lusitanize

lusitanize (third-person singular simple present lusitanizes, present participle lusitanizing, simple past and past participle lusitanized)

lusitanizes (present singular third-person)
lusitanizing (participle present)
lusitanized (participle past)
lusitanized (past)

From Lusitanian + -ize, ultimately from Latin Lusitania (“pre-Roman and Roman Portugal”), used archaistically in New Latin and English in reference to modern Portugal. Partially formed on the model of more common terms like gallicize and partially as a calque of Portuguese lusitanizar, from lusitano (“Lusitanian, Portuguese”) + -izar.

der

Traders and governors attempted to lusitanize Goa and Macao for centuries.

(transitive) To make Portuguese or more Portuguese-like.

Their sandwiches are lusitanized by frying the meat with copious garlic and covering everything with thick slabs of red pepper paste.

(intransitive) To become Portuguese or more Portuguese-like.

The poet Camões used the lusitanized plural form cafres in the fifth canto of his 1572 poem Os Lusíadas.

(transitive) To translate or adapt into the Portuguese language.


lusitanization

From lusitanize + -ation, from Lusitanian + ize, ultimately from Latin Lusitania (“pre-Roman and Roman Portugal”), used archaistically in New Latin and English in reference to modern Portugal. Partially on the model of more common terms such as gallicization and partially as a calque of Portuguese lusitanización, from lusitanizar + -ación, from lusitano (“Lusitanian, Portuguese”) + -izar.

The attempted lusitanization of Goa and Macao took place over centuries but was only ever partially successful.

"Lusitanization" was used as a form of dissemination of (the idea of) Portuguese language through the use of multiple strategies to reinforce the political role of Portuguese as an official language... colonization and "Lusitanization" reinforce and constitute each other mutually.

2015, Cristine Severo et al., “Lusitanization and Bakhtinian Perspectives on the Role of Portuguese in Angola and East Timor”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, volume 36, number 2, pages 112–113:

The act or process of making Portuguese or more Portuguese-like.

The lusitanization of Brazil was accompanied by far higher levels of immigration than occurred in Angola or Mozambique.

The language policy in Brazil is exclusionary, segregating, and reminiscent of the process of Lusitanization...

2019, Susan de Oliveira, The Luso and Rap, abstract:

The act or process of becoming Portuguese or more Portuguese-like.


woodkern

From wood + kern. Calque of Irish ceithearn choille.

(historical) In medieval Ireland, a bandit operating in the forest.


Ukronazism

Borrowed from Russian укронаци́зм (ukronacízm), coined to translate the 2022 op-ed What Russia Should Do with Ukraine. Analyzeable as Ukronazi + -ism or Ukro- + Nazism.

bor+

Ukronazism poses a much bigger threat to the world and Russia than the Hitler version of German Nazism.

2022 April 3, Timofey Sergeytsev, “What Russia Should Do with Ukraine”, in Mariia Kravchenko, transl., Medium, archived from the original on 2022-11-03:

After the launch Dmitry Rogozin, director of the Russian space agency Roscosmos, claimed on Twitter that the weapon was a "present to Nato and all sponsors of Ukro-Nazism", in a reference to Russia's propaganda claims about the conflict in Ukraine.

2022 April 20, Charlie Parker, “Putin warns West with long-range Satan 2 missile”, in The Times, archived from the original on 2022-04-20:

In Sergeitsev's hermetic logic, when contemporary Ukrainians look different from historical Banderites or Nazis, then that is precisely what makes 'Ukro-Nazism' so elusive and threatening for Russia.

2022 November 30, Boris Noordenbos, “Memory wars beyond the metaphor: Reflections on Russia's mnemonic propaganda”, in Andrew Hoskins, editor, Memory Studies, volume 15, number 6, SAGE Publishing, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

2023 September 26, “Statement of the State Duma in connection with the promotion of Ukronazism and neo-fascism by the Canadian authorities”, in State Duma:

(offensive, derogatory) Anti-Russian sentiment in Ukraine, supposedly resembling or derived from neo-Nazism.


Kievian

(historical) Alternative form of Kievan.


mobik

Borrowed from Russian мо́бик (móbik), from моб(илизо́ванный) (mob(ilizóvannyj), “mobilized”) + -ик (-ik, diminutive suffix).

af

мобилизо́ванный

моб(илизо́ванный)

"The video was posted on and being reposted by pro-Wagner channels, which matches Prigozhin's 'Fire Shojgu' narrative...Also some Wagner patches are visible on it. Nearly all 'poor mobiks' (mobilized men) on the video wear balaclavas," Krutov wrote.

2022 October 6, Isabel van Brugen, “Putin Has 'Lost Control' as Infighting Breaks Out Among Russia's Elite”, in Newsweek:

The Defense Ministry has pumped out a stream of videos showing happy "mobiks," as the recruits are known in Russian slang, learning to shoot, attack tanks, tie a tourniquet, plant a land mine and other military tasks.

2022 October 16, Neil MacFarquhar, “'Coffins Are Already Coming': The Toll of Russia's Chaotic Draft”, in The New York Times:

(informal, derogatory, Internet, military, sometimes humorous) A Russian conscript during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, especially a young man with little to no fighting experience.


Madridian

Of or pertaining to Madrid, Spain, or to its inhabitants.


white-blue-white flag

en-noun

white-blue-white flag (plural white-blue-white flags)

Thousands of Russians marched through Prague on Saturday, waving the white-blue-white flag that has become a symbol of protests against Moscow's invasion of Ukraine.

2022 March 26, “Thousands of Russians in Prague Protest against War in Ukraine”, in Asharq Alawsat, English edition, London:

“I love this idea,” Ponomarev said, pointing to the white-blue-white flag that forms the channel’s live studio backdrop. It is the Russian tricolour “minus the red blood”, he said.

2022 June 7, Luke Harding, “Russian-language Ukrainian TV channel aims to topple Putin”, in The Guardian, page 20:

NHK World noted that the protesters held up signs saying "No war" and other messages. They also waved white-blue-white flags, which have become a symbol of opposition to Russia's invasion.

2023 January 22, “Russians living in Japan protest against Putin administration”, in BBC Monitoring Newsfile (wire feed):

(R) The patches with a white-blue-white flag and the logo of the Free Russia Legion are seen during a briefing in northern Ukraine, not far from the Russian border, on May 24, 2023.

2023 May 26, Asami Terajima, “Belgorod incursion: Meet the anti-Kremlin militia behind the attack inside Russia”, in The Kyiv Independent, image caption:

(neologism) A symbol of opposition to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that has been used by Russian anti-war protester, as well as a symbol of opposition to the current government of Russia, by several personal internet accounts.


Bernese German

The form of Swiss German spoken in and near Bern, the capital of Switzerland.


Piacentine

From Piacenza + -ine, after Italian piacentino.


Irkutskian

By far the most exciting occasion in the Irkutskian social calendar for 1891 was the visit of the Tsarevich (later Nicholas II) who only stayed a day but still had time to visit the museum, the gold-smelting laboratory and the monastery, […]

1994 April, Bryn Thomas, Trans-Siberian Handbook, 3rd edition, Hindhead: Trailblazer Publications, →ISBN, page 162:

Of or relating to the city of Irkutsk, Russia.


Irkutskian

Today's Irkutskians are rather better behaved, although mafia-related crime is on the increase. A city of over half a million, Irkutsk is still one of the largest suppliers of furs to the world markets, although engineering is now the main industry.

1994 April, Bryn Thomas, Trans-Siberian Handbook, 3rd edition, Hindhead: Trailblazer Publications, →ISBN, pages 162–163:

A native or inhabitant of Irkutsk, Russia.


sokha

Borrowed from Russian соха́ (soxá), from Proto-Slavic *soxa.

As stony soil predominates, and as it is necessary in many localities to plough lands cleared of forest, special types of implements have been invented in Russia, namely the sokha and the borona-smyk.

1893, “XII. Farming machines and implements”, in J. M. Crawford, editor, The Industries of Russia, volume III:

Moreover, the methods of cultivation were suited to either slash and burn or to field tillage with the sokha.

1977, Robert E. F. Smith, “The Elements of the Peasant Household”, in Peasant Farming in Muscovy:

(historical) Russian ard (a type of wooden plough with high, horizontal draft-poles and usually two metal-tipped ploughshares, originating in Northern Russia in medieval times and widely used in Russia and nearby countries until the early 20th century)


Kremnitz white

From confusion of Kremnitz in Austria-Hungary (now Kremnica, Slovakia) with Krems, Austria, the actual location of the galena mines that previously produced exceptionally pure white lead.

Synonym of French white (“an especially pure form of lead oxide, particularly as used for paints.”)


oprichnik

(historical) A member of the bodyguard corps established by Tsar Ivan the Terrible to govern a division of Russia from 1565 to 1572.


Denikinite

(historical, politics) A follower of Anton Denikin.


Asharshylyk

From Kazakh ашаршылық (aşarşylyq, “famine, hunger”).

bor

A widespread famine that afflicted Kazakhstan from 1930-1933.

another famine that affected Ukraine during Soviet times


Verkhovna Rada

From Ukrainian Верхо́вна Ра́да (Verxóvna Ráda, “Supreme Council”).

Верхо́вна Ра́да


Shektongtsui

(historical) A district of Victoria, Hong Kong, United Kingdom


Wanchai

(historical) A district of Victoria, Hong Kong, United Kingdom.


Bowrington

Named after John Bowring, the 4th Governor of British Hong Kong.


Kennedy Town

Named after Arthur Kennedy, the 7th Governor of British Hong Kong.


Bangemann wave

Suggested by Martin Bangemann (1934–2022), German politician and Commissioner for the Internal Market and Industrial Affairs in the European Commission (1989–1995), in 1992.

Thanks to one of the European Union's more risible compromises, all we need do when crossing into most Continental countries is to effect the Bangemann Wave, which consists of placing one hand in a pocket, pulling out a passport and wiggling it momentarily before striding on towards the next airport exit. The Bangemann Wave was named after Martin Bangemann, […]

1997 December 28, Quentin Letts, “Bring back border controls!”, in The Sunday Telegraph, page 19:

The idea, widely reported in the press as the ‘Bangemann wave’, entailed that EC nationals entering the UK would not be subject to thorough checks, but walk-through passport control holding up their passports or national identity cards and showing it to the British authorities.

2007 April, Ruben Zaiotti, “Revisiting Schengen: Europe and the Emergence of a New Culture of Border Control”, in Perspectives on European Politics and Society, volume 8, number 1, →DOI, pages 47–48:

(law, historical) A former method of simplified border control for citizens of the European Communities (and the European Union) at the external frontiers of the Schengen Area (i.e. the borders of the United Kingdom and Ireland), implemented in 1993, which consists of passengers presenting, or waving, their unopened passports or national identity cards to authorities.


Scexit

Blend of Scotland + exit, by analogy with Brexit.

As Brexit becomes a settled fact of life, it will still be a cause of remainer grievance. But it could also fuel reluctance to go through the same trauma all over again as “Scexit”. […] The message that Scexit would be even worse than Brexit can still be delivered, just not by Johnson himself.

2021 February 9, Rafael Behr, “Sturgeon and Johnson have made Scottish independence seem inevitable. It isn't”, in The Guardian:

(UK politics) The (possible) act of Scotland becoming independent from the United Kingdom.


Northern Cypriot

en-noun

Northern Cypriot (plural Northern Cypriots)


March Revolution

The Gregorian calendar wasn't adopted in Russia until after the October Revolution.

February Revolution
February Revolution#English


July Revolution

Coordinate term: February Revolution

(history) The French Revolution of 1830, which led to the July Monarchy.


October Revolution

So named as the revolution happened on 25 October 1917 (7 November 1917 N.S.) in Julian calendar that was used by Russia.

Coordinate term: February Revolution

(historical) The second of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.


DDJ

deputy district judge
deputy district judge#English

(law, Hong Kong, England, Wales) Abbreviation of deputy district judge.


Second Republic

(historical) The second in a series of republic governments of a country or nation:

Ellipsis of Second Spanish Republic. (1931–1939).

Second Spanish Republic
w:Second Spanish Republic


First Republic

First Republic of Korea
w:First Republic of Korea

Ellipsis of First Republic of Korea (“political regime under Syngman Rhee of South Korea from 1948 to 1960”).


Fourth Republic

Fourth Republic of Korea
w:Fourth Republic of Korea

(historical) Ellipsis of Fourth Republic of Korea (“political regime of South Korea under the authoritarian Yushin Constitution from 1972 to 1981”).


Silicon Roundabout

Before long, Silicon Roundabout had indeed been adopted by estate agents, local councillors and even No 10. Silicon Roundabout became the cornerstone of the government's new Tech City strategy, whose idea was to nurture our little homegrown tech district to see if it couldn't be fanned into full flame.

2014 March 10, Cory Doctorow, “The slow death of Silicon Roundabout”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

Silicon Roundabout started as a very British joke. When the now-defunct travel social networking company Dopplr moved from above a pub in Hoxton to 100 City Road beside Old Street Roundabout in March 2008, they found not only more space but a burgeoning social scene.

2020, Chris McMillan, “Producing Cool”, in The London Dream: Migration and the Mythology of the City, John Hunt Publishing, →ISBN:

Less than a year earlier, Tech Hub, London’s first tech-focused co-working space, had also closed down, citing falling demand and rising rents. Insiders say London’s tech sector is now as strong as it has ever been, but is the closure of these spaces evidence that Cameron’s Silicon Roundabout vision failed, or that it succeeded?

2021 September 16, Oscar Williams, “The last days of Silicon Roundabout”, in The New Statesman:

(UK, humorous) East London Tech City, a technology cluster in Shoreditch, East London.


Sixth Republic

But perhaps the biggest reason a Sixth Republic may not be imminent is that in the current fractured state of French politics, there is no majority for it among MPs – even if it makes parliament stronger.

2023 May 6, Jon Henley, “Vive la révolution! But is France ready to establish a Sixth Republic?”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

A hypothetical successor to France's current Fifth Republic.


fern cake

The last fern cake, and you hid it, you deceitful girl!

1978, Mary Burg Whitcomb, Tee-Bo in the Great Hort Hunt, page 68:

So both of us were satisfied when she whispered "Wid ye like my pie" and sometimes it stretched to a fern cake or an eiffel tower as well.

1998, Robert L. Aitken, Not Many Noble: A Story of the Lanarkshire Coalfield, page 210:

McCoy was in a booth with a pot of tea and a fern cake in front of him, that day's Tribune open on the table.

2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 378:

A Scottish confection consisting of a small round iced cake with a chocolate fern traced on top.


Harghita

Borrowed from Romanian Harghita, from Hungarian Hargita.

Romanians are in the majority in the region, but not in certain pockets – such as the county of Harghita, where Hungarians make up 85 percent of the population. […] In M[i]ercurea-Ciuc, capital of Harghita, Hungarians in June demonstrated outside the police station, demanding that the Romanian word for the police be replaced by the Hungarian word.

1990 November 12, Celestine Bohlen, “Ethnic Rivalries Revive in East Europe”, in The New York Times, section A, page 1:


Red Ukrainian

From red + Ukrainian; see red (“communist”).

The so-called Red Ukrainians, who ideologically support the Soviet Union, are mostly agnostics and atheists.

1950, Seymour Martin Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan, page 170:

(chiefly Canada) A Communist Ukrainian or person of Ukrainian ethnicity.


Twopenny Tube

(obsolete, informal) The London Underground


Russian world

Calque of Russian ру́сский мир (rússkij mir).

calque

ру́сский мир

The community of Russia as its own world; the Russosphere.


Carpathia

The region of the Carpathian Mountains, in Central Europe.


Tottenhamite

It was a brave sight on a Sunday morning to see those old Tottenhamites—each with his comfortable lady-wife on his arm—proceeding in their stiff Sunday best to the morning service; pitying the Quaker friends they met on their way for their incomplete and unenlightened faith—the Quakers, of course, pitying the Churchmen for theirs.

1914, S. G. Tallentyre [Evelyn Beatrice Hall], “VIII. Realisation”, in Matthew Hargraves, London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, page 155:

(rare) A native or inhabitant of Tottenham in London.


Arlesian

en-adj

Arlesian (comparative more Arlesian, superlative most Arlesian)

more Arlesian (comparative)
most Arlesian (superlative)

Given the main characters' professions, it's not surprising that there was a lot of designer name-dropping. But Christian Lacroix, who brought color, excess, humor, and the pouf to fashion, stood apart. Eddy i-d-o-l-i-z-e-d the Arlesian designer. "I like them if they're Lacroix," she once declared; she also made "Lacroix, sweety" her unforgettable chant.

2016 July 3, Laird Borrelli-Persson, “Christian Lacroix on Absolutely Fabulous and 1990s Fashion”, in Vogue, New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-27:

Relating to or originating from the city of Arles, France.


Arlesian

With few exceptions, such as the Roulin family, he was treated with suspicion. The Arlesians considered him to be a pervert, and children ridiculed him for his odd appearance and disconcerting habit of hanging around brothels in the evenings.

2004, Derek Fell, Van Gogh's Women: His Love Affair and His Journey into Madness, New York, N.Y.: Carroll & Graf Publishers, →ISBN, page 123:

Someone who lives in or is from the city of Arles, France.


Kadyrovite

From Kadyrov + -ite, a calque of Russian кадыровец (kadyrovec), from Кадыров (Kadyrov) + -ец (-ec, “person associated with”).

suffix

"We are well aware of the special operation that was to take place directly by the Kadyrovites to eliminate our president. And I can say that we have received information from the FSB, who today do not want to take part in this bloody war," Danilov said. "And thanks to this, the Kadyrov elite group was destroyed, which came here to eliminate our president."

2022 March 2, Brigid Kennedy, “Ukraine reportedly foiled a Zelensky assassination plot after a tipoff from Russian authorities”, in The Week:

Most of the Russian servicemen sitting in and atop 34 armed personnel carriers that rolled into Bucha on February 27 were ethnic Chechens, according to Ukrainian military leaders and government officials. Bearded and burly, clad in brand new, perfectly fitting uniforms and toting assault rifles, they hoped to whiz through the leafy suburb northwest of Kyiv to enter the Ukrainian capital on the war’s third day. They are known as “Kadyrovtsy” or “Kadyrovites” after their leader, Ramzan Kadyrov, Chechnya’s pro-Kremlin strongman, and their reputation preceded them.

[2022 August 18, Mansur Mirovalev, “The real role of pro-Russian Chechens in Ukraine”, in Al Jazeera:

"The claimed return of Chechen forces to offensive operations would break Kadyrovites from a nearly yearlong hiatus from participating in high-intensity combat operations," the ISW wrote, noting Kadyrov's troops "have been largely operating in the rear after participating in the battles for Mariupol, Severodonetsk, and Lysychansk.

2023 June 1, David Brennan, “Why Chechens Can't Replace Wagner in Ukraine”, in Newsweek:

A member of the 141st Special Motorized Regiment, or any other formation subordinate to Ramzan Kadyrov.

This state of affairs is not going to last forever. Interests will diverge, and when they do Kadyrov and the Kadyrovites will be in an unenviable position. It is difficult to imagine anywhere on the planet where they will be able to find refuge.

2011, Anna Politkovskaya, translated by Arch Tait, Is Journalism Worth Dying For?: Final Dispatches, Melville House, →ISBN:

Politkovskaya was taken back to see him again the next morning, and found him with a Kadyrovite in a black T-shirt who snarled at her: 'You should have been shot back in Moscow, in the street, the way they do it in Moscow.'

2013, Angus Roxburgh, The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN:

Any other supporter of or a person close to Ramzan Kadyrov or his father, Akhmad Kadyrov.


Kadyrovite

Ruslan Kutaev is evidence of this: not only was the elderly man sentenced to four years in prison (later commuted to two months), but he was tortured and his family threatened. This seems to be the price of viewing the world in other than Kadyrovite terms.

2018, Dominic Rubin, Russia's Muslim Heartlands: Islam in the Putin Era, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 207:

Kadyrovite Chechens, and not Dudaevite Chechens, such as Osmaev, were convicted as the assassins (and this was a clear victory for the FSB), but the "chain leading upwards" was capped at a rather low level (and this was a victory for Putin).

2019, John B. Dunlop, The February 2015 Assassination of Boris Nemtsov and the Flawed Trial of his Alleged Killers, BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, page 59:

Supporting or pertaining to the Kadyrovs or their ideas.


Invernessian

We know not very well what a Ross man feels to an Invernessian; we must leave this to greater adepts than ourselves; but we understand that Argyleshire; but we must understand that Argyleshire prides itself on comparative civilization.

1827, The Port Folio, Editor and Asbury Dickens:

A native or inhabitant of Inverness, United Kingdom.


Northamptonian

To my friends and fellow-citizens of Northampton — Thinking these few lines, being the experience of a young Northamptonian in America, would be interesting generally to my former friends and acquaintances in the good old town of St. Crispin, I enclose them, deeming this is a sufficient for troubling your columns.

1888, “A trip to the Rocky Mountains of North America.”, in Latter-day Saints Millennial Star, volume 50, page 338:

A native or inhabitant of Northampton, United Kingdom.


Chelmsfordian

Dr. Grisby, an old Chelmsfordian, founder of the Law School in Japan and president of the District Court in Cyprus 1893–5 was present.

1907, The Victoria History of the County of Essex, Constable:

A native or inhabitant of Chelmsford, United Kingdom.


Soviet empire

Almost from the moment the Soviet empire swallowed the captive nations, the fight against it began.

1989 November 21, A[braham] M[ichael] Rosenthal, “ON MY MIND; Helping the Revolution”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-12-19:

The very idea of Ronald Reagan standing before the most powerful symbol of the Cold War and demanding that the leader of the Soviet empire "tear down this wall" threw two governments into conniptions.

2017 June 12, “’Tear down this wall’: How Reagan’s forgotten line became a defining moment”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-06:

sphere of influence
sphere of influence#Noun

(historical) The Soviet Union along with the nominally independent nations in its sphere of influence.


serdyuk

Borrowed from Ukrainian сердю́к (serdjúk), in turn originated from Ottoman Turkish سورتوك (“streetwalker, dirty vagrant”). Compare Turkish sürtük.

bor

(historical) a Cossack soldier who serves as a mercenary for the hetman under the Zaporizhian Army.


ETIAS

w:European Travel Information and Authorisation System

(European Union) Acronym of European Travel Information and Authorisation System.


market citizenship

en-noun

market citizenship (usually uncountable, plural market citizenships)

The state or status of being a market citizen.


market citizen

The privileged status of anyone exploiting the specific individual rights of the European single market, having effectively a kind of depoliticized citizenship as a form of purely economic communitarization.


Bongistan

(slang, derogatory, 4chan) Great Britain or United Kingdom.


ceilidh house

(historical) A building, often a private residence, where a ceilidh was held.


Javakheti

a mountainous area in southern Georgia, bordering Turkey and Armenia, part of the Samtskhe-Javakheti region.


Klarjeti

(historical) a historical region of Georgia (country)


Upper Kartli

Calque of Georgian ზემო ქართლი (zemo kartli)


Zemo Kartli

From Georgian ზემო ქართლი (zemo kartli), meaning Upper Kartli.

(historical) a historical region in southwestern Georgia, now divided between Georgia and Turkey


Samtskhe-Saatabago

From Georgian სამცხე-საათაბაგო (samcxe-saatabago).

bor

სამცხე-საათაბაგო

(historical) a Georgian feudal principality in Zemo Kartli (Upper Kartli).


Principality of Odishi

Principality of Mingrelia
Principality of Mingrelia#English


Kartli

a Georgian historical and cultural region that gives name to two regions of the modern day Georgia.

ქართლი

a large Georgian historical and cultural region


Tao-Klarjeti

From Georgian ტაო-კლარჯეთი (ṭao-ḳlarǯeti).

uder

ტაო-კლარჯეთი

(historical) a Georgian historical and cultural region in northeastern Turkey and partially southwestern Georgia.

ტაო-კლარჯეთი

a Georgian historical and cultural region split between Turkey and Georgia


Kingdom of Kartli

From Georgian ქართლის სამეფო (kartlis samepo).

ქართლის სამეფო

(historical) a Georgian monarchy established after dissolution of the Kingdom of Georgia.


Kingdom of Kakheti

From Georgian კახეთის სამეფო (ḳaxetis samepo).

კახეთის სამეფო


Principality of Mingrelia

From Georgian სამეგრელოს სამთავრო (samegrelos samtavro).

სამეგრელოს სამთავრო

(historical) a Georgian principality nominally or factually under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Imereti.


Principality of Svaneti

From Georgian სვანეთის სამთავრო (svanetis samtavro).

სვანეთის სამთავრო


Kingdom of Imereti

From Georgian იმერეთის სამეფო (imeretis samepo).

იმერეთის სამეფო


Principality of Abkhazia

From Georgian აფხაზეთის სამთავრო (apxazetis samtavro).

აფხაზეთის სამთავრო


Principality of Guria

From Georgian გურიის სამთავრო (guriis samtavro).

გურიის სამთავრო


Samtskhe Atabegate

Calque of Georgian სამცხე-საათაბაგო (samcxe-saatabago).

clq

სამცხე-საათაბაგო


Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti

the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (canonical)

From Georgian ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო (kartl-ḳaxetis samepo).

uder

ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო

(historical) an eastern Georgian monarchy established after the unification of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti.


Kingdom of Georgia

From Georgian საქართველოს სამეფო (sakartvelos samepo).

საქართველოს სამეფო

Kingdom of the Iberians
Kingdom of the Iberians

(historical) a Georgian medieval kingdom or empire existing in the years 1008–1490 and a successor state of the Kingdom of the Iberians (c. 888–1008).


Inner Kartli

Calque of Georgian შიდა ქართლი (šida kartli)


Lower Kartli

Calque of Georgian ქვემო ქართლი (kvemo kartli)

ქვემო ქართლი


Normal Island

The phrase ‘normal island’ has lately become a staple of UK social media discourse; it marks a weary dissent from the sometimes comically jingoist and authoritarian tendencies that animate so much public debate in contemporary Britain.

[2021 November 25, Des Fitzgerald, “Normal Island: COVID-19, Border Control, and Viral Nationalism in UK Public Health Discourse”, in Sociological Research Online, volume 28, number 2, →DOI:

2021 December 8, Ruby Lott-Lavigna, “Normal Island: UK Loses It Over ‘Illegal’ Christmas Party at Boris Johnson’s House”, in Vice

“Just another normal day here on Normal Island,” people observe, nodding at the respectful closure of Legoland or the mournfully closed cycle racks in Norwich.

2022 September 15, Marc Burrows, “For those of us who are neither monarchists nor republicans, this is the strangest time”, in New Statesman:

As the publication explained, the £100million spent on the coronation could’ve paid for a £38,000 donation to every single food bank in the UK. / Another day on normal island.

2023 May 6, Dayna McAlpine, “Yup, A Gold Carriage In A Cost Of Living Crisis Is A Different Level Of Bad Taste”, in HuffPost UK:

(UK Internet slang, derogatory, ironic) Great Britain.


Roscosmos

Borrowed from Russian Роскосмос (Roskosmos).

A Russian state corporation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.


Eblana

Derived from Koine Greek Έβλανα (Éblana).

der+

An ancient Irish settlement of unknown location, once believed to be Dublin but now considered to be Loughshinny.


JRC

Joint Research Centre
w:Joint Research Centre

(European Union) Initialism of Joint Research Centre.


Republic of Italy

At the time the agreement on the determination of the duties of the common customs tariff for the products in List G was signed, the Member States, in Protocol XV of March 2, 1960, stated that they were favorably disposed toward the application, for lead and zinc, of Article 226 of the Treaty for the benefit of the Republic of Italy.

1962, Common Market Reporter, CCH Editions Limited, →ISBN, page 8443:

Naturalisation, a decree of the President of the Republic, only comes into effect when loyalty has been sworn to the Republic of Italy and to its President.

2002, Joanna Apap, The Rights of Immigrant Workers in the European Union: An Evaluation of the EU Public Policy Process and the Legal Status of Labour Immigrants from the Maghreb Countries in the New Receiving States, Kluwer Law International, →ISBN, page 148:

The Government of the United States of America shall offer for return to the Government of the Republic of Italy any material on the Designated List forfeited to the Government of the United States of America.

2010, James A. R. Nafziger, Robert Kirkwood Paterson, Alison Dundes Renteln, Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 382:


Romanian Sign Language

A sign language used by deaf people in Romania


Kitezh

(Slavic mythology, folklore) A city in Russian folklore that was believed to have disappeared under a lake, to avoid being conquered by the Mongols.


en-proper noun

the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

(historical) an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union within the Georgian SSR

autonomous republic — see also Adjarian ASSR

ač̣aris avṭonomiuri sabč̣ota socialisṭuri resṗubliḳa

აჭარის ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა


Biełaruś

Unadapted borrowing from Belarusian Biełaruś.

ubor

Scattered throughout the world, perishing, dwining, / You still await the Promised One, O Jews, / For Him the sons of Biełaruś are pining, / And thither all will go, both we and you. / Your torch is bright where Palestine is waiting, / Our torch is bright—in Mother-Biełaruś, / The time will come when chains will fall and vanish, / Our chains will fall; all spring will flower for us.

1960, Anti-Semitism in Byelorussia and Its Origin: Material for Historical Research and Study of the Subject, London: Byelorussian Central Council, page 68:

Marzaliuk ends his examination of Biełarusian anti-Semitism in the gdl by stating that, without acknowledging the existence of some anti-Semitism in historic Biełaruś, Biełarusians will never understand their distinctiveness in this regard: for even though this particular type of racism existed in the gdl, it never came close to the evil practised by some of Biełaruś’s neighbours.

2018, Zina J. Gimpelevich, The Portrayal of Jews in Modern Biełarusian Literature, Montreal, Que.: McGill-Queen’s University Press, →ISBN, page 42:

Respectfully, the present study calls the reader’s attention to the historical part, supplemented by biographical data from the early representatives of Biełaruś’s artistic growth. This is followed by an exploration of Biełaruś’s present-day artistic community, and finally, the circle will be closed with an attempt to imagine a future “beginning of the beginning” for Biełaruś and its artists.

2023, Zina Gimpelevich, “Fine Art in Biełaruś: The Past”, in Biełarusian Fine Art: Time and Time Again: Origin, History, Discourse, and Biographies, Altona, Man.: FriesenPress, →ISBN, page 21:

Republic of Belarus
Republic of Belarus#English

(rare) Belarus (a country in Eastern Europe; official name: Republic of Belarus; capital and largest city: Minsk)


Nuskhuri

Borrowed from Georgian ნუსხური (nusxuri, “small letters”), from ნუსხა (nusxa, “inventory, schedule”).

bor

One of three forms of the Georgian alphabet. Nuskhuri, a monumental script, is the 2nd form of the Georgian alphabet, but it is no longer used for writing the language.


Free Soviets

(history, anarchism, communism) An anarchist territory in southern Ukraine during the Russian Civil War


Pokrova

Borrowed from Ukrainian Покрова (Pokrova) or Russian Покров (Pokrov).

Intercession of the Theotokos (feast on 14 October)


lijerica

From Serbo-Croatian lijerica, from Ancient Greek λύρα (lúra, “lyra”).

A musical instrument from the Croatian region of Dalmatia and Croat parts of eastern Herzegovina.


vinok

Borrowed from Ukrainian віно́к (vinók), from Old East Slavic вѣнъкъ (věnŭkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *věnъkъ, from *věnъ (“wreath”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to plait, twist, weave, wind”)) + *-ъkъ (diminutive suffix).

der

[T]he unmarried young woman's headdress, the vinok (wreath or garland) of natural or artificial flowers, […] was worn by maidens (divky, divchata), i.e., virgins, eligible for marriage. In pre-Christian times, it was believed that a vinok protected girls from the "nechysta syla" (the unclean, i.e., evil, spirit) and the evil eye.

1999 August 1, Orysia Paszczak Tracz, “The Things We Do … Vinok, Vinochok”, in The Ukrainian Weekly, volume LXVII, number 31, Jersey City, N.J.: Ukrainian National Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2007-10-31:

These days, vinoks are sold almost everywhere in Kyiv, even the gray, dilapidated Soviet spaceship-type bazaars on the outskirts of the city's main center, where they sit alongside pale pigs heads, mounds of beef, fresh fish, fake Adidas tracksuits, neon puffer coats, and rows of pantyhose. […] This past summer, model Nadiia Shapoval wore a modern, ethereal vinok with white ribbons, dotted with orange flowers, at her wedding. "After the revolution, more people wore them to weddings. Now even ordinary people wear vyshyvanka at weddings and vinok as well," she says. "As for me, wearing these things was important, and I wore it because I wanted to marry in national dress. The vinok is a part of that."

2016 February 5, Liana Satenstein, “In Ukraine, that Flower Crown Means More than You Think”, in Anna Wintour, editor, Vogue, New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Flowers, feathers, hemp threads, shells, beads, even pieces of foil and wax—these are just a few of the items that Ukrainian artist Dominika Dyka weaves into her modern re-creations of the traditional Ukrainian vinok (wreath or crown). […] Ulyana Yavna, founder of the Traditional Clothing of Ukraine store in Lviv says the vintage look "became very popular after the [2014] Revolution of Dignity." But she recalls the wreath, or vinok, beginning to play a role as early as the Orange Revolution, "when many women wore the vinok during protests like some symbol."

2020 July 6, Eve Conant, “Spectacular Flower Crowns Rule in Ukraine”, in National Geographic, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-09-03:

A traditional Ukrainian wreath chiefly decorated with flowers and other plant parts, which is worn by women and girls as a headdress.

vinok

traditional Ukrainian wreath worn as a headdress


Ukropium

Blend of Ukro- (“related to Ukraine”) + copium (“a delusion meant to help someone cope with a loss”), influenced by Russian укро́п (ukróp), a slur towards Ukrainians.

blend

2 months later, no real panic with the first challenger being deleted. We can see that folks are just huffing tons of ukropium to keep their pretend reality from imploding.

They are all saying TIME is in Russia’s payroll now! That’s some serious hyper-Ukropium right there!

(Internet slang, offensive, derogatory) A form of wishful thinking in which Ukraine is expected to prevail against Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian war.


Peter the Great

Peter I, the Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725.


Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich, who was the Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533, and Tsar of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.


Shannon stopover

en-noun

Shannon stopover (plural Shannon stopovers)

(Ireland, aviation, historical) A compulsory stopover at Shannon Airport that was imposed on airline flights from North America which intended to visit another airport in the Republic of Ireland (such as Dublin), which applied to all flights from 1986 to 1993, then half of all flights until its abolition in 2007.


sharovarshchyna

Borrowed from Ukrainian шарова́рщина (šarovárščyna).

bor

шарова́рщина

Stereotypical depictions of Ukrainian culture and people.

klyukva

stereotypical depictions of Russia and Russian people


Slavaboo

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Slavaboo.wav

(Internet slang, often derogatory) A non-Slavic person who is overly infatuated with Slavic (especially Russian or Soviet) culture.

(Internet slang, often derogatory) A non-Slavic person who is overly infatuated with gopnik subculture, originating in Slavic countries.


Gullfoss

A waterfall in the canyon of the Hvítá river in southwest Iceland.


United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway

en-proper noun

the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway

(historical) Former country on the Scandinavian Peninsula that existed from 1814 to 1905, now the separate countries of Norway and Sweden.

De forenede Kongeriger Norge og Sverige

Förenade Konungarikena Sverige och Norge


RuSSian

Blend of Russian + SS, implying that the Russian character is fascistic.

(slang, humorous, offensive, derogatory) Russian.


Carnation Revolution

Calque of Portuguese Revolução dos Cravos. So named because a woman who had carnations handed them out to soldiers in the early hours of the coup, and they were placed in gun barrels and became a symbol of the peacefulness of the coup.

calque

(historical) A revolution and military coup by left-leaning military officers that overthrew the colonialist and authoritarian Estado Novo on 25 April 1974 in Lisbon, Portugal, leading to major cultural and political changes.


Russophrenia

This is classic Russophrenia, believing that Russia is about to threaten the world while on fiscal life-support.

2015 June 30, Bryan MacDonald, “Russophrenia - an illness in need of a cure”, in RT:

In one astute observation, Western media exhibit a “Russophrenia” – “a condition where the sufferer believes Russia is both about to collapse, and take over the world.”

2018 July 18, Mikhail Molchanov, quoting Bryan MacDonald, “The Trump-Putin summit: Russophrenia explained”, in Asia Times:

In some psychiatric sense it is very close to the more specific Russophrenia phenomenon, where Russia is simultaneously about to collapse and about to overtake the US, and the combined West.

2019 April 9, Bill Totten, “Has the US Lost Its Military Supremacy Over Russia?”, in BillTottenWeblog (Google Groups):

The Russian FIMI ecosystem produced and distributed satirical videos attacking Western values and exposing the purported reasons why Russia is superior to Western democracies. The European External Action Service (EEAS) Data team detected this new trend, including a video highlighting the Western “Russophrenia” and supposed attempts to cancel Russian culture, an advertisement inviting EU citizens to move to Russia, and commercial videos mocking EU citizens on the energy crisis.

2022, Global Affairs Canada, G7 Rapid Response Mechanism Annual Report 2022, page 10:

(neologism, political science, geopolitics, derogatory) The belief or idea that Russia is simultaneously about to collapse, and also take over the world.


bespredel

Borrowed from Russian беспреде́л (bespredél, “lawlessness; arbitrary rule”), from бес- (bes-, “without”) + преде́л (predél, “limit”).

af

In the Russian Far East, for example, vory took it on themselves to punish not only criminals unaffiliated with their organizations but also those members of their own society who committed acts of bespredel, extreme violence that was forbidden under the code—for example, brutally attacking or killing a woman or a child. […] Crime committed by outsiders is seen as bespredel because the territory “belongs” to the gang. As always with the gang, moral reasoning goes hand in hand with pragmatic considerations. The members admitted that the gang fights bespredel largely because it does not want additional police attention in its territory.

2015, Svetlana Stephenson, “6. THE GANG IN THE COMMUNITY”, in Gangs of Russia. From the Streets to the Corridors of Power, Cornell University Press, →DOI, pages 152–153, 154–155:

When asked of his understanding of bespredel at the bazaar, or mafia-related lawlessness, Adyl, a similarly aged trader originally from Osh confirmed what most other traders stated: there is not that kind of bespredel at the bazaar.

2017, Regine A. Spector, “6. Becoming Trading Elders and Local Authorities”, in Order at the Bazaar. Power and Trade in Central Asia, Cornell University Press, →DOI, page 150:

(political science) A fundamental breakdown in the established norms of a society, due to its citizens no longer having a collective understanding of the customs, values or institutions of that society; particularly in a Russian or post-Soviet context.


Sonnborn

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

A district of Elberfeld, Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Elberfeld
Sonnborner Straße station
Wuppertal-Sonnborn station


Kartli-Kakheti

Calque of Georgian ქართლ-კახეთი (kartl-ḳaxeti).

clq

ქართლ-კახეთი

Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti#English


Beria

Borrowed from Russian Берия (Berija), ultimately from Mingrelian ბერია (beria).

A surname from Mingrelian; especially when referring to Lavrentiy Beria, NKVD chief under Stalin's administration and one of the main architect of the Great Purge.


Hereti

a historical Georgian region in the southeastern extremity of the country


Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti

the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti (canonical)

Borrowed from Georgian კახეთ-ჰერეთის სამეფო (ḳaxet-heretis samepo).

bor+

კახეთ-ჰერეთის სამეფო

Principality of Kakheti
Principality of Kakheti

(historical) an early medieval monarchy in Eastern Georgia (1020 — 1104), after the conquest of the Kingdom of Hereti by the Principality of Kakheti


Kakheti-Hereti

Calque of Georgian კახეთი-ჰერეთი (ḳaxeti-hereti).

clq

კახეთი-ჰერეთი

Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti#English


Kingdom of Hereti

Borrowed from Georgian ჰერეთის სამეფო (heretis samepo).

bor+

ჰერეთის სამეფო

(historical) an early medieval monarchy in Eastern Georgia (893–1020)


Principality of Kakheti

Borrowed from Georgian კახეთის სამთავრო (ḳaxetis samtavro).

კახეთის სამთავრო

(historical) an early medieval principality in Eastern Georgia (787 — 1020)


Kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti

(historical) alternative name of the Kingdom of the Iberians (c. 888–1008). See there for more information.


Kingdom of the Iberians

Kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti
Kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti

Principality of Iberia
Principality of Iberia

(historical) an early medieval Georgian kingdom (c. 888–1008), also known as the Kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti, a successor state of the Principality of Iberia (c. 588–888) and an immediate predecessor of the united Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490).


Principality of Iberia

(historical) an early medieval Georgian principality in Eastern Georgia (c. 588–888), a predecessor state of the Kingdom of the Iberians (c. 888–1008).


Paddyism

en-noun

Paddyism (countable and uncountable, plural Paddyisms)

Leaving aside the Paddyisms we put upon ourselves in order to sell aran jumpers and claddagh rings to Yanks, how do we define ourselves in this country? What makes a person Irish? What qualifies as “Irishness”?

2012 March 24, Alan Keane, “Irishness? What the feck is that?”, in Keane Observer (blog):


Great Purge

(Soviet Union, historical) A campaign of extensive political purge and repression from 1936 to 1938, led by Joseph Stalin and executed by the NKVD to purge his political opponents.


Ginger Line

In reference to its orange colour on maps (resembling ginger hair); named as though it were one of the London Underground lines.

[…] take the Ginger Line overground from Canada Water to Penge West. So you'll be getting off the Tube, and taking the train. I know you're American, but can you remember that?

2015, Orren Merton, The Dawning of Firebird Alex:

(UK, humorous, slang) The London Overground railway network.


Lambeth Palace

The London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury.


White Army

Calque of Russian Белая армия (Belaja armija). White was the traditional color of the antirevolutionary movement in some countries, adopted as a symbolic name by the Russian movement.

calque

(historical, military) a collation of anti-Bolshevik armed groups that fought the Red Army during the Russian Civil War


Espoonian

I got one Espoonian and one Vantaanian together and I asked them which town was better and why. The Vantaanian started the discussion with the captivating phrase that I later learned is known by all Vantaanians. “Blah blah blah Vantaa,” he said. “Blah Vantaa good, blah blah Espoo blah bad.”

2008 September 9, Joe McVeigh, “Espoo vs. Vantaa”, in BTSB: Better Than Sliced Bread (blog), archived from the original on 2024-05-25:

[W]hether you are a Helsinkian, an Espoonian or from further afield, I hope you'll give both parkruns a go.

2021 October 27, puolarmaari, “Run report #2”, in parkrun (blog), archived from the original on 2024-05-25:


chmobik

Borrowed from Russian чмо́бик (čmóbik), itself a blend of чмо (čmo, “scoundrel”) + мо́бик (móbik, “poorly-trained Russian conscript soldier”), as if an abbreviation of части́чно мобилизо́ванный (častíčno mobilizóvannyj, “partially-mobilized”); itself a reference to the term части́чная мобилиза́ция (častíčnaja mobilizácija, “partial mobilization”) used by Russian media when referring to the 2022 Russian mobilization for the invasion of Ukraine.

abbrev

части́чно мобилизо́ванный

Chmobiki are russian citizens who were mobilized as a result of partial mobilization in russia in September 2022.

2022 October 3, Ihor Zhdanov, Interfax-Ukraine:

The Russian Army orders the Chmobik to fight using only shovels. I present to you the Second World Army.

2023 February 2, u/sillyangel1945, Reddit:

A ChMobik was tied to a tree by his commander for refusing to enter battle. when he was released, he wrote a letter to high command reporting the incident.

(informal, derogatory, Internet, military, sometimes humorous) A Russian soldier conscripted during the 2022 Russian mobilization.

2022 Russian mobilization
Russian invasion of Ukraine


atomgrad

/ˈætəmˌɡɹæd/

Borrowed from Russian атомгра́д (atomgrád), from а́том (átom, “atom”) + град (grad, “city”).

bor+

(Soviet Union, historical) A planned city built to facilitate the construction and operation of a nuclear power plant or other nuclear facility in the Soviet Union.


Gulf of Corinth

an inlet of the Ionian Sea, between the Peloponnese and western mainland Greece.


RuSSia

Blend of Russia + SS, implying that Russia is a fascist state.

(slang, humorous, offensive, derogatory) Russia.


Old Kent Road

The [proposed] Bakerloo extension runs from the current southern terminus at Elephant & Castle to Lewisham (Phase 1) and Hayes (Phase 2). There will be two new stations along the Old Kent Road before extending to Lewisham via New Cross Gate.

2024 March 6, “Network News: Councils: lack of investment puts Bakerloo Line at serious "risk of failure"”, in RAIL, number 1004, page 14:

A thoroughfare, part of the A2 road in the London Borough of Southwark, Greater London, which features in the game of Monopoly (OS grid ref TQ3378, TQ3477).


Hyde Park Corner

A major road junction at the south-east corner of Hyde Park, London, England; Hyde Park Corner tube station is underneath the junction. (OS grid ref TQ2879).


Vienna white

From its supposed origin in Vienna, Austria.

Synonym of French white (“an especially pure form of white lead, particularly as used in paints”)


Nottingham white

From its supposed origin in Nottingham, England.


Crems white

(dated) Alternative form of Krems white.


Krems white

A calque of German Kremsweiss, from its original production from exceptionally pure white lead produced by galena mines near Krems, Austria.

Synonym of French white (“an especially pure form of white lead, particularly as used in painting”)


Berlin white

From its supposed origin in Berlin, Germany.


Sirenaic

From blending of siren + Cyrenaic (“inhabitant of the proverbially luxurious city of Cyrene or its territory Cyrenaica; adherent of the hedonistic philosophy of Aristippus of Cyrene”) and from conflation of the mythical siren with the legendary mermaid.

In September 1611 the Sirenaics were among the company of wits who gathered at the Mitre Tavern to celebrate the exploits of another fearless traveller, the scribbler and buffoon Thomas Coryate...

2012, Ian Donaldson, “Life of Ben Jonson”, in Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Jonson Online:

(historical, rare) A member of the celebrated Fraternity of Sireniacal Gentlemen, a club that met at the Mermaid Tavern in Elizabethan London.


mogilization

en-noun

mogilization (countable and uncountable, plural mogilizations)

Partial calque of Russian могилиза́ция (mogilizácija), originally a blend of моги́ла (mogíla, “grave”) + мобилиза́ция (mobilizácija, “mobilization”), as if from моги́ла (mogíla, “grave”) + -иза́ция (-izácija, “-ization”).
* (US) IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /moʊɡəɫəˈzeɪʃən/
* Rhymes: -eɪʃən

partial calque

могилиза́ция

blend

мобилиза́ция

IPA

/moʊɡəɫəˈzeɪʃən/

(slang, informal, neologism, derogatory, military, sometimes humorous) A mobilization, ostensibly precipitating mass casualties; a mobilization to the grave.

(slang, informal, neologism, derogatory, military, sometimes humorous, specifically) The 2022 Russian mobilization.


Gulf of Gaeta

a gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea, bound by Cape Circeo and Ischia


Kingdom of Romania

Romania from March 1881 to December 1947.


Venetian white

(chiefly historical) Synonym of Venetian ceruse.


Republic of South Ossetia

the Republic of South Ossetia (canonical)


CIVETS

(geopolitics, economics) Acronym of Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa: an international economic organization comprising these fast-growing economies.


Parliamentary

Alternative letter-case form of parliamentary, typically in reference to a specific parliament, usually that of England or the United Kingdom.


Rauðskinna

Rauðskinna (canonical)
the Rauðskinna (canonical)

Learned borrowing from Icelandic Rauðskinna, from rauður (“red”) + skinn (“skin”). Piecewise doublet of redskin.

lbor

This concerns Bishop Gottskalk the Grim and his powerful book of magic, the Rauðskinna (The Red Book, lit. “redskin”).

1967 December 1, Einar Haugen, Fire and Ice: Three Icelandic Plays, University of Wisconsin Press, →ISBN, page 20:

[…]but it seems much the same as another book often mentioned in the Icelandic magicians’ legends, the Rauðskinna (Redskin). Legend generally credits the authorship of the Rauðskinna to Gottskálk Nikulásson,[…]According to legend, he gathered together all the black spells, none of which had been used since heathen times, and compiled them as the Rauðskinna,[…]

1997 July 31, Kevin J. Hayes, Folklore and Book Culture, University of Tennessee Press, →ISBN, page 51:

The most famous and sinister of all these books was Rauðskinna (Red-Skin).[…]Rauðskinna is said to be a book of the blackest magic, drawn from the Heathen Age.

2016 January 22, Stephen E. Flowers, Icelandic Magic: Practical Secrets of the Northern Grimoires, Inner Traditions – Bear & Company, →ISBN, page 44:

A legendary Icelandic grimoire about black magic, which is said to have been buried with its author: the bishop Gottskálk grimmi Nikulásson.


Sakartvelo

Borrowed from Georgian საქართველო (sakartvelo).

bor+

(rare, Internet) A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe. Official name: Georgia. Capital: Tbilisi.


deficit good

Calque of Russian дефици́тный това́р (deficítnyj továr, “scarce commodity”, literally “deficit good”).

cal

дефици́тный това́р

(historical, chiefly in the plural) A commodity which was chronically difficult for citizens of the Soviet Union to obtain; particularly one which was considered a necessity or only a very basic luxury in the West, such as toilet paper or a car.


Dodekatheism

Borrowed from Greek δωδεκαθεϊσμός (dodekatheïsmós).

bor+

δωδεκαθεϊσμός

Hellenismos aka Dodekatheism, Hellenism, Hellenic Polytheism or Hellenic Reconstructionism is the modern adaptation of the Ancient Hellenic (Greek) religion.

2016, Rachel Patterson, The Art of Ritual, Collective Ink, →ISBN, page 183:

Others, focusing on the twelve deities from Mount Olympus, refer to their tradition as either Dodekatheism or Olympianism.

2018, Tony Mierzwicki, Hellenismos: Practicing Greek Polytheism Today, Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN, page 11:

Others consider themselves as followers of Dodekatheism or Olympianism.

2021, Samantha Leaver, Pagan Portals - Hellenic Paganism, Collective Ink, →ISBN, page 15:

(uncommon) Synonym of Hellenism (the modern-day revival of the polytheistic religious system of Ancient Greece)


Q-pop

From Q (“Qazaq; Kazakh”) + pop, by analogy with K-pop, itself formed by analogy with J-pop.


take the purple

en-verb

take the purple (third-person singular simple present takes the purple, present participle taking the purple, simple past took the purple, past participle taken the purple)

takes the purple (present singular third-person)
taking the purple (participle present)
took the purple (past)
taken the purple (participle past)

(historical, Roman Empire) To ascend to the rank of an emperor.


Orcistan

/ˌɔːkɪˈstɑːn/

/ˌɔɹkɪˈstɑːn/

From orc + -stan. "Orc" is a term for Russian soldiers participating in the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, later extended to Russians in general. Compare Ukrainian оркоста́н (orkostán)

(derogatory, politics, offensive, Internet slang) Russia.


Myrotvorets

Borrowed from Ukrainian Миротворець (Myrotvorecʹ, literally “Peacemaker”).

bor+

This estimate is contested by the estimates of the Ukrainian pro-governmental website Mirotvorets, which regularly publishes data of identified separatists. Mirotvorets puts the total number of Russian foreign fighters, excluding regular military, at around 50-80,000. However, there is one common thread in the numbers provided by the Union of Donbass Volunteers and Mirotvorets:[…]

2017 May 30, Kacper Rekawek, Not Only Syria? The Phenomenon of Foreign Fighters in a Comparative Perspective, IOS Press, →ISBN, page 64:

But within hours, Myrotvorets (or Peacemaker), a Ukrainian website with close ties to law enforcement agencies and hackers, “blacklisted” them in their online database of more than 130,000 names – because the plane was bound for Russia-annexed Crimea.

2019 August 27, Mansur Mirovalev, “Peacemaker: The Ukrainian website shaming pro-Russia voices”, in Al Jazeera, archived from the original on 2022-04-24:

I had asked him about the Myrotvorets (Peacemaker) organization, which hosts a database he described as a political instrument for counterterrorism in Ukraine. Launched in December 2014, Myrotvorets collects personal information about people believed to be conspiring against the country.[…]Myrotvorets and its separatist counterpart Tribunal offer concrete examples of the difficulties of researching politicized contexts like war.

2023 December 6, Ilmari Käihkö, "Slava Ukraini!": Strategy and the Spirit of Ukrainian Resistance, 2014-2023, Helsinki University Press, →ISBN, page 32:

(Internet) A Ukrainian government-backed website that publishes a running list, and often personal information, of people who are considered by authors of the website to be enemies of Ukraine.


Claudian letters

en-noun

the Claudian letters pl (normally plural, singular Claudian letter)

the Claudian letters (canonical plural)
Claudian letter (singular)

Named after Roman emperor Claudius (10 BCE–41 CE), who created them.

named-after

(historical) Three letters which were added to the Latin alphabet by the Roman emperor Claudius, and were briefly used in some public inscriptions during his rule until his death, when they were quickly abandoned.


Sorbianize

en-verb

Sorbianize (third-person singular simple present Sorbianizes, present participle Sorbianizing, simple past and past participle Sorbianized)

Sorbianizes (present singular third-person)
Sorbianizing (participle present)
Sorbianized (participle past)
Sorbianized (past)

The 1948–1952 linguistic reforms secured the unification of Upper Sorbian and encouraged the use of this variety at the expense of increasingly neglected Lower Sorbian, which also became Upper Sorbianized much to the dislike of Lower Sorbian-speakers.

2008, Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Springer, →ISBN, page 306:

(transitive) to give a Sorbian character to

(transitive) to give an Upper Sorbian character to

to give a Sorbian character to
to give an Upper Sorbian character to

(transitive) to give a Lower Sorbian character to

to give a Sorbian character to
to give a Lower Sorbian character to

(intransitive) to adopt Sorbian customs or culture

(intransitive) to adopt Upper Sorbian customs or culture

(intransitive) to adopt Lower Sorbian customs or culture


Bundesadler

Borrowed from German Bundesadler (“federal eagle”).

bor+

The eagle when used as a symbol of Germany


cantu a tenore

Borrowed from Sardinian cantu a tenòre (literally “singing a tenore”).

Cantu a tenore (Canto a tenore in Italian) is a type of localized, multipart singing based on chords that is found in areas of the island of Sardinia (Macchiarella 2008).[…]The Sardinian term cantu a tenore describes the local variants practised in some 80 villages of the centre-north of the island;[…]On 25 November 2005 Unesco included the Canto a tenore in the Third ‘Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity’.

2017 October 5, David Horn, John Shepherd, Paolo Prato, Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, volume 11, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 741:

If ever music could encapsulate the spirit of Sardinia’s rugged mountains and pastoral landscapes, it is canto a tenore. It is performed by a four-part male choir, the tenores, made up of sa oghe (the soloist and lead voice), su bassu (bass), sa contra (contralto) and sa mesu oghe (countertenor).[…]Canto a tenore is most popular in the centre and north of the island, with the best-known groups coming from the Barbagia region.

2022 July 7, Alexis Averbuck, Duncan Garwood, Gregor Clark, Lonely Planet Sardinia, Lonely Planet, →ISBN, page 418:

Zappa had been “astonished” by the recordings of the cantu a tenore, the chilling polyphonic singing quartets fashioned traditionally by shepherds. UNESCO enshrined the vocal skills and ancient songs as part of the “intangible cultural heritage of humanity.”

2023 May 23, Jeff Biggers, In Sardinia: An Unexpected Journey in Italy, Melville House, →ISBN, page 25:

A style of a capella vocal music native to Sardinia featuring a quartet of men singing a four-part harmony, and is characteristic for its use of throat singing.


federal subject

en-noun

federal subject (plural federal subjects)

Calque of Russian субъект федерации (subʺjekt federacii).

calque

субъект федерации

(government) A constituent entity of Russia, its top-level political division.


Ukrofascism

After the Maidan some of them also went downhill to epic trash, started writing about Ukrofascism and palling around with fighters in Donetsk, like Vitaly Leybin of Russki Reporter.

2018 December 22, Otar Dovzhenko, “Russian Liberal Media? No, Thank You”, in Detector Media:

The Russians killed you in 2014, spreading propaganda, ukrofascism, and other narratives.

2022 April 7, “Why “why us” questions appear from both sides of Russia – Ukraine war?”, in Ukraine Frontlines:

Both Dasha and her father, Alexander Dugin, could be the target,” Rogov said, drawing attention to the fact that Dugin was waging her own fight against “Ukrofascism and its Ango-Saxon^([sic]) masters.”

2022 August 21, admin_l6ma5gus, “In Zaporozhye, Dugina’s death was linked to Ukraine”, in Pledge Times:


Petersburger

A native or resident of Saint Petersburg, Russia.


VDV

Borrowed from Russian ВДВ (VDV), acronym of Возду́шно-деса́нтные во́йска Росси́и (Vozdúšno-desántnyje vójska Rossíi, “Airborne landing force of Russia”).


New Russian

(sociology) A Russian person of a newly rich business class who acquired their wealth in the 1990s in post-Soviet Russia.


English whisky

en-noun

English whisky (plural English whiskies)

English whisky (whiskey) is a liquor made from cereal grains, malt and water. This includes malt whisky and grain whisky.


Great Terror

(Soviet Union, historical) Synonym of Great Purge


Yezhovshchina

Borrowed from Russian ежовщина (ježovščina). Named after Russian secret police official Nikolai Yezhov.

named-after

... Between the 1929-1930 purge and Yezhovshchina period in 1936-1939, there was a steady rooting out of writers too devoted to national sentiment. The anathema went even beyond this veil of tears, and in Azerbaydzhan the grave of the poet, Narym Narymanov, who had[…]

1956, Kenneth R. Whiting, Soviet Problems of Nationality and Industrial Management, page 18:

(historical) A period of intense political repression and mass purges in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s, particularly from 1937 to 1938.


Ajami Turkic

A historical division of the Azerbaijani language that was used as the administrative and literary language of Persia (Safavid Iran, Afsharid Iran and Qajar Iran).


IGC

en-noun

IGC (countable and uncountable, plural IGCs)

Intergovernmental Conference
w:Intergovernmental Conference

(European Union, politics, countable) Abbreviation of Intergovernmental Conference.


Massilian

(historical) A native or inhabitant of Massilia. (ancient Marseille)


Massilian

(historical) Of, from or relating to Massilia. (ancient Marseille)


Oltenian

A person from Oltenia or of Oltenian descent.


domovyk

(Slavic mythology) In Ukrainian folklore, a spirit of a house who protects the inhabitants.


Varanger Peninsula

A peninsula located northeasternmost part of Norway, along the Barents Sea.


mavka

(Slavic mythology, mythology) In Ukrainian folklore, a forest spirit who lures men to their deaths.


Snegurochka

the Snow Maiden, a character in Russian folklore who assists her grandfather Ded Moroz in bringing gifts to children every New Year.


Finlandize

en-verb

Finlandize (third-person singular simple present Finlandizes, present participle Finlandizing, simple past and past participle Finlandized)

Finlandizes (present singular third-person)
Finlandizing (participle present)
Finlandized (participle past)
Finlandized (past)

Do you think that Russia with Eastern Europe would not ahve tried to not only neutralize, but Finlandize Germany?

1971, The Cold War: Origins and Developments Hearings Before the Subcomittee on Europe..., 92-1, June 7, 11, 14, and 18, 1971, United States Congress, page 143:

The removal of American troops would be construed by the Kremlin as an invitation to Finlandize Europe.

1977, Parameters Journal of the US Army War College, volume VII, number 2, United States Army War College, page 9:

A Marxist plan to "Finlandize" Honduras in an effort to spread subversive violence throughout Central America has been denounced by Steadman Fagoth, commander in chief of the anti-Sandinist insurgent Indian force called Miskitos, Sumus, and Remas (MISURA).

1983, Daily Report Latin America, volume 83:

“One can Finlandize a democracy,“ says a former Sandanista foreign policy advisor. ”To think one can Finlandize a totalitarian country is pure fantasy.”

1985, Charles Krauthammer, Cutting Edges: Making Sense of the Eighties, Random House, →ISBN, page 173:

Americans seem extremely afraid that the Soviet Union could “Finlandize” solidly capitalist countries in Western Europe (that is, make their foreign policy accommodating without changing their domestic system), but they have no sense that they might Finlandize Nicaragua, let alone Cuba.

1986, Jerry F. Hough, “Conclusion”, in The Struggle for the Third World: Soviet Debates and American Options, Brookings Institution, →ISBN, page 283:

2017, “The Sonnenfeldt Doctrine: A Plan to Finlandize Eastern Europe”, in The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, number 3, pages 115–129:

In hindsight, hopes that Ukraine could “Finlandize” or federalize were both casualties of Putin’s increasingly hard line toward Ukraine.

2023 April 5, Ronald Suny, The Conversation, retrieved 2024-09-09:

(transitive, politics) To control a smaller or weaker nation's foreign policy through intimidation.


Ewellian

A pupil or alumnus of Ewell Castle School.


Germanistan

[see title]

2015 October 12, Byker, “Germanistan: Refugees to good to move into gymnasium”, in uk.religion.islam (Usenet):

According to the Central Council of Muslims in Germany, at least 80% of the 1.3 million newcomers in Germany in 2015 and 2016 are Islamic. Germany is becoming Germanistan. Holland is becoming Hollandistan. Europe is becoming Eurabia.

2017, Pamela Geller, “Forward”, in Fatwa: Hunted in America, Miami, Fla.: Dangerous Books, →ISBN, page xii:

You see a lot of work has to be done, to educate people and to bring Germany back on track, otherwise, we will soon have a Germanistan, ruled by the green party and run by illegal aliens, while the still remaining hard working-class finances them with their tax euros.

2021 October 27, Stefan Claas, “Re: Petition to the ICC signing request”, in alt.privacy.anon-server (Usenet):

(slang, derogatory, offensive) Germany, viewed as an Islamic country because of immigration from Islamic countries.


German iris

German + iris, a calque of translingual Iris × germanica.

Iris × germanica, a nothospecies of iris.


Hollandistan

From Holland (“the Netherlands”) + -i- + -stan.

af

(slang, derogatory, offensive) The Netherlands, viewed as an Islamic country because of immigration from Islamic countries.


Judeo-Banderite

Since that time the T-shirt "Judeo-Banderite" has been worn by many Ukrainian Jews in defiance of Putin's propaganda.

2017, Olga Bertelsen (editor), Revolution and War in Contemporary Ukraine, The Challenge of Change:

In this phrase, which could also be translated as "Judeo-Banderite," the semantics are transformed from pejorative to affirmative.

2018, Marci Shore, The Ukrainian Night, An Intimate History of Revolution, page 272:

These terms were not, however, rejected but rather appropriated in a humorous way - with the famous public appearance of a Jewish-Ukrainian oligarch Igor Kolomoisky on a T-shirt with the sign "Zhydo-banderovets" (Judeo-Banderite) and the Ukrainian coat of arms (a trident) styled as menorah.

2021, Mykola Riabchuk, At the Fence of Metternich's Garden, page 179:

The neologism zhydobanderivtsi (Judeo-Banderites) became popular as an ironic representation of the unity of ethnic Jews and nationalists in the struggle against Russia's aggression in Ukraine.

2022, Georgiy Kasianov, Memory Crash, Politics of History in and Around Ukraine, 1980s–2010s, page 256:

(politics, derogatory, rare) A Ukrainian nationalist of Jewish descent.

жидобандеровец

a Ukrainian nationalist of Jewish descent


Brigadoonery

An unrealistic, romanticized view of Scotland and its culture, based on stereotypes.


state examination

en-noun

state examination (plural state examinations)

The only qualification the students need to gain university entrance is to be have graduated from higher school (Abitur). No one wants to know whether or not the students do have particular skills that are needed to study law. With respect to multicultural legal classes, there are two main obstacles to overcome in order to succeed in passing the German state examination. First, students from a migrant background may experience difficulties in using the archaic vocabulary and terminology of German law which was developed during the nineteenth century. Second, students from a migrant background are often the first of their families to study at a German university. They may lack role models who can help and encourage them in their studies.

2020 July 31, Jan Thiessen, “Multicultural Law and Multicultural Legal Classes: A Legal-Historical Account from Germany”, in Csaba Varga, editor, Comparative Law and Multicultural Legal Classes: Challenge or Opportunity (Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law), Springer, →DOI, page 190 of 179–196:

Lectures were normally not at all interactive. The professors would just talk. In fact, I felt that most of my professors were not good at teaching. They were so bad that for the last two years prior to the final state examination I did not attend any lectures as this was time-consuming and did not really help much. I had rather drawn up my own study plan and worked in the library or in small self-study groups for those two years, supplemented by up to three mock exams per week. In those old days there was also not much contact between students and the professors. Until I attended the oral part of the first legal state examination, I had only spoken twice to one of my law professors in relation to a scholarship matter. Otherwise I would not have dared to approach them, but I also did not see any need to do so.

2020 December 8, Lutz-Christian Wolff, “What Makes a Good Law Teacher?”, in The Art of Law Teaching (SpringerBriefs in Law), Springer, →DOI, page 36:

educational institution
educational institution

academic institution
academic institution

In Germany, the graduation not under the auspices of an educational institution but conditional on governmental interference regulating the admission to a profession; if immediately following education in an academic institution, successful completion of such an examination concludes academic studies and is equivalent to a level 7 academic degree, otherwise it usually immediately follows preparatory service for public office (Referendariat), not mutually exclusively (undergoing two is regular for certain professions in all or some states).


Malenkov

Borrowed from Russian Маленков (Malenkov).

bor+

A surname from Russian; especially when referring to Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician and rival of Nikita Khrushchev.


Dzerzhinsky

Borrowed from Russian Дзержинский (Dzeržinskij), from Polish Dzierżyński.

A surname from Russian; especially when referring to Felix Dzerzhinsky, chairman of the Cheka.


Kingstonian

The character of the inhabitants during this long period seems, on their own shewing, to have been far from reputable; every vice and every species of immorality appears to have been practised more or less openly, and it was not till the present century that any great or marked improvement took place in the intelligence or prosperity of the Kingstonians.

1852, W. G. Biden, editor, The History and Antiquities of the Ancient and Royal Town of Kingston-upon-Thames, page 32:

[...] we shall turn to the east and finish the purlieus of Hampton with a glance at the old Saxon town of Kingston-on-Thames. Probably an ardent Kingstonian would indignantly disown the impression our three words are apt to give of the place.

1876, “Up The Thames”, in Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, volume XVII, number 97, page 33:

Kingstonians blessed or cursed with a nagging wife just complained to the Bailiffs who had her placed in the ducking stool and forcibly immersed in the river.

1938, G. Herbert Shaw, A Survey of the Royal Borough and Its Amenities, page 15:

The churchyard is therefore still the final resting place of Kingstonians, as is the Memorial Garden, which was once the church 'overflow' burial ground.

2014, Julian McCarthy, Secret Kingston Upon Thames, →ISBN:

Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames

A native or resident of Kingston upon Thames, England.


Commissioner

European Commissioner
European Commissioner#English

(European Union) Alternative form of European Commissioner


Commissioner-designate

It's expected in late September and October each Commissioner-designate will face an hours-long grilling by the European Parliament. Typically, at least one commissioner might fail the test (three failed the last go around).

2024 September 2, Paul Dallison, “The full lineup for the new EU Commission”, in Politico:

European Commissioner
European Commissioner

(European Union) A person who has been selected to become European Commissioner by the President of the European Commission but is yet to be approved by their respective parliamentary committee.


compostela

From Spanish Compostela, from Galician Compostela, from Latin compositella (“the little well-organized one”), from composita (“put together, arranged”) + -ella (“-elle: forming diminutives”), from compōnere (“to put together”), from con- (“with, together”) + pōnere (“to put, to place”), q.v.

der

Pilgrims arriving in Santiago de Compostela who have walked at least the last 100 km (62 mi), or cycled 200 km (120 mi) to get there (as indicated on their credencial), and who state that their motivation was at least partially religious, are eligible for the compostela from the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago.

2024 October 21, Wikipedia contributors, “Camino de Santiago”, in English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation:

A certificate of accomplishment given to pilgrims on completing an official route on the pilgramage to Camino de Santiago.


Commonwealth of England

(historical) The British state when Great Britain and Ireland were a republic prior to rule by Oliver Cromwell.

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland


Vlad the Impaler

A Romanian (Wallachian) prince (c. 1431 - c. 1476), who was known for impaling people.


Bongland

(slang, derogatory, 4chan) Great Britain or the United Kingdom.


Russian blue potato

en-noun

Russian blue potato (countable and uncountable, plural Russian blue potatoes)

A deep purple cultivar of potato believed to have originated in Russia.