Yerazgavors

a village or town in the Ayrarat province of ancient Armenia

Երազգավորս

a village in the Shirak region of modern Armenia


Schlei

Borrowed from German Schlei, found in Old Saxon as Slia (modern Low German Slie) and Old Danish as Slæ meaning "muddy waters," presumably related to Proto-Germanic *slīmą.

An estuary in Germany, in the region of Schleswig-Holstein.


duodecimvirate

/ˌdjuːəʊdɛˈsɪmvɪɹət/

From Latin duodecimvirātus, from duodecimvir + -ātus. Equivalent to duodecimvir + -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, here the group of people involved with it).

af

Strabo ſeems to ſay, there were fronting theſe halls, (which Diodorus likewiſe ſeems to diſtinguiſh from the labyrinth, ſtyling it the work of the Duodecimvirate) 27 other halls.

1789, William Williams, Primitive History, from the Creation to Cadmus, page 482:

It is essential to [Stalin] and to his duodecimvirate that open war shall be avoided or postponed for as long as possible.

1948, The Contemporary Review, CLXXIV, page 184:

The Tricameron…comprised…a “Senate”…and a “Praetorate,” a sort of quadruple troika or duodecimvirate: twelve men and women who implemented the Senate’s decrees, declared war or peace, and…spent most of the time squabbling amongst themselves for power.

1984, Diane Duane, My Enemy, My Ally, page 22:

It would appear that the duodecimvirate was held after the praetorship, but before the consulate.

1996, Michael Peachin, Iudex vice Caesaris, page 135:

The logs of each member of the covert duodecimvirate displayed identical readouts.

2008, Michael Somers, Galactic Exodus, page 73:

(uncommon) A group of twelve people, especially (politics) a council of twelve men sharing office or rule, particularly such groups of magistrates in ancient Rome.


Segovian

en-adj

Segovian (comparative more Segovian, superlative most Segovian)

more Segovian (comparative)
most Segovian (superlative)


Pamplonan

Pamplonan (comparative more Pamplonan, superlative most Pamplonan)

more Pamplonan (comparative)
most Pamplonan (superlative)


Highland Gaelic

The Scottish Gaelic language, as distinguished from the now defunct dialects of Lowland Gaelic.


mugham

en-noun

mugham (countable and uncountable, plural mughams)

From Azerbaijani muğam. Doublet of maqam, muqam, and makam.

But the more complicated issue was that the sections composed for orchestra and chorus, in the style of a 19th-century Italian opera, seemed entirely separate from the mugham sections, long improvisations in which Mr. Qasimov interprets the plight of Majnun using one of the 24 different mughams specified by Hajibeyov.

2009 March 1, Meline Toumani, “For the Love of Layla”, in New York Times:

A musical composition of Azerbaijan in a complex form that blends classical poetry and musical improvisation.


Schleswiger

From Schleswig + -er, or directly from the German Schleswiger.

There I met another German, or rather a Schleswiger, by the name of Bondiz, who was also a merchant.

1979 (reprint), Elise Amalie Tvede Wærenskjold, The Lady with the Pen, page 79


Scanian

Of or pertaining to Scania, a region of southern Sweden.


Tameside

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

A metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England.


Rochdale

From the River Roch + dale, although recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) as Recedham (homestead with a hall), which became Rachedal by 1195 (valley of the River Roch).

A town and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England.


Trafford

en-proper noun

Trafford (countable and uncountable, plural Traffords)

From Old English træppe (“(fish)-trap”) + ford.


Greater Manchester

John Stalker, Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester, England, was asked to go to Northern Ireland to investigate killings by security forces of six unarmed men in three separate incidents in a five-week period in 1982.

1991, Human Rights Watch, Human rights in Northern Ireland, page 71:

For example, of the thousand or so textile factories that survive in Greater Manchester, among the most tangible reminders of the country's leading role in the Industrial Revolution, only 100 (10 percent) are listed.

2001, Ismail Serageldin et al., Historic cities and sacred sites: cultural roots for urban futures, page 251:

In the post-family phase, growth rates are less than the national average, with a degree of localised growth in the industrial towns of Greater Manchester, West Lancashire and districts of North Cheshire though not in Merseyside.

2004, K.K.Sharma, Tourism and Regional Development, page 166:

A metropolitan county in northwest England comprising the cities of Manchester and Salford, and the metropolitan boroughs of Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan. Greater Manchester borders Merseyside, Cheshire, Lancashire, West Yorkshire and Derbyshire


Stockport

Stockport (countable and uncountable, plural Stockports)

From Old English stoc (“house, dwelling; place”) + port (“port; market town”).

der

A market town and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England (OS grid ref SJ8990).

A habitational surname from Old English.

Van Buren County
Van Buren County#English

An unincorporated community in Delaware County, Indiana.


Oldham

en-proper noun

Oldham (countable and uncountable, plural Oldhams)

Domesday Book
Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Oldham (disambiguation)#Other meanings

Recorded as Aldehulme in the Domesday Book, the English toponym is named with Old English eald (“old”) + Old Norse holmr (“holm, islet”).

A town and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England (OS grid ref SD922053).

Tishomingo County
Tishomingo County#English

An unincorporated community in Tishomingo County, Mississippi, United States.

An unincorporated community in Boone County, Missouri, United States.

Kingsbury County
Kingsbury County#English

A minor city in Kingsbury County, South Dakota, United States.


Salford

Salford (countable and uncountable, plural Salfords)

From Old English sealh (“willow, sallow”) + ford (“ford”).

City of Salford
Salford (disambiguation)

A city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England (OS grid ref SJ8098).

West Oxfordshire
West Oxfordshire#English

A village and civil parish in West Oxfordshire district, Oxfordshire, England (OS grid ref SP2828).

(countable) A habitational surname from Old English.


Bury

Bury (countable and uncountable, plural Burys)

The place name means "fort," from Old English burg. Doublet of borough, Brough, and burgh.

Bury
Bury (surname)
Bury, Greater Manchester

A village and civil parish in Huntingdonshire district, Cambridgeshire (OS grid ref TL2883).

A town and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester.

Somerset West and Taunton
Somerset West and Taunton#English

A hamlet in Brompton Regis parish, Somerset West and Taunton district, Somerset (OS grid ref SS9427).

A village and civil parish in Chichester district, West Sussex (OS grid ref TQ0113).

A place in England:
Short for Bury St Edmunds.


Lupercalia

(historical) An ancient Roman pastoral festival observed in mid-February to avert evil spirits and purify the city.


taseqite

(mineralogy) A complex yellow-brown mineral found in Greenland.


Icelandish

From Middle English *Islandish, *Islondisch, equivalent to Iceland + -ish. Compare Dutch IJslands, German Isländisch, Danish islandsk, Icelandic íslenskur.

Some geographical manuscripts written in the Icelandish language in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, and based in part on the statement of the Abbot Nicholas of Thingeyre, who died in 1159 A.d., according to Storm, Werlauff, and Rafn, also bear early witness to the discovery of Vinland by Leif Ericson, to Leif's Christianizing Greenland, and to the establishment of an episcopal see in Gardar.

1903, United States Catholic Historical Society, Historical Records and Studies:

A short time ago open war broke out between the two elements over the new translation of the Bible into the Icelandish language, which had been prepared by Haraldus Nielsson, a teacher in the Theological Seminary at Reykjavik, [...]

(rare, dated [unless linguistic use]) Icelandic (North Germanic language, national tongue of Iceland).


Ukrainization

en-noun

Ukrainization (usually uncountable, plural Ukrainizations)


procurator fiscal

procurator fiscal (plural procurators fiscal)

There was word of the procurator fiscal taking note of his doings, and troth, if they had continued long he must have fled the country.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by the force, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.

2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, in The Scotsman:

For other notifications that do not meet the investigative threshold, RAIB may respond by writing a letter to the industry and issuing a press statement, taking no further action, or in the event of a fatality writing a letter to the coroner or the procurator fiscal (in Scotland) containing a summary of evidence.

2021 December 29, Paul Stephen, “Rail's accident investigators”, in RAIL, number 947, page 32:

A local coroner and public prosecutor in Scotland.


Giro d'Italia

/ˌdʒɪəɹəʊ d‿ɪˈtaljə/

/ˌdʒiɹoʊ d‿ɪˈtæljə/

Borrowed from Italian Giro d'Italia (literally “Tour of Italy”).

bor

(cycle racing) An annual long-distance cycling race in Italy, usually held over three weeks.

طَوَاف إِيطَالِيَا

ṭawāf ʔīṭāliyā


Vuelta a España

en-proper noun

Vuelta a España (plural Vueltas a España)

Borrowed from Spanish Vuelta a España (literally “Tour of Spain”).

bor

(cycle racing) An annual long-distance cycling race in Spain.


Caligulan

en-adj

Caligulan (comparative more Caligulan, superlative most Caligulan)

more Caligulan (comparative)
most Caligulan (superlative)

From Caligula + -an, named after Roman Emperor Caligula (12 CE–41 CE).

named-after

Of or pertaining to Caligula (AD 12–41), Roman Emperor.


Russianize

en-verb

Russianize (third-person singular simple present Russianizes, present participle Russianizing, simple past and past participle Russianized)

Russianizes (present singular third-person)
Russianizing (participle present)
Russianized (participle past)
Russianized (past)


ERM

The ERM was an arrangement that pegged most European currencies’ exchange-rate movements within limited bands.

2011, Marc Flandreau, Getting to Yes (Again) with Germany:

European Exchange Rate Mechanism
w:European Exchange Rate Mechanism

(European Union, finance) Initialism of European Exchange Rate Mechanism.


decemvirate

From Latin decemvirātus, equivalent to decemvir + -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office).

af

A group of ten people, especially (politics) a council of ten men sharing office or power and particularly (historical) the groups of ten men who reformed and codified Roman law circa 450 BCE.


Camdenite

A native or inhabitant of any of the four Camden counties in the United States.

A native or inhabitant of Camden in London, England.


Riviera

From Italian riviera, from Old French riviere, from Latin riparius.

A region of Europe, on the Mediterranean; The coastal area of southern France (French Riviera) and north-western Italy (Italian Riviera) between Cannes and La Spezia.


Wearsider

The result may not quite give the Wearsiders a sweet ending to what has been a sour week, following allegations of sexual assault and drug possession against defender Titus Bramble, but it does at least demonstrate that their spirit remains strong in the face of adversity.

2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2 - 2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

Someone from Wearside, from around Sunderland.


Dundee cake

en-noun

Dundee cake (countable and uncountable, plural Dundee cakes)

A traditional rich fruit cake of Scotland.


West German

Of, from, or pertaining to West Germany.


West German

Person who comes from or lives in West Germany.

vesttysker

person who comes from or lives in West Germany


Woking

Saddle Hills County
Saddle Hills County#English

A hamlet in Saddle Hills County, Alberta, Canada.


Costa del Sol

From Spanish Costa del Sol (“coast of the sun”).

bor

The area along the coast of Andalusia, stretching roughly from Maro to Punta Chullera, serving as a popular summer tourist destination.


dodrans

(historical, numismatics) A bronze coin of the Roman Republic, worth three quarters of an as.


Komsomol

Borrowed from Russian комсомо́л (komsomól), acronym of коммунисти́ческий сою́з молодёжи (kommunistíčeskij sojúz molodjóži, “Communist Union of Youth”).

acronym

коммунисти́ческий сою́з молодёжи

(historical) Young Communist League, the former youth wing of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Neronian

en-adj

Neronian (comparative more Neronian, superlative most Neronian)

more Neronian (comparative)
most Neronian (superlative)

/nɪˈɹəʊnɪən/

Of or pertaining to the Roman emperor Nero, notorious for debauchery and barbarous cruelty.


Orkneyan

Orkneyan (comparative more Orkneyan, superlative most Orkneyan)

more Orkneyan (comparative)
most Orkneyan (superlative)

The Orkneyan skerries

1845 January, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Seaweed”, in Graham's Magazine:


Orkneyan

A native or inhabitant of the Orkney Islands.


Londonism

en-noun

Londonism (countable and uncountable, plural Londonisms)

A way of speaking, or a word or phrase particular to London, England.


Portuguese Republic

Calque of Portuguese República Portuguesa


Principality of Liechtenstein

the Principality of Liechtenstein (canonical)


Republic of Azerbaijan

Calque of Azerbaijani Azərbaycan Respublikası

The official name of Azerbaijan (country in the Caucasus).


Republic of Iceland

The conventional descriptive name of Iceland.


Slovak Republic

First Slovak Republic
First Slovak Republic

(historical, fascism) The First Slovak Republic from 14 March 1939 to 4 April 1945.


Kingdom of the Netherlands

the Kingdom of the Netherlands (canonical)

Calque of Dutch Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

A monarchy consisting of the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten.

Koninkryk der Nederlande

monarchy consisting of the Netherlands and the Caribbean independent constituent countries


Helvetic

en-adj

Helvetic (comparative more Helvetic, superlative most Helvetic)

more Helvetic (comparative)
most Helvetic (superlative)

From Latin helveticus, from Helvetii (“the Helvetii”).

the Helvetic confederacy

Helvetic states

Of or pertaining to the Helvetii, the ancient inhabitants of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitant of the Alpine regions.


Raskolnik

en-noun

Raskolnik (plural Raskolniks or Raskolniki)

Borrowed from Russian раско́льник (raskólʹnik, “schism-maker, schismatic”), from раско́л (raskól, “schism”).

bor

(historical, offensive) Any of those who separated from the official Russian Orthodox Church after 1666 as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon between 1652 and 1666.


Pictish

The extinct, poorly attested language spoken by the Picts.


thief in law

Calque of Russian вор в зако́не (vor v zakóne).

calque

вор в зако́не

A criminal who is respected, has authority and a high ranking status within the criminal underworld in the old Soviet Union, Russia and the republics that formed the former Soviet Union.


Orangeism

The principles or beliefs of the Loyal Orange Institution, commonly known as the Orange Order.


Manx cat

A domestic cat of a breed that is native to the Isle of Man, principally characterized by suppression of the tail, and with a short-haired coat and a medium-sized, rounded, cobby body.


Siculo-

[…] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]

1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history, page 133:

Relating to Sicily or the Sicilian people, language, or culture.


vigintivirate

From Latin vīgintivirātus, from vīgintivirī (“vigintivirs”) + -ātus (“-ate”).

A group of twenty people, especially (politics) a council of twenty men sharing an office or rule and particularly (historical) such an administrative council in ancient Rome.


EMA

en-noun

EMA (countable and uncountable, plural EMAs)

(European Union, health) Initialism of European Medical Association (association representing Medical Doctors in Europe)

European Medical Association

(European Union, health) Initialism of European Medicines Agency (a European Union agency for the evaluation of medicinal products)


Fenianism

Fenianism (countable and uncountable, plural Fenianisms)

The principles, purposes, doctrines, or beliefs of the Fenians.

Fíníneachas

principles, purposes, and methods of the Fenians


Caribbean Netherlands

/ˌkæɹɪˈbiːən ˈnɛðə(ɹ)ləndz/

From Caribbean + Netherlands, calque of Dutch Caribisch Nederland.

The three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba.


Salii

From Latin Salii (“the Salians”), from Sala (“the IJssel River”) + -ius (adjective-forming suffix), variant of Isala, from Proto-Germanic *Īsalō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysh₂- (“to rush, to move quickly”).

der

(historical, dated) Synonym of Salians, the Salian people, especially in ancient Roman contexts.


Toryism

en-noun

Toryism (countable and uncountable, plural Toryisms)


Yprois

First attested in nominal use in May 1845 and in adjectival use in 1890; from the French noun Yprois and adjective yprois, both from Ypres.

A few amongst them even fled, some of whom in endeavouring to swim across the Lys were drowned, and others who made for the city were stopped by the Yprois who manned the ramparts, and driven back to the fight.

1845 May, “The Battle of the Spurs”, in Colburn’s United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal, II, page 20:

They were the work of the Yprois Taillebert, who, both in stone and wood, has left in his native town and its neighbourhood incontestible proofs of his activity and talent.

1910, Thomas Francis Bumpus, The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium, page 123:

David Nicholas […] provides fascinating detail about the mutual indebtedness of the Yprois at the end of the thirteenth century.

2010 June, Martha C. Howell, “Introduction”, in Commerce Before Capitalism in Europe, 1300-1600, footnote 42, page 26:

An inhabitant of the city of Ypres; (also, more broadly) an inhabitant of the municipality of the same name.


Marquesas Islands

a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia


Aquitanian

en-adj

Aquitanian (comparative more Aquitanian, superlative most Aquitanian)

more Aquitanian (comparative)
most Aquitanian (superlative)

Of or pertaining to Aquitania or Aquitaine


Aquitanian

A native or inhabitant of Aquitania or Aquitaine.


Thuringian

/θəˈɹɪn.d͡ʒi.ən/


Tonkin

From French Tonkin, from Vietnamese Đông Kinh (“Hanoi; its former kingdom”), from đông (“east, eastern”) + kinh (“capital”), from Middle Chinese 東京 (tuŋ kˠiæŋ), q.v.

der

(historical) A former protectorate in northern Vietnam, a colony of France.


Yugoslavism

Straighforward Serbian nationalism, in this pressure-cooker, mutated into Yugoslavism.

2013, Simon Winder, Danubia, Picador, published 2014, page 381:

Nationalism or patriotism centred upon the Yugoslav ("South Slav") peoples within the Yugoslav-populated territories of Southeastern Europe.


Asomtavruli

Borrowed from Georgian ასომთავრული (asomtavruli, “capital letters”), from ასო (aso, “letter, type”) + მთავარი (mtavari, “main, chief, principal, head”).

bor

One of three forms of the Georgian alphabet. Asomtavruli, a monumental script, is the oldest form of the Georgian alphabet, but it is no longer used for writing the language. Due to its design, it is still sometimes used for headlines and titles.


Mkhedruli

Borrowed from Georgian მხედრული (mxedruli, “cavalry, military; secular, worldly”).


La Rioja

autonomous community
autonomous community

An autonomous community and province in northern Spain. Capital: Logroño.


Tower Bridge

A bascule bridge in London crossing the River Thames, built in the late 19th century


milreis

From Portuguese mil réis (“one thousand reis”), from mil (“a thousand”) + réis, plural of real (“a rei”).

uder

(historical) A former currency of Portugal (until 1911).


Baklahorani

/ˌbɑːkləhɔːˈɹɑːni/

bor

Μπακλαχοράνι

An annual carnival celebrated on Shrove Monday by the Greek Orthodox community in Istanbul.


Teague

From the Irish first name Tadhg. Cognate with English taig (“A Catholic”). Compare Mick and Paddy.

Freestone County
Freestone County#English

A city in Freestone County, Texas, United States.


Sorbonne

A building in Paris that houses several universities and schools

The historic University of Paris that used to be located there


pospolite

Borrowed from Polish pospolite ruszenie (“a general summons to arms, an arriere-ban”, literally “general stirring”).

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

(historical, military) A former militia in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of the gentry, which, was summoned to defend the country in the event of an invasion


Veglia

From Italian Veglia, from Venetan, from Vegliot Dalmatian Vicla, possibly from Vulgar Latin vecla (“old”).

Veglia has many harbours; but these are subjected to frequent storms, and unfit for large vessels.

1843, John William Norie, New sailing directions for the Adriatic sea, or Gulf of Venice, Charles Wilson, page 16

The southwestern one, between San Marco and Veglia, is too narrow except for small vessels under favorable circumstances.

1917, United States Hydrographic Office, Mediterranean Pilot: The southeast of Italy, the shores of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas to Cape Matapan, Hydrographic Office under the authority of the secretary of the navy, page 254:

One of the moſt conſiderable of theſe is Plavnich, which lies between the iſland of Veglia and that of Cherſo.

2007 (originally 1778), Abbe Alberto Fortis, Travels Into Dalmatia, Cosimo, Inc., page 499

(dated) Krk, a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea.


Scotticism

But Scott's veneration for the past reached its highest and most shrewd and intelligent form in his Scotticism.

1859, David Masson, British Novelists and their Styles:

A phrase or idiom peculiar to Scotland or Scottish people.


Kemalism

From Kemal + -ism, after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.


TASS

From Russian ТАСС (TASS), acronym of Телеграфное аге́нтство Советского Союза (Telegrafnoje agéntstvo Sovetskovo Sojuza).

(historical) Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union


Po valley

A large plain that occupies most of northern Italy south of the Alps, surrounding the river Po.


Uffizi

From Italian Uffizi (literally “Offices”).

A major museum and art gallery in Florence, Italy.


Italish

en-adj

Italish (comparative more Italish, superlative most Italish)

more Italish (comparative)
most Italish (superlative)

first Patron S. Frances, as we find in the history of his idolatrous feast, and also in the book of conformities of Frances to Christ, written by an Italish friar called Bartholomew Pisanus.

1849, John Bale, Select works of John Bale D.D. Bishop of Ossory:

“O Italish England,” he wrote, “what has become of your ancient fortitude and might; since Tuscanism has come in, Vanity is above all else, and next comes villainy; there is no one who is not a minion; grand words cover feeble deeds.”

1902, Lewis Einstein, The Italian Renaissance in England:

His independence incurred the wrath of other historians such as Leland, and his Catholicism enraged Bale, who declared that he ‘hath in this point deformed his writings greatly, polluting our English Chronicles most shamefully with his Romish lies and other Italish beggarys’.

1960, Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare:

By coincidence, I am now travelling aboard another Otranto, a spaceship of Italish manufacture. Its engines are silent as it slips through interstellar space towards an artificial Golconda. Not a whisper comes from them.

1995, Brian Wilson Aldiss, The secret of this book: 20-odd stories:

(archaic) Pertaining to Italy, its people, or language; Italian.


centumvirate

From Latin centumvirātus, from centumvirī (“centumvirs, centumviri”) + ātus (abstract noun-forming suffix). Equivalent to centumvir + -ate (forms nouns denoting a rank or office, here the group of people performing it).

af

A group of one hundred people, especially (politics) a council of about 100 men who share power or rule, particularly (historical) such a group in ancient Rome.


Szczedrzyk

From the Polish spelling of the village's name. Compare Sczedrzik, from the German spelling.

2010, Merle W. McMorrow, A Long Short Life, page 217: Her descendants originated from Eastern Germany and the Ukraine. Her paternal grandfather, Frank Jonietz, was born October 8, 1855, near the Oder River in Upper Silicia in the village of Szczedrzyk.

A village in what is now Poland, what was formerly Germany.


The 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland and the 6 counties of Northern Ireland together make a single United Ireland.


Peloponnesian

en-adj

Peloponnesian (comparative more Peloponnesian, superlative most Peloponnesian)

more Peloponnesian (comparative)
most Peloponnesian (superlative)

From Latin Peloponnesius, from Peloponnesus, from Ancient Greek Πελοπόννησος (Pelopónnēsos, literally “the island of Pelops”).

uder

Πελοπόννησος

Of or pertaining to the Peloponnesus, or southern peninsula of Greece.


Welshland

From Welsh + land. Compare Old English wēalland (“foreign country, Normandy”). Cognate with German Wälschland (“Italy”, literally “foreign-land”), German Welschland (“French-speaking Switzerland”).

cog

It is now practically established that the legend emanated from the Kymri, spreading from "Welshland" through Cornwall into the Welsh-speaking colony of Brittany upon the opposite shore.

But I have opposed them, and think to withsay, for I have been steward of all Britain's land, and earl I am potent, unlike to my companions, and I have Welshland half-part in my hand; more I have alone than the others all clean.

1996, Wace, Eugene Mason, Layamon, Arthurian chronicles:

Welshland: Now called Wales, Welshland lay just west of Mercia and was made up of Celts that held many different lands, which included place names like Gwent and Gwynedd.


Septembrist

(historical) An participant in the September Massacres.

(historical) A supporter of the liberal constitutionalists in the Liberal Wars that took place between 1828 and 1834.


Gaditanian

en-adj

Gaditanian (comparative more Gaditanian, superlative most Gaditanian)

more Gaditanian (comparative)
most Gaditanian (superlative)

From Latin Gādītānus, from Gādēs (“Cadiz”), + -ian.

Of, from, or relating to Cádiz in Spain.


arendator

From Russian аренда́тор (arendátor), from Latin arendator, arrendator, from arendare, arrendare (“to pay rent”), from arenda (“yearly rent”), from ad + renda (whence French rente, English rent). Compare arrentation and rent.

The arendator collects the stated imposts merely from the boors, which amount to no great matter

1799, William Tooke, A View of the Russian Empire during the Reign of Catharine II and to the close of the present Century:

(historical) In the Russian Empire, a person who farmed local rents or revenues.


Canary Islander

en-noun

Canary Islander (plural Canary Islanders)


Parian

Parian (countable and uncountable, plural Parians)

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Paros.


Kuzbass

Borrowed from Russian Кузба́сс (Kuzbáss), abbreviation of Кузне́цкий бассе́йн (Kuznéckij basséjn, “Kuznetsk Basin”).

A vast coal mining region in Kemerovo oblast in Siberia, Russia between Tomsk and Novokuznetsk.


North Caucasus

the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian Seas and within European Russia.


Great Russian

(historical) Of or pertaining to Great Russia.

(historical) Of or pertaining to Great Russians, the language of Great Russia, as opposed to Little Russia, White Russia, etc.

storrussisk

of or pertaining to Great Russians, the language of Great Russia


Great Russian

(historical) A person from, or an inhabitant of, Great Russia.

storrusser

a person from, or an inhabitant of, Great Russia


Great Russian

(obsolete) The Russian language, especially when (possibly erroneously) considered to be mutually intelligible with the Ukrainian (Little Russian) and Belarusian (White Russian) languages.

storrussisk

Russian language, esp. when considered mutually intelligble with Ukrainian and Belarusian


Cornish fairing

Cornish fairing (plural Cornish fairings)

A traditional ginger biscuit from Cornwall, England, originally sold at fairs.


Falange

From Spanish Falange, from falange (“phalanx, phalange”), from Latin phalanx, from Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx). Doublet of phalanx, phalange, plank and planch.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of former Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, founded the Falange in 1933 to encourage national unity and pride and to combat the Left and liberal Republicans.

2014, Bernard A. Cook, Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, →ISBN, page 361:

(historical) A Spanish fascist movement active in the 1930s until its dissolution in 1977.


moidore

From Portuguese moeda de ouro, literally "golden coin".

It was a strange collection, like Billy Bones’s hoard for the diversity of coinage, but so much larger and so much more varied that I think I never had more pleasure than in sorting them. English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Georges, and Louises, doubloons and double guineas and moidores and sequins, the pictures of all the kings of Europe for the last hundred years, […]

1883, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island:

(historical) An old Portuguese gold coin, minted from 1640 to 1732.


Serie B

Before kick-off, a section of Chelsea's support sadly let themselves and their club down by noisily interrupting the silence held in memory of the Hillsborough disaster and for Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, who collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack during a Serie B game on Saturday.

2012 April 15, Phil McNulty, “Tottenham 1-5 Chelsea”, in BBC:

The second division of professional football in Italy.


Dumfries and Galloway

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996, formerly a region created in 1975 from the counties of Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire.


Falkirk

Inherited from Middle English Faukirke, from Old English fāg (“multicoloured”) + ċiriċe (“church”), a calque of Middle Irish Eiglesbrec (literally “speckled church”), probably ultimately from Cumbric. The l is first attested in the 15th century, likely a hypercorrection under Scots influence by analogy with terms such as wall (Scots wa). Compare Medieval Latin Varia Capella (“Falkirk”).

cog

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996, and previously a local government district in Central Region (1975–1996).


hemina

From Latin hemina (“half-sextarius”), from Ancient Greek, from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “hemi-: half”) + -ίνα (-ína, “-ina: forming nouns”). As a Spanish unit, via Spanish hemina.

...an Æginean Hemina of Hydromel ...

1727, John Arbuthnot, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures. Explain'd and exemplify'd in several dissertations:

(historical) A Roman unit of liquid measure reckoned as the volume of ⁵⁄₆ Roman pound of wine and equivalent to about 0.27 L although differing slightly over time, used in English pharmacy into the 17th century.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure equivalent to about 23 L, used particularly in Leon.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of land area, varying in size depending on the land's quality and used particularly in Leon.


Belgo-

the Belgo-Dutch frontier

Belgian; of or pertaining to Belgium or its people.


Finno-

From Latin Finnus + -o-. Doublet of Fenno-.

Of or pertaining to Finland, the Finnish language, or Finns.


Massilia

Unadapted borrowing from Latin Massilia.

Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis#English

(historical) A city in Gallia Narbonensis, now Marseille


Lutetia

An ancient Roman city and island in modern France; modern Paris.


Malvinas

Borrowed from Spanish Malvinas, itself from French Malouines.

Argentina might be granted political sovereignty over the Malvinas in return for acknowledging Britain's right to participate in the economic development of the islands and the islanders' right to continue their way of life.

1988, Lowell S. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute Over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106:

The EU is not in a situation to express any position on the Falklands/Malvinas, as there has not been any council [of member states]^([sic]) discussion or decision on this matter.

2023 July 19, Nadeem Badshah, quoting Peter Stano, “Islas Malvinas: EU signs deal using Falklands’ Argentine name”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(uncommon, see usage notes) The Falkland Islands, the Falklands: An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic.


Liparian

en-adj

Liparian (comparative more Liparian, superlative most Liparian)

more Liparian (comparative)
most Liparian (superlative)

Of or relating to Lipari, the largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the north coast of Sicily, Italy.


dispose of

en-verb

dispose of (third-person singular simple present disposes of, present participle disposing of, simple past and past participle disposed of)

disposes of (present singular third-person)
disposing of (participle present)
disposed of (participle past)
disposed of (past)

The Commission may not be able to assess the reliability of the data provided by Member States and may not dispose of independent information sources.

(transitive, European Union) To have available, or at one's disposal.


BEREC

w:Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications

(politics, European Union) Initialism of Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications.


Åland Islands

A region of Finland. Swedish speaking group of islands between Finland and Sweden.


Carlist

en-adj

Carlist (comparative more Carlist, superlative most Carlist)

more Carlist (comparative)
most Carlist (superlative)


Carlist

(historical) A partisan of Charles X of France.


Cymro-

The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon.

1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274

They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time.

2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, →ISBN:

Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation.

2010 July 15, Graham Henry, “Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), Western Mail:


Cambro-

[T]hough a good Cambro-Briton as I hope, and properly Zealous for my Countrys Glory, I have lived too long in England not to laugh when reading of Madog and Fadog and Cywrgie […].

1795 November 19, Hester Lynch Piozzi, Thraliana:

History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race.

1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442:

In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'.

1993, Martin John Ball, James Fife, The Celtic Languages, →ISBN, page 311:


Riksdag

/ˈɹiːksdɑːɡ/

The bloodless royalist coup d'état performed against his Riksdag by enlightened ruler Gustavus III of Sweden in August 1772 gave credence to the idea of a European wave of reaction against the excesses of representative government.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 288:


Paulicianism

From Paulician + -ism; see Paulician for more.

(historical) A Christian sect and militarized revolt movement that flourished between 650 and 872 in Armenia and the Eastern Themes of the Byzantine Empire.


LBF

(boxing) Initialism of Luxembourg Boxing Federation.


Securitate

/sɪkjʊəɹɪˈtɑːteɪ/

From Romanian Securitate (from securitate (“security”)), short for Direcţia Generală a Securităţii Poporului (“General Directorate for the Security of the People”), later Departamentul Securităţii Statului (“Department for State Security”).

My young interpreter scowls, inserting into her translation her own memories of six-hour queues to buy milk, and of the feared Securitate secret police.

1999 December 19, Chris Stephen, The Observer:

Even our Securitate-approved minders went into a mental coma when we questioned the genius of the Genius of the Carpathians, Nicolae Ceauşescu.

2012, John Sweeney, ‘At War with Ceausescu’, Literary Review, number 399:

(now historical) The official state security and secret police force of Romania under Communist rule.


Hyblaean

Hyblaean (comparative more Hyblaean, superlative most Hyblaean)

more Hyblaean (comparative)
most Hyblaean (superlative)

Borrowed from French Hybléen, via Latin hyblaeus, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὑβλαῖος (hublaîos, “Hyblaean”).

der

(historical) Of or pertaining to Hybla, three ancient cities of Sicily, famous for their bees and honey.


Hyblaean

en-noun

Hyblaean (countable and uncountable, plural Hyblaeans)

(countable) An inhabitant of the Hyblaean area, South-eastern Sicily, or a person from that ancestry.


Hyblaean

The dialects of Sicily spoken in the Hyblaean Mountains.


Teutonomania

an obsession with Germany and German things


Elfdalian

From Elfdalia + -an, from Älvdalen in Sweden, literally "river valley," from Swedish älv (“river”) + dal (“valley”).

A linguistic variety of the Scandinavian language continuum spoken in the old parish of Övdaln in Sweden.


Wirral

From the Old English Wirheal, from wir (“myrtle”) and heal (“corner”), referring to the bog myrtle once found there.

(often with "the") A peninsula between the River Dee and River Mersey in England.

A metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England.


Wirralian

en-adj

Wirralian (comparative more Wirralian, superlative most Wirralian)

more Wirralian (comparative)
most Wirralian (superlative)

There is no place called Wirral: it is purely a hundred name. Undeniably the people of that part are a clique with a Wirralian outlook.

1938, Edmund Vale, How to see England, page 20:

2008 June 2, Stephen Baxter, A personal reflection on a Wirralian life, Liverpool Daily Post

From or pertaining to the Wirral peninsula.


EFSF

European Financial Stability Facility
w:European Financial Stability Facility

(European Union) Initialism of European Financial Stability Facility.


Aequian

Aequian (comparative more Aequian, superlative most Aequian)

more Aequian (comparative)
most Aequian (superlative)

Pertaining or relating to that ancient people who resided in Italy.


Megaric

Derived from Latin megaricus, from Ancient Greek Μεγαρικός (Megarikós). Also Megara + -ic.


European Stability Mechanism

(finance, European Union) A proposed international organisation that would provide financial assistance to members of the Eurozone in financial difficulty.


ghost rocket

A poem in Copenhagen’s Berlingske Tidende, July 31, 1946, last page, made reference to a recent sensational ghost rocket sighting over Byen, expressing relief that the “rocket” was actually a meteor:

2001, Robert E. Bartholomew, Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns, and Head-hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Delusion, McFarland, page 273:

Many ghost rocket sightings came from Sweden, which is near the Soviet Union. U.S. and British officials convinced the Swedes to study reports of the ghost rockets. The Swedes found pieces of metal that they though came from crashed ghost rockets.

2011, Michael Burgan, Andrew Nichols, Searching for Aliens, UFOs, and Men in Black, Capstone Press, page 11:

The Swedish experts claimed that some 20 percent of the ghost rocket reports appeared to be neither aircraft nor natural phenomena.

2012, Ronald Story, The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrial Encounters, Constable & Robinson Ltd, page 243:

unidentified flying objects
unidentified flying objects

(ufology) Any of the rocket- or missile-shaped unidentified flying objects sighted in 1946, mostly in Sweden and nearby countries.

spökraket

rocket shaped UFOs sighted in 1946 in Sweden


Church of Ireland

The Anglican church body active in Ireland (both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland).


Severan

Severan (comparative more Severan, superlative most Severan)

more Severan (comparative)
most Severan (superlative)

Of or relating to the Ancient Roman emperor Septimius Severus.

severiano

of or relating to the Ancient Roman emperor Septimius Severus


Beaujolais

en-noun

Beaujolais (countable and uncountable, plural Beaujolais)

A historical province of France known for winemaking, covering parts of Rhône-Alpes and Burgundy.


almude

From Portuguese almude, from Andalusian Arabic المُدّ (al-mudd), from Arabic مُدّ (mudd), probably via Aramaic 𐡬𐡣𐡩𐡠 (mdyʾ) and מוֹדְיָא (moḏyā) or Classical Syriac ܡܘܿܕܝܳܐ (moḏyā) from Akkadian 𒉘𒈨𒌍 (/maddattu/middattu/, “kind of vessel, unit of volume”). Doublet of almud. Cognate with Ancient Greek μόδιος (módios) and Latin modius.

der

(historical, measure) Alternative form of almud, similar units of liquid volume in Spain and Turkey.


Fennicize

en-verb

Fennicize (third-person singular simple present Fennicizes, present participle Fennicizing, simple past and past participle Fennicized)

Fennicizes (present singular third-person)
Fennicizing (participle present)
Fennicized (participle past)
Fennicized (past)


Mangareva

The central island of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia.


Modenese

en-noun

Modenese (countable and uncountable, plural Modenese)

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Modena.


English oak

English oak (countable and uncountable, plural English oaks)

Quercus robur
Quercus robur#Translingual

(countable, uncountable) A tree of the species Quercus robur, native to most of Europe, and to Anatolia to the Caucasus, and also to parts of North Africa.


smoked Irishman

smoked Irishman (plural smoked Irishmen)

From the joint low status of blacks and the Irish in Britain and the United States during the 19th century.

The smoked Irishmen — the colored (no one says black; few even say Negro) — represent change and instability, kids who cause trouble in school, who get treatment that your kids never got, that you never got.

"We get fairly good salaries, and this is a good neighborhood, one of the few good ones left. We have no smoked Irishmen around."

1972, John C. Livingston, Robert G. Thompson, The dissent of the governed: readings on the democratic process:

When asked about his Irish name, and how he came by that, McCracken replied "I's smoked Irish, Judge, just another smoked Irishman."

2010, Loren Avey, The Pole Creek Crossing, page 214:

(derogatory, ethnic slur, dated) A black man.


Karelian Question

(politics) The question of whether or not Finland should regain sovereignty over Karelia and other territories ceded to the Soviet Union as a result of the Winter War and the Continuation War.


Litvak

Borrowed from Yiddish ליטוואַק (litvak).

A small man, sunburned as a gypsy, in a torn blouse, with a jet-black beard and enormous flashing eyes, was expostulating in a hoarse voice with a peppery Litvak accent, gesticulating violently and flinging his head from side to side.

1950, Isaac Bashevis Singer, chapter 4, in A. H. Gross et al., transl., The Family Moskat, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, page 60:

The rabbi under the silk wedding canopy, held up by split triangular poles of quartered eucalyptus exuding an aromatic sap, is ill at ease but ready for business. He’s a middle-aged Litvak, a stocky man in mud-spotted trousers that drip over dried muddy heels.

Kibbutz Kinneret’s famed teigelach, the honey-drenched cookies beloved by Litvaks, were parceled up in a Red Cross package, intended to reach one of its members who had fallen into Syrian captivity during the 1973 Yom Kippur war. What better way to guarantee that he would know the food came from home?

2013 April 16, Jonathan Cummings, “Digging Deep Into the Collective Kitchens of Israel”, in The Forward:

A Lithuanian Jew, or an Ashkenazi Jew from the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Zakarpatye

From Russian Закарпатье (Zakarpatʹje, “Transcarpathia”), from за- (za-, “beyond”) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians”) + -ье (-ʹje, “denoting a place”).

bor

Carpathian Mountains
Carpathian Mountains

(historical) Carpathian Ruthenia, a historic region in the Carpathian Mountains in the west of Ukraine, eastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland, and northwestern Romania.


Space Race

The informal competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to launch unmanned satellites, send people into space and land them on the Moon.


Cumae

An Ancient Greek, and then Roman, settlement near Naples famed for its sibyl.


Antrim

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

A county in northeastern Northern Ireland.


Storting

Borrowed from Norwegian Storting (literally “great assembly, thing”).

bor+

The supreme legislature of Norway, the Norwegian parliament.


Solano

A hot, oppressive wind in parts of Spain.


Lefkosian

(possibly offensive or proscribed) Synonym of Nicosian: of, from, or pertaining to Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.


Lefkosia

From Greek Λευκωσία (Lefkosía), from a variant of Byzantine Greek Λευκουσία (Leukousía), equivalent to λευκός (leukós, “white”) or λεύκη (leúkē, “poplar”) + οὐσία (ousía, “property, estate”), but deriving from various Ancient Greek forms including Λευτεῶν (Leuteôn), Λευκοθέον (Leukothéon), and Λευκούπολις (Leukoúpolis) adapting an early or pre-Greek name variously recorded as Λέδραι (Lédrai), Λῆδρον (Lêdron), Λεδρῶν (Ledrôn), Λήδρα (Lḗdra), etc. Doublet of Nicosia.

(sometimes offensive or proscribed) Synonym of Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.


Nero

Roman Emperor from 54 to 68, and the last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Any male member of the family Claudii Nerones, within the gens Claudia into which emperor Nero was adopted by emperor Claudius.

"Nero Wolfe. It's his house and he lives here." "That's an odd name. Nero Wolfe? What does he—Is he a lawyer?"

1963, Rex Stout, Trio for Blunt Instruments, Random House LLC, published 2010, →ISBN:

A male given name from Latin, more common in fiction than in real life.


continentalism

en-noun

continentalism (countable and uncountable, plural continentalisms)

The adoption of common policies amongst the countries of a particular continent, especially continental Europe.


Aberdeenshire

/ˌæb.ɚˈdinˌʃɚ/

A council area in north-east Scotland, created in 1996 on the abolition of Grampian Region. (The city of Aberdeen is separate and has its own council.)


Cordovan

/ˈkɔːɹdəvən/


Teide

From Spanish Teide, from Guanche [Term?].

A dormant volcano on Tenerife; the highest mountain in Spain.


Kentish

A dialect of Old English that was spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent.


cuartilla

From Spanish cuartilla, from cuarto and cuarta (“fourth, quarter”) + -illa (“-elle: forming diminutives”), from Latin quartus (“fourth”). Doublet of cuartillo and quartilho.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 13.9 L.


Kingdom of Denmark

The official name of Denmark, including Greenland and the Faroe Islands.


Brașov

A county in Transylvania, in central Romania.


Cypriotness

The quality or characteristic of being Cypriot.


Mureș

A county of Transylvania, Romania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș.


Paduan

en-adj

Paduan (comparative more Paduan, superlative most Paduan)

more Paduan (comparative)
most Paduan (superlative)


Courish

Curonian; of, from, or pertaining to Courland


Curonian

An extinct Baltic language spoken by the Curonians.


Cerealia

/sɛɹɪˈeɪlɪə/

/ˌsɛɹɪˈɑːlɪə/

/ˌsɛɹɪˈeɪlɪə/

The club of Marlott alone lived to uphold the local Cerealia. It had walked for hundreds of years, and it walked still.

1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, volume 1, London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., page 12:

(history) A festival in Ancient Rome, celebrated on the 10th of April, for the grain goddess Ceres.


Stroud

A city in Creek County and Lincoln County, Oklahoma, United States.


Tate

From Middle English *Tate, partially from Old English Tāta, from Proto-West Germanic *tait, from Proto-Germanic *taitaz (“radiant, glad, cheerful, tender”); and partially from Old Norse Táta, a personal name of unknown meaning. Doublet of Tait and Zeiss.

der

A male given name from Old English transferred back from the surname.


Prince of Wales

en-noun

Prince of Wales (plural Princes of Wales)

Reassured and pleased with the railway, the Queen returned from Paddington to Slough on June 23, bringing with her the infant Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII.

1953 June, “Royal Railway Journeys”, in Railway Magazine, page 364:

Furthermore, two of the Princesses of Wales — Lady Anne Neville and Katharine of Aragon — became Queen through later marriages and were not consorts of Princes of Wales at the time of their coronations.

1983, Mary Beacock Fryer, Arthur Bousfield, Garry Toffoli, “Introduction”, in Lives of the Princesses of Wales, Toronto, Ont.: Dundurn Press, →ISBN, page 6, column 1:

A royal title given to the male heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom.


Heath

Heath (disambiguation)#Places
Heath (name)

A number of places in the United Kingdom:

A village in Heath and Holmewood parish, North East Derbyshire district, Derbyshire, England (OS grid ref SK4466).

Heath and Holmewood
Heath and Holmewood#English

North East Derbyshire
North East Derbyshire#English

A hamlet in Leintwardine parish, Herefordshire, England (OS grid ref SO3876).

A hamlet in Abdon and Heath parish, Shropshire, England (OS grid ref SO5585).

A suburb of Stourbridge, Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, West Midlands, England (OS grid ref SO8983).

A small village in Warmfield cum Heath parish, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England (OS grid ref SE3520).

Warmfield cum Heath
Warmfield cum Heath#English

A suburb and ward in the City of Cardiff, Wales (OS grid ref ST1780).

(with the definite article) Hampstead Heath, a park in London.


adarme

From Spanish adarme (“¹⁄₁₆ Spanish ounce, peso”), from Andalusian Arabic الدرهم (ad-dárham), from Arabic دِرْهَم (dirham, “dirham”), from Middle Persian 𐭦𐭥𐭦𐭭 (drahm), from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ, “drachma”). Doublet of dram, drachma, diram, dirham, and dirhem.

bor

<small>¹<big>⁄</big>₁₆</small> Spanish ounce, peso

doublet

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of mass, equivalent to about 1.8 g.


George Cross

New Zealand's 2nd highest military award


Ports

A comarca in the Valencian Community in Spain


ländler

From German Ländler, from Austrian German Ländl, diminutive of Land (“land, country”).

Sometimes I seemed to hear a long-forgotten Welsh hymn in their melodies, or then again, very softly yet making the senses swirl, the revolutions of a waltz, a ländler theme, or the slow sound of a funeral march […].

2011, WG Sebald, translated by Anthea Bell, Austerlitz, Penguin, page 383:

An Austrian folk dance in the form of a slow waltz.


villancico

From Spanish villancico, from villano (“peasant”), from Medieval Latin vīllānus (“villager”).

The villancicos are strophic, but they tend not to extend to the many strophes of narration that were typical of the romance. A standard form for a villancico strophe is ABBA, in which the first A is called the estribillo (refrain), the Bs represent the statement of the music for the copla (stanza) twice (as copla and mudanza), and the return of the estribillo as the vuelta.

2014, James Haar, editor, European Music, 1520–1640, Boydell & Brewer, →ISBN, page 447:

(music, poetry) A traditional Spanish (or Portuguese) folk song with short stanzas and a refrain; now especially common as a Christmas carol.

gabon-kanta

traditional Spanish or Portuguese folk song


Bonner

en-proper noun

Bonner (countable and uncountable, plural Bonners)

An unincorporated community in Morrill County, Nebraska, United States.


Einang stone

The stone is located on the farm of Einang.

A runestone, located within the Gardberg site near Fagernes, Norway, which bears an Elder Futhark Runic inscription in Proto-Norse that has been dated to the 4th century.


pampootie

[T]hey showed me holes in their own pampooties, or cowskin sandals, and asked me the price of new ones.

1907, J. M. Synge, The Aran Islands, Part I:

Quickly, warningfully Buck Mulligan bent down […] "He heard you pissed on his halldoor in Glasthule. He's out in pampooties to murder you."

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 9]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

Sebastian sat on the window sill. Tony leaning against the stove, grinning over his folded arms, a pair of pampooties on his crossed feet.

1955, J P Donleavy, The Ginger Man, published 1955 (France), page 275:

A traditional shoe, formerly made and worn on the Aran Islands of County Galway, Ireland, consisting of a single piece of untanned hide folded around the foot and stitched with twine or a leather strap.


Tisza

From Hungarian Tisza. Known in Latin as Pathissus, Ancient Greek Πάθισσος (Páthissos), perhaps from Thracian–Dacian *patis (“water”), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s; compare Sanskrit पाथस् (pāthas, “water”), Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-), Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos, “the sea”). The word may have been reanalyzed by the Slavic tribes as composed of Proto-Slavic *po (“by, at”) + *tisъ (“yew”) (compare Russian тис (tis)). More at Tisza.

cog

A river in Central Europe, mainly flowing through Hungary and Serbia.


Commagene

From Latin Commagēnē, from Ancient Greek Κομμαγηνή (Kommagēnḗ).

(historical) An ancient Armenian kingdom in northeastern Anatolia, modern Turkey, with a capital at Samosata.


red scare

Fearmongering on the topic of a rise in communism that will threaten Western nations, especially from Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc in the past, China, Cuba, North Korea, etc. but also from any leftist movement.

rooi gevaar

perceived threat from communism and leftist movements


Carniolan

Any of the languages spoken in Carniola (depending on context), such as Slovene or Gottscheerish.


Ponta Delgada

a city and municipality on the island of São Miguel in the archipelago of the Azores, an autonomous region of Portugal


Hekla

A stratovolcano in the south of Iceland.


Bridgend

A county borough in Wales which includes the town.


Metropolis

A classical city site in Anatolia (Turkey).


Ukrainianism

en-noun

Ukrainianism (countable and uncountable, plural Ukrainianisms)


Lucania

A region of ancient Italy, comprising modern Basilicata and Cilento.


fanga

From Portuguese fanga, from Andalusian Arabic فَنِيقَة (faníqa, “sack”), from Arabic فَنِيقَة (fanīqa). Doublet of fanega.

der

(historical) A traditional Portuguese dry measure, equal to about 50–75 liters at different places and times.


Passarge

A river in central Europe which flows into the Vistula Lagoon.


Astrakhanian

Of or pertaining to Astrakhan or its natives, residents or culture.


Pictland

He, through the wealth wherein he did abound, / This daughter thought in wedlocke to have bound / Unto the Prince of Picteland […].

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Either the long-dead wheelwright didn't think of that – or else early Pictland had gravelled roads.

(Scottish history) The northeastern part of Scotland, formerly inhabited by the Picts.


Republic of Kosovo

The official name of (independent) Kosovo.


Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina


Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

the official name of former Yugoslavia in the interwar period (1929-1943), after Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)


Medway

From Old English Medwæġe, from Romano-British Late Latin Madus.

A major river which flows through East Sussex and Kent, southern England, and into the Thames Estuary.

A unitary authority in North Kent, England, which includes the Medway Towns on both sides of the river.


Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (canonical)

The official name of the independent country of Luxembourg.

הָדּוּכָּסוּת הָגְּדּוּלָּה שֶׁל לוּקְסֶמְבּוּרְג


Kievite

From Kiev + -ite, from Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev).


Republic of Kazakhstan

Calque of Kazakh Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan Respublikasy)

calque

Қазақстан Республикасы

A sovereign state with its territory located in Eurasia.

カザフスタン共和国

カザフスタンきょうわこく


Principality of Monaco

Possibly a Calque of French Principauté de Monaco


Flemish Community

Brussels-Capital Region
Brussels-Capital Region

One of the three communities of Belgium, consisting of the Flemish Region (the provinces of West Flanders, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, Limburg) and partially the Brussels-Capital Region.


Hungarland

From Middle English *Hungerland, from Old English Hungerland, Ungerland (“Hungary”), equivalent to Hungar + land. Compare German Hungarland, Ungarland (“Hungary”), Icelandic Ungverjaland (“Hungary”).

The gouernment of Hungarland was anciently spirituall & seculer, the spiritualty was gouerned by the Arch-Byshop of Strigonium (who were Chancellors os the Land) and of Colozza.

1611, Giovanni Botero, Relations of the Most Famous Kingdoms and Commonwealths:

Considering that the surrounding text mentions imported fashions from other parts of Europe (France, Italy), it is possible that "Hungerland" should mean Hungary and the reference would be to a special kind of ribbon produced there.

2009, Monica Matei-Chesnoiu, Early Modern Drama and the Eastern European Elsewhere:

“A pact between Poland, Romania, and the Hungarians.” “But what about us?” The tongs snapped closed. “We're lost already. ... you're needed to go to the Hungerland factory. On a flax-buying mission.” “Received word from who? Max?”


Hungarish

en-adj

Hungarish (comparative more Hungarish, superlative most Hungarish)

more Hungarish (comparative)
most Hungarish (superlative)

May 25th, I sent the Lantgrave my twelve Hungarish horses.

1589 May 25, John Dee, Diary; republished as James Orchard Halliwell, editor, The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee […] , 1842, page 31:

Take, in the name of the Lord, of Hungarish gold, which hath been cast thrice through antimony and hath been laminated most thinly, as much of it as you will, and make with quick Mercury an amalgam; […]

c. 17th century, The Book of Saint Dunstan; republished as Arthur Edward Waite, editor, The Alchemical Writings of Edward Kelly, 1893, page lviii:

The weak ones have this property, that upon them no Gold doth touch bright, but the Gold doth only grind on it, and becometh in the aspect weake and ruffe, also the Hungarish or other weak Gold will not touch it self right upon Touch-stones […]

1686, John Pettus, Fleta Minor: The Laws of Art and Nature, in Knowing, Judging, Assaying, Fining, Refining, and Inlarging the Bodies of Confin’d Metals […] , pages 136–37:

Little more than a hundred years ago, a work was published in Germany, entitled, “[…] treatise of the chewing and smacking of the dead in graves, wherein the true nature of those Hungarish vampyres and blood-suckers is showed, and all writings are reviewed which have hitherto appeared concerning this matter.” Leipsig, 1734.

1846, [Thomas Carlyle?], “Miscellanea Mystica—No. II”, in The Dublin University Magazine, volume 27, page 159:

Now it was said the French King sent his present to congratulate the Sultan upon his accession and also 10,000 ducats to the ambassador to accompany the Sultan on this Hungarish voyage.

2001, Richard Bruce Wernham, editor, List & Analysis of State Papers: January to December 1596, page 287:

(archaic) Of or relating to Hungary, its culture, language, or people; Hungarian.


Melton

en-proper noun

Melton (countable and uncountable, plural Meltons)

From Old English middel (“middle”) + tūn (“enclosure”). Compare Middleton and Milton.

A village and civil parish in East Suffolk district, Suffolk, England (OS grid ref TM2850).


Titoist

en-adj

Titoist (comparative more Titoist, superlative most Titoist)

more Titoist (comparative)
most Titoist (superlative)

Of, relating to, or resembling Josip Broz Tito.

titoista

of, relating to, or resembling w:Josip Broz Tito


do svidaniya

From Russian до свида́ния (do svidánija), from до (do, “till”) with свида́ния (svidánija) - genitive form of свида́ние (svidánije, “meeting, seeing (each other)”).

der

до свида́ния

(chiefly in the context of Russia or Russians) Farewell; goodbye.


Engadin

Borrowed from Romansch Engiadina, which is first attested in AD 930 as Medieval Latin Vallis Eniatina. The toponym can perhaps be explained as a derivation from a reconstructed ethnonym *Eniates ("settlers on the Inn" (see Latin Aenus), with a Celtic suffix -ates for "settlers, inhabitants"; cf. Licātēs, Atrebatēs).

A long valley in the Swiss Alps located in the canton of Grisons/Graubünden in southeast Switzerland.


English as apple pie

(UK, simile) Having characteristics considered quintessential to English or British life.


Worthing

en-proper noun

Worthing (countable and uncountable, plural Worthings)

* The name of the village in Norfolk derives from Old English worþig (“enclosure”).
* The name of the town in West Sussex derives from the unattested Old English personal name *Weorþ + -ing (“belonging to”).

Hoe and Worthing
Hoe and Worthing#English

A village in Hoe and Worthing parish, Breckland district, Norfolk, England (OS grid ref TF9919).

A coastal town and borough in West Sussex, England.

A city in Lincoln County, South Dakota, United States.

(countable) A habitational surname from Old English.


Capitolium

From Latin Capitōlium (“Capitoline Hill, its temples; similar citadels”), from the oblique stem of caput (“head”) + -ō (noun-forming suffix) or -ōlus (“-ole”, diminutive suffix) + -ium (suffix forming place names).


vardapet

Borrowed from Armenian վարդապետ (vardapet), from Old Armenian վարդապետ (vardapet, “teacher; vardapet”), from a South-Western Iranian word of the form *vard(a)-pet (literally “master of students; master of work”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *warj- (“to do; to work; to till the land”) (from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”), whence Old Persian vard- (“to work”) in the given name 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎺𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 (Artavardiya-)) + Proto-Iranian *pati- (from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master; ruler”), whence Old Armenian պետ (pet, “chief, commander”), Parthian *pet).

cog

There is nothing particular to be mention'd concerning the Archbiſhops and Biſhops of the Armenians, […] It were only to be wiſh'd they diſcharg'd their Duty; but they have no Zeal, and are ſunk into the moſt wretched Ignorance, and are often less eſteem'd than the Vertabiets. Sometimes they are Biſhops and Vertabiets at the same time, that is to ſay, Bishops and Doctors. These Vertabiets, who make ſuch a noiſe among the Armenians, are not in reality great Doctors; but they are the moſt conſiderable Men of the Country, or at leaſt paſs for ſuch.

1741, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, “Letter VIII. Of the Manners, Religion, and Commerce of the Armenians”, in A Voyage into the Levant: Perform'd by Command of the Late French King. …, volume III, London: Printed for D. Midwinter, R. Ware, C[harles] Rivington, A. Ward, J. and P. Knapton, T[homas] Longman, R. Hett, C. Hitch, S. Austen, J. Wood, and J. & H. Pemberton, →OCLC, page 243:

At the hour appointed most of the brethren met at the house of the vartabed; but found no one there to accuse or oppose them. They now had considerable conversation with the vartabed, and gave him some wholesome advice.

1844 July, “A Friend—Vacillation of the Vartabed”, in The Missionary Herald. Containing the Proceedings of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: With a View of Other Benevolent Operations, volume XL, number 7, Boston, Mass.: Press of T. R. Martin, 24 Congress Street, →OCLC, page 233, column 1:

Cyriacus of Gandzak, vardapet, a writer of the 13th century. He has composed a History of Armenia, covering a period of near a thousand years. […] Vardan Vardapet of Baretzer-berd, of the 13th century, a fellow-disciple of Cyriacus of Gandzak, profoundly learned, and especially distinguished as a linguist. He has left us a complete history of Armenia from the time of Haik down to his own period.

1860 October, “Proceedings of the American Oriental Society. New Haven, October 17th and 18th, 1860.”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume VII, New Haven, Conn.: For the American Oriental Society, printed by E. Hayes, printer to Yale College, published 1862, →OCLC, page iii:

The hardest trial of all to bear was the cruel bastinado, which the vartabad at length resorted to, seeing that other means failed. A young man was called into the presence of this church dignitary, and required to sign the patriarch's creed. Refusing to comply, he was placed on the floor and beaten with sticks on the soles of his feet, the vartabad assisting with his own hands in inflicting this cruelty.

1867 July, “Mission Work in Turkey”, in The Missionary Magazine, volume XLVII, number 7, Boston, Mass.: American Baptist Missionary Union, Missionary Rooms, 12, Bedford Street, →OCLC, page 214, column 1:

Even if these treatises are not Mantagouni's but were written in imitation of Saint Chrysostom, the fact that they are addressed by an Armenian Vartabet (learned doctor) to the Armenian people is an evidence that theaters existed in Armenia. This, in its own turn, is an evidence of high culture and civilization among the Armenians.

1930, Kevork A[vedis] Sarafian, History of Education in Armenia, La Verne, Calif.: Press of the La Verne Leader, →OCLC, page 28:

A peculiar and important rank in the Armenian hierarchy, conferred by a sort of ordination rite, is that of vartapet. He is a hieromonk or widowed priest of superior learning and ability, especially authorized to preach and teach.

1961, Donald Attwater, The Christian Churches of the East, new edition, volume 2 (Churches not in Communion with Rome), Leominster, Herefordshire: Thomas More Books, →OCLC, page 227:

Something of the structure of the school of Glajor can be inferred from the hierarchy of terms used for teachers, though one must be careful not to try to translate these into ranks of modern university professors, as Xač‘eryan has done. Lowest in the hierarchy was the rabuni or "master," a term borrowed from the Hebrew; somehow more accomplished was the rabunapet or "headmaster"; and still more distinguished was the vardapet, literally "head teacher." […] It is clear that there was a certain formality involved in the training and promotion of a person to the rank of vardapet. Mxit‘ar Goš lays down in his Law Book that a cleric could be admitted to the rank of vardapet only after he had satisfied a panel of two or three vardapets about the level of his learning, though his training might have been under just a single vardapet. The vardapet was regarded as having a special authority to teach.

1991, Avedis K. Sanjian, “The Historical Setting”, in Thomas F. Mathews and Avedis K. Sanjian; Thomas F. Mathews, editor, Armenian Gospel Iconography: The Tradition of the Glajor Gospel (Dunbarton Oaks Studies; 29), Washington, D.C.: Dunbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, ISBN 978-0-88402-183-4, page 23, column 1

Nerses's negotiations with the Byzantines were in part a show performed for the vardapets; the discussions were held at Hromgla, the patriarchal residence, not in Constantinople or some other neutral city.

2008, Christopher [Hatch] MacEvitt, “The Price of Unity: Ecumenical Negotiations and the End of Rough Tolerance”, in The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance (Middle Ages Series), Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, →ISBN, page 167:

Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Apostolic Church

(Christianity) A highly educated archimandrite in the Armenian Apostolic Church tradition who holds a Doctorate in Theology.

Mkhitar Sebastatsi
San Lazzaro degli Armeni

vartabet

based on the Western Armenian pronunciation


Swabish

en-adj

Swabish (comparative more Swabish, superlative most Swabish)

more Swabish (comparative)
most Swabish (superlative)

(rare) Synonym of Swabian: of or related to Swabia in Germany.


szlachta

(historical) A legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


alqueire

From Portuguese alqueire, from Arabic الكَيْل (al-kayl, “a measure”), from ك ي ل (k y l).

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of dry measure, equal to 13.1–19.3 liters in different 19th-century contexts.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of land area, equal to 2–10 hectares in different locations.


Mamertine

(historical) One of a group of mercenaries of Italian origin, hired from their home in Campania by Agathocles (361–289 BCE), Tyrant of Syracuse and self-proclaimed King of Sicily.


Noric

Noric (comparative more Noric, superlative most Noric)

more Noric (comparative)
most Noric (superlative)

Of or relating to the ancient region of Noricum.


Spetsnaz

From Russian спецна́з (specnáz), abbreviation of войска́ специа́льного назначе́ния (vojská speciálʹnovo naznačénija, “special purpose forces/troops”).

Special forces in Russia and other post-Soviet states.


canada

From Portuguese canada, from Latin cannatus.

(historical, measure) A traditional Portuguese unit of liquid volume equal to 1.7–2.1 liters depending on the area of Portugal, used particularly for wine.


Great Russia

(historical, obsolete) The territories of "Russia proper", the land that formed the core of Muscovy and, later, Russia.


Byelorussia

/ˌbjɛləˈɹʌʃə/

Borrowed from Russian Белоруссия (Belorussija).

bor+

In Byelorussia, Stalin not only killed 100,000 people in purges and repression in the 1930s but also doomed 1.5 million people and 75 percent of the republic's cities and towns to death and destruction through his half-witted military strategies in World War II.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Former Evil Empire”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 57:


Theodosius

From Latin Theodosius, from Ancient Greek.


Red Army

Calque of Russian Красная Армия (Krasnaja Armija). The red was the traditional color of the communist movement which was the official ideology of the Soviets at the period.

calque

Красная Армия

(historical, military) Name of the Soviet army in the period 1918–1946.

(historical, informal, military) The Soviet Armed Forces.

If Russia’s President Vladimir Putin could order his troops into his neighbor with impunity, surely China’s President Xi Jinping might finally decide to recover Taiwan, the island province that has remained staunchly independent ever since Mao Zedong’s Red Army finished his conquest of the mainland in 1949.

2022 August 30, Donald Kirk, “Could China invade South Korea after Taiwan?”, in The Hill, archived from the original on 2022-08-30:

(historical, military) The Chinese Red Army.

(informal, military) The Russian Armed Forces, especially the Ground Forces component.


Khaghkhagh

A town in Utik province, ancient Armenia; today Yanıqlı, a village in Tovuz district, Azerbaijan.


Solihull

Perhaps a form of soily hill: the parish church of St Alphege was built on a hill of stiff red marl.

A large town in Warwickshire and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, in the centre of England.

Metropolitan Borough of Solihull
Solihull


Walsall

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A town and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England.


Stoke-on-Trent

The largest city in Staffordshire, England; also known as Stoke.


Kingston upon Thames

Distinguishing this location from other places also known as Kingston. The River Thames is on the west side of the town, and forms part of the borough's western boundary here.

An ancient market town, now a London borough of Greater London, England, officially called the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames.


Cheltenham

Prince George's County
Prince George's County#English

An unincorporated community in Prince George's County, Maryland.


Ceredigion

/kɛɹəˈdɪɡiən/

/kɛɹəˈdɪɡiɒn/

A county of Wales, formerly known as Cardiganshire; the county town is Aberaeron.


New English

en-noun

New English (plural New Englishes or New English)

New Englishes (plural)
New English (plural)

This Southwest wind is called by the New-English, the Sea turne, which comes from the Sunne in the morning, about nine or ten of the clock Southeast, and about South, and then strongest Southwest in the after-noone, and towards night, when it dies away.

1643, Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, London: Gregory Dexter, →OCLC, page 11:

Another complayned of other Indians that did revile them, and call them Rogues and such like speeches for cutting off their Locks, and for cutting their Haire in a modest manner as the New-English generally doe

1647, anonymous author, The Day-Breaking, if not the Sun-Rising of the Gospell with the Indians in New-England, London: Richard Cotes; republished as “The Day-Breaking […] ”, in MHS Collections, series 3, volume 4, Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1834, →OCLC, page 22:

Any honest New Englander—a New Englander of the villages, I mean—will admit that the New English are singularly ungifted for social life and manners.

1920, Katharine Fullerton Gerould, “Miss Alcott's New England”, in Modes and Morals, New York: C. Scribner's sons, →OCLC, page 195:

New England’s fisheries and the carrying trade to the West Indies demanded ships. By the end of the seventeenth century, the New English were building almost all of the vessels they employed, as well as growing numbers for English merchants.

2001, Alan Taylor, American Colonies, New York: Viking Penguin, →ISBN, page 176:

(historical, uncommon, in the plural) New Englanders.


Rhodopes

A mountain range in Southeastern Europe, with over 83% of its area in southern Bulgaria and the remainder in Greece.


Helvetii

From Latin Helvetii, from a Celtic name. First element from Proto-Celtic *ɸelus (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us (“many”); second element said to be from Celtic root *ɸeitu (“grassland, terrain”), which shares an origin with Old Irish íath (“grassland, territory”).

(historical) A Gallic tribe that occupied the plain of Switzerland.


Gulf of Naples

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

A gulf of the Mediterranean Sea, located along the coast of Campania in Italy.

Golf van Napels

Mediterranean gulf along the coast of Campania


Kechror

Borrowed from Armenian Կեչրոր (Kečʻror).

(historical) A town in medieval Armenia in the Gabeghyank canton of the Ayrarat province of Greater Armenia. Its exact location is unknown. Most likely it was located at the site of (or near) the later town of Kechvan in the Kağızman Okrug of the Kars Oblast. The monastery complex Tzarakar was located near Kechror.


Birds' Wedding

On 25 January in Upper Lusatia the custom of Ptači kwas (Birds’ Wedding) is observed. … Following the First World War the Birds’ Wedding began to assume a new form, and eventually developed into a popular festival which was given a new impulse after 1945.

1972, Gerald Stone, The smallest Slavonic nation: the Sorbs of Lusatia. Athlene Press. pp. 130–31

The Birds’ Wedding was a custom especially for Wendish children that went as follows: “On January 25th the children would place empty plates and saucers outside, usually on fence posts and other high places to prevent raids by dogs and cats. The next morning the children would wake up to find the dishes filled with candy and nuts supposedly left for them by the birds. [The birds] were said to be celebrating their wedding and wanted to share their gifts with neighboring humans.”

2004, Allan O. Kownslar, The European Texans, . Texas A&M University Press, →ISBN, page 120:

The Sorbs were protected under the GDR and since reunification interest in the culture has been revived through the media and colourful Sorbian festivals such as the Vogelhochzeit (Birds’ Wedding) on 25 January and a symbolic ‘witch-burning’ on 30 April.

2010, Andrea Schulte-Peevers et al., Germany, Lonely Planet Travel Guide, →ISBN, page 167:

A custom among the Sorbs (Wends) of Lusatia in Germany, whereby on the evening of 24 January children put empty plates outside, and on the morning of 25 January they find pastries, meringues and candy in the form of birds, which are said to have been left for them by birds celebrating their wedding.


pedaheh

From Ukrainian пироги (pyrohy). The word is a North American English mondegreen of "pyrohy."

(Canada, US) A type of Ukrainian dumpling, similar to Polish pierogi. Traditionally called pyrohy or varenyky.


Mush

A historically Armenian city in the Turuberan province of Greater Armenia, now in eastern Turkey.


casone

A type of peasant's house in the Veneto.


luigino

/ˌluːiːˈd͡ʒiːnəʊ/

Borrowed from Italian luigino, from luigi (“louis”) + -ino (diminutive suffix).

Really, how often do you need to figure out how many Seborga luiginos are equal to 800 Uzbekistan soms?

2010, David A. Crowder, Building a Web Site For Dummies, page 266:

And in tiny, proud Seborga, pockets bulging with luiginos, His Tremendousness makes his way along the cobbles, singing to himself, in the words of the old patriotic hymn […].

2009, Travel & Leisure, volume 39, page 111:

(numismatics) The local currency of the internationally unrecognised micronation of Seborga, in northeastern Italy.


Manxness

It is the island's greatest ceremony, well worth watching if you are there, and totally fascinating in its mad Manxness.

2005, Benedict Le Vay, Eccentric Britain, page 89:


Baetic

Describing a region of southern Spain, the mountain range that dominates it, and the language spoken there


Campanian

Relating to the region of Campania in Italy or its inhabitants.


Gortyn

(historical) Ancient city in central Crete, Greece.

A municipality in central Crete, Greece.


kreuzer

From German Kreuzer, from Kreuz (“cross”).

‘She bought them in the market for a kreuzer!’

1960, Gottfried Keller, translated by AM Holt, Green Henry, Calder Publications, published 2010, page 647:

(historical) A small coin of varying value formerly used in parts of Germany and Austria.

krejcar

small coin used in parts of Germany and Austria


Three Rivers

/ˈθɹiː ˈɹɪv.ɚz/

From the fact that three rivers flow through the area (confluence of two rivers, one flowing into the other, resulting in three channels).

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Tulare County, California, United States.


Tsghuk

Borrowed from Armenian Ծղուկ (Cġuk), from Old Armenian Ծղուկ (Cłuk).

A historical canton of Siwnik province, Greater Armenia.


Trasyanka

From Belarusian трася́нка (trasjánka, “low quality mixed grains”), related to трэсці́ (trescí, “to shake”) (3rd person plural - трасу́ць).

uder

A pidgin language or interlanguage combining elements of Russian and Belarusian, spoken in Belarus.


Surzhyk

From Ukrainian су́ржик (súržyk) and regional Russian су́ржик (súržik, “bread made from a dough from different types of grains”).

“I was waiting for them with so much happiness,” Larisa, 74, said in surzhik, a dialect that is a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian.

2022 September 14, Valerie Hopkins, “War May Be Distant in Moscow, but in One Russian Border City, It’s Real”, in The New York Times:

A pidgin language or interlanguage combining elements of Russian and Ukrainian, spoken mainly in Ukraine but also some neighbouring regions in Russia (Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod) or Ukrainians living in Russia.


katsap

An unadapted borrowing from Ukrainian каца́п (kacáp).

ubor

In the short run, the katsap peril was even more concrete.

2012, Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, page 247:

(slang, derogatory, ethnic slur) A Russian, especially from a Ukrainian perspective.


Khabur

A river in Turkey and Syria, the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates.


Russocentric

en-adj

Russocentric (comparative more Russocentric, superlative most Russocentric)

more Russocentric (comparative)
most Russocentric (superlative)

Focused on Russia, its people, language or culture.


Free City of Danzig

(historical) A sovereign state at the Baltic Sea between the World Wars I and II, encompassing the city of Danzig


Anti-Taurus

a mountain range in southern and eastern Turkey, curving northeast from the Taurus Mountains


CPSU

Communist Party of the Soviet Union
w:Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Initialism of Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Russianism

en-noun

Russianism (countable and uncountable, plural Russianisms)

(uncountable) A nationalist and militarist ideology that promotes Russia.


Cannae

(historical) A village in the Apulia region of south east Italy, known as the site of a battle in 216 B.C. in which the Carthaginians under Hannibal defeated the Romans


Malatya

From Turkish Malatya and Ottoman Turkish ملاطیه (Malatya), from Byzantine Greek Μελιτηνή (Melitēnḗ), from Ancient Greek. Doublet of Melitene.


Kayseri

From Turkish Kayseri and Ottoman Turkish قیصری (Kayseri), from Byzantine Greek Καισάρεια (Kaisáreia), from Latin Caesarea, from Caesar + -ea in honor of Augustus. Doublet of Caesarea and Cherchell.

قَيْصِرِيَة

city in Turkey — see also Mazaca, Caesarea


Kyzyl Kum

a large desert in Central Asia in the doab between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan


Nakhichevan-on-Don

Named after Nakhichevan, one of the ancient areas of Armenia.
Partial calque of Russian Нахичева́нь-на-Дону́ (Naxičevánʹ-na-Donú).

pclq

Нахичева́нь-на-Дону́

Originally a town established on the right bank of Don in Russia by Armenians resettled from Crimea; later incorporated into the city of Rostov-on-Don.


Crimean Mountains

A mountain range running parallel to the south-east coast of Crimea.


sovnarkhoz

en-noun

sovnarkhoz (plural sovnarkhozes or sovnarkhozy)

sovnarkhozes (plural)
sovnarkhozy (plural)

From Russian совнархо́з (sovnarxóz), abbreviation of сове́т наро́дного хозя́йства (sovét naródnovo xozjájstva).

(historical) Any of the regional economic councils of the Soviet Union, which were created in 1957.

саўнарга́с

a regional economic council of the Soviet Union (historical)


Scandinavian Peninsula

A peninsula comprising the mainlands of Norway and Sweden, and the northwestern part of Finland (compared to Fennoscandia which comprises all the three countries Norway, Sweden and Finland); the largest peninsula in Europe (with an area of three-quarter million square kilometres).

إِسْكَنْدِينَافِيَا

peninsula in Northern Europe — see also Scandinavia


Taurica

From Latin Taurica, from Ancient Greek Ταυρῐκή (Taurikḗ).

Crimean peninsula
Crimean peninsula#English

(historical) The name by which the territory of the Crimean peninsula was known to the Greeks and Romans.

Տավրիս

the name by which the territory of the Crimean peninsula was known to the Greeks and Romans


Johnny Crapaud

"I say, you fellows, Johnny Crapaud says he can play cricket!” exclaimed Crow one morning. “What fun!”

1887 July 14, Henry Frith, “Our Cricket-Match at Sandilands”, in The Boy's Own Paper, number 101, Canadian reprint of volume 9, number 438 (June 4, 1887), Toronto: Warwick & Sons, page 579:

The French were very sore about the unceremonious manner in which the Dual Control was dispensed with. Their simple statesmen seemed to think that we, who had complacently picked the chestnuts out of the fire, were going to share them. Earl Granville, in kindness of heart, offered Johnny Crapaud a consolation sop in the form of the Presidency of the Public Debt Department, which was sulkily refused, and Johnny Crapaud retired to his tent, thence to cause us petty annoyances whenever he could.

1901, Edward Vizetelly, “Cairo After the Occupation”, in From Cyprus to Zanzibar, by the Egyptian Delta, page 231:

(offensive, derogatory, ethnic slur) A Frenchman.


Hunedoara

A county in western Romania, whose capital city is Deva.


Leidener

From Leiden + -er. Compare German Leidener.

The choice to retain a tax rather than to forgo a university (whose benefits Leideners continue to enjoy) demonstrated that the burghers of the Netherlands did not object to taxes as such.

1994, John H. Makin, Norman J. Ornstein, Debt and Taxes: How America Got into Its Budget Mess and What We Can Do about It, New York, NY: Times Books, →ISBN, page 52:

A native or inhabitant of Leiden, Netherlands.


didukh

Borrowed from Ukrainian діду́х (didúx, “grandfather spirit”).

bor

Before the meal begins the head of the household brings in a sheaf of wheat called the Didukh (from grandfather), a symbol of good harvest, which is usually placed in front of an icon.

1994, Jo Marie Powers, “Ukrainian-Canadian Breads: Shape, Symbolism and Spirituality”, in Harlan Walker, editor, Look and Feel: Studies in Texture, Appearance and Incidental Characteristics of Food, page 150:

The didukh is a sheaf of grain made from the best wheat or grain of the field. It is decorated with flowers, ribbons, a small wreath of sweet basil and other herbs, or an embroidered towel. At Christmas, the didukh is carried into the home amid traditional greetings of "Christ is born!"

1997, Ann Ball, Catholic Traditions in the Garden, page 79:

The spirits of all family members, living and dead, are believed to reside in the didukh, which also symbolizes eternal life through Christ, the fertility of the land, and bread as the staff of life.

2013, William D. Crump, The Christmas Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, Ukraine, page 420:

A Ukrainian Christmas decoration representing an offering of the best of the harvest, and consisting of wheat ears or stalks tied up with colorful threads.

дзіду́х

a Ukrainian Christmas sheaf of wheat used in rituals around Christmas and Epiphany traditionally believed to contain ancestor spirits


maquila

From Spanish maquila, from Andalusian Arabic مَكِيلَة (makíla), from Arabic مَكِيلَة (makīla, “measured”). In reference to factories, via Spanish clipping of maquiladora, from maquilar (“to assemble”) + -adora (“-ator: forming agent nouns”), from maquilar's original sense of taking a toll of grain. Also understood as a clipping within English.

Synonym of maquiladora, a factory or sweatshop in Latin American and Spanish contexts.


Mertonian

A native or inhabitant of Merton, London.


Styria

From Medieval Latin Styria, variant of Stiria, from Stira (“the Austrian city of Steyr”) + -ia (forming place names). Although no longer part of Styria, Steyr was the site of the court of the margraves of the March of Styria. It was itself named for its position at the confluence of the rivers Enns and Steyr.

A southeastern state of Austria, with its capital in Graz.


tiyin

Borrowed from Kazakh тиын (tiyn) or Uzbek тийин (tiyin), both originally meaning "squirrel", because in the ancient era squirrel pelts were used as currency. Compare Kazakh тиін (tiın, “squirrel”), Kyrgyz тыйын (tıyın, “kopek, coin, squirrel”) Uyghur تىيىن (tiyin, “squirrel, kopeck”), Turkish değin, Khakas тиин (tiin), Yakut тииҥ (tiiñ), etc.

cog

A former currency unit of Kazakhstan, one hundredth of a tenge.


azat

Transliteration of Old Armenian ազատ (azat).

translit

Late Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages#English

A member of the middle and lower Armenian nobility, in contrast to the naxarars who were the great lords; from the Late Middle Ages, member of the entire body of the Armenian nobility.

ազատ

member of middle and lower Armenian nobility; member of the entire body of the Armenian nobility


Enfield

From Old English Ēana (given name) or ēan (“lamb”) + feld (“field”).

A town in Hartford County, Connecticut; named for the town in England.

Penobscot County
Penobscot County#English

A locale in the United States.
A town in Penobscot County, Maine.

A locale in the United States.
A town in Tompkins County, New York.


kafenio

From Greek καφενεῖον (kapheneîon), Greek καφενείο (kafeneío).

Kokolios […] was unashamed of his Communist convictions and devoted much time in the kapheneion to criticising the dictator and the King.

1994, Louis de Bernières, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Minerva, published 1995, page 20:

The traditional men-only kapheneion, where elderly denizens played backgammon, drank coffee and disputed the contents of the daily newspapers, began to be displaced by smart bars where young people of both sexes would congregate.

2019, Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation, Penguin, published 2020, page 350:


Hohenzollern

/ˌhəʊənˈzɒlən/

(historical) a noble family and royal dynasty of electors, kings, and emperors of Brandenburg, Prussia, Germany, and Romania.

a mountain and castle in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, from which the family takes its name.


Düren

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

A town and rural district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between Aachen and Cologne.


Kodori

A river in Abkhazia, flowing through the Kodori Gorge


Kodori Gorge

a river valley in Abkhazia, Georgia, through which the Kodori river flows.


Bazardüzü

a mountain peak in the Greater Caucasus range on the border between Russia and Azerbaijan


Lesser Caucasus

the second of the two main mountain ranges of Caucasus mountains, which runs parallel to the Greater Caucasus and limits the Armenian Highland from the North and North-East.


qapik

In 1992 it reformed its system and introduced the manat (also spelled man'at), equal to 10 rubles, and divisible into 100 qapik (also qepiq). According to Islamic lore, Manat was the daughter of Allah.

2006, Howard M. Berlin, World Monetary Units: An Historical Dictionary, page 17:

European coins
Azerbaijan
1992 10 Qapik, eight-pointed star (AL)
1993 20 Qapik, crescent and star (AL)
1996 50 Manat, Mohammed Fuzuli (S)

2010, Warman's World Coins Field Guide: Values & Identification, page 207:

1 manat = 100 qapik

2012, Azerbaijan Export Catalogue (2012), page 10:

Bus 116 runs every 30 minutes, […] The fare is 30 qapik (€0.30).

2013, Discover Bosnia, page 88, section From the Airport, subsection Azerbaijan

[…] and reach all destinations for 5 qapiks per minute.

2014 June 2, Caucasian Business Week, 56, page 11:

It is subdivided into 100 qapik.

A unit of currency equivalent to a hundredth of an Azerbaijani manat.


Sete Cidades

A twin-lake situated in the crater of a massive volcano on the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.


Prokletije

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Prokletije, Проклетије, from prȍklēt, про̏кле̄т (“accursed, bloody”) + -je, -је.

A mountain range in the Balkans that extends from northern Albania to Kosovo, eastern Montenegro, and southernmost Serbia; it comprises the southernmost part of the Dinaric Alps.


Ytterby

A village on the island of Resarö in Sweden


Aachener

Borrowed from German Aachener, equal to Aachen + -er.

Von Schwerin arrived in Aachen late on the night of the twelfth, his Army Volkswagen fighting its way through the panic-stricken Aacheners, fleeing from the city which was already burning from the first American shells.

1972, Charles Whiting, Werewolf: The Story of the Nazi Resistance Movement 1944–1945, London: Leo Cooper Ltd, →ISBN, page 24:

A native or inhabitant of Aachen, Germany.


Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia#English

An overseas territory of the United Kingdom on the island of Cyprus. Official name: the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.


sovok

Unadapted borrowing from Russian сово́к (sovók, “scoop, dustpan”), which starts similarly to сове́т (sovét, “Soviet”) or сове́тский (sovétskij, “Soviet”, adjective).

ubor

(derogatory) Of or relating to the Soviet Union.

sovdepiya

Soviet Union, things associated with the Soviet Union


Turcophile

en-adj

Turcophile (comparative more Turcophile, superlative most Turcophile)

more Turcophile (comparative)
most Turcophile (superlative)

Turcophile by sentiment, Abbott had joined the Ottoman forces there as a British observer with the intention of writing a history of the campaign.

2012, Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers, Penguin, published 2013, page 243:


Russophobic

Russophobic (comparative more Russophobic, superlative most Russophobic)

more Russophobic (comparative)
most Russophobic (superlative)


Rotterdammer

From Rotterdam + -er, probably modelled on Dutch Rotterdammer.


Belgrader

a native or resident of Belgrade, Serbia


Dortmunder

Borrowed from German, or from Dortmund + -er.


Brandenburger

/ˈbɹændənbɜːɡə/

/ˈbɹændɚnbɝɡɚ/

A person from Brandenburg (state of Germany).

Brandenburg an der Havel
Brandenburg an der Havel

A person from Brandenburg an der Havel (city of Germany).


Ani

a ruined medieval Armenian city-site in the Turkish province of Kars near the border with Armenia.


Rzeczpospolita

/ʒɛt͡ʃˌpɒspəˈlaɪtə/

/ʒɛt͡ʃˌpɒsˈpɒlɪtə/

Unadapted borrowing from Polish rzeczpospolita.

ubor

Republic of Poland
Republic of Poland#English

The Polish endonym referring to the Polish State, Rzeczpospolita Polska, the official Polish name for the Republic of Poland.


Curry Mile

(UK, informal) The part of Wilmslow Road running through the centre of Rusholme in south Manchester, England, known for its large number of restaurants specialising in South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine.


closed city

[A] man with a gravelly, slow-talking, New Mexico drawl, Glassmire had built a career as a respected scientist who had worked as an engineer for Los Alamos National Laboratory in the mid-fifties, when Los Alamos was still a closed city.

2017 January 3, Douglas Preston, The Lost City of the Monkey God: A True Story, Grand Central Publishing, →ISBN:

Any of several settlements, especially in the Soviet Union (historically) or Russia (today), that have travel and residency restrictions, typically because they house sensitive nuclear or defense facilities.


Castile-La Mancha

autonomous community
autonomous community


Cilician Armenia

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia#English

(historical) Synonym of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia


Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Gulf of Alexandretta
Gulf of Alexandretta

(historical) an independent principality formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia; located outside of the Armenian Highland and distinct from the Armenian Kingdom of Antiquity, it was centered in the Cilicia region northwest of the Gulf of Alexandretta, in what is today southern Turkey


en-proper noun

the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

(historical) an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union within the Georgian SSR

autonomous republic — see also Abkhaz ASSR

Apsnətʷʼi Avtʼonomtʷʼ Sovetʼtʷʼ Socjalistʼtʷʼ Respʼublikʼa

Аԥснытәи Автономтә Советтә Социалисттә Республика

Abxazakan Inkʻnavar Xorhrdayin Socʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyun

Աբխազական Ինքնավար Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն

Abxazakan Inkʻnavar Sovetakan Socʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyun

Աբխազական Ինքնավար Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն

apxazetis avṭonomiuri sabč̣ota socialisṭuri resṗubliḳa

აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა

Abxázskaja Avtonómnaja Sovétskaja Socialistíčeskaja Respúblika

Абха́зская Автоно́мная Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика


Abkhaz ASSR

Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic#English

(historical) Synonym of Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Աբխազական ԻՍՍՀ

Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic — see also Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic


ASSR

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic#English

(historical, Soviet Union) Initialism of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

ԻԽՍՀ

initialism of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic — see also Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic


Abruzzi Apennines

the part of the Apennines that contain its highest peaks and most rugged terrain; located in Abruzzo, Molise (formerly part of Abruzzo) and southeastern Lazio


Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug

(historical) an autonomous okrug of the Soviet Union and Russia with a center at Aginskoye; now part of Agin-Buryat Okrug


autonomous okrug

en-noun

autonomous okrug (plural autonomous okrugs)

In the Soviet Union and Russia, a territorial and administrative division of a krai or oblast, which grants a degree of administrative autonomy to an ethnic minority, usually located in large, remote areas with sparse populations.

ինքնավար օկրուգ

a territorial and administrative division — see also AO


urban-type settlement

urban-type settlement (plural urban-type settlements)

Calque of Russian посёлок городско́го ти́па (posjólok gorodskóvo típa).

cal

посёлок городско́го ти́па

an official designation for a semi-urban settlement (or a former town) in the Soviet Union, Poland (formerly), Bulgaria (formerly) and in 10 post-Soviet republics—Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan