Baotou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 包頭／包头 (Bāotóu), from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu, “haunt of deers”), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “with…”) / -т (-t, “ornative case suffix”).

der

Moving west from Paotowchen there is only one highway, which many camel trains from Kansu follow in winter, but which is almost deserted in summer when the Yellow River is ice free. This road leads through Santaoho, a Roman Catholic Mission village near the elbow of the river, through Shihtsuishan, where there is a carefully guarded pass and a large garrison, and on into the populous Ninghsia district of Kansu, altogether an eighteen day journey of about 1,300 11 through thinly settled country in which a pestilence would travel with difficulty and in which it could have been most effectually checked at any of half a dozen points.

[1918 April, Rodney Gilbert, “Pneumonic Plague in China”, in Asia, volume XVIII, number 4, American Asiatic Association, page 344, columns 2, 3:

Alley and I were not going to Turkestan. We were on a four-hundred-and-fifty-mile trip to Paotou (pronounced Bao Toe), which used to be the frontier end of the line and is now autonomous Inner Mongolia’s largest city.

[1962, Edgar Snow, “Paotou Retrospect”, in Red China Today: The Other Side of the River, Penguin Books, published 1970, →OCLC, page 72:

Dirty, toxic, radioactive: Working in the mining sector
One of the most extreme examples is Baotou, a Chinese city in Inner Mongolia, where rare earth mining poisoned surrounding farms and nearby villages, causing thousands of people to leave the area.

2021 April 13, Michel Penke, “Toxic and radioactive: The damage from mining rare elements”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2021-04-13, CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS:

A prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China.

بَاوْتُو

a prefecture-level city in northern China


Shenyang

Holonym: Liaodong

The northeastern city of Shenyang has become one of the country's chief machine building centers and plants there include one for making pneumatic mining tools and three for various types of machine tools. Also in Shenyang is a new plant that builds blast furnaces and openhearths, with the destination of Anshan.

1958 August 7, Robert Westgate, “China's Industrial Target: To Overtake Britain in 15 Years”, in The Iron Age, volume 182, number 6, page 43:

We are reasonably sure that Li is still alive in Shenyang, but there is no denying that he is now a very questionable figure.

1975 January 5, L. Chen, “Bomb planted by Wang Hung-wen?”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

I know of no industrial unit outside Lushun and Talien that was able to conclude a contract of such comprehensiveness as the glass factory and even in Shenyang where production was rapidly restored and where there were many advanced industrial enterprises, it was felt that the Lushun-Talien model was too comprehensive and of too high a standard to serve as a model for its own collective contracts.

1976, William Brugger, Democracy & organisation in the Chinese industrial enterprise (1948-1953), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

Shenyang is a sprawling industrial and financial center, the largest city in northeastern China, with a reputation as the region’s crime capital. The city was overrun with violent gangs and controlled by corrupt public officials who were regularly purged by the government in Beijing, only to be replaced by new ones. The developers Hongwei knew in Shenyang were all gangsters, and when they weren't making shady deals, they were spending their nights in private gambling parlors.

2015, Yeonmi Park, Maryanne Vollers, “Kidnapped”, in In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl's Journey to Freedom (Non-fiction), Penguin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 169:

China’s continuing strict coronavirus controls have battered local economies across the country. But Shenyang has endured a double blow. Just 150 miles from the North Korean border, it is suffering not only from the restrictions in China, but also from those imposed by the even more isolated country next door.

2022 August 30, Vivian Wang, “Lockdowns in China, and North Korea, Deal Double Blow to Bridge City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-30, Business:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, in northeastern China.


Changchun

/t͡ʃæŋˈt͡ʃʊn/

It costs but from $0.86 to $1.14 per ton to load Japanese coal into the cars at the mines, and as these are under the control of the South Manchuria Railway it is said that coal is freighted to Changchun free.

1915 August 24, Charles K. Moser, “China-Manchuria”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52h, Harbin, page 3:

A “big-character” wall appearing in Changchun, Kirin Province, on Feb. 2, denounced the Chinese Communist regime’s crackdown on dissidents clamoring for human rights, an intelligence report from the Chinese mainland said April 3.
The wall poster accused the Peiping regime [of] "practicing Fascist totalitarianism," the report said, adding that some 40 people in Changchun had been arrested for putting up wall posters.

1979 April 8, “Wallposter in Kirin”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 13, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

At least one person was killed and another was injured in a series of explosions Friday afternoon in the northeastern Chinese city of Changchun, the local authorities said.
The police are tentatively treating the explosions as “a criminal case,” the propaganda office of the Changchun Municipal Communist Party Committee said in a statement posted online.

2019 January 25, Austin Ramzy, “Explosions Shake Shopping District in Changchun, China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-01-26, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China.

تْشَانْج شُون

a sub-provincial city in northeastern China


Dalian

Translingual: Daliansaurus

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大連／大连 (Dàlián), ultimately from Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Related to the name of the bay called after a village located on the opposite side of the bay.

In a rare interview, Ms. Sun spoke with pride about her blue collar past. “I come from a worker’s background, and I have a very deep and special feeling for organized labor,” she told the Dalian Daily.
As party secretary of Dalian, a city in northeastern China, Ms. Sun honed her political acumen.

2022 October 19, Alexandra Stevenson, “For Women in China’s Communist Party, It’s Lonely at the Top”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-19:

A major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China.

دَالْيَان

subprovincial city in northeastern China


Kunming

Military movements are reported to be proceeding in the region of Kunming.

1930 December 31 [1930 December 30], “Rebel Army Enters Yunnan.”, in Hongkong Daily Press, number 2260, page 9, column 4:

Best known abroad are Free China’s two "back doors," the Burma Road and the Northwest Highway. The 960-mile road from Kunming to Lashio was a vast engineering feat and, after the outbreak of the Pacific war, China’s main hope for obtaining offensive armaments. In the last month before its closing it carried over 30,000 tons.

1943, Hubert Freyn, Free China's New Deal, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 63:

Last week's focus of the war in the Far East centered squarely upon this little railroad. Because it brings supplies to the Assam Valley airfields, whence they can be flown over the "Hump" to Kunming, it is a vital part of our only link with China.

1944 April 24, “Trouble in Burma”, in Life, volume 16, number 17, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 25, column 1:

Hsiao-hua, who studied at a primary school at Kunming before he fled the mainland with his father, said he was often criticized by his classmates for his association with "bad elements." All school children on the Chinese mainland, he added, must do forced manual work and read "Quotations from Mao Tse-tung."

1975 March 23, “Freedom at last for Wu & son”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

In some cases, over a hundred thousand men, women, and children could be seen building five-thousand-foot solid runways for huge bombers of a type not yet built in America. These fields were being built in places east of Kunming, places with strange-sounding names like Liuchow, Kweilin, Lingling, and Hengyang, names which would all too soon become quite familiar to hundred of American airmen.

1980, Wanda Cornelius, Thayne Short, Ding Hao: America's Air War in China, 1937-1945, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 94-95:

The schedule of the second phase of the COP15 global biodiversity talks in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming in April is "likely to be affected" by new COVID-19 risks, environment ministry spokesman Liu Youbin said on Monday.
The second phase was supposed to see the completion of a new post-2020 global deal on biodiversity protection, following on the first round of talks in Kunming last October.

2022 January 23, Muyu Xu, David Stanway, “Biodiversity talks in China's Kunming in April may be affected by COVID”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-24, Environment:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China.

كُونْمِينْج

a prefecture-level city in southwestern China


Harbin

From Manchu ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (harbin, literally “drying fishnets”)- in the late 19th century, the area was a fishing village.

The headquarters of the Chinese-Eastern road is at Harbin, a town situated at about the centre of northern China, and there located for the purpose of administering the affairs of the railway.

1899 July 29, H. E. Rood, “American Locomotives in Siberia”, in Harper's Weekly, volume XLIII, number 2223, page 749:

Manchuria is crossed by the Chinese Eastern Railway (the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway), which enters the Hei-lung-chiang Province from the north-west and divides at Harbin (哈爾賓^([sic – meaning 哈爾濱])) in the Chi-lin Province, one branch going to Vladivostock (海参威) and the other to Dalny and Port Arthur.

1904, Charles Daniel Tenney, Geography of Asia, Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 23:

The Russians of Manchuria, who had built Harbin forty-five years ago, were now invited to clear the stage and to do it quickly. Restrictions on all possible jobs and professions soon narrowed their means of earning to almost nothing.

1942, Nina Fedorova, The Children, Little, Brown and Company, page 79:

English spoken.
Can you tell me what is happening?
We arrive to the village Yurga. You must disbark^([sic – meaning disembark]).
No, I have a ticket to Harbin.
Harbin across border of China. There is argument.
Well I'll go as far as I can. Thank you just the same.

1958, 20:02 from the start, in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, →OCLC:

Harbin is the capital of the Heilongjiang Province (Heilungkiang Province). Situated in the middle reaches of the Songhua Jiang (Sunghua River), it is a busy river port. As railways and highways converge at Harbin, it is also an important hub of communication.
Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.

1982, The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, →ISBN, pages 185–186:

Temperatures in Yakeshi in Inner Mongolia (內蒙古) dropped to minus 28 degrees Celsius yesterday, while Harbin (哈爾濱) in Heilongjiang (黑龍江) province experienced minus 19 degrees.

2016 January 21, Alice Yan, Lai Ying Kit, Mimi Lau, “Incredible scenes as mainland shoppers strip supermarket shelves ahead of big chill”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-22, China:

A cohort of male swimmers, bare torsos shining, lined up to recite from Mao's Little Red Book before plunging into the Songhua river, in Harbin, to commemorate the Great Leader's swim in the Yangzi. A crowd gathered with banners in Harbin's main square for a speech about "Learning and Applying Mao Zedong Thought", a crowd so vast that the had taken several shots and would splice them together with backing tape.[…]
He wavered only when he saw the monks at Harbin's ransacked Buddhist temple holding a banner which read: "To hell with the Buddhist scriptures. They are full of dog farts."

2020 July 4, “Obituary Li Zhensheng”, in The Economist, volume 436, number 9201, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 82:

prefecture-level city
prefecture-level city

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China.


Chongqing

/t͡ʃɒŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

/t͡ʃɑŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 重慶／重庆 (Chóngqìng).

The latest proposed relocation would affect residents along hundreds of miles of twisting lakeshore from Jiangjin, in the Chongqing municipality, to the dam’s location at Yichang, in Hubei Province.

2012 April 18, Michael Wines, “Landslide Risk At Reservoir Cited in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-04-19, Asia Pacific:

Her young parents, who worked in a pottery factory in Rongchang in present-day Chongqing municipality, conceived her while unmarried.

2014 January 20, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “‘She. Herself. Naked.': The Art of He Chengyao”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-16, Sinosphere:

For nearly four years, he worked in one of the three cavernous Ford Motor assembly plants in Chongqing, a sprawling metropolis in southwestern China with almost 20 million people. Every day, he spent long hours putting brake fluid into the Ford Focus compact cars that glided past on the assembly line.

2019 April 11, Keith Bradsher, “For Chinese Raised in Prosperity, Shrugs in the Face of Layoffs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-12, China Dispatch:

A canteen in China's southwest municipality of Chongqing collapsed on Friday following an explosion suspected to be caused by a gas leak, leaving many trapped, according to reports from state media.

2022 January 7, Gabriel Crossley, “Multiple people trapped after explosion in China's Chongqing - state media”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-07, China:

A direct-administered municipality and city in western China.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Xiamen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廈門／厦門／厦门 (Xiàmén).

The BRICS -- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa -- had gathered in the southeastern Chinese city of Xiamen hoping to counter accusations that the group of big emerging economies was drifting apart and becoming irrelevant.

2017 September 4, “BRICS meets in shadow of North Korea bombshell”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2017-09-04, Live news:

For the past month Beijing has routinely sent drones over the Kinmen islands, which are about six miles from the coastal Chinese city of Xiamen. Recently China started to release high-resolution, close-range drone video of military facilities on Kinmen.

2022 September 1, Didi Tang, “Taiwan shoots down Chinese drone”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-01, World:

After the incident, Taiwan said five Chinese surveillance ships on Monday had entered prohibited or restricted waters of the Kinmen Islands, located a few kilometers from the southeastern Chinese city of Xiamen, home to more than 100,000 Taiwanese.

2024 February 28, “China tells Taiwan to explain death of 2 fishermen near Kinmen Islands”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-02-29:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China.

:zh:周婉窈
Cambridge University Press
Xiamen

شْيَامِن

a sub-provincial city in southeastern China


Taiyuan

"On Wednesday 7th August 1901 a party from T'ai Yüan Fu, consisting of Mr. Duncan, Dr. Creasy Smith, Major Pereira, and Dr. Edwards, arrived to take part in the memorial service ; Mr. Hoste and Mr. Ernest Taylor of the China Inland Mission having arrived a day or two earlier.

[1903 [1901 August 9], “Appendix”, in Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians, Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, →OCLC, page 318:

Shansi (population 12,000,000): On the surface Taiyuan, the capital of Shansi, appears as calm as Sian, only more down at heel. Grass is sprouting in the cracks of the Jap runways on the airfield but smoke rises from the chimneys of foundries and textile plants.[…]
One discovers with shock how deeply the Japanese burrowed into North China. In backwoods Taiyuan there are 25,000 Japanese civilians, most of whom were put down here to mine Shansi’s coal.

1945 November 12, Charles J. V. Murphy, “China Reborn”, in Life, volume 19, number 20, Chicago: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 113, column 1:

The commitment was made at a meeting held in commemoration of Tomb-Sweeping Day and the third anniversary of President Chiang’s passing on April 5, at Yuanshan in front of the Shrine of the 500 Heroes (dedicated to those who fought to the end at Taiyuan, Shansi province, against the Communists in April 1949).

1978 April 9, “Freedom-seekers vow to defeat Reds”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIX, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Taiyuan, the capital of the province, lies on the upper reaches of the Fen surrounded by irrigated ricelands, orchards and vineyards on the mountain slopes, with enormous seams of coal underground. In Shansi all roads lead to Taiyuan, but the roads that radiate out of Taiyuan in every direction lead nowhere.

1983, William Hinton, “Introduction: Shansi, Land of the Oxhide Lanterns”, in Shenfan, New York: Vintage Books, published 1984, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxxiv:

A group of Maoists commemorating the 35th anniversary of Mao Zedong’s death in the northern Chinese city of Taiyuan was violently broken up by police. Chinese authorities have no patience for these Mao-lovers, who seem to have forgotten the former communist leader’s authoritarian streak and retained only the idyllic vision of a fairer society.

2011 September 23, Ségolène Malterre, “Modern-day Maoists worry Chinese authorities”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2015-12-28:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China.


Nanchang

c. 1600s, from the Mandarin 南昌 (Nánchāng, “Southern Prosperity”).

bor

But whilſt he was beſieging this City, there came, unfortunately, a new Army of Tartars from the Imperiall City of Peking , which had order to recover this Province of Kiangſi; and therefore Kinus was forced to raiſe his Siege to oppoſe their entrance by the Northern parts of the Country; And at firſt having a vaſt Army, and uſed to the Tartarian warfare, he fought both valiantly and happily; but not being able to ſuſtain any longer their redoubled violent aſſaults, he was forced to retire for his ſecurity to Nanchang, the chief City of that County; which City the Tartars durſt not venture to take by force, but reſolved to reduce it by a long Siege; for which end they gathered together a Company of Country Clowns to make a large and ſpacious Trench round about the City to the River, and there they placed Ships ſo as no Proviſion could poſſibly enter. This City of Nanchang is great and extremely full of inhabitants, beſides the multitude of Souldiers which defended it at that time; ſo as although Kinus had made great Proviſion for a Siege, yet after ſome moneths he came to great want and pennury; and yet he held it out though many dyed, expecting ſtil some ſuccours from the Emperor Fungley, which could not be sent;

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Bellum Tartaricum”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, page 290:

The next day, being the 23. of April, we came in ſight of the firſt chief City of Nanchang, which is alſo called by ſome according to the name of the Province Kiangſi, where this is ſituated.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 67:

Kiangſi is divided into thirteen Countries, containing 67 Cities ; the chief whereof is Nanchang , once the Metropolis of the Empire : Iaocheu, Quansin, Kicukiang, Kienchang, Linkiang, Kiegan, Kancheu, are other chief Cities.

1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 440:

From Cancheu to Nanchang the Country is exceedingly beautiful, fruitful, and populous.

1703 February 10, Father De Chavagnac, “Father De Chavagnac, to Father Le Gobien”, in Tavels of the Jesuits, Footcheoo-foo, page 302:

On the 31st of July he arrived at Kiukiang, and in August, in company with the Rev. C. V. Hart, Superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Mission, visited Nanchang, the capital of Kiangsi, which had been entered by Protestant missionaries but twice before, and in two days he sold 300 Portions.

1881, Sixty-Fifth Annual Report of the American Bible Society, New York, page 122:

The rows of towering buildings crowding the banks of the Gan River are a testament to the real estate boom that transformed Nanchang in eastern China from a gritty manufacturing hub to a modern urban center.[…]
As China’s economy prospered the last two decades, Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Province, erected sweeping apartment complexes and gleaming office towers to meet the increasing demand for homes and workplaces.

2023 May 25, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu, “Once a Symbol of China’s Growth, Now a Sign of a Housing Crisis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-25:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China.


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 福州 (Fúzhōu).

At the end of August Eaton anchored at a group of three small islands off the coast of Fujian to take on fresh water, as the casks had not been refilled since leaving the Cape in April. Cuninghame calls these islands the Crocodile Islands, but he says the Chinese call them the ‘Pek-kin Islands’. These are the Matsu Islands, north east of Fuzhou, one of which is called Peikantang or Peikan Island.

2007, Jane Kilpatrick, “The first collector”, in Gifts from the Gardens of China: The Introduction of Traditional Chinese Garden Plants to Britain 1698-1862, Frances Lincoln Limited, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 41:

In a past life in Fuzhou, it represented some reality other than the one of daily congee and pickled turnips, cabbage and boiled rip soup.

2022, Ling Ma, “Peking Duck”, in Bliss Montage, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China.

فُوجُو

a prefecture-level city in southeastern China


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 撫州／抚州 (Fǔzhōu).

The blasts occurred in the city of Fuzhou in Jiangxi Province between 9 and 9:45 a.m., according to the government posting, which appeared on the province’s propaganda bureau Web site. The first one was at the Fuzhou Procurator’s Office, the second at the Linzhuan District government building and the third in a car park at the Linzhuan Food and Drug Administration office.

2011 May 26, Edward Wong, “Series of Blasts Leaves at Least 2 Dead in Southern Chinese City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-05-26, Asia Pacific:

Our family was originally from Nancheng county, Fuzhou district, Jiangxi province. Nancheng dates back to ancient times, to the days when Liu Bang ruled as the first Han dynasty emperor, and Nancheng belonged to Yuzhang district.

2018 [2013], Rao Pingru, translated by Nicky Harman, Our Story: A Memoir of Love and Life in China, Square Peg, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 26:

A prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangxi, China.


Wuhan

From Mandarin 武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn), from 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

zh-l

武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn)

漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu)

The Committee reports that in consequence of the combined effects of the war and famine added to flood an amount of destitution exists among the population in the Wuhan region which is without parallel in the memory of foreign residents. Now that the refugees are returning to Hankow there is a demand for building materials, clothing and food stuffs.

1912 February, “Famine Notes”, in The Chinese Recorder, volume XLIII, number 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 95:

Yet charges that Wuhan was run like an independent kingdom contained an element of truth. Firmly entrenched in Wuhan for more than ten years, the PLA had become accustomed to acting independently.

1971, Deborah S. Davis, “The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan”, in The Cultural Revolution in the Provinces, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 169:

More than 30 persons, most of them farmers on the verge of starving to death, were convicted of "counter-revolutionary" charges at kangaroo court in Wuhan and given sentences ranging from two to 12 years, it was reported from Hongkong February 25.
. . .
Wuhan is the collective name of Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers in Hupei province, central China.
Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.
Others were charged with breaking into a Communist granary in Wuhan, it said.

1973 March 4, “Starving farmers given jail terms”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 8, Taipei, page 3:

Chinese health authorities on Tuesday said they are investigating 27 cases of viral pneumonia in central Hubei province, amid online speculation that it could be linked to the SARS flu-like virus that killed hundreds of people a decade ago.
A team of senior health experts were dispatched to the city of Wuhan and were reported by state broadcaster CCTV to be "conducting relevant inspection and verification work."

2019 December 31, “China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-12-31, News:

Intelligence agencies do not believe the case of three workers from a laboratory in Wuhan, China, who became ill in 2019 can help shed light on whether the Covid-19 pandemic originated from an accidental lab leak, according to a report made public Friday.

2023 June 23, Julian E. Barnes, “U.S. Intelligence Agencies Remain Divided Over Lab Leak Theory”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-24, Politics:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Wuhan.

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China.


sinology

From sino- (“China”) + -logy (“study of”).

(humanities) The study of the history, language and culture of China; Chinese studies.

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(Cold War, politics, espionage) The study of the internal politics of the high members of the government of the People's Republic of China.


Sichuan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 四川 (Sìchuān), a contraction of the Southern Song 四川 (Sìchuān)路 (lù).

In Suchue, on Mount Tiexe, the ſtones that grow there being burnt in the fire, drop Iron, which is very fit for the making Swords.

[1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 242:

SUchuen, which ſignifies Four Waters, is a great Countrey, ſeparated by the River Kiang, into a Northern and Southern part ; Bordering in the Eaſt upon Huquang ; in the South-Eaſt upon Queicheu ; and hath in the North-Eaſt and North Xenſi ; in the North-Weſt, the People Koningguangi and Kiang ; or the Countreys which Paulus Venetus makes to be Preſter John's, which the Chineſes by one general Name call'd Sifan ; and in the Weſt, Tibet, and the moſt Southern part of the Province of Junnan.

[1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 512:

Such was the argument of three highly placed gentlemen of Hubei, graduates of the Japanese military academy and losers in Hubei’s internal conflicts who appeared in Changsha in early 1921. It was also the argument of Xiong Ke-wu, a former military governor of Sichuan whose June visit was concealed behind layers of lies and half truths (he said he was in Changsha to study self-government; gossips in the know said that he was secretly a spokesman for Wang Zhan-yuan).

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Power”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 50-51:

China’s agriculture ministry said on Wednesday two new African swine fever outbreaks were confirmed in Sichuan and Qinghai provinces.
The new case in the city of Bazhong in Sichuan killed 19 of 117 pigs present on a farm, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said in a statement on its website.

2018 December 12, Beijing Monitoring Desk, “China reports new African swine fever outbreaks in Sichuan, Qinghai provinces”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-12-12, Health News:

About 80 percent of wild giant pandas live in Sichuan province. The rest are in Gansu and Shaanxi.

2019 May 27, “Rare albino panda discovered in China”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2019-05-27, News:

A province in central China. Capital: Chengdu.


jiao

Borrowed from Mandarin 角 (jiǎo). Doublet of kak.

(numismatics) A currency unit of the People's Republic of China, one tenth of a yuan.

毫

a currency unit of the People's Republic of China, one tenth of a yuan


Xi'an

Cambridge University Press
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
Ming Dynasty
Xi'an
Yuan Dynasty

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.

THE SILK ROAD was actually a perilous network of routes. It was hazardous to monks and pilgrims carrying Buddhist teachings between India and China and even more hazardous to traders, who intended to exchange gold, wool, horses, jade, and glass for silk. The road started in what is now Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province, traversed a barren crust of earth through treacherous mountains and desert across Central Asia to Antioch and Tyre; the last lap, to Europe and Egypt, was by water to other Mediterranean ports.

1984 January, Nina Hyde, “The Queen of Textiles”, in National Geographic, volume 165, number 1, page 30:

We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:

Then on Wednesday, after our formal talks concluded, Joan, Eleanor, and I traveled to the ancient city of Xi'an, home of the extraordinary exhibit of terra-cotta soldiers.

2010, Walter Mondale, David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 220:

The scheme was simple: Stuff cotton into air-monitoring equipment so that the air being read would be filtered and seem cleaner.
The people doing this to produce better — but false — air-quality readings in Xi’an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, got away with it for months, until inspectors noticed irregularities in the data.

2016 October 28, Edward Wong, Vanessa Piao, “When China Wants Better Air Readings, Cotton Does the Trick”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-30, Asia Pacific:

Quite how the other 7,999 or so warriors — each about 6ft tall and weighing just over 28 stone — were made more than 2,000 years ago, however, has long been a subject of debate, with experts questioning how the intricately carved figures could have been produced on site in Xi’an, northwestern China.

2023 March 31, Didi Tang, “Terracotta Army’s broken arms may solve mystery of its creation”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-31:

The provincial capital of Shaanxi, China; a subprovincial city in central China famed as the former capital of numerous Chinese dynasties, also known as Chang'an among other historical names.

شِيَان

capital of Shaanxi and former capital of China — see also Chang'an


Cantopop

Earlier, a venerable British guitarist in wonderful tweeds had opined as how they hadn't really expected the next Hendrix to emerge from Taiwanese Canto-pop, but then again they hadn't actually been expecting the first one, had they?

1996, William Gibson, Idoru (Bridge trilogy; book 2), New York, N.Y.: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, page 131:

Mandopop and its Cantonese equivalent, Cantopop, are subsets of Chinese pop, or C-pop, whose roots stretch back almost 100 years.

2024 January 20, Ludovic Hunter-Tilney, “An Asian megastar who fills arenas in Europe–so who is he?”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts, page 14:

(music) Cantonese pop music, originating from Guangdong and Hong Kong.


wu

From the Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin Chinese 巫 (wū, “shaman”).


Sino-Korean

the state of Sino-Korean relations

Of or pertaining both to China and to Korea; being both Chinese and Korean.


Hainan

These were a business family, in Hainan province, who, along with other South China merchants, had interests in America, where the multitude of little shops and businesses owned by Chinese had assumed the appearance of a department store chain, representing the invested outlay of controlling families in the Orient.

1942 March 20, John McVea, “Madame Chiang Kai-Shek”, in The Gateway, volume XXXII, number 29, Edmonton, page 5:

After Hainan separated from Guangdong to become its own province in 1988, a development boom was quickly followed by a bust that left many building projects on the island half-finished. In the last few years, Hainan has welcomed back investors and become a fashionable draw for Russian tourists looking to escape winter — entire blocks in Sanya have signs lettered in Russian for their benefit.

2009 March 15, Bonnie Tsui, “The Surf’s Always Up in the Chinese Hawaii”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-03-18, Travel:

The Tianzhou-4 spacecraft was slung into space atop a Long March-7 Y5 rocket at 1:56 a.m. from the Wenchang Launch Base in the southern island province of Hainan. State media said it docked with the station about seven hours later.

2022 May 9, “China cargo craft docks with space station ahead of new crew”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-10:

A province off the coast of southern China, primarily made up of Hainan Island. Capital: Haikou.


Jiangsu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江蘇／江苏 (Jiāngsū, “Jiangning [i.e., Nanjing] and Suzhou”), from the province's two major cities.

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Meronym: Nanjing

Days before the Lunar New Year holiday began on Feb. 1, a video spread online from a village in Feng county, located in Jiangsu province on the coast.

2022 February 19, Huizhong Wu, “Behind China’s Olympics, the saga of a chained woman unfolds”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-02-19:

A province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River. Capital: Nanjing.


Communist Party of China

the Communist Party of China (canonical)

(derogatory)

The Communist Party of China has always maintained that in order to preserve world peace, to realize peaceful coexistence and to relax international tension, it is necessary, above all, to oppose resolutely the U.S. imperialist politices of aggression and war and to mobilize the masses of the people to wage a tit-for-tat struggle against U.S. imperialism.

1962, Workers of All Countries Unite, Oppose Our Common Enemy, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, page 5:

(Chinese politics) The ruling political party of the People's Republic of China.

中国共産党

ちゅうごくきょうさんとう


Sino-Vietnamese

The Chinese-derived elements in the Vietnamese language.

漢越詞

the Chinese-derived elements in the Vietnamese language


Hubei

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 湖北 (Húběi), literally "north of the lake", referring to Hubei's position north of Dongting Lake.

The Three Gorges Dam in Hubei province is the largest in the country, but is also one of the most controversial hydroelectric plants in the world. An estimated 1.3 million people were forcibly relocated during its construction. Moreover, the reservoir has been polluted by industrial waste.

2015 November 30, Maximiliane Koschyk, “COP21: China's climate efforts far from sufficient”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2015-11-30, Climate:

Cases have been heavily concentrated in Wuhan and surrounding areas of Hubei province, which has been locked down for two weeks in an attempt to contain the virus.

2020 February 9, Gerry Shih, “Coronavirus deaths climb as China corrals sick in quarantine facilities in outbreak epicenter”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-02-09, Asia & Pacific:

Chinese authorities said Tuesday they will end a two-month lockdown of most of coronavirus-hit Hubei province at midnight, as domestic cases of what has become a global pandemic subside.

2020 March 24, Ken Moritsugu, “China to lift lockdown in most of virus-hit Hubei province”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-12-03:

A province in central China. Capital: Wuhan.


Henan

Latin: henanensis

From various romanizations of the Chinese 河南 (Hénán, literally “[land] south of the river”).

der

Heavy rainfall inundated streets and caused major rivers to burst their banks in the central province of Henan on Tuesday.[…]
Henan is a particularly populous province and a major transport hub. It is also a key base for industry and agriculture.

2021 July 20, “China: Heavy rains cause deadly floods in Henan province”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-20, News:

Security forces attacked as many as a thousand protesters who were trying to withdraw their money from four rural banks in Henan Province this weekend.

2022 July 11, Amelia Nierenberg, “Your Tuesday Briefing: Bank Protests in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-11:

Gao moved to New York in 2009 after years of harassment by Chinese officials believed to be nursing grudges after she exposed a cover-up of the true extent of the AIDS epidemic in central Henan province.[…]
Experts estimate at least one million farmers in Henan alone contracted HIV/AIDS in the blood trade.

2023 December 12, “Chinese dissident doctor and AIDS whistleblower dies aged 95”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-12-12:

A province of China. Capital: Zhengzhou.


Hunan

Borrowed from Mandarin 湖南 (Húnán) Wade-Giles romanization: Hu²-nan², literally “south of the lake”, referring to Lake Dongting. Doublet of Honam.

Foreign Missions.—Pursuing the Fulton pledge system of two-cents-a-week-for-Missions, our young people have contributed to the support of their representative in China, Rev. T. J. Preston. He has recently gone to our station at Chang-teh, in the Hunan Province, China.

1899 May, “Report of Permanent Committee on Christian Endeavor”, in Minutes of the General Assembly of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, volume 69, Nashville, TN, page 21a:

The specimens on which the original description of O. Henryi was based were sent to Kew in 1886 by Mr. A. Henry, who had obtained them at Patung in Hupeh, Central China. Since then species has been met with in the adjoining provinces of Hunan and Szechuan.

1909, “OLIGOBOTRYA HENRYI”, in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, volume 5, page 8238:

Toward the end of 1916 the Siems-Carey Co., allied with the American International Corporation, entered into a contract with the Chinese Government for the construction, among others, of a railway in the district-the Chuchow-Chinchow Line-which is to connect southern Hunan with the eastern seaboard of Kwangtung.

1917 April 6, “HONG KONG”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52a, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, page 14:

On the day after the feast of Pentecost (May 31, 1784) the three boats left Chao-ch'ing and without any mishap passed all the customs stations in Kwangtung, Kwangsi and Hunan.

1948, Bernward H. Willeke, Imperial Government and Catholic Missions in China During the Years 1784-1785, St. Bonaventure, New York: Franciscan Institute, page 31:

The first task was to clear the Hunan province of all hostile forces so as to make it possible for the various armies to converge on Wuhan area, including Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang on the Yangtze.

1957, Chung-cheng (Kai-shek) Chiang, “Beginnings (1924-1927)”, in Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 42–43:

Mao was born in Hunan in November 1893.

1976 August 29, “Mao Tse-tung's four marriages”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 34, Taipei, page 3:

Ch'i-chi, whose family name was Hu, was born in the Ch'ang-sha area of Hunan.

1999, Red Pine, Mike O'Connor, editors, The Clouds Should Know Me By Now, →ISBN, page 44:

A province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting. Capital: Changsha.

Columbia University Press
Hunan
Saul B. Cohen


Hebei

Latin: hebeiensis

Columbia University Press
Hebei
Saul B. Cohen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 河北 (Héběi, literally “north [of the] river”) referring to the Yellow River.

bor

Police in northern China have arrested 27 people in their probe into tainted milk that has sickened 53,000 children and embarrassed China's reputation abroad, state media reported Tuesday.
The 27 are among 36 detained since law enforcers in Hebei province started investigating Sanlu Group, the company at the centre of the scandal, earlier this month.

2008 September 30, “27 suspects arrested in tainted milk scandal”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-09-09, China:

According to figures published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Hebei's provincial capital of Shijiazhuang saw the highest average reading in all of China last year of particulate matter with a width of 2.5 microns, known as PM2.5, which is easily inhaled into the lungs to cause respiratory damage.
Hebei's smog levels have an outsized effect on China's capital of Beijing since the province surrounds the city.
Also among China's ten worst performing cities were Hebei's cities of Handan and Tangshan, the world's biggest steel producing city, as well as Xingtai, Baoding and Hengshui.

2018 January 17, David Stanway, “Cities in China's Hebei province still top list of smoggiest places”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-02-13, Environment:

More than 360 people have tested positive for coronavirus in an outbreak in Hebei province, south of Beijing. The National Health Commission reported yesterday that 69 new cases had been confirmed in 24 hours, including 46 in Hebei. Travel between Hebei and Beijing has been restricted, with workers having to show proof of employment to enter the capital.

2021 January 11, “China fights new Covid outbreak near Beijing”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-11:

So far, at least 22 people have died in Beijing and the surrounding Hebei province this week amid the heavy rains. State media reported Saturday that waters have started to recede in the hard-hit Hebei city of Zhuozhou.

2023 August 5, “China hit by more floods after Typhoon Doksuri”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-08-05, China:

A province in northern China. Capital: Shijiazhuang.


Shanxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 山西 (Shānxī, “[Land] West of the [Taihang] Mountains”), in reference to the location of the province's central Fen River valley.

uder

Shi-whang-ti having obſerv’d in viſiting his Empire that the Northern Provinces, eſpecially Pe-che-li, Shan-ſi, and Shen-ſi, were much expoſed to the ſudden Incurſions of the Tartars ; he fent a formidable Army, which having driven them back a great way beyond the Frontiers of the Empire, he immediately put in Execution the Scheme he had form'd to ſecure his Country againſt ſuch dangerous Neighbours, by building a Wall from the Sea to the Extremities of the Province of Shen-ſi.

[1738, A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary, Together with the Kingdoms of Korea, and Tibet, volume I, London, translation of original by J. B. Du Halde, →OCLC, page 172:

The Tachai Production Brigade is part of the Tachai Commune in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province, in Northern China. It’s tucked away in the Taihang Mountains, a bit over two hundred miles southwest of Peking, in an area with poor soil, serious erosion, and rock-strewn, mountainous terrain.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Agriculture: The Foundation”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 101:

First-phase liquefaction and storage facilities are in Qinshui county, Shanxi province while the second phase is in nearby Yangcheng county. Shanxi is the nation's largest coal-producing region accounting for about 25 per cent of the nation's output.

2008 April 21, Eric Ng, “China Leason budgets 200m yuan to expand gas liquefaction”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-19:

Mr. Xi began proclaiming his dream since taking power five years ago, though he focused much of his early efforts on battling corruption. In Shanxi, the province that includes Datong, investigators have arrested so many corrupt cadres that the national government has declared the region to be in a state of “implosive corruption.”

2017 October 21, Chris Buckley, “In China’s Coal Capital, Xi Jinping’s Dream Remains Elusive”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-21, Asia Pacific:

A fire at a coal company's office in China's northern Shanxi province on Thursday killed at least 25 people and injured dozens more, according to Chinese state media.
Shanxi is a major coal-producing hub in China.

2023 November 16, “China: Fire at coal mine company kills dozens”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-11-16, China:

A province in the northern part of China. Capital: Taiyuan.


Yunnan

Latin: yunnanensis

Beſide theſe in the Province of Yunnan, which is very large, lying towards the South, in the latitude of 24 degrees, there is a great Countrie inhabited by a particular people, who uſe another language and other cuſtomes. They have a little King called by the Chineſſes, Thu Quon, a Mandarine of earth, they pay tribute to the King of China, they uſe traffique, and live in peace.

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Of the Moores, Jewes, and other Nations, that are in China”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, →OCLC, page 152:

On the South of this Province appears that of Junnang or Yunnan, divided into twelve Parts, whoſe chief Cities are, Yunnan the Capital of the whole Province ; Lingan ; Chinchian ; Cuivag ; Quanſi ; Juenkiam ; Chinyuen ; Xunnim ; Mumhoa ; Tali ; Chimtien ; Jummim : This Province is one of the richeſt, being ſtored with the beſt Metals, precious Stones, Musk and Silk ; and hath ſeventy five other Cities.

1701, Joan Luyts, Herman Moll, A System of Geography, Part the Second, London, →OCLC, page 48:

Of the eighteen provinces into which China Proper is divided, Yunnan lies farthest to the south-west. It is a mountainous country, rich in mineral products, and, up to the date of the recent outbreak, it formed the channel for an overland traffic with Burmah of considerable value.

1868 April [1866 August], O. K. Heins, “Rising of the Dungens or Mussulman Population in Western China”, in The Edinburgh Review, volume CCLX, Edinburgh, translation of Russian Military Journal, →OCLC, page 359:

I did not meet a single Chinese between Chê-to and Li-chiang in Yunnan¹- a journey that occupied about a month- and the Chinese language was entirely unknown.

1908, Reginald Fleming Johnston, From Peking to Mandalay, John Murray, page 157:

Just as the Miao and the Yao had been pressed into Indo-China, the Yi were pushed out of the more eastern provinces of China by the slow advance of the Chinese. In Yunnan the Yi have moved generally toward the south. Up to the time of Mongol conquest in western Yunnan, the Yi had concentrated their population in Tali and Yungchang (now Pao-shan), (4) but today there are very few Yi living in these two districts. The most concentrated Yi population is to be fond in southernmost parts of Yunnan, the region inhabited by the Pai Yi.

1949, Chen Han-seng, Frontier Land Systems in Southernmost China, Institute of Pacific Relations, pages 1-2:

There are huge arsenals, magazines and armories in Phong Saly, all operated by the Chinese Communists.
Over 200 trucks are shuttling between Phong Saly and Mengla, in southern Yunnan, to replenish the supply, the report said.

1973 February 18, “Maoists control Phong Saly”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 6, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In the Hsinhsiang District of Yunnan, twenty-odd plants produced a total of about 200,000 tons of chemical phosphates in 1973.

1977, K. P. Wang, Mineral Resources and Basic Industries in the People's Republic of China, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, →ISBN, page 189:

Michael Dobie moved to Liming in September 2010 with two friends who discovered the Chinese village in a travel brochure. Crisscrossed by dirt roads, the rustic setting in the mountains of Yunnan province offered few amenities.

2016 May 31, Zach Montague, “‘Unexplored’ China? Not for Long, the Way These Climbers Are Going”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-02, Sports:

Wild elephants that had been roaming the southern Chinese province of Yunnan for more than three months returned to a "more appropriate" habitat, Chinese experts told state media.

2021 August 11, “Elephants roaming China for months return to ‘suitable’ habitat”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2021-08-11:

Mushroom traders expected matsutake prices to start dropping around late August, when large quantities of lesser-quality mushrooms hit the market. But this has not happened. Instead, some production bases in Yunnan — the southwestern Chinese province that makes up a third of China’s matsutake output and about 70 percent of exports — have seen the harvest drop by up to 90 percent this year, local officials told the Chinese financial outlet Caixin.

2022 August 23, Lyric Li, “Climate change in China hikes price of rare mushroom, a delicacy in Asia”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-23, Asia:

Deforestation for corn growing in the 1950s and 1960s has been blamed for the disappearance of the white-handed gibbon in the southwestern province of Yunnan. Their cries were last heard in the 1970s, according to state media.

2022 September 8, Didi Tang, “China declares two species of gibbon extinct”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam. Capital: Kunming.


Disneyland

The archetypical theme park, located in Anaheim, California. Other Disneyland theme parks exist in other cities such as Chessy (Seine-et-Marne, France), Tokyo, Shanghai, and Hong Kong.


Great Firewall of China

Blend of Great Wall of China + firewall, popularized in a 1997 issue of Wired.

Behind this hypothetical Great Firewall of China, most users would be allowed to exchange information with foreign sites if they were on the approved list

1997, A. Michael Froomkin, “Jurisdiction in Cyberspace: The Role of Intermediaries”, in Borders in Cyberspace: Information Policy and the Global Information Infrastructure, →OCLC, page 146:

The "Great Firewall of China" is failing, largely due to the increased volume of Internet traffic in China.

2001, Greg Walton, China's Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the People's Republic of China, →OCLC, page 5:

The Great Firewall of China is a case of corporate collaboration in censorship.

2007, Dinah PoKempner, “A Shrinking Realm: Freedom of Expression Since 9/11”, in Human Rights Watch World Report 2007, →ISBN, page 76:

The targets suggest the attackers are sympathetic to the vast censorship apparatus known as the Great Firewall of China.

2015 March 31, Dan Goodin, “Massive denial-of-service attack on GitHub tied to Chinese government”, in Ars Technica, retrieved 2015-04-01:

(originally humorous, derogatory) Government Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China.


Song dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that lasted from 960–1279 C.E..


East China Sea

The East China Sea (ECS) is located south of the YS to the north of Taiwan (Figure 1). The ECS is usually defined as reaching from the northern end of Taiwan Strait to the southern end of Kyusyu where it adjoins the YS along a line from Kyusyu to Shanghai (the mouth of the Yangtze River).

1998, Akira Kuninaka, AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS AND WATER MASS STRUCTURE OF THE EAST CHINA SEA AND YELLOW SEA, Naval Postgraduate School, page 1:

A marginal sea east of China, south of the Korean Peninsula, west of the Ryukyu Islands, and north of Taiwan.


SoHo

en:SoHo (disambiguation)
en:SoHo, Hong Kong

Blend of south + Hollywood.
Acronym of south of Hollywood Road..

When he heard about Omnipork at the Food’s Future Summit in Hong Kong last year, he contacted Right Treat to give it a try, and eventually added it to the vegetarian mapo tofu at his restaurant in the city’s SoHo district.

2019 March 18, Andrew Genung, “It’s the Year of the Pig. Is it also the year fake pork takes off in China?”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-03-19, Food:

At No. 3 Staunton Street in the city’s SoHo district, the roughly 1,300 square-foot ground floor was once used as a parking space for a Ferrari.

2023 March 22, Christy Choi, “Hong Kong’s New Kids on the Block”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22, Art & Design:

Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island#English

A neighbourhood of Central district, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.


Tang dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that lasted from 618–907 C.E..


Han Chinese

See Han for more historical information.

About 98 per cent of Taiwan's inhabitants are Han Chinese, a diverse mix of ethnic and linguistic groups, including Hakka, Cantonese and Fujianese, who came from China's southern coast. Taiwan's other two per cent are from one of the nine indigenous tribes, which are scattered throughout the island but largely concentrated along the east coast and in the Central Mountain Range.

2007 April, Julie Grundvig, “TAIWAN”, in The Asia Book: A Journey Through Every Country in the Continent, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 103, column 2:

Referring to the largest ethnic group native to China.

漢族的

referring to the largest ethnic group indigenous to China


Han Chinese

Lueyang county is a mountainous county located in the Qing mountains in the far south of Shaanxi province, far from Xi'an, on the borders of Sichuan and Gansu provinces. It has a relatively small population—about 200,000. Before the Tang dynasty, Lueyang was occupied mostly by minority Chinese, who were defeated by the Han Chinese, and most were forced to migrate to other places.

2007, Marcus W. Feldman, Shripad Tuljapurkar, Shuzhuo Li, Xiaoyi Jin, Nan Li, “Son Preference, Marriage, and Intergenerational Transfer in Rural China”, in Anne H. Gauthier, C.Y. Cyrus Chu, Shripad Tuljapurkar, editors, Allocating Public and Private Resources across Generations: Riding the Age Waves, volume 2, Springer, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 144:

The largest ethnic group native to China.

ဟန်လူမျိုး

the largest ethnic group native to China


Nanjing

Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Nanjing
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Yongle Emperor

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), composed of 南 (“south, southern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Beijing to the north, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

[1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

For the first time on Saturday, China held a national day of remembrance on the 77th anniversary of Japanese atrocities committed in the city of Nanjing in the run-up to World War II. President Xi Jinping led the commemorations in front of a crowd of some 10,000 people, among whom were survivors or relatives of victims of the "Rape of Nanking," a six-week reign of terror during which the Imperial Japanese Army carried out mass killings and rapes.

2014 December 13, “China's Xi: Nanjing massacre undeniable”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2016-04-25, Asia:

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) chairman Morris Chang will sign a contract with the government of the eastern Chinese city of Nanjing to carry out the largest Taiwanese investment in China, Taiwan's Central News Agency (CNA) reported today.

2016 March 28, “Taiwanese semiconductor company announces large investment in China”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China, on the lower Yangtze; a former capital of China.


Dragon Boat Festival

Calque of Chinese 龍船節／龙船节 (Lóngchuánjié) or 龍舟節／龙舟节 (Lóngzhōujié), an alternative name for 端午節／端午节 (Duānwǔjié) from the races traditionally held on that day in southern China, now popularly connected with the legend of townspeople racing to throw zongzi into the Miluo River to preserve the body of the Chu poet and statesman Qu Yuan.

calque

Behind the Dragon Boat Festival is the tragically heroic story of a famous Chinese poet and statesman of ancient times, Chu Yuan, who ended his life by jumping into a river. His reason: he was not able to save his country, which he saw heading toward destruction.

1977 June 19, T. K. Yang, “Dragon Boat Festival Honors famed statesman-poet”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVIII, number 24, Taipei, page 2:

In the folk tradition, rites, festivals, and myths began an early accretion around an apotheosized Ch'ü Yuan. The most famous of these, the Dragon Boat Festival (Tuan-wu chieh), takes place on the summer solstice, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, ostensibly to search for Ch'ü Yuan's body.

1988, Lyman P. Van Slyke, Yangtze: Nature, History and the River, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., →ISBN, page 137:

A Chinese holiday on Duanwu, the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar


feed the dragon

en-verb

feed the dragon (third-person singular simple present feeds the dragon, present participle feeding the dragon, simple past and past participle fed the dragon)

feeds the dragon (present singular third-person)
feeding the dragon (participle present)
fed the dragon (participle past)
fed the dragon (past)

The dragon is a cultural symbol of China.

(idiomatic) To outsource (jobs) to the People's Republic of China.

(idiomatic) To buy or sell products labeled as "Made in China."


Yanjing

From the Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 燕京 (Yānjīng), composed of 燕 (Yān, the name of one of the powers of the Warring States Period during the Zhou Dynasty) and 京 (jīng, "capital").

(historical) An ancient city located within present-day Beijing, the capital of Ji and Yan.

(informal) An epithet of modern Beijing.


Qing dynasty

A farmer who pretended to be a princess descended from the Qing dynasty to swindle people out of more than 2 million yuan ($315,000) has been sentenced to 13 - 1/2 years in prison for fraud, a court said.

2015 September 9, “Chinese farmer pretended to be princess to commit fraud”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-10-13:

The last dynasty of China, lasting from 1644 to 1912 C.E..


Beijinger

/beɪˈdʒɪŋə(ɹ)/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

A native or inhabitant of Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China.


manhua

en-noun

manhua (countable and uncountable, plural manhuas)

Borrowed from Mandarin 漫畫／漫画 (mànhuà), from Japanese 漫(まん)画(が) (manga). Doublet of manga and manhwa.


Cài

A state of China during the Zhōu Dynasty.


Anhui

He found nothing but disorder at the Taeping capital, and no troops with which he could venture to assume the offensive against the powerful army, in numbers at all events, that the two Tsengs had drawn round Nanking. In this position his troubles were increased by the suspicion of Tien Wang, who deprived him of all his honours, and banished him to the province of Anhui, adjacent to both Kiangsi and Kiangsu, and joined with him in the same viceroyalty.

1896, Demetrius Charles Boulger, The Life of Gordon, 4th edition, T. Fisher Unwin, →OCLC, →OL, page 75:

Some idea of the extent of the calamity, which is due to the excessive rains of the summer, resulting in the complete failure of the crops and the destruction of many homesteads, may be gathered from the fact that the committee with probably make an appeal for at least £250,000. Help will be solicited not only from Shanghai, but from Great Britain, America and the continent of Europe. Even should all the amount asked for be raised, it will only permit of an expenditure equal at most to about sixpence per head of the starving and homeless people. For although the term Kiangpeh is conveniently applied to the distressed district, the famine is felt in large portions of the four provinces of Kiangsu, Anhui, Honan, and Shantung, over a tract estimated at 40,000 square miles in area and in the most thickly populated part of the empire.

1907, “THE FAMINE IN KIANGPEH”, in The Missionary Herald, volume 103, number 2, page 92:

The third and latest influence is the Hui style, native to Anhui Province.

1981 March 22, “Chinese opera delights audience at international arts festival”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

In June, China inaugurated the world's largest floating solar farm in the eastern mining province of Anhui, a facility capable of producing 40 megawatts of power and supplying electricity to some 15,000 homes.

2017 November 25, “Panama Canal aims to become greener with floating solar panels”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-06-27:

In one raid, police said they'd found 11 Vietnamese women living in a safe house in China's central Anhui province that belonged to a "marriage agency." The agency charged 3,000 to 10,000 yuan (€386 to €12,86; $450 to $10,500) to connect a Chinese man to a Vietnamese bride.

2019 June 21, “China rescues over 1,000 trafficked women 'sold' as wives”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-06-21, News:

As China gradually emerges from a Covid-19 surge that shut down Shanghai for two months, an outbreak in eastern Anhui Province is posing a new challenge to efforts to balance economic growth with the government’s “zero Covid” policy.
There were more than 200 reported cases in Anhui’s Suzhou city on Monday.

2022 July 5, Zixu Wang, “Covid Outbreak Emerges in China’s Anhui Province”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, The Coronavirus Pandemic:

A province in eastern China. Capital: Hefei.


Land of the Dragon

The dragon, or long (龍／龙 (lóng)), is a sacred animal in Chinese culture.


People's Liberation Army

Calque of Chinese 人民解放軍／人民解放军 (rénmín jiěfàngjūn).

calque

People's Liberation Army Ground Force
People's Liberation Army Ground Force

(military) People's Liberation Army Ground Force, the army branch of the military arm of the People's Republic of China.

ჩინეთის სახალხო-განმანთავისუფლებელი არმია

(military) The military arm of the People's Republic of China.


Macanese

A member of an ethnic group from Macau of mixed European (usually Portuguese) and Asian (usually Chinese) origin.


Macanese

A creole language originating in Macau, based on Portuguese and some East Asian languages.


Macanese

en-adj

Macanese (comparative more Macanese, superlative most Macanese)

more Macanese (comparative)
most Macanese (superlative)


hutong

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 衚衕／胡同 (hútòng), 胡同 (hútòng, “narrow street”), probably:
* from Mongolian гудам (gudam), from Middle Mongol ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮ (ɣudum, “corridor, passage, passageway”); or
* from Mongolian худаг (xudag), ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ (quddug, “water well”) (from the prevalence of wells where people lived).

der

The fish-bone-like transportation network is also present, especially in large neighbourhoods, where a series of major hutong (usually running east-west) are either joined by smaller transverse hutong or lead to even smaller dead-end hutong that occasionally run between housing plots.

1999, Wu Liangyong, “Traditional Courtyard Houses and a New Prototype”, in Rehabilitating the Old City of Beijing: A Project in the Ju’er Hutong Neighbourhood (Urbanization in Asia; 3), Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 74:

'I spent my childhood in those old hutong courtyards. Relationships were warmer then.' His mouth puckered, as if hunting a lost taste.

2006, Colin Thubron, “The Capital”, in Shadow of the Silk Road, London: Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, page 11:

In Beijing, near the Forbidden City, a winding maze of hutongs, or narrow alleyways, is home to one of the world’s most exotic markets.

2007 October 16, Brice J. Bay, “Thanks, but I’ll have the bat on a stick instead”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-03:

Today, just 1,300 hutong remain, and many more neighborhoods, like the colorful Qianmen district just south of Tiananmen Square, are scheduled for renewal.

2009 January 19, Andrew Jacobs, “Finding treasures in a city’s disappearing past”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-25:

He led me along a dog-legging route through the fifteenth-century alleyways that were the lacework holding old Beijing together. Hutongs, as they were called, defined China's old capital, their grey stone walls pierced at intervals by weathered wooden doors that opened onto four-sided courtyard houses.

2016, Madeleine O’Dea, “Beijing 1986”, in The Phoenix Years: Art, Resistance and the Making of Modern China, Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, →ISBN:

A narrow alley or street in a traditional residential district of a city in China, especially Beijing.

Chinese History: A New Manual
Harvard University Press

衚衕

narrow alley or street in a traditional residential district of a Chinese city


Suzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).

The number of people killed in the collapse of an annex of a hotel in the eastern Chinese city of Suzhou has climbed to 17, local authorities reported Wednesday, according to state news agency Xinhua.

2021 July 14, “China hotel collapse death toll climbs to 17: reports”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2021-07-14:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China, between Lake Tai and the Yangtze River.


Suzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 宿州 (Sùzhōu).

A prefecture-level city in Anhui, China.


Inner Mongolia

inner (near, seen from China proper) + Mongolia

Inner Mongolia has no lakes of any importance, and those of the Kalkas are small; but Kobdo is a country of lakes, as well as of mountains.

1832 August, Le Ming-che Tsing-lae, “Ta-tsing wan-neen yih-tung King-wei Yu-too”, in The Chinese Repository, volume 1, number 4, Canton, page 120:

The twenty-four tribes, or Aimaks, in Inner Mongolia constitute forty-nine standards or Khochoun,—Ke, in Chinese.

1834, Charles Gutzlaff, A Sketch of Chinese History, volume 1, page 12:

The Chinese Communist regime has drastically reduced the size of Inner Mongolia and greatly boosted Chinese immigration there in an effort to reduce the Russian threat on the Mongolian border.[…]
With the heavy concentration of Soviet troops along the borders of Inner Mongolia, Peiping fears that the Mongolians might rise to pave the way for a Russian invasion, the report said.
By cutting up Inner Mongolia and reducing the Mongolian population, the Chinese Communists hope to make their tight control of the Mongolians easier in face of the Russian threat, the report said.

1973 February 4, “Size of Inner Mongolia reduced”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 5, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Temperatures in Yakeshi in Inner Mongolia (內蒙古) dropped to minus 28 degrees Celsius yesterday, while Harbin (哈爾濱) in Heilongjiang (黑龍江) province experienced minus 19 degrees.

2016 January 21, Alice Yan, Lai Ying Kit, Mimi Lau, “Incredible scenes as mainland shoppers strip supermarket shelves ahead of big chill”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-22, China:

As elsewhere in China, Xinjiang has been stepping up efforts to banish ethnic-minority languages from schools—a policy that has recently triggered protests by parents in Inner Mongolia, a northern region.

2020 October 17, “Orphaned by the state”, in The Economist, volume 437, number 9216, page 37:

The Shenzhou 13 space capsule landed in the Gobi desert in the northern region of Inner Mongolia, shown live on state TV.

2022 April 16, “Chinese astronauts land after 6 months on space station”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-04-16:

The number of deaths due to a collapse of a mine in northern China’s Inner Mongolia region climbed to six as rescue efforts to locate the 47 missing continued, state media reported Friday.

2023 February 24, “China mine collapse death toll climbs to 6”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-02-24:

An autonomous region of China, south of Mongolia, with closely related native Mongolian population, mostly north of the Great Wall. Capital: Hohhot.

内モンゴル

うちモンゴル, Uchi Mongoru, ないモンゴル, Nai Mongoru


one-child policy

en-noun

one-child policy (plural one-child policies)

At the same time, it glides over the personal traumas that the one-child policy must cause among innumerable Chinese. Certainly it is awesome to think of a nation that brings its powers of persuasion against a woman's right to conceive.

1984 February 14, John Corry, “Birth Curb in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(historical) A policy of population control in China, whereby a married couple is allowed only one child.

поли́тика одного́ ребёнка на одну́ семью́


Ürümchi

One year was spent in the region between September 1995 and September 1996 conducting field work among Uyghurs in the regional capital of Ürümchi in the north, and in the southern oases of Kucha, Aqsu, Qäxqär and Xotän.

2000, Joanne Smith, “Four Generations of Uyghurs: The Shift towards Ethno-political Ideologies among Xinjiang's Youth”, in Inner Asia, volume 2, page 196:

Even though it was the capital of the Uyghur region, more than 80 percent of the population of Ürümchi was already ethnic Chinese by the time I arrived.

2022, Nury Turkel, chapter 1, in No Escape: The True Story of China's Genocide of the Uyghurs, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://www.google.com/books/edition/No_Escape/gJA9EAAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PT35:


Ürümqi

Defense Mapping Agency
SASM/GNC romanization
Ürümqi

Borrowed from Uyghur ئۈرۈمچى (ürümchi) via its official SASM/GNC/SRC romanization. See there for more.

As also proved from statistical figures, different wind conditions are established over some marginal parts of China. Harbin/15, which records 50% of all directions from SE, S and SW, underlines atypical wind conditions which exist over northeastern China. The same is true for Lhasa/239 which experiences 44% of all directions from NE, E and SE, and Ürümqi/269 which records 38% of all winds with a southern component. These three stations demonstrate rare wind conditions which do not coincide with the typical northern winds in winter.

1988, Manfred Domrös, Peng Gongbing, “Circulation”, in The Climate of China, Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Fanfou, Jiwai and Digu were some of the first Twitter clones to become successful in China. However all three - plus Twitter itself - were blocked by the Chinese government in July 2009, due to their usage during the uprisings in Ürümqi.

2010 March 4, Richard MacManus, “China's Twitter Clones”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-04, Technology:

Before the Wednesday’s suspension, there were 24 flights a week from Kazakhstan to China, including a daily flight to Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang.

2020 January 29, Adam Schreck, Elaine Kurtenbach, David Koenig, “More airlines drop flights to China as virus spreads”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-04-15:

A prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China.


Dongguan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 東莞／东莞 (Dōngguǎn).

In Tungkuan County, the Houchieh Brigade under Houchieh Commune, with the assistance of the Mao Tsetung Thought propaganda team, made[…]

[1970, Union Research Service, volume 59, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19:

Dongguan was different. It rose by no one’s decree; it simply grew. While Shenzhen aspired to advanced technology and innovation, Dongguan took what it could get, which meant low-tech factories from Hong Kong and Taiwan that made clothing, toys, and shoes.

2008, Leslie T. Chang, Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China, New York: Spiegel & Grau, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

China is undergoing the harshest anti-vice campaign the government has mounted in years, and the crackdown is taking a toll on the economy of Dongguan, a southern city of more than eight million people. It is a manufacturing center for the export business and a Mecca for migrant workers, but it is also the nation’s sin city. Now, the red-light industry here is blushing a deep pink.

2014 March 6, Edward Wong, “Red Lights Dim in China’s Sin City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-03-07, Asia Pacific:

In February 2014, a massive crackdown on prostitution in the southern manufacturing city of Dongguan, dubbed "Sin City" for its huge vice industry, raided 2,000 establishments and detained more than 900 people.

2015 April 24, Euan McKirdy, “What a send-off: China's funeral strippers told to cover up”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2015-04-24:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Foshan

At Foshan, about four leagues above Canton, Père Bouvet speaks of a Milanese Jesuit as presiding over a church, with a flock of 10,000 persons : at this day there is probably not one single individual at that same place.

1836, John Francis Davis, The Chinese : A General Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants, volume 1, New-York: Harper & Brothers, page 38:

Foshan is a town in the neighbourhood of Canton, and happened to be the scene of Colonel Chesney's ill usage.

1857 July-December, Thomas De Quincey, “Hints Towards an Appreciation of the Coming War in China.”, in Titan A Monthly Magazine, volume XXV, →OCLC, page 69, column 1:

At Foshan, south of Canton, 147 Japanese soldiers have died of cholera.

1939 May 20 [1939 May 19], “Chinese Attacks Cost Japanese 24 Planes and 3 Warships”, in Daily Worker, volume XVI, number 120, New York, sourced from CHUNGKING, China, page 2, column 5:

Ghappar is Uighur, a Muslim minority group that has been the target of discrimination and oppression by Chinese officials in recent years. In January 2020, officials took Ghappar from his home in the southern city of Foshan to a police station in Kucha, Xinjiang. He was held for 18 days in a police detention centre, then transferred to a temporary “epidemic prevention centre” where he filmed the video.

2020 August 7, Sophie Stuber, “Video of Uighur handcuffed to bed in quarantine centre refocuses attention on Chinese persecution”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-08-24:

This time, metals markets are fixated on an incident in the southern province of Guangdong, in which several traders claim they were duped into providing credit against fictitious quantities of aluminum. More than 500 million yuan ($75 million) may have been loaned, backed by stockpiles of the metal stored in a warehouse in the city of Foshan that turned out to be worth significantly less than that.

2022 June 6, “‘Fake’ Aluminum Stocks Put Perils of China’s Commodities Funding in Spotlight”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-18, Energy:

A large prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeast China.


Hangzhou

/ˌhɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 杭州 (Hángzhōu), from its former role as the seat of Hang Prefecture (also 杭州 (Hángzhōu)), folk etymologized as a reference to King Yu's ferry over the Qiantang on his way to Shaoxing but more likely a transliteration of an earlier Baiyue placename.

In the Province of Chekiang, near the chief City of Hangcheu, runs a River, which in regard of its courſe, is called ſometimes Che, at other times Cientang, and in ſome places Cingan.

[1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 238:

Tibetan colors and gilding are frequently mentioned in Chinese texts, and several monuments survive northwest of Beijing and in Hangzhou in southeast China that were designed by Tibetan monks and were very likely built and carved by both Tibetan and Chinese artists.

1983, Pratapaditya Pal, Art of Tibet, →ISBN, page 30:

A former imperial capital famed for its West Lake and surrounding temples, Hangzhou has lately grown famous as the hometown of internet commerce giant Alibaba.

2021 August 22, “Top official in eastern China’s Hangzhou under investigation”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-08-22:

China’s outbreaks and the ensuing restrictions have led to a number of events being canceled or postponed, most recently the Asian Games originally scheduled for September in the city of Hangzhou, 177 kilometers (110 miles) west of Shanghai.

2022 May 13, “Shanghai will try to ease 7-week virus lockdown in few days”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-13:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China; a former imperial capital.


Yantai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 煙臺／烟台 (Yāntái, “smoke tower”), from a Ming-era signal tower on Mount Qi.

In September, the largest factory in Yantai, a coastal city in northeastern China, called on the local government with a problem — a shortage of 19,000 workers as the deadline on a big order approached.

2013 January 7, “Students by Millions Fill Labor Gap in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-01-12, Global Business:

It’s the time of early spring in Yantai, the central city on the Shandong Peninsula. The trees are quietly stretching new branches and sprouting fresh green buds, spreading out the turquoise of cyan on the piece of the land.

2022 May 12, “Yantai, a Fairyland in the Spring Breeze”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-07-13:

A coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China.


Nanning

Translingual: Nanningosaurus

zh-l

南寧／南宁 (Nánníng)

Our Authors ſay there are no Elephants in China, which muſt be underſtood of the Provinces they knew, where, in truth, there are none. Father Martini writes, that they begin to be met with at Nanning, in the Province of Quangli, where the Inhabitants uſe them for War and for Carriage. Some there are alſo in the Province of Junnan ; nor is it a wonder that theſe Creatures, who ſo ſwarm in the Indies, and in Tungkin or Tonquin, ſhould ſtraggle hither.

1733, Eusebius Renaudot, transl., Ancient Accounts of India and China, London, →OCLC, page 61:

The French were once so sure of getting a railway concession from their Langson branch into Lungchow that they built a big stone station—now the French consulate—and a stone slide not unlike the steeper levees along the Mississippi, down which French goods were to be slid into the boats that were to take them down the river to Nanning.

1925, Harry A. Franck, Roving Through Southern China, The Century Company, page 354:

The story was told him by an old servant of his family who was from Yungchow [modern Nanning] in Kwangsi, and who came from the cave people [aborigines] of that district.[...]There are well-known Siamese versions of the Cinderella story, and Nanning is very close to Indo-China.

1942, Lin Yutang, editor, The Wisdom of China and India, Random House, →OCLC, page 941:

Since an earlier Maoist military mission's visit to Hanoi in October 1974, the Chinese Communists have been providing massive military supplies for North Vietnamese. A so-called "Headquarters of the Chinese People's Support for Vietnam," headed by Wei Kuo-ching, was also established in Nanning in southern Kwangsi Province.[...]
A training center has been operating in suburban Nanning to provide guerrilla and sabotage training for 500 persons at a time.

1975 April 13, “Expose Peiping involvement in Indo-China”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4:

In 2020 in the city of Nanning, the police bought software that could look for “more than three key people checking into the same or nearby hotels” and “a drug user calling a new out-of-town number frequently,” according to a bidding document.

2022 June 25, Paul Mozur, Muyi Xiao, John Liu, “‘An Invisible Cage’: How China Is Policing the Future”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-26:

A prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China.


Huizhou

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 惠州 (Huìzhōu).

Whenever Ch'en Chiung-ming, still at large in the East River uplands, would move on Canton, Liu and Yang would requisition from Sun a sum of 10,000 silver yuan* for the defense of Canton, or C$100,000 to force Ch'en back up the East River to Huichou.

[1976, Donald A. Jordan, “Building the Model”, in The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 6:

A prefecture-level city in southeastern Guangdong, China.


Wuxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 無錫／无锡 (Wúxī).

Like most of the women in her village, Ren Riqing looks after children: “This is my nephew. His parents work far away in a factory in Wuxi. It’s not as strenuous as working here in the fields. I have a son and a daughter -- they’re also in Wuxi. If things go well, they come back once in two years. Travel costs money. It makes me sad, but what can I do?”

2008 January 30, Ren Riqing, quotee, “Urban Migrants Stranded in China”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-12-27:

MedImmune, the Gaithersburg research arm of pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca, is making aggressive moves to expand its footprint in China.
The company said Wednesday it plans to spend $50 million on another production facility in Wuxi, a city near Shanghai on China’s east coast.

2015 December 16, Aaron Gregg, “MedImmune expands its footprint in China with new deal”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-12-17, Capital Business:

A prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China.


Shijiazhuang

/ˌʃiːd͡ʒjɑːˈd͡ʒwɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin for 石家莊／石家庄 (Shíjiāzhuāng).

The Intermediate People's Court in Shijiazhuang, in the northern province of Hebei, said the defendants had intentionally produced or sold dairy products laced with a toxic chemical called melamine, which was used to give falsely high protein readings but which caused kidney stones and other ailments in about 300,000 children last year.

2009 February 2, David Barboza, “Death sentences given in Chinese milk scandal”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-10, Asia Pacific:

China is racing to build a quarantine center to house 4,000 people in the northern city of Shijiazhuang, the epicenter of the country’s latest outbreak of the coronavirus, which Beijing has largely contained at an enormous cost to its 1.3 billion people.

2021 January 19, Miriam Berger, “China rushes to build coronavirus quarantine center for 4,000 as it battles local outbreaks”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-20:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hebei, in northeastern China.


Yangzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 揚州／扬州 (Yángzhōu).

Yangzhou fried rice

The eastern city of Yangzhou, near Nanjing, was the latest local government to order residents to stay home after large-scale testing detected 40 new infections over the past day.
The more than 1.3 million residents of Yangzhou's urban core are now confined to their homes, with each household allowed to send only one person outside per day to shop for necessities, the city government said Tuesday.

2021 August 3, “China's Wuhan to test 'all residents' amid return of Covid-19”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-08-03, Asia / Pacific:

Jiang died of leukemia and multiple organ failure, Xinhua added.
The politician, who was born in the eastern town of Yangzhou in 1926, was appointed secretary-general of the CCP in 1989.

2022 November 30, “Former Chinese president Jiang Zemin dies aged 96”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-02-13:

يَانْغْجُو

a prefecture-level city in eastern China


Luoyang

Translingual: Luoyanggia

From Chinese 洛陽／洛阳 (Luòyáng, “sunny side of the Luo River”), referring to two separate Luo rivers.

bor

The remains of the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, Luoyang 洛阳, are situated approximately 15 km east of the present-day city of Luoyang in Henan. Since the site is bordered on the north by the Mangshan 邙山 Mountains and overlooks the Luo River to the south, it has protective natural barriers and is also at an important junction for transportation and communication (fig. 37).

1982, Zhongshu Wang, “Luoyang: The Capital City of Eastern Han”, in K. C. Chang et al., transl., Han Civilization, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

The Longmen Grottoes are located in the south of Luolong District of Luoyang. Here two mountain cliffs stand face to face, like a pair of natural watchtowers over the Yi River that flow between them, giving rise to the name “Luoyang’s Yi River Watchtower Gate.”

2006, “Cultural Relics”, in 王琴 [Wang Qin], 韩清月 [Han Qingyue], 冯鑫 [Feng Xin], transl., edited by 杨长春 [Yang Changchun], 河南：文化大中原 [Henan: The Central Plains of Chinese Culture] (全景中国 [Panoramic China]), 1st edition, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 163:

Local authorities said the rainfall had caused a 20-metre breach in the Yihetan dam in the city of Luoyang west of Zhengzhou, and that the dam could collapse at any time.

2021 July 21, Ryan Woo, Stella Qiu, “At least 25 dead as rains deluge central China's Henan province”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-22, China:

A prefecture-level city in Henan, China, near the Luo's confluence with the Yellow River; a former capital of China.


Zhongshan

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 中山 (Zhōngshān).

The chief town of Zhongshan, Shiqi (formerly spelt Shekkei) has been an important market centre and inland port for 800 years.

1990, Shann Davies, Macau, Passport Books, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 137:

A man was apprehended by the mainland police early yesterday morning in Zhongshan on suspected link with human body parts found in Taipa Grande on Saturday.

2021 June 14, Anthony Lam, “Suspect linked to body parts found in Taipa Grande apprehended in Zhongshan”, in Macau Daily News, archived from the original on 2021-06-14, Crime:

A prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southern China.


Shanghainese

en-adj

Shanghainese (comparative more Shanghainese, superlative most Shanghainese)

more Shanghainese (comparative)
most Shanghainese (superlative)

The term “Shanghainese” refers to the residents of the city of Shanghai and its surrounding culture area in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) ... When asked to identify themselves, the residents of the city readily respond “Shanghaiese,” whose connotations today reflect an attitude of superiority, confidence, and high self-esteem.

1998, James Stuart Olson, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China, Greenwood Press, published 1998, page 301:

Of or pertaining to Shanghai and the surrounding areas like the Lower Yangtze Delta region like parts of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui


Shanghainese

Inhabitant of Shanghai; person of Shanghainese descent.


Shanghainese

Maybe it was because I was hearing snatches of Shanghainese and other dialects around me in the carirage, but it didn't feel like I was even in China any more.

2015, Hyeonseo Lee, The Girl with Seven Names, →ISBN, page 156:

A dialect of Wu spoken predominantly in Shanghai.


Gansu

Latin: gansuensis

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 甘肅／甘肃 (Gānsù).

This is Lanzhou, the old Silk Road outpost that has matured into a metropolis of almost 4 million as the capital of Gansu province in China’s still-poor northwest. And as your lungs can attest, it is one of the most polluted cities in the country.

2015 October 16, Matt O'Brien, “This is where China’s future will be decided.”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-16, Wonkblog:

A towering wall of sand rushed over factories and apartment blocks in northwestern China's Gansu province as seasonal sandstorms barrelled across the country, causing air pollution and traffic accidents.
Aerial images as it struck showed an apocalyptic scene as a billowing cloud of yellow dust smothered Gansu's Linze county on Sunday.

2021 April 27, “Wall of sand engulfs Chinese town”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-04-27:

A province in northwestern China. Capital: Lanzhou.


Guizhou

Latin: guizhouensis

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴州／贵州 (Guìzhōu).

The siblings lived in a house in Guizhou Province, one of the poorest areas in China; their village, Cizhu, is under the administration of the city of Bijie.

2015 June 12, Edward Wong, “Chinese Premier Urges Officials to Fight Events That Led 4 Children to Drink Pesticide”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-06-13, Asia Pacific:

Over the weekend, engineers in China's mountainous southwestern Guizhou province linked the two ends of a bridge spanning a rocky gorge. The completion of the Beipanjiang bridge marks yet another infrastructure record in China — the world's "highest" bridge, sitting 1,854 feet above the river below.

2016 September 13, Ishaan Tharoor, “The incredible sight of China’s latest record-breaking bridge”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-09-13, WorldViews:

A mudslide in the south-western province of Guizhou has resulted in 15 deaths. Thirty people are still missing as the search continues.

2019 July 25, “Chinese landslide kills 15, 30 still missing”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, News:

A province in southwestern China. Capital: Guiyang.


Changsha

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈʃɑ/

Changxa commands over eleven Cities, as Changxa, Siangtan, Siangin, Ninghiang, Lieuyang, Liling, Jeyang, Sianghang, Xeu, Ganhoa, Chaling.

[1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 14:

The most important place for trade in Hunan is Siangtan, 90 li south of Changsha.

1868, Albert S. Bickmore, “Sketch of a Journey from Canton to Hankow, through China”, in American Journal of Science and Arts, volume XLVI, page 16:

A Communist report from Hunan has quoted "a ranking comrade of the Party Central" as having issued this instruction: "Athletes should be trained from childhood." It is believed that Mao made the remark.
Accordingly, most of the table tennis winners have been teenagers. The youngest at an athletic meet in Changsha in 1973 was a boy of 14.

1976 July 25, L. Chen, “Athletics under Maoist politics”, in 自由中國週報 [Free China Weekly], volume XVII, number 29, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In a restaurant in Changsha, the capital of central China's Hunan province, Hu Mingliang and Sun Wenlin exchanged their wedding rings, and received blessings from over 200 friends, relatives, as well as LGBT rights activists from around the country.

2016 May 17, Cherie Chan, “Chinese gay couple marry despite court ruling”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2016-05-18, LGBT RIGHTS:

Lynn (Yao Honggui) and her boyfriend, Zhang (Liu Long), are shacked up in a hotel in the city of Changsha in Hunan province.

2023 March 9, Manohla Dargis, “‘Stonewalling’ Review: A Young Woman’s Exchange Value”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-09, Movies:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China.

تْشَانْغ شَا

city in south-central China and other locations in China