French

en-prop

French (countable and uncountable, plural Frenches)

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: 9@InsideNeckhigh-PalmDown 9@SideNeckhigh-PalmUp

→ Choctaw: Filanchi

→ Punjabi: ਫ਼੍ਰੈਂਚ (fraiñc)

→ Zulu: isiFulentshi

Inherited from Middle English Frenche, Frensch, Frensc, Frenshe, Frenk, Franche, from Old English Frenċisċ (“Frankish, French”), from Proto-West Germanic *Frankisk (“Frankish”), equivalent to Frank + -ish (compare Frankish). Cognate with Middle Low German vranksch, frenkisch, vrenkesch, vrenksch (“Frankish, French”), Middle High German vrenkisch, vrensch ("Frankish, Franconian; > German fränkisch (“Frankish, Franconian”)), Danish fransk (“French”), Swedish fransk, fransysk (“French”), Icelandic franska (“French”).
Doublet of Frankish.
In reference to vulgar language, from expressions such as pardon my French in the early 19th century, originally in reference to actual (but often mildly impolite) French expressions by the upper class, subsequently adopted ironically by the lower class for English cursewords under the charitable conceit that the listener would not be familiar with them.
In reference to vermouth, a shortened form of French vermouth, distinguished as usually being drier than Italian vermouth.

gl

"Frankish, Franconian; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">fränkisch</i> (“Frankish, Franconian”)

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96

I could speak but little French.

1720, Daniel Defoe, Memoirs of a Cavalier, page 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991, Michael Clyne, Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997, Albert Valdman, French and Creole in Louisiana, page 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004, Jack Flam, Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship, page 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013, Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN, page 361:

(chiefly uncountable) The language of France, shared by the neighboring countries Belgium, Monaco, and Switzerland and by former French colonies around the world.

Frans

principal language of France and other related countries

lingua Francogallica (lingua francogallica f)


French

en-noun

French (countable and uncountable, plural French or Frenches)

→ Zulu: iFulentshi

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579, Francesco Guicciardini as, translated by Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin, page 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653, François Rabelais, translated by Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais, volume I, page 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002, Jeremy Thornton, The French and Indian War, page 14:

(chiefly collective and in the plural) The people of France; groups of French people.


French

en-adj

French (comparative more French or Frencher, superlative most French or Frenchest)

more French (comparative)
Frencher (comparative)
most French (superlative)
Frenchest (superlative)

→ Choctaw: Filanchi

→ Tamil: பிரஞ்சு (pirañcu)

the French border with Italy

That must have hurt, especially because you knew the French children weren’t even trying. “Uh, go on, play weez your seellee nambeurs. Zey tell you nosseeng of ze true naytcheur of ze soula. I’ll weepa for you.”

2015 May 3, “Standardized Testing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 2, episode 12, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

French customs

Of or relating to the people or culture of France.

French verbs


Russian

Russian (comparative more Russian, superlative most Russian)

more Russian (comparative)
most Russian (superlative)

→ Chinese: 羅宋／罗宋 (luósòng)

→ Ukrainian: ра́шн (rášn)

From Medieval Latin (11th century) Russiānus, the adjective of Russia, a Latinization of the Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ). Attested in English (both as a noun and as an adjective) from the 16th century. By surface analysis, Russia + -an.

So that is the official line: you’re shit, we’re shit, everything’s shit, never try for a better world because it doesn’t exist. That is not only bleak, I think it’s also the working title of every Russian novel ever written.

2017 February 19, “Putin”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 4, episode 2, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

ру́сский

concerning the culture, people, ethnicity

(dated) Of or pertaining to the Soviet Union.


Russian

en-noun

Russian (countable and uncountable, plural Russians)

But be that as it may: the Great Russian chauvinist Voznesenskii knew exactly how best to touch upon the asiaphobic nerve of his fellow-countrymen, how to stimulate the deep-rooted irrational fears of the Russians of peril looming from Asia, and how to turn those fears against China.

1983, Peace and Security in the Atlantic and Pacific Regions, page 69:

(countable, obsolete) A person from the Soviet Union.


precise

en-verb

precise (third-person singular simple present precises, present participle precising, simple past and past participle precised)

precises (present singular third-person)
precising (participle present)
precised (participle past)
precised (past)

From Middle French précis, from Latin praecisus, perfect passive participle of praecīdere, from prae- (“before, in front”) + caedere (“cut; strike”), cognate with English hit. Related to English incise. Doublet of précis.

affix

This proposal for a new basic regulation is justified because there is a need to precise the objectives of the CFP.

2011, Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the Common Fisheries Policy:

(nonstandard, European Union documents, transitive) To make or render precise; to specify.


Briton

From Old French Breton, from Latin Brittō or its Celtic equivalent (Welsh Brython). Doublet of Breton and Brython.

At last the Saxons had killed nearly all the Britons, and the few who remained took refuge in the mountains, in that part of the country which we now call Wales, and in Cornwall.

1905, Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall, Our Island Story, page 59:

He writhed for twenty minutes under the flowery and eulogistic periods of the president, and rose himself in the state of confused indignation which the Briton feels when he is publicly approved.

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

The ancient Britons were particularly fond of Anglesey, which the Romans knew as Mona.

An inhabitant of Great Britain, particularly (historical) a Celt from the area of Roman Britain or (obsolete) a Welshman.

brità

ancient Celts in the area of modern England and Wales

the British

native of Great Britain, subject of the UK

...when these hateful termes of Scottes and Englishemen, shalbe abolisshed, and blotted oute for euer, and we shal al agre in the onely title and name of Britons...

1547, James Harrison, An Exhortacion to the Scottes..., G v b:

Rule, Britannia! Britannia rules the waves:
Britons never, never, never will be slaves.

1740, “Rule, Britannia!”, James Thomson (lyrics), Thomas Arne (music):

I glory in the name of Briton.

1760, King George III, quoted in George Rose's 1860 Diaries and Correspondence..., Vol. II, p. 189

Many of the rank and file had no better conception of the proud and sensitive Maori than was implied in the degrading 'nigger' theory, invariably applied by the unthinking Briton to all coloured races.

1902, George Stoddart Whitmore, The Last Maori War in New Zealand..., page vi:

The victims included 3 Canadians, 2 Irishmen, and 1 Briton.

The hiker was a Briton from New Zealand.

(sometimes proscribed) A citizen of the United Kingdom or (historical, obsolete) its overseas empire.


talent

From Middle English talent, from Old English talente, borrowed from the plural of Latin talentum (“a Grecian weight; a talent of money”), from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton, “balance, a particular weight, especially of gold, sum of money, a talent”). Compare Old High German talenta (“talent”). Later figurative senses are from Old French talent (“talent, will, inclination, desire”), derived from the biblical Parable of the Talents.

der

For the kingdom of heaven is as a man travelling into a far country, who called his own servants, and delivered unto them his goods. And unto one he gave five talents, to another two, and to another one; to every man according to his several ability; and straightway took his journey.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew XXV:14-15:

(historical) A unit of weight and money used in ancient times in Greece, the Roman Empire, and the Middle East, equal to about 30 to 60 kg in various times and places.


pam

From Spanish palmo (“handspan”), from Latin palmus. Doublet of palm, palma, and palmo.

(historical, dated) Alternative form of palmo (“traditional Spanish and Portuguese units of measure”).


Turk

From Middle English Turke, Turk, from Old French Turc, from Medieval Latin Turcus, from Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos), from Classical Persian تُرْک (turk), from Middle Persian [script needed] (twlk' /turk/), from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥). See Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k for more.

A person from Turkey or of Turkish ethnic descent. [from 12th c.]


Scotland

From Middle English Scotland, Scotlond, from Old English Scotland (“Ireland", later also "Scotland”, literally “land of the Scots”), equivalent to Scot + -land. Compare West Frisian Skotlân (“Scotland”), Dutch Schotland (“Scotland”), German Schottland (“Scotland”), Danish Skotland (“Scotland”), Icelandic Skotland (“Scotland”).

inh

Our main story this week is Scotland. Americans know it as the birthplace of Shrek, and, and that accent you think you can do but actually can’t.

2014, Tim Carvell [et al.], “Scottish Independence”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 17, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:

That’s right. Not even English flag poles can suddenly start treating Scotland with the respect it deserves. “Get this rag off me! Get it off! I can’t! Get this blue mess off me!”

A constituent country of the United Kingdom, located in northwest Europe to the north of England

Skotland

country in northwest Europe to the north of England


Romanian

The oldest Romanian period (also known as Common Romanian, Proto-Romanian, Primitive Romanian) is the period prior to the separation of the four Romanian dialects: a north-Danubian dialect (Daco-Romanian) and three south-Danubian dialects (Aromanian / Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian).

2013, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan (ed.), Martin Maiden (consultant ed.), The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford University Press, page 4

Of or relating to Romania, the Romanian people, or the Romanian language.

Roemeens

of or relating to Romania, its people, or language


Romanian

en-noun

Romanian (countable and uncountable, plural Romanians)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Romanian.

(uncountable) The official language of Romania and Moldova.


Bulgarian

en-adj

Bulgarian (comparative more Bulgarian, superlative most Bulgarian)

more Bulgarian (comparative)
most Bulgarian (superlative)

Relating to Bulgaria, its people, or the Bulgarian language.

Bulgaars

relating to Bulgaria, its people or the Bulgarian language


Bulgarian

en-noun

Bulgarian (countable and uncountable, plural Bulgarians)

(uncountable) The official language of Bulgaria.


Hong Kong

[hɔŋ˥ kʰɔŋ˥]

Columbia University Press
Hong Kong
Saul B. Cohen

Etymology tree
Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²)bor.
English Hong Kong
From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “fragrant harbor”), the former name of a settlement in what is now Aberdeen on the southwest side of Hong Kong Island, where incense was stored for export.

bor

(historical) A colony of the United Kingdom, which previously administered the area of the present-day Chinese special administrative region.


ban

From South Slavic (compare Serbo-Croatian bȃn), from Proto-Slavic *banъ; see there for more.

A title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.


tundra

en-noun

tundra (countable and uncountable, plural tundras)

Borrowed from Russian ту́ндра (túndra), from Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre), the accusative and genitive form of тӯндар (tūndar).


Lithuanian

en-adj

Lithuanian (comparative more Lithuanian, superlative most Lithuanian)

more Lithuanian (comparative)
most Lithuanian (superlative)


Lithuanian

en-noun

Lithuanian (countable and uncountable, plural Lithuanians)

(uncountable) The main language of Lithuania.

(countable) A person living in or coming from Lithuania.


British

en-adj

British (comparative more British, superlative most British)

more British (comparative)
most British (superlative)

From Middle English Brittish, from Old English Brettisċ.
The spelling with single -t- appears in the 13th century under the influence of Medieval Latin Britannicus, but spelling with -tt- persists alongside -t- during the 13th to 17th centuries.
In reference to the island of Great Britain from ca. 1400 (Latin natio Anglica sive Britannica, Brittisshe occean 1398, the Britishe nacion 1548).
As a noun, referring to the British people, British soldiers, etc. from ca. 1600.

brythonik

history: of the ancient inhabitants of the southern part of Britain


sent

A subdivision of currency, equal to one hundredth of an Estonian kroon.


Cornish

From Corn(wall) + -ish, from Cornish Kernewek, Kernowek.

Of or pertaining to Cornwall, a county of southwest England.


Cornish

(collectively) The inhabitants of Cornwall, especially native-born.


Cornish

There is a movement to revive Cornish.

The Celtic language of Cornwall, related to Welsh and Breton.

A habitational surname from Old English referring to someone from Cornwall.


Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Alternative form of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Capital and largest city: Sarajevo


European Union

/ˌjʊəɹəˈpiːən ˈjuːnjən/

/ˌjɔːɹəˈpiːən ˈjuːnjən/

Formed as European + Union, in the sense of the resistance group, after the German Europäische Union.

...IN VIEW of further steps to be taken in order to advance European integration,
HAVE DECIDED to establish a European Union and to this end have designated as their plenipotentiaries...

The issue will now be dealt with on a proper, rational basis, with the timetable for the lifting of the ban dependent on our own efforts. That has enabled the restoration of normal business in the European Union.

1996, John Major, EU Beef Ban and the Florence European Council:

7:09pm: Putin says he has 'nothing against' Ukraine joining EU
Russia has "nothing against" Ukraine's possible membership of the European Union, Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Friday after the European Commission recommended granting Kyiv candidate status of the 27-member bloc.

2022 June 17, “Greeted as a 'great friend', Johnson meets Zelensky on second Ukraine trip”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-06-18:

A supranational organisation, consisting of 27 member states, created in the 1950s to bring the nations of Europe into closer economic and political connection.


brass

en-noun

brass (usually uncountable, plural brasses)

From Middle English bras, bres, from Old English bræs (“brass, bronze”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps representing a backformation from Proto-Germanic *brasnaz (“brazen”), from or related to *brasō (“fire, pyre”). Compare Old Norse and Icelandic bras (“solder”), Icelandic brasa (“to harden in the fire”), Swedish brasa (“a small controlled fire”), Danish brase (“to fry”); French braser ("to solder"; > English braise) from the same Germanic root. Compare also Middle Dutch braspenninc ("a silver coin", literally, "silver-penny"; > Dutch braspenning), Old Frisian bress (“copper”), Middle Low German bras (“metal, ore”).
In the military sense an ellipsis of the brass hats.

unc

uncertain

gloss

"to solder"; > English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">braise</i>

"a silver coin", literally, "silver-penny"; > Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">braspenning</i>

cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey


brass

From Portuguese braça and Spanish braza, from Old Galician-Portuguese and Old Spanish braça, from Latin brachia, variant of bracchium (“arm, cubit”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “upper arm”).

der

(historical, obsolete) Synonym of brace, a traditional unit of measure equivalent to a fathom (6 feet) or about 1.6 m, especially as the Spanish braza and Portuguese braça, also French brasse.


Europe

en-proper noun

Europe (countable and uncountable, plural Europes)

→ Hindi: यूरोप (yūrop)

→ Korean: 유럽 (Yureop)

→ Marathi: यूरोप (yūrop)

→ Malay: Eropah (ايروڤه)

→ Nepali: यूरोप (yūrop)

→ Sanskrit: यूरोप (yūropa)

→ Telugu: యూరప్ (yūrap)

→ Urdu: یُورَپ (yūrap)

→ Yoruba: Yúróòpù

→ Classical Persian: اُرُوپَا (urūpā)

Inherited from Middle English Europe, borrowed from Latin Eurōpa, borrowed from Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa). Doublet of Europa.

etymon

(UK, Ireland) Mainland Europe (continental Europe), especially the western portion, thus excluding the island nations or the larger Mediterranean islands.


Pyrenean

/ˌpɪɹəˈniːən/


Anguillan

A person from Anguilla or of Anguillan descent.


opinion

en-noun

opinion (countable and uncountable, plural opinions)

From English opine + -ion, from Middle English opinion, opinioun, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French opinion, from Latin opīniō, from opīnor (“to opine”). Displaced native Old English wēna.

(European Union law) A judicial opinion delivered by an Advocate General to the European Court of Justice where he or she proposes a legal solution to the cases for which the court is responsible.

заключе́ние

EU: a judicial opinion by an Advocate General delivered to the European Court of Justice


Andorran

A person from Andorra or of Andorran descent.


Andorran

Of, from, or pertaining to Andorra, the Andorran people.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

Any currency (originally) issued by the crown (regal power) and often bearing a crown (headdress); (translation) various currencies known by similar names in their native languages, such as the korona, koruna, krona, króna, krone.

There is no difficulty getting married in Jamaica, is there? No, it only costs half a crown.

1866, Jamaica. Report of the Royal Jamaica Commission, 1866. Part II: Minutes of Evidence and Appendix, H.M.Stationery Office, page 558:

Maggie Murphy had some knickers that she bought in Bagenalstown, an interlock of knickers that she got for a half a crown.

2009, “Maggie Murphy's Knickers” (track 8), in Stay Wut Her Johnny, performed by Richie Kavanagh:

en:any of several Commonwealth coins worth five shillings

(historical, by extension) A coin or note worth five shillings in various countries that are or were in the British Commonwealth, such as Ireland or Jamaica.


Mediterranean

/ˌmɛdɪtəˈɹeɪnɪən/

/ˌmɛdɪtəˈɹeɪnɪən/

[mɛɾəɾəˈɹeɪnɪən]

Borrowed from Latin mediterrāneus, from medius (“middle”) + terra (“earth, land”) + -āneus (adjectival suffix).

A region of Southern Europe and North Africa and Western Asia. The region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.


Cypriot

From Ancient Greek Κυπριώτης (Kupriṓtēs, “Cypriot”). Equivalent to Cyprus + -iot.

bor

Coordinate term: Eteocypriot


franc

From French franc. Doublet of Frank, frank, and farang.

The last 50 franc note, released in 1993, features Saint-Exupéry and a depiction of The Little Prince.

A former unit of currency of France, Belgium and Luxembourg, replaced by the euro.


Ukrainian

From Ukraine + -ian (suffix meaning ‘from; like; related to’, forming adjectives; or ‘one belonging to, from, like, or relating to’, forming nouns).

suffix

In general, it is permitted the ſubjects to utter their complaints and to make a repreſentation of them. Thus, the nobility may ſend deputies: this the Ukrainians have long been accuſtomed to do, as also the Livonians and Eſthonians: […]

1799, William Tooke, “Section IV. The Form of Government.”, in View of the Russian Empire During the Reign of Catharine the Second and to the Close of the Present Century. […], volume II, London: […] T[homas] N[orton] Longman and O[wen] Rees, […]; and J[ohn] Debrett, […], →OCLC, book V (The Government of the Empire, or the Monarch), page 433:

Zavadoffsky, a young Ukrainian, was favoured in private with the smiles of the empress [Catherine the Great].

1803, Mary Hays, “Catherine II. (Concluded.)”, in Female Biography; or, Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women, of All Ages and Countries. […], volume III, London: […] Richard Phillips, […] [b]y Thomas Davison, […], →OCLC, page 129:

In western Russia, while an antipathy exists between Ukrainians and Poles, the Russian Government, by its harassing interference in religious, educational, and economical matters, has become antagonistic, not only to the Poles, but also to the Ukrainians; printing in Ukrainian is prohibited, and "Russification" is being carried on among Ukrainians by the same means as those employed in Poland.

1886, W. R. M., “RUSSIA”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9th edition, volume XXI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, →OCLC, page 80, column 2:

My son, a Canada-based IT professional who often travels to Ukraine, told me about the exhilarating atmosphere on those Ukraine-bound trains, bringing home hundreds of the unwilling refugees, mostly women and children (including the babies, born in exile on the way to meet their Ukrainian fighter fathers for the first time). The difference between Ukrainian refugees and other reluctant exiles is that Ukrainians are desperate to return.

2024 September 4, Vitali Vitaliev, “A salute to Ukraine's 'Second Army'”, in RAIL, number 1017, page 49:

A citizen of Ukraine or a person of Ukrainian ethnicity.


Armenian

(uncountable) The language of Armenia and the Armenian people, whose older stages are Old Armenian and Middle Armenian.


Britain

en-proper noun

Britain (countable and uncountable, plural Britains)

→ Hawaiian: Pelekāne

→ Tokelauan: Peletānia

From Middle English Britayne, Breteyn, from Anglo-Norman Bretaigne, Bretaine, from Latin Brittannia, variant of Latin Britannia, from Britannī; reinforced by native Old English Breten, from the same Latin source. Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Prɨdėn (“Britain”) from *Pritanī (also compare *Prɨdɨn (“Picts”) from *Pritenī), attested to in Ancient Greek as Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ), compare Welsh Prydain. Doublet of Britannia and Brittany. More at Britto.

The island of Great Britain, consisting of England, Scotland and Wales, especially during antiquity.

Britania

island — see also Great Britain, British Isles

Gran Bretanya f (only full name is used for the island)

Storbritannien (only full name is used for the island)

Grande-Bretagne f (only full name is used for the island)

Gran Bretagna f (only full name is used for the island)

Grand Bretanha f (only full name is used for the island)

Gran Bretaña f (only full name is used for the island)

(historical) The British state and its dominions and holdings; the British Empire.


pipe

→ Bengali: পাইপ (paip)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: پيپ (pēp, bēb, “smoking pipe”), پايپ (pāyp, bāyb, “medium of transportation (sense 2.1)”)

→ Hindi: पाइप (pāip)

→ Japanese: パイプ (paipu)

→ Korean: 파이프 (paipeu)

→ Malay: paip

→ Maori: paipa

→ Russian: пайп (pajp)

→ Urak Lawoi': ปาเฮะ (pahëq)

From Middle English pīpe, pype (“hollow cylinder or tube used as a conduit or container; duct or vessel of the body; musical instrument; financial records maintained by the English Exchequer, pipe roll”), from Old English pīpe (“pipe (musical instrument); the channel of a small stream”), from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā. Reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pipire, pipiare, pipare, from pīpiō (“to chirp, peep”), of imitative origin. Doublet of fife.
The “storage container” and “liquid measure” senses are derived from Middle English pīpe (“large storage receptacle, particularly for wine; cask, vat; measure of volume”), from pīpe (above) and Old French pipe (“liquid measure”). In specific contexts, calques similar units of measure such as Portuguese pipa.
The verb is from Middle English pīpen, pypyn (“to play a pipe; to make a shrill sound; to speak with a high-pitched tone”), from Old English pīpian (“to pipe”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

inh

While the pipe of a conventional volcano may extend down 50 miles or so, the volcanic pipes that pick up diamonds along the way had to go much deeper, perhaps as deep as 300 miles.

1995 March, Jon Bowermaster, “Diamond Rush in the Arctic”, in Fred Abatemarco, editor, Popular Science, volume 246, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Times Mirror Magazines, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 83, columns 2–3:

Some researchers think that the warming was caused as kimberlite pipes (volcanic vents originating deep in the Earth’s mantle) reached the surface near Lac de Gras in northern Canada and released huge amounts of carbon.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 54:

Meanings relating to something resembling a tube.

(geology) A vertical conduit through the Earth's crust below a volcano through which magma has passed, often filled with volcanic breccia.

tilførselskanal

geology: vertical conduit through the Earth's crust


Amsterdam

The Dutch seat of government is not the metropolis of Amsterdam but The Hague.

While Amsterdam is the largest city in the province of Noord-Holland, Haarlem is the province capital.

A city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands; capital city of the Netherlands.


mark

From German Mark, from Middle High German marc, marche, marke, from Old High German marc, from Proto-West Germanic *mark (whence etymology 2 via Old English marc). The identical plural is also from German.

Aus der Geschichte der menschlichen Dummheit. By Dr. Max Kemmerich. Price 3 mark 50 pfennige. Bavaria: Verlag Albert Langen, Munich.

1928 November, “Reviews”, in The Occult Review, volume XLVIII, number 5, London: Rider & Co., page 356:

(historical) A former currency of Germany and West Germany.


Hispano

Borrowed from Spanish hispano, from Latin Hispānus, from Hispānia.


Hispanic

en-adj

Hispanic (comparative more Hispanic, superlative most Hispanic)

more Hispanic (comparative)
most Hispanic (superlative)

From Latin hispānicus, from Hispānia (“Iberia”) + -icus.


Flanders

en-prop

Flanders (countable and uncountable, plural Flanderses)

From Middle English Flaunders, Flaundress, flawndirs, from Old French Flandres, from Middle Dutch vlâendren pl, from Vlander, from Old Frisian, from Proto-Germanic *flaumdrą (“waterlogged land”), from *flaumaz (“flowing, current (water)”) (compare Old High German weraltfloum (“transitoriness of life”), Old Norse flaumr (“eddy”)), from Proto-Indo-European *plow-m- (“flow”) (compare Ancient Greek πλῠ́μα (plúma, “dishwater, washing water”)). More at flow. "Waterlogged" refers to the mudflats and salt marshes common to coastal Flanders.

cog

When you went / Ambassador to the Emperor, you made bold / To carry into Flanders the great seal.

1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

The County of Flanders, a historical county of Europe, of varying extent.


Brussels

From Dutch Brussel and French Bruxelles, from Proto-Germanic, composed of the words *brōk (“marsh”) + *sali (“building, room”). The metonymic meaning of Brussels as the European Union stems from the fact that the EU headquarters is based in Brussels.

Buying bread from a man in Brussels / He was 6'4", and full of muscle

1981, Men At Work (lyrics and music), “Down Under”, in Business as Usual:


Corsican

en-adj

Corsican (comparative more Corsican, superlative most Corsican)

more Corsican (comparative)
most Corsican (superlative)

of, from, or pertaining to Corsica, the Corsican people or the Corsican language


Corsican

a person from Corsica or of Corsican descent


Highlander

From Highlands + -er, equivalent to a specific application of highlander.


Gaelic

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Irish Gaelic.

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Manx Gaelic.


Gaelic

Of or relating to the Gaels, the Goidel peoples of Scotland and Ireland, and the Manx, or their languages.


Gaelic

Undoubtedly, the main reasons why many gifted young Irish sportsmen such as Niall Quinn, Kevin Moran and Frank Stapleton opted to play soccer instead of Gaelic is^([sic]) that soccer afforded them the opportunity to display and test their abilities in an international arena and earn a good living.

1995, John Sugden, Alan Bairner, Sport, Sectarianism and Society, page 42:


Austrian

Austrian (comparative more Austrian, superlative most Austrian)

more Austrian (comparative)
most Austrian (superlative)

Austrian borders


Austrian

A person from Austria or of Austrian descent.


Czechia

“Kłodzko Land,” as the basin is also called, forms a rectangular jut into Czechia that is sealed at its southwestern back by a fifty-kilometer-long ridge known as the Orlické (Eagle) Mountains […]

2020, Alan E. Sparks, Into the Carpathians:

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Czech Republic. Capital and largest city: Prague.


Skagerrak

/ˈskæɡ.əˌɹæk/

/ˈskɑɡ.əˌɹɑk/

Of Dutch origin from the 17th century. From the 18th century and on, Skagerrak was the official name on maps, whereas Kattegatt was the vulgar name between sailors. In time, Kattegatt came to be the more common name and Skagerrak only meant the outer part of the area, between Skagen and Norway. In the 19th century the names were still used synonymously. Skagerrak comes from the name Skagen and a word meaning “straight stretch” (rak, from Dutch or Low German; in modern Dutch rak is a straight stretch in an otherwise sinuous waterway; in modern sailing the distance to be sailed between two points), so the word means “the straight passage at Skagen”.

The marine passage between Norway and Denmark, formerly also including the passage between Sweden and Denmark, comprising the Kattegat.


Naples

From French Naples, from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polis), from νέᾱ (néā, “new”) + πόλῐς (pólis, “city”) after the relocation of the original Greek settlement in the area. Doublet of Nabeul, Nablus, Neapoli, and Neapolis. Compare Newton.

doublet

A city in the region of Campania in Italy; capital of the surrounding province.

A metropolitan city and former province of Italy around the city.

A city in Collier County, Florida, United States.


Athens

From Middle English Athens, from Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”) (q.v.), the goddess. More at Athena.

Limestone County
Limestone County#English

A city, the county seat of Limestone County, Alabama.

A sizable city, the county seat of Clarke County, Georgia, consolidated with Clarke County as Athens-Clarke County.

Several places in the United States:
A city in Menard County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Athens County, Ohio.

A city, the county seat of McMinn County, Tennessee.

Henderson County
Henderson County#English

A city, the county seat of Henderson County, Texas.


Stockholm

From Swedish Stockholm, compound of stock (“log”) + holme (“islet”), due to the logs which were put outside of the Stockholm shores to prevent ships from invading.

A municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden.


Madrid

autonomous community
autonomous community

An autonomous community of Spain, the Community of Madrid.

Douglas Township
Douglas Township#English

A small city in Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa.


London

en-proper noun

London (countable and uncountable, plural Londons)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: London

From Middle English London, from Old English Lunden, from Proto-Celtic via Latin Londinium – see for details. Doublet of Londinium.

Londens

of, from or pertaining to London in the UK

down to London (UK)

An eccentric city with a live-and-let-live vibe, London is a place where people can be free to be themselves, find the communities to which they belong and write whatever they want. There are, in a sense, many Londons for writers to explore.

2022 October 12, Bernardine Evaristo, “Read Your Way Through London”, in The New York Times:

The capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England. Situated on the tidal River Thames in southeast England, with a metropolitan population of more than 13,000,000.

A city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, with a population of approximately 300,000.

A small city in Pope County, Arkansas, with a population of approximately 900.

A city, the county seat of Laurel County, Kentucky, with a population of approximately 8,000.

A city, the county seat of Madison County, Ohio, with a population of approximately 9,000.


Moscow

Ultimately from Old East Slavic Москов- (Moskov-), originally referring to the Moskva River, probably from Proto-Slavic *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”). Perhaps related to Czech moskva (“raw bread”), Slovak mozga (“puddle”), Polish Mozgawa, and more distantly Latvian mazgāt (“to wash, rinse”), Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “to sink”), Latin mergō (“to dive”), all from Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to plunge, dip”). Cognate with Russian промозглый (promozglyj, “dank”).

der

Alternative form: Moskva

The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.

1917, Anton Chekhov, translated by Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories, Project Gutenberg, published 9 September 2004, →ISBN, page 71:

I was inclined to accept Yeltsin's invitation to go to Russia, but Tony Lake said Moscow shouldn't be my first foreign stop, and the rest of my team said it would divert attention from our domestic agenda.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 49:

A federal city, the capital and largest city of Russia.

A large number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Latah County, Idaho; probably named after the Russian city.

A small city in Fayette County, Tennessee; named after Mosgo, a Cherokee chief.

A tiny city in Stevens County, Kansas; said to be named after Luis de Moscoso Alvarado, a Spanish explorer.


Scandinavia

Borrowed from Latin Scandināvia, from Proto-Germanic *Skadinawjō (“Scadia island”) (compare Old English Sċedeniġ, Old Norse Skáney > Swedish Skåne (“southern tip of Sweden, Scania”)), with the suffix *awjō (“island”) (compare Old English īġ, īeġ (“island”), whence dialectal modern English ey; Old Norse ey (“island”)). Doublet of Scania.

cog

The Faroes are an obscure corner of Scandinavia and, apart from Lapland, Scandinavia is perhaps the most obscure corner of the world, ethnographically speaking.

1987, Jonathan Wylie, The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History:

Internet banking has become popular in Finland and other parts of Scandinavia, for a variety of reasons.

2002, Kenneth R. Evans, Lisa K. Scheer, editors, 2002 AMA Winter Educators’ Conference: Marketing Theory and Applications, volume 13, page 423:

And within Scandinavia, Iceland faces an epidemic of sexual violence, with twice as many reported rapes per capita as other Nordic countries.

2023, Matt Thornton, The Gift of Violence: Practical Knowledge for Surviving and Thriving in a Dangerous World, →ISBN, page 103:

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden collectively and sometimes Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands.


Scandinavian

en-adj

Scandinavian (comparative more Scandinavian, superlative most Scandinavian)

more Scandinavian (comparative)
most Scandinavian (superlative)

The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.

2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

(Of a language) Of or relating to the North Germanic family of languages to which Swedish, Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk), Danish, Icelandic, and Faeroese belong.

skandinavisk

of or relating the North Germanic family of languages


Paris

desctree

→ Arabic: بارِيس (bārīs), بَارِيز (bārīz) — dated, پَارِيس (pārīs) — rare
→ Afar: Baaríis
→ Somali: Baaríis

→ Hindi: पेरिस (peris)

→ Urdu: پَیرِس (pairis)
→ Punjabi: پَیرَس (pairas)

From Middle English Parys, Paris, from Old French Paris, from the Late Latin name of an earlier settlement, Lutetia Parisiorum (“Lutetia of the Parisii”), from Latin Parīsiī, a Gaulish tribe, from Transalpine Gaulish *parios (“cauldron”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Doublet of Parizh.

der

-æɹɪs (Received Pronunciation, New York City, without the Mary–marry–merry merger)

-ɛɹɪs (General American, Canada, Mary–marry–merry merger)

And of course, in July 1967 De Gaulle did come to Canada. He made his speeches in Quebec, was enthusiastically received on the Chemin du Roy, shouted “Vive le Quebec libre” in Montreal and, on learning of the reaction of the Canadian government, returned to Paris without going to Ottawa.

1996, Eldon Black, “Prologue: 1960-1967”, in Direct Intervention: Canada-France Relations, 1967-1974, Carleton University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:

A locale named after the French city.
A hamlet in Jutland, Denmark.

A hamlet in El Wadi El Gedid governorate, Egypt.

El Wadi El Gedid governorate
El Wadi El Gedid governorate#English

A locale named after the French city.
A former settlement in Yukon, Canada.

A former settlement in Kiritimati, Kiribati.

A city in Arkansas, United States and one of the two county seats of Logan County.

A city, the county seat of Bear Lake County, Idaho.

Bear Lake County
Bear Lake County#English

A city, the county seat of Edgar County, Illinois.

An unincorporated community in Jefferson County and Jennings County, Indiana.

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

An unincorporated community in Linn County, Iowa.

A city, the county seat of Bourbon County, Kentucky.

A town, the county seat of Oxford County, Maine.

An unincorporated community in Green Charter Township, Mecosta County, Michigan.

A census-designated place in Lafayette County, Mississippi.

census-designated place
census-designated place

Lafayette County
Lafayette County#English

A city, the county seat of Monroe County, Missouri; named for the city in Kentucky.

An unincorporated community in the towns of Dummer and Stark, Coos County, New Hampshire.

A town in Oneida County, New York; named for early benefactor Col. Isaac Paris.

A township and unincorporated community therein, in Stark County, Ohio.

An unincorporated community in Lane County, Oregon; named for postmaster G. E. Parris.

A census-designated place in Hanover Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania.

Washington County
Washington County#English

A city, the county seat of Lamar County, Texas.

A city, the county seat of Henry County, Tennessee.

An unincorporated community in Fauquier County, Virginia.

A locale named after the French city.
A locale in the United States.
A town in Grant County, Wisconsin.

A town and unincorporated community therein, in Kenosha County, Wisconsin; named for the town in New York.

A number of townships in the United States, listed under Paris Township.


tolar

en-noun

tolar (plural tolars or tolarjev or tolarji)

tolars (plural)
tolarjev (plural)
tolarji (plural)

From Slovene tolar, from German Taler (“made in Joachimstal”). Doublet of dollar and thaler.

(historical) A state currency formerly used by the Republic of Slovenia between 1991 and 2006, divided into 100 stotins.


markka

Borrowed from Finnish markka, from a Germanic language, likely German Mark. Doublet of mark.

A (Finnish) mark, the currency used in Finland before the introduction of the euro, consisting of 100 penni. Abbreviation FIM.


Tuscany

Late 14c., from Middle English Tuscan, Tuscane, from Old French Toscane or Italian Toscana, from Late Latin Tuscānus (“belonging to the Tusci”), a people of ancient Italy, from Tuscus, earlier *Truscus, shortened form of Etruscus (“Etruscan”).

der

administrative region
administrative region

An administrative region of Italy, located north of Lazio and south of Emilia-Romagna.


Lombardy

From Latin Langobardia, named after Langobards, a Germanic tribe that invaded the region along with much of northern Apennine Peninsula in 6th century.

An administrative region in northern Italy, where its capital and the largest city Milan is founded in the Po Valley.


krona

Borrowed from Swedish krona (“crown”). Doublet of corona, crown, korona, koruna, króna, and krone.


Attica

Alternative form: Attika

A periphery where Athens, the capital of Greece, is located.


escudo

From Portuguese escudo (“shield”). Doublet of scutum, scute, écu, and scudo.

The state currency formerly used in Portugal, divided into 100 centavos. The symbol is $ which is positioned between the escudos & centavos, 2$50.


Rhine

From Middle English Rine, Ryne, from Old English Rīn (“the Rhine”), from Middle High German and Old High German Rīn, from Proto-West Germanic *Rīn, from Proto-Germanic *Rīnaz, from Gaulish Rēnos, from a Pre-Celtic or Proto-Celtic *reinos; one of a class of river names built from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to move, flow, run”).
Cognate with Old High German Rīn ("the Rhine"; > German Rhein), Old Norse Rín (“the Rhine”), Dutch Rijn (“the Rhine”). Related also to Latin rivus ("river"), in Celtic with an -n- suffix as in Old Irish rīan (“run”) (more at run).
The spelling with Rh- is due to the influence of Ancient Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhênos) (via French Rhin).

gloss

"the Rhine"; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Rhein</i>

A river in western Europe, that flows through Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany, France and the Netherlands, before emptying into the North Sea.


Transylvanian

An inhabitant or a resident of Transylvania.


Berlinese

The regiolect spoken in the city of Berlin, Germany, and surrounding areas in Brandenburg.


Berlinese

An inhabitant or a resident of the city of Berlin, Germany.


Genoese

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəʊˈiːz/

America. One of the four parts of the world, ſo called from Americus Veſpuſius a Florentine, who with Columbus a Genoeſe, firſt diſcover'd this Country about the yeer 1492 which is moſt aptly called the New world; ….

1656, T. B. of the Inner-Temple, Glossographia: or a Dictionary, Interpreting all such Hard Words, …, London, s.v. America (https://books.google.com/books?id=QctmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP45)

However, John not liking a Partner in the Empire, left Conſtantinople, and retir'd to Tenedos, where he engag'd Francis Cataluze a Genoeſe to aſſiſt him, and with the Fleet under his Command, return'd to the Imperal City, compell'd Contacuzenus to quit the Empire; …

1708, The General History of the World, being an Abridgment of Sir Walter Raleigh. With a Continuation from the Best Historians to the Present Times. Vol. III, London, p. 249 (https://books.google.com/books?id=UXE9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA249)

For at preſent the Greateſt, among the Genoeſe, are in part ſubjects to the monarchy of Spain …. The Spaniards tax them very high upon occaſion, and are ſo ſenſible of the advantage this gives them over the republick, that they will not ſuffer a Neapolitan to buy the lands of a Genoeſe, who muſt find a purchaſer among his own countrymen, if he has a mind to ſell.

1741, The Works of the Late Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; – Volume the Second. – The Third Edition: With a Compleat Index, London, p. 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ZNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6)


Budapest

From Hungarian Budapest, from Buda + Pest.

The capital and the most populous city of Hungary.


Brittany

Inherited from Middle English Bretany, Brytany, itself borrowed from Medieval Latin Britannia, applied to Brittany from at least the 6th century, and reinforced by Middle French Bretagne. See Britannia for more. Doublet of Britain and Britannia.

First, will I see the Coronation, / And then to Britanny Ile crosse the Sea, / To effect this marriage, so it please my Lord.

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi]:

So Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon fled away to that part of France called Brittany, where they remained in saftey for many years.

1905, Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall, Our Island Story, page 35:

An administrative region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France.


Thracian

/ˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/

(countable) An inhabitant of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity.

(countable) A member of a group of tribes who spoke the language Thracian. (See Wikipedia's article on the Thracians.)


Thracian

/ˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/

(uncountable) the extinct language formerly spoken in Thrace.


Muscovite

1535. From Latin Moscovita (“resident of Moscow or Muscovy, Russian”), also Muscovita, Moschovita, from Moscovia or Muscovia (“Muscovy”) + -ita.

uder

An inhabitant or native of Muscovy or Moscow.


Muscovite

Of or relating to Muscovy or Moscow, or the people of these places.


Piedmontese

Of, from, or relating to Piedmont, a region in the northwest of Italy.


Piedmontese

en-noun

Piedmontese (plural Piedmonteses or Piedmontese)

Piedmonteses (plural)
Piedmontese (plural)

(uncountable) The inhabitants or residents of Piedmont.

(countable) A breed of double-muscled domestic cattle that originated in Piedmont, Italy.


Piedmontese

A Gallo-Italic language spoken in Piedmont.


Englishwoman

From Middle English Englishwoman, equivalent to English + -woman. Compare Englishman.

A female native or inhabitant of England; a woman who is English by birth, descent or naturalisation.

إِنْجِلِيزِيَّة

a female native or inhabitant of England


Breton

Breton (countable and uncountable, plural Bretons)

From French Breton. Doublet of Briton and Brython.

(uncountable) The Celtic language of Brittany.


Neapolitan

From Latin neāpolītānus, from Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεάπολις (Neápolis, literally “new city”), a Greek city in modern Naples. Doublet of naporitan.

der

Pertaining to Naples, a city in southern Italy.


Neapolitan

A language spoken in South Italy, approximately in the area of the former Kingdom of Naples.


MEP

Eva Kaili, the Greek MEP at the centre of a cash for influence scandal implicating Qatar, will remain in jail pending trial, a Belgian court has decided.

2022 December 22, Jennifer Rankin, “Greek MEP Eva Kaili to stay in custody after corruption charges, says court”, in The Guardian:

A French train carrying hundreds of MEPs and their teams from Brussels ended up by accident at Marne-la-Vallée, the stop for Disneyland Paris.

2023 October 16, Lisa O'Carroll, “Rail signalling error diverts Strasbourg-bound MEPs to Disneyland”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

European Parliament
European Parliament#English

(EU politics) Initialism of Member of the European Parliament.


Venetian

From Latin Venetianus (“Venetic; Venetian”), from Venetia (“lands of the Veneti; Venice, Veneto; Armorica”) + -anus (“-ian”), from Veneti + -ia. In the case of the Veneti of northern Brittany, derived from Gaulish Uenetoi (“the friendly ones, the kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a derivation from *wenyā (“kindred”). In the case of the Veneti of northeastern Italy, of uncertain origin but presumably taken from a Venetic endonym, possibly Illyrian or Celtic. Equivalent to Veneto or Venetia + -ian.

Of or related to Venice, an Italian city and (historical) its former republic and colonial empire around the Adriatic and eastern Mediterranean Seas.

(linguistics) Of or related to Venetian, the language spoken in Veneto, or more specifically the dialect spoken in the city itself.

(uncommon) Synonym of Venetic, of or related to Veneto, the Italian region around the city.


Venetian

An inhabitant or a resident of Venice, the city.


Venetian

The Romance language spoken mostly in the Veneto region of Italy.

The form of this language spoken in Venice.


vodka

en-noun

vodka (countable and uncountable, plural vodkas)

→ Cebuano: bodka

→ Welsh: fodca

From Russian во́дка (vódka), from вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka, “-let: forming diminutives”). The archaic Russian name for vodka was хле́бное вино́ (xlébnoje vinó, “grain wine”); V. Pokhlyobkin's research suggests the present name derived from expressions concerning the dilution of the initial pure distilled spirit such as "vodka of grain wine".
Cognates include Sanskrit उदक (udaka), Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) → English hydro-, English whisky and English water.

standards of identity
standard of identity

(US standards of identity) Neutral spirits distilled (or treated after distillation) so as to have no distinctive character, aroma, taste, or color.

(countable, military slang, ethnic slur) A Russian.


Cologne

From Middle English Coloyne, from Old French Cologne, from Latin Colōnia Agrippīna (“Agrippine Colony”), a settlement named after Agrippina, the mother of Roman Emperor Nero; colōnia (“colony”) comes from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”). Doublet of Köln, from German.

der

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

The largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany, on the Rhine River.

A city and town in Minnesota, United States.


Liguria

/lɪˈɡjʊəɹiə/

From Occitan Ligúria, from Latin Liguria, from Ancient Greek Λίγυς (Lígus).

An administrative region of northwest Italy.


Marseilles

From Old French Marseilles (nominative of Marseille), from Latin Massilia, Marsilia, from Ancient Greek Μασσαλία (Massalía), probably from a pre-Latin language of Italy, perhaps Ancient Ligurian mas (“spring”).

bor

nominative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">Marseille</i>

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Alternative spelling of Marseille, the capital city of the Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.


harp

From Middle English harpe, from Old English hearpe (“harp”), from Proto-West Germanic *harpā, from Proto-Germanic *harpǭ (“harp”). Cognate with Scots hairp (“harp”), West Frisian harpe, harp (“harp”), Low German Harp (“harp”), Dutch harp (“harp”), German Harfe (“harp”), Danish harpe (“harp”), Swedish harpa (“harp”).

More likely, it was the prospect of meat. Curwen was by now craving a juicy roast – 'even seal chop' – and was always loosing off at tickleasses and harps.

2006, John Gimlette, Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador, page 225:


Kiev

From Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev), from Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ), which folk-etymology derives from the name of city's legendary founder Kyi. Other proposals derive it from Proto-Slavic *kyjь (“stick, club, hammer”) (compare to Russian кий (kij)). See also at the article about Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ).

der

The capital city of Ukraine and the administrative centre of Kyiv Oblast.


Helsinki

My doctors didn't want me to go to Helsinki, but staying home wasn't an option. Yeltsin had been reelected and NATO was about to vote to admit Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic; we had to have an agreement on how to proceed.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 376–377:


Glasgow

/ˈɡlɑːz.ɡəʊ/

/ˈɡlɐːz.ɡəʉ/

/ˈɡlɐːz.ɡɐʉ/

From Proto-Brythonic *glas cu (“green hollow”), from *glas (“green”) + *cöü (“hollow”) (for this element see Irish cuas (“hollow”), Welsh cau (“hollow”)); usually romantically translated as "the dear green place." Compare modern Scottish Gaelic Glaschu.

up to Glasgow (UK)

Central Glasgow is beautiful. Glasgow Central is also beautiful. Opened by the Caledonian Railway in 1879, it was rebuilt in the Edwardian era to a design by Robert Rowand Anderson.

2023 February 8, Greg Morse, “Crossing the border... by Sleeper”, in RAIL, number 976, page 40:

A major city and council area of Scotland, largest city in Scotland.

A number of places in the United States:

A home rule city, the county seat of Barren County, Kentucky.

A minor city in Howard County and Chariton County, Missouri.

A minor city, the county seat of Valley County, Montana.


Silesia

Uncertain. Two theories are prominent: a relation to the Germanic Silingi tribe, whose name is attested in Ancient Greek Σιλίγγαι (Silíngai). Or, from Old Polish ślęg, śląg meaning "dampness, humidity, moisture." More at Ślęża and Silesia.

A region in central Europe, now chiefly in Poland, with small portions in the Czech Republic and Germany, from early modernity until 1945 predominantly German-speaking with Slavic-speaking minorities (and local majorities).


Munich

Ultimately from German München or Münichen (the earliest attested form, common in the late Middle Ages), probably via French Munich, like many other city names (Cologne, etc). First attested in the early 1600s; compare the slightly earlier English form Miniken (whence minikin) which is attested prior to 1566 and derives directly from the German name.

The capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany.


Nicosia

/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/

From Medieval Latin and Old French Nicosia, from Byzantine Greek Λευκωσία (Leukōsía), variant of Λευκουσία (Leukousía), equivalent to λευκός (leukós, “white”) or λεύκη (leúkē, “poplar”) + οὐσία (ousía, “property, estate”), but deriving from various Ancient Greek forms including Λευτεῶν (Leuteôn), Λευκοθέον (Leukothéon), and Λευκούπολις (Leukoúpolis) adapting an early or pre-Greek name variously recorded as Λέδραι (Lédrai), Λῆδρον (Lêdron), Λεδρῶν (Ledrôn), Λήδρα (Lḗdra), etc. Doublet of Lefkosia.

The capital city of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.

A district of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus around the city.


Piedmont

Derived from Italian Piemonte (“mountain foot”), from Medieval Latin Pedemontium, Pedemontis, from Latin ad pedem montium.

der+

An administrative region in the north of Italy.


Stuttgart

/ˈʃtʊtɡɑː(ɹ)t/

The largest city and state capital of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Շտուտգարտ

the capital and largest city of the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany

A city in Arkansas County, Arkansas; it is the county seat of Arkansas County's northern district.


Crete

One of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of Chania, Iraklion, Lasithi and Rethymno.


Seville

From (possibly through a Middle French form) Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”). Compare Hebrew שפלה (shfela, “lowland”), Arabic سافل (safil, “lowly”).

der

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)


Edinburgh

Edinburgh
Edinburgh (disambiguation)
Etymology of Edinburgh

From Middle English Edynburgh, from Old Welsh Eidyn, a Celtic/Brythonic region of uncertain origin (possibly a personal name; compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”)) + Old English burg (“castle, stronghold”). More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.


Normandy

From Middle English Normandie, Normandye, from Old English Normandiġ, from Old French Normendie, from normant + -ie. Compare Old Norse Norðmanndi (“Normandy”). Normant refers to the Germanic words for 'north' and 'man', as the original Normans were of Scandinavian origin. More at Norman.

An administrative region, historical province, and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel. The modern region was created in 2016 with the merger of Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy.


Dublin

From Middle Irish Dublind, from dub (“black”) + lind (“pond”).

Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown

A traditional county of Ireland, now divided into the City of Dublin and three counties; Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin.

A city, the county seat of Laurens County, Georgia.

A city in Franklin County, Delaware County and Union County, Ohio.


pot

From Middle English pot, potte, from Old English pott (“pot”) and Old French pot (“pot”) (probably from Frankish *pott); both Old English and Frankish from Proto-Germanic *puttaz (“pot”), from Proto-Indo-European *budnós (“a type of vessel”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Pot (“pot”), Dutch pot (“pot”), German Low German Pott (“pot”), German Pott (“pot”), Swedish potta (“chamber pot”), Icelandic pottur (“tub, pot”), Old Armenian պոյտն (poytn, “pot, earthen pot”). Also, Old Norse pottr (“pot, tub, basin”).
The sense of ruin or deterioration was originally a general allusion to "being chopped up and tossed in a (normally fiery) pot, like a piece of meat" (i.e. to get wasted or done with (by someone)). The 'clean' slang term which was used in reference to toilet rooms and lavatories apparently derives from English chamberpots, although now usually encountered as potty in the context of children's toilet training.

pussitus

cue sports: act of causing a ball to fall into a pocket

not have a pot to piss in or a window to throw it out of

There are plenty of pubs and bars all over Australia (serving beer in schooners – 425ml or middies/pots ~285ml), and if you don′t fancy those you can drink in wine bars, pleasant beer gardens, or with friends at home.

2009, Deborah Penrith et al., Live & Work in Australia, page 187:

Various similar open-topped vessels, particularly

(Australia, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania) A glass of beer in Australia whose size varies regionally but is typically around 10 fl oz (285 mL).


Bavaria

/bəˈvɛəɹiːə/

From New Latin Bavaria, from Medieval Latin Baioarii (“Bavarians”), from Latin Boiuvarii (literally “Boii settlers”), a compound of a Gaulish word meaning “cattle owner” (from Proto-Celtic *bāus (“cow”)) + Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“settler”). Alternatively, Pokorny proposes that the first element is a word meaning “warrior”, derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit, beat”). This name was adopted by the Marcomanni after defeating the Boii and settling Bohemia and parts of Bavaria.

der

One of the component states of Germany according to the current administrative division of the nation, which includes the historical Bavaria and parts of Swabia and Franconia.

Baden-Württemberg · Bavaria · Brandenburg · Hesse · Lower Saxony · Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania · North Rhine-Westphalia · Rhineland-Palatinate · Saarland · Saxony · Saxony-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringia


Lemuria

Lemuria (festival)
en:Lemuria (disambiguation)

(historical) A religious feast of Ancient Rome during which rites were performed to exorcise the malevolent ghosts of the dead from their homes.


Turin

en-proper noun

Turin (countable and uncountable, plural Turins)

From Piedmontese Turin, from the Roman name, Latin Augusta Taurinōrum, ultimately from the name of the Taurini tribe. Connections to Latin taurus (“bull”) are folk etymology. Doublet of Torino, the Italian name.


Saint Petersburg

Peter the Great
Saint Peter
Saint Petersburg

English translation of Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg), from German Sankt Petersburg (“Saint Peter's City”), referring to Saint Peter the Apostle and alluding to its founder Tsar Peter the Great. Doublet of Peterborough.

bor

Санкт-Петербу́рг

Leningrad

still the name of the surrounding oblast

A federal city of Russia, known between 1914 and 1924 as Petrograd and between 1924 and 1991 as Leningrad, and former capital of Russia (1713–1728, 1732–1918).

സെന്റ് പീറ്റേഴ്സ്ബർഗ്

senṟŭ pīṟṟēḻsbaṟgŭ

Alternative form of St. Petersburg
a city in Florida, United States.


The Hague

From the French translation (confused with La Hague) of Dutch Den Haag, short form of 's-Gravenhage, from Middle Dutch des Graven hage (1400s), literally, "the Count's hedge[-enclosed hunting grounds]",

A city and capital of South Holland, Netherlands; administrative capital of the Netherlands.


Sardinia

Nora, Italy
Sea People
Sherden
en:Sardinia

Borrowing from Latin Sardinia and Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ), which in turn derive from a pre-Roman substrate language, *sard, *shard. It is connected by some scholars to the name of the Sherden or Shardana, an ethnic group amongst the Sea Peoples. A Phoenician inscription found in Nora and dated to the 9th century B.C.E. identifies the island as Shardan.

An island and autonomous region of Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea.


Frankfurt

The poor third-quarter results from Frankfurt had the broadest impact because they spotlighted the vulnerability of the listed German universal banks to the financial crisis spreading from Asia.

1998, Franfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH Information Services, German Brief, volume 10:

Frankfurt am Main, the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany.

(metonymically) The German financial industry.

Despite this risk, little has happened in the six months since Frankfurt cut interest rates causing one to wonder how different Draghi is from his predecessor.

2014 May 9, Dan O'Brien, “Trichet like a broken record when what we need is fresh thinking”, in Irish Independent:

(metonymically) The European Central Bank.


Milan

Inherited from Middle English Milane, Melan, etc., from Old English Mæġelan, Megelan, Mediolanaburg, etc. under influence from early forms of French Milan, from Medieval Latin Mediolāna etc., from Latin Mediolānum, q.v. As American settlements, typically after the Italian city.

A city in northern Italy; capital of Lombardy.

A metropolitan city of Lombardy, Italy, the province surrounding the city.

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Dodge County and Telfair County, Georgia.

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

A city in Monroe County and Washtenaw County, Michigan.

A city, the county seat of Sullivan County, Missouri.


Copenhagen

Norwegian Bokmål: Copenhagen

/ˌkəʊpənˈheɪɡən/

/ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːɡən/

From Low German Kopenhagen, a calque (perhaps modified by folk etymology) of Danish København.

Copenhagen
Copenhagen (disambiguation)
Copenhagen County
Copenhagen, Louisiana


White Russia

Calque of Russian Бе́лая Русь (Bélaja Rusʹ). Cognate with German Weißrussland, German Low German Wittrussland, Dutch Wit-Rusland, Afrikaans Wit-Rusland, Danish Hviderusland, Faroese Hvítarussland, Swedish Vitryssland, Norwegian Bokmål Hviterussland, Norwegian Nynorsk Kviterussland, Icelandic Hvíta-Rússland, Limburgish Wit-Rusland, Alemannic German Wiissrussland, among others.

calque

(archaic) An archaic literal translation for Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe.


Venice

en-proper noun

Venice (countable and uncountable, plural Venices)

→ Japanese: ベニス (Benisu), ヴェニス (Venisu)

→ Korean: 베니스 (Beniseu)

→ Mandarin: 威尼斯 (Wēinísī)

→ Cantonese: 威尼斯 (wai1 nei4 si1)

→ Welsh: Fenis

→ Malay: Venis

Adriatic Veneti
Trojan War
Venice
Venice (disambiguation)

From Middle English Venyse, from Old French Venise or Old Italian, from Medieval Latin Venetia, from Latin Venetī + -ia (suffix forming place names), a local tribe in antiquity whose own little-attested language is now known as Venetic. Initial scholarly agreement that they were Illyrian was based on arguments since refuted. They worshipped Belenus and were possibly Celtic or heavily influenced by Celtic culture, despite repeatedly supporting the Romans against the Gauls. Compare the identical ethnonym Venetī used for Celts of Armorica (ancient Britanny) from Gaulish Uenetoi (“friendly ones, kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a modified form of *wenyā (“kindred”). Widely but mistakenly derived by the ancient Greeks and Romans from the Eneti of Pamphylia, supposed to have fled to the Adriatic and become the Veneti after supporting the losing side of the Trojan War. As American places, named after the Italian city. Doublet of Venetia and Venezia.

An. The Duke cannot denie the courſe of law:
for the commoditie that ſtrangers haue
vvith vs in Venice, if it be denyed,
will much impeach the iuſtice of the ſtate,
ſince that the trade and profit of the citty
conſiſteth of all Nations.

1600, William Shakespeare, The Most Excellent Hiſtorie of the Merchant of Venice, Act III, Scene iii

As I indicated at the outset, for us Shakespeare's Venetian plays lie between the early modern republic described in Chapter 2, and all the subsequent Venices of our experience, education and imagination, […]

2010, Graham Holderness, Shakespeare and Venice, →ISBN, page 141:

the port city in Veneto, on the Adriatic, in northeastern Italy, former capital of an independent republic.


Sicily

From Middle English Sicilie, Sicilye, from Old English Sicilia, from Latin Sicilia, from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”). Doublet of Sicilia.

The largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily.


Barcelona

/ˌbɑːsəˈləʊnə/

/ˌbɑɹsəˈloʊnə/

/ˌbɑɹsɪˈloʊnə/

The capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela.


Zagreb

The capital and largest city of Croatia.


Basilicata

An administrative region of southern Italy.


Zurich

The capital city of Zurich canton, Switzerland, on Lake Zurich.


Lisbon

As the capital of Portugal, from French Lisbonne, from Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna), from Latin Olisīpō, the origin of which is uncertain. Older spellings include Ulixbona and Ulixbuna (in the Visigothic era); Ὀλισσιπών (Olissipṓn) or Ὀλισσιπόνα (Olissipóna) (by Greek writers), Olisippo (by Pliny the Elder), and Ulyssippo (by Pomponius Mela of Hispania), the last of which relates to the first-century Roman folk etymology that it was founded by and named after Ulysses; another common folk etymology is the Phoenician 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤑 𐤏𐤁𐤀 (ʿlyṣ ʿbʾ /ʿaliṣ-ʿuboʾ/, “safe harbour”), but there is not much evidence for such words. Another possibility, based on hydronomy of the area, derives the name from a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia's appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.
In other senses, with reference to the Portuguese city.
More at Lisbon.

noncog

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

A port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal.

A city, the county seat of Ransom County, North Dakota, United States.


Abruzzo

An administrative region in central Italy.


province

Tok Pisin: provins

From Middle English provynce, from Anglo-Norman province, Old French province, from Latin prōvincia, seemingly corresponding to prō- and vinciō. Replaced Old English boldġetæl.

He reminded his audience of events in 88BC, when the same Mithridates invaded the Roman province of Asia, on the western coast of Turkey.

2008 November 28, Mark Brown, The Guardian:

(historical, Ancient Rome, Roman Empire) An area outside Italy which is administered by a Roman governor or prefect.


Veneto

An administrative region of northern Italy, roughly corresponding to the ancient Venetia


Emilia-Romagna

/ɪˈmiːljə ɹəʊˈmɑːnjə/

Borrowed from Italian Emilia-Romagna, from the former regions Emilia and Romagna.

An administrative region of northern Italy. Capital: Bologna.


Bermudan

A person from Bermuda or of Bermudian descent.


Bermudan

Of, from, or pertaining to Bermuda, or the Bermudian peoples.


Bermudan

Based on the geography of Bermuda, being somewhat European and somewhat American, but closer to American.

This chapter focuses on the pricing of various exotic interest rate derivatives including Bermudan swaptions, constant maturity swaps, trigger swaps, index amortizing swaps, and quantos.

2005, Justin London, Modeling Derivatives in C++, John Wiley & Sons, page 710:

A Bermudan callable has several call dates, usually coinciding with coupon dates.

2006, Business Knowledge for IT in Investment Banking: A complete handbook for IT Professionals (UK Edition), Essvale Corporation Limited, page 13

Multi-dimensional option pricing becomes an important topic in financial markets (Franker et al., 2008). Among which, the American-type derivative (e.g. the Bermudan option) pricing is a challenging problem.

2009, Shih-Feng Huang, Meihui Guo, Applied Quantitative Finance (Second Edition), Springer, page 295:

(finance, of an option) That can be exercised on specific dates between the issue date and the expiry date.


Campania

From Italian Campania, borrowed from Latin Campānia. Doublet of Champagne.


Warsaw

en-proper noun

Warsaw (countable and uncountable, plural Warsaws)

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

The capital city of Poland; capital city of the Masovian Voivodeship.

Kosciusko County
Kosciusko County#English

A city, the county seat of Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States.

A home rule city, the county seat of Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States.

A city, the county seat of Benton County, Missouri, United States.


Friuli-Venezia Giulia

แคว้นปกครองตนเองฟรียูลี-เวเน็ตเซียจูเลีย


Umbria

Via Italian, from Umbri, ancient Italic tribe inhabiting the region.


Oslo

From Norwegian Oslo, from Old Norse Ósló, Ásló f or n. The first element is disputed, but is likely from ǫ́ss, áss (“god; one of the Æsir”), from Proto-Germanic *ansuz. Another theory is that it comes from áss (“hill, beam”), from Proto-Germanic *ansaz, but this is unlikely. The second element is ló f or n (“meadow”), from Proto-Germanic *lauhō f, *lauhaz m (compare the suffix -ley in English place-names).

A county and municipality, the capital city of Norway. Formerly called Christiania and Kristiania.

Oslo

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital city of Norway)

أوسلو

ʔōslū, ʔōslō

A tiny city in Marshall County, in northwest Minnesota, United States.


Aruban

A person from Aruba or of Aruban descent.


Aruban

Of, from, or pertaining to Aruba, the Aruban people or the Aruban language.


Calabria

/kəˈlæbɹiːə/

A peninsula and administrative region of southern Italy.


Liverpool

From Middle English Liverpul, from Old English lifer, læfer (“reed, rush”) + pōl (“pool”). Equivalent to laver + pool.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

A city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England; an important seaport in the United Kingdom, and once one of the biggest in the world.

A small city in Brazoria County, Texas, United States.


Apulia

A peninsula and administrative region in southern Italy.


Jerusalem

Jerusalem (countable and uncountable, plural Jerusalems)

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːsələm/

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːzələm/

From Late Latin Ierusalem, Hierusalem, from Latin Hierosolyma, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim), from a Western Semitic form attested in Ancient Egyptian as Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25 (ꜣwšꜣmm), a compound of Semitic *uru (“house, town”) and *salim, which meant either "peace" or "Shalim", Canaanite god of twilight.

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

A number of places elsewhere, usually named after the city in the Holy Land:

A census-designated place in Conway County, Arkansas.

An unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland.

An unincorporated community in Lima Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan.

Former name of Courtland, Southampton County, Virginia.


Latium

Borrowed from Latin Latium. Doublet of Lazio.

(historical) A historical region of central Italy, in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.


Latvian

Of, from, or pertaining to Latvia, the Latvian people or the Latvian language.

Letlands

pertaining to Latvia or the Latvian language


Latvian

en-noun

Latvian (countable and uncountable, plural Latvians)

(uncountable) The official language of Latvia; Lettish.

(countable) A person from Latvia or of Latvian descent.


Vienna

From Italian and Medieval Latin Vienna, from German Wien, Middle High German Wienne, and Old High German Wienna, probably from Proto-Celtic *widus (“wood”) or *weidus (“wild”) via unattested Vulgar Latin *Vedunia.

The capital and largest city of Austria.

A state of Austria, including the city, within the state of Lower Austria.

A locale in the United States.
A city in West Virginia.

A city, the county seat of Dooly County, Georgia.

A city, the county seat of Johnson County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Maries County, Missouri.


Hamburg

The second largest city in, and a state of, Germany.

Any of various communities in the United States; named for the German city:

A city, the county seat of Ashley County, Arkansas.

New London County
New London County#English

A community of the town of Lyme, New London County, Connecticut.

An unincorporated community in Clark County, Indiana.

An unincorporated community in Franklin County, Indiana.

Avoyelles Parish
Avoyelles Parish#English

An unincorporated community in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana.

A small city in Carver County, Minnesota.

St. Charles County
St. Charles County#English

A ghost town in St. Charles County, Missouri.

Fairfield County
Fairfield County#English

An unincorporated community in Fairfield County, Ohio.

An unincorporated community in Preble County, Ohio.

A borough of Berks County, Pennsylvania.

A ghost town in Aiken County, South Carolina.

A small town and unincorporated community in Marathon County, Wisconsin.

A small town in Vernon County, Wisconsin.

A town in Eastern Cape, South Africa; named for the German city.


Valencia

From Spanish Valencia, from Latin Valentia, from valentia (“power, vigor”). Doublet of Valence.

Valencia
Valencia (autonomous community)
Valencia orange

autonomous community
autonomous community

An autonomous community of Spain, the Valencian Community.


Greenlander

1865, Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod, Chapter IV. "The Beach", page 54.
Were it not for this, we Europeans should have no wood to burn there, and the poor Greenlanders […] would, however, have no wood to roof their houses, to erect their tents, as also to build their boats, and to shaft their arrows.

A person from Greenland or of Greenlandic descent.

гренландец

a person from Greenland or of Greenlandic descent


Icelander

From Iceland + -er. Displaced older Middle English Iselandman (“Icelander”, literally “Iceland man, Iceland person”).

cog

A person from Iceland or of Icelandic descent.


Epirot

From Ancient Greek ἠπειρώτης (ēpeirṓtēs), from ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland, inland country”).

he would cry out as Pyrrhus did, admiring the Roman docility and courage, if such were my Epirots, I would not despair the greatest design that could be attempted to make a Church or Kingdom happy.

An inhabitant or a resident of ancient or modern Epirus, in northwest Greece and southern Albania.


Thessaly

From Ancient Greek Θεσσαλία (Thessalía).

A region in north-central Greece; one of its 13 peripheries. It contains the prefectures of Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia and Trikala.


Thrace

From Latin Thrācia, from Ancient Greek Θρᾴκη (Thrā́ikē), from Θρᾷξ (Thrâix, “Thracian”), from base of θράσσω (thrássō, “to trouble, stir”) and -ιξ (-ix) (compare Φοῖνιξ (Phoînix, “Phoenician”) and Κίλιξ (Kílix, “Cilician”)).

A historical and geographic area in southeast Europe, now divided between Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/

Of, from, or pertaining to Aragon, the Aragonese people or the Aragonese language.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/

The language of Aragon, nowadays only spoken as a mother tongue by a few thousand people in some valleys of the Pyrenees.

The Spanish language spoken in Aragon when influenced by Aragonese traits.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/


Euboean

An inhabitant of Euboea in central Greece.


Laconia

A region in the southern Peloponnese, Greece, which has had Sparta as its capital for over 3,000 years.


Dane

From Middle English Dane, from Old Norse danir. Displaced native Old English Dene. Both forms ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *daniz.

Deen

person from Denmark or of Danish descent


Serbian

en-adj

Serbian (comparative more Serbian, superlative most Serbian)

more Serbian (comparative)
most Serbian (superlative)

of or pertaining to Serbia, the Serbian people or their language


Serbian

en-noun

Serbian (countable and uncountable, plural Serbians)

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Serbia.

(historical) Serbo-Croatian in general, as spoken in Serbia.


Serbian

In a raucous atmosphere, it was an unforgiving and physical contest from the start. Grant Hanley conceded the first free-kick within the opening 20 seconds, setting the tone for a busy and thankless evening for Serbian referee Milorad Mazic.

2014 November 14, Stephen Halliday, “Scotland 1-0 Republic of Ireland: Maloney the hero”, in The Scotsman:

Of, from, or pertaining to Serbia and Serbians.


Berlin

en-proper noun

Berlin (countable and uncountable, plural Berlins)

The capital and largest city of Germany.

A state of Germany containing the capital city.

The former name of Kitchener, a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

A small city in Colquitt County, Georgia, United States.

A city in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States.

A tiny city in LaMoure County, North Dakota, United States.

Green Lake County
Green Lake County#English

A city in Green Lake County and Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States.


Peloponnese

From Ancient Greek Πελοπόννησος (Pelopónnēsos) directly and via Latin Peloponnesus, from Πέλοψ (Pélops, “Pelops”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”).

der

Πελοπόννησος

A peninsula in Greece, separated from mainland Europe by the Gulf of Corinth and connected to it by the Isthmus of Corinth.

A periphery of Greece containing Achaea, Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia, Elis, Laconia, and Messenia.


Andalusia

/ˌændəˈluːʃə/

/ˌændəˈluːʒə/

From the Arabic الْأَنْدَلُس (al-ʔandalus), الْأَنْدُلُس (al-ʔandulus, “Iberia”), from Vulgar Latin *Vandalicia (“land of the Vandals”), or possibly from Vandalic *Wandalitia (“land of the Vandals”) (or *Vandalitia) of the same Latin source, from Proto-Germanic *wandilaz. Alternatively, Halm (1989) suggests it may derive from (unattested) Gothic *𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (*landahlauts), from 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land, “land”) + 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (hlauts, “allotment, inheritance”).

الْأَنْدَلُس

*𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃

The most populated and second largest of the seventeen autonomous communities that constitute Spain, whose capital is Seville.

Covington County
Covington County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Covington County, Alabama.

An unincorporated area of Flagler County, Florida.

Rock Island County
Rock Island County#English

A village in Rock Island County, Illinois.

An unincorporated community and historic neighbourhood in Bensalem Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.


Martinican

A person from Martinique or of Martinican descent.


Martinican

en-adj

Martinican (comparative more Martinican, superlative most Martinican)

more Martinican (comparative)
most Martinican (superlative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Martinique, the Martinican people or the Martinican language.


Epirus

From Latin Ēpīrus, from Ancient Greek Ἤπειρος (Ḗpeiros, “mainland”).

伊庇鲁斯大区

Yībìlǔsī Dàqū

A region in northwest Greece; one of the thirteen peripheries (administrative regions) of modern Greece.

伊庇鲁斯大区

Yībìlǔsī Dàqū


Rome

→ Hindi: रोम (rom)

→ Thai: โรม (room)

From Middle English Rome, from Old English Rōm, Rūm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō and influenced by Late Latin Rōma (“Rome, Constantinople”), from Classical Latin Rōma (“Rome”). In Roman mythology, the name was said to derive from Romulus, one of the founders of the city and its first king.
The name appears in a wide range of forms in Middle English, including Rom, Room, Roome, and Rombe as well as Rome; by early modern English, it appeared as Rome, Room, and Roome, with the spelling Rome occurring in Shakespeare and common from the early 18th century on. The final spelling was influenced by Norman, Middle French, Anglo-Norman, and Old French Rome. Doublet of Rum.

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope

When could they say (till now) that talk'd of Rome,
That her wide Walles incompast but one man?
Now is it Rome indeed, and Roome enough
When there is in it but one onely man.

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], line 157:

Within the last thirty weeks I have heard the word Rome pronounced Room by several old-fashioned people in the north of Ireland, some of my own relations among the number. On remonstrating with one of these, she said, "It was always Room when I was at school (say about 1830), and I am too old to change it now."

1866 December 8, 'Filius Ecclesiæ', Notes & Queries, "Rome:Room", 456 1

A city on the Tiber River on the Italian peninsula; ancient capital of the Roman Empire; capital city of Italy; capital city of the region of Lazio.

A city, the county seat of Floyd County, Georgia.


Corinthian

en-adj

Corinthian (comparative more Corinthian, superlative most Corinthian)

more Corinthian (comparative)
most Corinthian (superlative)

/kəˈɹɪnθiən/


Corinthian

/kəˈɹɪnθiən/

An inhabitant or a resident of Corinth, and its suburbs.

An inhabitant, a resident of; a thing that originates from Corinthia


Luxembourger

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɚ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡə/

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

A person from the independent Grand Duchy of Luxembourg or of Luxembourgish descent.

(historical) An inhabitant of the former duchy (originally county) of Luxembourg (originally Letzeburg)

An inhabitant of the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

An inhabitant of the city of Luxembourg, the capital of all the above territories.


Wallachia

From Romanian Valahia. Related to Vlach.

A former principality in Eastern Europe, now part of South Romania.


Coventry

From Old English Cofentrēo, Cofantrēo, of obscure origin. Believed to be derived from an Anglo-Saxon named Cofa, hence Cofantrēo (literally “Cofa's tree”).

unc

obscure

A place in the United States:
A town in Tolland County, Connecticut.

A place in the United States:
A town in Chenango County, New York.

A place in the United States:
A township in Summit County, Ohio.

A place in the United States:
A town in Kent County, Rhode Island.

census-designated place
census-designated place

A town and census-designated place therein, in Orleans County, Vermont.


Kazakh

en-noun

Kazakh (countable and uncountable, plural Kazakhs)

From Russian каза́х (kazáx). Cognate with Cossack, ultimately from Turkic languages.

(countable) A person from Kazakhstan or of that descent.

Kazak

a person from Kazakhstan or of that descent

(uncountable) The national language of Kazakhstan.


Kazakh

Of, from, or pertaining to Kazakhstan, the Kazakh people or the Kazakh language.

Kazaks

pertaining to the Kazakh people or the Kazakh language


Viennese

en-adj

Viennese (comparative more Viennese, superlative most Viennese)

more Viennese (comparative)
most Viennese (superlative)

Of or relating to Vienna (the capital of Austria).


Bermudian

A person from Bermuda or of Bermudian descent


Wallonia

Federal Region of southern Belgium where French and German are the official languages, and where Lorrain, Luxembourgish, Picard, Franconian and Walloon languages are also spoken.


Barking and Dagenham

A London borough of Greater London, England


Warwickshire

An inland county of England bordered by Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, West Midlands and Worcestershire.


Belgian

A person from Belgium or of Belgian descent.


Brent

en-proper noun

Brent (countable and uncountable, plural Brents)

English surname from placenames in Devon and Somerset, from Old English brant (“steep”), referring to hills. Compare Brents.

A habitational surname from Old English.

A male given name transferred from the surname, of 20th century and later usage.

Only by the wet flapping of a barnacle goose did she know she now approached the River Brent, obscured as it was by a brickworks and yet more houses.

2023, Zadie Smith, The Fraud, Hamish Hamilton, page 189:

A small river in Greater London, England, United Kingdom, which joins the Thames at Brentford.

A London borough in Greater London, England, United Kingdom, created in 1965 from the merger of the boroughs of Wembley and Willesden.


Cluj

Borrowed from Romanian Cluj; see below for more.


Wallachian

The language of the Wallachians; Romanian.


Greenlandic

The official language of Greenland, an Eskimo-Aleut language written with the Latin alphabet.


Bromley

Bromley (countable and uncountable, plural Bromleys)

From Old English brōm (“broom”) + lēah (“wood”). Equivalent to broom + -ley and doublet of Brimley.; compare Broom.

Bromley (disambiguation)
London Borough of Bromley

A minor city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States.


Georgian

en-noun

Georgian (countable and uncountable, plural Georgians)

/ˈd͡ʒɔːd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒoːd͡ʒən/

(uncountable) The language of Georgia, a country in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

(countable) A person or a descendant of a person from Georgia, a country in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

United States of America
United States of America

(countable) A native or resident of the state of Georgia in the United States of America.

Iberian

native or resident of the Eurasian country of Georgia

goober

native or resident of the US state of Georgia


Antwerp

The second-largest city in Belgium, and the capital of its province.


British Isles

From British (“relating to Britons, Britain, or the Britains”) + isles (“islands”). Compare Ancient Greek Βρεττανίδες νῆσοι (Brettanídes nêsoi) and Latin Britannicae insulae (“British islands”).

der

Βρεττανίδες νῆσοι

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

An archipelago in Northern Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, Anglesey, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Channel Islands and many smaller islands.


Brabant

Brussels-Capital Region
Brussels-Capital Region

(historical) Until 1995, a province of central Belgium; since divided into Flemish Brabant, Brussels-Capital Region and Walloon Brabant.


Limburg

en-proper noun

Limburg (countable and uncountable, plural Limburgs)


Luxembourgish

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡɪʃ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɪʃ/

Of, from, or pertaining to Luxembourg or its people.

Luxemburgs

of, from, or pertaining to Luxembourg or its people

Of or in the language of Luxembourg (derived from the Moselle Franconian group of High German dialects).


Luxembourgish

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡɪʃ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɪʃ/

A Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg and, traditionally, around the city of Arlon (Belgium); originally included in the Moselle Franconian group of High German dialects, but now usually regarded as a separate language due to its standardisation and official use in the state of Luxembourg.


Saxony-Anhalt

One of the component states of Germany according to the current administrative division of the nation. Its capital is Magdeburg.


Baden-Württemberg

/ˌbɑːdən ˈvɜː(ɹ)təmbɜː(ɹ)ɡ/


Orkney Islands

A council area of Scotland, United Kingdom.


Shetland Islands

Shetland Islands
Shetland Islands Council

A council area of Scotland, one of the 32, the council was originally formed in 1975.


Swiss

en-adj

Swiss (comparative more Swiss, superlative most Swiss)

more Swiss (comparative)
most Swiss (superlative)

Adopted from Middle French Suisse in circa 1515, alongside the form Switzer directly loaned from German.

The obstructive tendency attributed to the knot in spiritual matters appears in a Swiss superstition that if, in sewing a corpse into its shroud, you make a knot on the thread, it will hinder the soul of the deceased on its passage to eternity.

1911, James George Frazer, chapter V, in Taboo and the Perils of the Soul (The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion; II), third edition, London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, page 310:

Of, from, or pertaining to Switzerland or the Swiss people.

Switsers

of or pertaining to Swiss language(s) or Swiss dialect(s)


Swiss

en-noun

Swiss (countable and uncountable, plural Swisses or Swiss)

(countable) A person from Switzerland or of Swiss descent.


Swiss

(nonstandard) Swiss German; the variety of German spoken in Switzerland.


Rhineland-Palatinate

One of the component states of Germany according to the current administrative division of the nation.


Saarland

This was, even more strikingly, his attitude towards French actions in the Saarland. The Saar Landtag had approved in November 1947 a constitution instituting a monetary and customs union with France […]

1984, Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51, page 390:

The most famous sight in Saarland is the Saarschleife.

2005, Henk Bekker, Adventure Guide Germany, published 2005, page 308:


North Rhine-Westphalia

From North Rhine + Westphalia. The Allied occupation authorities created the state in 1947 by joining the northern half of the Prussian Rhine Province to the province of Westphalia (as well as the small Free State of Lippe).

The most populous of the 16 component states of Germany, located in the west of the country.

Free State of Lippe
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhine Province


Lower Saxony

A component state of Germany, in existence since 1946


Thuringia

/θəˈɹɪnd͡ʒiə/

From Latin Thuringia, from German Thüringen.


Calabrian

Much tunnelling and many bridges will be necessary in the tumbled Calabrian terrain.

1964 November, “Beyond the Channel: Italy: New railways are authorised”, in Modern Railways, page 360:


Calabrian

An inhabitant or a resident of Calabria.


Azerbaijani

/ˌæzəbaɪˈdʒɑːni/

/ˌæzəɹbaɪˈd͡ʒɑːni/

آزربائیجانی

āzerbā’ījānī


Ionian Islands

A group of islands in the Ionian Sea – one of the 13 peripheries of Greece. The main islands are Cephalonia, Corfu, Ithaca, Kythira, Lefkada, Paxoi and Zante.


Prague

From German Prag, from Slavic. See Czech Praha for further origin.

I said, I've always wanted to visit Prague.

1998 June 3, “Conjoined Fetus Lady”, in South Park, season 2, episode 5:

Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia#English

The capital city of the Czech Republic; former capital of Czechoslovakia; former capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia.


Hesse

en-proper noun

Hesse (countable and uncountable, plural Hesses)

Since the reign of Charlemagne, this country is divided into High and Low Germany... the provinces of Lower Germany towards the north conſiſt of the Low Country of the Rhine, Triers, Cologn, Mentz, Weſtphalia, Heſſe, Brunſwic, Miſnia, Luſatia, High Saxony upon the Elbe, Low Saxony upon the Elbe, Mecklenburg, Lauenburg, Brandenburg, Magdeburg, and Pomerania.

1759, George Sale et al., “The Modern Part of an Universal History”, in History of the German Empire, volume XXIX, page 2:

A former realm and modern state of Germany.


Bremen

The capital city of the state of Bremen, in northwest Germany, on the Weser river.

A state of Germany, composed of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Haralson County and Carroll County, Georgia.

Muhlenberg County
Muhlenberg County#English

A minor city in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.


estado

From Spanish estado (“Spanish fathom, state, status”), from Latin stātus (“standing, state, status”). Doublet of state, status, estate, and stade.

doublet

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 1.67 m.


Thessaloniki

From Greek Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníki), from Ancient Greek Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníkē), named for Thessalonike daughter of Philip II, half-sister of Alexander the Great, and wife of Cassander of Macedonia, from Θεσσᾰλός (Thessalós, “Thessalian”) + νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”), possibly named for her birth on the anniversary of the Battle of Crocus Field.

der

A port city in northern Greece, the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia.

Alexander the Great
Battle of Crocus Field
Cassander
Philip II of Macedonia
Thessalonike of Macedon
Thessaloniki

Thessalonica

now chiefly ancient and medieval contexts


Brandenburg

* From German Brandenburg.
* (city in Kentucky): Named after Solomon Brandenburg, a land owner.


Saxony

1759, George Sale et al., The Modern Part of an Universal History, Vol.XXIX: History of the German Empire, page 2

A historic realm and modern state of Germany.


Holland

From Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”). A popular but false etymology holds that it is derived from hol land (“hollow land”), inspired by the low-lying geography of both the Dutch and the English region (Holland, Lincolnshire).

(metonymically, informal, proscribed, see usage notes) the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe).


Sofia

Variant spelling of Sophia and from various other languages' own adaptions of Ancient Greek Σοφία (Sophía, “wisdom, especially divine wisdom”). Sometimes borrowed into English as an anglicization of an accented or closely related form, as with Spanish Sofía, Welsh Soffia, and Hungarian Zsófia.
As the capital of Bulgaria, via nonstandard romanization of Bulgarian Со́фия (Sófiya), from църква „Света София“ (cǎrkva "Sveta Sofija"), from Byzantine Greek Ναός Ἁγίας Σοφίας (Naós Hagías Sophías, “Church of Holy Wisdom”), the city's prominent 6th-century Byzantine Greek church, first attested being used as the name for the city in the 14th century and reinforced under Ottoman rule as Ottoman Turkish صوفیه (Sofya).


Drenthe

A province in the northeastern Netherlands with Assen as capital and Emmen as largest city.


Francophone

/ˈfɹæŋkɒfəʊn/

Altered and reinterpreted from French Francophonie, with semantic influence from Latin Franco- (“French”) + Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ), Franco- + -phone.

A person who speaks French, especially as their mother tongue.


czar

See tsar. The spelling czar, the older spelling in English, comes from Sigismund von Herberstein's Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii ("Notes on Muscovite Affairs") of 1549. The alternative tsar began to replace it in the 19th century.

Note therfore that Czar in the Ruthens tounge signifieth a kynge, wheras in the language of the Slauons, Pollons, Bohemes, and other, the same woorde Czar, signifieth Cesar by whiche name Themperours haue byn commonly cauled.

1555, Peter Martyr d’Anghiera, translated by Richard Eden, The decades of the newe worlde or west India, London: William Powell, page 290:

To understand Russia, you have to dive deep into its history — boyars and czars, Pushkin and Pasternak, Stalin and Stalingrad.

2016-12-12, Editorial Team, “Editorial: Trump, Putin and the risks of a reset”, in Chicago Tribune:

Alternative spelling of tsar (especially common in American English)


Friesland

From Middle English Frīsland, from Old English Frīsland (“Frisia”).


Gelderland

A province of The Netherlands with Arnhem as capital.


Overijssel

Borrowed from Dutch Overijssel, meaning “[land] across the IJssel”, from the perspective of the bishopric of Utrecht by which it was held until 1528.

A province of the Netherlands, with Zwolle as capital city and Enschede the largest city.


South Holland

South Holland
South Holland, Illinois
South Holland, Lincolnshire

A village in Thornton Township, Cook County, Illinois, United States.


Samothracian

/sæməʊˈθɹeɪʃən/

/sæməʊˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/

/sæmoʊˈθɹeɪʃən/

Borrowed from French Samothracien, from Latin Samothraciensis. Alternatively, it could be analyzed Samothrace + -ian.

An inhabitant or a resident of Samothrace.


tsar

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़ार (zār), त्सार (tsār)

Urdu: زار (zār), تسار (tsār)

→ Irish: sár

→ Japanese: ツァー (tsā)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of kaiser and Caesar. The spelling tsar began to replace the older czar in the nineteenth century. Compare Byzantine Greek Τζαῖσαρ (Tzaîsar).

and why, in the name of common sense, should the English call the Czar (tsar) of Russia raze?

1832 August 1, W. Barnes, “On the Origin of Language”, in Gentleman's Magazine, London, page 129:

(historical) An emperor of Russia (1547 to 1917) and of some South Slavic states.


Utrecht

From Dutch Utrecht, from Middle Dutch and Old Dutch variants of ūt (“out, outside”) + Latin Trāiectum ad Rhēnum (“Crossing-on-the-Rhine”), the Roman fort at the location, from trāicere (“to cross, to send across”), from trāns- (“trans-: through, across”) + iacere (“to throw”).

E.g. muug 'tired' in the Utrecht dialect (Ponelis 1990: 36). Utrechtian, which does not delete intervocalic [χ/ɣ], belongs to the group of Hollandic dialects, which is the Dutch dialect group most closely related to Afrikaans.

2012, Hans den Besten, edited by Ton van der Wouden, Roots of Afrikaans: Selected writings of Hans den Besten (series: Creole Language Library 44), John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam / Philadelphia, p. 81


bes

(historical, numismatics) A bronze coin of the Roman Republic, worth two thirds of an as.