tau after its fall as a method of censorship.

[1914 November 19 [1914 November 18], “TSING-TAU CAPTURED BY BAYONET CHARGE; Japanese at the Brink of German Trenches Before White Flag Was Hoisted.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-11-27, page 2:

True to its name, Qingdao, the green island as its name literally suggests, is covered by abundant trees - black pines, chinars, gingkos amid the azure sky and sea.
With green and blue as the natural backdrop, red color stands out as the human creation enhancing the charm of Qingdao, as seen from the red-roofed architecture of various European styles erected during the early 20th Century.
With its soaring architectural triumphs, from the glorious Catholic Church to the magnificent Former German Governor's Residence and the avant-garde spectacle of the 2008 Olympic stadium for the sailing regatta, Qingdao is unique.

2007, Susan Hong (梁红) Liang, 邹卫宁 [William Zou], “Overview of Qingdao”, in 青岛旅游指南 [Qingdao] (Travel), Qingdao Publishing House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 1:

Qingdao, a city of more than nine million, is home to China’s North Sea fleet, a marine research academy and China’s main submariners school, which specializes in submarine hunting.

2023 May 10, Christopher F. Schuetze, “Stalled Sister City Plan Reveals New German Wariness of China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-10, Europe:

A major prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China, on the Yellow Sea.


Hure

The first Inner Mongolian modern prose work was “Struggling in a Sea of Suffering” (Gashigun-u dotorakhi telchilegchi khemekhü üliger, 1940) by Rinchinkhorlo (1904-63) of Khüriye (Hure) banner, who also translated an American detective story from Japanese into Mongolian.

2004, Christopher P. Atwood, “literature”, in Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts on File, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 337, column 2:

A banner (a type of administrative division) in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China.


Khunjerab Pass

In addition, several thousand P.L.A. troops are said to be stationed in the Khunjerab Pass on the Xinjiang border to protect Karakoram Highway construction crews, with ready access to Gilgit-Baltistan.

2010 September 8, Selig S. Harrison, “China's Presence in Pakistan”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-23, Opinion:

The Karakoram Highway, which links China and Pakistan over the 15,400-foot Khunjerab Pass, winds through some spectacular gorges along the route of the old Silk Road. The international "Friendship Highway," which isn't even paved on the Pakistani side, is so unstable and prone to flash floods that almost 900 workers died during its construction, mostly crushed by landslides.

2013 October 15, “World's most dangerous roads”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-11-10:

On the Chinese side we drove up the 4,700-meter-high Khunjerab Pass from Kashgar - which was like driving through the Black Forest to Lake Titisee. At the border station the road ended abruptly, cut off like a piece of cake, before continuing a good meter lower down. The comfortable, tarred road suddenly became a dangerous, rough, rubble-strewn one.

2015 April 24, Frank Sieren, “Sieren's China: Beijing's 'Marshall Plan' for Pakistan”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2015-08-29, China:

A mountain pass that connects Xinjiang region of China with Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is the highest point on Karakoram Highway, at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet), which makes it the highest paved international border crossing in the world.