Eiffel Tower

Named after its architect Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923). The sexual sense is based on a comparison of the steeple shape of the high-fiving arms to the shape of the building.

named-after

If the Eiffel Tower were now representing the world's age, the skin of paint on the pinnacle-knob at its summit would represent man's share of that age; and anybody would perceive that that skin was what the tower was built for.

c. 1909, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], “Was the World Made for Man?”, in Bernard DeVoto, editor, Letters from the Earth, New York, N.Y., Evanston, Ill.: Harper & Row, published 1962, →LCCN, pages 215–216:

I must say a word about the Eiffel Tower. I do not know what purpose it serves today. But I then heard it greatly disparaged as well as praised. I remember that Tolstoy was the chief among those who disparaged it. He said that the Eiffel Tower was a monument of man's folly, not of his wisdom. Tobacco, he argued, was the worst of all intoxicants, inasmuch as a man addicted to it was tempted to commit crimes which a drunkard never dared to do; liquor made a man mad, but tobacco clouded his intellect and made him build castles in the air. The Eiffel Tower was one of the creations of a man under such influence.

1927, M[ohandas] K[aramchand] Gandhi, chapter XXIII, in Mahadev Desai, transl., The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Translated from the Original in Gujarati, volume I, Ahmedabad, Gujarat: Navajivan Press, →OCLC:

I'm headed back down the elevator, having suppressed the impulse to buy an Eiffel Tower table lamp or pencil sharpener.

1993 April 11, Jack Schnedler, “Paris in one wild day”, in Chicago Sun-Times:

Grandfathers decked out in bright yellow and green soccer jerseys, showing off Eiffel Towers shaved into the back of their heads.

1998 June 10, Jill Lieber, “Having a ball in Paris: France hosts soccer's world best”, in USA Today:

Los Angeles is a city of image and imagination: a vast urban expanse filled with buildings and streets, yet relatively free of famous landmarks. There is neither an Eiffel Tower nor a Times Square, no Big Ben or Golden Gate Bridge to symbolize the complex essence of the city.

1998 July, Terrence Rogers, “City of vapor”, in American Artist, volume 62, number 672, page 28:

An iron tower built in 1889 on the Champ de Mars beside the Seine River in Paris; a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world.


Jerseyman

(dated) A male inhabitant of Jersey (the largest island of the Channel Islands).


District

District of Columbia
District of Columbia

(with determiner, informal) The District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States.

The District seems complacently salubrious. It is green on the Tube map, an inoffensive colour. It has not one but two bridge crossings of the Thames, which seems greedy when you think that no other [underground] line has even one.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 60:

(rail transport) The District Line of the London Underground, originally known as the District Railway.


Amsterdammer

Alternative form: Amsterdamer

A person from, or residing in, Amsterdam.

Amsterdammer

An inhabitant or a resident of Amsterdam


Mallorcan

The variety of Balearic Catalan spoken on Mallorca.


Colchis

(historical) An ancient region and kingdom on the coast of the Black Sea, corresponding to what is now western Georgia.


Sagan

Alternative form of Sakan (village in West Azerbaijan, Iran).


Béziers

A city in the Hérault department, Occitanie, France.


Dail

Borrowed from Irish Dáil, short for Dáil Éireann.

I dreamt that Ruairi Quinn was smokin' marijuana in the Dail. Barry Desmond handing Frenchies out to scuts in Fianna Fail.

1985, “Delerium Tremens” (track 2), in Ordinary Man, performed by Christy Moore:


stotin

The brokers of the Ljubljana Stock Exchange today for the first time dealt in certificates on dinar funds deposited in the special accounts of the Service of the Social Accounting. The stock exchange brokers who dealt with these certificates demanded 800-900 stotins for a dinar. However, the buyers were willing to pay 750-850 stotins for a dinar.

1991, FBIS Daily Report: East Europe, numbers 192-201, page 37:

The tolar is a decimal currency and there are 100 stotins in a tolar, although stotins are no longer produced.

2005, Robin McKelvie, Jenny McKelvie, Slovenia: The Bradt Travel Guide, Bradt Travel Guides, page 27:

A former currency unit of Slovenia, one hundredth of a tolar.


Lithuania Minor

Calque of Lithuanian Mažoji Lietuva (“Little Lithuania”)

calque

An ethnographic region of Lithuania, located in the west of the country, south-west of Samogitia.


Suvalkija

An ethnographic region of Lithuania, located in the south-west of the country.


Dzūkija

An ethnographic region of Lithuania, located in the south of the country.


Samogitia

/ˌsæ.məˈɡi.ʃə/

From Latin Samogetia, Samogitia (“Žemaitija”), from German Sameiten, Sameythen (“Žemaitija”), from Lithuanian Žemaitija (“lowland”). "g" was introduced to Latin and later German translations due to the usage of the letter "g" to denote "j" in Medieval writing.
Sometimes connected with the (etymologically unrelated) name Getae, Ancient Greek Γέτης (Gétēs, “ancient Dacian tribe”).

cog

An ethnographic region of Lithuania, located in the north-west of the country.


Scotch whisky

en-noun

Scotch whisky (countable and uncountable, plural Scotch whiskies)

Whisky distilled in Scotland, especially from malted barley.


red, white and blue

Forget not the boys of Kilmichael, those brave lads so gallant and true.
Who fought 'neath the green flag of Erin, and conquered the red, white and blue.

p. 1920, The Boys of Kilmichael (Irish Song, author unknown)

The Fourteenth of July was declared the national holiday and a new flag, the tricolor, the red, white, and blue, was adopted in place of the old white banner of the Bourbons, studded with the fleur-de-lis.

1917, Charles Downer Hazen, The French Revolution ad Napoleon, Henry Holt, page 120

Many houses now were showing flags, and the red, white and blue was a jubilation in the morning sun.

2010, Cornelia Fuykschot, Hunger in Holland, Publisher, page 144

2013, Catherine Merridale, Red Fortress, Penguin, page 228:

Lit in the national colours of red, blue and white.


Ruhr Area

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

An urban area of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; the largest urban agglomeration in Germany.


Madchester

Released late in 1990, the hit album Pills 'n' Thrills and Bellyaches was a summation of the Madchester era.

2013 [1998], Simon Reynolds, Generation Ecstasy, Routledge, →ISBN:

(music) An alternative rock genre and associated social scene that originated in Manchester, England, in the late 1980s, influenced by indie, psychedelic and dance music.


dumka

dumka (countable and uncountable, plural dumkas or dumky)

From Ukrainian ду́мка (dúmka), diminutive of ду́ма (dúma, “sung epic poem”).

(uncountable) A genre of instrumental folk music from Ukraine.


Dniester

From Russian Днестр (Dnestr), pre-reform orthography Днѣстръ (Dněstr), ultimately (compare Byzantine Greek Δάναστρις (Dánastris) and Late Latin Danaster) from Proto-Sarmatian *dānu *nazdya "the close river" (the Dnieper being the far one). The first element is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰánwati << *dʰénh₂- ~ dʰn̥h₂-u- << Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to flow”), found in several other river names such as Danube and Донец (Donec); more at Danube.

der

A river in Eastern Europe, flowing through Ukraine and Moldova to the Black Sea.


Western Armenian

One of the two standardized forms of the modern Armenian language, the other being Eastern Armenian. Following the Genocide of Armenians of 1915, it is now spoken by the descendants of Armenian survivors from the Ottoman Empire fleeing to Armenian diaspora, mainly in North America and South America, Europe and most of the Middle East except for Iran.


Church of Scotland

The national Presbyterian church of Scotland.


Martiniquan

en-adj

Martiniquan (comparative more Martiniquan, superlative most Martiniquan)

more Martiniquan (comparative)
most Martiniquan (superlative)


Martiniquais

Martiniquais (comparative more Martiniquais, superlative most Martiniquais)

more Martiniquais (comparative)
most Martiniquais (superlative)


Hagia Sophia

/ˈhɑːɡiə soʊˈfiə/

From Byzantine Greek and Ancient Greek Ἁγία Σοφία (Hagía Sophía, “Holy Wisdom”).

bor

A mosque in Istanbul, Turkey, (historical) the former patriarchal church of Greek Orthodoxy, operated as a museum 1935–2020.

Ajasofja

a former basilica, now a mosque in Turkey


taifa

From Spanish taifa, from Arabic طَائِفَة (ṭāʔifa, “sect, faction”).

der

(historical) A Muslim principality on the Iberian Peninsula during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.


chervonets

From Russian черво́нец (červónec), derived from черво́нное зо́лото (červónnoje zóloto), "red gold".

Any of several former currencies of Russia: applied to various foreign gold coins prior to the reign of Peter I of Russia, then to a Russian gold coin of 1701-1757, and finally to a 1922 currency of the Soviet Union.

чырво́нец

former Russian currency, usually ten roubles


Jack the Ripper

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Jack the Ripper.wav

September 1888, Jack + the + ripper, from the Dear Boss letter.

Keep this letter back till I
do a bit more work. then give
it out straight. My knife's so nice
and sharp I want to get to work
right away if I get a chance.
Good luck.
Yours truly
Jack the Ripper
Dont mind me giving the trade name

1888 September 25, Jack the Ripper, Dear Boss Letter, London, page 2:

Two communications of an extraordinary nature, both signed "Jack the Ripper," have been received by the Central News Agency, the one on Thursday last and the other yesterday morning. The first - the original of which has been seen by Major Smith, the Assistant Commissioner of the City Police - was a letter, bearing the E.C. postmark, in which reference was made to the atrocious murders previously committed in the East-end, which the writer confessed, in a brutally jocular vein, to have committed; stating that in the "next job" he did he would "clip the lady's ears off" and send them to the police, and also asking that the letter might be kept back until he had done "a bit more work." The second communication was a postcard, and as above stated, it was received yesterday morning. It bore the date, "London, E., October 1," and was as follows: - "I was not codding, dear old Boss, when I gave you the tip. You'll hear about Saucy Jacky's work to-morrow. Double event this time. Number One squealed a bit; couldn't finish straight off. Had not time to get ears for police. Thanks for keeping the last letter back till I got to work again." The postcard was sent to Scotland Yard. No doubt is entertained that the writer of both communications, whoever he may be, is the same person.

1888 October 2, The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2004-08-10:

Nothing whatever has been discovered during the week to throw light upon the Whitechapel murders. The police entertain the belief, as we gather from the remarks of Mr. Crawford, the City Coroner, who is inquiring into the murder in Mitre Square, that they possess a fairly accurate description of the person of the murderer. He has, however, for the present, disappeared into space, unless it is he who writes certain letters signed "Jack the Ripper." The police think this is the case, and if so, he is an educated or partly educated man, of extreme audacity, intoxicated with the evil pride of crime, and resolute to commit more murders.

1888 October 13, “NEWS OF THE WEEK.”, in The Spectator, number 3,146, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1379, column 1:

Many of the dead were never identified simply because whole families died together and there was no one left to say who they were. One woman, named Elizabeth Stride, claimed to have been one of the survivors of the sinking, although there was no proof of this. She would later go down in history as the third victim of Jack the Ripper.

2018 September 14, Derek Coleman, “Old superstition comes true with tragic consequences”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-12-03:

Six weeks after Maxwell reported the sewage seepage this summer, an MDC inmate charged with robbing a bank said the toilet in his cell had been broken for three days.
"I do not care if the defendant is Jack the Ripper, we treat people under our care with respect and decency," U.S. District Judge William Kuntz said in a July 27 hearing about the toilet, which a prosecutor said was fixed ahead of the hearing. "This is an ongoing disgrace."

2021 November 18, Luc Cohen, quoting William Kuntz, “Ghislaine Maxwell sex crimes trial highlights conditions at Brooklyn jail”, in Noeleen Walder, Aurora Ellis, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-11-18, United States:

A supposed individual who was an unidentified 19th century serial killer in England, who has become part of folklore.


Moray

From Medieval Latin Moravia, Morauia, from Scottish Gaelic Moireibh, Moireabh, Moreb, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *mori (“sea”) + *trebā (“settlement”).

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996.


Highland

Specific application of highland, equivalent to high + land.

Highland (council area)
Highland (disambiguation)

A council area in north-west Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996.


St. Paul's

We could go up to St. Paul's after lunch.


mangas

Impoverished, disenfranchised, the mangas lived by petty crime and occasional labor.

2016, Jane K Cowan, Dance and the Body Politic in Northern Greece, page 174:

The mangas was expected to cock a snook at authority, to be quick with a knife and ruthless in avenging insult.

2019, Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation, Penguin, published 2020, page 172:

(now historical) A type of cocky, working-class man in early twentieth-century Greece, associated with violent behaviour, alcohol and hashish, and celebrated in various folk songs.


kobzar

Borrowed from Ukrainian кобзар (kobzar).

An itinerant Ukrainian bard, often blind, who played the kobza.


Copenhagener

[…] young people not only downgrade their own local accents […] relative to young Copenhagen speech, but they also perceive and evaluate the variation in this speech […] in exactly the same way as young Copenhageners do themselves.

2018, Charles Boberg, John Nerbonne, Dominic Watt, The Handbook of Dialectology, page 119:


Skopjan

During the second half of the soccer game, the Skopjan side trounced the inexperienced team from Bitola.

Of, from, or pertaining to Skopje in North Macedonia.

(by extension, neither derogatory, nor offensive, simple identification) Of, from, or pertaining to North Macedonia, especially in Greek media.

neither derogatory; nor offensive; simple identification; neither derogatory; nor offensive; simple identification


Skopjan

(by extension, sometimes derogatory, sometimes offensive) Someone from North Macedonia, especially in Greek media.


Budapestian

Of, from or pertaining to Budapest, Hungary.


Budapestian

A native or inhabitant of Budapest, Hungary.


Nicosian

From Medieval Latin Nicosianus, from Nicosia + -ānus. Equivalent to Nicosia + -an.

Of, from, or pertaining to Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.


Bratislavan

en-adj

Bratislavan (comparative more Bratislavan, superlative most Bratislavan)

more Bratislavan (comparative)
most Bratislavan (superlative)


Brusselian

Formed as *Brussel (structurally singular back-formation of Brussels) + -ian.


Stockholmer

Stockholmers are very proud of their brand new underground railway—they even refrain from putting their feet on the opposite seats—and they have every reason for their pride.

1963 August, W. Shepherd, “Stockholm's modern underground railway”, in Modern Railways, page 99:


Varsovian

Someone living in or originating from Warsaw.


Republic of Artsakh

In 1991, the region of about 150,000 people declared independence and since then it has ruled itself – with Armenian support – as the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh.

2023 September 19, Pjotr Sauer, “Why is there dispute over control of Nagorno-Karabakh?”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic#English


East End

Coordinate term: West End

But O Cook, O Thomas Cook & Son,[…]with ease and celerity, could you send me to Darkest Africa or Innermost Thibet, but to the East End of London, barely a stone’s throw distant from Ludgate Circus, you know not the way!

1903 October, Jack London, chapter I, in The People of the Abyss, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(colloquial, UK, chiefly London) The east end of London, generally regarded to be east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames.


Sublime Porte

From French Sublime Porte (“high gate/portal”).

pharaoh

terms related to buildings that are also titles of monarchs

(literally) The monumental portal at the Ottoman palace where the supreme tribunals were held; became the surname of the first palace in Bursa, transferred to the even grander Topkapı palace after the capital's transfer to Istanbul (the former Byzantine imperial capital Constantinople)

He liked the pleasures of the table, and he liked attendance; he was a sort of Sublime Porte to his valets.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “A Matrimonial Tête-à-Tête”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 170:

(figuratively) A pars pro toto for the Ottoman sultanic court, hence for the imperial government, notably the vizierial divan and the entire empire, or a personage with a similar standing.


Alania

North Ossetia-Alania
North Ossetia-Alania

(colloquial) North Ossetia-Alania, federal subject of Russia.


Sophene

Via Latin Sōphēnē, from Ancient Greek Σωφηνή (Sōphēnḗ), probably of Urartian origin. Compare the Armenian name: Ծոփք (Copʻkʻ).

(historical) Province of ancient Armenia and of the Roman Empire, located to the south-west of Greater Armenia. Independent kingdom from 3rd century B.C. until 90's B.C. Lies in modern-day southeastern Turkey.

Σωφηνή

province of ancient Armenia and the Roman Empire


rabiz

Borrowed from Armenian ռաբիզ (ṙabiz). See it for more.

(music) A popular modern Armenian music style that shows Middle Eastern influences and is related to Russian blatnyak and Azerbaijani mugham. Most of the songs have a 6/8 rhythm.

ծիծակ ծիծակ#Armenian

(slang) A member of an Armenian hillbilly subculture embracing rabiz music, exhibiting materialistic flamboyancy, using a blend of Russian and Armenian slang words, and wearing matching sport suits, sunglasses and shoes called ծիծակ (cicak).


Old Cornish

An early form of the Cornish language, used circa 800-1200 AD.


Walser

From German Walser, by contraction from Walliser, from Wallis + -er.

A member of a German-speaking community in Alpine Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and Austria.


Dardanelles

[ˌdɑː.dənˈɛɫz]

[ˌdɑɹ.dənˈɛɫz]

Named after Ottoman forts spanning the strait, the Dardanelles, themselves likely named after Dardanus, an ancient city on the Asian shore of the strait, itself said to take its name from Dardanus, the son of Zeus and Electra.

The strait connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea to the west.


Scottish Borders

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996; it was named Borders Region prior to that.


Sabbatarian

From Medieval Latin sabbatarius, from Latin sabbatum, from Ancient Greek σάββατον (sábbaton), from Hebrew שבת (shabát) + -an. In use from c. 1610.

A person who regards and keeps the seventh day of the week ("Saturday", the Israelite or Jewish Sabbath) as holy in conformity with the fourth commandment of the Decalogue, such as an Orthodox Jew, Seventh-day Adventist, Seventh Day Baptist, a member of the Church of God (Seventh Day); a Sabbath-keeper, a Saturday-keeper.

съботянин

seventh-day Sabbatarian, Sabbath-keeper, Saturday-keeper


Sea of Marmara

Marmara is named after Marmara Island, from Ancient Greek μάρμαρος (mármaros, “marble”).

uder

A deep inland sea in north-western Turkey connecting the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles.

Մարմարա ծով

a deep inland sea in north-western Turkey


Balkan Peninsula

A large peninsula in southeastern Europe surrounded by water on three sides: the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea (including the Ionian and Aegean Seas) to the south and the Black Sea to the east. Its northern boundary is often given as the Danube, Sava and Kupa rivers.

Балкантәи адгьылбжьахабжа

peninsula in southeastern Europe — see also Balkans

Balkanhalvøen

definite form. The indefinite form is not used.


ELAS

Roumeli belonged to ELAS, and the commander who first took him into his particular band was proudly and overtly Communist.

1994, Louis de Bernières, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Minerva, published 1995, page 190:

Looting and street fighting between armed gangs loyal to the Rallis government and to ELAS became daily occurrences in the city.

2019, Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Modern Country, Penguin, published 2020, page 285:

(politics) ΕΛΑΣ (Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός), the Greek People's Liberation Army, the military arm of the left-wing National Liberation Front (ΕΑΜ) during the period of the Greek Resistance until February 1945.


Habsburg

From German Habsburg, according to legend from Habichtsburg (“hawk's castle”) (Habicht (“hawk”) + Burg (“castle”)).

A Swabian noble family named after it, which became the ruling (hereditary) dynasty of Austria, at times other countries (mainly in Iberia and the former Burgundian territories) and supplied successive (elected) emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.


Gugark

(historical) One of 15 provinces of Greater Armenia located on its north, also called Gogarene, and now divided between northern Armenia, southern Georgia and northeastern Turkey.


Moxoene

(historical) A historical province of the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, one of 15, in the modern province of Van, Turkey.


crannog

Portuguese: crannog

Borrowed from Irish crannóg, from Middle Irish crannóc.

An artificial island, used in prehistoric and medieval times in Scotland and Ireland for dwelling.


St Albans

A civil parish in Gedling borough, Nottinghamshire, England, formed in 2018.


Béarn

Béarn and the (Basque) region Lower Navarre formed the present département of the Basses-Pyrenées.

(historical) A former viscounty in the southwestern French Pyrenees, which became part of the French royal domain before it was united with the French crown, together with Navarra, as a single feudal province of the French realm.


finfolk

(Orkney) Sorcerous shapeshifters of the sea in Orkney folklore.


BRIC

Coined by British economist Jim O'Neill in 2001.

coin

(politics, economics) Initialism of Brazil, Russia, India and China: a group of countries with similarly fast-growing economies.


Anglian

An Old English dialect from Mercia or Northumbria.


Colcestrian

A pupil of Colchester Royal Grammar School.


Antwerpian

A person who was born in, or is a citizen or inhabitant of Antwerp, Belgium


Antwerpian

en-adj

Antwerpian (comparative more Antwerpian, superlative most Antwerpian)

more Antwerpian (comparative)
most Antwerpian (superlative)

Of, relating, or pertaining to Antwerp, Belgium.


meseta

This factor is particularly relevant to the history of Spanish, since Spanish has its geographical roots in what is now the northern part of the province of Burgos, an area of the northern meseta which was remote from the centres of economic activity and cultural prestige in Roman Spain, which was latinized fairly late, […]

2002, Ralph Penny, “The Latin of Spain”, in A History of the Spanish Language, Cambridge University Press:

A plateau, especially in Spanish-speaking countries.


Vespasian

Titus Flavius Vespasianus
w:Titus Flavius Vespasianus

a Roman cognomen, notably borne by Titus Flavius Vespasianus, the Roman emperor from AD 69 to 79


Brabantian

He speaks Brabantian with his schoolmates, and Belgian Standard Dutch in the classroom and with unfamiliar teachers in the playground, a classic example of diglossia.

The language or dialect mainly spoken in North Brabant (the Netherlands), Antwerp and Flemish Brabant provinces (Belgium).


onion dome

an onion dome may have a shape that is somewhat more than a half sphere and may be pointed at the top

1993, Leland M. Roth, Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning, page 523:

The characteristic bulging onion dome, which is a signature of Russian [church] architecture, came into being to shed heavy snow.

2001, Carol Strickland, Amy Handy, Patty Brown, The Annotated Arch: A Crash Course in the History of Architecture, page 36:

(architecture) An onion-shaped dome, characteristic of august buildings in Moghul and Russian architecture


theatreland

Part of the West End district of London, England, where many theatres can be found.


Cornishwoman

Coordinate term: Cornishman


Cornishman

Coordinate term: Cornishwoman


zaptieh

From French zaptieh, from Ottoman Turkish ضبطیه (zaptiye, “policeman”), from Arabic ضَبْطِيَّة (ḍabṭiyya, “policeman”).

uder

One of the most striking photographs of the deportations that have come out of Armenia. Here is shown a column of Christians on the path across the great plains of the Mamuret-ul-Aziz. The zaptieths are shown walking along at one side.

1918, Aurora Mardiganian, Ravished Armenia, page 10:


Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact formalized Moscow's dominance in Europe's east.

(historical) A pact (long-term alliance treaty) signed on May 14, 1955 in Warsaw by the Soviet Union and its Communist military allies in Europe.


Tommy Atkins

Said to be a fictitious name inserted in document templates given to soldiers to guide them in filling out account blanks, etc. Found in the publication Soldier's Account Book (1815) and later in King's Regulations (1837).

O it's Tommy this, an' Tommy that, an' "Tommy, go away";
But it's "Thank you, Mister Atkins", when the band begins to play

A voice I don't want to listen to tells me that this is England's last land triumph; that our military history ends here[…]. Tommy Atkins will serve with pluck and valor wherever he fights hereafter, as always; but the conduct of the war is passing out of our hands.

1978, Herman Wouk, War and Remembrance, Back Bay Books, published 2002, page 507:


Viennese waltz

en-noun

Viennese waltz (plural Viennese waltzes)

A ballroom dance based on the waltz where the couple is constantly performing turns and pirouettes.


Strait of Dover

A strait in the English Channel, connecting to the North Sea, between Dover (England) and Calais (France)


Ukrainianize

en-verb

Ukrainianize (third-person singular simple present Ukrainianizes, present participle Ukrainianizing, simple past and past participle Ukrainianized)

Ukrainianizes (present singular third-person)
Ukrainianizing (participle present)
Ukrainianized (participle past)
Ukrainianized (past)

1915, Ukrainian + -ize. The shorter form, cognate of Ukrainization/Ukrainisation is influenced by Russian украиниза́ция (ukrainizácija) or Ukrainian україніза́ція (ukrajinizácija).

uder

украиниза́ция

україніза́ція

(transitive) To render Ukrainian in character; impose Ukrainian culture, language, or ethnic identity.

украинизи́ровать

(transitive) to render Ukrainian in character

(intransitive) To become Ukrainian in character; adopt Ukrainian culture, language, or ethnic identity.

украинизи́роваться

(intransitive) to become Ukrainian in character


Helvetia

Helvetia
Helvetia (disambiguation)
Helvetii

(poetic) Switzerland; the national personification of Switzerland


French Republic

The official name of France (a country).


udarnik

From Russian уда́рник (udárnik), from уда́р (udár, “strike, blow, shock”) + -ник (-nik).

Two short stories … give a true, warm and unvarnished picture of the formation of the character and consciousness of a young Komsomol worker in the heat of socialist competition and udarnik work.

1934, VOKS Bulletin, Issues 7-8, Digitized edition, published 2006, page 80:

The account that follows appears in the alphabet book and first reader: Udarnik / Stefka Filipova is a weaver … She weaves faster and better than anyone else. For this reason she is a udarnik.

1968, Peter John Georgeoff, The Social Education of Bulgarian Youth, Univ. of Minnesota Press, →ISBN, page 89:

The brigadiers, or udarniki, worked harder, wasted less time and set an example for their more indolent or less ... Udarniki became a class apart on any job, compensated for their brigadiering by extra rations, priority in the distribution of deficit goods [...]

1991, Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, page 208:

(historical) A shock worker; a super-productive worker in the Soviet Union and the other countries from the Soviet Bloc.

հարվածային

shock worker, super-productive worker in the Soviet Union and the other countries from the Soviet Block — see also Stakhanovite


Old Swedish

The medieval form of the Swedish language, markedly different from the modern language in having more complex case and gender systems.


Old Icelandic

The Old Norse language as spoken and written in Iceland in the Middle Ages, quite similar to Old Norwegian, but differing most markedly in orthography and, to a lesser extent, in phonology.


Old Norwegian

The Old Norse language as spoken and written in Norway in the Middle Ages.


Menshevik

en-noun

Menshevik (plural Mensheviks or Mensheviki)

Borrowed from Russian меньшеви́к (menʹševík), derived from меньшинство́ (menʹšinstvó, “minority”), formed in turn from Russian ме́ньше (ménʹše), the comparative of ма́лый (mályj, “little”).

‘Better an ultra-leftist than a Menshevik,’ said Rosa Kaletsky.

1985, Peter Carey, Illywhacker, Faber and Faber 2003, page 259:

Let me be clear. The men and women on this stage have more ideas, more experience, more common sense than every participant in the Democratic debate. That debate reflected a debate between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.

2015 October 28, Ted Cruz, quotee, “Transcript: Read the Full Text of the CNBC Republican Debate in Boulder”, in Time:

(now chiefly historical) A member of the gradualist or moderate wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party during the years preceding the Russian Revolution, when they split with the Bolsheviks; or a member of a later independent moderate-Marxist party formed in 1917.

մենշեւիկ

member of a minority faction of the Russian revolutionary movement


Russify

en-verb

Russify (third-person singular simple present Russifies, present participle Russifying, simple past and past participle Russified)

Russifies (present singular third-person)
Russifying (participle present)
Russified (participle past)
Russified (past)

/ˈɹuːsɪˌfaɪ̯/

/ˈɹʌsɪˌfaɪ̯/

(transitive, intransitive) To render or become more Russian.


en-proper noun

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

w:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927

Irish Free State
Irish Free State#English

The official name of the United Kingdom 1801-1927 (before being renamed by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922).

Verenigde Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje en Ierland

Mbretëria e Bashkuar e Britanisë së Madhe dhe Irlandës

al-mamlaka(t) al-muttaḥida(t) libirīṭāniyā l-ʕuẓmā waʔayirlandā

الْمَمْلَكَة الْمُتَّحِدَة لِبِرِيطَانِيَا الْعُظْمَى وَأَيِرْلَنْدَا

Mec Britaniayi ew Iṙlandiayi Miacʻyal Tʻagavorutʻyun

Մեծ Բրիտանիայի և Իռլանդիայի Միացյալ Թագավորություն

Böyük Britaniya və İrlandiya Birləşmiş Krallığı

Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua

Zlúčanaje Karaljéŭstva Vjalíkabrytánii i Irlándyi

Злу́чанае Карале́ўства Вялі́кабрыта́ніі і Ірла́ндыі

greiṭ briṭen eboṅ aẏarolênḍer juktorajjo

গ্রেইট ব্রিটেন এবং আয়ারল্যাণ্ডের যুক্তরাজ্য

Obedineno kralstvo Velikobritanija i Irlandija

Обединено кралство Великобритания и Ирландия

Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda

Spojené království Velké Británie a Irska

Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Irland

Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland

Suurbritannia ja Iirimaa Ühendkuningriik

Sameinda kongsríkið Stórabretland og Írland

Ison-Britannian ja Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta

Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande

didi briṭanetisa da irlandiis gaertianebuli samepo

დიდი ბრიტანეთისა და ირლანდიის გაერთიანებული სამეფო

Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland

Inoméno Vasíleio tis Megális Vretanías kai tis Irlandías

Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και της Ιρλανδίας

ha-mamlakha ha-me'ukhedet shel britanya ha-g'dola u-'irland

הַמַּמְלָכָה הַמְאוּחֶדֶת שֶׁל בְּרִיטַנְיָה הַגְּדוֹלָה וּאִירְלַנְד

Nagy-Britannia és Írország Egyesült Királysága

Hið sameinaða konungsríki Stóra-Bretlands og Írlands

Kerajaan Serikat Britania Raya dan Irlandia

Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Éireann

グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国

グレートブリテンおよびアイルランドれんごうおうこく

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Airurando Rengōōkoku

Coniunctum Britanniae Magnae et Hiberniae Regnum

Lielbritānijas un Īrijas Apvienotā Karaliste

Jungtinė Didžiosios Britanijos ir Airijos karalystė

Obedineto Kralstvo na Velika Britanija i Irska

Обединето Кралство на Велика Британија и Ирска

Kerajaan Bersatu Britain Raya dan Ireland

Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland

Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Irland

پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر و ایرلند

pâdešâhi-ye mottahed-e beritâniyâ-ye kabir va irland

Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii

Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei

Sojedinjónnoje Korolévstvo Velikobritánii i Irlándii

Соединённое Короле́вство Великобрита́нии и Ирла́ндии

Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland

An Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann

Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Ирске

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske

Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Írska

Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Irske

Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland

Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı

Spolúčene Korolívstvo Velýkoji Brytániji ta Irlándiji

Сполу́чене Королі́вство Вели́кої Брита́нії та Ірла́ндії

Feriene Keninkryk fan Grut-Brittanje en Ierlân

dos fareynikte kinigraykh fun groysbritanye un irland

דאָס פֿאַראייניקטע קיניגרײַך פֿון גרויסבריטאַניע און אירלאַנד


United Kingdom of Great Britain

the United Kingdom of Great Britain (canonical)

Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Great Britain

al-mamlaka(t) al-muttaḥida(t) libirīṭāniyā l-ʕuẓmā

الْمَمْلَكَة الْمُتَّحِدَة لِبِرِيطَانِيَا الْعُظْمَى

ha-mamlakha ha-me'ukhedet shel britanya ha-g'dola

הַמַּמְלָכָה הַמְאוּחֶדֶת שֶׁל בְּרִיטַנְיָה הַגְּדוֹלָה

Hið sameinaða konungsríki Stóra-Bretlands

Jungtinė Didžiosios Britanijos Karalystė

پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر

pâdešâhi-ye mottahed-e beritâniyâ-ye kabir

Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії

Spolučene Korolivstvo Velykoji Brytaniji


tamada

Borrowed from Georgian თამადა (tamada), from (Proto-?)Circassian *tħamada (compare Adyghe тхьаматэ (tḥamatɛ, “foreman of a village; boss; master; chairman; (dated) husband”), Kabardian тхьэмадэ (tḥɛmadɛ, “foreman of a village; boss; master; chairman; (dialectal) bridegroom, wooer”)), probably from Ottoman Turkish داماد (damat, “bridegroom; son-in-law; sovereign's brother-in-law”) (from Persian داماد (dâmâd, “bridegroom; son-in-law; father-in-law; sovereign's brother-in-law; lover, wooer”)) with the ending reshaped under the influence of Kabardian адэ (adɛ, “father”).
The suggestion that the word is derived from a blend of თავი (tavi, “head”) + მაგიდა (magida, “table”) (in the sense of a person at the head of a table) is a folk etymology.

refn

From the collection of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Moscow, Russia.

blend

We have the custom of a toastmaker – the tamada, we call him. For the sake of order, he proposes all the toasts. Will you support me as tamada?

1977, Bart McDowell, Journey across Russia: The Soviet Union Today, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISBN, page 223:

The tamada—the master of ceremonies—with practised skill opened a bottle and poured out half a glassful for himself with the explanation, "The tamada must drink first. If there's poison in this glass you'll soon know of it and save yourself."

1982, Soviet Literature: A Monthly Journal of the Union of Writers of the U.S.S.R., Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24:

A good tamada has a number of special qualities. First of all, a good tamada is one who is good with words, who speaks clearly and cleverly, who can say in a^([sic]) original way things which are heard over and over again at every supra. The best tamadas are extemporaneous poets.

1989, Dee Ann Holisky, The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia, Chicago, Ill.: The Society for the Study of Caucasia, →OCLC, page 26:

A tamada, or toastmaster—an obligatory feature of any Georgian feast—Cholokashvili was proposing the ultimate toast, to the mystery and romance of the vine. [...] Unfortunately it is also traditional that all tamadas have to be obeyed, as I learned from Zezva Gochilaidze in Tusheti.

1992, National Geographic Magazine, volume 181, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 110:

Although Georgians don't commonly determine any vocabulary which signifies specific states of intoxication, these states are mentioned indirectly by tamadas when they explain the difficult task of keeping drinkers' moods and inebriation at the table at an even keel.

1997, Mary Ellen Chatwin, Socio-cultural Transformation and Foodways in the Republic of Georgia, Commack, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, →ISBN, page 176:

This tamada had excellent rhetorical skills; he was fluent in both Russian and Kyrgyz and knew the languages of humor and honor.

2017, Aksana Ismailbekova, “Rahim’s Victory Feast: Political Patronage and Kinship in Solidarity”, in Blood Ties and the Native Son: Poetics of Patronage in Kyrgyzstan, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

(chiefly Georgia) A toastmaster at a feast in the Caucasus, especially in Georgia.

Niko Pirosmani
State Museum of Oriental Art


Hebridean

/ˌhɛbɹɪˈdiːən/

/ˌhɛbɹəˈdiːən/


Great Britain and Ireland

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland#English

shortened form of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1921) Abbreviation: GBI.


Great Britain and Northern Ireland

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland#English

shortened form of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922-Present) Abbreviation: GBNI.

មហាប៊្រីតថេននិងអៀរឡង់ខាងជើង

mo ha brit tein ning ear long khang jerng


Ellan Vannin

Poetic, literary or affectionate name for the Isle of Man; an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea.


Mannin

The Isle of Man; an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea.


Salian

From Latin Salianus, from Salii + -ānus (“-an: forming adjectives”), from salīre (“to jump, to leap”) + -īus (“-y: forming adjectives”).

(historical) A member of the Salii, the chief priests of Mars in ancient Rome.


Salian

en-adj

Salian (comparative more Salian, superlative most Salian)

more Salian (comparative)
most Salian (superlative)

(historical) Of or related to the Salii, the priests of Mars in ancient Rome.


Salian

From Latin Salianus, from Salii + -ānus (“-an: forming adjectives”), from Sala (“the IJssel River”) + -īus (“-y: forming adjectives”). Cognate with Salic.

(historical) A person belonging to the German and Frankish tribes near the IJssel River in antiquity.


Salian

(historical) Of or related to the Salii, the Salian people.


Red Leicester

A mild, firm English cheese, orange in colour, resembling cheddar.


South Britain

(historical or loosely) England and Wales.


Engerland

/ˈɪŋɡəˌlænd/


Irelander

A person from Ireland or of Irish descent.


Scotlander

A person from Scotland or of Scottish descent; a Scot.


Englander

From England + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Änglounder (“an Englishman”), German Engländer (“an Englishman”), Danish englænder (“an Englishman”).

cog

A person from England or of English descent.


praetorship

/ˈpɹiːtəʃɪp/

The same night, wherein the Pretorship was refused him, he passed over in play.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 28, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

(history) The office or term of a praetor.


Old Breton

An early form of Breton language, spoken in the North of France in the between the 9th and the 11th century AD.


Middle Breton

An early form of Breton language, spoken in Brittany, in western France, between the 11th and the 16th century AD.


United Irelander

en-noun

United Irelander (plural United Irelanders)

An Irish nationalist advocating a United Ireland.


Europeanist

Somebody who favors the values of Europe.

A handful of graduate fellows stepped forward, looking uncertain. All Europeanists, all white.

2022, R. F. Kuang, Babel, HarperVoyager, page 453:


Britishism

Britishism (countable and uncountable, plural Britishisms)

A word, phrase, idiom, or expression peculiar to the English language as spoken in Britain.

The practice of British religion or culture.


Federal Republic of Germany

the Federal Republic of Germany (canonical)

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

cal

جُمْهُورِيَّة أَلْمَانِيَا اَلاِتِّحَادِيَّة

הָרֶפּוּבְּלִיקָה הַפֵדֵרָלִית שֶׁל גֶּרְמַנְיָה

សាធារណរដ្ឋសហព័ន្ធអាល្លឺម៉ង់

sa thea rak nak roth sak hak pon a ller mong

(since 1949) The official name of a German-speaking country in Europe.

(1949–1990) The official name of West Germany.


Enosis

Borrowed from Greek Ένωσις (Énosis, “union”).

Any political movement aiming to incorporate Greek-populated areas currently outside Greece into Greece.

Despite the pragmatic reluctance of government ministers, in Greece the cause of Enosis quickly took fire in street demonstrations and in the columns of the press.

2019, Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Modern Country, Penguin, published 2020, page 312:

(especially) A political movement aiming to incorporate the island of Cyprus into Greece.

Enosis

movement aiming to incorporate Cyprus into Greece


Occitania

From Latin Occitania. From lingua occitana, from French langue d’oc, from Occitan òc. Equivalent of Occitan + -ia.

奥克西塔尼亚

Àokèxītǎníyǎ

A region of Europe corresponding to Southern France, Auvergne, Limousin, and some parts of Catalonia and Italy, where the Occitan language was widely spoken and is still spoken.


Erebuni

From Urartian 𒌷𒅕𒁍𒌑𒉌 (ᵁᴿᵁer-bu-u₂-ni /Er(e)buni/).

bor

a fortification and city of the ancient kingdom of Urartu, located on the hill Arin Berd in modern-day Yerevan, capital of Armenia; founded in 782 BC by king Argishti I


Vilnian

A person from, or an inhabitant of, Vilnius.


St. George's Cross

A red cross on a white background, also called the Cross of St George. This pattern has been associated with Saint George since medieval times.

聖ゲオルギウス十字

せいゲオルギウスじゅうじ


St. Andrew's Cross

en-noun

St. Andrew's Cross (plural St. Andrew's Crosses)

Saint Andrew's cross
Saint Andrew's cross#English

Alternative spelling of Saint Andrew's cross


Cracovian

/kɹəˈkəʊvɪən/

Formed as Latin Cracōvia (“Cracow”) + English -an (suffix forming adjectives with the sense “of or pertaining to”). Equivalent to the Latin Cracōviānus.


Cracovian

/kɹəˈkəʊvɪən/

Being used to horses from their childhood, the Cracovians are excellent riders.

1921, National Polish Committee of America, Geography and ethnography of Poland:


Pactolus

A river, formerly an important feature of ancient Lydia and said to contain gold; now rising and emptying in modern Turkey.


Latgalian

Any of the ancient or modern inhabitants of the Latgale region in eastern Latvia.


Latgalian

A language spoken by the ancient Latgalians, from which Latvian is largely derived.

A modern language spoken in the eastern part of Latvia, sometimes considered a dialect of Latvian.


Southern Ireland

The short-lived autonomous region of the United Kingdom established on 3 May 1921 and dissolved on 6 December 1922, superseded by the Irish Free State.


Kingdom of England

United Kingdom of Great Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain

A kingdom in western Europe, until the foundation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May 1707.


Kingdom of Scotland

A kingdom in western Europe, until the foundation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on the First of May 1707.


makowiec

MAKOWIEC. (Poppy-seed. roll).

1957, Sula Benet, Festive recipes and festival menus, page 147:

If you have a cookie spatula, slide it under the makowiec and transfer it to the baking pan.

2007, Greg Patent, A Baker's Odyssey, page 219:

She was trained by the nuns to be their cook and therefore she learned to make very beautiful and sumptuous gourmet dishes, including croissants and delicious fancy desserts. Her makowiec was the best I have ever tasted.

2011, Frank Cebulski, Lonely Nights and Wild Women: Concrete Visual Shaped Poems, page 54:

(rare) a Polish cake (flat or rolled) layered with poppy seed-based paste


Polonized

en-adj

Polonized (comparative more Polonized, superlative most Polonized)

more Polonized (comparative)
most Polonized (superlative)

The orthodox clergy everywhere preached a crusade against the Jesuits and Uniates, and everywhere the peasants rose against the Polish or Polonized pans.

1886, Alfred Rambaud, The History of Russia from the Earliest Times to 1877:

Germans arriving in rural parts of Prussia and Poland became Polonized, and though they predominated in the towns, this was not invariably the case and by the sixteenth century, German was no longer understood in Cracow.

2016, Peter H. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, Penguin, published 2017, page 96:


Carpathians

Borrowed from Latin Carpates; compare the Germanic form attested in Old Norse Harvaðafjǫll, of which no past or present English counterpart is known (but which may have existed at some stage).
Possibly from the name of the Carpi, an ancient, probably Dacian, tribe living in the eastern Carpathian region of what is now Romania and the Moldova region. The name Carpates may ultimately be from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (compare Albanian karpë (“rock”), Aromanian shcarpã, also Proto-Slavic *skala (“rock, cliff”)), perhaps via a Dacian cognate which meant “mountain”, “rock”, or “rugged” (compare Proto-Germanic *skarpaz (whence sharp), Lithuanian kar̃pas (“cut, hack, notch”), Latvian cìrpt (“to shear, clip”)). Compare also archaic Polish karpa (“rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots or trunks”), Romansch crap (“stone”). Alternatively, the name may come from Proto-Indo-European *kʷerp- (“to turn”) (whence wharf and Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”)), perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.
According to Eichner and Çabej, it derives from Proto-Albanian *karpātai (“mountanous place”)

der

A large mountainous system in Central Europe, mainly in Transylvania (Romania) and the Polish (Subcarpathian)-Slovak border region.


Grampians

Grampian (disambiguation)
Grampian Mountains

A region in western Victoria, Australia.


Taron

(historical) One of the cantons of Turuberan province of Greater Armenia.


Vayk

town in Vayots Dzor region of Armenia, formerly known as Azizbekov and Soylan


Tayk

(historical) One of 15 provinces of Greater Armenia.


Continent

the whole Continent of Europe, Asia, Africa.

(UK, Ireland) Mainland Europe, as seen from the British Isles.


tenpence

(rare, British, Ireland) A coin worth ten new pence.


Finnicization

Finnicization of Swedish names

The act, process or result of Finnicizing.


Egle

Borrowed from Lithuanian eglė (“spruce”).


stannator

(historical) The mayor of Plympton, in Devon.


stannary parliament

en-noun

stannary parliament (plural stannary parliaments)

(historical) A legislative body, with royal charter, governing the tin miners of Devon and Cornwall during the middle ages.


stannary town

(British) A town considered to be the administrative centre of a stannary region in Devon and Cornwall


Kozak

* As a Ukrainian, Carpathian Rusyn, Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian surname, all from the noun Kozak (“Cossack”). Compare the variants Kazak, Kosack, Kosak, Kozack.
* Also as a Polish and Czech surname, occupational surname for a goatherd, from koza (“nanny goat”). This is also found in Slovene and Serbo-Croatian, though probably influenced by the sense above.
* Also as a Slovak and Czech surname, possibly from kozák (“kind of mushroom”).
* As a Turkish surname, from kozak (“cone”) or its homonym meaning "shady place," from Ottoman Turkish قوزاق.
* As a Jewish surname, from Yiddish קאָזאַק (kozak, “Cossack”), related to the first sense above.


Sava

A river in southern Europe, a right side tributary of the Danube at Belgrade.


Bulgar

From Medieval Latin Bulgarus, from Old Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ), itself from the self designation of Turkic Bulgars, from Proto-Turkic *bulgar (“disturber, disturbing”), active noun/adjective of *bulga- (“to create a state of disorder; to stir, to disturb”). Doublet of bugger.

der

Prince Alexander of Battenberg […] was erect, gallant, and a man of good will; but he lacked tact, was unable to speak Bulgar, and was soon lost in a maze of intrigue.

1957, Walter Phelps Hall, William Stearns Davis, The course of Europe since Waterloo, page 409:

In 1879 they elected as king Alexander of Battenberg, a nephew of the Tsarina and a gallant, well-meaning young man who, if he did not speak Bulgar, was sufficiently German by birth and training to be hostile to Russia.

1965, Alfred A. Knopf, Europe since Napoleon, page 433:

(rare) Bulgarian, the South Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria.


SCP

(genre): An initialism of special containment procedures. Not an initialism of the SCP Foundation’s motto, secure, contain, protect, which is a backronym from SCP.

init

(law) Initialism of Senior Crown Prosecutor.

SCP Breakout is an SCP experience based on the horror genre of the same title.

If you start reading or just heard about SCP and the writing community. This is the book to start reading.

2021, Grace Anderson Wilson, Terrifying SCP Horror Stories:

(fandom slang) A genre of science fiction horror consisting of quasi-scientific reports on the capture, containment, and attempted study of a variety of supernatural entities by the fictional shadow organization known as the SCP Foundation.


Mother Russia

Calque of Russian Ма́тушка Росси́я (Mátuška Rossíja) or Росси́я-Ма́тушка (Rossíja-Mátuška).

clq

Ма́тушка Росси́я

We did not understand what it was all about; but we were defending Mother Russia.

1920, Malcolm Waters Davis, Open Gates to Russia, page 44:

In the thirties and forties, they were the Marxists talkin' about spreading Mother Russia's legs around the world; now it's sing along with the black man.

1970, Wally Ferris, Across 110th, page 103:

Collective daydreaming shut down when we boarded the Soviet-made airliner in Korea. Next stop Mother Russia.

2005, Paul Carter, Don't Tell Mum I Work on the Rigs, Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin, page 165:


Tudor rose

(heraldry) A heraldic emblem of England, formed from the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.


10 Downing Street

(UK politics) The address of the residence in London of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

[…] explicitly clear, in the way that 10 Downing Street has made it clear in the case of city academies, that it is perfectly legitimate to put people in the House of Lords […]

2006, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Public Administration Select Committee, Propriety and Honours: Interim Findings; Fourth Report of Session 2005-06, volume 29, →ISBN, page 23:

(by extension, metonymically) The government of the United Kingdom.


altyn

Borrowed from Russian алты́н (altýn), either from Tatar алты (altı, “six”), referring to six dengas (six half-kopeks), or from Tatar алтын (altın, “gold”). These small coins were never minted in gold; however, compare the semantic evolution of Latin solidus from a Roman gold coin to a medieval silver shilling.

Eurasian Economic Union
Eurasian Economic Union

A proposed common currency for the Eurasian Economic Union.


Cheka

From the Russian pronunciation of ЧК (ČK), abbreviation of Чрезвыча́йная Коми́ссия (Črezvyčájnaja Komíssija, “extraordinary commission”).

(historical) The first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations, created in 1917.


Icelandic Sheepdog

en-noun

Icelandic Sheepdog (plural Icelandic Sheepdogs)


Fenian

Blend of Irish féinne or fianna, plural of fiann (“soldier”), the name of a legendary band of Irish warriors, and Old Irish Féne or Féni, legendary settlers of Ireland. First attested from 1816.

taig

Irish Catholic or supporter of Celtic F.C

(British, Ireland) An Irish nationalist or republican.

(historical) A member of the Fenian Brotherhood or the Irish Republican Brotherhood, Irish republican organizations active in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

fenià

It was sound advice for anyone visiting Northern Ireland in 1999 and remains so today: do not refer to Protestants as “Prods”, or to Catholics as “Fenians” or “Taigs”, and whatever you do don’t refer to your visit as “being out here”.

[2023 August 23, Rory Carroll, “Files reveal terms ministers were warned not to use in Northern Ireland”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(derogatory, Scotland and Northern Ireland) A Catholic, especially one of Irish ethnicity or descent.

(derogatory, Scotland and Northern Ireland) A supporter of Scottish association football club Celtic F.C.


Corfiot

From Corfu + -iot (after Greek Κυπριώτης (Kypriótis, “Cypriot”)).

His name was Spiridon, he was a charismatic Corfiote, and his exuberance was inexhaustible.

1994, Louis de Bernières, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Minerva, published 1995, page 406:


Saint Barthélemy

An island and overseas collectivity of France in the Caribbean.


ECU

European Currency Unit
European Currency Unit#English

(European Union, finance, historical) Initialism of European Currency Unit.


sovkhoz

From Russian совхо́з (sovxóz), abbreviation of сове́тское хозя́йство (sovétskoje xozjájstvo, “soviet farm”).

The average size of a sovkhoz was 15,300 hectares (153 km²), nearly three times the average kolkhoz (5,900 hectares or 59 km² in 1990.)

A large, state-owned farm in the Soviet Union.


Germano-

But it's still a powerful record, with Iggy's vocals blending Jim Morrison and Lou Reed over the dead, thudding strangeness of Mr. Bowie'e Germano‐British progressivisms.

1977 November 3, “The Pop Life”, in The New York Times:


leprechology

(rare) Alternative form of leprechaunology


oitava

From Portuguese oitava, from Old Galician-Portuguese oitavo, from Latin octāvus (“eighth”), q.v., in reference to it making up one-eighth of the alqueire (Portuguese bushel) or onça (Portuguese ounce). Doublet of octave, octavo, and ochava.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of dry measure, equivalent to 1.6–2.4 liters in different 19th-century contexts.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of mass, usually equivalent to 3.6 grams.


Diocletian

From Latin Dioclētiānus, Latinate form of Ancient Greek Διοκλῆς (Dioklês). The Roman emperor was named so after his home town of Dioclea in Illyricum.

Roman cognomen, particularly borne by the Roman emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (245-313).


Broken Britain

2010 February 22, Jay Z, quoted in "Jay-Z Claims Britain Is 'Broken'", MTV News
People are calling it Broken Britain, so there's obviously a problem. The rise of the BNP is also a problem.

PRINCE Charles weighed into the debate on Broken Britain yesterday, warning of the risks of ordinary citizens being stabbed while trying to stop litter louts.

2010 March 19, Richard Palmer, “Prince Charles: Tackle a lout and you risk a stabbing”, in Daily Express:

A year ago, amid the London riots, people were entitled to wonder if Mr Cameron had a point about Broken Britain.

2012 August 11, Alistair Campbell, “London Olympics have redefined how Britain sees itself”, in CNN:

(informal, derogatory) Britain (viewed as a crime-ridden state where society and common sense have failed)


khachapuri

khachapuri (countable and uncountable, plural khachapuris)

/hɑːtʃəˈpuːɹi/

/hɑːt͡ʃəˈpuɹi/

Borrowed from Georgian ხაჭაპური (xač̣aṗuri).

On the breakfast table I can see the remains of: sturgeon, caviare (pink and black), blinies, cottage cheese and two other cheeses, buckwheat, hatchapuri—a bread cheese—and sour cream, hashi (stew), radishes and spring onions […]

1977, The New Review, volume 4, London: New Review Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 30:

After Varadzia had served Svobodova with sturgeon and the local delicacy, a hatchapuri—a sort of paratha stuffed with cheese—washed down with a glass of the Lomnja red wine, he sat down and took a pipe with the stranger.

1983, Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine, volume 7, New York, N.Y.: Davis Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 128:

No feast would seem proper without the marvelous cheese bread, khachapuri. Khachapuri is found throughout Georgia in many guises—round, rectangular, and boat-shaped. The dough can be yeasty with a thick crust, many-layered and flaky, or tender and cakelike. The bread is usually filled with a fresh, slightly sour cheese like imeruli (Imeretian) or suluguni, but salted cheeses like bryndza may also be used, as long as they are soaked first. […] For those desiring extra sustenance, the khachapuri may be topped with a cracked egg and returned to the oven until the egg sizzles. My favorite version of this cholesterol-rich khachapuri is the adzharuli khachapuri or Adzharian cheese bread, found in Batumi on the Black Sea coast and appropriately boat-shaped.

1993, Darra Goldstein, “Breads and Grains”, in The Georgian Feast: The Vibrant Culture and Savory Food of the Republic of Georgia, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins; reprinted Berkeley; Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, 1999, page 136

At the waiter's suggestion, they added mushroom soup and khachapuri, the traditional and ubiquitous Georgian cheese bread.

2014, John Shiffman, “‘Very Rich Men’”, in Operation Shakespeare: The True Story of an Elite International Sting, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster; trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, August 2015, page 213

Another delicious Georgian dish was Hachapuri. This is a kind of flat bread with soft cheese and butter in the middle, more butter melted all over the top. There are different kinds of Hachapuri, reflecting the different areas, but all of it is absolutely fantastic. People eat it as a matter of course at almost every meal.

2014 February 25, Janice N. Mau, “‘Gamarjoba’, Georgia.’”, in Samovars and Shashlik: Gems of an Overseas Adventure, Bloomington, Ind.: Balboa Press, Hay House, →ISBN, page 120:

Kargi Gogo, the downtown food cart devoted to the cuisine of Georgia, reopened last week with a new menu devoted to the country's signature dish, khachapuri, or cheesy bread. The new menu highlights four traditional Georgian khachapuris, including the traditional, a pupusa-liked disc stuffed with sulguni (a farmers cheese), plus one with extra cheese melted on top and another with ham and bacon.

2015 October 6, Michael Russell, “Portland’s Kargi Gogo food cart relaunches with new, all-khachapuri menu”, in The Oregonian/OregonLive.com, archived from the original on 2016-05-30:

A cheese pastry from the country of Georgia in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

خاتشبوري

ḵātšābūri, ḵātšāpūri


Sea of Okhotsk

Named after Okhotsk, the first Russian settlement in the Far East, whose name is derived from Even окат (okat, “river”).

A sea between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the far south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north.

Okhotsk
Sea of Okhotsk
Territorial evolution of Russia


Alitalia

/ˌɑːlɪˈtɑːliə/

/ˌælɪˈtæliə/


spirytus

Borrowed from Polish spirytus. Doublet of spirit, spiritus, sprite, spright, and esprit.

doublet

A Polish rectified spirit, used in medicine and for the preparation of alcoholic infusions called nalewka.


Wokingham

Meaning "home of the people of Wocca", apparently a Saxon chieftain. In Victorian times, it was known as Oakingham, and the acorn with oak leaves is the town's symbol.

A market town and civil parish with a town council in Berkshire, England (OS grid ref SU8168).


Russification

From Russify + -ification, from Russian.

Localization of a software or hardware interface (e.g. text on buttons of a washing machine) into the Russian language, whether using Cyrillic or transliteration. See Computer Russification.

(computing, rare) Enabling a computer system to work with the Russian Cyrillic alphabet.


Iași

Alternative form of Iasi, a city and county of Romania.


Hanoverian

en-adj

Hanoverian (comparative more Hanoverian, superlative most Hanoverian)

more Hanoverian (comparative)
most Hanoverian (superlative)

the Hanoverian brown rat

Of or from the House of Hanover, a German royal dynasty.


Hanoverian

"[…]I had rather be anything than a courtier, and a Presbyterian, and a Hanoverian too, as some people, I believe, are."

1749, Henry Fielding, chapter II, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VI:


Eyjafjallajökull

Borrowed from Icelandic Eyjafjallajökull (literally “glacier of the Eyjafjöll”), where Eyjafjöll (literally “mountains of the islands”) is the name given to the southern side of the massif.

bor

A glacier and volcano in southern Iceland.


Switzer

From early New High German Schwytzer (modern High German Schweizer) "a Swiss person", especially "a Swiss soldier or mercenary", a designation adopted in the 16th century, ultimately from the toponym Swīz "Schwyz". More at Swiss.

A native or inhabitant of Switzerland, a Swiss person.


White Hart Lane

A road between High Road, Wood Green N22, and Tottenham High Road, N17, and a railway station in this road at the Tottenham end. The stadium (which was in the High Road) could have been named after either or both.


Sturm und Drang

/ˈʃtəɹm ʊnt ˈdɹaŋ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Sturm und Drang.wav

Borrowed from German Sturm und Drang with the same figurative meaning, from Sturm (“storm”) + und (“and”) + Drang (“pressure, stress; urge, impulse, longing”). The phrase is the title of the play Sturm und Drang (1776) by German dramatist Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger (1752–1831).
The fact that the phrase is often italicized suggests it has not been fully assimilated into English.

The best of the Stürmer und Dränger grew out of their Sturm und Drang, and it was necessary to indicate in what ways [Johann Gottfried] Herder and [Johann Wolfgang von] Goethe changed as they grew older. It should be stressed, however, that the very principles which forced them to burst the husk of the Sturm und Drang are in themselves a vital element within the Sturm und Drang.

1953, Roy Pascal, “Introduction”, in The German Sturm und Drang, Manchester: Manchester University Press, →OCLC, page xvi:

[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich] Hegel's further observation shows the route taken by those who survived their Sturm und Drang and went on to produce more: "Because the sickness is in the essence itself, its isolated manifestations can be repressed [zurückdrängen] and the superficial symptoms suppressed [dämpfen]."

1985, Larry Vaughan, The Historical Constellation of the Sturm und Drang (American University Studies, Series I (Germanic Languages and Literatures); 38), New York, N.Y.: Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 61:

[page 1100, column 1] The Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) was a literary movement that flourished in Germany in the 1770s and 1780s and represented the protest of a group of young university-educated men against the norms of polite society. […] [page 1101, columns 1 and 2] [T]he Sturm und Drang reflected the growth of modern individualism and the challenge that middle-class ideas of selfhood presented to so-called enlightened absolutism, that is to say, to political and cultural structures that sought legitimacy by assimilating elements of bureaucratic rationalism. […] The Sturm und Drang was nevertheless an important forerunner of Romanticism in its formal experimentalism, its enthusiasm for popular culture and the primitive, its acceptance of the power of unconscious, irrational forces, and above all its concern with individual experience.

2004, David Hill, “Sturm und Drang”, in Christopher John Murray, editor, Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850, volumes 2 (L–Z, Index), New York, N.Y., London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, →ISBN, pages 1100–1101:

It was precisely this reason, science and the eighteenth-century Enlightenment to account for genius in rational terms that allowed the non-rational thinkers who fueled the fires of the Sturm und Drang movement to vivify, and elaborate upon, the ancient Greek notion of genius as a numinous power associated with the Muses and the gods.

2006, Angus [James] Nicholls, Goethe's Concept of the Daemonic: After the Ancients, Rochester, N.Y.: Camden House Publishing, →ISBN, page 81:

The complex figure of Clavigo is therefore a variant on the Sturm and Drang theme of the enemy brothers, which forms the framework for a far older theme: that of Shakespeare's Hamlet who kills Ophelia's brother Valentin. Goethe's play is in fact modeled after Shakespeare's tragedy, and the last act is riddled with references to the cemetery scene from Hamlet. A theme dear to Sturm and Drang is also revisited: fratricide. The period during which Goethe wrote Clavigo was that in which the young Sturm and Drang poets all flocked around the figure of Goethe.

2014, Katalin Nun, Jon Stewart, editors, Kierkegaard's Literary Figures and Motifs: Tome I: Agamemnon to Guadalquivir (Kirkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources; 16), Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN, page 105:

(literature, music, theater) A proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music which occurred from the late 1760s to the early 1780s, emphasizing individual subjectivity and the free expression of emotions.

狂飆突進運動

a proto-Romantic movement from the late 1760s to the early 1780s in German literature and music


Hadrian's Wall

A fortification of stone and timber built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England.


Yerevanian

/ˌjeɹəˈvæːnɪ.ən/

A person who was born in, or is a citizen or inhabitant of Yerevan, Armenia.


Yerevanian

en-adj

Yerevanian (comparative more Yerevanian, superlative most Yerevanian)

more Yerevanian (comparative)
most Yerevanian (superlative)

/ˌjeɹəˈvæːnɪ.ən/

Of, relating, or pertaining to Yerevan, Armenia.


Eurabia

/jʊəˈɹeɪbiə/

Moreover, the fear of an emerging "Eurabia" ignores the vast economic and cultural differences between immigrant populations in the different European countries...

2006, Hent de Vries, Lawrence Eugene Sullivan, Political theologies: public religions in a post-secular world:

Among those who connect the unfolding of Eurabia with a popular reaction that might bring back fascism to Europe is Canadian columnist Mark Steyn.

2007, José Pedro Zúquete, Missionary politics in contemporary Europe:

Cultural Islam and the myth of Eurabia

2008, Olivier Roy, The politics of chaos in the Middle East:

(derogatory) A supposed future, Islamized Europe.


Vanya

Romanization of Russian Ва́ня (Vánja, “Johnny”), a diminutive of Ива́н (Iván, “John”)

Aditi introduced him to Vanya, her five-year-old daughter. He could not meet her yesterday as she had gone for her drawing classes at that time. Vanya, dropping the crayons that she was busy coloring with, looked up at him and[…]

2018 October 12, THE UNPLANNED, Onlinegatha, →ISBN, page 136:

Nia looked at Vanya, her brown eyes searching her sister-in-law's face.

2020 October 24, Milla Holt, Lessons Learned in Love, Reinbok Limited, →ISBN:

Allison's words of warning to her sister Vanya express a common and everyday concern for many women.

2021 November 2, Lisann Anders, The Force of The Umbrella Academy: Essays on Voices and Violence in the Comics and Netflix Series, McFarland, →ISBN, page 152:


Victory Day

(specifically) 9 May, celebrated as Victory Day in Russia, which commemorates the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany.


Sutton

en-proper noun

Sutton (countable and uncountable, plural Suttons)

From Old English suþ (“south”) + tun (“town”).

Sutton Lane Ends
Sutton Lane Ends#English

A number of places in England, including:

A civil parish in Cheshire East, Cheshire, which includes the village of Sutton Lane Ends.

Merrimack County
Merrimack County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire.

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Griggs County, North Dakota.


Russophile

/ˈɹʊsɛʊ̯fɐɪ̯l/

/ɹʊsɛʊ̯ˈfɐɪ̯l/

/ˈɹʌsə(ʊ̯)faɪ̯l/

/ˈɹʌsəfaɪ̯l/

/ˈɹʌʃəfaɪ̯l/

A person who loves the country, culture or people of Russia.


Russophobe

/ˈɹʌsə(ʊ̯)fəʊ̯b/

/ˈɹʌsəfoʊ̯b/

For the most part these commentators and critics were Russophobes of strongly hawkish views.

1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 7:

Someone who despises Russians, the country of Russia, or Russian influence.


House of Keys

Disputed. Possibly from keys (a Latin document from 1417 refers to Claves Mann and Claves Legis: the Keys of Mann and the Keys of Law); possibly from Norse verb kjósa, "to choose"; possibly from the Manx term kiare as feed, "twenty-four", because the House has always had 24 members.

(Isle of Man) The lower house of Tynwald, the Isle of Man parliament.


Drava

From historical Dravus, itself of unknown origin—either Celtic or Old European.

unk

unknown

A tributary of the Danube, in southern Central Europe.


Parliament

Alternative letter-case form of parliament, a specific parliament, particularly that of England or the United Kingdom.


Bolognese

(informal, of a pasta sauce) Made from minced meat, tomato and any combination of other ingredients.


Bolognese

en-noun

Bolognese (plural Bolognese or Bologneses)

Although their appearance might suggest that they are playful and rather happygolucky dogs, Bologneses are among the most serious and intelligent of breeds.

2012, Chas Newkey-Burden, The Dog Directory, Octopus:

(cynology) A dog of a small breed of the bichon type, originating in Italy.


matryoshka

matryoshka (plural matryoshkas or matryoshki)

matryoshkas (plural)
matryoshki (plural)

/ˌmætɹɪˈɒʃkə/

/ˌmɑtɹiˈoʊʃkə/

From Russian матрёшка (matrjóška), from personal name Матрёна (Matrjóna), formerly Матрона (Matrona), ultimately from Latin mātrōna (“matron”).

The past is not only a foreign country that we half knew existed; it is hiding another concealed country behind it, and behind that one, another, and another – like a set of Russian matryoshki, in which larger dolls conceal smaller.

2011, Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, Penguin, page 35:

One of a set of wooden Russian dolls of different sizes, designed such that each fits inside the next.


Russian Orthodox Church

One of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches.

Russies-Ortodokse Kerk

one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches

الكَنِيسَة الرُوسِيَّة الأُرْثُوذُكْسِيَّة


Rodina

From romanization of Russian ро́дина (ródina, literally “homeland”).


lockram

en-noun

lockram (countable and uncountable, plural lockrams)

From Locronan, the Breton town where it is said to have originated.


Limburger

Limburger (usually uncountable, plural Limburgers)

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Limburg.


Londonderry

From London + Derry, its name until the early 17th century when by decree of a charter granted by James I to a group of London merchants the current name was imposed.

County Londonderry
Londonderry (disambiguation)

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

One of the six traditional counties of Northern Ireland, known as County Londonderry or County Derry.


Romandy

The French-speaking part of Switzerland.


Roumanian

en-adj

Roumanian (comparative more Roumanian, superlative most Roumanian)

more Roumanian (comparative)
most Roumanian (superlative)


principate

en-noun

principate (countable and uncountable, plural principates)

Learned borrowing from Latin prīncipātus, referring to the titles prīnceps senātūs (“first among senators”) and prīnceps cīvitātis (“first among citizens”), adopted by Octavian Caesar Augustus in order to preserve the illusion of formal continuance of some aspects of the Roman Republic.

lbor

Coordinate term: dominate

1967, Richard Alexander Bauman, The Crimen Maiestatis in the Roman Republic and Augustan Principate, Witwatersrand University Press.:

The history of the courts and of judicial procedure during the principate is closely parallel to that of the government as a whole.

1972, H. F. Jolowicz, Barry Nicholas, A Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 395:

The transition from republic to Principate brought a new and potent factor into the legal picture of the Roman state, the princeps or emperor.

1978, A. Arthur Schiller, Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development, Walter de Gruyter (Mouton Publishers), page 463:

1996, Clare Krojzl (translator), Sebastian Hensel, III: From Diocletian to Alaric [1886, lecture notes], Theodor Mommsen (editor), A History of Rome Under the Emperors, C.H.Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Republished 2005, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), eBook, page 317,
The dominate of Diocletian and Constantine differs more sharply from the principate than the latter does from the Republic.

In the introductory chapter I had already started to examine how Tacitus' designation of the Augustan regime as a versus status potentially draws a line of continuity between the principate and the civil wars which that regime claims to have resolved.

2000, Ellen O'Gorman, Irony and Misreading in the Annals of Tacitus, Cambridge University Press, page 23:

(Ancient Rome) The early period of the Roman Empire, during which some characteristics of the government of the Roman Republic were retained; the reign of any particular emperor during said period.


Eurodeputy

An MEP (Member of the European Parliament).


Wenceslaus

Latinization of a Slavic (Old Czech) name, from Proto-Slavic *Vęťeslavъ (from *vęťьjь (“greater, more”) + *slava (“fame, glory”)). Doublet of Vyacheslav.

der

A male given name from the Slavic languages.


Aeroflot

From Russian Аэрофло́т (Aeroflót), from аэро- (aero-, “air”) + флот (flot, “fleet”).


TfL

Christian Wolmar, the transport historian and prospective Labour mayoral candidate, gives qualified approval to the idea that TfL is a hotbed of innovation.

2014 August 13, Gwyn Topham, “Open data and driverless buses: how London transport heads to the future”, in The Guardian:

Transport for London
w:Transport for London


fustanella

Borrowed from Greek φουστανέλα (foustanéla).

bor+

The doctor had always wanted a set of fustanella and had never been able to afford it.

1994, Louis de Bernières, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Minerva, published 1995, page 276:

A form of skirt or kilt traditionally worn by men in Albania, Greece and other parts of the Balkans.


Brezhnevian

en-adj

Brezhnevian (comparative more Brezhnevian, superlative most Brezhnevian)

more Brezhnevian (comparative)
most Brezhnevian (superlative)

Of or pertaining to Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982), General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964.


North Frisian Islands

A group of islands in the Wadden Sea, a part of the North Sea, off the western coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.


Northern Cyprus

A de facto state comprising the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus. Capital: North Nicosia.


russificatory

russificatory (comparative more russificatory, superlative most russificatory)

more russificatory (comparative)
most russificatory (superlative)

/ˌɹʌsɪfɪˈkeɪtəɹi/

In 1939, the russificatory policy was extended by the Soviet occupiers to the Belorussian lands which had been under Polish administration since 1919.

1992, Paul Wexler, ““Diglossia et schizoglossia perpetua – the fate of the Belorussian language””, in Sociolinguistica, volume 6, number 1, →DOI, page 42:

For them the only policy open was one of opposition to Tsarist russificatory advances in order to preserve the sanctity of Finland's constitution […]

2008, Christopher S. Browning, Constructivism, Narrative and Foreign Policy Analysis: A Case Study of Finland, page 102:


Kars

Crimean War
Kars
Kars Province
Siege of Kars

From Turkish Kars, Ottoman Turkish قارص (Kars), and Armenian Կարս (Kars). As a New Brunswick parish, named for the 1855 Siege of Kars in the Crimean War.

A civil parish and community of Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada.


Antonine

Of or pertaining to the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (86-161) or his reign or of the emperors in his dynasty

antonino

of or pertaining to the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius


Occitanie

administrative region
administrative region

An administrative region in southern France, created in 2016 by the merger of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées.


marz

From Armenian մարզ (marz). Doublet of march.

A first-level administrative entity in Armenia; usually translated as region in English.


Daugava

A river in Eastern Europe, flowing through Russia, Belarus and Latvia to the Gulf of Riga.


Sint Maarten

A dependent territory and constituent country of the Netherlands, located on the southern half of the island of Saint Martin in the Caribbean Sea. Capital: Philipsburg.


Republic of Lithuania

Calque of Lithuanian Lietuvos Respublika


Little Russian

(obsolete) The Ukrainian language, especially when (possibly erroneously) considered to be mutually intelligible with the Russian ("Great Russian") and Belarusian ("White Russian") languages.


Little Russian

A well-defined ethnical line is all that separates the Slovaks from the Magyars and the Little Russians.

1906, Thomas Čapek, The Slovaks of Hungary:

(historical, chiefly in a Russian Empire context) A native or inhabitant of Little Russia (i.e. Ukraine).


eparchy

Via Late Latin eparchia from Koine Greek ἐπαρχία (eparkhía, “province; prefecture”), from Ancient Greek ἔπαρχος (éparkhos, “commander, governor; prefect, eparch”) from ἐπι- (epi-, “on, upon; over”) + ἀρχός (arkhós, “ruler”); equivalent to epi- + -archy.

af

Eastern Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire

Western Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire

(historical, Ancient Greece, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire) A provincial government or office headed by an eparch in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire (akin to a prefecture governed by a prefect in the Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire)

Ancient Greece; Byzantine Empire; Ancient Greece; Byzantine Empire


ESTA

(European Union) Acronym of European Science and Technology Assembly.


Swiss Confederation

الاِتِّحَاد السُّوِيسْرِيّ

al-ittiḥād as-s(u)wisriyy, al-ittiḥād as-s(u)wīsriyy


Lisbonite

And the Lisbonites did not more disbelieve in, and dream less of their coming ruin, than Cecil did his, […]

1867, Ouida [pseudonym; Maria Louise Ramé], “After a Richmond Dinner”, in Under Two Flags: A Story of the Household and the Desert. […], volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, page 131:

The only true Lisbonite in our family is my sister, Tacha, who was born in 1992.

2006, Marco de Andrade, Em casa: a Portuguese family's favourite recipes, page 32:


Cappadocian

/kæpəˈdəʊʃən/


Cappadocian

/kæpəˈdəʊʃən/

Cappadocian Greek
Cappadocian Greek#English


Zaragozan

Saragossan; someone from Saragossa (Zaragoza)


Madrileño

en-adj

Madrileño (comparative more Madrileño, superlative most Madrileño)

more Madrileño (comparative)
most Madrileño (superlative)

Of or pertaining to Madrid, or to its inhabitants.


Barcelonian

From Barcelona or otherwise related to the city of Barcelona.


Sevillian

Of or pertaining to Seville, city in Spain.


Malagan

[…] in his handling of this affair; a Malagan ambassador praised his foresight and wisdom, which resulted in peace and tranquility in Malaga.

1974, Andrew Handler, The Zīrids of Granada:

From Málaga or otherwise related to the city of Málaga.


Malagan

1937, New York Time, February 14 1937, MALAGANS ACCLAIM AMERICAN 'SAVIORS'; Many Rightists Say They Owe Their Lives to the Edward Nortons of Memphis
Acclaimed by the Insurgent conquerors of Malaga as "saviors of hundreds of lives," Mr. and Mrs. Edward Norton of Memphis, Tenn., held open house today for grateful Malagans. The Nortons, who live in Villa los Pinos, overlooking the Mediterranean, admitted they had sheltered "lots of friends and friends of friends" during Leftist control of the city.


Bilbaoan

Arana, the son of a major Bilbaoan shipbuilder, set out to revitalize a flagging Basque consciousness. One of his major concerns was the restoration of the Basque language, Euskera, which had fallen to the status of a local patois

1984, Dorothy Legarreta, The Guernica generation: Basque refugee children of the Spanish Civil War:

Antonio's good grammar and mathematical skills landed him a job in the store of an old Bilbaoan friend of his uncle two blocks from the latter's residence.

1998, José C. Moya, Cousins and strangers: Spanish immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850-1930

From Bilbao or otherwise related to the city of Bilbao.


Bilbaoan

During the French occupation, Bilbaoans were likely to have been exposed to some French culture and influence.

1989, Barbara Rosen, Arriaga the Forgotten Genius: The Short Life of a Basque Composer:

Only about 10 percent of Bilbaoans speak Euskara, as compared with 35 to 40 percent of the inhabitants of Donostia. Such a contradiction is at the very core of both the difficulties and the dynamism of the Basque Country.

2007, William A. Douglass, Joseba Zulaika, Basque culture: anthropological perspectives:


Red Square

Calque of Russian Кра́сная пло́щадь (Krásnaja plóščadʹ), originally literally "beautiful square".

cal

Кра́сная пло́щадь

A large historical square in central Moscow.


head

the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Yugoslav state that existed from 1943 until 1992 (abbreviation SFRY).

Republka Socialiste Federative e Jugosllavisë

Jugoslaviako Errepublika Federal Sozialista

南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国

Nánsīlāfū shèhuìzhǔyì liánbāng gònghéguó

Socialistiske Føderative Republik Jugoslavien

Socialistische Federale Republiek Joegoslavië

République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie

iugoslaviis socialisṭuri pederaciuli resṗubliḳa

იუგოსლავიის სოციალისტური ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა

Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien

Sosialistikí Omospondiakí Dimokratía tis Giougkoslavías

Σοσιαλιστική Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γιουγκοσλαβίας

Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia

Jugoslavijos Socialistinė Federacinė Respublika

Socijalístička Federatívna Repúblika Jugoslávija

Социјали́стичка Федерати́вна Репу́блика Југосла́вија

Socjalistyczna Federacyjna Republika Jugosławii

República Socialista Federativa da Jugoslávia

República Socialista Federativa da Iugoslávia

Republica Socialistă Federativă Iugoslavia

Socialistíčeskaja Federatívnaja Respúblika Jugoslávija

Социалисти́ческая Федерати́вная Респу́блика Югосла́вия

Социјалѝстичка̄ Фе̏дератӣвна̄ Репу̀блика Југо̀сла̄вија

Socijalìstičkā Fȅderatīvnā Repùblika Jugòslāvija

Juhoslovanská Socialistická Federatívna Republika

Socialístična federatȉvna repúblika Jugoslávija

República Federal Socialista de Yugoslavia

Socialistiska federativa republiken Jugoslavien

Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti

yugoslawiye sotsiyalist fëdëral jumhuriyiti

يۇگوسلاۋىيە سوتسىيالىست فېدېرال جۇمھۇرىيىتى

Socialist Federal Republic of Jugoslavia


July Monarchy

A period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the February Revolution of 1848.


Boris bike

After former Mayor of London Boris Johnson, associated with the launch of the hire scheme.

Alan Waller, a sustainability analyst, says he is happy to be followed to the gym, provided the bikes are not referred to as "Boris bikes". "The scheme was secured under Ken Livingstone," he says. "Boris took all the credit. I try not to call them Boris bikes."

[2014 July 26, Paula Cocozza, “A day in the life of a London Boris bike”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

London’s blue “Boris bikes” are to be painted red under a seven-year sponsorship deal with Santander worth around £7m a year, it has been announced.

2015 February 27, Gwyn Topham, “‘Boris bikes’ to be painted red under Santander deal”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(UK, informal) A bicycle offered for hire in London, England as part of a bike-share scheme launched in 2010.


Julio-Claudian

of or relating to the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which ended with the death of Nero in the year 68 AD


Julio-Claudian

Someone from the Julio-Claudian dynasty.


Flavian

From the Latin Flaviānus, from Flavius + -ianus.

of or pertaining to the Flavian Dynasty, between the years 69 and 96 AD


Flavian

Someone who lived during the Flavian Dynasty.


Titoism

From Tito + -ism, named after Yugoslav communist leader Josip Broz Tito.

The political ideas or policies associated with Josip Broz Tito; in particular, an adaptation of Marxist-Leninist ideology, characterized by experiments with workers’ self-management instead of central planning and a foreign policy of independence from both the Soviet and Western blocs.


Valencian Community

autonomous community
autonomous community

An autonomous community of Spain located in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Area: 23,255 sq km (8,979 sq mi). Population (2009): 5,111,706. Historically, a kingdom also including the town of Caudete.


Midlander

The Midlanders will hope the victory will kickstart a campaign that looked to have hit the buffers, but the sense of trepidation enveloping the Reebok Stadium heading into the new year underlines the seriousness of the predicament facing Owen Coyle's men.

2011 December 10, Marc Higginson, “Bolton 1 - 2 Aston Villa”, in BBC Sport:

A native or inhabitant of the English Midlands.


antisoviet

en-adj

antisoviet (comparative more antisoviet, superlative most antisoviet)

more antisoviet (comparative)
most antisoviet (superlative)

(geopolitics) Opposing the Soviet Union.


Catalan Countries

The territories where Catalan is spoken, and these regions are Catalonia, Valencian Community, the Balearic Islands, the Aragon Strip and the Carxe (in Spain), the Northern Catalonia (in France), the Alghero (in Italy), and Andorra.


Solarium

From Latin Solarium Augusti (“Solarium of Augustus”).

A large monument in ancient Rome and its modern ruins.


Saint David's Day

The feast day of Saint David, patron saint of Wales, celebrated in Wales on March 1.

Gouel Dewi

the feast day of Saint David, patron saint of Wales


Kattegat

Borrowed from Dutch Kattegat (literally “cat's gate”), suggesting a narrow passage only a cat could squeeze through.

bor+

A body of water between Jutland and the Swedish mainland.


Strait of Otranto

A strait between Italy and Albania, connecting the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea.


Strait of Bonifacio

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

A strait between Corsica and Sardinia, connecting the Tyrrhenian Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea.


riksdaler

(historical) A unit of currency that was used in Sweden between 1777 and 1873.


rigsdaler

(historical) An obsolete unit of currency used in Denmark, Norway and Danish territories.

The Danish rigsdaler, used in Denmark until 1873

The Danish West Indian rigsdaler, used in the Danish West Indies until 1849

The Greenlandic rigsdaler, used in Greenland until 1874

The Norwegian rigsdaler, used in Denmark until 1873 and in Norway until 1816.


Strait of Sicily

A strait between Sicily and Tunisia, part of the Mediterranean Sea.


Strait of Gibraltar

A strait between Spain and Morocco, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.


Elbrus

The word is a metathesis of Alborz, which is from Persian البرز (alborz), from Middle Persian hlbwlc (Harborz), ultimately derived from Proto-Iranian *Harā Bṛzatī, a legendary mountain in Iranian mythology (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬁⸱𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (harā.bər^əzaⁱtī)). *Bṛzatī is the feminine form of the adjective *br̥jáns (“high”), the reconstructed ancestor of modern Northern Kurdish berz (“high, tall”) and modern Persian برز (borz, “high, tall”). Harā may be interpreted as "watch" or "guard", from a Proto-Indo-European root *ser- (“protect”).

cog

𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬁⸱𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍

An inactive volcano located in the western Caucasus mountain range, in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia. Elbrus's highest peak is the highest mountain in the Caucasus, and in Russia.


Bering Strait

A strait between Chukotka, Russia and Alaska, United States, linking the Arctic Ocean to the Bering Sea.


Lepontic

An extinct language attested in Europe until ~100BC, usually considered to be a member of the Celtic family.


black Irish

The same usage still prevails among the vulgar as in the phrases, ‘black Irish’, ‘black Dutch’, describing certain well known types of Celts and Teutons (Hollanders, probably), differing widely from the prevailing type of either race in respect of their black eyes and hair, and gypsy-like, tawny complexions.

1875 December, American Bibliopolist, p. 260

Those are the Black Oirish an' 'tis they that bring dishgrace upon the name av Oireland.

1888, Joseph Rudyard Kipling, Soldiers Three, page 84:

An Irish person or person of Irish descent with dark hair, eyes, and skin.


Brill

* As an English surname, from Brill in Buckinghamshire, said to be from Proto-Brythonic *breɣ (“hill”) + Old English hyll (“hill”).
* As a Dutch and north German surname, from Middle Low German brul (“low wetland”). Compare the variant Bruehl.
* Also as a German surname, from the noun Brille (“eyeglasses”).
* As a Jewish surname, from Hebrew בן [script needed] (rabi, “son of..”) followed by a Yiddish personal name, likely acronymic in origin.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

A neighbourhood of Elberfeld, Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.


Arc de Triomphe

From French Arc de Triomphe (“Arch of Triumph”).

bor

A war monument in Paris, France, designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806, started in 1808 and inaugurated in 1836.


kouign-amann

en-noun

kouign-amann (countable and uncountable, plural kouign-amann or kouign-amanns)

kouign-amann (plural)
kouign-amanns (plural)

Borrowed from Breton kouign-amann, from kouign (“brioche; bun; cake”) (ultimately from Latin cuneus (“wedge”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”)) + amann (“butter”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ- (“to anoint; to smear”)).

der

A traditional Breton cake made of layers of butter, dough, and sugar.


ECM

European Common Market
w:European Economic Community

(economics, European Union) Initialism of European Common Market.


Republika Srpska

Unadapted borrowing from Serbo-Croatian Republika Srpska.

ubor

In 1995, corralled into an airbase in Dayton, Ohio, their leaders agreed to a complex set of formulae that ended the conflict but left Bosnia with an awkward political legacy, formally splitting it into the Serb-dominated Republika Srpska (RS) and a federation of Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) and Croats.

2010 September 30, “So this is democracy”, in The Economist:

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina


Belgravian

en-adj

Belgravian (comparative more Belgravian, superlative most Belgravian)

more Belgravian (comparative)
most Belgravian (superlative)


Svealand

a historical region covering central Sweden


Scilly Islander

en-noun

Scilly Islander (plural Scilly Islanders)

A person from the Scilly Islands; a Scillonian.


European Portuguese

The Portuguese language as spoken and written in Portugal, particularly when it differs from other regional varieties of that language.

Europæisk portugisisk

Portuguese spoken and written in Portugal


BRICS

As shown by the BRICS expansion and the long waiting list to join, Xi’s offer of an alternative world order is finding receptive ears in the Global South, where many countries feel themselves marginalized in an international system they see as dominated by the US and its wealthy allies.

2023 August 28, “BRICS expansion is a big win for China. But can it really work as a counterweight to the West?”, in CNN:

(geopolitics, economics) Acronym of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa: an international economic organization comprising these fast-growing economies.


cœmeterium

An unadapted adoption of the Latin coemētērium. Doublet of cemetery.

After the rediscovery and opening of the other cœmeteria, the name belonging to this one cœmeterium was applied to all.

1913, Charles George Herbermann &al. [eds.] of the Knights of Columbus Catholic Truth Committee, The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, volume 3, Encyclopedia Press, page 418:

An ancient cemetery, churchyard, or burial ground.


(UK, rail transport) Initialism of High Speed 1, a high-speed railway between London and the Channel Tunnel.


St James's Palace

The office of the sovereign of the United Kingdom.


La Pérouse Strait

After Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, its discoverer.

A strait dividing the Russian island of Sakhalin in the north from the Japanese island of Hokkaido, and connecting the Sea of Japan on the west with the Sea of Okhotsk on the east.


Castile and León

autonomous communities
autonomous community

The largest of the autonomous communities of Spain, in the central north of the country.


Cullen skink

From Cullen (“a village and former royal burgh in Moray, Scotland, United Kingdom”) + skink (“(originally) pottage or soup made from a boiled joint of beef; pottage or soup made from other ingredients”).

CULLEN SKINK (Smoked Haddock Soup) […] Cullen is a fishing village and "skink" is the old Scots name for broth. It is a splendid soup, just right for wintry weather, especially in this modern version. […] Christopher Oakes, head chef of the Castle Hotel in Taunton, Somerset, has put together two traditional Scots soups, Cullen Skink (Smoked Haddock) and Cock-a-Leekie (Chicken Soup), to produce an interesting new soup.

1986, Elisabeth Lambert Ortiz, “Soups”, in From the Tables of Britain: Exploring Exciting English Cuisine in 250 Recipes, Lanham, Md., London: M. Evans, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, pages 102–103:

In Scotland he had no trouble eating haggis, stovies or Cullen skink. He still had trouble with porridge, however, and when it crept up on him disguised under the name of Highland Brose and containing cream, honey and whisky, it was transformed into a powerful emetic.

1992, Geoff Nicholson, chapter 5, in The Food Chain, Woodstock, N.Y.: The Overlook Press, →ISBN:

[…] Cullen skink is to the Hebrides what clam chowder is to New England. In fact, it's very similar to clam chowder, the main difference being that instead of clams, Cullen skink calls for smoked haddock.

2006 March, David Lansing, “HopScotching the Inner Hebrides”, in Christine Richard, editor, Islands, Winter Park, Fla.: Islands Media Corp., →OCLC, page 92, column 2:

Like most traditional Scottish cooking, Cullen skink is simple, rib-sticking fare made from a handful of ingredients. It starts with a smoked haddock, known locally as a finnan haddie. The fish is gently poached in milk with onions, then flaked. The bones may go back into the pot for simmering to make the base of the soup. The strained broth is then thickened with mashed potato, a delicious way for a cook to use up last night's leftovers. […] With the North Sea winds rattling the windows, there is comfort in a bowl of Cullen skink.

2007, “Soups and Salads”, in 1001 Foods to Die For, Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Publishing, →ISBN, page 124:

A thick soup made of smoked finnan haddock, milk, onions, and potatoes, a local speciality of Cullen in Moray, Scotland.

קאלן סקינק

thick soup made of smoked haddock, milk, onions, and potatoes


Tarragonan

en-adj

Tarragonan (comparative more Tarragonan, superlative most Tarragonan)

more Tarragonan (comparative)
most Tarragonan (superlative)


budyonovka

Borrowed from Russian будёновка f (budjónovka), after Semyon Budyonny, Семён Будённый (Semjón Budjónnyj).

(history) a distinctive type of hat and an essential part of the Red Army uniform during the Russian Civil War and later


Trollywood

(informal) The Swedish film industry located in Trollhättan.


Zantiot

An inhabitant of the Greek island of Zakynthos.


Jutlander

/ˈd͡ʒʌtlændəɹ/


Spanish Netherlands

(plural only, historical) The southern part of the Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) during and after the Eighty Years' War, ruled by Spain and lasting from 1581 to 1713.


Eighty Years' War

(historical) The conflict in the Low Countries against Spanish rule, from 1568 to 1648, that gradually turned into a Dutch war of independence.


Euston

It was replaced by a New Euston, "bold in design and layout and in keeping with a new railway era". Betjeman was unmoved, describing it tersely as "no masterpiece" and noting that its lack of platform seating made it an "inhuman structure" which seemed to ignore passengers.

2023 February 8, Greg Morse, “Crossing the border... by Sleeper”, in RAIL, number 976, page 45:

(rail transport) A large railway station in central London (OS grid ref TQ2982).

A village and civil parish (without a council) in West Suffolk district, Suffolk, England, previously in St Edmundsbury district (OS grid ref TL8979).

A small town in Balranald Shire, southern New South Wales, Australia.


claybeg

From Scottish Gaelic claidheamh beag (literally “small sword”). First attested in 1825 as Clay-beg.

bor

When Sir Walter Scott speaks, prior to 1715, of the inferiority of the claymore to the rapier, he refers not to the claybeg or Andrew Ferrara, now worn by the officers and sergeants of the Highland corps, and which has usurped the venerable name of the ancient Scottish weapon.

1835, letter to the editor of The United Service Magazine, page 109

(historical) The Scottish broadsword used during the Early Modern period.


sparapet

From Armenian սպարապետ (sparapet). Doublet of spahbed.

(historical) the hereditary title of the military commander-in-chief in ancient Armenia


quinquevirate

From Latin quīnquevirātus, from quīnquevirī (“quinquevirs”) + -ātus (“-ate”).

An official group of five people, especially a council of five men sharing office or rule.


Paytakaran

(historical) One of the provinces of Greater Armenia. Now in Azerbaijan.


Hnarakert

A town in ancient Armenia, at the border of Gugark and Utik provinces, on the Kura River; today in Qazax district, Azerbaijan.