livre

Borrowed from French livre. Doublet of libra and lira.

They like to see them awarded comfortable pensions. Is it 700,000 livres a year to the Polignac family?

1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial, published 2007, page 115:

He never, it should be noted, totally renounced his inheritance: a critic of the court round, he benefited to the tune of a cool two million livres a year from royal largesse […].

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 30:

(historical) A unit of currency formerly used in France, divided into 20 sols or sous.


Lemko

A member of a Rusyn ethnic subgroup from the Carpathian mountain area.


Lemko

The language of this group of Carpatho-Rusyns, which is sometimes considered a dialect of Ukrainian or of Rusyn.


comitology

en-noun

comitology (countable and uncountable, plural comitologies)

From committee + -ology, introduced by Cyril Northcote Parkinson in humorous essays published in The Economist.

(European Union) The system of committees, composed of representatives of the member states, used to oversee European Commission implementing acts made under European Union legislation.

sometimes kommittébestämmelser

"kommittologi" should not be used, say Swedish government's translators


KGB

From Russian КГБ (KGB), acronym of Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности (Komitét gosudárstvennoj bezopásnosti, “State Security Committee”).

President Putin's KGB roots have sadly informed a style of governance that is neither reformist nor particularly democratic. The common thread throughout his domestic and foreign policies is his effort to trade on fear -- the fears of Russians that their country is under attack from hostile external forces (Chechens, NATO or free marketeers); and the fears of Westerners that if not for a strong, pragmatic leader, Russia will again become unruly, unstable and potentially aggressive.

2001 January 4, Garry Kasparov, “The Russian President Trades on Fear”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-01-09, International:

But in 1967 Treholt's trenchant opposition to the Vietnam War attracted the attention of the KGB.

2019 [2018], Ben Macintyre, chapter 4, in The Spy and the Traitor, Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 75:

security service
security service#English

(historical) The Committee for State Security of the Soviet Union (the Soviet security service).


Polish

Vinokur pulled the trigger a second and third time. "You're lying, you Polish cunt!" he screamed.

2007, Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve, Shared History, Divided Memory, page 287:

As we mentioned the only chemical used in Polish meats or sausages was potassium nitrate even though the list of food additives allowed in Europe was long and impressive.

2009, Stanley Marianski, Adam Marianski, Miroslaw Gebarowski, Polish Sausages: Authentic Recipes and Instructions, page 13:

Of, from or native to Poland, or relating to the Polish language.

pollanda

relating to inhabitants of Poland; citizens

პოლონური

relating to everything except the people


centavo

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe

(historical) The former subdenomination of some other currencies (in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, Puerto Rico, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Venezuela).


October

en-verb

October (third-person singular simple present Octobers, present participle Octobering, simple past and past participle Octobered)

Octobers (present singular third-person)
Octobering (participle present)
Octobered (participle past)
Octobered (past)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French octobre, from Latin Octōber (“eighth month”), from Latin octō (“eight”), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw (“twice four”); + Latin -ber, from -bris, an adjectival suffix; October was the eighth month in the Roman calendar.

der

(historical, transitive) In the early Soviet Union, to give a child a name tinged with Soviet revolutionary thought, as opposed to religious christening.


European Central Bank

The Central bank for the European Union, administering the monetary policy of the 17 EU Eurozone member states.

اَلْبَنْك اَلْمَرْكَزِيّ اَلْأُورُوبِّيّ


USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics#English

Initialism of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


relegate

First attested circa 1550: from the Classical Latin relēgātus (“banished person, exile”), the nominative singular masculine substantive form of relēgātus, the past participle of relēgō (“to dispatch, banish”).

uder

(history, obsolete) A person who has been banished from proximity to Rome for a set time, but without losing his civil rights.


Serbia and Montenegro

(historical) Former country on the Balkan Peninsula, formerly part of Yugoslavia. It disbanded in 2006.

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

(politics, nonstandard) The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see Serbia, Montenegro.


former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

en-proper noun

(the) former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Republic of North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia

A provisional designation (because of a naming dispute with Greece) formerly used by many international organizations to refer to the Republic of North Macedonia, a country on the Balkan Peninsula. (Abbreviated FYROM.)

provisional designation of the Republic of North Macedonia — see also Republic of North Macedonia, North Macedonia

Voormalige Joego-Slawiese Republiek Masedonië

jumhūriyya(t) maqdūniyā l-yūḡūslāfiyya(t) as-sābiqa

جُمْهُورِيَّة مَقْدُونِيَا اليُوغُوسْلَافِيَّة السَابِقَة

Antigua Republica Yugoslava de Macedonia

naxkin Haravslaviayi Makedoniayi Hanrapetutʻyun

նախկին Հարավսլավիայի Մակեդոնիայի Հանրապետություն

Antigua República Yugoslava de Macedonia

Keçmiş Yuqoslaviya Makedoniya Respublikası

Mazedoniako Jugoslaviar Errepublika Ohia

Bylája Juhasláŭskaja Respúblika Makjedónija

Была́я Югасла́ўская Рэспу́бліка Македо́нія

Би́вша Югосла́вска Репу́блика Македо́ния

Den Tidligere Jugoslaviske Republik Makedonien

Voormalige Joegoslavische Republiek Macedonië

ancienne République yougoslave de Macédoine

ყოფილი იუგოსლავიის რესპუბლიკა მაკედონია

q̇opili iugoslaviis resṗubliḳa maḳedonia

ehemalige jugoslawische Republik Mazedonien

Ehemoligi Jugoslawischi Republik Mazedonie

próin Giougkoslavikí Dimokratía tis Makedonías

πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας

Ha-reppubelikah ha-Yugoslavya leshe'avar shel Makedonyah

הָרֶפּוּבְּלִיקָה הָיוּגוֹסְלַבְיָה לְשֶׁעָבַר שֶׁל מָקֶדוֹנְיָה

Fyrrum júgóslavneska lýðveldið Makedónía

Būrynğy Ügoslaviä Makedoniä Respublikasy

Бұрынғы Югославия Македония Республикасы

이전 유고슬라비아 마께도니아 공화국

ijeon yugoseullabia makkedonia gonghwaguk

Komara Yûgoslavî ya Kevnar a Makedonyayê

Murdagı Yugoslaviya Makedoniya Respublikası

Мурдагы Югославия Македония Республикасы

Bijusī Dienvidslāvijas Republika Maķedonija

Vreuger Joegoslavische Rippebliek Macedonië

Buvusi Jugoslavijos Respublika Makedonija

Poranešna Jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija

Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија

Den tidligere jugoslaviske republikk Makedonia

Den tidlegare jugoslaviske republikken Makedonia

Bývšaja Jugoslávskaja Respúblika Makedónija

Бы́вшая Югосла́вская Респу́блика Македо́ния

бивша југословенска Република Македонија

бивша југославенска Република Македонија

bivša jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija

bivša jugoslavenska Republika Makedonija

Bývalá juhoslovanská republika Macedónsko

Nekdanja jugoslovanska republika Makedonija

Bywša Južnosłowjanska Republika Makedonska

Jamhuri ya zamani ya Yugoslavia ya Makedonia

Före detta jugoslaviska republiken Makedonien

Ҷумҳурии собиқ Югославии Македония

Jumhuri-yi sobiq Yugoslavi-yi Makedoniya

Элеккеге ugгославия Македония Республикасы

Kolýšnja Juhoslávsʹka Respúblika Makedónija

Коли́шня Югосла́вська Респу́бліка Македо́нія

Sobiq Yugoslaviya Respublikasi Makedoniya


pound

en-noun

pound (plural pounds or (UK colloquial) pound)

pounds (plural)
pound (UK colloquial plural)

From Middle English pound, from Old English pund (“a pound, weight”), from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą (“pound, weight”), an early borrowing from Latin pondō (“by weight”), ablative form of pondus (“weight”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to pull, stretch”).
Cognate with Dutch pond, German Pfund, Danish pund and Swedish pund. Doublet of pood and punt.

der

an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure

an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves

"Only a hundred and ninety-three pound," said Mr. Tulliver. "You've brought less o' late; but young fellows like to have their own way with their money. Though I didn't do as I liked before I was of age." He spoke with rather timid discontent.

1860, George Eliot, chapter 6, in The Mill on the Floss, book 5:

For students in developing countries who can't get it any other way, or for students in the first world, who can but may choose not to. Pay thousands of pounds a year for your education? Or get it free online?

2012 November 11, Carole Cadwalladr, “Do online courses spell the end for the traditional university?”, in Observer:

A unit of currency in various currency systems.

The unit of currency used in the United Kingdom and its dependencies. It is divided into 100 pence. Symbol £.


EU

(politics, economics) Initialism of European Union.

European Union — see also European Union, EUSSR


Yugoslavia

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Jugoslavija, in turn from jug (“south”) and slavija (“Slavia, the land of the Slavs”). Literally, the land of the South Slavs.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia

(historical) A former country on the Balkan Peninsula, made up of the now-independent nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia; it disintegrated in the 1990s.

(historical, specific) The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a kingdom ruled by the House of Karađorđević which existed from 1918 to 1941.

(historical, specific) The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a communist state which existed from 1945 to 1992.

Yugoslavia’s President, Slobodan Milosevic, has rejected all efforts at meaningful diplomacy and, in violation of his own previous commitments, has ratcheted up his military campaign against the innocent civilians of Kosovo.

1999 March 25, “Air Campaign Against Yugoslavia”, in The New York Times, New York:

(historical) The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a rump state formed by Serbia and Montenegro after 1992.

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

(historical, nonstandard, by extension) Serbia and Montenegro, after 2003 until 2006, when it disintegrated.


ROI

(photography) Initialism of region of interest (in digital images, microscopy: in 3-dim-specimen reconstructions by consecutive sectioning).

region of interest

(military, espionage) Initialism of region of interest.

(engineering) Initialism of radius of influence.


ROI

Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland#English


pie

en-noun

pie (countable and uncountable, plural pies)

→ Bulgarian: пай (paj)

→ Cantonese: 批 (pai¹)

→ Finnish: pai

→ Hebrew: פַּאי

→ Japanese: パイ

desc

→ Kashubian: paja (Canada, United States)

→ Korean: 파이 (pai)

→ Malay: pai

→ Persian: پای (pây)

→ Scottish Gaelic: pàidh

→ Spanish: pay

→ Swedish: paj

→ Tok Pisin: pai

→ Welsh: pei

→ Yiddish: פּײַ (pay)

From Middle English pye, pie, pey, perhaps from Old English *pīe (“pastry”) (compare Old English pīe, pēo (“insect, bug”)), attested in early Middle English piehus (“bakery”, literally “pie-house”) c. 1199. Relation to Medieval Latin pica, pia (“pie, pastry”) is unclear, as there are no similar terms found in any Romance languages; therefore, like Irish pióg (“pie”), the Latin term may have been simply borrowed from the English.
Some sources state the word comes from Latin pīca (“magpie, jay”) (from the idea of the many ingredients put into pies likened to the tendency of magpies to bring a variety of objects back to their nests), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”), though this has its controversies. However, if so, then it is a doublet of pica.

der

The family had steak and kidney pie for dinner and cherry pie for dessert.

SATURNINUS: Go fetch them hither to us presently.
TITUS: Why, there they are, both baked in that pie,
Whereof their mother daintily hath fed,
Eating the flesh that she herself hath bred.

c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

A type of pastry that consists of an outer crust and a filling. (Savory pies are more popular in the UK and sweet pies are more popular in the US, so "pie" without qualification has different connotations in these dialects.)


Irish

From Middle English Irish (12th c.), from Old English *Īrisċ, from Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)), further origin heavily debated but probably from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū (“fat land, fertile”), from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”), from *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”), akin to Ancient Greek πίειρα (píeira, “fertile land”), Sanskrit पीवरी (pīvarī, “fat”).

cog

Irish is the first official and national language of Ireland.

(uncountable) The Gaelic language indigenous to Ireland, also known as Irish Gaelic.

A female given name of chiefly Philippine usage.


Irish

en-noun

Irish (countable and uncountable, plural Irish or Irishes)

(uncountable, obsolete) A board game of the tables family.


Czech Republic

/ˈtʃɛk ɹɪˈpʌblɪk/

A country in Central Europe. Capital and largest city: Prague. Until 1993, part of Czechoslovakia.


Lithuania

From Medieval Latin Līthuānia f, from Proto-Slavic *Litъva f, from Old Lithuanian Lietuva f.
It has been speculated that the name comes from the rivulet Lietauka, although archeological evidence does not corroborate this hypothesis.

Taiwan's Foreign Ministry on Saturday condemned the sanctions, saying they amounted to "irrational retaliation" by China.
"Taiwan vows to continue to do its best to assist Lithuania to counter the unreasonable and arbitrary suppression of the Chinese government," the ministry said in a statement.

2022 August 13, Yew Lun Tian, Augustas Stankevicius, Ben Blanchard, “China sanctions Lithuanian deputy minister for Taiwan visit”, in Mark Heinrich, Paul Simao, William Mallard, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-13, World:

Republic of Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania#English

A country in northeastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Lithuania.


Iceland

→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

From Middle English Iseland, Island, Islond, Yslond, a calque of Old Norse Ísland, equivalent to ice + land.

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

A country in the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe.


Greece

→ Korean: 그리스 (Geuriseu)

→ Thai: กรีซ (grìis)

→ Iban: Gerika

From Middle English Grece, from Old French Grece, from Latin Graecia, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós). Replaced Old English Grēcland, also from the same Latin source.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Hellenic Republic
Hellenic Republic#English

A country in Southeast Europe. Official name: Hellenic Republic. Capital and largest city: Athens.


Latvia

⇒? Japanese: ラトビア (Ratobia)

In early July, I returned to Europe for the G-7 summit in Naples. On the way, I stopped in Riga, Latvia, to meet with the leaders of the Baltic states and celebrate the withdrawal of Russian troops from Lithuania and Latvia, a move we had helped to speed up by providing a large number of housing vouchers for Russian officers who wanted to go home.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 185:

Republic of Latvia
Republic of Latvia#English

A country in North Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Latvia.


Norway

→ Japanese: ノルウェー (Noruwē)

From Middle English Norwey, Norweye, Northwey, Norweȝe, Norewæiȝ, Norwæge, from Old English Norþweġ, a calque of Old Norse Norðvegr (“north way”), from norðr (“north”) + vegr (“way”), contrasted with suðrvegr (“south way”), i.e. Germany, and austrvegr (“east way”), the Baltic lands. Norwegian (1607) is from Medieval Latin Norvegia, with the -w- from Norway. Equivalent to North + way.

Kingdom of Norway
Kingdom of Norway#English

A country in Scandinavia, in northern Europe. Official name: Kingdom of Norway.


peso

(historical) A former unit of currency in Spain and Spain's colonies, worth 8 reales; the Spanish dollar.


United Kingdom

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *éy?
Proto-Indo-European *-nós?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos
Proto-Italic *oinos
Old Latin oinos
Latin ūnus
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Latin -iō
Latin ūniō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin ūnītuslbor.
Middle English uniten
English unite
Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz
Old English -od
Middle English -ed
English -ed
English united
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom
English kingdom
English United Kingdom
From united + kingdom, first attested from 1706.

Британиешхо Пачъыхьыгъо

sovereign state in Europe — see also Great Britain

यूनाइटेड किंगडम

yūnāiṭēḍ kiṅgᵊḍam

Spojene kraljovstvo Velykoj Britaniji i Severnoho Irʹska

Споєне кралёвство Великой Брітанії і Северного Ірьска

Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda del Nord

大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国

Dà-Bùlièdiān jí Běi-Ài'ěrlán Liánhé Wángguó

Forenede Kongerige

but it is more often to be referred as Storbritannien (“Great Britain”)

Suurbritannia ja Põhja-Iiri Ühendkuningriik

Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord

Nagy-Britannia és Észak-Írország Egyesült Királysága

Kerajaan Bersatu

but it is more often to be referred as Britania Raya (“Great Britain”)

Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando rengō ōkoku

Ūlybritaniä jäne Soltüstık İrlandiä Bırıkken Koroldıgı

Ұлыбритания және Солтүстік Ирландия Біріккен Корольдігі

그레이트브리튼 북아일랜드 연합 왕국

Geureiteubeuriteun bugaillaendeu yeonhap wangguk

대브리텐 및 북아일랜드 련합 왕국

Daebeuriten mit bugaillaendeu ryeonhap wangguk

Lielbritānijas un Ziemeļīrijas Apvienotā Karaliste

യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം

yuṇaiṟṟaḍŭ kiṅḍaṁ

Ir-Renju Unit tal-Gran Brittanja u l-Irlanda ta’ Fuq

Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Nord-Irland

Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Nord-Irland

da sathre bareethanye aw shamalai ieralaend mathhd salathnth

د سترې بریتانيې او شمالي ايرلينډ متحد سلطنت

Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda do Norte

Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei de Nord

Sojedinjónnoje Korolévstvo Velikobritánii i Sévernoj Irlándii

Соединённое Короле́вство Великобрита́нии и Се́верной Ирла́ндии

Unitit Kinrick o Greet Britain an Norlin Airlann

Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath

Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Сјеверне Ирске

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Sjeverne Irske

Regnu Unitu dâ Britagna Granni e di l'Irlanna dû Norti

Zjydnoczůne Krůlestwo Wjelgij Brytańije i Irlandyje Půłnocny n (literal translation of the full name)

Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Severného Írska

Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte

büyük britaniye we shimaliy irlandiye birleshme padishahliqi

بۈيۈك برىتانىيە ۋە شىمالىي ئىرلاندىيە بىرلەشمە پادىشاھلىقى

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

(historical) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922).


Poland

→ Japanese: ポーランド (Pōrando)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂-der.
Proto-Slavic *poľe
Proto-Slavic *-janinъ
Proto-Slavic *poľaninъder.
German Polebor.
English Pole
English land
English Poland
1560s. From Pole + land, a phono-semantic matching of German Polen (“Poland”), from Old Polish Polanie (“Poles”, literally “field dwellers”), from Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”), from *poľe (“field”) + *-ěninъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, wide”).

der

After leaving the Soviet Union, we made a brief visit to one of the captive nations — Poland.[...]A quarter of a million people turned out that Sunday. Despite the presence of Soviet troops, and the fact that they share a common border with the Soviet Union, on that Sunday the people of Poland demonstrated dramatically not only their friendship for the United States but also their detestation of their Communist rulers and Soviet neighbors.

1978, Richard Nixon, RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 213:

The next stop was Warsaw, to meet with President Lech Walesa and emphasize my commitment to bringing Poland into NATO. Walesa had become a hero, and free Poland's natural choice for president, by leading the Gdansk-shipyard workers' revolt against communism more than a decade earlier. He was deeply suspicious of Russia and wanted Poland in NATO as soon as possible. He also wanted more American investment in Poland, saying the country's future required more American generals, "starting with General Motors and General Electric."

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 185–186:

Republic of Poland
Republic of Poland#English

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Republic of Poland. Capital and largest city: Warsaw.


Belgium

en-proper noun

Belgium (usually uncountable, plural Belgiums)

Borrowed from Latin Belgium, from the name of the tribe of Belgae.

Kingdom of Belgium
Kingdom of Belgium#English

A country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France. Official name: Kingdom of Belgium. Capital and largest city: Brussels.


Finland

Finland (usually uncountable, plural Finlands)

→ Japanese: フィンランド (Finrando)

Ultimately, from Old Norse Finnland. Compare Old English Finna land (“Lapland”, literally “land of the Sami”).

cog

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Finland.

Republic of Finland
Republic of Finland#English

A Nordic country having borders with Sweden, Norway and Russia in Europe. Official name: Republic of Finland.


Sweden

→ Bengali: সুইডেন (śuiḍen)

→ Cantonese: 瑞典 (seoi⁶ din²)

→ Mandarin: 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn)

→ Hakka: 瑞典 (Shuì-tién)

→ Korean: 서전 (Seojeon)

→ Vietnamese: Thụy Điển

→ Hindi: स्वीडन (svīḍan)

→ Hokkien: 瑞典 (Sūi-tián)

→ Mandarin: 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn)

→ Japanese: スウェーデン (Suwēden)

→ Korean: 스웨덴 (Seuweden)

→ Marathi: स्वीडन (svīḍan)

→ Telugu: స్వీడన్ (svīḍan)

Borrowed from Scots Swethin, Swadne (also Swaden), from Middle Dutch Sweden, dative of Swede. Originally used to refer to the people before the late 1600s, later displaced native Old English Swēoland (literally “Swede land”), Swēoþēod (literally “Swede nation”), and Swēorīċe (literally “Swede kingdom”) to refer to the country.

ncog

People often mix up Sweden and Switzerland

Kingdom of Sweden
Kingdom of Sweden#English

A country in Scandinavia in Europe. Official name: Kingdom of Sweden


Hungary

→ Japanese: ハンガリー (Hangarī)

/ˈhʌŋ.ɡəɹ.i/

From Middle English Hungary, Hungrye, Hungry, from Old English Hungerie from Medieval Latin Hungaria. Doublet of Hungaria.

A country in Central Europe. Capital and largest city: Budapest.

Мадя́рщина

mostly by Rusyns; proscribed in official use


France

en-proper noun

France (usually uncountable, plural Frances)

→ Assamese: ফ্ৰান্স (phranso)

→ Hawaiian: Palani

→? Japanese: フランス (Furansu)

→ Kalenjin: Frans

→ Kikuyu: Frans

→ Luhya: Frans

→ Meru: Frans

→ Sotho: France

→ Swahili: Ufaransa

→ Tokelauan: Falani

From Middle English France, from Old French France, from Latin Francia, from Francī, the name of a Germanic tribe, of unclear (but Proto-Germanic) origin. Believed to be most likely from Frankish *Frankō (“a Frank”), from Proto-Germanic *frankô (“javelin”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preng- (“pole, stalk”). Compare Frank. Displaced native Old English Francland.

der

For a long time the dormouse and polecat had seemed to him overfeeble enemies for his restless valour, even as the granary floor seemed to afford too narrow a field. Every day he read the papers of the previous day in the servants' hall of the houses he visited, and it appeared to him that this war in America, which was hailed as the awakening of the spirit of liberty and justice in the New World, ought to produce a revolution in France.

1837, George Sand, translated by Stanley Young, Mauprat, Cassandra Editions, published 1977, →ISBN, page 237:

Although scholars have offered different chronologies and causalities for the move toward modernity, most have resolved the paradox of the two Frances by placing them in sequence: "diverse France gave way over time as modern centralized France gathered force."

1998, Shanny Peer, France on Display: Peasants, Provincials, and Folklore, →ISBN, page 2:

Hollande told cheering supporters in his rural fiefdom of Corrèze in south-west France that he was best-placed to lead France towards change, saying the vote marked a "rejection" of Sarkozy and a "sanction" against his five years in office.

2012 April 23, Angelique Chrisafis, “François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election”, in the Guardian:

A country in Western Europe. Official name: French Republic. Capital and largest city: Paris.


Estonia

→ Japanese: エストニア (Esutonia)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Estonia. Other early Latin forms were Estia and Hestia, possibly derived from the tribal name Aestiī described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania (ca. 98 AD). Displaced Middle English Ēstland, from Old English Ēstland. Compare also Old Norse Æistland, Icelandic Eistland, German Estland (“Estonia”).

“In the late 1930s, the Western democracies hesitated in the face of danger,” Prime Minister Siim Kallas of Estonia, a former Soviet republic, told me. “As a consequence, we fell under dictatorships and many people lost their lives. Action is sometimes necessary.”

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, New York: Crown Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 233:

Republic of Estonia
Republic of Estonia#English

A country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Official name: Republic of Estonia.


Austria

→ Japanese: オーストリア (Ōsutoria)

From Latin Austria, a Latinization of Old High German Ōstarrīhhi (the first element of which means "east" and stems from Proto-Germanic *austraz (“eastern”), and the second element of which is rīhhi (“realm”). See east, eastern for more.
Distantly cognate to Australia: it derives from the same Proto-Indo-European root, but via Latin, where it came to mean “south” rather than “east”. Compare also Austrasia.

Republic of Austria
Republic of Austria#English

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Republic of Austria. Capital and largest city: Vienna.


Bulgaria

/bʌlˈɡɛə.ɹi.ə/

From Medieval Latin Bulgaria, equivalent to Bulgar + -ia, in English used from the 16th century.

Republic of Bulgaria
Republic of Bulgaria#English

A country in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Bulgaria. Capital and largest city: Sofia.


euro

The name euro was the winner of a contest open to the general public to propose names for the new European currency, and as such is technically a neologism, although it obviously alludes to the common root of geographical names for the continent Europe, derived from Latin Europa, from Ancient Greek Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē), the name in Greek mythology of a princess, abducted by Zeus as a bull across the Bosporus. According to the official story, the term was coined by Belgian teacher and esperantist Germain Pirlot in 1995, who suggested it in a letter to Jacques Santer, then President of the European Commission.

coin

(numismatics) The currency unit of the European Monetary Union. Symbol: €


Slovakia

→ Japanese: スロバキア (Surobakia)

First attested to in German in 1586, itself apparently derived from Slovak Slováky, equivalent to English Slovak + -ia.

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Slovak Republic. Capital and largest city: Bratislava.


Slovenia

Slovene (from German, from Slovene) + -ia.

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe. Official name: Republic of Slovenia. Capital and largest city: Ljubljana. Part of Yugoslavia until 1991.


Monaco

/mɒˈnɑː.kəʊ/

Ultimately from Ancient Greek μόνοικος (mónoikos, “single house”), from μόνος (mónos, “single, alone”) + οἶκος (oîkos, “house”), the name of the 6th century BC colony of Phocaeans and an epithet of Heracles (Hercules), Ἡρακλῆς Μόνοικος (Heracles Monoikos). According to an ancient Greek myth and a Ligurian legend, Heracles passed through the Monaco area. A temple was constructed there by Phocaeans, the temple of Heracles Monoikos (Strabo, Geography, Gaul, 4.6.3).

der

Principality of Monaco
Principality of Monaco#English

A city-state in Western Europe. Official name: Principality of Monaco.


Spain

→ Burmese: စပိန် (ca.pin)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: स्पेन (spen)

→ Japanese: スペイン (Supein)

→ Korean: 스페인 (seupein)

→ Marathi: स्पेन (spen)

→ Thai: สเปน (sà-bpeen)

Etymology tree
Latin Hispānia
Old French Espaignebor.
Middle English Spayne
English Spain
From Middle English Spayne, from Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia. Doublet of Hispania.

etymon

The mountains of Spain consist of parallel ranges, running from east to west[…]

1865, James Stuart Laurie, editor, Manual of Elementary Geography, page 40:

Spain fought with France constantly from 1494 through the 1540s, especially over Italy.

1999, Stephen P. Reyna, "The Force of Two Logics", in S. P. Reyna & R. E. Downs (editors), Deadly Developments: Capitalism, states and war (War and Scoiety, volume 5), page 34

Kingdom of Spain
Kingdom of Spain#English

A country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula. Official name: Kingdom of Spain. Capital and largest city: Madrid.


Andorra

Principality of Andorra
Principality of Andorra#English

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

A microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France. Official name: Principality of Andorra. Capital and largest city: Andorra la Vella.


Ukraine

Ukraine (canonical)
the Ukraine (canonical)

→ Assamese: ইউক্ৰেইন (iukrein)

→ Bengali: ইউক্রেন (iukren)

desc

→ Cherokee: ᏯᎧᏪᏂ (yakaweni), ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ (yugvlainv)

→ Chinese: 烏克蘭／乌克兰 (Wūkèlán)

→ Vietnamese: Ô Khắc Lan

→ Dhivehi: ޔުކްރެއިން (yuk̊rein̊)

→ Gujarati: યૂક્રેઇન (yūkreina)

→ Hawaiian: ʻUkelena

→ Hindi: यूक्रेन (yūkren)

→ Kannada: ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್ (yukrēn)

→ Malay: Ukraine

→ Malayalam: യുക്രെയിൻ (yukreyiṉ)

→ Maori: Ūkareinga

→ Marathi: युक्रेन (yukren)

→ Nepali: युक्रेन (yukrena)

→ Odia: ୟୁକ୍ରେନ (yukrena)

→ Punjabi: ਯੂਕ੍ਰੇਨ (yūkren)

→ Samoan: 'Iukureini

→ Sinhalese: යුක්රේන් (yukrēn)

→ Telugu: ఉక్రెయిన్ (ukreyin)

→ Thai: ยูเครน (yuu-kreen)

→ Tigrinya: ዩክረይን (yukräyn)

→ Tongan: ʻIukuleini

→ Ukrainian: Юкре́йн (Jukréjn)

→ Urdu: یُوکْرین (yūkren)

→ Yoruba: Yukíréènì

Borrowed from Polish Ukraina or Russian Украи́на (Ukraína), from Old East Slavic оукраина (ukraina), which is most commonly taken to have meant "borderland, marches" in this context, though for about a century now Ukrainian scholars have articulated an alternative theory that it meant "region, country, the land around (a given center)" in this context instead. See Name of Ukraine for more.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Ukraine.

A country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea. Capital and largest city: Kyiv.


Netherlands

en-proper noun

the Netherlands (usually uncountable, plural the Netherlands)

the Netherlands (canonical)
the Netherlands (plural)

From nether (“lower”) + lands, the country being very low-lying, with a great part below sea level. Either a calque or a parallel formation to Dutch Nederland.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Netherlands.

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

The main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located primarily in Western Europe bordering Germany and Belgium. Capital and largest city: Amsterdam.

Holland

formally refers to the provinces of North Holland and South Holland, but often colloquially used to refer to the entire country

constituent countries
constituent country

A country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Ҳоландиа

country in northwestern Europe — see also Holland


Netherlands

Of, from or relating to the Netherlands.


Netherlands

(slang) Alternative letter-case form of netherlands.


Italy

→ Japanese: イタリー (Itarī) (dated)

→ Thai: อิตาลี (ì-dtaa-lîi)

→ Yoruba: Ítálì

Etymology tree
Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú)bor.?
Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā)der.
Latin Italiabor.
Old English Italia
English ItalyFrom Old English Italia, borrowed from Latin Italia, from Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā), possibly borrowed from Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú). Usually explained as a cognate of vitulus (“calf”), thus meaning "land of young bulls" in Oscan. In that case, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). According to some ancient Greek authors, named after a king Italus or Italos, whose kingdom was on the peninsula.

etymon

Rome is the heart of Italy [...]. She was, is, and must ever be, her capital.

1868, E. S. G. S., Italy and her capital, page 170:

Italy and her invaders

19th century, Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and her invaders, title

Italian Republic
Italian Republic#English

Republic of Italy
Republic of Italy#English

A country in Southern Europe. Official names: Italian Republic and Republic of Italy. Capital and largest city: Rome.


Germany

en-proper noun

Germany (countable and uncountable, plural Germanys or Germanies)

1 BC
1000
1914
1944
750 BC
Germany
Julius Caesar
Strabo
The German Question

From Middle English Germanie, from Old English Germanie & Germania, from Latin Germānia (“land of the Germans”), from Germānī, a people living around and east of the Rhine first attested in the 1st century B.C.E. works of Julius Caesar and of uncertain etymology. The exonym was said by Strabo to derive from germānus (“close kin; genuine”), making it cognate with germane and german, but this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it from Germanic or Celtic roots since the 18th century are all problematic, although it is perhaps cognate with the Old Irish gair (“neighbour”). Doublet of Germania.
In reference to a medieval kingdom, English Germany is usually an anachronism using the Roman name to describe the area or calquing various Latin terms like rex Teutonicorum ("king of the Teutons"), which were often derogatory exonyms rather than formal titles.

nowrap

1st century <small class='ce-date'>B.C.E.</small>

The win made Germany the first European team to prevail in a World Cup in the Americas and gave the Germans, who have made it to the knockout stage in 16 consecutive World Cups, their first trophy since 1990.

2014 July 13, Sam Borden, “Germans End Long Wait: 24 Years and a Bit Extra”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-07-13:

Germans save a lot, produce plenty and spend little. The result is a massive external surplus. Last year, Germany’s current account surplus stood at almost €200 billion ($260 billion), the world's largest.

2014 September 25, Michael Heise, “The Myth of the Stupid German Investor”, in The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2015-01-07:

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany#English

The principal state in this country, including

A country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany. Official name: Federal Republic of Germany. Capital and largest city: Berlin.

Nazi Germany, Third Reich, Fascist Germany


Netherlands Antilles

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands

(historical) A former autonomous country in the Caribbean, within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, composed of the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten, dissolved in 2010.


Ireland

en-proper noun

Ireland (usually uncountable, plural Irelands)

→ Japanese: アイルランド (Airurando)

From Middle English Ireland, Irelond, Irlond, Irland, from Old English Īrland. Perhaps also from Middle Irish Éire + -land. Ultimately from Old Irish Ériu (“Ireland”). See Irish.

inh

The crux of Northern Ireland’s post-Brexit issue lies in the fact it is a British territory on the island of Ireland, meaning it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland, an EU member.

2023 February 28, “UK’s Sunak in Northern Ireland after landing new Brexit trade deal”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-03-01:

A hamlet in Southill parish, Central Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, England (OS grid ref TL1341).

Central Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire#English

A community of Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Antigonish County
Antigonish County#English

An unincorporated community in Madison Township, Dubois County, Indiana, United States.

An unincorporated community in Lewis County, West Virginia, United States.


Azerbaijan

/əˈzɛː(ɹ).baɪˌdʒɑːn/

/əˈzɛː(ɹ).baɪˌʒɑːn/

From Persian آذربایجان (âzarbâyjân), from Arabic أَذَرْبَيْجَان (ʔaḏarbayjān), from Classical Persian آذربایگان (āðarbāygān)/آذربادگان (āzarbādgān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkʾn), [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkn /Ādurbādagān/), from the name of Atropates, the Persian nobleman who founded the independent kingdom of Atropatene, from Old Persian *Ātr̥pātah (/Āturpat/, “protected by fire”). For the suffix see -ական (-akan), گان (gân). Compare Old Armenian Ատրպատական (Atrpatakan), Ատրապատական (Atrapatakan), Ատրպայական (Atrpayakan), Armenian Ադրբեջան (Adrbeǰan), Byzantine Greek Ἀδαρβιγάνων (Adarbigánōn), Classical Syriac ܐܕܘܪܒܝܓܐܢ (ʾĀḏōrbêḡān), Coptic ⲁⲇⲟⲩⲣⲃⲁⲇⲁⲅⲁⲛ (adourbadagan).

der

أَذَرْبَيْجَان

Arabic أَذَرْبَيْجَان (ʔaḏarbayjān)

cog

ⲁⲇⲟⲩⲣⲃⲁⲇⲁⲅⲁⲛ

Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Azerbaijan#English

A country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe. Official name: Republic of Azerbaijan. Capital: Baku.


Anguilla

Borrowed from Latin anguilla (“eel”), from an uncertain Romance language original. The name of the island refers to its elongated shape.

In the late 1990s, the tiny Caribbean nation of Anguilla was home to an interesting cluster of expatriates. With its nonexistent taxes and incredible beaches, it was the perfect place for self-employed computer geeks to develop projects during the dot-com boom.

2020, Dylan Taylor-Lehman, Sealand: The True Story of the World's Most Stubborn Micronation, Icon Books, →ISBN:

With companies wanting internet addresses that communicate they are at the forefront of the A.I. boom — like Elon Musk’s X.ai website for his artificial intelligence company — Anguilla has recently received a huge influx in requests for domain names.

2024 March 22, Emma Bubola, “The A.I. Boom Makes Millions for an Unlikely Industry Player: Anguilla”, in The New York Times:

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, in the Caribbean Sea.

أَنْغِيلَا

British overseas territory in the Caribbean


Denmark

→ Japanese: デンマーク (Denmāku)

→ Korean: 덴마크 (Denmakeu)

→ Malay: Denmark

Indonesian: Denmark

From Middle English Denmark, from Danish Danmark, from dansk (“Danish”) + Old Norse merki (“boundary”) or mǫrk (“borderland”). Cognate with (and perhaps influenced by) Old English Denemearc.

something is rotten in the state of Denmark

A country in Europe. Capital and largest city: Copenhagen; the metropole of the sovereign nation of the same name.


Luxembourg

From Middle High German Luccelemburc, from Old High German Lucilinburhuc, ultimately from luzil (“little”) + burg (“castle”), from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz and *burgz.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg#English

A small country in Western Europe. Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Capital and largest city: Luxembourg.


Cyprus

From Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Republic of Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus#English

An island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia. Official name: Republic of Cyprus. Capital: Nicosia.


Bosnia and Herzegovina

bŏz′·nē·ə and hûrts′·ə·gōv′·ĭn·ə

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Capital and largest city: Sarajevo. Part of Yugoslavia until 1992.

မိူင်းပေႃးသၼီးယႃး လႄႈ ႁႃႇၸီႇၵူဝ်းဝီးၼႃး

móeng páu sǎ níi yáa lāae hàa tsìi kó wíi náa


Martinique

Named by Christopher Columbus after Saint Martin of Tours. The name is sometimes suggested to be a modification of a native Ta-Arawakan (Taino or Kalinago) name Madinina (“island of flowers”) or Matinino (“island of women”).

administrative region
administrative region

Department of Martinique
Department of Martinique#English

An island, overseas department, and administrative region of France, in the Caribbean. Official name: Department of Martinique.

Christopher Columbus
Martin of Tours
Martinique

Matinik

Island and, overseas department and region of France


Réunion

An island, overseas department, and administrative region of France, located in the Indian Ocean to the west of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar.

レユニオン

island in the Indian Ocean to the west of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar


Switzerland

Compound of Switzer + -land, adopted in the 16th century from Early Modern German Schwytzerland (“land of the Swiss”). Noun sense refers to the state’s political neutrality in both World Wars.

der

Much of Switzerland is located in the Alps.

Swiss Confederation
Swiss Confederation#English

A country in Western Europe and Central Europe. Official name: Swiss Confederation. Capital: Bern (de facto).


British Virgin Islands

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-British Virgin Islands.wav

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean.

اَلْجُزُر اَلْعَذْرَاء اَلْبِرِيطَانِيَّة


Saint Helena

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha#English

An island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean, and an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Official name: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Formerly named Saint Helena and Dependencies.


Aruba

Aruba, Jamaica, ooh I wanna take ya / Bermuda, Bahama, come on pretty mama

1988, “Kokomo”, in Still Cruisin', performed by The Beach Boys:

An island, dependent territory, and constituent country of the Netherlands, in the Caribbean Sea.


Armenia

From Latin Armenia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía) (early 5th century BC), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/) (late 6th century BC); see it for more. The Old Persian name is an exonym: see հայ (hay) for the native name. Attested in English since late 14th century.

In the Caucasian republics, 100,000 Azerbaijanis, 30,000 Georgians, and tens of thousands of Armenians were imprisoned, tortured, or killed under Stalin, with Armenia's prisons so full at some points that basements of government buildings were converted into makeshift jails.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Former Evil Empire”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 57:

Republic of Armenia
Republic of Armenia#English

A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe. Official name: Republic of Armenia. Capital: Yerevan.


French Guiana

Department of French Guiana
Department of French Guiana#English

An overseas department and administrative region of France in South America. Official name: Department of French Guiana.


Falkland Islands

the Falkland Islands (canonical plural singular)

Name taken from the Falkland Sound, which was named for Viscount Falkland by John Strong, who landed on the islands in 1690.

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic.

جُزُر فُوكْلَانْد

overseas territory of the UK in the South Atlantic


Romania

From Romanian român (“Romanian”) (in turn from Latin romanus (“Roman”)) + -ia. Doublet of Romagna.

A country in Southeast Europe. Capital and largest city: Bucharest.


San Marino

/ˌsæn məˈɹiː.nəʊ/

From Italian San Marino (“Saint Marinus”).

Republic of San Marino
Republic of San Marino#English

A landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy. Official name: Republic of San Marino.


Mayotte

From French Mayotte, from Arabic مَيِّت (mayyit, “dead”).

territorial collectivity
territorial collectivity

An archipelago, overseas department, and administrative region of France, formerly an overseas territorial collectivity, located between Africa's mainland and Madagascar.


Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein Castle (Maria Enzersdorf)

From German Liechtenstein, after the name of the ruling dynasty, which in turn derives its name from that of Liechtenstein Castle, which means “bright stone”, from liecht, an obsolete variant of licht (“light, bright”), + Stein (“stone”).

Principality of Liechtenstein
Principality of Liechtenstein#English

A microstate in Central Europe. Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein. Capital: Vaduz.


Kazakhstan

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán). Analyzable as Kazakh + -stan.

Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kazakhstan#English

A country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Kazakhstan.


Albania

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Albānia, from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía).

However, word-final unstressed schwa is deleted even by the speakers from South Albania, though to different degrees and dependant on the speech style[…]

2006 April 27, Sylvia Moosmüller, Theodor Granser, “The spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on an analysis of vowels”, in Language Variation and Change, volume 18, number 2, Cambridge University Press, →DOI:

Republic of Albania
Republic of Albania#English

A country in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Albania. Capital and largest city: Tirana.


Croatia

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Croātia, equivalent to modern Croat + -ia.

Republic of Croatia
Republic of Croatia#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Croatia. Capital and largest city: Zagreb. Part of Yugoslavia until 1991.


Guadeloupe

/ˌɡwɑːdəˈluːp/

From French Guadeloupe, from Spanish Santa María de Guadalupe (The Virgin Mary named after the Spanish town of Guadalupe in Extremadura). Doublet of Guadalupe.

gloss

An archipelago, overseas department, and administrative region of France, including the island of Guadeloupe.

Gwadloup

overseas department and region of France


Montserrat

From Catalan Montserrat. The island was named after the Virgin of Montserrat.

An island and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean. Official name: Montserrat.


Portugal

/ˈpɔːt͡ʃəɡəl/

/ˈpɔːtjəɡəl/

/ˈpɔɹt͡ʃəɡəl/

/ˈpɔɹtuɡɑːl/

Borrowed from Portuguese Portugal, from Latin Portucale < Portus Cale (former name of what is now the city of Vila Nova de Gaia), from portus + Callus, which is disputed:
* From the name of the Gallaeci, a Celtic tribe of Iberia.
* From Latin calidus (“warm”).
* From Ancient Greek Καλλίς (Kallís, “Beautiful”), referring to the Douro valley; see καλός (kalós, “beautiful”).
* An Iberian pronunciation of Ancient Greek Γαῖα (Gaîa, “goddess of the Earth”).

cog

Portuguese Republic
Portuguese Republic#English

A country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. Official name: Portuguese Republic. Capital and largest city: Lisbon.


Vatican City

Calque of Italian Città del Vaticano, from Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna (“Vatican City”), referring to the Vatican hill, ultimately from vāticinor (“I prophesy”).

Vatican City State
Vatican City State#English

A city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. Official name: Vatican City State.


Cayman Islands

From Spanish Caymanes, variant of earlier Spanish Lagartos in reference to the early prevalence of marine and freshwater crocodiles on the islands. Spanish caimán and Portuguese caimão are of uncertain etymology, being variously attributed to Taíno kaimán, Kari'na acayouman, and Kongo.

Three islands in the Caribbean Sea constituting an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.


Bermuda

From the name of Juan de Bermudez, the Spanish explorer who discovered the islands in 1515. See Bermúdez.

Sir Thomas Gates was appointed Lieutenant Generall ; Sir George Sommers Admirall of Virginia and were ſent to reſide there as Gouernours of the Colonie. But the Sea Venture, wherein the two Knights, and Captaine Newport, with a hundred and fiftie perſons ſayled, after long conflict with the two angrie Elements, was ſent to be impriſoned in Bermuda, where betweene two Rocks the Ship ſplit, the people eſcaping to Land.

1613, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume I, London, →OCLC, page 632:

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the North Atlantic Ocean, 580 nautical miles (1074 kilometers) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.


Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (canonical)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics US.oga

Calque of Russian Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik).

calque

(historical) A nation in Eurasia that existed from December 30, 1922 to December 26, 1991.

a country in Eurasia — see also Soviet Union, USSR

Sovetʼtʷʼ Suverinətʼetʼtʷʼ Respʼublikʼakʷa Rejdgəla

Советтә Суверинытеттә Республикақәа Реидгыла

Bashkimi i Republikave Sovjetike Socialiste

ሶዩዝ ሶቭየትስኪህ ሶትሲያሊቲቼስኪህ ሬስፑብሊክ

soyuz sovyätsəkih sotsiyalitičeskih respublik

ittiḥād al-jumhūriyyāt as-suvyātiyya l-ištirākiyya

اِتِّحَاد الْجُمْهُورِيَّات السُّوفْيَاتِيَّة الاِشْتِرَاكِيَّة

Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas

Xorhrdayin Socʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun

Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն

Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna

Sajúz Savjéckix Sacyjalistýčnyx Respúblik

Саю́з Саве́цкіх Сацыялісты́чных Рэспу́блік

śōbhiẏet śomajotantrik projatontrer ōikko

সোভিয়েত সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্রের ঐক্য

Sǎjúz na sǎvétskite socialistíčeski repúbliki

Съю́з на съве́тските социалисти́чески репу́блики

ဆိုဗီယက်ဆိုရှယ်လစ်သမတနိုင်ငံများပြည်ထောင်စု

Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques

Sovetski Socialističeski Respublikiı̇n Sojuz

Советски Социалистически Республикийн Союз

Социаллӑ Совет Республикисен Союзӗ

Sotsiallă S̬ovet Respublik̬is̬en S̬ojuzĕ

Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetler Birligi

Svaz sovětských socialistických republik

Unionen af Socialistiske Sovjetrepublikker

sōvieṭ sōšalisṭ jum̊hūriyyātakuge ittihādu

ސޯވިއެޓް ސޯޝަލިސްޓް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާތަކުގެ އިއްތިހާދު

Unie van Socialistische Sovjetrepublieken

Nõukogude Sotsialistlike Vabariikide Liit

Sameindu sovjettisku sosialistisku lýðveldini

Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques

Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas

sabč̣ota socialisṭuri resṗubliḳebis ḳavširi

საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი

Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken

Énosi Sovietikón Sosialistikón Dimokratión

Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών

ברית הרפובליקות הסוציאליסטיות הסובייטיות

Szovjet Szocialista Köztársaságok Szövetsége

Sovetskoin Sotsialisticeskoin Respublikkoin Sojuza

Aontas na bPoblachtaí Sóivéadacha Sóisialacha

Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエトしゃかいしゅぎきょうわこくれんぽう

Sovettık Sosialistık Respublikalar Odağy

Советтік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы

Keñestık Sosialistık Respublikalar Odağy

Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы

សហភាពសាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀត

saʼhaʼphiəp saathiərĕəʼnaʼrŏət sɑngkumniyum souviət

쏘비에트 사회주의 공화국 련방

Ssobieteu sahoejuui gonghwaguk ryeonbang

Keŋeştik Sosialisttik Respublikalar Birligi

Кеңештик Сосиалисттик Республикалар Бирлиги

Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikalar Soyuzu

Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу

ສະຫະພາບສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຊວຽດ

sa ha phāp sā thā la na lat sang khom ni nyom sō wīat

Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum

Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienība

Sojuz na Sovetskite Socijalistički Republiki

Сојуз на Советските Социјалистички Републики

yūṇiyaṉ ōphŭ sōviyaṟṟŭ sōṣyalisṟṟŭ ṟippabliksŭ

യൂണിയൻ ഓഫ് സോവിയറ്റ് സോഷ്യലിസ്റ്റ് റിപ്പബ്ലിൿസ്

L-Unjoni tar-Repubbliki Soċjoloġisti Sovjetiċi

sxunuepiš socialisṭuri resṗubliḳepiš rsxu

სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ

Советонь Социализмань Республикнень Соткс

Zövlölt Socialist Bügd Najramdax Xolboot Uls

Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Улс

ǰöbleltü sociyalist bügüde nayiramdaqu qolbuɣatu ulus

ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠰᠣᠼᠢᠶᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ

Unnion d'Républyiques Socialistes Soviétiques

Unionen av sosialistiske rådsrepublikker

Samveldet av sosialistiske rådsrepublikker

Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas

Sŭvě́tĭskŭ Socialístičĭskŭ Dimokratíi Sŭvǫ́zŭ

Съвѣ́тьскъ Социали́стичьскъ Димократі́и Съвѫ́ꙁъ

اتحاد جماهیر شوروی سوسیالیستی

ettehâd-e jamâhir-e šuravi-ye sosiyâlisti

Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich

Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich

União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas

Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste

Униуня Републичилор Советиче Сочиалисте

Uniunea Republicilor Sovetice Socialiste

Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik

Савез Совјетских Социјалистичких Република

Savez Sovjetskih Socijalističkih Republika

Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik

සමාජවාදී සෝවියට් ජනරජයන්ගේ එක්සත් සංගමය

samājawādī sōwiyaṭ janarajayangē eksat saṁgamaya

Zväz Sovietskych Socialistických Republík

Zveza sovjetskih socialističnih republik

Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas

Иттиҳоди Ҷумҳуриҳои Шӯравии Сосиалистӣ

Ittihod-i Jumhuriho-yi Šüravi-yi Sosialisti

சோவியத் சோசலிசக் குடியரசுகளின் ஒன்றியம்

cōviyat cōcalicak kuṭiyaracukaḷiṉ oṉṟiyam

Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikalary Soýuzy

Sovet Sotsialistig Respublikalarnıñ Evileli

Совет Социалистиг Республикаларның Эвилели

Sovetskoj Sociaľisťićeskoj Respubľikaoslen Sojuzzy

Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы

Sojúz Radjánsʹkyx Socialistýčnyx Respúblik

Сою́з Радя́нських Соціалісти́чних Респу́блік

Sojúz Sovjétsʹkyx Socialistýčnyx Respúblik

Сою́з Совє́тських Соціалісти́чних Респу́блік

sowët sotsiyalistik rëspublikaliri ittipaqi

سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك رېسپۇبلىكالىرى ئىتتىپاقى

Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi

Совет Социалистик Республикалари Иттифоқи

Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz

Liên bang Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Xô viết

Sovetskay Sotsialisticeskay Respublikalar Soyuztara

Советскай Социалистическай Республикалар Союзтара

farband fun sovetishe sotsyalistishe republikn

פֿאַרבאַנד פֿון סאָוועטישע סאָציאַליסטישע רעפּובליקן


Malta

Antonine Itinerary
Malta
Malta (disambiguation)

From Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā, “Māliṭā”) etc., from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek Μελίτη (Melítē), apparently from μέλι (méli, “honey”) + -η (-ē, “-a: forming feminine place names”) although its use for the island of Malta is considered uncertain. Some scholars consider it to represent the importance of the islands' indigenous bees and their output. Others consider it a transcription of Phoenician 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ, “Grand Harbor, Cospicua”), from 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ, “refuge, port”), reapplied first to the island and then, after the Punic Wars, to its Roman seat of government at Mdina. Note however that Latin Malta is already attested in some medieval manuscripts of the Antonine Itinerary. See Wikipedia's articles on Melite and Malta. Doublet of Meleda and Mljet.

der

Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā, “Māliṭā”)

An island country in Southern Europe. Capital: Valletta.


Wales

en-proper noun

Wales (countable and uncountable, plural Waleses)

wails (whales in accents with wine-whine merger)

From Middle English Wales, from Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”), from Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.

Meronyms: North Wales, South Wales; see also Category:Places in Wales

constituent countries
constituent country

One of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, formerly a principality.


Belarus

Borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ).

bor+

Republic of Belarus
Republic of Belarus#English

A country in Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Belarus. Capital and largest city: Minsk.


Moldova

Unclear; see Romanian Moldova for theories.

Republic of Moldova
Republic of Moldova#English

A country in Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Moldova. Capital and largest city: Chișinău.


Catalonia

/ˌkætəˈləʊniə/

autonomous community
autonomous community


Macedonia

From Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”), from μακεδονία (makedonía, “highland”), from μακεδνός (makednós, “high, tall”). Doublet of macedoine.

bor

Macedonia
Macedonia (terminology)
Macedonia naming dispute

But all this took time and delayed the start of the Communist-led uprising in Macedonia until October 11, 1941, that is, almost three months after it began in other parts of Yugoslavia. The CPY only had a few members in Macedonia at the time […]

2002, Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 166:

Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Socialist Republic of Macedonia

North Macedonia, a country in Southeastern Europe, or one of its predecessor incarnations, such as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in Yugoslavia.

A geographical region which includes the Republic of North Macedonia, the Greek region of Macedonia, the Pirin region of Bulgaria, and small parts of Albania and Serbia.

Makèdonia

Republic of North Macedonia — see also Republic of North Macedonia

próin Giougkoslavikí Dimokratía tis Makedonías

πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας

(Forna Jugoslaviska Republiken) Makedonien


Albanian

From Middle French Albanien, from Old French Albanie (“Albania”), from Medieval Latin Albania, from Vulgar Latin Albanus (“Albanian”), from Ancient Greek Ἀλβανοί (Albanoí, “a southern Illyrian tribe”). Compare old Albanian endonym arbën, arbër (“Albanian”).

der

Of, from, or pertaining to Albania, the Albanian people or the Albanian language.


Albanian

A person from Albania or of Albanian descent.


Albanian

The languages spoken by the Albanian people, primarily spoken in Albania and Kosovo.
 (ISO 639 language codes: sq/sqi/alb (Albanian), als (Tosk), aln (Gheg), aat (Arvanitika), aae (Arbëresh).)

阿尔巴尼亚语

Ā'ěrbāníyàyǔ


England

en-proper noun

England (usually uncountable, plural Englands)

England
Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Welsh Language Act 1967

desc

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Burmese: အင်္ဂလန် (angga.lan)

→ Chichewa: Mángalande

→ Chinese: 英格蘭／英格兰 (Yīnggélán)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंग्लैंड (iṅglaiṇḍ)

اِن٘گْلَینْڈ

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

→ Japanese: イングランド (Ingurando)

→ Korean: 잉글랜드 (inggeullaendeu)

→ Lao: ອັງກິດ (ʼang kit)

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ايڠلند

Latin script: England

→ Marshallese: In̄len

desctree

→ Spanish: Inglaterra (calque)
→ Tagalog: Inglatera

→? Swedish: England
→ Finnish: Englanti

→ Tamil: இங்கிலாந்து (iṅkilāntu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
Middle English Engelond
English England
From Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land (literally “land of the Angles”), from genitive of Engle (“the Angles”) + land (“land”).

Англызтәыла

Kingdom in southeastern Britain, now part of the UK

(by extension, sometimes proscribed) the area of this kingdom generally, south of Scotland and east of Wales, including (historical) this area of Celtic and Roman Britain or the post-Roman kingdoms of the Angles and other Germans taken collectively.

Gaunt ...This royall throne of Kings, this sceptred Ile,
This earth of maiesty, this seate of Mars,
This other Eden, demy Paradice,
This fortresse built by Nature for her selfe,
Against infection and the hand of warre,
This happy breede of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in the siluer sea,
Which serues it in the office of a wall,
Or as moate defensiue to a house,
Against the enuie of lesse happier lands.
This blessed plot, this earth, this realme, this England...
Is now leasde out...
That England that was wont to conquer others,
Hath made a shamefull conquest
of it selfe...

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England’s mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England’s pleasant pastures seen?...
I will not cease from Mental Fight,
Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England’s green & pleasant Land.

1804, William Blake, Milton, Vol. I, Preface:

What is England? She is Elizabeth... To live alone, to go alone, to reign alone, to be alone,—such is Elizabeth, such is England...
England has two books: one which she has made, the other which has made her,—Shakespeare and the Bible. These two books do not agree together... Shakespeare thinks, Shakespeare dreams, Shakespeare doubts... Moreover, Shakespeare invents.

1864, Victor Hugo, chapter 6, in Amédée Baillot, transl., William Shakespeare:

England is not the jewelled isle of Shakespeare's much-quoted passage, nor is it the inferno depicted by Dr Goebbels. More than either it resembles a family, a rather stuffy Victorian family, with not many black sheep but with all its cupboards bursting with skeletons. It has rich relations who have to be kow-towed to and poor relations who are horribly sat upon, and there is a deep conspiracy of silence about the source of the family income.

1941, George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn, Pt. I:

England is like some stricken beast too stupid to know it is dead. Ingloriously foundering in its own waste products, the backlash and bad karma of empire.

1983, William S. Burroughs, The Place of Dead Roads, page 203:

"This is England," he explained. "Tell someone it's a procedure, and they'll believe you. The pointless procedure is one of our great natural resources."

2012, Maureen Johnson, The Madness Underneath:

Had they responded this way in France or America, this wouldn't have surprised me, but wasn't everyone in England supposed to be a detective? Wasn't every crime, no matter how complex, solved in a timely fashion by either a professional or a hobbyist? That's the impression you get from British books and TV shows.

2013 March 25, David Sedaris, "Long Way Home" in The New Yorker

Just close your eyes and think of England.

The kingdom established in southeast Britain by Aethelstan of Wessex in 927 and its various successor states, now the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom

(proscribed, sometimes offensive) Synonym of United Kingdom.


Catalan

From Middle English Catalane, from French Catalan, from Spanish catalán, from Catalan Catalunya.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Catalan.

The Romance language of Catalonia, an autonomous region in the northeast of Spain, also spoken in the Valencian autonomous region (where the language is officially named valencià), the Balearic Islands, Andorra, Roussillon in France, and the Sardinian city of Alghero.

కాటలాన్ భాషా

kāṭalān bhāṣā


Dutch

→ Hindi: डच (ḍac)

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
Derived from Middle English Duch (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch (“German, Low German, Dutch”) and Middle Dutch dūtsch, duutsc (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (“of one’s people”), derived from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂. Doublet of Deutsch and Doitsu.
Compare Middle English thedisch (“native, endemic”) from Old English þēodisċ (“of one’s people”), Old Saxon thiudisk (German Low German düütsch (“German”)), Old High German diutisc (modern German deutsch (“German”)), modern Dutch Duits (“German”) alongside elevated Diets (“Dutch”) (a secondary distinction, fully accepted only in the 19th century). See also Derrick, Teuton, Teutonic.
The pejorative senses (Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle, etc.) are said to stem from the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the accompanying rivalry.

cog

(archaic) German; the main language of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria, Alsace, Luxembourg).


Finnish

Of or pertaining to Finland or the or the Finns; Finlandic, Finlandish.

Of or pertaining to the Finnish language.


Finnish

The Finno-Ugric language spoken by the majority of the people living in Finland, one of the two official languages of the country (the other is Swedish).

a variety of Finnish spoken in Northern Sweden

a variety of Finnish spoken in Northern Norway


Saxon

→ Korean: 색슨 (saekseun)

→ Welsh: Sacson

Partially from Middle English Saxe, Sax; from Old English *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan), and Saxoun, from Old French *Saxoun, Saxon (“Saxon”), from Late Latin Saxonem, accusative of Saxo (“a Saxon”), both from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą (“rock, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”).
Cognates:
Cognate with Middle Low German sasse (“someone speaking Saxon, i.e. (Middle) Low German”), Old English Seaxa (“a Saxon”), Old High German Sahso (“a Saxon”), Icelandic Saxi (“a Saxon”), Estonian saks (“lord; German”), Finnish Saksa (“Germany”). Also cognate to Old English seax (“a knife, hip-knife, an instrument for cutting, a short sword, dirk, dagger”); more at sax.

[...] in West Germany Saxony and Saxons became synonymous with Ulbricht's Communist regime, [...]

2002, Jonathan Grix, Paul Cooke, East German distinctiveness in a unified Germany, page 142:

The film taught that socialist competition, through encouraging the collaboration of both men and women and Saxons and Berliners, could overcome the natural antagonism between male industrial mass production and female fashion.

2005, Judd Stitziel, Fashioning socialism: clothing, politics, and consumer culture, page 69:

Dealing with people there was different from the way I dealt with Saxons, Berliners and others back in Leipzig.

2008, Eckbert Schulz-Schomburgk, From Leipzig to Venezuela, page 40:

Not everyone from the former GDR states are Saxons – and they do not all speak Saxon, […]

2014, Marco Polo, Dresden Marco Polo Guide, →ISBN, page 21:


Icelandic

Although it's hard for us to imagine, they see the pixels in a raw, uninterpreted fashion, and thus to them a TV screen is as drained of long-ago-and-far-away meaning as is, to you or me, a pile of fall leaves, a Jackson Pollock painting, or a newspaper article in Malagasy (my apologies to you if you speak Malagasy; in that case, please replace it by Icelandic — and don't tell me that you speak that language, too!).

2007, Douglas Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop:

A North Germanic language, the national tongue of Iceland.


Icelandic

A native or inhabitant of Iceland; an Icelander.


Icelandic

en-adj

Icelandic (comparative more Icelandic, superlative most Icelandic)

more Icelandic (comparative)
most Icelandic (superlative)

Of or relating to the North Germanic language spoken in Iceland.

Yslands

of or relating to the Icelandic language

Despite of the absence of Shaun Derry and Adel Taarabt because of illness and injury respectively, the home side began superbly. Helguson twice threatened early on with shots from the right-hand corner of the box before Anton Ferdinand spurned a great chance at the back post following the Icelandic striker's header back across goal.

2011 November 5, Phil Dawkes, “QPR 2 - 3 Man City”, in BBC Sport:

Of, relating to, or originating from Iceland.


Frisian

From Middle English Frisoun, taken from Old French frison (“a Frisian”), itself derived from Latin Frīsiī (“Frisians”). Displaced native Old English Frīsa (“a Frisian”); see the plural Frīsan for more.

In the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands, a high percentage of the population, about 350000, speak Frisian as their first language.

1998, Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones, Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education, page 405:

This means that full competence in both Frisian and Dutch (ie understanding, speaking, reading and writing ability) is aimed at all pupils in the province, whether they speak Frisian or Dutch at home.

2000, Jasone Cenoz, Ulrike Jessner, English in Europe: the acquisition of a third language, page 223:

Many Frisians speak Frisian at home and Dutch at work.

2005, Pat Seward, Sunandini Arora Lal, Netherlands, page 89:

A Germanic language group or language (see Usage notes), or a lect thereof, which descended from Old Frisian, with speakers in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.

(specifically) The West Frisian (or Western Frisian) lect, spoken in the northern Netherlands.

(specifically) Saterland Frisian, the last surviving dialect of the East Frisian lect, spoken in Northern Germany close to the Dutch border.

(specifically) The North Frisian lect, spoken in northwestern Schleswig-Holstein in Germany.


Frisian

A member of the Germanic ethnic group which is native to the region of Frisia (which is in the Netherlands, northern Germany, and southern Denmark).

ֆրիզ

member of the Germanic ethnic group which is native to Frisia


Slovak

From Slovak Slovák (“Slovak”), from a shortening of Proto-Slavic *slověninъ (“Slav”) + -ák. Related to Slovene.

Of, from, or pertaining to Slovakia, the Slovak people or the Slovak language.


Slovak

en-noun

Slovak (countable and uncountable, plural Slovaks)

(countable) A person from Slovakia or of Slovak descent.

(uncountable) The Slavic language of Slovakia.


Slovene

From German Slowene, from Slovene Slovenec. Related to Slovak.

Of or pertaining to Slovenia, the Slovenes or the Slovene language.


Slovene

斯人

Short for 斯洛文尼亞人／斯洛文尼亚人


Welsh

From Middle English Walsch, Welische, from Old English wīelisċ (“Briton; Roman; Celt”), from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“Celt; later Roman”), from *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”) (compare Old English wealh), from the name of the Gaulish tribe, the Volcae (recorded only in Latin contexts).
This word was borrowed from Germanic into Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic Влахъ (Vlaxŭ, “Vlachs, Romanians”), Byzantine Greek Βλάχος (Blákhos)).
Doublet of Vellish. Compare Walloon, walnut, Vlach, Walach, Gaul, Cornwall.

cog

en:of or pertaining to Wales, a country within the UK

en:of or pertaining to the Celtic language of Wales

Of or pertaining to the Celtic language of Wales.

Designating plants or animals from or associated with Wales.

gallois

designating plants, animals, etc. from or associated with Wales

The Tudors, it was argued, were of Welsh or ancient British descent.

1985, Michael Wood, In Search of the Trojan War:

en:Indigenously British Celtic, historical sense

(now historical) Indigenously British; pertaining to the Celtic peoples who inhabited much of Britain before the Roman occupation.


Welsh

en-noun

Welsh (countable and uncountable, plural Welsh)

(collectively, in the plural) The people of Wales.


Welsh

A town in Louisiana, United States, named for early landowner Henry Welsh.

An unincorporated community in Ohio, United States, named for an early settler.


Danish

Alteration of Middle English Denish, Dench (under the influence of Dan — compare Dane), from Old English Denisċ (“Danish”), from Proto-Germanic *daniskaz.


Danish

(usually collective) Danes, natives of Denmark.


German

German (countable and uncountable, plural Germans)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

From Latin Germānus, Germānī (“the peoples of Germānia”), as distinct from Gauls (in the writings of Caesar and Tacitus), and of uncertain ultimate origin (possibly Celtic/Gaulish).
Not related to german (“closely related”) or germane (from the Latin adjective germānus, through Old French).
Attested since at least 1520. Replaced the older terms Almain and Dutch (from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) in English. Besides cognates of German, Almain, and Dutch, two other categories of words for the Germans in other languages are cognates of Saxon and descendants of Proto-Slavic *němьcь; see those entries for more.
The surname is generally from the noun, though sometimes confused with Herman, Hermann under Russian influence. As a German surname, Americanized from Germann. Compare Germán, Germain, Jerman.

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Germany; a person of German citizenship or nationality.

Alemôn

native or inhabitant of Germany; person of German citizenship or nationality

A member of the Germanic ethnic group which is the most populous ethnic group in Germany; a person of German descent.

Alemôn

[…] tie them tightly in a thickly floured cloth, and boil them for three hours and a half. We can recommend this as a remarkably light small rich pudding : it may be served with German, wine, or punch sauce.

1858, Eliza Acton, Modern Cookery in All Its Branches: Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, for the Use of Private Families : in a Series of Receipts, which Have Been Strictly Tested, and are Given with the Most Minute Exactness : to which are Added Directions for Carving, Garnishing, and Setting Out the Table, with a Table of Weights and Measures, page 279:

The wine list harbours some great bottles, mature clarets and Burgundies as well as a clutch of fine Germans (gold-dust these days in restaurants) […]

1996, Jim Ainsworth, Passport's Guide to Britain's Best Restaurants:


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Meronyms: Low German (Plattdeutsch), High German

German has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

(uncountable) An Indo-European (Indo-Germanic) language, primarily spoken in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, South Tyrol, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and a small part of Belgium.


German

en-adj

German (comparative more German, superlative most German or Germanest)

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Duits

of or relating to the country of Germany

National Socialist German Workers' Party

In Prussia, always the most progressive of the German states during the Weimar years and a stronghold of the two parties, Jews could be found in virtually all administrative departments […].

2001, Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, →ISBN, page 31:

Of or relating to the nation of Germany.

Her German husband has blond hair.

If Demandt's essay served as a strident example of the German desire for normalcy, a more subtle example was provided by a brief allohistorical depiction of a Nazi victory in World War II written by German historian Michael Salewski in 1999.

2005 May 23, Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 182:

Goths, a German tribe, 9; allied with other tribes against Rome, 39; …

1889, Theodore S. Fay, The three Germanys: glimpses into their history, vol. II, p. 1270 (inside the index)

Of or relating to the natives or inhabitants of Germany; to people of German descent; to their cultures.


Italian

en-noun

Italian (countable and uncountable, plural Italians)

From Middle English Italian, from Medieval Latin Italiānus, from Latin Italia (“Italy”).

(uncountable) The official language of Italy, also spoken in San Marino, the Vatican, and parts of Argentina, Slovenia and Switzerland.


Spanish

From Middle English Spainish, Spanish, equivalent to Spain + -ish.

Spanish borders

Whether Martial's heart was in the Spanish highlands or whether he was happy enough in Rome will be discussed later[…]

2005, J. P. Sullivan, Martial, the unexpected classic, page 1:

Spanish cuisines

Though she was Indian like the rest of us, she had a fine Spanish nose.

1996, Oscar Zeta Acosta, “From Whence I Came”, in Oscar "Zeta" Acosta: the uncollected works, page 42:

Spanish cuisine is not as spicy hot as Mexican, but it is flavorful and bright.

2007, Lynette Rohrer Shirk, chapter 1, in The Everything Tapas and Small Plates Cookbook:

Of or pertaining to the people or culture of Spain.

Spaans

of or pertaining to the people or culture of Spain


Spanish

en-proper noun

Spanish (countable and uncountable, plural Spanishes)

"If he speaks Spanish, my daughter can converse with him ; she has but shortly arrived from Spain."

1873, Frederick Marryat, Mr. Midshipman Easy, page 163:

“You should read Spanish,” he said. “It is a noble tongue. It has not the mellifluousness of Italian, Italian is the language of tenors and organ-grinders, but it has grandeur: it does not ripple like a brook in a garden, but it surges tumultuous like a mighty river in flood.”

1915, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, chapter LXXXVI, in Of Human Bondage, New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, →OCLC:

Therefore in Novial, as well as in Esp-Ido, we simplify the spelling in all words containing double letters in the national languages, from which the words are taken: pasa (E pass, F passer), efekte, komun (F commun, E common), etc. In this we follow the beautiful example of Spanish, which writes pasar, efecto, común, etc., and even extend it to cases in which Spanish makes a distinction in sound and spelling, as with ll and rr: bel S bello, F belle, koresponda, S corresponder, etc.

1928, Otto Jespersen, An International Language, page 48:

In contrast with the creole languages discussed above, the article systems of Rumanian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are more complex, since neutralization fails to occur to a large extent.

1995, Hanna Pishwa, Karl Maroldt, editors, The Development of Morphological Systematicity, page 146:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Spanish.

(uncountable) A Romance language primarily spoken in Spain and in the Americas.

Spaans

Romance language of Spain and the Americas


Spanish

en-noun

Spanish (countable and uncountable, plural Spanish or Spanishes)

The Spanish are not the only ones selling their goods along the wharves and the inner streets.

1976, Robert Rézette, The Spanish Enclaves in Morocco, page 62:

(collective plural) People of Spain, collectively.


Swedish

From Swede + -ish. Cognate with Dutch Zweeds, German Schwedisch.


Hungarian

/hʌŋˈɡɛə.ɹi.ən/

Of, from, or pertaining to present-day Hungary, the ethnic Hungarian people or the Hungarian language.

Of, from, or pertaining to the Kingdom of Hungary, during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of ethnicity.


Hungarian

Hungarian (countable and uncountable, plural Hungarians)

/hʌŋˈɡɛə.ɹi.ən/

(countable) A person from present-day Hungary or of ethnic Hungarian descent.

A person from the former Kingdom of Hungary, during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of that person's ethnicity.

(uncountable) The main language of Hungary.


Russia

en-proper noun

Russia (countable and uncountable, plural Russias)

→ Bengali: রাশিয়া (raśiẏa)

→ Burmese: ရုရှား (ru.hra:)

→ Dhivehi: ރަށިއާ (raṣiā)

→ Hausa: Rasha

→ Hawaiian: Lūkia, Rūsia

→ Hindi: रशिया (raśiyā)

→ Korean: 러시아 (reosia)

desc

→ Lao: ລັດເຊັຽ (lat sīa), ຣັດເຊັຽ (rat sīa)

→ Malay: Rusia

→ Malayalam: റഷ്യ (ṟaṣya)

→ Maori: Rūhia

→ Marathi: रशिया (raśiyā)

→ Rarotongan: Rūtia

→ Russian: Ра́ша (Ráša)

→ Swazi: iRashiya

→ Tamil: ரஷ்யா (raṣyā)

→ Thai: รัสเซีย (rát-siia)

→ Ukrainian: Ра́ша (Ráša)

→ Xhosa: IRashiya

→ Yoruba: Rọ́ṣíà

→ Zulu: iRashiya

1530s, from Medieval Latin Russi (“the people of Russia”), from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ, “Rus”) (whence Arabic رُوس (rūs) and Byzantine Greek Ῥῶς (Rhôs)), which originally referred to a group of Varangians who established themselves near Kiev in the 9th century and ruled Kievan Rus; probably from Proto-Finnic *roocci, from Old East Norse *roþs- (“related to rowing”); related to Old Norse Roþrslandi (“the land of rowing”), an older name of Roslagen, where the Finns first encountered the Swedes. Ultimately from Old Norse róðr (“steering oar”), from Proto-Germanic *rōþrą (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”).

der

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. Official name: Russian Federation. Capital and largest city: Moscow. It borders the Pacific and Arctic Oceans and the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. Part of the Soviet Union from 1917 through 1991.

俄罗斯

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆


Portuguese

en-adj

Portuguese (comparative more Portuguese, superlative most Portuguese)

more Portuguese (comparative)
most Portuguese (superlative)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portugees

of or relating to the region of Portugal

Portugees

of or relating to the people of Portugal

Portuguese borders

The British army had already moved over the border and the commander had established his HQ high in the central Portuguese mountains at Viseu.

1973, Roger Parkinson, The Peninsular War, page 104:

Portuguese cuisines

In San Diego County there is but one Portuguese fisherman, as is also the case in Los Angeles, the county immediately adjoining.

1887, George Brown Goode, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, section IV, page 33:

Of or pertaining to the people of Portugal or their culture.


Portuguese

en-noun

Portuguese (plural Portuguese or (archaic) Portugueses)

Portuguese (plural)
Portugueses (archaic plural)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

[…] but so close lay the boats that even single hooks snarled, and Harvey found himself in hot argument with a gentle, hairy Newfoundlander on one side and a howling Portuguese on the other.

1897, Rudyard Kipling, Captains Courageous:

With a view to securing its more efficient working, a Portuguese was placed in charge of the entire department as Vidane.

1920, Paulus Edward Pieris, Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658, page 184:

Beresford required all materials for coatees, waistcoats and pantaloons to be sent out unmade, as the Portuguese were perfectly capable of making the suits up properly after delivery.

2000, René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband, The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars, volume 1, page 23:

(chiefly in the plural) A person native to, or living in, Portugal.


Portuguese

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portuguese, however, is slightly different from Catalan, Spanish, and Romanian in that there is no strict adjacency requirement between wh-words and the verbal cluster in indirect questions.

2000, João Costa, Portuguese Syntax: new comparative studies, page 65:

Overall it is Taipa (which means mudflats in Portuguese and its Cantonese name Tam-zai also means mud flats) that has changed the most through reclamation followed by the east coast of the Macau Peninsula.

2001, Richard Louis Edmonds, William John Kyle, “Land Use in Macau: Changes between 1972 and 1994”, in Arthur H. Chen, editor, Culture of Metropolis in Macau: An International Symposium on Cultural Heritage: Strategies for the Twenty-first Century, Cultural Affairs Bureau [文化局], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 255, column 2:

A Romance language originating in Portugal, and now the official language of Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guiné Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), Cape Verde, East Timor, and Brazil.


Georgia

→ Burmese: ဂျော်ဂျီယာ (gyaugyiya)

→ Hindi: जॉर्जिया (jŏrjiyā)

→ Japanese: ジョージア (Jōjia)

→ Korean: 조지아 (Jojia)

→ Mandarin: 喬治亞／乔治亚 (Qiáozhìyà)

→ Maori: Hōria

→ Navajo: Jóojah

→ Thai: จอร์เจีย (jɔɔ-jiia)

A borrowing from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, itself a borrowing from Classical Persian گرج (gurj) (with influence from (sānctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”), alluding to the saint's popularity in the country), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”). The term's further history is unknown; it may ultimately be a derivation from Middle Persian 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gurg, “wolf”), though that would be phonologically challenging; compare Parthian 𐭅𐭉𐭓𐭔𐭍 pl (wiruž-ān), Old Armenian վիր-ք (vir-kʻ), Old East Slavic гурзи (gurzi). Replaced earlier Georgie, from the same source via a Middle French intermediary.
Early medieval sources hypothesize that the country was named after Saint George, while later European accounts connect the name with agricultural tribes called "Georgi" (from Ancient Greek γεωργός (geōrgós, “farmer”)) mentioned by classical authors (Pliny, IV.26, VI.14; Mela, De Sita Orb. i.2); neither of these etymologies is accepted today.

noncog

/ˈd͡ʒɔː.d͡ʒə/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹ.d͡ʒə/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒə/

Though this be held his laſt daies dꝛeadfull ſiege,
 Wherein he ſpareth neither man noꝛ childe,
 Yet are there Chꝛiſtians of Georgia here,
 Whoſe ſtate who euer pitied and relieu'd:

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The Second Part […], 2nd edition, part 2, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act V, scene i:

The practice of raiſing ſlaves to the great offices of ſtate is ſtill more common among the Turks than among the Perſians. The miſerable countries of Georgia and Circaſſia ſupply rulers to the greateſt part of the eaſt.

1776, Edward Gibbon, chapter III, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, page 619:

During our stay in Georgia Mr. Chmarsky's gremlin hardly operated at all, and that made us feel better toward him, and made him feel better toward us.

1948, John Steinbeck, chapter 7, in A Russian Journal, New York: The Viking Press, →ISBN, →OCLC:

A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe. Official name: Georgia. Capital: Tbilisi.


Spaniard

From Middle English Spaignarde, from Old French Espaignard, from Espaigne. Equivalent to Spain + -ard.

A person from Spain or of Spanish descent.


balalaika

en-noun

balalaika (plural balalaikas or balalaiki)

A plucked stringed instrument with a triangular body, short neck and three strings, of Russian origin.


Englishman

/ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ.mən/

From Middle English Englishman, Inglishman, from Old English Englisċman, Englisċmon, corresponding to English + -man. Compare Old Norse Englismaðr (“Englishman”).

the Ynglishe men had great vyctorye, for there was taken and slayne a greate nombar, and there was slayne the lorde Morley and Englishe man.

c. 1541, The Chronicle of Calais, London, published 1846:

To see twenty or thirty female Englishmen of full regulation-size dancing a ballet, is an overpowering luxury.

1853, Saunterings in and about London. By Max Schlesinger. The English edition by Otto Wenckstern, London, page 278:

All Englishmen, male and female, young and old, are for the purposes of this establishment considered clean.

1873, George Webbe Dasent, Jest an Earnest. A Collection of Essays and Reviews. In two Volumes. Vol. I, London, page 156:

Rest assured it cannot rest idle until Englishmen, male, female, and children are mercilessly massacred to the best interests of the country.

1909, Rambles and Adventures in Australasia, Canada, India, etc. By St. Michael-Podmore, London, page 270:

In Bangkok at twelve o'clock they foam at the mouth and run, / But mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the midday sun.

1931, Noel Coward, Mad Dogs and Englishmen:

He has his dark -- well, darkish -- side under control. Which is to say that he is an Englishman, well practiced in masking pain and absurdity and descents into sheer goofiness with mannerly behavior, sly irony and stiff upper lips.

2003 November 3, Richard Schickel, “Sweet Agonies of Affection”, in Time:

Yea, but that’s not really a surprise, is it? She famously wrote a book where a redhead plays second fiddle to a magical Englishman. “Come along, Ron, come along. I shall have all the powers, and your brothers can die fighting my war. Come along.”

2014, Tim Carvell [et al.], “Scottish Independence”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 17, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:

Also, for their national flower, the Scots chose a thistle. That is a plant made of tiny knives and a throwing star. “The only flower I like is a flower that can pierce an Englishman’s throat!”.

2014 September 14, “Scottish Independence”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 17, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

A native or inhabitant of England; a man who is English by ancestry, birth, descent, or naturalisation.

red-legged partridge
red-legged partridge

(UK) A grey partridge (in contrast with Frenchman, red-legged partridge).

... others, an aging Englishman who would do anything to further his fortune ...

2017, David Bélanger, Béatrice G. Martineau, Charles Grenier, “Kona”, in Kona, Canada: Parabole:

(Quebec, dated, ethnic slur) A Canadian of British descent and/or whose first language is English (as opposed to French-descended, French-speaking Canadians).

Fucking above your head Englishman!

2008, Christopher-Lee dos Santos, At thy Call, Dino Pappas and Ksenija Micic:

(South Africa, dated, ethnic slur) A South African of British descent, and/or whose first language is English (as opposed to Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaner South Africans).


Greek

en-proper noun

Greek (countable and uncountable, plural Greeks)

Inherited from Old English Grēcas (“Greeks”), variant of Crēcas, from Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō, from Latin Graecus of uncertain origin, perhaps derived from the toponym Γραῖα (Graîa) or from other Paleo-Balkanic forms from a tribal name Graii.
Greek in any case has the cognate Γραικός (Graikós), the mythological ancestor of the Γραίοι (Graíoi, “Graecians”). Germanic cognates include Dutch Griek, German Grieche. The ⟨g⟩ in English and Germanic cognates was restored under influence from French grec and classical Latin Graecus. The adjective dates to 14th-century Middle English, replacing Old English Grēċisċ (“Greekish”) and earlier Middle English Gregeis. In reference to fraternities and sororities, a clipping of earlier Greek-letter in reference to their usual names being initialisms of mottos in the Greek language. In reference to terms used to analysize financial derivatives, from their usual names consisting of Greek letters.

inh+

The language spoken by people of Greece, particularly, depending on context, Ancient Greek or Modern Greek.


Czech

From Polish Czech, from Czech Čech, ultimately a variation and contraction of Proto-Slavic *čelověkъ (“human”).

She's from Czech, Croatia, or somewhere over there. The ill thing is that we always come together when we're drunk, but half way through our drunken talks, she always gets mad at something and leaves.

2008, George Stowers, Straight Up, No Sippin': Memoirs of Life and Work Onboard Mega Cruise Ships, →ISBN, page 325:

A whole array of companies and consultants are found travelling to Croatia or Czech or China, to extol the latest virtues of electioneering, perhaps via the UK Westminster Foundation for Democracy, […]

2009, Jennifer Lees-Marshment, Political Marketing: Principles and Applications, Routledge, →ISBN, page 237:

(nonstandard) The Czech Republic (Czechia).


quarantine

en-noun

quarantine (countable and uncountable, plural quarantines)

Cuban Missile Crisis
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Louis IX of France
quarantine

From Medieval Latin quarentena and quarentīna (“40-day period, Lent”) via Middle English quarentine, Norman quarenteine, French quarenteine, and Italian quarantina, via proposed Late Latin *quaranta + -ēna (forming distributive adjectives), from Latin quadrāgintā (“four tens, 40”). Doublet of carene and quadragene.
In reference to French politics, calque of French quarantaine after edicts of Louis IX. In reference to a severance of political relations, popularized by the Roosevelt administration's 1937 approach to the Axis powers and the later Kennedy administration's 1962 approach to Cuba during the missile crisis.

kwarantyn

(figurative) any rigorously enforced isolation

(historical) The 40-day period of isolation required after 1448 at Venice's lazaret to avoid renewed outbreaks of the bubonic plague and identical policies in other locations.


Galician

en-adj

Galician (comparative more Galician, superlative most Galician)

more Galician (comparative)
most Galician (superlative)

From Galicia (“region in northwest Spain”) + -an.

Galicies

pertaining to the people of Galicia in Iberia

The subsequent oil slicks that reached the coast resulted in severe ecological and economic consequences for the Galician coast and the Bay of Biscay.

2009, D. R. Green, Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies, page 107:

Of or pertaining to the region of Galicia in Iberia.

"I have been asked over by Dr. Maupuis of the Institut Métapsychique to see some of the experiments which he is conducting upon a Galician medium."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

The "entierro de la sardina," the burial of the sardine, is a Galician custom popular in many villages on Ash Wednesday.

1999, [1882], Emilia Pardo Bazán, translated by Walter Borenstein, The Tribune of the People, page 253:

Of or pertaining to the people of Galicia (in Iberia) or their culture.


Galician

en-noun

Galician (countable and uncountable, plural Galicians)

The little Galician was sitting nibbling a biscuit with a glass of red wine before him.

In Argentina, too, there is a community of Welsh-speakers. Similarly some Galicians, Catalans and Basques have retained their mother tongues in ways that had they remained, respectively in the United Kingdom or Spain, might have been more difficult to do.

2000, Clare Mar-Molinero, The Politics of Language in the Spanish-speaking World, page 52:

The Portuguese claim that a Galician would never be generous, as a Portuguese would. On their side, the Galicians tell the story of the Portuguese who invites some Galicians to dinner and then gives his guests very little to eat.

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Galicia, a region of the northwestern Iberian peninsula.

Rosalia de Castro became a crucial element in this early nationalist cultural campaign: she spoke Galician as her first language and she was literate, educated, and sympathetic to the group's progressive aims.

1998, Catherine Davies, Spanish Women's Writing, 1849-1996, page 63:

(uncountable) The language of Galicia; a Romance language spoken in the northwestern corner of the Iberian peninsula.


Galician

From Galicia (“region in Central Europe (Etymology 2)”) + -an.

suffix

Victor Adler was born in a small Moravian town on the Galician border.

2006, Shulamit Ṿolḳov, Germans, Jews, and Antisemites: Trials in Emancipation, page 272:

Of or pertaining to the historical region of Galicia in Central Europe.


Galician

According to Manuilsky, some Galicians idealized the Austro-Hungarian past for the empire's promotion of national autonomy, yet the Habsburgs had discouraged Eastern Galicia's economic development, whereas the Soviet power would 'turn Lviv into one of the biggest industrial centres of Soviet Ukraine.'

2004, Serhy Yekelchyk, Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, page 50:

An inhabitant of Galicia, a region in Poland and Ukraine.


Norwegian

en-noun

Norwegian (countable and uncountable, plural Norwegians)

From Medieval Latin Norvegia (from Old Norse Norvegr (“Norway”)) + -an, with v replaced by w due to influence from earlier English Norwayan (“Norwegian”).

A kind of fishing boat on the Great Lakes of North America.

(uncountable) The language of Norway, which has two official forms (written standards): Bokmål and Nynorsk.


Norwegian

en-adj

Norwegian (comparative more Norwegian, superlative most Norwegian)

more Norwegian (comparative)
most Norwegian (superlative)

Between Kiruna and the Norwegian border, along the chain of lovely lakes, a number of holiday resorts offering every comfort for the visitor have been developed.

1953 June, C. E. N. Watts, “Railway Through Lapland”, in Railway Magazine, page 384:

Of or pertaining to Norway (the country).