Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

en-noun

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (plural Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics)

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (plural)

(historical, Soviet Union) a type of administrative unit created for certain nations, which had a status lower than the union republics of the Soviet Union, but higher than the autonomous oblasts and the autonomous okrugs

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union

type of administrative unit — see also ASSR

inkʻnavar xorhrdayin socʻialistakan hanrapetutʻyun

ինքնավար խորհրդային սոցիալիստական հանրապետություն

inkʻnavar sovetakan socʻialistakan hanrapetutʻyun

ինքնավար սովետական սոցիալիստական հանրապետություն

république socialiste soviétique autonome

avṭonomiuri sabč̣ota socialisṭuri resṗubliḳa

ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა

avtonómnaja sovétskaja socialistíčeskaja respúblika

автоно́мная сове́тская социалисти́ческая респу́блика

Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic

Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic

Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic


Volhynia

(historical) A region of Eastern Europe, now divided between Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus.

Wolhynia

spelling possibly influenced by German: Wolhynien or Polish: Wołyń; the is pronounced as in both languages


cheese-eating surrender monkey

cheese-eating surrender monkey (plural cheese-eating surrender monkeys)

cheese-eating surrender monkeys (plural)

Coined by American television writer and producer Ken Keeler in 1995, for the television series The Simpsons.

coin

Bonjour, you cheese-eating surrender monkeys!

1995 April 30, “'Round Springfield”, in The Simpsons, season 6, episode 22, spoken by Groundskeeper Willie (Dan Castellaneta):

In turn, we British may feel disillusioned with what's left of the special relationship, increasingly out of sympathy with American attitudes, and rather more in sympathy with the cheese-eating surrender monkeys and their friends across the Channel.

2003 April 12, Alexander Chancellor, “Europe still matters”, in The Guardian:

IN PRAISE OF CHEESE-EATING SURRENDER MONKEYS OR WASHINGTON FUNDAMENTALISTS VS PARISIAN MONKEYS

2005, Stephen Chan, Out of Evil: New International Politics and Old Doctrines of War, →ISBN, page 134:

It's all about the “French Paradox,” that much-publicized puzzle of how French people eat all that fatty food and drink tons of wine, yet still manage to be svelte and sophisticated, not to mention cheese-eating surrender monkeys.

2005, Julie Powell, Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen, →ISBN, page 178:

Maybe it's their French blood. If it is, we sure don't need cheese-eating surrender monkeys in the Kaw River Valley!

2008, Sara Paretsky, Bleeding Kansas, →ISBN, page 170:

We've lived with terrorism for years, and we know you can lick it, especially if we don't overreact and make unnecessary sacrifices of liberty in the name of security - for freedom is its own best defence. Between cheese-eating surrender monkeys and fire-eating war junkies, we look for a middle way.

2006 July 5, Timothy Garton Ash, “Between cheese-eating surrender monkeys and fire-eating war junkies”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2021-05-31:

But despite their seemingly rampant Anglophilia, there are still some things the French miss—a good steak tartare, for instance, or the chance to cheer on their rugby team without being shouted down as ‘cheese-eating surrender monkeys’.

2008 March 23, Elizabeth Day, “The great French love affair with la vie anglaise”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

Groundskeeper Willie called us cheese-eating surrender monkeys: he almost had it right. But it isn't just the French—as a species we are all cheese-eating surrender monkeys.

[2009, Douglas Coupland, Generation A, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 16:

(slang, derogatory, humorous) A French person.

The Simpsons
cheese-eating surrender monkeys


Mordor

Chinese: 魔多

Polish: Mordor

Russian: Мо́рдор (Mórdor)

Ukrainian: Мо́рдор (Mórdor)

/ˈmɔːdɔː(ɹ)/

J. R. R. Tolkien
Middle-earth
Mordor
Sauron

From Mordor, a bleak realm ruled by the dark lord Sauron, in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth. Tolkien created the name in his constructed language Sindarin, from morn (“dark, black”) and dôr (“land”).
Compare with Old English morþor (“murder”), murder, Greek μαυρός (mavrós, “dim”) and Latin mors (“death”).
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ukrainian Мо́рдор (Mórdor) or Russian Мо́рдор (Mórdor), both of those from the English word, alluding to it being the land of orcs.


smoked Irish

From the joint low status of blacks and the Irish in Britain and the United States during the 19th century.

(derogatory, ethnic slur, dated) Synonym of blacks: black people. Also By addition Irish and all people of Irish descent of the time regardless of color creed or religion.


Rovignese

Of, from or relating to the Croatian city of Rovinj.


Transpadane Gaul

As a proper noun, a calque of the Latin Gallia Trānspadāna; the common noun is probably a regularly formed demonym from the proper noun, although it is likely that its formation was prompted by the Latin Gallī Trānspadānī.

(history) Cisalpine Gaul north of the river Po.


Roya

A river and associated valley on the border of France and Italy


Vidzeme

A historical region in northeastern Latvia including Riga


New Denmark

A town in Brown County, Wisconsin, United States.


Novorossiya

From Russian Новоро́ссия (Novoróssija), from но́вый (nóvyj, “new”) + Росси́я (Rossíja, “Russia”).

(historical) An area north of the Black Sea which was conquered by the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century, located in present-day Ukraine.

Donetsk People's Republic
Donetsk People's Republic

Luhansk People's Republic
Luhansk People's Republic

A proposed confederation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, breakaway states involved in the ongoing Ukraine crisis.

Donbas

region where the proposed Novorossiya's members are in


Arsacid

From Latin Arsacides, from Arsacēs (“Arsaces I of Parthia”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣 (a-r-š-k /aršaka-/); see the Old Persian entry for more.

(historical) of or pertaining to the Parthian dynasty established by Arsaces I which ruled the Parthian Empire during 247 BC – 224 AD, Armenia during 54–428, as well as Iberia and Caucasian Albania

اشکانی

of or pertaining to the empire ruled by that dynasty


almud

From Spanish almud, from Andalusian Arabic المُدّ (al-mudd), from Arabic مُدّ (mudd), probably via Aramaic 𐡬𐡣𐡩𐡠 (mdyʾ) and מוֹדְיָא (moḏyā) or Classical Syriac ܡܘܿܕܝܳܐ (moḏyā) from Akkadian 𒉘𒈨𒌍 (/maddattu, middattu/, “kind of vessel, unit of volume”). Doublet of almude. Cognate with Ancient Greek μόδιος (módios), Latin modius, French muid, and Dutch mud.

der

An almud is a measure of volume rather than weight; an almud of wheat equals about 22 pounds and an almud of potatoes 20 pounds.

1990, Carmen Diana Deere, Household and Class Relations: Peasants and Landlords in Northern Peru, University of California Press, page 79:

Both sexes were equally familiar with and preferred the Spanish almud (equal to four quarts of seed), often rendered almo in Nahuatl, over any indigenous measure.

1997, Stephanie Wood, “Nahuatl Testaments of Rural Women”, in Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood, Robert Stephen Haskett, editors, Indian Women of Early Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press, page 174:

(historical) Synonym of celemin, a traditional Spanish unit of dry measure equivalent to about 4.6 liters.

celemin

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, highly variable depending on the location and the substance measured but generally between 3 and 20 liters.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of land area (nominally, the area cultivable by an almud of some particular seed), highly variable depending on the location.

(historical) Alternative form of almude, Portuguese forms of the same measure.


Putinland

(derogatory) Russia under the presidency of Vladimir Putin


Putinstan

(derogatory) Russia under the government of Vladimir Putin.


Euromaidan

2013, from Ukrainian Євромайда́н (Jevromajdán), from Євро́па (Jevrópa, “Europe”) + майда́н (majdán, “square”), named after Майда́н Незале́жності (Majdán Nezaléžnosti, “Independence Square”) in Kiev. Compare maidan.

Large-scale protests, like Euromaidan or the Arab Spring, tend to occur in waves clustered in time and space through the processes of cross-country political contention or diffusion.

2014 March 22, Farid Guliyev, Nozima Akhrarkhodjaeva, “Why Ukraine’s Euromaidan is not spreading to other post-Soviet states”, in Washington Post:

2016, January 7, Taras Kuzio, "Euromaidan Dreams Deferred", in Foreign Affairs Snapshot
At the heart of the Orange and Euromaidan revolutions was a demand by average Ukrainians for justice and dignity.

2016, June 1, Adam Hinton interviewed by Laura Snoad, "Adam Hinton's best photograph: an artist painting amid the Kiev uprising", The Guardian
In February 2014, it felt like the Euromaidan protests in Kiev's Independence Square, demanding closer integration with Europe, were reaching a peak.

A series of antigovernment protests in Ukraine that started in November 2013.

Avromeydan

series of anti-government protests in Ukraine


Vaux

English, Scottish, and French name, all from placenames in France derived from Old French val (“valley”).


Banderite

First attested in 1951. Borrowed from Ukrainian банде́рівець (bandérivecʹ) + -ite, from the surname of Stepan Bandera, a Ukrainian nationalist leader. Compare Russian банде́ровец (bandɛ́rovec).

bor+

банде́рівець

(sometimes derogatory) A nationalist Ukrainian.


Devon colic

Once common in Devon, England, as a result of the use of lead-lined cider presses.


Craven

A local government district in North Yorkshire, England.


Swiss Standard German

For instance, while the Swiss German word Färnseer (television set) derives from Fernseher, Hutte (tub) and Beige (pile) are Swiss German words that are now used also in Swiss standard German.

1990, Stephen Barbour, Patrick Stevenson, Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics, page 213:

The independent position of Swiss Standard German has been strengthened by Swiss neutrality and the recent German past.

1995, Michael G. Clyne, The German Language in a Changing Europe, page 47:

The form of the German language used for publishing, broadcasting and writing in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as distinguished from the Swiss German language used in speech.


double Gloucester

en-noun

double Gloucester (countable and uncountable, plural double Gloucesters)

Uncertain. Perhaps because cream from the morning milk was added to the evening milk, because the milk was skimmed twice, or because the cheese was typically twice the height of a single Gloucester.

A variety of Gloucester cheese, stronger and aged for longer than single Gloucester.


Adamstown

From Adam + -s- + town or Adams + town. The place on Pitcairn is named after John Adams, one of the mutineers who originally settled there. The place in Ireland is named for Adam Devereux, the one in Maryland for Adam Kohlenburg, and the one in Pennsylvania for William Addams.

Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands#English

The capital and only settlement of the Pitcairn Islands.


Bedfordian

One who is enrolled in or has graduated from Bedford School, England.


Balachka

From regional Russian бала́чка (baláčka, “conversation, chat”), from the regional Russian verb бала́кать (balákatʹ, “to talk, to chat”) (compare Ukrainian Ukrainian бала́чка (baláčka), бала́кати (balákaty)).

bor

The dialects spoken by Cossacks living in Russia, heavily influenced by Ukrainian dialects but features akanye, like standard and central Russian.


fening

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian fening, from German Pfennig. Doublet of penny and pfennig.

A currency unit worth one hundredth of a Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark.


Ukrainophobia

The fear, hostility or prejudice towards Ukrainians or Ukraine.


Limerick ham

en-noun

Limerick ham (countable and uncountable, plural Limerick hams)

The method was originally developed in County Limerick, Ireland.

Bacon smoked over juniper branches, boiled in cider, and baked for crispiness.


skirts and kidneys

An Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys.


gur cake

gur cake (countable and uncountable, plural gur cakes)

Possibly from gurrier, referring to children playing truant from school.

An Irish confection consisting of a thick layer of fruit-based filling between two thin layers of pastry.


Petersburgian

a native or inhabitant of Saint Petersburg


Triestine

A native or resident of the Italian city of Trieste.

Triestin

a native or resident of the Italian city of Trieste


maquia

From Portuguese maquia, from Andalusian Arabic مَكِيلَة (makíla), from Arabic مَكِيلَة (makīla, “measured”). Doublet of maquila.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of dry measure, equivalent to 0.8–1.2 liters in different 19th-century contexts.


Redingensian

a native or resident of Reading, Berkshire, South East England (in general)


Nasrid

(historical) a member of the last Arab Muslim dynasty in Spain, founded by Mohammed I ibn Nasr and ruling the Emirate of Granada from 1232 until 1492.


Přemyslid

From Czech Přemysl (the name of the family's legendary founder) + -id.

affix

(historical) A member of a medieval dynasty that reigned mainly in Bohemia and Moravia.


Rurikid

(historical) A member of the Rurik dynasty, founded by the Varangian prince Rurik.


pulpulak

A public fountain with potable water, common in Armenia.


Zuricher

From Zurich + -er, or from German Züricher.

The officer in command of the Zurichers instantly marched to sustain the post.

1834, John Warner Barber, An Account of the Most Important and Interesting Religious Events:

In the eastern parts of the Confederation, where the Zurichers had traditionally exercised influence, […] there was little left after the Kappel War to show for their earlier efforts.

2002, Bruce Gordon, The Swiss Reformation, page 135:

On March 6, the two Zurichers attended the Wednesday Psychological Society meeting in Vienna.

2008, George Makari, Revolution in Mind, page 205:


Gallicization

en-noun

Gallicization (countable and uncountable, plural Gallicizations)

From Gallicize + -ation, from Gallic + -ize, from Gallicus (“of or relating to Gaul and the Gauls”), used archaistically in New Latin and English in reference to modern France and the French. Cf. French gaulois and gallicisme.

The Gallicization of Algeria—at least the cities on its northern coast—was a national project for over a century.

Synonym of Frenchification, the act or process of making French of more French-like, especially in formal and academic contexts.


European moorhen

European moorhen (plural European moorhens)

Gallinula chloropus
Gallinula chloropus#Translingual

A member of the species Gallinula chloropus.


Rhinelander

A city, the county seat of Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States.


Shan Van Vocht

Phonetic rendering of the Irish phrase an tSeanbhean Bhocht ("The Poor Old Woman"), a traditional name for Ireland.


Land o' Cakes

In reference to the oatmeal cakes for which the country is famous.


Prince's Flag

A calque of the Dutch prinsenvlag, from prins (“prince”) + vlag (“flag”), so called because it was based on the Flag of Prince William of Orange-Nassau.

A Dutch historical flag, originally used by the Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years War, with three horizontal stripes: orange, white, and blue.


South Walian

Coordinate term: North Walian


Loaghtan

A sheep of a breed native to the Isle of Man, characterized by dark brown wool and usually four or occasionally six horns.


North Walian

Coordinate term: South Walian

Staging a match at the Stok Racecourse - the oldest stadium in the world still hosting international football - was therefore a means for Wales' players and staff to show their gratitude to their north Walian fans.

2023 October 11, Dafydd Pritchard, “Wales 4-0 Gibraltar”, in BBC Sport:


North Walian

Coordinate term: South Walian


Trajanian

en-adj

Trajanian (comparative more Trajanian, superlative most Trajanian)

more Trajanian (comparative)
most Trajanian (superlative)

Of or relating to Trajan (53–117 AD), emperor of Ancient Rome from 98 AD until his death.


Wycombe

From Old English wīċ (“village; bay”) + hām (“home; estate; village”). Doublet of Wickham.

An unincorporated community in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States.


Swiss Army penknife

en-noun

Swiss Army penknife (plural Swiss Army penknives)


Chelsea bun

From Chelsea + bun, since it was first created in the 18th century at the Bun House in Chelsea, London.

A spiral-shaped currant bun, spiced and coated with sugar.


skazka

From Russian ска́зка (skázka, “fairy tale”).


vatnik

Borrowed from Russian ва́тник (vátnik, literally “quilted jacket”). The sense of "unintelligent Russian patriot" was derived from the jackets worn by Soviet citizens and an online cartoon about a sentient jacket known by the same name.
The term was popularized in Russia in 2011 and re-popularized at large in 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to refer to supporters of the invasion, especially online users, even if they are not from Russia. Reflecting usage in Ukrainian and Russian, the term was later extended to refer to Russian soldiers who were involved in war against Ukraine.

bor

Vatnik, originally a name of a warm cotton-padded Russian jacket that is still used sometimes in rural areas, has a broad meaning of all people with imperial Russian ideology.

2015 January 5, Oksana Grytsenko, “Ukrainian wartime glossary: Ukrop, Vatnik and more”, in Kyiv Post (news), →ISBN:

A vatnik basically refers to a Russian who is not too bright and who loves him some Putin.

2017, Erin Coyne, Igor Fisun, What They Didn't Teach You in Russian Class: Slang Phrases for the Cafe, Club, Bar, Bedroom, Ball Game and More, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

To mock the audience and depict the Russian man as a vatnik [uneducated hurray patriot] or a gopnik [in English: chav] seems totally inappropriate to me.

2017, Lena Jonson, Andrei Erofeev, Russia - Art Resistance and the Conservative-Authoritarian Zeitgeist, Routledge, →ISBN:

At first, vatniks were pro-Russian citizens, in the view of some, Sovietized lumpenproletariat, who supported the separation of Crimea and close ties with [Russia].

2017, Anna Matveeva, Through Times of Trouble: Conflict in Southeastern Ukraine Explained from Within, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 198:

[…] many pro-Maidan FB-users whose posts I analysed saw themselves as nothing less than the standard-bearers of civilization: 'The work on vatniks requires huge eﬀorts, but this is what distinguishes civilization from barbarism' (FB-user 15, Kyiv).

2020, Natalia Knoblock, Language of Conflict: Discourses of the Ukrainian Crisis, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 109:

(derogatory) An unintelligent Russian patriot.

վատնիկ

unintelligent Russian patriot, supporter of Russian aggressive policies (derogatory)

黄俄

specifically pro-Russian nationalist Chinese

(derogatory, Internet slang, neologism, by extension) A supporter of Vladimir Putin, Russian nationalism, or the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; a Putinist.


kokoshnik

en-noun

kokoshnik (plural kokoshniks or kokoshniki)

Borrowed from Russian коко́шник (kokóšnik), meaning "like [the crest or comb of] a hen".

bor+

A traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan.

како́шнік

a traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls


sarafan

From Russian сарафа́н (sarafán), from Turkic, from Persian سراپا (sarâpâ, literally “from head to foot”). Doublet of sarapa.

der

A traditional long, trapeze-shaped Russian pinafore worn by women and girls.

սարաֆան

a traditional long, trapeze-shaped Russian pinafore worn by women and girls.


ESOC

(ESA, European Union, space science) Initialism of European Space Operations Centre.


ESTEC

w:European Space Research and Technology Centre

(European Union, space science) Initialism of European Space Research and Technology Centre.


Khutsuri

An ecclesiastical Georgian writing system, combining Nuskhuri script with Asomtavruli illuminated capitals, principally used in hagiography, and currently supported by a few supporters.


Wagnerite

Until international law settles the status of PMCs, the Kremlin will continue to use them in the international arena. According to Reuters, about 400 ‘Wagnerites’ have been recently sent to Venezuela to protect president Nicolas Maduro.

2019 January 31, Denis Shpigov, “Wagner group: Mercenaries protecting Kremlin’s interests worldwide”, in BelsatTV, archived from the original on 2023-03-15:

Wagnerites: "We need more drones, ideally armed. And MRAPs, and more thermal sights, and better comms, and new helicopters to replace those lost..."
Prigozhin: "Best I can do is another movie"

2021 December 5, @AbraxasSpa, Twitter, retrieved 2023-03-15:

“The enemy again made a desperate attempt to storm the city of Soledar from different directions and threw the most professional units of the Wagnerites into battle,” Ukraine’s military said on Monday, echoing comments made by Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, on Sunday.

2023 January 9, Peter Beaumont, “Ukraine reinforces Bakhmut defences amid relentless Russian assault”, in The Guardian:

"We will not leave Bakhmut," vowed Prigozhin in his audio message. "We'll simply die in double the numbers until all [the Wagnerites] are finished. And when the Wagnerites are completely finished, most likely Shoigu and Gerasimov will have to pick up machine guns."

2023 February 22, Paul Kirby, “Russian Wagner chief Prigozhin blames ammunition shortage for high deaths”, in BBC News:

(military) A mercenary from the Wagner Group PMC.


Richmonder

Richmond upon Thames
Richmond upon Thames

(rare) A native or inhabitant of Richmond upon Thames, London.


Holodomor

/ˌhɒlədəˈmɔː(ɹ)/

Late 1980s, from Ukrainian Голодомо́р (Holodomór), from го́лод (hólod, “hunger, famine”) + мор (mor, “mass death, exhaustion”). Compare мори́ти (morýty, “kill by hunger or exhaustion”, verb). Not related to Holocaust.

another famine that affected Kazakhstan during Soviet times

In 1928 the village was divided into kulaks, middle-peasants, and poor peasants: "this was the beginning of the planned murder-famine (holodomor)."

1990, Oral History of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, volume 2, Washington, DC: Commission on the Ukraine Famine, page 1034:

This article argues that English studies about the Holodomor should focus on the historical conditions that led to it, through study and interpretation of narrative (political, media, religious, and testimonial) texts.

1995, The English Quarterly, vv 27–29, Toronto: Canadian Council of Teachers of English, p 49

There are sophists who retort that Mr. Duranty was recognized for what he wrote before he bore false witness about the Holodomor, as Ukrainians refer to this genocide.

2004, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, Not Worthy: Walter Duranty’s Pulitzer Prize and the New York Times, Kingston, Canada: Kashtan Press, p 152

Recalling the Joint Statement on the 70th anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) that was circulated as an official document of the United Nations General Assembly and in which Holodomor was officially recognized as the national tragedy of the Ukrainian people, caused by the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime, […]

2007, Remembrance of Victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in Ukraine, Paris: Unesco General Conference, annex p 1

The resolution, which will be jointly brought to the vote next week by the three governing parties and conservative opposition leaders, will describe the 1932–33 Holodomor as part of “a list of inhuman crimes by totalitarian systems that extinguished millions of human lives in Europe in the first half of the 20th century”.

2022 November 25, Philip Oltermann, “Germany set to declare starvation of Ukrainians under Stalin a genocide”, in The Guardian:

(historical) The 1932–33 famine affecting rural Ukraine and other territories of the Soviet Union, a result of the forced collectivization of land-owning peasants by the Soviet government.


rest of the UK

The parts of the United Kingdom outside of, or without, Scotland.


devo max

Clipping of devolution maximum. First attested in 2009http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qa9DAQAAIAAJ&q=%22devo+max%22&dq=%22devo+max%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=xoQRVJbvE4T07Ab604G4Bg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBTge.

We will know soon enough whether Cameron's was a masterly piece of nerve keeping, or the fatal blunder that broke the union of 1707. In 2012, Salmond gave some listeners the impression that devo max is what he really wanted. Whatever the outcome, Fleet Street's introspective pundits will say: "I told you so", and make dire predictions for the future, which are likely to be off the mark.

2014 September 8, Michael White, “Roll up, roll up! The Amazing Salmond will show a Scotland you won't believe”, in The Guardian:

(UK, politics) Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland.


Clackmannanshire

Perth and Kinross
Perth and Kinross#English

A council area of Scotland (one of 32 created in 1996) bordering the council areas of Stirling, Fife, and Perth and Kinross.


Irish potato

(US) A potato, distinguished from a sweet potato.


Calque of Russian груз-200 (gruz-200), груз-две́сти (gruz-dvésti). Various theories exist regarding the Russian term.

(code word, euphemistic) Casualties for transportation in the Soviet and modern Russian military. In official use, cargo 200 refers to bodies contained in zinc-lined coffins, but in a military context it may be used for dead bodies as they are transported from the battlefield.

Cargo 200
Cargo 200 (code name)
Cargo 200 (film)


High Germany

From its higher elevation than Low Germany.

Since the reign of Charlemagne, this country is divided into High and Low Germany: the firſt, towards the ſouth, comprehending the Palatinate of the Rhine, Franconia, Suabia, Bavaria, Bohemia, Moravia, Auſtria, Carinthia, Carniola, Stiria, Tyrol, the Swiſs, and the Griſons...

1759, George Sale et al., “The Modern Part of an Universal History”, in History of the German Empire, volume XXIX, page 2:

(dated) Southern Germany, a region of high-lying land of the German people in Central Europe around the Alps.


vyshyvanka

en-noun

vyshyvanka (plural vyshyvankas or vyshyvanky)

vyshyvankas (plural)
vyshyvanky (plural)

From Ukrainian вишива́нка (vyšyvánka). Compare Belarusian вышыва́нка (vyšyvánka).

Traditional Ukrainian and Belarusian clothing, featuring elements of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic embroidery.

вышыва́нка

traditional Ukrainian and Belarusian clothing


Sovietize

en-verb

Sovietize (third-person singular simple present Sovietizes, present participle Sovietizing, simple past and past participle Sovietized)

Sovietizes (present singular third-person)
Sovietizing (participle present)
Sovietized (participle past)
Sovietized (past)

(transitive) To adapt to the sociopolitical standards of the Soviet Union.

sovjetizoj

to adapt to the sociopolitical standards of the Soviet Union


Britfag

inb4 all the Britfags come in defending their precious "food"

This is just one Britfag's opinion…
If you lot are willing to vote a creationist into the second most powerful position in the world, you deserve what ever^([sic]) you get, you fucking 6,000 B.C. faggots.

2008 September 17, Obscene Dog [username], “Re: Anonymous Hacks Sarah Palin's Yahoo E-Mail”, in alt.religion.scientology (Usenet):

Britfags are descendants of the losers who stayed in the British isles^([sic]) and kowtowed to the faggot Stuart queens like James I, and Charles Iand II.

2011 July 23, gus, “Re: OT: Lucien Freud”, in rec.motorcycles (Usenet):

The idea that split infinitives are not OK was invented by pretentious Britfags who had Latin molested into them when they were schoolboys, right along with the Oxford comma.

2013 March 3, GLOBALIST [username], “BBC article on Grammar Nazis "Please see me after class"”, in soc.retirement (Usenet):

(Internet slang, derogatory) A person from the United Kingdom.


Norwegianisation

en-noun

Norwegianisation (countable and uncountable, plural Norwegianisations)

(UK) Alternative form of Norwegianization


Northern England English

A group of dialects of the English language found in Northern England.


Swisserland

“As soon as my aunt gets well, I shall go abroad,” said he. I shall never be easy till I have seen some of these places. You will have my sketches, some time or other, to look at—or my tour to read—or my poem. I shall do something to expose myself.” “That may be—but not by sketches in Swisserland. You will never go to Swisserland. Your uncle and aunt will never allow you to leave England.”

1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter VI, in Emma: […], volume III, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 108:

Swiss Confederation
Swiss Confederation#English

(obsolete) Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe; official name: Swiss Confederation; capital: Bern (de facto))


Salzburgian

[…]one crosses over the Grand Place, on which stands the Cathedral, to the Mozart Place, so called from a statue of the celebrated composer, of whom the Salzburgians are so proud, and thence past the Government Palace to the Cajetan gate, and along the river to the new bridge.

1867, A Reminiscence of 1859, Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country, volume 76, page 384:

Mozart often made merry over the Salzburgians; he called them stupid and envious.

2006, Friedrich Kerst, Mozart: the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His Own Words, page 61:

Jackie and I strolled down the streets, each balancing a beverage and provoking many curious stares from passing Salzburgians.

2010, Nita Farrier, The Grande Tour, page 18:


strelets

Borrowed from Russian стреле́ц (streléc).

(historical) A unit of Russian guardsmen from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed with a firearm.

страле́ц

(historical) a unit of Russian guardsmen from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed with a firearm


Eurafrican

/jəˈɹæfɹəkən/

From Euro- (prefix meaning ‘pertaining to Europe’) + African (adjective, noun), probably modelled after Eurasian. Compare Euroafrican, Euro-African, which are attested earlier.

affix

Of or relating to the continents of, or countries in, both Europe and Africa; having both European and African characteristics.

euro-afrikkalainen

of or relating to the continents of, or countries in, both Europe and Africa; having both European and African characteristics

Of a person: of mixed European and African descent; (specifically, South Africa) synonym of colored (“belonging to a multiracial ethnic group or category, having ancestry from more than one of the racial groups of Southern Africa (black, white, and Asian)”)

eurooppalais-afrikkalainen

of a person: of mixed European and African descent

(anthropology, archaic) Of a person: from the parts of Europe and North Africa surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

Välimereltä

of a person: from the parts of Europe and North Africa surrounding the Mediterranean Sea


Soviet Russia

The unofficial term used for the former Russian Republic for a short period after its collapse - from 7 November 1917 (October Revolution) to 19 July 1918 (1st RSFSR Constitution) or to 30 December 1922 (Treaty on the Creation of the USSR). Also used to refer to the Soviet Union as a whole in the early stages.


Acarnania

A region in west-central Greece that lies along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia.


kompromat

en-noun

kompromat (countable and uncountable, plural kompromats)

Borrowed from Russian компрома́т (kompromát), short for компромети́рующий материа́л (komprometírujuščij materiál, “compromising material”). KGB slang from the Stalin era.

Many observers have commented that, with so many Russian newspapers and TV channels now controlled by oligarchs or powerful organisations, kompromat is now a regular feature in the supposedly independent press.

If your car has a bunch of data that's useful to stalkers, it's only because the car manufacturers have turned cars into rolling surveillance platforms that spy on their drivers constantly […] If Big Car is worried that used vehicles are full of nonconsensually collected kompromat, maybe they could, you know, just stop collecting all that data?

2020 September 3, Cory Doctorow, “Big Car says Right to Repair will MURDER YOU”, in Pluralistic:

Compromising material, blackmail material, (real or fabricated) evidence that a person does not want revealed, dirt.


Rives

A placename
One of two communes in France.


Soviet Jewnion

(derogatory, informal, neologism) the Soviet Union, viewed as being under the control and influence of Jews.


Ded Moroz

Borrowed from Russian Дед Моро́з (Ded Moróz, “Old Man Frost”).

bor

A fictional man in Slavic culture who delivers presents to children on New Year's Eve.


Mossos d'Esquadra

/ˌmɒsəʊz dɪˈskwɑːdɹə/

/ˌməʊsəʊz dɪˈskwɑːdɹə/

Unadapted borrowing from Catalan Mossos d'Esquadra (literally “team officers”).

unadapted borrowing

Coordinate term: Ertzaintza

Although Puigdemont has resisted internal political pressure to now formally declare Catalan independence, he has refused to rule out the move, which would escalate tensions further and could pit the regional police force, the Mossos d’Esquadra, against the thousands of Spanish Guardia Civil and national police officers deployed in Catalonia.

2017 October 22, Sam Jones, “Catalonia weighs up declaration of independence”, in the Guardian:


LPR

Coordinate term: DPR

Lugansk People's Republic
Lugansk People's Republic#English

Luhansk People's Republic
Luhansk People's Republic#English

Initialism of Lugansk People's Republic. or Initialism of Luhansk People's Republic.


Danify

en-verb

Danify (third-person singular simple present Danifies, present participle Danifying, simple past and past participle Danified)

Danifies (present singular third-person)
Danifying (participle present)
Danified (participle past)
Danified (past)


Danicize

Danicize (third-person singular simple present Danicizes, present participle Danicizing, simple past and past participle Danicized)

Danicizes (present singular third-person)
Danicizing (participle present)
Danicized (participle past)
Danicized (past)

Christian Levin Sander must be deemed one of the most successful dramatic authors of Denmark. His writings are multifarious, both in German and Danish. […] The Eropolis is a drama intended to Danicize the Italian opera; it is agreeably written, but deserves no praise beyond this.

1830, “Art. II.—1. Dansk-norsk Litteraturlexicon. (Danish and Norse Literary Lexicon.) Kjöbenhavn. 1818. 2 vols, 4to. 2. Den Danske Digtekunsts Middelalder fra Arrebo til Tullin fremstillet i Academiske Forelæsinger holdne i Aarene, 1798–1800. Af Professorne Rahbek og Nyerup. (Middle Epoch of Danish Poetry from Arrebo to Tullin, being Lectures delivered in the Academical Sittings from 1798 to 1800. By Professors Rahbek and Nyerup.) Kjöbenhavn. 1805. 2 vols. 12mo.”, in The Foreign Quarterly Journal, volume VI, number IX, London: Treuttel and Würtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter, 30, Soho Square; Black, Young, and Young, Tavistock Street, →OCLC, page 76:

Denmark, with a view of bringing about the incorporation of the Duchy, considers it useful, for the colouring of her lawless proceeding, to Danicize the rising generation. In a large number of districts, where from time immemorial German has been spoken in school and church, the Danish idiom is forced upon the people.

1861, Karl Blind, “They Shall Remain Together.” An Outline of the State of Things in Schleswig-Holstein, London: Trübner and Co., 60, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC, section VIII, page 14:

[W]hat your correspondent says that the Government has no intention to suppress the German language in South Schleswig, is precisely the point in dispute. There are not a few who imagine that it is the intention of Government gradually to promote the Danicizing (to coin a word) of the country as far as the Eider; […]

1861 October 1, “Denmark. The Schleswig-Holstein Question.”, in Evangelical Christendom: Its State and Prospects, volume XV, number II (New Series), London: Published by William John Johnson, 121, Fleet-Street; Edinburgh: John Menzies; Dublin: Curry and Co., and all booksellers, →OCLC, page 617, column 2:

[T]he Greenland Eskimo of the present day are comparatively little altered from their ancestors a century ago, except that they now profess Christianity. It may be that they still live on in the good old way, subjects of the Dane, but not Danicised except in a few unimportant matters.

1876 October, “Art. II.—Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, with a Sketch of Their Habits, Religion, Language, and Other Peculiarities. By Dr. Henry Rink, Director of the Royal Greenland Board of Trade. Translated from the Danish by the Author, and Edited by Dr. Robert Brown; with numerous illustrations, drawn and engraved by Eskimo. London. 1875.”, in The Quarterly Review, volume 142, number 284, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC, page 353:

[T]he Danish priests who entered Faroese society after the Reformation were quickly ensnarled in the web of Faroese kinship. Committed to the system of land tenure upon which their own prosperity and the fortunes of their heirs were based, they did not significantly danicize the Faroes.

1987, Jonathan Wylie, “Church, King, Company, and Country: The Reformation and Its Aftermath, 1540–1709”, in The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History, Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, →ISBN, page 34:

On 10 June 1967 he [Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark] married Princess Margrethe, who became Queen Margrethe II in 1972, and his name was Danicized to Henrik.

2016, Alastair H. Thomas, “HENRIK, PRINCE CONSORT (1934– )”, in Historical Dictionary of Denmark, 3rd edition, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 258:


Legion of Honour

(British spelling) Alternative form of Legion of Honor


Europocentric

en-adj

Europocentric (comparative more Europocentric, superlative most Europocentric)

more Europocentric (comparative)
most Europocentric (superlative)


East London

The northeastern part of London, the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England.


uyezd

(historical) An administrative subdivision of Muscovy, the Russian Empire, and the early Russian SFSR, in use from the 13th century.


Italophobia

From Italo- + -phobia. Attested since the 19th century.

A fear of or aversion towards the Italian people or culture.

italophobie

Fear of or aversion towards the Italian people or culture


Indyref

Abbreviation of independence referendum.

In the first foreign policy initiative launched in Edinburgh since 1707, senior SNP figures have begun an intense round of behind-the-scenes meetings with foreign dignitaries as they prepare the ground for next year's indyref.

2013 October 23, David Leask, “SNP’s mission to woo the world”, in The Herald, Glasgow, archived from the original on 2017-05-17:

Experienced politicians were surprised by the astounding vitality that the indyref unleashed.

2014 September 23, Peter Jones, “Referendum shows the power of people”, in The Scotsman, Edinburgh, archived from the original on 2017-05-17:

Coming exactly a year after the same “impossible” moment when the Yes vote hit 51 per cent before the indyref, this concerted and hysterical attack will have stirred memories and prompted sympathy among fellow Trident and austerity-opposing Yes voters.

2015 September 13, Lesley Riddoch, “Corbyn could play well with Scots”, in The Scotsman, Edinburgh, archived from the original on 2016-03-24:

My only regrets are thatbrad T2 failed to get to grips with the new era of #indyref and Scottish national identity – for which Renton's famous "shite" speech helped plant a tiny seed in 1996 – and that the second film didn't give the women characters much to do, especially the excellent Kelly Macdonald and Shirley Henderson.

2017 January 19, Peter Bradshaw, “T2 Trainspotting review – choose a sequel that doesn’t disappoint”, in The Guardian, London, archived from the original on 2017-01-20:

(Scotland, informal) The Scottish independence referendum held on 18 September 2014.


Ashford

From Old English æscet (“a clump of ash trees”) + ford or, alternatively, from æsc (“an ash tree”) + ford. Equivalent to ash + ford.

Cattaraugus County
Cattaraugus County#English

A number of places in the United States:


Romanology

From Romano- (“Romania, Romanians”) + -ology.

(humanities) The study of Romania and its people.


Krampus

A beast in the folklore of Alpine countries, said to punish misbehaving children during the Christmas season.


Eurocentristic

Eurocentristic (comparative more Eurocentristic, superlative most Eurocentristic)

more Eurocentristic (comparative)
most Eurocentristic (superlative)


Ararat plain

Vahag lives on the Ararat plain, where it is very hot in summers and cold in winters.

It is of note that the largest Urartian fortresses in the Ararat plain–Argishtihinili, Aramus, and Artashat—were located on the three primary routes into, and out of the plain, suggesting an abiding concern for the exchange of resources with other regions of empire.

2003, Adam T Smith, The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities:

A fertile plain of the Armenian Highland in the middle valley of the Araks river.


Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (canonical)

Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic — see also Armenian SSR

Haykakan Sovetakan Socʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyun

Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն

Haykakan Xorhrdayin Socʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyun

Հայկական Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն

Haykakan Sovetakan Socʻialistakan Ṙespublika

Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Ռեսպուբլիկա

somxetis sabč̣ota socialisṭuri resṗubliḳa

სომხეთის საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა

Armjánskaja Sovétskaja Socialistíčeskaja Respúblika

Армя́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика


Europhiliac

One who loves Europe or the European Union.


Europhobe

The libertarian right of the Consservative Party, many of them diehard Europhobes, privately referred to the health minister and his advisers as "the Gestapo" for their faith in enforced lockdowns.

One who dislikes Europe or the European Union.


Italian Peninsula

A large peninsula in Southern Europe protruding into the Mediterranean Sea and shaped like a boot. The mountain range of Apennines runs across it from north to south. Occupied almost entirely by Italy.


krupnik

A traditional alcoholic drink made from vodka (or other grain spirit) and honey, popular in Poland, Belarus, and Lithuania.


put him in to get him out

Coined by Irish revolutionary Michael Collins.

coin

(Ireland, politics, historical) An election poster catchphrase, and rallying cry, for imprisoned Republicans to be elected to parliament.


Grexit

We raise our estimate of the likelihood of Greek EA exit (‘Grexit’) to 50% over the next 18 months, from 25-30% previously. This is mostly because we consider the willingness of EA creditors to continue providing further support to Greece despite Greek non-compliance with programme conditionality to have fallen substantially.

2012 February 6, Willem Buiter, Ebrahim Rahbari, “Rising Risks of Greek Euro Area Exit”, in Willem H. Buiter, archived from the original on 2016-08-16:

Citigroup economists Willem Buiter and Ebrahim Rabhari revised their predictions of a Greek exit from the eurozone—or "Grexit"—in the next 18 months up to 50 percent from 25-30 percent in November.

2012 February 7, Simone Foxman, “CITI'S BUITER: There's A 50% Chance Of A Greek Exit From The Eurozone And Here's How It Would Happen”, in Business Insider:

The bankers, however, were alarmingly precise: amid all the speculation about Grexit, they told me, banks are increasingly reordering their European exposure along national lines, in terms of asset-liability matching (ALM), just in case the region splits apart.

2012 May 25, Gillian Tett, “Beware Hidden Costs as Banks Eye ‘Grexit’”, in Financial Times:

Throughout 2012, economists speculated on the likelihood of the Grexit by 2013.

2013, Words You Should Know: 2013, F+W Media, page 100:

Around the middle of 2012, speculation was rife about the likelihood of the so-called Grexit.

2014, Alison McDonnell, “Solidarity, Flexibility, and the Euro-Crisis: Where do Principles Fit In?”, in The EU After Lisbon, page 72:

Grexit, in short, would have left the way open to German monetary independence.

2014, Jonathan Story, “The Euro Crisis and German Primacy”, in The Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe, page 117:

Regarding the relationship with the EU after the Grexit he remains agnostic.

2015, Stavros Mavroudeas, Greek Capitalism in Crisis: Marxist analyses, page 91:

(politics) The potential withdrawal of Greece from the Eurozone.


Faroe Islander

an inhabitant of the Faroe Islands (Faroes)


necropants

From necro- + pants, a calque of Icelandic nábrók.

Most of the occult practices they were accused of were simply old Viking traditions, though the necropants (see right) and grimoires (magic books) on display were proof enough for the local witch-hunters.

[…] make sure you wear your new necropants under your regular pants.

2013, Kathy Benjamin, Funerals to Die For, →ISBN, page 208:

These people do not know about the rich tradition of necropants, a wealth-attracting good-luck garment.

2016, Atlas Obscura: An Explorer's Guide to the World's Hidden Wonders, →ISBN:

(historical) A pair of pants made from the skin of the lower half (below the waist) of a dead man, used by medieval Icelandic sorcerers to obtain money.


Bow Street Runner

en-noun

Bow Street Runner (plural Bow Street Runners)

They were formally affiliated with the magistrate's office in Bow Street, Westminster, London.

(colloquial, historical) A member of an early police force founded in 1742 in London, England.


Lambeth

en-proper noun

Lambeth (countable and uncountable, plural Lambeths)

The name is recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha, from Old English lamb (“lamb”) + hȳþ (“hithe, landing-place”), and in 1255 as Lambeth. Equivalent to lamb + hithe.

A habitational surname from Old English.


double napoleon

en-noun

double napoleon (countable and uncountable, plural double napoleons)

From its value of twice the 20-franc napoleon.

(countable, historical numismatics, slang) A former 40-franc gold coin issued by France.


Russianist

A person who studies Russian language, culture or history.

ռուսագետ

a person who studies Russian language, culture or history


veghar

From Armenian վեղար (veġar). Doublet of velarium.

All wear this, but only the celibate priests and higher clergy may cover it with a large black veil (veghar) which hangs down behind.

1913, Adrian Fortescue, The Lesser Eastern Churches, page 436:

Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Apostolic Church

The pointed conic cowl worn by the celibate clergy of the Armenian Apostolic Church, including abeghas, bishops and the catholicos.

վեղար

the pointed conic cowl worn by the celibate clergy of the Armenian Apostolic Church


abegha

(ecclesiastical) A celibate priest or monk of the Armenian Apostolic Church; a hieromonk.

աբեղա

a celibate priest or monk of the Armenian Apostolic Church


cybernat

Clipping of cybernationalist as a play on cybernaut, said to have been coined by British politician George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock (born 1942): see the 5 July 2012 quotation.

He [Iain Gray] added: “Back in May I asked Alex Salmond to get a grip of these ‘cyber nats’ bloggers. At the time they were spreading rumours about me and other politicians as well. I think Alex Salmond has to come to parliament, apologise, and explain just exactly what has gone on.”

2009 November 29, “Parties Demand Salmond Holds Blog Smear Inquiry”, in BBC News, archived from the original on 2009-12-02:

The time could not be more crucial, with the referendum on Scottish independence only two years away, and fears emerging that the war of words between so-called ‘cybernats’ and ‘cyberbrits’ could distort or even stifle mainstream political discourse. Labour peer Lord Foulkes claims crediting for coining the term cybernat to describe Nationalists and supporters of independence who conduct rhetorical guerrilla warfare on Twitter, Facebook and the comment threads of newspaper websites. Rather than initiating discussions about policy or ideas, cybernats demonise those opposed to the SNP and independence and dismiss them as, inter alia, cowardly, unpatriotic, and even traitorous.

2012 July 5, “Cybernats and Cyberbrits: How Do They Affect Mainstream Political Debate?: Scotland Tonight Discusses the Phenomenon of Abusive Online Comments and Attacks”, in STV, archived from the original on 2016-10-27:

Currently, he [Craig Murray, former British ambassador to Uzbekistan] openly presents himself as a 'vauntie cybernat, former ambassador, and human rights activist', keeping him in sync with the alternative diplomatic culture he always practised, though he now freely engages in the everyday ambassadorship he once struggled to legitimate among his peers.

2015, Jason Dittmer, Fiona McConnell, editors, Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives (Routledge New Diplomacy Studies), Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN:

The much-vaunted phenomenon of the "cybernat", spraying online vitriol from a dingy bedroom, does indubitably exist, but so does its exact equivalent on the opposite side.

2016, Mike Parker, “Caledonia Dreaming: September – December 2014”, in The Greasy Poll: Diary of a Controversial Election, Talybont, Ceredigion, Wales: Y Lolfa, →ISBN:

(British, informal) A Scottish nationalist who takes part in Internet activism.


sepuh

Transliteration of Old Armenian սեպուհ (sepuh).

translit

(historical) A title of secular nobility in medieval feudal Armenia, usually borne by the sons of nakharars.


vardzak

(historical) a female comedy actor, dancer and singer in ancient and medieval Armenia


Democratic Republic of Georgia

The first republic on the territory of Georgia, which existed from May 1918 to February 1921.


khokhol

en-noun

khokhol (plural khokhols or khokhly or khakhly)

khokhols (plural)
khokhly (plural)
khakhly (plural)

From Russian хохо́л (xoxól, “Ukrainian (pejorative)”), originally meaning “topknot”, from Old East Slavic хохолъ (xoxolŭ), from Proto-Slavic *xoxolъ, from *koxolъ.

bor

Coordinate term: khokhlushka

These Khokhols (the familiar term used, rather slightingly by the Great Russians for the Ukrainians) were drawn up in serried ranks in a public square.

1935, A.A. Mossolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar: Being the Memoirs of A. A. Mossolov, head of the court chancellery, 1900-1916, London: Methuen, page 142:

[p 145] His parents were Russians, but he had been born on his master’s estate in Little Russia, and prided himself on being a Khókhol, i.e. Little Russian.
[p 146] I found good company there, I can tell you—twelve Khokhly,¹ all fine fellows and every one of them as strong as a horse. [footnote] 1 Plural of Khókhol.

1881, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, transl. Marie von Thilo, Buried Alive: Or, Ten Years Penal Servitude in Siberia, London: Longmans, Green and Co.

Specially characteristic of Russia, as of a land abounding in endless plains, are two jocular allusions to the inhabitants of the Steppes—‘I can’t bear this crowding,’ a Khokhol, or Little-Russian, is supposed to say, as he upsets a kettle which he finds suspended over a camp-fire in the open plain; and ‘These accursed Muscovites! there’s no driving-room left!’ cries another, as he runs into a verst-post (answering to our milestone) in the midst of the boundless waste.

1875, “Russian Proverbs” in London Quarterly Review, v 138 (Jan–Apr), New York: Leonard Scott Publishing, p 264B

The Great Russians ought to be carefully distinguished from “the Malo-Russians” or the “Little Russians.” The inhabitants of the Ukraine, or of the governments Tchernigof, Poltava, Kharkof, call the great Russians or the Muscovites “kazaps, goats,” from their wearing beards, and are in their turn termed by the Great Russians khokhols, “hair tufts,” which they themselves call tchub, tchupran, a tuft of the same kind as that which the Chinese wear on the top of the head; this is an old Slavonian custom, as appears from history, which mentions such a one being worn by the Russian Prince Sviatoslav, when carrying on war in Bulgaria.

1854, Ivan Golovin, The Nations of Russia and Turkey and Their Destiny, part II, London: Trübner & Co., p 3

(derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur, in a Russian context) A Ukrainian.


Britsploitation

Wright, whose mock Britsploitation trailer Don't is currently playing during the intermission between Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino's Grindhouse double-bill, manages to integrate these disparate parts into a cohesive, intelligent whole.

2007 April 18, Neil Morris, “Hot Fuzz and Fracture”, in Indy Week:

Cult Britsploitation flicks Terror and Prey were released at the fag-end of the 70s and have all the elements you’d expect for that period: lesbian butchery, sinister parties, deranged parrots, heartless aliens, curb-crawlers and lovingly inventive, drawn-out death sequences.

2009, "Tony Molester," album review, Vice, Volume 7, Number 8, August 2009, page 161

Yet, surely the audience for a Cardiff documentary would be just as interested in his Britsploitation thrillers like “Dark of the Sun” and “The Liquidator.”

2011, Joe Bendel, "Love for the cameraman, the greatest ever colour cinematographer", The Epoch Times, 19 May 2011 - 25 May 2011, P9

(film) A genre of low-budget films produced and/or set in the United Kingdom.


Czechland

A lake located 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Prague, Saunders County, Nebraska, USA.


Dutchlike

en-adj

Dutchlike (comparative more Dutchlike, superlative most Dutchlike)

more Dutchlike (comparative)
most Dutchlike (superlative)

Yet Temple was right in emphasizing the spread of the Dutchlike subordination of politics to trade at least in Britain, and then gradually in other places. A

2011, Deirdre N. McCloskey, Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World:

Like or resembling the Dutch, their language, their culture, or their nation; Netherlandish.


Newgate

From Middle English Newgate; equivalent to new + gate.

One of the historic seven gates of the London Wall around the City of London, dating back to Roman times.


Kebnekaise

From Swedish Kebnekaise, from Northern Sami Giebmegáisi, from giebmi (“kettle, cauldron”) + gáisi (“tall mountain”).


vested school

(historical) A national school built by the aid of grants from the board of Commissioners of National Education and secured for educational purposes by leases to the commissioners themselves, or to the commissioners and the trustees.


Wiganer

A person from Wigan in northern England.


northern soul

The overwhelmingly young population involved in northern soul needed to find a way out of the depression slowly taking over the UK in the seventies. Speed gave them the edge they needed to rise above all the pain and frustration of a country losing its way.

2000, Julian Durlacher, Miriam Joseph, Speed: Its History and Lore, Carlton Books, →ISBN, page 48:

Meanwhile more people were either leaving behind the Northern Soul scene and enjoying the jazz-funk scene, or combining the two.

2012, David Nowell, The Story of Northern Soul, Portico, →ISBN:

For many young people throughout Britain in the 1970s, Northern Soul became a truly alternative lifestyle with the rites and values of the scene replacing many of the traditional strictures of society.

2013, Elaine Constantine, Gareth Sweeney, Northern Soul: An Illustrated History, Random House, →ISBN, page 12:

A music and dance movement of northern England in the late 1960s, mainly based around black American soul music.


caballeria

From Spanish caballería, from caballero (“horseman, gentleman, cowboy”) + -ía (“-y: forming nouns”), from Late Latin caballārius (“horseman, rider”), from Latin caballus (“horse”) + -ārius (“-ary”). Doublet of cavalry and chivalry.

der

(historical, law) A medieval Spanish land tenure equivalent to a knight's fee, held under an obligation for military service.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of land area, equivalent to 38.64 ha.


Tamworth

Tamworth
Tamworth pig
Tamworth, Staffordshire

A city and administrative centre of Tamworth Regional Council in New South Wales, Australia.

Tamworth Regional Council, a local government area in northern New South Wales.

A town in Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States.

Cumberland County
Cumberland County#English

A hamlet in Cumberland County, Virginia, United States.

Lennox and Addington County
Lennox and Addington County#English

A community of Stone Mills, Lennox and Addington County, Ontario, Canada.


quartilho

From Portuguese quartilho, from quarto (“fourth”) + -ilho (“-elle: forming diminutives”), in reference to its size being one-fourth the canada. Doublet of cuartillo and cuartilla.

(historical, measure) A traditional Portuguese unit of liquid volume, varying in size between 350 and 530 mL.


Imbriot

One of the inhabitants of the Turkish island of Imbros.


Naxiot

Of or relating to Naxos or its inhabitants.


Patmiot

“One of the reasons I bought the house was that it had more cisterns than any other building in town. I dug another two for good measure.” As every Patmiot knows, the island's main problem is its shortage of water. On Patmos, cisterns represent real wealth.

Architectural Digest v.57, p.274, Condé Nast (2000)

An inhabitant of the Greek island of Patmos.


Skyriot

Skyriot wares are hardly exported at all, except to Athens for the benefit of the folk-art enthusiasts. I have never met them outside the island except at the little town of Kyme on the east coast of Euboea opposite Skyros. Here it is natural to expect them, for Kyme is the nearest mainland town to the island.

1938 December, Stanley Casson, “The Modern Pottery Trade in the Aegean”, in O[sbert] G[uy] S[tanhope] Crawford, Roland Austin, editors, Antiquity: A Quarterly Review of Archaeology, volume XII, number 48, Gloucester, Gloucestershire: Printed by John Bellows Ltd., →OCLC, page 472:

The [Rupert] Brooke legend has grown its own Skyriot trappings. We were told in Linaria how it had all happened, how before the war the poet was visiting Greece and came to Skyros; how he found the olive grove in this little valley and spent the whole night there in the company of his closest friends, drinking much wine, talking and making merry. He loved the place so much, he said, he wanted to be buried here.

1965, Michael Carroll, “Skyros: A Poet’s Grave”, in Gates of the Wind: On the Northern Sporades, London: John Murray, →OCLC; republished in An Island in Greece: On the Shores of Skopelos, London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, I.B. Tauris & Co., 2009, →ISBN, pages 68–69:

I never saw the little Skyriot horses which lived in the mountains all the winter and came down to do farm work and be raced on the sands in the summer. They weren't ponies, I was told, but real horses – the strain being of great antiquity.

2002, Elizabeth Jane Howard, “Part Three”, in Slipstream: A Memoir, London: Macmillan, →ISBN; republished London: Pan Macmillan, 2003, →ISBN, page 362:

Of or relating to Skyros or its inhabitants.


Frankian

A native or inhabitant of Frankia, a region of south-central Germany; a Franconian.


European bitterling

en-noun

European bitterling (plural European bitterlings)

A fish of species Rhodeus amarus, originating in Europe, ranging from the Rhone River basin in France to the Neva River in Russia.


Lorrainian

Holonym: Rhine Franconian

Only Lorrainian and Low Hessian, of all the Rhine Franconian area, remained unaffected by diphthongization.

1983, Anneliese Sartori Stein, Contrastive grammar and exercises English-German, page 48:

The Rhine Franconian (and hence West Central German, Central German, High German) dialect spoken in Lorraine; Lorraine Franconian.


Donetsk People's Republic

Calque of Russian Доне́цкая Наро́дная Респу́блика (Donéckaja Naródnaja Respúblika) and/or Ukrainian Донецька народна республіка (Donecʹka narodna respublika).

calque

Доне́цкая Наро́дная Респу́блика

Донецька народна республіка

Ukraine appears to be heading towards another crisis. Protests in the eastern cities of Kharkiv, Luhansk and Donetsk have turned violent and pro-Russian protesters occupied government buildings, calling for a referendum on independence. In Donetsk, in an eerie echo of events in Crimea, separatists went one step further and have now proclaimed their own independent Donetsk People’s Republic and asked Russia for support.

2014 April 7, Stefan Wolff, Tatyana Malyarenko, “Ukraine veers closer to collapse as activists in Donetsk proclaim ‘people’s republic’”, in The Conversation:

Meanwhile, members of parliament in the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic in eastern Ukraine passed a resolution on Friday saying the territory was the legitimate successor to the Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Republic, a short-lived independent territory founded in 1918 by a close associate of Joseph Stalin.

2015 February 7, Tom Parfitt, “Ukraine crisis: No breakthrough in talks between Hollande, Merkel and Putin”, in The Daily Telegraph:

The Defense Ministry of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic will guarantee the safety of the Malaysian criminologists scheduled to work at the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 crash site.

2015 April 10th, Interfax-Ukraine, “Russian-supported militants guarantee safety of Malaysian criminologists at Boeing crash site” in the Kyiv Post

A Russian-backed, partially-recognized secessionist state proclaimed in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, on 7 April 2014. It was later unilaterally annexed by Russia on 30 September 2022.

جُمْهُورِيَّة دُونِيتْسْك الشَّعْبِيَّة

secessionist state in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine


Luhansk People's Republic

Calque of Russian Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика (Lugánskaja Naródnaja Respúblika) and/or Ukrainian Луганська народна республіка (Luhansʹka narodna respublika).

Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика

Луганська народна республіка

On April 27, pro-Russia separatists in the eastern Ukrainian city of Luhansk declared the establishment of a “Luhansk People’s Republic.” Gathered outside the seized regional headquarters of the Ukrainian Security Service, protesters said they would ask Russia to send troops to the Ukrainian region if the Kyiv authorities took “aggressive actions” against the separatists.

2014 April 28, “Separatists Declare ‘People’s Republic’ In Ukraine’s Luhansk”, in Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

The people who have taken over the building of the Ukrainian Security Service’s department in Luhansk region have announced the creation of the Luhansk People’s Republic and decided to conduct the regional-wide referendum putting for a vote a question: “Do you uphold the act on proclamation of the state independence of ‘Luhansk People’s Republic?’”

2014 April 28, “Parliament to consider possibility of all-Ukrainian referendum on April 29 - justice minister”, in Interfax-Ukraine:

In September 2014, an admittedly small and imperfect poll by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation named after Ilko Kucheriv and the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that 42 percent of Donbas residents wanted to stay in Ukraine but with more autonomy from Kyiv and 7 percent wanted to stay in Ukraine with no changes, while 26 percent wanted the Donetsk People’s Republic or the Luhansk People’s Republic to be independent and 16 percent wanted to join Russia — that is, 49 percent were for Ukraine and 42 percent for Russia.

2015 April 30th, Anders Åslund, Ukraine: What Went Wrong and How to Fix It, Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics, chapter ii: “Why Ukraine Can and Should Opt for Radical Reforms Now”, § 1: ‘What Are Putin’s Intentions?’, pages 18–19

A Russian-backed, partially-recognized secessionist state proclaimed in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine on the 27th of April, 2014. It was later unilaterally annexed by Russia on 30 September 2022.

جُمْهُورِيَّة لُوغَانْسْك الشَّعْبِيَّة

secessionist state in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine


Cinquecentist

From Italian cinquecentista (“Cinquecentist”), from cinquecento (“sixteenth century”) + -ista (“-ist, suffix indicating a person with a particular creative or academic role”); compare French cinquecentiste.

Its [Dresden's] stately and cinquecentist mansions bring back interesting recollections; its treasures of art make us proud of humanity; and the rich and picturesque scenery of its environs add surprise to our delights.

1828, A[ugustus] B[ozzi] Granville, “Saxony, Prussia, Federated States, and France”, in St. Petersburgh. A Journal of Travels to and from that Capital; through Flanders, the Rhenish Provinces, Prussia, Russia, Poland, Silesia, Saxony, the Federated States of Germany, and France. … In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Henry Colburn, New Burlington Street, →OCLC, page 654:

Suffice it to say as a last word that the ancient Romans, the cinquecentist Italians, and the modern Europeans, obviously form in architectural history one continuous dynasty.

1891, James Fergusson, Robert Kerr, “Secular Architecture”, in History of the Modern Styles of Architecture: … In Two Volumes, 3rd rev. edition, volume I, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC, book I (Italy), page 36:

Whenever we pass from the Cinquecentist room in a gallery to the baroque, the surprise we feel is that clear, obvious juxtaposition ceases and that colours seem to rest on a common ground in which they sometimes sink into almost complete monochrome, in which, however, if they stand out clearly, they remain mysteriously moored.

2009, Heinrich Wölfflin, “Principles of Art History”, in Donald Preziosi, editor, The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology (Oxford History of Art), 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127:

Of or pertaining to the art of Italy in the sixteenth century.


stephening

(numismatics, historical, obsolete) Alternative form of steeping


steping

(numismatics, historical) Obsolete form of steeping.


PAS

Partidul Acțiune și Solidaritate#English

Party of Action and Solidarity
w:Party of Action and Solidarity

(politics) Initialism of Partidul Acțiune și Solidaritate. ("Party of Action and Solidarity", a liberal political party in Moldova)


en-proper noun

the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland

(historical) The British state when Great Britain and Ireland were a republic ruled by Oliver Cromwell.

Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland


Vicentine

From Latin Vīcentīnus, by-form of Vīcētīnus.

Of or pertaining to the city of Vicenza in northeastern Italy.


Vicentine

A native or inhabitant of the city of Vicenza in northeastern Italy.


Soviet of the Union

One of the two legislative chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It legally represented the interests of all the citizens of the USSR.


Soviet of Nationalities

Calque of Russian Сове́т Национа́льностей (Sovét Nacionálʹnostej).

calque

Сове́т Национа́льностей

(historical) One of the two legislative chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; it represented the interests of members of different ethnicities in the USSR.


Brexit

Blend of Britain + exit, formed by analogy with Grexit.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest attested use is on 15 May 2012 in a Euractiv blog post by Peter Wilding titled “Stumbling towards the Brexit”, formed by analogy with Grexit, coined on 6 February 2012.

Unless a clear view is pushed that Britain must lead in Europe at the very least to achieve the completion of the single market then the portmanteau for Greek euro exit might be followed by another sad word, Brexit.

2012 May 15, Peter Wilding, “Stumbling towards the Brexit”, in EurActiv, archived from the original on 2016-06-24:

The business community began to take the idea of Brexit seriously. Three major American banks, the Bank of America, Citibank and Morgan Stanley, revealed they were working on contingency plans to relocate from London to Dublin […]

2015, Denis MacShane, Brexit: How Britain Will Leave Europe, London: I.B. Tauris, →ISBN, page 6:

David Cameron has resigned as Prime Minister after Britain voted to leave the European Union. It followed a turbulent night with Remain campaigners quietly confident until the early hours when results from Newcastle and Sunderland showed better than expected returns for the Brexit camp. A surprise victory for a Brexit in Swansea, which was expected to vote to Remain, did little to dampen concerns despite Scotland overwhelmingly backing staying in the Union.

2016 June 24, Kate McCann, “EU referendum live: David Cameron resigns after UK shocks the world by voting for Brexit”, in The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 2016-06-24:

The pensions of British Eurocrats are shaping up to be one of the most politically poisonous points in the UK’s Brexit talks, as the EU and London prepare to clash over liabilities running to several billion euros.

2016 August 1, Alex Barker, Jim Brunsden, “Eurocrats’ pensions shape up to be flashpoint in Brexit talks”, in The Financial Times, London:

We must lift the uncertainty caused by Brexit.

2017 June 19, Michel Barnier, “Brexit Negotiations: David Davis says ‘Promising Start’ Made”, in BBC News:

[Donald] Tusk said: “Our agreement will not make trade between the UK and the EU frictionless or smoother. It will make it more complicated and costly than today, for all of us. This is the essence of Brexit.”

2018 March 7, Daniel Boffey, Jennifer Rankin, “EU scorns UK’s ‘pick and mix’ approach to trade post-Brexit”, in The Guardian, London:

Meanwhile, The Sunday Times revealed that civil servants had warned of a “Doomsday Brexit” if no agreement is reached, creating shortages of medicine, fuel and food.

2018 June 5, “Brexit poll reveals record number of voters think decision to leave EU is wrong”, in The Independent, London:

“It’s all incredibly unhelpful and what we need to do now is to get closer with our European partners and work out what a realistic, pragmatic Brexit is that works for both sides, the EU and ourselves.”

2018 June 23, “Brexit: Theresa May ‘not bluffing’ in threat to leave EU without a deal, Tory minister Liam Fox says”, in The Independent, London:

A further referendum is not just a way for voters to decide whether to incur the economic and social cost of a final Brexit deal.

2019 March 5, David Miliband, “As foreign secretary I argued against an EU referendum. Now I back one”, in The Guardian:

The EESC also considers that the €5.4 billion reserve will not be sufficient to mitigate the negative effects of Brexit and asks the co-legislators to increase the proposed ceiling.

2021 November, Christiaan van Lierop, European Parliamentary Research Service:

Brexit has also made it harder for the UK to deport migrants back to the EU as the country has left the bloc’s asylum scheme.

2021 December 2, “Frontex plane arrives in northern France to help fight people smuggling”, in Euronews, sourced from AFP:

Thanks to Brexit, many ferry companies now run direct from Ireland to the EU mainland, bypassing UK ports such as Fishguard, with an impact on traffic.

2022 November 16, Paul Bigland, “From rural branches to high-speed arteries”, in RAIL, number 970, page 52:

Even the BBC, long prevaricating on the issue, has started properly reporting the Brexit catastrophe, particularly its impact on the cost of living, NHS staff shortages and projections of weak future economic growth.

2023 February 2, Andrew Adonis, “Sooner or later, re-entry to the customs union and single market is inevitable”, in Prospect:

Biden’s irritation with London’s inability to solve its “Irish question” after Brexit has also played a role.

2023 August 7, Jo Harper, “UK–US: What’s happened to their free trade deal?”, in Deutsche Welle:

The mayor of London has urged EU citizens to “choose London” over other European cities, promising to make the UK capital a better place to live and work despite Brexit.

2023 October 6, Heather Stewart, “‘Choose London’: Sadiq Khan steps up efforts to lure EU citizens post-Brexit”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

The Brexit referendum seemingly heralded such a moment but other than the negative sentiment of leave, the more positive agenda of what to do with the UK’s newfound status has been found wanting.

2023 November 3, Tim Olivier, “Brexit: a critical juncture in the UK’s international relations?”, in UK in a Changing Europe:

The Brits have been uniquely incompetent in wallowing in narcissistic irrelevance ever since the Brexit vote. They’ve refused to admit that the only path forward for them is a crippling deal with the United States that will give them access to the NAFTA system but at the cost of any kind of economic sovereignty.

2023 November 23, Peter Zeihan, “Ireland Needs a New Game Plan || Peter Zeihan”, in Zeihan on Geopolitics, sourced from YouTube, 2:55–3:14:

Brussels has warned the UK that it must fully apply the existing Brexit deals on EU citizens and Northern Ireland before it will entertain a reset in the relationship with London.

2024 August 1, Lisa O'Carroll, “UK must apply existing Brexit deals before any reset in relations, says EU”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), sourced from The Guardian:

(UK politics) Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

بِرِكْزِت

withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU

イギリスの欧州連合離脱

イギリスのおうしゅうれんごうりだつ

خروج بریتانیا از اتحادیه اروپا

xoruj-e beritâniyâ az ettehâdiye-ye orupâ


Brexit

en-verb

Brexit (third-person singular simple present Brexits, present participle Brexiting, simple past and past participle Brexited)

Brexits (present singular third-person)
Brexiting (participle present)
Brexited (participle past)
Brexited (past)

Brexiting the EU, not leaving Europe

2015, Stefano Francesco Fugazzi, Brexit?, →ISBN, page 27:

[Nigel] Farage recalls: What was clear from that polling was that in June 2015 the most trusted person in the country on whether to Brexit or not to Brexit was David Cameron.

2016, Owen Bennet, chapter 10, in The Brexit Club: The Inside Story of the Leave Campaign’s Shock Victory, →ISBN:

Parisiens I had talked to were universally disgusted: with David Cameron, for holding the vote; with the British, for Brexiting; […]

2016, Maureen Dowd, “Unconventional Conventions”, in The Year of Voting Dangerously: The Derangement of American Politics, →ISBN:

(of Britain) To exit the European Union.


Odessite

A native or inhabitant of Odessa, a city in Ukraine.


reaal

From Dutch reaal, from Spanish real. Doublet of royal.

An obsolete currency in Curaçao, equivalent to six stuivers.


Winter War

(historical) A war between Finland and the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1940.


denga

(historical) An obsolete unit of currency in Russia equal to half a kopek.


fidepromissor

/ˌfaɪdiːpɹəʊˈmɪsɔː(ɹ)/

From Latin fidēprōmissor (“guarantor, surety”), from fidēprōmittō (“make a promise on behalf of another person, stand as guarantor or surety”) + -tor, from fidē (“in faith”) + prōmittō (“promise”).

compound

(historical, law) One who pledges himself as security for another; bail, surety


Icarian

en-adj

Icarian (comparative more Icarian, superlative most Icarian)

more Icarian (comparative)
most Icarian (superlative)


Herzeg-Bosnia

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Alternative form of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

A short-lived, unrecognized political entity that existed during the Bosnian war, consisting of the Croat communities of Bosnia.


Old Polish

A historical form of the Polish language, spoken between the 9th and 16th centuries.


Dalriada

Learned borrowing from Old Irish Dál Riata.

lbor

(historical) A Gaelic overkingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ulster in Ireland, across the North Channel.


marzpanate

From marzpan + -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, the concrete charge of it).

af

Byzantine expansion toward the east, which marked the last century of the Marzpan'''ate, extended the scope of the Justinianic reforms with their implicit threat against the very core of Armenian social and cultural institutions.

1997, Nina Garsoïan, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian people from ancient to modern times, volume I, page 107:

(historical, usually capitalized) the period in Armenian history after the fall of the Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia in 428, when the eastern part of Armenia was governed as a marzpanate by Sassanian-nominated marzpans


ruin pub

Each ruin pub is unique, but they all share certain similarities. The main ingredient is usually an abandoned building, preferably with a vacant lot nearby to hold picnic tables and a few beer taps.

2011 August 15, Mark Baker, “The 'ruin pubs' of Budapest's seventh district”, in BBC:

“Let's go to Corvinteto,” she said, mentioning the ruin pub in the old abandoned department store near her apartment. “I need a drink.”

2013, Kenneth Rosenberg, chapter 32, in Memoirs of a Starving Artist: An Itinerant Writer's Journey through an Unconventional Life, →ISBN, page 295:

I say how much I like the shabby lounge atmosphere of a ruin pub, and Laura declares that this one, Szimpla Kert (which means “Simple Garden”), is the mecca of ruin pubs.

2014, Rick Steves, Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 2015: The Travel Skills Handbook, Avalon Travel, →ISBN, page 705:

A bar, selling alcoholic beverages, inhabiting an old building left in a ramshackle condition; a popular style of pub in Budapest.


Vulcanalia

The Ancient Roman festival of the god Vulcan, celebrated on August 23, during which live fish or small animals were thrown into bonfires as a sacrifice.


Vorarlberg

/ˈfɔːɹˌɑː(ɹ)lbɜː(ɹ)ɡ/

Borrowed from German Vorarlberg (literally, "before the Arlberg"), from vor (“before; in front of”) + Arlberg (“massif shared between Vorarlberg and Tyrol”).

The westernmost federal state of Austria.

福拉爾貝格

the westernmost federal state of Austria


Welsh not

(historical) A piece of wood or similar object used to discourage the speaking of Welsh in schools. Any child overheard speaking Welsh was given the "not", and the child who had it at the end of the day would be punished.


Grimsey

A small, inhabited island off the northern coast of Iceland.


Frunze

From 1926-91, the city was named after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze, who was born here.

(historical) Bishkek, the capital city of Kyrgyzstan.


Trianon

/ˈtɹiːəˌnɒn/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Trianon.wav

From French Trianon, the name of a hamlet that formerly occupied the site on which the Grand Trianon would be built.

Either of the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, two royal palaces constructed in Versailles, France, in the 17th and 18th centuries.


Purbeck

Short for Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in Dorset, England.


Ceutan

Someone from Ceuta or of Ceutan descent.


Melillan

Someone from Melilla or of Melillan descent.


Eurogroup

“We look forward to working with whomever comes out of this democratic process,” said Jeroen Dijsselbloem, the Dutch finance minister, who chairs the eurogroup.

2016 July 11, Jennifer Rankin, The Guardian:

(European politics) The informal body composed of the finance ministers of the countries in the Eurozone.


Serbocentric

en-adj

Serbocentric (comparative more Serbocentric, superlative most Serbocentric)

more Serbocentric (comparative)
most Serbocentric (superlative)


Eurojust

An agency of the European Union, dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters.


Eurotext

In the Latvian context Eurotexts, for example, directives and regulations, as well as the EU style agreements and reports are hybrids. They have entered the culture as completely new phenomena and have found their place in the Latvian cultural context.

2009, Aiga Dukāte, Translation, Manipulation, and Interpreting, page 93:

A text of European origin, especially one associated with the European Union.


Eurobabble

(derogatory) political jargon associated with the European Union


Eurolaw

en-noun

Eurolaw (countable and uncountable, plural Eurolaws)


Eurobill

A short-term financial instrument to finance government debt in the European Union.


joannes

(historical) An old coin of Portugal and Brazil.


chouval bwa

From Antillean Creole chouval bwa (literally “wood horse”).

bor

(music, Martinique) A genre of rural folk music that originated on the slave plantations of Martinique.


Cambrian symbol

en-noun

Cambrian symbol (plural Cambrian symbols)

(literary) The leek as an emblem of Wales.


Picardian

A native or inhabitant of Picardy in France.


Gallurese

A Romance language or dialect, transitional between Corsican and Sardinian, spoken in the historical region of Gallura, northeastern Sardinia.


Gallurese

A native or inhabitant of Gallura, Sardinia.


veche

From Old East Slavic вѣче (věče, “council”)
or modern Russian ве́че (véče)

(historical, politics) a popular assembly in medieval Slavic countries.


Magdeburger

A native or inhabitant of Magdeburg in Germany.


kolkhoznik

kolkhoznik (plural kolkhozniks or kolkhozniki or kolkhozniky)

kolkhozniks (plural)
kolkhozniki (plural)
kolkhozniky (plural)

(Soviet Union) One who works on a kolkhoz.

կոլխոզնիկ

one who works on a collective farm in the Soviet Union


Pillars of Hercules

(historical) The two promontories at the Strait of Gibraltar, and thus the western limit of the Mediterranean world.


Noricum

(historical) A Celtic state and later Roman province, approximately corresponding to modern Austria.


ploutonion

(historical) A sanctuary dedicated to the Ancient Greek and Roman god Pluto, usually at a location producing poisonous emissions, believed to represent an entrance to the underworld.


Russia German

A member or descendant of any of the German communities which settled in the Russian Empire (Russia, Ukraine, etc.) and either remain there or migrated on to the US, Argentina, back to Germany, etc.

German from Russia

used of Russia Germans (Russian Germans) who left Russia

Rooshian

historically used for the Russia Germans (Russian Germans) in Canada, the USA, and other parts of the world


Elizabeth Tower

The name was officially given in 2012 to honour Queen Elizabeth II in her diamond jubilee.

The clock tower at the north end of the Palace of Westminster, London.


Trajan

A Roman emperor who ruled from AD 98 to 117


Menorcan

en-adj

Menorcan (comparative more Menorcan, superlative most Menorcan)

more Menorcan (comparative)
most Menorcan (superlative)


Kalamatianos

der

καλαματιανός

Her relative stood dumbfounded, cried out incredulously, wheeled about with his clenched fists raised in the air, performed three steps of a kalamatianos for sheer joy, and then rocked her in his arms exclaiming ‘Efkharisto, efkharisto,’ over and over again.

1994, Louis de Bernières, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Minerva, published 1995, page 82:

A Greek folk dance from the Peloponnese.


Central

The Central Line of the London Underground, originally known as the Central London Railway.


Soviet Bloc

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(historical) The largely Communist countries of the eastern world, usually those in Eastern Europe and Asia aligned with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Cold War era.


Frisian Islands

An archipelago in the eastern North Sea, off the coasts of mainland Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands.


East Anglian

Hundreds of East Anglians were interviewed—in the streets, on buses, in clubs and in Women's Institutes, for example—in the course of this study.

1964 April, “Passenger Travel Campaign in the Norwich Area”, in Modern Railways, page 235:


Sarmatism

(historical) The belief that the people of the Polish Commonwealth descended from the ancient Sarmatians, the legendary invaders of Slavic lands in antiquity.


metapolitefsi

Borrowed from Greek μεταπολίτευση (metapolítefsi, “regime change”).

bor

μεταπολίτευση

In the event, metapolitefsi came to stand for far more wide-ranging transformations than those to the political system, drastic though these were.

2019, Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation, Penguin, published 2020, page 345:

(now historical) A transitional period in modern Greek history after the fall of the military junta of 1967–74, leading to elections and democracy.


hero city

Calque of Russian го́род-геро́й (górod-gerój).

clq

го́род-геро́й

(historical) A city that received an honorary title for outstanding heroism, especially a Soviet city honored for heroism during World War II. This title existed in socialist Yugoslavia as well.

A city honored by Ukraine for actions during the 2022 Russian invasion.


Old Danish

The history of the Danish language falls into three major periods: Old Danish (c. 800—c.1100), corresponding roughly to the Viking Age; Middle Danish (c.1100— c.1525), corresponding to the Middle Ages; and Modern Danish (after c.1525), the period after the Reformation and up to modern times.

2013, Ekkehard Konig, Johan van der Auwera, The Germanic Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, page 6:

Historically, the Danish language may be divided into three periods: Old Danish (c. 800–1100) spans the Viking Age, Middle Danish (c. 1100–1500) was the language of the late Middle Ages, and Modern Danish covers the time from around the Reformation (and the first translation of the Bible) to the present.

2010, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 279:

A specimen of Old Danish of the 10th century, being the Runic inscriptions at Jellinge in Jutland, on the tumulus of king Gorm the Old, and his consort Thyre, as interpreted by Professor Finn Magnusen.

1839, Joseph Bosworth, Scandinavian Literature: With Short Chronological Specimens of the Old Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, and a Notice of the Dalecarlian and Ferroe Dialects, page 9:

Around 1100-1200 AD, Danish became a distinctive language with a distinctive pronunciation. The period from 800-1100 AD is called Old Danish or Runic Danish, as our knowledge of the language is primarily based on runic inscriptions.

2007, Nete Schmidt, Beginner's Danish, Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, page 2:

Old East Norse dialect (also sometimes considered a separate language, several other names are used as well) as spoken from the 9th to 11th centuries in Denmark


Europistan

Either Christians will surrender as they did in Europistan, or they will fight back with equal if not greater brutality.

2015, Eric aka the TYGRRRR EXPRESS, Ideological Lunacy:

At this rate we will go the way of Europistan. Italy has had a declining birthrate in recent years. Europe is finished. Its citizens refuse to reproduce while Islamist women keep churning out the next generation of radical Islamists.

2016, Michael Savage, Scorched Earth: Restoring the Country after Obama:

Russia also joined the coalition in 2210 A.D. when the Islamic States of Europistan began to invade sections of the Russian controlled lands.

2016, Davidson L. Haworth, The Icarus Project:

(informal, derogatory or humorous) Europe, perceived as controlled by Islamic interests.


nomenklaturist

(historical) A member of the nomenklatura.


fanegada

From Spanish fanegada, from fanega + -ada (“-ful”).

(historical) Synonym of fanega (“traditional Spanish unit of volume, mass, or land area”)


armatole

/ˈɑɹməˌtoʊl/

Borrowed from Greek αρματολός (armatolós), alternative form of αρματόλογος (armatólogos, “a person concerned or involved with arms or weapons”), from άρματα (ármata) (plural of άρμα (árma, “weapon”), from Byzantine Greek ἄρμα (árma), from Latin arma (“armour, defensive arms, shields, weapons of war”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmos (“fitting”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join”)) + λόγος (lógos, “subject matter”) (from Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos), from λέγω (légō, “I say”), from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-).
The plural form armatoloi and possibly armatoli are from the Greek plural form αρματολοί (armatoloí).

der

[page 159] These [the Klephtai] are either Greeks whose ancestors taking refuge in the mountains when the Turks first conquered the country, have transmitted to them hereditary persecution and liberty; or Armatoloi (a sort of Grecian militia, originally established in Thessaly, armed for their own protection, and recognized, though always suspected, by the Turkish authorities) who have been driven by oppression to join their brethren on the mountains, and become, like them, guerrillas. Every thing relating to the Klephtai and Armatoloi ought to be now doubly interesting, since their institutions preserved, through the long darkness of Grecian suffering, the vestal flame of liberty, and their hardy bands have principally contributed to swell the Greek armies. […] [page 160] Call me a priest—to whom I may confess / All my past errors—would the list were less— / A Klephtes long! an Armatolos longer, / Terror of Turks—but now the foe is stronger— / 'Tis Death! […]

1824 July, “Art. VII. Histoire de la Régénération de la Grèce, par F[rançois] C[harles] H[ugues] L[aurent] Pouqueville. 4 tomes. Paris, 1824. [et al.]”, in The Westminster Review, volume II, number III, London: Printed for the proprietors, and published by Robert Heward, at the office of the Westminster Review, 2, Wellington Street, Strand, →OCLC, pages 159–160:

The rank of captain was hereditary; and the profession of an Armatòle probably descendible. The members composing each band were called Pallikàrs: a term for which we have no English equivalent, but which nearly answers to the French expression "des braves." Of these, the first, or Protopalikar, acted as lieutenant and secretary to the captain, and bore, as a badge of office, a silver writing-case affixed to his sash; besides the silver plates bound over the knees, and the ornamental buttons which studded the breast of every Armatòle: […]

1825, “Preface”, in Charles Brinsley Sheridan, transl., The Songs of Greece, from the Romaic Text, Edited by M. C[laude] Fauriel, with Additions. Translated into English Verse, London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC, page xxii:

From a very early period of the Turkish dominion over Greece, a system was adopted of having a local police, composed of native Greeks, for the preservation of the peace of each district, and for repressing the incursions of the independent tribes of the mountains. The appellation of this police was Armatoles (Ὰρματολοὶ); […] The armatoles were bound to obey the directions of the pasha or his deputy, and the Greek primates. The arms of the armatoles were the same as those of the Albanians, namely, a long gun, a sword, and a dagger.

1830, Thomas Keightley, chapter 1, in History of the War of Independence in Greece. … In Two Volumes (Constable's Miscellany of Original and Selected Publications in the Various Departments of Literature, Science, & the Arts; LX), volume I, Edinburgh: Printed for Constable and Co. and Hurst, Chance, and Co. London, →OCLC, page 7:

The armatoli were a Christian local militia, which had existed in the Byzantine empire, and which had in some degree protected the Greek population against the Franks, the Servians, and the Albanians, during the anarchy that reigned in Greece and Macedonia, while the worthless race of the Paleologoi ruled at Constantinople. The Greeks in the mountain districts, fearing anarchy more than despotism, generally submitted to the sultans on the condition of being allowed to retain their local privileges. The institution of the armatoli was thus adopted into the scheme of the sultan's administration.

1861, George Finlay, “The Condition of the Modern Greeks”, in History of the Greek Revolution … In Two Volumes, volume I, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 24:

(historical) A Greek armed mercenary who enforced Ottoman rule in Greece from the 15th century onward; during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), many armatoloi became pro-independence guerrilla fighters opposed to Ottoman rule.

armatol

Greek mercenary who enforced Ottoman rule


Great Patriotic War

Calque of Russian Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́ (Velíkaja Otéčestvennaja vojná). This term was first used in 1844 to refer to the Russian resistance and victory over Napoleon's invasion, and was evoked again in 1912 during the centenary of the French defeat. In 1941, the newspaper Pravda used the term for the defence against the German invasion of the Soviet Union, in order to motivate citizens to unite and fight.

calque

Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́

(historical, in Soviet or Russian contexts) the German-Soviet war (a portion of World War II fought between the USSR and Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1945)

الْحَرْب الْوَطَنِيَّة الْعُظْمَى

the war between the USSR and Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1945


tomin

From Spanish tomín, from Andalusian Arabic ثُمْن (ṯúmn), from Arabic ثُمْن (ṯumn, “one-eighth”), from the root ن (n) م (m) ث (ṯ-m-n). Originally used in reference to it forming one-eighth of a castellano.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of mass, equivalent to about 0.6 g.

(historical) A former gold Spanish coin, notionally equivalent to a tomin in weight.

(historical) A former silver colonial Spanish coin, notionally equivalent to a gold tomin in value.


Zannone

An island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy, one of the Pontine Islands.


Frexit

Blend of France + exit, possibly as an adaptation of Brexit.

And while brexit is still on the agenda, after the European Parliament elections from May 22-25 it is quite legitimate to ask ourselves the question whether there is a danger of losing France - in other words is there a risk of a frexit?

2014 May 31, Adelina Marini, “Is It Time for a Frexit?”, in euinside:

The Front National won the French elections with calls for an immediate restoration of the franc and a referendum on Frexit.

June 2014, World Commerce Review, Vol. 8, Issue 2, p. 3

If Brexit happens can Frexit — France exiting the existing EU — be far behind?

2015, Denis MacShane, Brexit: How Britain will Leave Europe, page 9:

In France, opinion polls show that the far-right National Front, led by self-styled "Madame Frexit" Marine Le Pen, is now more popular than the center-right Republicans or ruling Socialists.

2015 November 9, Ian Bremmer, Time, volume 186, number 19, page 12:

It no longer advocates Frexit from the EU or leaving the euro currency.

2018 June 4, Maïa de La Baume, “Populist plan for 2019 election puts EU in crosshairs: The next European Parliament could well have more Euroskeptic voices. But can they work together?”, in Politico:

Her European policy is Frexit by stealth – unilaterally reducing payments to the EU budget and breaking EU laws she does not like.

2022 April 8, John Lichfield, “Get ready for a scary fortnight in French politics: a Le Pen presidency really is possible”, in The Guardian:

(French politics) The possible act of France leaving the European Union.


Ostpolitik

One of the paradoxes of Ostpolitik, as practiced by Brandt and his successors, was that by transferring large sums of hard currency into East Germany and showering the GDR with recognition, attention, and support, West German officials unintentionally foreclosed any chance of internal change, including reform of Eastern Germany’s polluted, antiquated industrial economy.

2005, Tony Judt, “The Power of the Powerless”, in Postwar: A history of Europe since 1945, London: Vintage Books, published 2010, →ISBN:

Since Ostpolitik, the normalisation of relations between then West Germany and the east, policy has been predicated upon Russia being a status quo power, not an imperialist one.

2022 February 28, Daniel Boffey, “Ukraine conflict leads EU to rid itself of Russian sacred cows”, in The Guardian, Guardian Media Group, retrieved 2022-02-28:

The policies of West Germany under Chancellor Willy Brandt, seeking rapprochement with East Germany and the Soviet Union.


Pravda

Borrowed from Russian Правда (Pravda, literally “The Truth”).

bor+

These figures indicate that there must have been considerable wastage in the past; indeed Pravda said that “no deviation from these standards is to be permitted, however slight, and it is the duty of Party workers in factories to exercise their rights of supervision to eliminate waste.”

1949 April, John Baker White, “How's Business in Russia?”, in The Atlantic:

The official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and successor papers.


Gothenburger

A person from, or an inhabitant of, the Swedish city of Gothenburg.

gøteborger

person from, or an inhabitant of, Gothenburg


MINT

(economics) Acronym of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey.


Nottinghamian

A pupil or alumnus of Nottingham High School.


Principality

From the mistaken belief that the Prince of Wales is the country's head of state; the historical Principality of Wales only made up a portion of the country of Wales.

The first information I have of a sermon at an association, in the Principality, is in the letter of 1703, which appoints one to be preached the following year.

1795, Joshua THOMAS (of Leominster.), A History of the Baptist Association in Wales, from the year 1650, to the year 1790, etc, page 77:

During the last decade or so Wales has attracted about 10 per cent of British holiday-makers. According to a sample survey carried out in 1961, the Principality accommodated 4 million people in that year who spent a total of 28-million holiday nights.

1967, Transactions - Institute of British Geographers:

Welshmen from throughout the Principality, as well as well-known international players, came to Cardiff to don the famous balck-and-blue jersey.

2015, Gareth Bennett, David Collins, The Little Book of Cardiff, The History Press, →ISBN: