Iran

From Iranian Persian ایران (irân), from Classical Persian ایران (ērān), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “of the Aryans”). See 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān) for word formation, further etymology and cognates. The name of the political entity is a 3rd-century development that derives from the indigenous ethnolinguistic name of the Iranian peoples, i.e. the great variety of Iranian tribes that spoke an Iranian language.

der

Irân (alternative)
Irān (alternative)
Îrân (alternative)
Īrān (alternative)

The Persians, in naming their country, make use of one word, which they indifferently pronounce Iroun, and Iran.

ca. 1675, Jean Chardin (Sir John Chardin), Travels in Persia, 1673-1677, fasc. reprint 1988, Dover, page 126

Light was happiness; and the people of Iran, the land of light, were the favourites of heaven; while those of Turan, the gloomy region beyond the mountains to the north, were its enemies.

1828, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, volume I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth, page 25:

"Iran is a vast and ancient country in a strategic location in the Middle East. It borders Russia, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, the Gulf of Oman, and the Persian Gulf."

2005, Massoume Price, editor, Iran's Diverse Peoples, ABC-Clio, page xiii:

Islamic Republic of Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran#English

A country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran. Capital: Tehran.


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/

In a joint move with several U.S. agencies, the State Department announced that it was penalizing 10 Iranians, including the three men, along with two entities for “conducting malicious cyberacts, including ransomware activity,” according to a statement.

2022 September 14, Glenn Thrush, “U.S. Charges 3 Iranians in Broad Hacking Scheme”, in The New York Times:

A person from Iran or of Iranian descent.


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/

(linguistics) Pertaining to the Iranian languages or their speakers.

Irans

pertaining to the Iranian languages or the Iranian peoples

Peugeot, one of France’s premier car companies, confirmed last week that it was well along in discussions with a presanctions partner, the Iranian auto company Khodro, to build cars in Iran and transfer French technology.

2015 August 1, Alissa J. Rubin, “After Deal, Europeans Are Eager to Do Business in Iran”, in The New York Times:


Farsi

Apparently first used widely in English in the late 1960s or early 1970s. From Persian فارسی (fârsi), meaning "relating to Fars", the Arabicized form of the name of the province of Pars (Early Classical Persian پارس (pārs)) which was adopted in Iran following the Arab conquest of Persia in the 7th century. The sense for the hijra argot is from Hindi फ़ारसी (fārsī) from the same word.

Parsee (alternative)
Parsi (alternative)

An argot of hijras, or catamites, in North India and Pakistan.


shah

shahs (plural)
schah (alternative)
šâh (alternative)
šāh (alternative)
shāh (alternative)
s̲h̲āh (alternative)

From Persian شاه (šâh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (šāh), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/). Doublet of check. More at chess.

We had a cordial welcome in Tehran from the shah and Empress Farah, a delightful banquet, and adequate time to discuss the Middle East and nuclear power affairs with the shah.

2011 [1977 December 31], Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 156:


Islamic Republic of Iran

the Islamic Republic of Iran (canonical)

Calque of Iranian Persian جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران (jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye irân).

cal

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران

Carolina Chandlers Corp. has filed suit in U.S. District Court charging the Islamic Republic of Iran and its nationalized shipping line with failing to pay outstanding debts.

1979 December 1, Debra Furr, “Chandler sues Iran shippers”, in Wilmington Morning Star, volume 113, number 42, Wilmington, North Carolina, page 1:

Ms. Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman known as Jina in Kurdish, was stopped on Sept. 13 by the Islamic Republic of Iran’s morality police as she came out of Tehran’s Haghani metro station.

2022 September 30, Mahsa Alimardani, Kendra Albert, Afsaneh Rigot, “Big Tech Should Support the Iranian People, Not the Regime”, in The New York Times:

イラン・イスラム共和国

イラン・イスラムきょうわこく


axis of evil

2002 State of the Union Address
George W. Bush
axis of evil

Coined by American political commentator David Frum in 2002 and first used publicly by President George W. Bush in the 2002 State of the Union Address. Possibly from a historical analogy to the German-Italian-Japanese axis. Extended to astrophysics by Portuguese scientist João Magueijo in 2005.

coin

I discussed Iraq with Gerhard during his visit to the White House on January 31, 2002. In my State of the Union address two days earlier, I had outlined the threats posed by Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. “States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world,” I said. The media seized on the phrase “axis of evil.” They took the line to mean that the three countries had formed an alliance. That missed the point. The axis I referred to was the link between the governments that pursued WMD and the terrorists who could use those weapons. There was a larger point in the speech that no one could miss: I was serious about dealing with Iraq.

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 233:

Communist China is on a mission for dominance. At the helm of the New Axis of Evil, China has indicated they will invade independent countries and destroy democratic leadership to achieve that end. My recent visit to Taiwan made it abundantly clear that the leaders in Taiwan want the United States and our allies to stand with them as they fight to keep their independence.

2022 September 9, Marsha Blackburn, “We must stand with Taiwan”, in Tullahoma News, Tullahoma, Tennessee, archived from the original on 2022-09-11:

weapons of mass destruction
weapon of mass destruction

A group of states accused by George W. Bush of sponsoring terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction, originally defined as Iran, Iraq, and North Korea.

مِحْوَر اَلشَّرّ

states supposedly sponsoring terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction


Safavid

From Persian صفوی (Safavi) + -id, from Arabic صَفَوِيّ (Ṣafawiyy), from صَفِيّ (Ṣafiyy, “Safi-ad-Din Ardabili”) + ـَوـ (-aw-, interfix) + ـِيّ (-iyy, “-i, -y”, suffix forming adjectives and relational nouns).

Relating to the Safavid dynasty, a Muslim dynasty which ruled Iran between the 16th and 18th centuries.


Caspian Sea

A landlocked sea (properly a saline lake) between Eastern Europe and Asia, and the Earth’s largest inland body of water.


Persian Gulf

/ˌpɜːʒən ˈɡʌlf/

/ˌpɝʒən ˈɡʌlf/

Today, all the states of the Middle East face a major threat in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Saddam's ambitions are not confined to Kuwait. Rather, his goal is to dominate the Persian Gulf region and use its vast wealth to become the greatest Arab hero of modern times, the leader of a new Arab superpower.

1994 [1990 November 29], Dan Quayle, Standing Firm: A Vice-Presidential Memoir, 1st edition, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 253:

The gulf between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.

Перс Псыдахь

gulf between Iran and the Arabian peninsula


rial

Borrowed from Persian ریال (riyâl) (in the case of Iran) and a variant transliteration of Arabic رِيَال (riyāl) (in the case of Oman and Yemen), from Spanish real. Doublet of real, royal, and regal.

transliteration

The official currencies of Iran, Oman, and Yemen.


toman

tomans (plural)
tumen (alternative)
tomaun (alternative)
tomin (alternative)
touman (alternative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian تومان (tōman), from Mongolian түмэн (tümen).

The band-roll strung with tomans
Which proves the veil a Persian woman's

1845, Robert Browning, The Flight of the Duchess:

(historical, numismatics) A Persian money of account or gold coin issued until 1927, notionally worth 10,000 dinars.


mandil

From Arabic مَنْدِيل (mandīl, “sash; turban cloth; handkerchief”), already borrowed before Islam from Byzantine Greek μανδίλιον (mandílion), μαντίλιον (mantílion), μανδήλη (mandḗlē, “cloth; hand towel; handkerchief; tablecloth”) (the last word found in an Egyptian papyrus dated to 481 AD), from Latin mantēlium, mantēle (“hand towel, napkin”), probably from manus (“hand”) + tergere (“to rub, wipe, wipe off; to clean”). Compare French mendil (“turban, turban cloth”) (1659; translating German Mendil from a 1656 source).

der

His turban, or mandil [mandīl], was of finest white silk interwoven with gold, bestudded with pearl[s] and carbuncles; [...]

1634, Thomas Herbert, A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. Into Afrique and the Greater Asia, especially the Territories of the Persian Monarchie: And some Parts of the Orientall Indies, and Iles Adiacent. […], London: Printed by William Stansby, and Iacob Bloome, →OCLC; republished as William Foster, editor, Travels in Persia 1627–1629. Abridged and Edited by Sir William Foster … with an Introduction and Notes (Broadway Travellers), London: G[eorge] Routledge & Sons, 1928, →OCLC, page 79:

MANDIL, the Name of a Cap or Turban wore by the Perſians. The Mandil is formed, by firſt wrapping round the Head a Piece of fine white Linen five or six Ells long; over this they wrap, in the ſame manner, a Piece of Silk of the ſame Length, and oftentimes of great Value. To make the Mandil genteel, Care muſt be taken, that in wrapping the Silk, it be ſo managed, as that the ſeveral Colours, found in the ſeveral Folds, make a kind of Waves, ſomewhat like what we see in marbled Paper.

1728, E[phraim] Chambers, “MANDIL”, in Cyclopædia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […] In Two Volumes, volumes II (I–Z), London: […] James and John Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, page 492, column 2:

[T]he Mandíl is used by officers in the army, and is a muslin turban with gold stripes, spots, and ends.

1874, H[enry] H[ardy] Cole, “Textile Fabrics”, in Catalogue of the Objects of Indian Art Exhibited in the South Kensington Museum […], London: Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswode, […] [a]nd sold by Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 243:

Two inhabitants of the country on either side of the cartouche [of a map] represent the native population. On the left, a moustachioed nobleman, wearing a cloak and mandil (turban) grasps the cartouche with his right hand, and with his left holds up a bowl.

2015, Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig, editors, Iran and the World in the Safavid Age (International Library of Iranian Studies; 2), London, New York, N.Y.: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. in association with the Iran Heritage Foundation, →ISBN, page 296:

(chiefly Persia, historical) A turban; cloth used to make a turban.

Florence
Ismail I
Safavid dynasty
Shah of Iran
Uffizi


SAVAK

The CIA wanted SAVAK to serve as its eyes and ears against the Soviets.

2007, Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, published 2008, page 105:

(historical) The Iranian security and intelligence service from 1957 to 1979.


kamancheh

kamanchehs (plural)
kamencheh (alternative)
kamānche (alternative)
kamāncha (alternative)
kamancha (alternative)
kemancha (alternative)
kemenche (alternative)
kyamancha (alternative)

(music) A long-necked stringed instrument (a spike fiddle) with a bowl-shaped body, traditionally featuring three silk strings but now more often four metal ones, played with a bow, common among the peoples of the Caucasus, Anatolia and the Near East.


Sagan

Alternative form of Sakan (village in West Azerbaijan, Iran).


faravahar

From Persian فروهر (faravahar), from Middle Persian plwʾhl.

A symbol of the religion Zoroastrianism, also used to represent the Iranian nation.


Basij

Transliteration of Persian بسیج (basij).


Tehrani

A native or resident of the city of Tehran.


urz begee

he summoned to his presence the deewan, giving, at the same time, orders to the urz-begee, to admit no one to their conference, and upon no account to allow him to be disturbed.

1832 Feb, “Zur-i-Zunjeer”, in Calcutta Magazine:

Meer Afzul Khan, Urz-Begee, had fled from Cabul, and had joined the rebels, and was then at Ghauni, endeavouring to excite the Khograunes and Ghaunees to rebellion against us.

1880, Charles Rathbone Low, Soldiers of the Victorian Age, volume I:

After crossing several inner courtyards, he was met by the Urz Begee, or Master of Ceremonies, who led him into the royal presence.

1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 49:

master of ceremonies
master of ceremonies

A master of ceremonies in Iran (Persia) and parts of central Asia.


Pahlavi

From Persian پهلوی (pahlavi, “Parthian, of or relating to the age of the Iranian heroes before Islam”).

bor

Pahlevi (alternative)
Pehlevi (alternative)
Pehlvi (alternative)

The Pahlavi dynasty which ruled Iran in the 20th century.


Hyrcania

From Latin Hyrcania, from Ancient Greek Ὑρκᾱνίᾱ (Hurkāníā), from Old Iranian. See Old Persian 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /varkāna/) for more.

(historical) A region in the southeastern Caspian Sea, corresponding to parts of modern-day Iran (specifically Northern Iran) and Turkmenistan.


taarof

From Iranian Persian تعارف (ta'ârof), from Classical Persian تعارف (ta'āruf).

ta'arof (alternative)
tarof (alternative)

The intricate Persian system of etiquette and good manners, emphasising extreme deference, humility, and respect, especially in politely declining to do something (quote a price on something one is selling, eat more food, etc) so that another person can talk one into it.


Codomannus

From Latin Codomannus, from Ancient Greek Κοδομανός (Kodomanós).

(historical) the personal name of Darius III, which he bore before gaining prominence


Iranology

The study of Iran and its culture and history; Iranian studies.


Alamut

From Persian الموت (alamut); see that entry for more.

A castle in Iran and the most famous stronghold of the Nizari Ismailis, also known as the Assassins.

A region in the modern-day Qazvin province of Iran in which the castle is located; Rudbar-i Alamut (Rudbar of Alamut)

الموت

region in modern-day Qazvin province of Iran

A period in the history of the Nizari Ismailism beginning from the capture of the castle in 1090 AD until its capitulation to the Mongols in 1256 AD.


Quhistan

From Classical Persian قهستان (quhistān).

(historical) A region of medieval Persia, essentially the southern part of Khurasan.


shahanshah

shahanshahs (plural)
Shahanshah (alternative)
Shāhanshāh (alternative)
Shahan Shah (alternative)
Shahinshah (alternative)
Shah-in-Shah (alternative)
Shahenshah (alternative)
Shah en Shah (alternative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian شَاهَنْشَاه (šāhanšāh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠𐭭 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾn mlkʾ /šāhān šāh/, “king of kings”), which see for more.

der

(historical) King of kings; a title given to the rulers of ancient Persia and sometimes of Armenia.

𒈗𒊭𒈗𒈨𒌍

title of the rulers of ancient Persia: “king of kings” — see also king of kings


Arsacid

From Latin Arsacides, from Arsacēs (“Arsaces I of Parthia”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣 (a-r-š-k /aršaka-/); see the Old Persian entry for more.

(historical) of or pertaining to the Parthian dynasty established by Arsaces I which ruled the Parthian Empire during 247 BC – 224 AD, Armenia during 54–428, as well as Iberia and Caucasian Albania

اشکانی

of or pertaining to the empire ruled by that dynasty


Oshnavieh

Oshnaviyeh (alternative)
Oshnooyeh (alternative)
Ashnooyeh (alternative)
Oshnovieh (alternative)
Oshnoviyeh (alternative)
Ushnu (alternative)

A small town in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran.


Afsharid

Relating to the Afsharid dynasty, an Iranian dynasty of Turkic origin, specifically from the Afshar tribe of Khorasan, which ruled Persia in the 18th century.


sangak

An Iranian whole-wheat sourdough flatbread baked on a bed of small river stones in an oven.

səngək

An Iranian flatbread baked on a bed of river stones


Iranianize

en-verb

Iranianize (third-person singular simple present Iranianizes, present participle Iranianizing, simple past and past participle Iranianized)

Iranianizes (present singular third-person)
Iranianizing (participle present)
Iranianized (participle past)
Iranianized (past)


Gotarzes

From Latin Gotarzes, from Parthian 𐭂𐭅𐭕𐭓𐭆 (Gōtarz). See Persian گودرز (gudarz) for more.

(historical) the name of two Parthian kings


marzpanate

marzpanates (plural)
marzbanate (alternative)
Marzbanate (alternative)
Marzpanate (alternative)

From marzpan + -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, the concrete charge of it).

af

The regions of Eastern Armenia: Artsakh, Utik, Paytakaran and Kambejan, dominated by Iran in 428, formed a marzpanate.

2002, Shahen Mkrtchyan, Treasures of Artsakh-Karabagh, page 11:

(historical) a border province of the Sassanian Empire ruled by the marzpan

Xosrov gave him the marzpanate of the country of Hyrcania[…]

1960, Ararat, Armenian General Benevolent Union, v. 25, 48:

Byzantine expansion toward the east, which marked the last century of the Marzpan'''ate, extended the scope of the Justinianic reforms with their implicit threat against the very core of Armenian social and cultural institutions.

1997, Nina Garsoïan, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian people from ancient to modern times, volume I, page 107:

(historical, usually capitalized) the period in Armenian history after the fall of the Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia in 428, when the eastern part of Armenia was governed as a marzpanate by Sassanian-nominated marzpans


Qumis

From Classical Persian قومس (qūmis), from Arabic قُومِس (qūmis), from Middle Persian kwmys (Kōmis).

Comisene (alternative)
Kumish (alternative)
Kumis (alternative)
Kumesh (alternative)
Kumesh (alternative)
Kumes (alternative)
Qumes (alternative)

(historical) A small province of ancient and medieval Persia, separating Ray, Hyrcania, and Khurasan.

(historical) The administrative capital of this region; Hecatompylus; Saddarvazeh; Shahr-i Qumis; near modern Damghan.


Khorasan

Borrowed from Iranian Persian خراسان (xorâsân), from Classical Persian خوراسان (xwarāsān), from Middle Persian hwlʾsʾn' (xwarāsān, literally “sunrise; east”).

der

Khorassan (alternative)
Khurasan (alternative)

A former province of Iran which subsequently divided into the South Khorasan, North Khorasan, and Razavi Khorasan provinces.


Khurasan

(historical) Alternative form of Khorasan


IRGC

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
w:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

(military) Initialism of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, a branch of the Iranian Armed Forces.


Gorgan

From Iranian Persian گرگان (gorgân), from Classical Persian گرگان (gurgān); see it for more. Related to Hyrcania.

Capital of the modern-day Golestan province of Iran; formerly called Astrabad.


Iranocentric

en-adj

Iranocentric (comparative more Iranocentric, superlative most Iranocentric)

more Iranocentric (comparative)
most Iranocentric (superlative)

Focused on Iran, its people, language or culture.


Shahnameh

From Iranian Persian شاهنامه (šâhnâme), from Classical Persian شاهنامه (šāhnāma).

Shahnamah (alternative)
Shahnama (alternative)
Shahname (alternative)
Shah Nameh (alternative)
Shah Namah (alternative)
Shah Name (alternative)
Shah Nama (alternative)
Shah-Nameh (alternative)
Shah-Namah (alternative)
Shah-Name (alternative)
Shah-Nama (alternative)
Shāhnāmah (alternative)
Shāhnāmeh (alternative)
Shāhnāma (alternative)

An epic poem written by Ferdowsi around 1000 CE, telling the mythical and historical past of ancient Persia from the beginning of the world until the Muslim invasion.


Northern Iran

A coastal region in north of Iran and south of Caspian Sea, corresponding to the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan.


Irano-

Pertaining to Iran, Iranians or the Iranian language.


Iran-Iraq War

A war between Iran and Iraq lasting from September 1980 to August 1988.


Like 911, 119, etc., selected as a number both fast and easy to call from rotary or touch-tone phones and less likely to be mistakenly dialed.

The telephone number for emergency services in Iran.


Iranian Plateau

A plateau in Western Asia and Central Asia.


Shirazi

A person from, or an inhabitant of, Shiraz.


Persian Iraq

(historical) A region corresponding to ancient Media or west of modern Iran; east of the so-called Arabian Iraq or Iraq-i Arab


Iraq al-Ajam

Perhaps not surprisingly, the Ismacili Nizari sect led by Hasan al-Sabbah seems to have been far better established in Iraq al-Ajam and northern Syria than in Khurasan.

2010, Osman Aziz Basan, The Great Seljuqs: A History, page 39:


Ajam

Borrowed from Arabic عَجَم (ʕajam, “non-Arabs; Persians”), or via Persian عجم ('ajam). Doublet of Ayam.


Ferdowsi

From Iranian Persian فردوسی (ferdowsi), from Classical Persian فردوسی (firdawsī).

Firdausi (alternative)
Ferdousi (alternative)
Firdawsi (alternative)


spahbed

From Middle Persian 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲𐭩 (spʾḥpty /spāhbed/). Doublet of sparapet.

uder

(historical) the title of the military commander or commander-in-chief in Sassanian-era Persia


Ayam

Borrowed from Gulf Arabic عَيَم (ʕayam, “Kuwaiti citizens of Iranian descent”), plural of عيمي (ʕīmi), from Classical Arabic عَجَم (ʕajam, “non-Arabs, especially Persians”). Doublet of Ajam and aljamiado.

bor

Ayam are people who migrated to Kuwait from Iran a long time ago and took some of their traditions from Persians and Iranians in addition to Islam. The majority of Ayam are Shiite Muslims. At first their language was Farsi when they migrated ...

2012, Najebah Marafi, The Intertwined Conflict: The Difference Between Culture and Religion, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 15:

Ethnic music is a category that comprises Kuwaitis of non-Arab origin, such as Iranians known as ‘ayam, and African people known as khawāl (black) or ‘abīd (slaves). Iranian Kuwaitis’ music features the bagpipe (habbān) and is generally performed during weddings. African Kuwaitis have two types of music, ṭanbūraand leiwa. Traditionally, these were both used to conjure spirits or to appease them.

2016, ALSALHI, AHMAD ALI. "ṢAUT IN BAHRAIN AND KUWAIT: History and Creativity in Concept and Practice." (p. 27)


Qajar

Relating to the Qajar dynasty which ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925.


Isfahani

A person from, or an inhabitant of, Isfahan.


marzban

(historical) A class of margraves, warden of the marches, and by extension military commanders, in charge of border provinces of the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) and mostly Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD) of Iran


Dasht-e Kavir

A desert in the middle of the Iranian Plateau


Next Eleven

(economics) Eleven countries – Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Turkey, and Vietnam – identified in 2005 as having high potential of joining the BRICS countries as some of the world's largest economies in the 21st century.


Gerdkuh

From Iranian Persian گردکوه (gerdkuh), see it for more.

a mountain fortress near the city of Damghan in Qumis, Persia, notable for being a stronghold of the Alamut state


Iranize

en-verb

Iranize (third-person singular simple present Iranizes, present participle Iranizing, simple past and past participle Iranized)

Iranizes (present singular third-person)
Iranizing (participle present)
Iranized (participle past)
Iranized (past)


Larak

Larak is oval-shaped and measures six miles from the east-northeast to west-southwest by about four miles across; the chief irregularity of outline is a small sandy cape which juts out from the north coast.

1976, Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical Gazetteer of Iran, page 273:


Mashhadi

A person from, or an inhabitant of, Mashhad

məşhədli

a person from, or an inhabitant of, Mashhad


shahzada

shahzadas (plural)
shāhzāda (alternative)
shahzadah (alternative)
shahzadeh (alternative)
shahzade (alternative)
shahzadé (alternative)
shazada (alternative)
shazadah (alternative)

From Classical Persian شاهزاده (šāhzāda), from شاه (šāh, “king”) + زاده (zāda, “offspring”).


shahbanu

shahbanus (plural)
shahbānū (alternative)
shahbanoo (alternative)

From Classical Persian شهبانو (šahbānū), from شاه (šāh, “king”) + بانو (bānū, “lady”).


axis of resistance

the axis of resistance (canonical)
Axis of Resistance (alternative)

Calque of Arabic محور المقاومة. First used in 2002 in Libya in response to George W. Bush's "axis of evil".

calque

محور المقاومة

The news agency said Assad and Jalili discussed their two countries' "strategic cooperation relationship" and "attempts by some Western countries and their allies to strike at the axis of resistance by targeting Syria and supporting terrorism there."

2012 August 7, “Iran: We're in "axis of resistance" with Syria”, in CBS:

Oddly, the Islamic Republic claims that Israel “lost five wars with the Axis of Resistance since the July 2006 war with the Lebanese resistance.”

2021 August 7, Seth J. Frantzman, “Iran claims Israel afraid of conflict with its 'axis of resistance'”, in the Jerusalem Post:

Iran’s axis of resistance consists of a network of political parties and armed groups that span Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yemen.

2022 July 14, Nancy Ezzeddine, Hamidreza Azizi, “Iran's Increasingly Decentralzed Axis of Resistance”, in War on the Rocks:

The Houthis have fought and largely won a nine-year civil war against Yemen’s government — which is supported by Riyadh. They are thought to be one of the members of the axis of resistance most closely controlled by Iran.

2024 January 14, Jason Burke, “Iran’s ‘axis of resistance’ is a potent coalition but a risky strategy”, in the Guardian:

(geopolitics) An Iranian-led, anti-American, anti-Zionist, Shiite Islamist coalition in the Middle East whose significant participants include the IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthis.


Ajami Turkic

A historical division of the Azerbaijani language that was used as the administrative and literary language of Persia (Safavid Iran, Afsharid Iran and Qajar Iran).


religious police

en-noun

religious police (plural religious police)

(Islam) A police force responsible for the enforcement of religious norms and associated religious laws.