dinar

From Arabic دِينَار (dīnār) and Serbo-Croatian динар (also from Arabic), derived from the Latin dēnārius. Doublet of denar, denarius, denier, diner, dinero, and dinheiro.

doublet

Standing near Joseph, carrying a bag of taboon flatbreads, was Olivier, from Ivory Coast. He arrived a year ago and has been trying to save the 3,000 dinars (£780) he said it would cost to make the trip to Europe.

2023 March 30, Simon Speakman Cordall, “Tunisian morgue overflows as more people attempt risky sea crossing”, in The Guardian:

(numismatics) The official currency of several countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Serbia, Tunisia and (as denar) North Macedonia.


Danmark

For Youth for Christ in Danmark I'm looking for an inernet service provider in Danmark. Please post a reply or mail me I you have some information on this.

1995 January 12, Peter Brouwer, “Internet service providers in Danmark?”, in soc.religion.christian.youth-work (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

Is there a list from running-competitions in Danmark.
I´ll spend my holidays in Danmark, and try to to some competitions in running-sports.

1998 January 1, G.Henke, “Running in Danmark”, in dk.sport (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:


Haligonian

(England) Of, from, or pertaining to the town of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England.

halifaksa

of, from, or pertaining to the town of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England


Haligonian

(England) A native or inhabitant of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England.


Bundestag

/ˈbʊndəsˌtɑːɡ/

The federal/state parliament of Germany.


Republic of Turkey

Republic of Türkiye
Republic of Türkiye#English

Former official name of the country of Turkey (now Republic of Türkiye).

Republiek van Turkye

former official name of the country of Turkey


acquis

Shortened from acquis communautaire: French acquis (“that which has been acquired or obtained”) + communautaire (“of the community”).

acquis

short for acquis communautaire — see also acquis communautaire

Despite the clarity with which this principle has been reiterated, most applicants believe that their own circumstances are unique and deserve an equality of respect, even when this might challenge a principle of at least part of the acquis. The UK, for example, believed that its wider trading links merited special consideration. The realisation that such consideration would not be forthcoming was particularly humiliating, given that the UK had been invited to participate in forming the acquis in 1955–57.

1997, Christopher Preston, “Conclusion: Can the Classical Method Survive?”, in Enlargement and Integration in the European Union, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 228:

[T]he process of absorption of the EU Internal Market acquis by the new EU member states (Hungary and Estonia, e.g. completed their alignment wih the Internal Market acquis within three years) is not feasible for the Moldovan economy, at least in the following three to five years.

2006 March, Oxana Gutu, “Conclusions and Recommendations”, in Moldova’s Convergence with the Acquis: A Pro-growth and Pro-integration Strategy (CEPS Working Document; no. 238), Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, →ISBN, page 28:

In general, the existing acquis communautaire was adhered to as closely as possible in the drafting of the PEICL [Principles of European Insurance Contract Law]. Exceptions were made where shortcomings could be identified. Therefore, a number of directives, for example the insurance acquis, have been taken into account in the PEICL.

2018, Helmut Heiss, Ulrike Mönnich, “Pre-contractual Duties in European Insurance Contract Law”, in Yong Qiang Han, Greg Pynt, editors, Carter v Boehm and Pre-contractual Duties in Insurance Law: A Global Perspective after 250 Years, Oxford: Hart Publishing, →ISBN, part IV (Pre-contractual Duties in Insurance Law: Mixed Legal System, Reinsurance and Brokers), page 386:

It is a remarkable story of how the EU has managed to create an entire acquis that ensures that the whole of Europe speaks about consumer contract using the same terminology and policy framework.

2018, Geriant Howells, Mateja Durovic, “The Rise of EU Consumer Law between Common Law and Civil Law Traditions”, in Francisco de Elizade, editor, Uniform Rules of European Contract Law?: A Critical Assessment, Oxford: Hart Publishing, →ISBN, part III (Uniform Rules to Bridge the Gap between the Common Law and the Civil Law), page 135:

acquis communautaire
acquis communautaire#English

(law) The accumulated legislation, legal acts, and court decisions which constitute the total body of European Union law.


Constantine

From Latin Cōnstantīnus, the name of Roman emperors, Latin cōnstāns (“constant, steadfast”). Doublet of Konstadinos.

St. Joseph County
St. Joseph County#English

A township and village therein, in St. Joseph County, Michigan, United States.


haggis

en-noun

haggis (countable and uncountable, plural haggises)

→ Irish: hagaois

→ Scottish Gaelic: taigeis

Burns supper
en:Haggis (disambiguation)
en:haggis

From Late Middle English hagis (“haggis”), from hag, haggen (“to chop, cut, hack; to cut into”) (from Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew”)), or from hakken (“to chop, hack; to dice, mince”) (from Old English hēawan (“to chop, hew; to dice, mince”)), both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hew; to beat, strike; to forge”).

der

HAGGESS, haggas, or haggis, ſort d’appret fait avec des herbes, du larde caupé menu, des épices, des œufs, & du fromage, le tout mis enſemble & bouilli dans une panſe de brebis.

[1677, Guy Miege [i.e., Guy Miège], “HAGGESS”, in A New Dictionary French and English, with Another English and French; According to the Present Use, and Modern Orthography of the French. Inrich’d with New Words, Choice Phrases, and Apposite Proverbs; Digested into a Most Accurate Method; and Contrived for the Use Both of English and Foreiners (in French), London: Printed by Tho[mas] Dawks, for Thomas Basset, at the George, near Cliffords-inn, in Fleetstreet, →OCLC, column 3:

HAGGESS, haggas, or haggis, a sort of preparation made with herbs, bacon, spices, eggs, cheese, all put together and boiled in a sheep's belly.

I congratulate the Caledonians on the acquiſition of this new Saint, but wonder if the German crows were ſo civil to refrain from ſo ſavoury a Scotch haggiſs.

1717 January 16 (Old Style), Lady Mary W. Montague [i.e. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu], “Original Letter of Lady Mary W. Montague, Never before Published. Found Lately amongst the Papers of a Lady Deceased.”, in The Scots Magazine; or General Repository of Literature, History, and Politics, volume LXI (volume VI, New Series), Edinburgh: [Printed by Alex[ander] Chapman and Co.] Sold by James Watson, No. 40. South Bridge, and by the principal booksellers in Town and Country and by T. Kay, Strand, London, published February 1799, →OCLC, pages 101–102:

"[…] You are all for providing other things before we have fixed upon the victuals. Let us ſettle about them firſt." / This word raiſed a tumult, ten times greater than the former; every one in the room roaring out at once for ſome particular diſh, either that it was his trade to provide, or which he was fond of himſelf. / […]—"An haggis,"—ſaid a Scot. / —"Leek-pottage,"—ſputtered Taffy. In a word, they all raiſed their voices with ſuch vehemence, not one attending to what another ſaid, that ſince the building of Babel, there was not ſuch a ſcene of confuſion.

1762, [Charles Johnstone], The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools. By the Editor of The Adventures of a Guinea. In Two Volumes, volume II, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, in Smock-alley, →OCLC, page 185:

And thank kind heav'n, their country can afford / A tumid haggeſs to adorn their board.

[1769], [John Maclaurin, Lord Dreghorn], “The Disappointed Epicures”, in Essays in Verse, [Edinburgh]: [Privately printed at the author's press], →OCLC, page 78:

The Haggies is that very diſh (if I may ſo call it) and a very good diſh it is. […] [W]henever inſtead of the paunch, refinement ſhall invent a veſſel, in which to ſerve up the Haggies, it will certainly reſemble in its model the original prototype, whether it be formed into a turrene or a ſilver vaſe, having the ſinged head as ornamented handles to the ſides.

1778 February 5, Thomas Pownall, “XXXII. Observations Arising from an Enquiry into the Nature of the Vases Found on the Mosquito Shore in South America.”, in Archaeologia: Or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, volume V, London: Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London; sold at the house of the Society, in Chancery-Lane; and by Messieurs White, Robson, Conant, Leigh and Sotheby, Brown and H. Payne, published 1779, →OCLC, page 322:

[T]he thousands of Englishmen who annually visit our romantic country can attest, that, even in the wildest Highland glens, something better can be found for their roast-beef stomachs, than sheep's-heads, haggises, and oat-meal cakes.

1821 October, “The Voyages and Travels of Columbus Secundus. Chapter XIII. The King’s Birth-day.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume X, number LVI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell, Strand, London, →OCLC, footnote, page 305:

Another one of those revered patriarchs whom it were almost sacrilege to touch is [Robert] Burn's, with "honest sonsie face," the haggis. […] It is a pity that one of the last minstrels, if only one of humble rank, did not fix unchangeably in verse the component parts of the national haggis, as some one has done the "Eve's pudding," and Sydney Smith did for his salad, and another did for mulled wine. We have a compound called haggis, without the preceding article, composed of meat, chopped anchovies, eggs, bread, sour wine, pepper and salt. But that does not seem to correspond with the remarks of an editor of Burns, who says the haggis was to Scotland what the plum pudding is to England, and it was the pride of her people that all the ingredients and even the bag it was boiled in were of native production.

1894, Jessup Whitehead, “The Hotel Book of Puddings”, in The American Pastry Cook: A Book of Perfected Recipes, for Making All Sorts of Articles Required of the Hotel Pastry Cook, Baker and Confectioner, Especially Adapted for Hotel and Steamboat Use, and for Cafés and Fine Bakeries, 7th edition, Chicago, Ill.: Jessup Whitehead & Co., publishers, →OCLC, page 78, column 1:

Haggis has a faggot-like consistency that certainly isn't short of flavour. I like to make individual portion haggises (traditional haggises are cooked in the sheep's paunch or stomach). It can also be made into a steamed haggis pudding simply by making the recipe, placing the mix in two 1.75 litre (3 pint) pudding basins, covering with buttered foil and then steaming for 3½ hours.

1999, Gary Rhodes, “Home-made Haggis”, in New British Classics, London: BBC Worldwide, →ISBN:

[T]he final dish of the day arrived in the form of a giant blood pudding, which was about the size of a basketball and wrapped in the goat's stomach. It reminded me more of Scottish haggis than of anything else I had seen on my travels around the globe. I took a tentative bite. It was fantastic, but I was completely done by this point and made my apologies to the disappointed restaurant owner. He seemed happy enough, particularly when he smiled and said, "Don't worry, anything that's left, I'll be taking home for dinner."

2015, Simon Majumdar, “The Baron and the Bronx”, in Fed, White, and Blue: Finding America with My Fork, New York, N.Y.: Hudson Street Press, →ISBN, pages 62–63; trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Avery, Penguin Random House, 2016, →ISBN:

A traditional Scottish dish made from minced sheep offal with oatmeal and spices, etc., originally boiled in the stomach of a sheep but now often in an artificial casing, and usually served with neeps and tatties (mashed swede and potatoes) and accompanied with whisky.


Mersey

From Old English mæres ēa (“boundary river”).

A river in England that flows for about 113 km (70 mi) to the Irish Sea at Liverpool.


Oder

A river in central Europe, that flows from the Czech Republic through Poland and Germany to the Baltic Sea.


Meuse

A river in Europe that flows about 901 km (560 mi) from France through Belgium and the Netherlands to the North Sea.


Caspian Sea

A landlocked sea (properly a saline lake) between Eastern Europe and Asia, and the Earth’s largest inland body of water.


Carinthia

Ultimately from Latin Carantania. Possibly of Celtic origin; compare Proto-Celtic *karants (“friend”). The Latin toponym was also borrowed into Slavic as Proto-Slavic *korǫtanъ (with an adjective *korǫtьskъ); compare Czech Korutany and Slovene Koroška (“Carinthia”).

A federal state of modern Austria, with its capital in Klagenfurt.


Derby

From Old English Dēorby, of Scandinavian/North Germanic origin, from Old Norse Djúra-bý (“village of the deer”), from dýr (“deer”) + bǿr (“settlement”). Influenced by British Latin Derventio, the Roman site predating Derby, and possibly also the Celtic river name Derwent.

New Haven County
New Haven County#English

A city in New Haven County, Connecticut.

An unincorporated community in Frio County, Texas.


Luxemburg

→ Japanese: ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu)

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg#English

Alternative spelling of Luxembourg: A small country in Western Europe. Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Capital and largest city: Luxembourg.


grenadier

From French grenadier, corresponding to grenade + -ier.

(military) A type of soldier, originally one who threw grenades, later a member of a company formed from the tallest men of the regiment; now specifically, a member of the Grenadier Guards of Canada and the United Kingdom.


dacha

Borrowed from Russian да́ча (dáča), originally "gift, portion, land (granted by a prince)", from дать (datʹ, “to give”).

The belt is full of dachi, i.e., summer villas, all now closed. […] Most of the dachi are small; but some large, sumptuous, and more securely fenced, a few with iron palisades to insure privacy. […] There are no roads in the environs of Odessa, except among the dachi by the shore.

1899, Cyprian Cope [pseudonym; James Biddle Baron Cope di Valromita], Arabesques: A Perspective, London: Leonard Smithers and Co, […], pages 214–216:

This was a great rambling wooden house, fashioned, like most of the Muscovish dachi, or country houses, in the form of a square main building in the centre, flanked by a wing on each side which came forward in a semicircle, like a man’s outstretched arms, as though to embrace the approaching visitors.

1904, Fred Whishaw, The Tiger of Muscovy, London, New York, N.Y., Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co., […], page 295:

Here the dachi are large and sumptuously furnished.

1953 February 26, “Myth of Classless Society Exposed: Soviet Party Bosses Really Rank Conscious”, in The Vancouver Province, 55th year, number 281, Vancouver, B.C., page 3:

On the defensive side, Stalin had made equally thorough preparations. Lenin’s personal guard consisted of two men, later increased to four after the attempt on his life by Fanny Kaplan. Stalin’s was several thousand strong, and the NKVD in addition kept other units at a state of readiness. The road to his country dacha, some twenty miles away, was guarded by over 3,000 agents, with cars, telephone connections, etc. When Stalin was actually en route, the road was virtually under martial law.

1968, Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties, Macmillan Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 546–547:

The Ambassador warned him of the consequences if his mission to Moscow were a failure, both to Churchill's position at home and to Russia's prospects in the war. He insisted that he should not allow himself to be offended 'by a peasant who didn't know any better'. Churchill listened in silence, then returned to the dacha leaving Clark Kerr outside.

1986, Martin Kitchen, British Policy Towards the Soviet Union during the Second World War, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 137:

The impact of the city was evidenced by the growing number of summer dachi and rising land values, […]

1990, Joachim Tauber, Römische Republik und russische Autokratie in der Krise, Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 379:

The villages and holiday dacha settlements that hug the river reflect the divisions that have emerged here: Scattered amid the rundown houses of poor farmers and the modest weekend cottages of factory and office workers are the luxury getaways of those few who have made it big in the new world of “Wild East” capitalism.

2005 December 5, David Holley, “Ebb and Flow on the Volga”, in Los Angeles Times:

A Russian villa or summer house in the countryside.


Angus

Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice".

A council area of Scotland, one of 32 created in 1996.


sea mile

As a former Scandinavian unit of distance, a calque of Danish sømil, Norwegian Bokmål sjømil, and Swedish sjömil, from Danish sø (“sea, nautical, maritime”) + mil (“Danish mile or league”).

(historical) A former version of the nautical mile in Scandinavia equal to 4 minutes of arc or about 4 nmi.


Lombard Street

A London street, the site of a colony of Lombard Jewish merchants and moneylenders who settled there in the 13th century.

Bankruptcy must inevitably have come of this young pagan in Lombard Street, London

1859, Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, page 312:

Lombard Street is thus a perpetual agent between the two great divisions of England

1873, Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market:

... and it is no wonder that there were active relations between the bourse in Bruges and Lombard Street in London.

1963, Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank: 1397-1494, page 317:

A street, and the money and capital market of London.


AFP

(journalism) Initialism of Agence France-Presse.


Salento

From Italian Salento, from Salentino dialect Salentu, of uncertain origin, possibly from Latin salum (“(surrounded by) sea”).

A small peninsula at the south-eastern tip of Italy, sometimes described as the "heel"; principal cities are Lecce and Otranto.


Griko

From the Greko dialect Greek Γκρίκο (Gkríko) and Γρῆκος (Grîkos).

An ethnically Greek people of southern Italy and Sicily, descended from Byzantine and ancient Greek colonies.


North Sea

From Middle English North-see, from Old English norþsǣ (“northern sea, Bristol Channel, Baltic, North Sea”), equivalent to north + sea. Cognate with West Frisian Noardsee (“North Sea”), Dutch Noordzee, German Nordsee, Danish Nordsøen, Swedish Nordsjön, Icelandic Norðursjór.

A marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Britain (in the west), Scandinavia (in the east) and Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and France (in the south).

Noordsee

a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Britain, Scandinavia and Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France


Preston

en-proper noun

Preston (countable and uncountable, plural Prestons)

From Old English prēost (“priest”) + tūn (“settlement”). Doublet of Prestatyn.

A number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Sonoma County, California.

New London County
New London County#English

A town in New London County, Connecticut.

An unincorporated community in Kemper County, Mississippi.

Richardson County
Richardson County#English

A village in Richardson County, Nebraska

census-designated place
census-designated place

White Pine County
White Pine County#English

A census-designated place in White Pine County, Nevada.

An unincorporated community in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma.

Trempealeau County
Trempealeau County#English

A town in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin.


laïcité

en-noun

laïcité (usually uncountable, plural laïcités)

Unadapted borrowing from French laïcité.

Secularism and strict separation of church and state characteristic of France since the Third Republic and of Quebec since the Quiet Revolution.


Winchester

From Middle English Wynchester, Winchestre, from Old English Wintanċeaster, from Latin Venta Belgārum (literally “Venta of the Belgae”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Celtic *wentā (“town, place”), Proto-Indo-European *h₁wen- (“place (?)”) + Old English ċeaster, from Latin castra (“camp”).
The bottle is named for the former customary units of the English city. The rifle is named named after American businessman Oliver Winchester (1810–1880). The computer disk is named for the rifle.

named-after

Any of the towns named after it, including:

A census-designated place in Riverside County, California.

Riverside County
Riverside County#English

A township in Norman County, Minnesota, named after Winchester, Iowa.


Baltic Sea

A sea in northern Europe, connected to the Atlantic.


CMFB

w:Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics

(statistics, European Union) Initialism of Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics.


British Indian Ocean Territory

An archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the middle of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Indonesia.

إِقْلِيم الْمُحِيط الْهِنْدِي الْبِرِيطَانِيّ

Territoire britannique de l’océan Indien

Britisches Territorium im Indischen Ozean

Territouaithe Britannique d'l'Océan Îndgien

Británskaja territórija v Indíjskom okeáne

Брита́нская террито́рия в Инди́йском океа́не

บริติชอินเดียนโอเชียนเทร์ริทอรี

Brí-dtít In-diian Oo-chîian Tee-rí-tɔɔ-rîi


Fleming

From Middle English flameng, from late Old English Flæmingi, from Old Norse Flǽmingr, Middle Dutch Vlaminc, Vleminc, from Old Frisian (unattested) (compare West Frisian Flaming), from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz (“flowing, current (water)”) and the patronymic suffix *-ingaz (“belonging to, descended from”). More at Flanders.

der

, Episode 12, The Cyclops
--And our eyes are on Europe, says the citizen. We had our trade with Spain and the French and with the Flemings before those mongrels were pupped, Spanish ale in Galway, the winebark on the winedark waterway.

A native or inhabitant of Flanders in Belgium.


penni

The Finnish monetary unit is the Finnish mark or markka (Fmk), which is divided into 100 pennis (p).

1980, Nagel Publishers, Finland, page 271:

(historical) A former Finnish currency unit, worth ¹⁄₁₀₀ of the markka.


Bolshevik

en-noun

Bolshevik (plural Bolsheviks or Bolsheviki)

Borrowed from Russian большеви́к (bolʹševík), from большинство́ (bolʹšinstvó, “majority”).

But such points were on the whole lost in the picture as it appeared in gross: everyone had confessed, the Old Bolsheviks had publicly avowed disgraceful plans and actions. The whole business almost passed belief. Were the confessions true? How had they been obtained? What did it all signify? We are told that the confessions were as little believed in Russia as abroad, ‘or even less’, but that the average Soviet citizen who had not been in jail found them as puzzling as foreigners did.

1968, Robert Conquest, “The Problem of Confession”, in The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties, Macmillan Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 124:

(historical) A Russian communist revolutionary, member of the Bolshevik Party in the 1917 Communist Revolution of Russia.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(historical) A member of the Communist Party that ruled the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

bolshevik

a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which seized power in the October Revolution of 1917


Europeanisation

Europeanisation (usually uncountable, plural Europeanisations)

The process whereby the people and institutions of the countries of the European Union become more European and less national.


okrug

From a Slavic language; compare Russian о́круг (ókrug) or Serbo-Croatian округ/okrug.

An administrative division of some Slavic states.


pasha

From Ottoman Turkish پاشا (pāšā) (Turkish paşa); this either from Persian پادشاه (pâdšâh, “padishah, king”), or from Ottoman Turkish باش (baş, “head”), or from Ottoman Turkish بچه (beççe, “male offspring”), this in turn from Persian بچّه (bačče). Ottoman Turkish باش (baş, “head”) + آغا (ağa, “master”) has also been proposed as etymon.

der

(historical) A high-ranking Turkish military officer, especially as a commander or regional governor; the highest honorary title during the Ottoman Empire.


East Berlin

(historical, Germany) The Soviet sector of Berlin between 1949 and 1990.

Østberlin

the Soviet sector of Berlin between 1949 and 1990


DPR

Coordinate term: LPR

Donetsk People's Republic
Donetsk People's Republic#English

Initialism of Donetsk People's Republic.


EDP

Excessive Deficit Procedure
w:Excessive Deficit Procedure

(statistics, European Union) Initialism of Excessive Deficit Procedure.


Poppy Day

From being the last day on which the commemorative poppy flower is worn.


oblast

From a Slavic language, probably Russian о́бласть (óblastʹ, “region, province”), borrowed from Old Church Slavonic область (oblastĭ), from Proto-Slavic *obolstь, from earlier *obvolstь, *obvoldtь, a compound of *o(b)- (“over”) + *volstь (“rule, power, authority”), thus originally probably meaning "a region ruled over". Compare Proto-Slavic *obvoldati (“to rule”).

The territorial subdivision below the level of the union republic — or at least below the level of the larger union republics — is that of the oblast, the krai, or the autonomous republic. In 1977 there were 120 oblasts, 6 krais, and 20 autonomous republics, and they corresponded roughly to the American state in size.

1979, Jerry Fincher Hough, How the Soviet Union Is Governed, page 483:

It is important to note, however, that the general pattern of Nizhnii Novgorod oblast at the top and Tiumen' and Yaroslavl' oblasts in the middle, with Saratov at the bottom, occurred too often across all indicators to assume that even those differences in means that were not significant at a .05 confidence level or better occurred merely by chance.

2002, Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, Local Heroes: The Political Economy of Russian Regional Governance, page 119:

Almaty oblast (distinct from Almaty city) is the most rural of Kazakhstan's oblasts, at just 22.2 percent urban.

2010, Martha Brill Olcott, Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise, page 194:

A region or province in Slavic or Slavic-influenced countries.


Eurocentric

en-adj

Eurocentric (comparative more Eurocentric, superlative most Eurocentric)

more Eurocentric (comparative)
most Eurocentric (superlative)

The present curriculum / I put my fist in 'em / Eurocentric every last one of 'em / See right through the red, white, and blue disguise / With lecture I puncture the structure of lies / Installed in our minds and attempting to hold us back / We've got to take it back / Holes in our spirit causin' tears and fears / One-sided stories for years and years and years

2005, Rage Against the Machine (lyrics and music), “Take the Power Back”:

Focused on Europe or the people and culture of Europe.


lat

Borrowed from Latvian lats, a clipping of Latvija (“Latvia”).

(numismatics, historical) The gold-backed monetary unit of Latvia from August 1922 until April 1941, when it was replaced by the Soviet ruble; it was typically pegged at about 25 to the British pound.

(numismatics, historical) The floating fiat monetary unit of Latvia from 1992 until January 2014, when it was replaced by the euro.


plebs

From Latin plēbs (“the plebeian class”), variant of earlier plēbēs. Later also understood as the plural of pleb.

Why I am going with my pidgeons to the tribunall Plebs.

c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv], line 92:

(historical) The plebeian class of Ancient Rome.


codo

From Spanish codo (“elbow, Spanish cubit”), from Old Spanish cobdo, from Latin cubitus, from cubitum (“elbow, Roman cubit”). Doublet of cubit and covado. Compare codo.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 41.6 cm.


marco

From Portuguese and Spanish marco, from Medieval Latin marcus, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *mark, from Proto-Germanic *marką (“mark, sign”), from Proto-Indo-European *marǵ- (“land boundary”). Compare Middle High German marc (“half-pound”), which likely influenced the Romance development. See also Old English marc, Old Norse mǫrk.

der

(historical) A traditional Spanish and Portuguese unit of mass, usually equivalent to 230 g and particularly used for trade in gold and silver.


Mordvin

Of or relating to Mordovia (Mordvinia) or its people or culture.


Mordvin

A branch of the Finno-Ugric language group.


sixth form

en-noun

sixth form (countable and uncountable, plural sixth forms)

Earlier educational naming conventions in public schools termed every two years of education "forms" (itself sometimes said to be from form (“bench”), where students of certain ages would sit together, though disputed, or alternatively from form (“established method of expression or practice”)), where Years 12 and 13 (i.e. ages 16 to 18) was the "sixth" and final form. State schools adopted the term "sixth form" and retained it when the rest of the form structure was dropped.

Nathaniel: Maister, there is nobody to teach in the sixth form.
Maister: What a thing is this?
N: He is sick in bed.
M: How do you know?
N: One of the scholars in his house told me so.

1653, Corderius, Colloquia scholastica Anglo-Latina, […] 1653, page 220:

(UK except Scotland, education) The final two years of secondary education, during which students of about 16 to 18 years of age prepare for their A-level examinations or equivalent qualifications.


NI

Over 60% of NI people opposed to paying for water supply, survey reveals [title]

2023 August 22, “Over 60% of NI people opposed to paying for water supply, survey reveals”, in Belfast Telegraph, →ISSN:

Campaigners say the Lough Neagh, the largest freshwater lake in the UK, which supplies nearly half of NI’s drinking water, is “dying in plain sight” because of vast algal blooms.

2023 October 13, Rory Carroll, “Northern Ireland: four key areas in crisis”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English


Old Dart

Possibly from the river Dart in Devonshire which enters the sea at Dartmouth, location of a Royal Navy College. Royal Navy officers who were returning to England at the end of a foreign tour of duty referred to going back to the "Old Dart" for further training.
Alternatively a variation of "old dirt" (compare old sod).

J. A. W. has still, I am persuaded, any amount of friends in the Old Dart.

1872, Pen-name Auld Lang Syne, Original Correspondence, Ovens and Murray Advertiser, Beechworth, Victoria, 20 July 1872, page 2:

You recollect that when I left the Colony to visit the old dart, besides the usual allowance granted...

1876, Magguffin, Random Notes, Oamaru Mail, 24 June 1876, page 2:

The ‘Old Dart’ mattered little to German Australians but the empire was another matter and Australia was their home.

2003, John Williams, German Anzacs And The First World War, page 9:

‘I have a whole range of new talents, Dad. I can muster a mob of cattle, break in a horse, speak pidgin, and at a pinch, stitch up someone′s head.’
‘Very useful in the Old Dart,’ he commented dryly and returned to his newspaper.

2003, Di Morrissey, Barra Creek, published 2010, page 432:

Marsh′s experiences during his first days in the Old Dart were no different from most Australian cricketers′.

2004, Mark Browning, Rod Marsh: A Life in Cricket, page 55:

(Australia, New Zealand) Britain, England, London, or Ireland; the Old Country.


Sogn og Fjordane

Borrowed from Norwegian Sogn og Fjordane.


Møre og Romsdal

Borrowed from Norwegian Møre og Romsdal.


Troms

A county of Norway (between 2020 to 2024 Troms and Finnmark were merged into Troms og Finnmark county).


Finnmark

From Norwegian Finnmark, from Finn (“Finn”) + mark (“land”).


Belfast confetti

Slang, dating from the late 19th century. Much later made the title of a poem by Ciaran Carson.

(slang) Large ship-building rivets, nuts, bolts and other metal scrap used as missiles by Protestant shipyard workers during sectarian rioting in Belfast.


Irishwoman

From Middle English Irish womman, equivalent to Irish + -woman.


FDR

Coordinate term: GDR

Federal Democratic Republic
Federal Democratic Republic#English

Initialism of Federal Democratic Republic.

Abbreviation of West Germany. (Federal Republic of Germany)


Cheddar cheese

Cheddar cheese (countable and uncountable, plural Cheddar cheeses)

Hundreds of examples remain, still following the same general pattern—maroon, green or chocolate brown, for example, from ground to waist level, then a stale Cheddar cheese shade of cream above.

1962 October, Brian Haresnape, “Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways, page 253:

A variety of hard, pale yellow cheese originally produced in the region around Cheddar in Somerset, England.

Cheddar

Cheddar cheese; cheese; shortening from by dropping


Rome wasn't built in a day

/ˈɹəʊm ˌwɒzənt ˈbɪlt‿ɪn‿ə ˈdeɪ/

/ˈɹoʊm ˌwʌzənt ˈbɪlt‿ɪn‿ə ˈdeɪ/

Probably a calque of Middle French Rome ne fut pas faite toute en un jour (literally “Rome was not made all in one day”); compare modern French Rome ne s’est pas faite en un jour.

cog

I know this project is a big undertaking, but you need to have patience and be hopeful. Remember that Rome wasn’t built in a day.

[O]ne daye or lytle tyme is not ynoughe for the acheuinge of a great matter. Which is al one with this in engliſhe: Rome was not buylt in one day.

1545 August 20 (Gregorian calendar), Erasmus, “Vna hirundo non facit ver [One swallow does not make it spring]”, in Richard Taverner, transl., Proverbes or Adagies Gathered out of the Chiliades of Erasmus […], new edition, London: Edwardus Whytchurche […]; to be sel […] by Wyllyam Telotson, →OCLC, folio xxv, verso:

Rome was not built in one day (quoth he), and yet stood / Till it was finisht, as some say, full fayre.

1546, John Heywood, chapter XI, in Julian Sharman, editor, The Proverbs of John Heywood. […], London: George Bell and Sons, […], published 1874, →OCLC, part I, pages 64–65:

The Reformation you haue made of the many and maine corruptions of the Romiſh Ch[urch] vve do ingenuouſly acknovvledge, and doe vvithall imbrace vvith you all the truths vvhich to our knovvledge you haue receiued in ſtead of them. But Rome vvas not built all in a day.

1610, Jos[eph] Hall, “Section XXV. What Separation England hath Made.”, in A Common Apologie of the Church of England: Against the Uniust Challenges of the Ouer-iust Sect, Commonly Called Brownists. […], London: […] [William Stansby] for Samuel Macham, […], →OCLC, marginal note, page 63:

[…] Rome''' vvas not built in a day, nor is a Reformation in the true Lavv-ſenſe effectable preſently; […]

1663, Edward Waterhous [i.e., Edward Waterhouse], chapter XXIX, in Fortescutus Illustratus; or A Commentary on that Nervous Treatise De Laudibus Legum Angliæ, Written by Sir John Fortescue Knight, […], London: […] Tho[mas] Roycroft for Thomas Dicas […], →OCLC, page 375:

[Y]ou muſt lay your account vvith mounting by gradual ſteps to the ſummit of your fortune.—Rome vvas not built in a day,— […]

1748, [Tobias Smollett], “I Cultivate an Acquaintance with Two Noblemen […]”, in The Adventures of Roderick Random. […], volume II, London: […] [William Strahan] for J[ohn] Osborn […], →OCLC, page 173:

But, "Rome wasent built in a day," nor will one thump of the pate make a soldier.

1804, W[illiam] Dunlap, “The Wife of Two Husbands. A Drama, […]”, in The English and American Stage, volume III, New York, N.Y.: […] D. Longworth, […], published 1807, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 4:

[T]hou must have patience. Rome was not built in a day—you cannot become used to your court-suit in a month's time, any more than when you changed your long coat for a doublet and hose; […]

1822 May 29, [Walter Scott], chapter X, in The Fortunes of Nigel. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, pages 237–238:

Rome wasn't built in a day, nor, for that matter, Templetown 'ither, though it may be said to be a quick-growing place.

1823, [James Fenimore Cooper], chapter I, in The Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna; […], volume II, New York, N.Y.: Charles Wiley; […], →OCLC, page 17:

"As Rome," it was suggested, "had not been built in a day,["] so neither had Mademoiselle Gérard Moore's education been completed in a week, or by merely wishing to be clever. It was effort that had accomplished that great work: […]

1849, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], “Coriolanus”, in Shirley. A Tale. […], volume I, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 123:

Rome wasn't built in a day and the path of black and white relationships in the South won't be solved overnight, either.

1960 March 7, George Todt, “George Todt’s opinion: Civil rights fate uncertain”, in Valley Times, home edition, volume 23, number 57, North Hollywood, Calif.: Robert N. Weed, →OCLC, page 14, column 6:

I feel like Rome wasn't built in a day, and I know that everybody is really impatient, but I know that with time things can be turned around.

2010 January 22, [unidentified questioner], “Remarks at a Town Hall Meeting and a Question-and-answer Session in Elyria, Ohio”, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Barack Obama: 2010 […], book I (January 1 to June 30, 2010), Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration; United States Government Printing Office, published 2013, →OCLC, page 61, column 1:

I actually believe in some respects we may be in danger of working too quickly, simply to address that perception. As the ridiculously over-used cliché notes, Rome was not built in a day. What I do accept is that the 100-day project that saw the new city plan designed was done at breakneck speed. This was a phenomenally challenging time frame but absolutely crucial. For a community still suffering, still shocked, and literally still shaking, there clearly needed to be a plan put in place as quickly as possible.

2014 August, Roger Sutton, “A Blank Canvas for New Beginnings”, in Barnaby Bennett, James Dann, Emma Johnson, Ryan Reynolds, editors, Once in a Lifetime: City-building after Disaster in Christchurch, Christchurch: Freerange Press, →ISBN, page 54:

(idiomatic) It takes a long time to create something complicated or impressive.

ሮም፡በአንድ፡ቀን፡አልተገነባችም

it takes a long time to create something complicated or impressive

dilî tanáng butang sili nga mohaláng dayon

非一日之寒 (bīngdòng sān chǐ, fēi yīrì zhī hán, literally “three feet of ice is not the result of one cold day”)

Keulen en Aken zijn niet op één dag gebouwd

Rom ist nicht an einem Tag erbaut worden

ઉતાવળે આંબા ન પાકે (utāvaḷe ā̃bā na pāke, literally “mangos will not ripen with haste”)

i ndiaidh a chéile a thógtar na caisleáin

로마는 하루 아침에 이루어지지 않았다

Roma-neun haru achim-e irueo-jiji anatda

Москва́ не сра́зу стро́илась (Moskvá ne srázu stróilasʹ, literally “Moscow wasn’t built at once”)

chan ann leis a’ chiad bhuille a thuiteas a’ chraobh

Київ не відразу збудований (Kyjiv ne vidrazu zbudovanyj, literally “Kyiv was not built immediately”)

a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step


Greco-

Greco-Roman wrestling is an Olympic sport bringing back the style of the Ancient Greeks and Roman physicality.

Greek, often in reference to ancient Greece.


Anglomania

en-noun

Anglomania (usually uncountable, plural Anglomanias)

Exaggerated enthusiasm for anything English.

ইঙ্গানুরাগ

exaggerated enthusiasm for anything English


Gallomania

An obsession with, or excessive admiration of, all things French.


paska

paska (countable and uncountable, plural paskas)

From Ukrainian па́ска (páska) and Russian па́ска (páska), borrowing from Ancient Greek πάσκα (páska), phonetic variant of πάσχα (páskha), from Aramaic פסחא (pasḥa), from Hebrew פֶּסַח (pesaḥ). Doublet of Pesach.

(Canada) A traditional Ukrainian egg bread, often decorated, used in Easter traditions.


Anglophile

(by extension) A person who loves or admires the country, culture or people of the United Kingdom.


triumvirate

From Latin triumvīrātus, from triumvirī (“triumvirs”) + -ātus (“-ate”).

An official group of three people, especially a ruling council of three men and particularly (historical) two such councils in Roman history.


Atatürk

A surname from Turkish, borne only by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey


Katharevousa

/ˌkaθəˈɹɛvuːsə/

/ˌkɑθəˈɹɛvusɑ/

/ˌkɑθəˈɹɛvəsɑ/

From Greek καθαρεύουσα (katharévousa), feminine of καθαρεύων (katharévon), present participle of Ancient Greek καθαρεύω (kathareúō, “to be clean, pure”).

der

‘You read the poetry of Cavafy, I have taught you to speak Katharevousa and Italian.’

1994, Louis de Bernières, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Minerva, published 1995, page 87:

A year later, after much deliberation and public discussion, an act of parliament established that demotic Greek was to replace the hybrid katharevousa as the official language of education – and therefore, in practice, in most walks of life (exceptions are the Church and law).

2019, Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation, Penguin, published 2020, page 345:

A learned, archaising form of Modern Greek, based on Classical Greek and used for formal and official purposes; it was legally displaced as the official language of Greece in 1976 by Demotic Greek.


Silesian

(uncountable) Lower Silesian, a Germanic language or dialect spoken in southwestern parts of what is now Poland (Lower Silesia).

Slezská němčina

Germanic language or dialect — see also Lower Silesian

(uncountable) Upper Silesian, a West Slavic language spoken in southwestern parts of Poland and the Czech Republic.


Hessian

en-adj

Hessian (comparative more Hessian, superlative most Hessian)

more Hessian (comparative)
most Hessian (superlative)

Of, from or relating to Hesse in Germany.

Hessian line; Hessian point; Hessian matrix

Of or relating to the German mathematician Otto Hesse (1811–1874).


Hessian

en-noun

Hessian (countable and uncountable, plural Hessians)


Hessian

The Rhine Franconian dialect spoken in Hesse.


Pomeranian

A breed of small, fluffy, energetic toy dogs in the canine family of spitzes.

шпиц

breed of small, fluffy, energetic spitz dogs


Pomeranian

Among their dialects the Rhine Franconian and Moselle-Franconian varieties prevailed, but other dialects were present as well, such as Upper German Swabian, Low German Westphalian, Pomeranian, and the Mennonite varieties, and even Volga German.

P. Rosenberg, Dialect convergence in the German language islands (Sprachinseln), in: 2005, Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, Paul Kerswill (eds.), Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press, p. 221ff., here p. 228

… the language of everyday use is characterized by a wide panorama of local dialectal variation, ranging from Low German dialects in the north (e.g. Low Saxon, Westphalian, Pomeranian), through Central German dialects (e.g. Hessian, Thuringian, Silesian) to the High German dialects of the south (e.g. Bavarian, High Alemannic, Alsatian and Franconian) …

2011, George L. Campbell, Gareth King, The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages, 2nd ed. (1st ed. 1995), p. 238, inside the section German

A second important isogloss that separates Pomeranian from the other Low German variants, … These strong morphemes are absent in the North Sea Germanic area, as well as in Pomeranian.

2019, Gertjan Postma, A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian (Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 248), p. 6


Savoyard

The dialect spoken in Savoy (Savoie and Haute-Savoie in France, canton of Valais in Switzerland, and in the Italian region of Aosta).


slivovitz

slivovitz (countable and uncountable, plural slivovitzes)

From Serbo-Croatian šljȉvovica, шљи̏вовица (“slivovitz”), from šljȉva, шљи̏ва (“plum”) + -ica, -ица (suffix forming a feminine noun, often a diminutive). Šljȉva may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *sliwo-, the suffixed form of *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”), describing the colour of the fruit.

The spirit called Sirmischer Slivovitz is met with at Trieste. It is distilled from fermented plums, and is made in Sirmia near Belgrade. This kind of spirit is also in use at Vienna and Prague.

1820, W[illiam] A[rchibald] Cadell, chapter I, in A Journey in Carniola, Italy, and France, in the Years 1817, 1818, […] In Two Volumes, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. Cheapside, →OCLC, page 18:

Four fairs are held at Pest annually; and while they last, it is calculated that 20,000 strangers and 14,000 waggons pass the outer lines. 8000 large barges unload at the quay in the course of the year: the principal trade lies in wines, raw hides, honey, wax, and a vile spirit, called Slivovitz, made from plums.

1850, “Route 282. The Danube (F[rance]).—Presburg to Pest.”, in A Hand-book for Travellers in Southern Germany; […], 5th corrected and enlarged edition, London: John Murray, […] ; Paris: A[nthony] & W[illiam] Galignani & Co.; Stassin and Xavier; Leipzig: Longman, →OCLC, section XV (Hungary), page 420, column 1:

There is a great abundance of all the necessaries of life and even many of its luxuries, as game, fish, very good wine, tobacco, plum brandy (‘slivovitz’), an excellent spirit, and silk in considerable quantity.

1872 September, “D.”, “Servia”, in James Anthony Froude, editor, Fraser’s Magazine, volume VI, number XXXIII (New Series), London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 351, column 1:

"There is a flask of slivovitz (the plum brandy of the country) underneath the seat, if you should require it."

1897, Bram Stoker, Dracula, published 1899, page 11:

We went in the hotel bar, sat down and proceeded to order some Slivovitz. When I first tasted it I thought that it was nice, but it tasted so much like apple cider that I said to myself, "This stuff ain't so bad," and, before long, I had ordered many of these bad drinks.

1986, Buck Clayton, assisted by Nancy Miller Elliott, “Humphrey Lyttelton and My English Tours”, in Buck Clayton’s Jazz World, Basingstoke, Hampshire, London: The Macmillan Press, →ISBN, page 176:

[W]hen I reach the bridge and begin to run across it, I will pray that the sniper who killed old man Samir yesterday and little Lejla the day before, is looking the other way, or moving position as the snipers do, or warming his fingers round a mug of hot coffee, or glancing up and downing a slivovic.

1996, Gordon Stevens, chapter 1, in Kara’s Game, London: HarperCollins, →ISBN, page 31:

It is almost impossible to attend a meeting, visit someone at home, or even call upon the sisters at the monastery and not be offered slivovic. Morning, noon, or night … it doesn't matter. When my meeting with the pcelari ended, Mesam presented me with a gift. It was a bottle of slivovic.

2008, Frank E. Wismer III, “The Reverend Canon Andrew White”, in War in the Garden of Eden: A Military Chaplain’s Memoir from Baghdad, New York, N.Y.: Seabury Books, →ISBN, pages 33–34:

(countable, uncountable) A type of rakija made mostly in Eastern European countries from distilled, fermented plum juice.

Schligowitz

rakija made from distilled, fermented plum juice


Albanology

The study of Albanian language, culture and history.


Hartlepool

A town and seaport in County Durham, in northeastern England.


Cantabria

Possibly a Celtic name, such as Proto-Celtic *kantos (“rim, corner”) or *cant- (“rock”).

autonomous community
autonomous community

An autonomous community and province in northern Spain.


Phrygian

/ˈfɹɪ.d͡ʒɪ.ən/

From Latin Phrygiānus + English -an (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Phrygianus is derived from Phrygia + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’); and Phrygia is from Ancient Greek Φρῠγῐ́ᾱ (Phrugíā, “region in Anatolia”), from Φρῠ́ξ (Phrúx, “person from Phrygia”) (further etymology unknown, possibly from Phrygian or related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to ascend, rise up; to be elevated, up high”)) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns).

der

‘And so Psammetichus decided the Phrygians must have been the first race on earth, and Phrygian the first language.’

2022, R. F. Kuang, Babel, HarperVoyager, page 114:


Phrygian

/ˈfɹɪ.d͡ʒɪ.ən/


Provençal

en-noun

Provençal (plural Provençals or Provençaux)

/ˌpɹɒvɑːnˈsɑːl/

/ˌpɹɒvənˈsɑːl/

/ˌpɹɒvɒnˈsɑːl/

From Middle French provenceal, provençal, from Latin prōvinciālis.

The Normans were putting it about that the Provençals were experts at foraging, to the neglect of fighting. Their children had a refrain with which they taunted their southern French counterparts: ‘the Franks go to fight, the Provençals to food’.

2011, Conor Kostick, The Siege of Jerusalem: Crusade and Conquest in 1099, Bloomsbury, →ISBN:


taoiseach

taoiseach (plural taoiseachs or taoisigh)

The only leader of the 1916 Easter rebellion to escape hanging, [Éamon d]e Valera lost the civil war, then won elections that made him taoiseach (prime minister) for 19 years.

1954 May 31, “The Taoiseach Falls: De Valera Nears the End of Long Political Trail”, in Henry R[obinson] Luce, editor, Life, volume 36, number 22, Chicago, Ill., New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29, column 1:

Despite the attacks, 'the boss', as [Charles] Haughey was to become known, was elected taoiseach by 82 votes to 62. However, he was a taoiseach with strong opposition from within his own party.

2003, Dermot Keogh, “Ireland, 1972–84”, in J[acqueline] R. Hill, editor, A New History of Ireland, volumes VII (Ireland 1921–84), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 379:

For three centuries, the fabled Round Room in Dublin's Mansion House has been the site of some of Ireland's most important gatherings. British monarchs and Irish taoiseachs, a Catholic pope and a Protestant terrorist, all have walked its halls.

2010, David J. Lynch, “Money is Just Evidence”, in When the Luck of the Irish Ran Out: The World’s Most Resilient Country and Its Struggle to Rise Again, New York, N.Y., Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 175:

He [Charles Haughey] was determined to seize the initiative, to paint a picture of a taoiseach forging ahead with a bold new strategy in relation to Northern Ireland – a leader, driven by an inner crusade to transform the landscape of Anglo-Irish relations.

2016, Stephen Kelly, “The Haughey—Thatcher Relationship: The Anglo-Irish Summit Meeting, May 1980”, in ‘A Failed Political Entity’: Charles Haughey and the Northern Ireland Question 1945–1992, Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland: Merrion Press, →ISBN, page 149:

Everyone in the UK and Ireland should be afraid of a no-deal Brexit, the Irish taoiseach said, after he was accused of engaging in “Project Fear mark two”.

2019 August 1, Kevin Rawlinson, “Leo Varadkar: ‘We should all be afraid of a no-deal Brexit’”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-26:

Well, I was there from 1973 to 1993, working directly with five different taoisigh, at different times, of course, as secretary to the government, or Cabinet Secretary in Robert's terms—from Sunningdale to the Downing Street Declaration.

2020, John Coakley, Jennifer Todd, quoting Dermot Nally, “The Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985”, in Negotiating a Settlement in Northern Ireland, 1969–2019, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 173:

Alternative letter-case form of Taoiseach (“head of the government of Ireland”)


costal

From French costal, from Medieval Latin costālis, from Latin costa (“rib”). As a Spanish unit, via Spanish costal. Doublet of coastal.

(historical) Synonym of saco, a historical Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 111 L


thistle

From Middle English thistel, from Old English þistel, from Proto-West Germanic *þistil, from Proto-Germanic *þistilaz. *þīh- from *teyg-, which is a variant of Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to prick”); from this same Proto-Indo-European root comes English stick.
Cognates include Scots thrissel, German Distel, Dutch distel and Icelandic þistill.

der

This plant seen as the national emblem of Scotland.


fin de siècle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fin de siècle.wav

Borrowed from French fin-de-siècle (literally “end of the century”).

bor

From these conversations, most of which took place on the condition of anonymity to speak freely, a picture emerged in which America's closest allies are looking on with a kind of stunned incomprehension, unsure of what will happen, what it means, and what they should do, largely bound together with angst and a shared sense, as one influential adviser told me, that America and the West are approaching something of a fin de siècle.

2020 June 24, Tom McTague, “The Decline of the American World”, in The Atlantic:


Aromanian

/æɹəʊˈmeɪnɪən/

From Romanian aromân; itself from armân. Ultimately from Aromanian armãn.

An endangered Eastern Romance language spoken mainly in Greece, but also in Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and relatively intelligible with Romanian and Megleno-Romanian.


Blackpool

A hamlet in Brixton parish, South Hams district, Devon, England (OS grid ref SX5654).


Julian

A village in Nebraska; named for early French settler Julian Bahuaud.

San Diego County
San Diego County#English

A census-designated place in San Diego County, California; named for early settler Mike Julian.

A census-designated place in Pennsylvania.

A locale in the United States.
An unincorporated community in Kansas.

An unincorporated community in North Carolina.

An unincorporated community in West Virginia; named for early landowner Julian Hill.


Bradford

* Various place names in England, from Old English brād (“broad”) + ford (“ford”).
* (shaken martini)

Wabaunsee County
Wabaunsee County#English

A large number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Wabaunsee County, Kansas.

An unincorporated community in Bracken County, Kentucky.

Penobscot County
Penobscot County#English

A village in Darke County and Miami County, Ohio.

Clearfield County
Clearfield County#English

A township in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania.


quarta

From Portuguese quarta, from Latin quartus (“fourth”), q.v., in reference to the units making up one-fourth of the alqueire (“Portuguese bushel”) or arrantel (“Portuguese pound”). Doublet of quart, quater, and cuaderon.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of dry measure, equal to 3.2–4.8 L in different 19th-century contexts.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of mass, usually equivalent to 115 g.


Established in the United Kingdom as the first emergency service number in the world, initially chosen because of its suitability at a time of rotary-dial telephones.

I don't know why they couldn't just keep it as it was! How hard is it to remember 911?
You mean 999...
I mean 999!
That's the American one!
Yeah!

2006 Feb. 3, Graham Linehan, The IT Crowd, Season 1, Episode 2

When you call 999 in the UK, the operator usually answers the phone with "Emergency. Which service?"

The telephone number for emergency services in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Burma, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Sudan, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Dominica, Kiribati, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, and the Seychelles.

三条九 (saam¹ tiu⁴ gau², literally “triple nine”)

The telephone number for ambulance services in Poland.


Minorcan

The variety of Balearic Catalan native to Minorca.


IDF

Iceland Defense Force
w:Iceland Defense Force

(military) Initialism of Iceland Defense Force.

Irish Defence Forces
w:Irish Defence Forces

(military) Initialism of Irish Defence Forces.


Turkism

en-noun

Turkism (countable and uncountable, plural Turkisms)

From Turk + -ism. Compare earlier Turcism.

(linguistics) A Turkish word, or a Turkish-derived word, used in a language not related to Turkish.


cataphile

PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from French cataphile, a blend of catacombe (“catacomb”) + -phile (suffix denoting one who loves a thing).

blend

At a time when being "in" has meant staying in at night, the city's catacombs, the Gallo-Roman-vintage quarries from which Paris was built, have managed to lure le tout Paris, now known as cataphiles, troglos, and nouvelles taupes ("moles")—and la salle Z, fifteen chambers in the 250 kilometers of vaulted tunnels, has become the endroit of the moment. A stroll from la salle Z brings the cataphiles, by clearly marked street signs, to the underground bunker used by the Germans during the Occupation, or to the underground crystalline fountain of Sainte Marie for a midnight splash, or to the outlying ossuaries where flea-market dealers get the skulls they sell for 300 francs.

[1984 April 23, Christina de Liagre, “Fast Track: The French Underground”, in New York, New York, N.Y.: New York Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32, columns 1–3:

Philip, who uses only his first name, said: "This world is divided into two races, the tourists and the cataphiles. The tourists are a hated race. … You have to do everything to chase them out." […] "There have always been cataphiles, but perhaps in the past they were more respectful," [Michel] Laroche said. "It is not a sacred place, but it is our patrimony."

1988 October 28, Elaine Ganley, “Cataphiles haunt city of darkness under Parisian streets”, in Jim Butler, editor, Alexandria Daily Town Talk (Section C (Living)), volume 105, number 226, Alexandria; Pineville, La.: McCormick and Company, →OCLC, page C-3, columns 3–5:

[T]he mystery and mystique of its narrow passages and vast caves has proved too enticing. Cataphiles young and old dig new holes and cut through the locks at night to roam around and hold parties and raves. […] Cataphiles share a few well-guarded secrets. Most confidential of all is which entrances they use to get into "the labyrinth".

1995 April 25, Mark Franchetti, “Tales of the city: Paris: Terror by torchlight: Rotting catacombs are a playground for French youth”, in Ian Hargreaves, editor, The Independent, number 2,657, London: Independent News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18, column 5:

DEEP beneath the streets of Paris, police are playing a game of cat and mouse with a band of explorers who have turned the city's underground tunnels and chambers into their personal playground. The so-called cataphiles, equipped with waders, torches and rucksacks, drop in through manholes to explore disused medieval quarries and catacombs, spray graffiti and throw parties. […] Skilled cataphiles elude police by ducking into corridors or moving in the dark.

2004 October 6, Joelle Diderich, “Police play cat and mouse with new French underground”, in The Scotsman, Edinburgh: The Scotsman Publications, JPIMedia Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2004-10-15:

Notre Dame de dessous la terre [artwork by Damien Jacob, text by Jean-Pierre Pécau, 2001]: […] The artist is a former cataphile, and the series is replete with subterranean history and folklore.

2005, David L. Pike, “The Modern Necropolis”, in Subterranean Cities: The World Beneath Paris and London, 1800-1945, Ithaca, N.Y.; London: Cornell University Press, →ISBN, caption of figure 2.24, page 177:

Unlike a cataphile, being that far below the surface felt extremely unnatural. If there were an emergency or if I really panicked and decided that I wanted out, how in the world would I get back up? There was no quick way out.

2007, Valerie Broadwell, “The Cataphiles”, in City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 4:

A type of urban explorer who visits the ancient catacombs and quarries linked by tunnels beneath Paris, France.


Madrilenian

Of or pertaining to Madrid, Spain, or to its inhabitants.


florin

From Middle English florin, floren, from Old French florin, from Italian fiorino (“little flower”). Doublet of fiorino.

A guilder (pre-Euro currency unit of the Netherlands).

The currency of Aruba, divided into 100 cents, symbol ƒ.

[I]n 1646, during the phenomenon known as "Tulipomania", a tulip like the red and white 'Admirael van der Eijck', or the purple-splashed 'Generalen van Gouda' would sell for more than 1,000 Dutch florins, at a time when the average annual income of a skilled worker was about 300 florins.

2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

A pre-decimal British coin, worth two shillings or ten new pence.

A pre-decimal Australian, and New Zealand, coin, worth 24 pence or a tenth of a pound.


Georgie

From Middle English Georgie (“Georgia”), from Middle French Georgie, from Medieval Latin Geōrgia.

THe realme of Georgie toward thorient hath agret mountayn / which is named Abbers & is inhabited with many diuers nations of peple. And for that cause it is named the countrey Alayne.

c. 1520, Hayton of Corycus, “The land of Aſye”, in Rycharde Pynſon, transl., La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient [A lytell cronycle], Rycharde Pynſon:

And after he addreſſed an armie againſt the Soldan of Egipt & the Sarazins of the which his purpose Caſſan aduertiſed the kings of Armenia & Georgie, who with their armies came & ioyned with him at Baudras, and from thence marched to the towne of Hames.

1600, Uberto Foglietta, translated by Robert Carr, The Mahumetane or Turkiſh Hiſtorie […] , London: Thomas Eſte, page 22:

In that Citie (of Vaxnan) Frier Bernard Cathalane, of the Order of the Preaching Friers found me; who abode in Georgie, with a certaine Prior of the Sepulcher, who poſſeſſeth great lands there. And he had learned ſomewhat of the Tartars language.

1625, [Samuel] Purchas, “The Iournall of Frier William De Rubruquis […]”, in Purchas His Pilgrimes. […], 3rd part, London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, 1st book, page 50:

(obsolete) Georgia (a medieval country in the South Caucasus, approximately coextensive with modern Georgia)


cromlech

From Welsh, from crom (“bowed, arched”, feminine of crwm) + llech (“flat stone”).
First element is a Germanic borrowing (compare Irish crom (“bent over”)) from Proto-Germanic *krumpaz; second element is from Proto-Celtic *ɸlikkā, compare German Fläche (“flat surface”).

The scenes depicted on the emunctory field, showing our ancient duns and raths and cromlechs and grianauns and seats of learning and maledictive stones, are as wonderfully beautiful and the pigments as delicate as when the Sligo illuminators gave free rein to their artistic fantasy long long ago in the time of the Barmecides.

A dolmen or ancient underground tomb in Wales, usually made with stones disposed in a circular shape.


Gloucester

Domesday Book
Gloucester
Gloucester (disambiguation)

Inherited from Middle English Glowchestre, from Old English Glēawċeaster, Glēaweċeaster, Glēawan ċeaster, from Latin Glēvum + Old English ċeaster. Recorded in the Domesday Book as Glowecestre.


Kosovo

Shortened form of Serbo-Croatian Косово поље (“blackbirds’ field”), from косово (kosovo), possessive form of кос (kos, “blackbird”), and поље (polje, “field”).

bor

Yugoslavia’s President, Slobodan Milosevic, has rejected all efforts at meaningful diplomacy and, in violation of his own previous commitments, has ratcheted up his military campaign against the innocent civilians of Kosovo.

1999 March 25, “Air Campaign Against Yugoslavia”, in The New York Times, New York:

After Milosevic’s overthrow in October 2000, international pressure on the new authorities in Belgrade to extradict Milosevic for alleged war crimes committed during the Kosovo conflict was intense.

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Republic of Kosovo
Republic of Kosovo#English

A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Kosovo. Capital and largest city: Pristina. Considered by the Republic of Serbia to be one of its two autonomous provinces.

Kosov@

uncommon; blends the Slavic and Albanian spellings


Kosovo and Metohia

From Serbo-Croatian Косово и Метохија (Kosovo i Metohija, “Kosovo and Metohija”), the official Serbian term for the self-declared independent republic of Kosovo, which the government of Serbia does not recognize, but regards as part of Serbia.

Косово и Метохија

An autonomous province of Serbia; a term used of Kosovo by those who do not recognize the Republic of Kosovo.

International recognition of Kosovo
Kosovo and Metohia


Chichester

/ˈt͡ʃɪt͡ʃɪstə/

Chichester
Chichester (disambiguation)
Cissa of Sussex

Reputedly from Old English Cissa + ceaster (“fort, manor, town”).

A local government district in western West Sussex that has its headquarters in the city.

A small area in South Shields, Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England (OS grid ref NZ3665).

Merrimack County
Merrimack County#English

A town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States.

A hamlet in the town of Shandaken, Ulster County, New York, United States.

A region in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States, see "Derived terms" below.


guilder

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gilder.wav

[N]one ſhall be choſen to be a Commiſſioner in the Court at Amſterdam, vnleſſe he put ſix thouſand gilders ſtocke of his owne in the ſaid Companie; [...]

1621, Orders and Articles Granted by the High and Mightie Lords the States General of the Vnited Provinces, Concerning the Erecting of a VVest Indian Companie: Together with the Priuiledges and Rights Giuen vnto the Same, [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, clause 13:

On the Spuy is a good Dutch Inn, called the Hoff van Utrecht. The Price is a Gilder a Day, or a Shilling for the Dinner only.

1743, [Henry Lawson], “The Manner in which Strangers Live at the Hague”, in A Description of Holland: Or, The Present State of the United Provinces. […], London: Printed for J. and P. Knapton, […], →OCLC, page 208:

The former currency unit in the Netherlands, divided into 100 cents.

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antilles

The current currency unit in the islands in the former Netherlands Antilles, divided into 100 cents.


Exeter

From Old English Ex (“the river Exe”) + ċeaster (“town”), 'the Roman city of Isca'.

A number of places in the United States:

A township in Berks County, Pennsylvania.


Portsmouth

Portuguese: Portsmouth

From Middle English Portesmuða, from Old English Portesmuða.

When ready for sea we went up to Greenhithe, that their lordships might inspect us, and then to Portsmouth, to take troops to Cork, a pleasant trip; […]

1892, Sir George Giffard, Reminiscences of a Naval Officer, page 45:

A city and unitary authority in Hampshire, in southern England

A city, the county seat of Scioto County, Ohio.

[…] not exceeding six Persons for Newport foure Persons for each of the respective Townes of Providence Portsmouth and Warwicke and two Persons for each other Place Towne or Citty […]

1663, John Clarke, Charles II of England (signatory), Rhode Island Royal Charter, archived from the original on 2022-07-10, second of three blocks of text, lines 5–6:


Gulf of Riga

The inland body of water that is part of the Baltic Sea in eastern Europe and is near Latvia and Estonia.

ਰੀਗਾ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ

rīgā dī khāṛī


Southampton

A barony in the peerage of Great Britain

Burlington County
Burlington County#English

A township in Burlington County, New Jersey.

Upper Southampton
Upper Southampton#English

An unincorporated community in Upper Southampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.


philhellene

From Ancient Greek φιλέλλην (philéllēn), corresponding to phil- + Hellene.


Hellene

From Ἕλληνες (Héllēnes, “Greeks”), most probably a derivation of Ἑλλοί (Helloí) or Σελλοί (Selloí), the Greek inhabitants of the area around the sanctuary of Dodona (Δωδώνη (Dōdṓnē)). In Greek mythology Ἕλλην (Héllēn), whom the Ἕλληνες (Héllēnes, “Greeks”) were named after, was the son of Δευκαλίων (Deukalíōn) and Πύρρα (Púrrha).


MIP

Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure
w:Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure

(statistics, European Union) Initialism of Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure.


Tour de France

/ˌtʊə də ˈfɹɑːns/

/ˌtʊə də ˈfɹɒns/

/ˌtʊɹ də ˈfɹæns/

/ˌtʊɹ də ˈfɹɑns/

Borrowed from French Tour de France (literally “Tour of France”).

Sharing my predicament over a breakfast last week, he told me he commutes to his office every day by bike. Yet he was dressed in a smart black suit. His secret, he said, is black denim jeans with a 2 per cent elastane stretch — a great alternative for cyclists who don’t want to go full Tour de France.

2017 November 16, Jo Ellison, “Help: the gym has turned us into slobs”, in Financial Times:

(cycle racing) An annual long-distance cycling race through France and other European countries.

ٹور ڈی فرانس

ṭūr ḍī Frāns


Triestino

en-noun

Triestino (plural Triestinos or Triestini)

A native or inhabitant of Trieste in Italy.


Triestino

A form of the Venetan language used in Trieste, Italy.


Irish Sea

St George's Channel
St George's Channel#English

A sea in British Isles, Europe, in the Atlantic. A sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland; bordered to the north by the North Channel and to the south by St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea.

Ierse See

a sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland


Gallic

en-adj

Gallic (comparative more Gallic, superlative most Gallic)

more Gallic (comparative)
most Gallic (superlative)

From Latin Gallicus (“of or related to Gaul”), from Gallia (“Gaul”) + -icus (“-ic: forming adj.”), used archaically in New Latin and English in reference to modern France.

bor

Synonym of French, of or related to modern France or the French.


Gulf of Finland

An arm of the Baltic Sea that separates the European countries of Estonia and Finland. On its eastern end, the Neva at the Russian city of St. Petersburg empties into it.


Doitsu

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Doitsu.wav

From Japanese ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) with influence from the anime Hetalia: Axis Powers; ultimately from Dutch Duits. Doublet of Dutch and Deutsch.

emTeX is from Eberhard Mattes, I believe a PhD student in Stuttgart, Doitsu.

1992 October 5, Eugene N. Miya, “[l/m 6/5/91] Soc.culture.japan references”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet):

i'm from doitsu!

2003 March 27, FuNG [username], “icq people from japan?”, in japan.app.icq (Usenet):

How are things in Doitsu?

2008 June 18, mozark [username], “Re: My Whining 2008 Scorecard”, in alt.sports.basketball.nba.la-lakers (Usenet):

List of Hetalia: Axis Powers characters#Germany


fondaco

From Italian fondaco (“trading factory, warehouse, trading post”), from Arabic فُنْدُق (funduq, “inn, hotel; manor”) under influence from Medieval Latin fundicus (“warehouse, trading factory, trading post”), from Ancient Greek πανδοκεῖον (pandokeîon), from πᾰν- (pan-, “all, every”) + the combining form of δέχεσθαι (dékhesthai, “to receive”) + -εῖον (-eîon, “-ium: forming building names”). Doublet of fonda and fonduk.

der

(historical) An inn or hotel in medieval or early modern Italy or its colonies, particularly at the residence of an established merchant.


Slovenian

Slovene (from German, from Slovene) + -ian.

Of or pertaining to Slovenia, the Slovenian people or the Slovenian language.


Slovenian

en-noun

Slovenian (countable and uncountable, plural Slovenians)

(uncountable) The official language of Slovenia.

Mom had called Cory, who contacted Vlado, who brought a crew of Slovenians over to help.

2021, Ruth Ozeki, The Book of Form and Emptiness, Canongate Books (2022), page 535:


Sabellian

From Latin Sabellus + -ian, pertaining to the Sabelli, an Italic tribe, from Proto-Italic *saβn-, from an uncertain Proto-Indo-European root, possibly *sabʰ-o-, *sₑbʰ-o- (“one's own”), from *swé (“self”).

A certain language once spoken in Umbria, Italy.


Pict

From Latin Pictus, probably rendering a Pictish autonym; see the Latin entry for details. Compare Old English Peohtas, which appears to show the effects of Grimm's law.

A member of an ancient people of northern and central Scotland.


St Helens

A village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight in England (OS grid ref SZ6289).


Scottish English

A variety of the English language that is spoken mostly in Scotland.


Tyrolese

(chiefly in the plural) A native or inhabitant of Tyrol.


Yorkie

It is getting as much air in your batter as possible that will make your Yorkies rise!


campanile

campanile (plural campaniles or campanili)

Borrowed from Italian campanile (“bell tower, belfry”), from campana (“bell”) + -ile (suffix forming nouns indicating locations that host animals or objects). Campana is derived from Late Latin and Medieval Latin campāna (“large bell used in late classical or medieval church towers or steeples; tower for such a bell, belfry, campanile”), and then either:
* traditionally regarded to be from Latin Campāna (“region of Campania, Italy”) (because bells were supposedly introduced in Christian services in Nola, a diocese of Campania, by Saint Paulinus (c. 354 – 431), though the story has been discredited), from Campānus (“relating to the region of Campania, Italy, or its inhabitants, Campanian”), from campus (“field, plain”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”)) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives, which are sometimes used as nouns); or
* from Ancient Greek καπάνη (kapánē, “felt helmet”) (apparently because of the similarity in shape).
The plural form campanili is derived from Italian campanili.

der

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a campanile.

There was no doubt as to the direction, with the campanile of the duomo as a beacon. For a quarter of a mile the road is straight and narrow; then it broadens into an open space and Castel Franco appears.

1914, E[dward] V[errall] Lucas, “Giorgione”, in A Wanderer in Venice, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. […], →OCLC, pages 294–295:

A bell tower (especially one that is freestanding), often associated with a church or other public building, especially in Italy.

камбанария

bell tower, especially in Italy — see also bell tower


Clare

The anglicized spelling of Irish Clár, from Old Irish clár (“plank, board”), from Proto-Celtic *klāros, *klārom (“table”).


Tyrol

Maybe ultimately from Celtic *tir (“land”), from Proto-Celtic *tīros from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”), i.e. "dry land".

A region (state) in western Austria, with its capital in Innsbruck.

A region in central Europe that includes the Austrian state of the same name and the Italian regions of South Tyrol and Trentino.


shamrock

→ Japanese: シャムロック

→ Korean: 섐록 (syaemnok)

From Irish seamróg, from Old Irish semróc, diminutive of semar, semair (“clover”), from Proto-Celtic *semarā, *semaris (compare Gaulish uisumaris (“clover”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *semh₁r-, *smeh₁r-. Related to Old Norse smári (“clover”) and possibly Georgian სამყურა (samq̇ura, “clover”).

She wore a shamrock in honor of her Irish ancestry.

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens#Translingual

The trefoil leaf of any small clover, especially Trifolium repens, or such a leaf from a clover-like plant, commonly used as a symbol of Ireland.


Dalmatian

en-adj

Dalmatian (comparative more Dalmatian, superlative most Dalmatian)

more Dalmatian (comparative)
most Dalmatian (superlative)


Dalmatian

(demonym) A native or inhabitant of Dalmatia.


Dalmatian

An extinct Romance language that was once spoken in Dalmatia.

(historical) Serbo-Croatian in general, as spoken in Dalmatia.


Karelia

From Medieval Latin Carelia (akin to Russian Каре́лия (Karélija)), a Latinized form of Swedish Karelen. The Swedish word was probably mediated through Old Novgorodian Корѣла (Korěla), itself from the Finnic endonym (compare Finnish Karjala, which see for more).

A region to the north of Saint Petersburg in Russia and Finland.


Athenian

Here the satire is directed against the passion of the Athenians for the excitement of the law-courts[…]

1872, William Lucas Collins, chapter V, in Aristophanes, page 101:

An inhabitant, resident, or citizen of Athens, Greece.

atenès

an inhabitant, resident, or citizen of Athens, Greece


Athenian

Of or related to Athens, particularly (historical) ancient Athens, its empire, and its people.


Ossetia

Borrowed from Russian Осе́тия (Osétija), from Georgian ოსეთი (oseti), from ოსი (osi, “Ossetian (person)”).

North Ossetia-Alania
North Ossetia-Alania

An ethnolinguistic region on the border of Europe and Asia, located on both sides of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, largely inhabited by the Ossetians. The northern part of the region forms North Ossetia-Alania federal subject of Russia. The southern part is South Ossetia.


convertible mark

en-noun

convertible mark (plural convertible marks)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

The official currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BAM.


braza

From Spanish braza (“Spanish brace”), from Old Spanish braça, from Latin brachia, variant of bracchium (“arm, cubit”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “upper arm”).

der

(historical) Synonym of estado, a traditional Spanish unit of length equivalent to about 1.67 m.


mickey

* (potato): From the common Irish name; compare murphy (“a potato”).
* (computer mouse resolution): An allusion to the cartoon character Mickey Mouse.

(Australia, informal) A well-known honeyeater, the Noisy Miner, Manorina melanocephala, of eastern Australia.


sultan

en-noun

sultan (countable and uncountable, plural sultans or (rare, only in certain senses) salateen)

→ Chinese: 蘇丹／苏丹 (sūdān)

From French sultan, from Ottoman Turkish سلطان (sultan), from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān, “strength, authority, ruler”). (compare Hebrew שִׁלְטוֹן (shiltón) and Hebrew סוּלְטָן (sultán)). Doublet of soldan.

der

A breed of chicken originating in Turkey, kept primarily in gardens for ornamental reasons. See: sultan (chicken)


Titus

Borrowed from Latin Titus, a Roman and Sabine praenomen meaning either "honorable" or "strong; of the giants".

The seventeenth book of the New Testament of the Bible, the epistle to Titus.

Titus Caesar Vespasianus, a Roman Emperor who succeeded Vespasian and preceded Domitian.


Central Greece

A traditional geographic region of Greece.


Karst

A mountainous region in northeastern Italy and southwestern Slovenia.

喀斯特

mountainous region in Italy and Slovenia


rupia

(historical) The former currencies of Italian Somaliland and Portuguese India.


Bolton

From Middle English Bodeltone (in the Domesday Book) etc., ultimately from Old English bolt, bold, botl, etc. (“home, hall, manor”) + -tun (“-ton: enclosure, town”).

A town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States

Chittenden County
Chittenden County#English


Horologium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Horologium.wav

Christian Huygens
Horologium (constellation)
Horologium Oscillitorium
Nicolas Louis de Lacaille
Solarium Augusti
Tower of the Winds

See horologium. As a location in Rome, a clipping of Latin Hōrologium Augustī (“Sundial of Augustus”). As a constellation, a clipping of Latin Hōrologium Oscillitorium (“Pendulum Clock”), coined in 1763 by the French astronomer De Lacaille to honor the Dutch astronomer and mathematician Christian Huygens, who had written a major work by that name.

bor

Tower of the Winds
Tower of the Winds#English

(historical) Synonym of Tower of the Winds, a monument in ancient Athens that included a clepsydra and multiple prominent sundials.

Tower of the Winds

(historical) Synonym of Solarium, a monument in ancient Rome whose obelisk was once believed to have acted as a sundial gnomon.


sterling

en-noun

sterling (countable and uncountable, plural sterlings)

From Middle English sterling, sterlinge, sterlynge, starling, of uncertain origin. Possibly from sterling (“starling”) (the bird), which at one time was stamped in quarters on the coin; or perhaps from Middle English sterre (“star”) + -ling (as in shilling), as some Norman coins presumably featured stars on them.
For the UK currency gloss, the term is a contraction of esterling, referring to eastern merchants from Baltic towns who established a bullion weight standard for transactions. (Taylor and Palmer, 1968)

“… among the objects stolen was the famous parure of Black Diamonds, for which a bid of half a million sterling had just been made and accepted.[…]”

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “Who Stole the Black Diamonds ?”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

The currency of the United Kingdom; especially the pound.

جنيَه إِسْتِرْلِينِيّ

the currency of the United Kingdom; especially the pound


Cardiff

From Middle Welsh Caerdyf, equivalent to Welsh caer (“fort”) + Taf (“(River) Taff”) = fortified city on the River Taff. Compare Welsh Caerdydd.

A city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales.


Leodensian

From Latin Loidensis (of or from Leeds).


Jubilee

See jubilee. The proper noun sense (“London Underground line”) was named after the silver jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (born 1926) in 1977.

(rail transport) A London Underground line which runs between Stratford in East London and Stanmore in northwest London, via the London Docklands, South Bank, and West End.


commissar

/ˈkɑ.məˌsɑɹ/

From Russian комисса́р (komissár), from German Kommissar (“commissioner”), from Latin commissarius, from commissus, past participle of committō (“to commit, entrust to”). Doublet of commissary.

(historical, Soviet Union) In the early Soviet Union, the head of a commissariat.

каміса́р

(Soviet Union) the head of a commissariat


Francomania

From Franco- (“of the French”) + -mania (“obsession”).

confix

An obsession with the French culture, language, or people.


eventual

/ɪˈvɛnt͡ʃəl/

From event + -ual; compare French éventuel. The third sense is influenced by any of several European languages, including German eventuell, French éventuel, Italian eventuale, Spanish eventual, Swedish eventuell.

They both opposed an eventual imposition of anti-dumping measures as they considered that it could lead to a cessation of imports of the product concerned from the PRC79.

(proscribed, non-native speakers' English or European Union) Possible, potential.


shoneen

Borrowed from Irish Seoinín (“Johnny”), from Seán (“John, John Bull”) + -ín (diminutive suffix).

Good Father John O'Hart
In penal days rode out
To a shoneen who had free lands
And his own snipe and trout.

1889, W B Yeats, The Ballad of Father O'Hart:

So then the citizens begin talking about the Irish language and the corporation meeting and all to that and the shoneens that can’t speak their own language

(Ireland, derogatory, ethnic slur) An Irish person considered excessively Anglophile, an Irish person who acts English or desires to be part of English society.


rei

Incorrect back-formation of Portuguese plural réis. The correct singular is real.

(nonstandard or obsolete) A Portuguese real


cordel

From Spanish cordel (“surveying rope, 50 varas”), from Catalan cordell (“cord, string”), from Vulgar Latin *cordellus (“little rope”), from Latin chorda (“rope, cord”) + -ellus (“-elle: forming diminutives”). Equivalent to cord + -el.

bor

(historical) Spanish chain, a traditional Spanish and Mexican unit of distance equivalent to about 41.9 m.


arroba

From Spanish and Portuguese arroba, from Old Spanish arroua and Old Galician-Portuguese arrova, from Andalusian Arabic and Arabic اَلرُّبْع (ar-rubʕ, “one-fourth”) in reference to its making up one fourth of a quintal.

der

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of mass, usually equivalent to 14.7 kilograms.

arroba

traditional Spanish and Portuguese unit of mass


tovarich

/tɒˈvɑːɹɪt͡ʃ/

Blade gulped and said as steadily as possible, “I'm looking for work, tovarich.”
The sneer increased, exposing more of the yellow upper teeth, as the leathery face moved forward to intimidate, “I'm not your tovarich, maggot!”

1999, Don W. Shields, David Nickeson, Just a Matter of Times: Adventures of David Blade, page 173:

So when he got his hands on that cocaine, he decided to play a little game with the tovarich fellow.

2005, Arturo Perez-Reverte, Queen of the South, page 212:

What possible reason would anyone have for sabotaging your parachute, tovarich?

2007, David Michaels, Daniel Brenton, Red Moon, page 251:

It's our own Russian tovarich, Dimitri, an authority on woodland and shrubs.

2011, Gordon John Harrison, But That's Absurd: A Tall Story Without That Most Common Fifth Sign of Our ABC, page 70:


tovarishch

/tɒˈvɑːɹɪʃt͡ʃ/

The people were surprised that the old Moshka had business with tovarishch Commissar.

1963, Jews and the Jewish People, page 69:

Yes, a watch, and this tovarishch has given it to me.

1963, Jacob Klein-Haparash, He Who Flees the Lion, page 84:

["]As for Spain, do you honestly think" (she was addressing Reg) "that there's a desire on the part of Tovarishch Stalin to save Catalonian anarchism and syndicalism and liberal socialism? I shouldn’t be surprised if Moscow gold is helping to finance Franco."

1989, Anthony Burgess, “Dau”, in Any Old Iron, London: Hutchinson, →ISBN; republished New York, N.Y.: Washington Square Press, Pocket Books, 1990, →ISBN, page 82:

“I will remember, tovarishch,” I answered uncertainly, not knowing how I should address him.

2004, Wesley Adamczyk, When God Looked the Other Way, page 45:

There's no other way, tovarishch, no other way!

2010, Patrik Ouředník, translated by Alex Zucker, Case Closed, page 131:


tablinum

(b) There was also a Pluteus (which we call Tablinum) a Place or Study, where the Pictures of their Ancestors, and their glorious Atchievements, were drawn or pourtray'd: On the other Side was the Kitchin, from whence they came into a Porch built about the Hall, or Cavedium, which, because `twas four-square, it was therefore surrounded with four Porticos, which may properly be called Walks or Piazzas.

1715, “Section II, Of Private Buildings”, in The history of many memorable things lost, which were in use among the ancients and an account of many excellent things found, now in use among the moderns ... written originally in Latin ... and now done into English ... with several additions (etc.), volume 1, London: John Nicholson, translation of original by Guido Pancirollus, page 72:

To my surprise I was shown not into the bedchamber but into the tablinum, where my imperial lover was half hidden by a mountain of paperwork.

2010, Kate Quinn, chapter 17, in Mistress of Rome, London: Headline Review, →ISBN, page 244:

(historical) An anteroom in a house of ancient Rome, opening out of the atrium opposite the main entry and often containing the family statues and archives.


Galicia

From Medieval Latin Gallicia, from Classical Latin Gallaecia, from Gallaecī (“a Celtic tribe in the region”).

There is sometimes a further subdivision of the Old Portuguese period into a Galician-Portuguese period (origins to 1350), during which the linguistic and cultural unity of Galicia and Portugal remained strong, and the Old Portuguese period proper (1350–1540).

2000, Glanville Price, Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe, reimpression, illustrated edition, Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 367:

A former Iberian kingdom, now an autonomous region of Spain.


Galicia

From Medieval Latin Gallicia or Gallitia, from Old East Slavic Галичь (Galičĭ, “Halych, a city in present-day Ukraine”), ultimate origin uncertain.

The czar had declared the "liberation" of the Ukrainian minorities inhabiting the eastern portion of the Austrian imperial province of Galicia, the Austrian portion of partitioned Poland, to be one of Russia's objectives.

1996, Lonnie R. Johnson, chapter 9, in Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, page 175:

A historical kingdom in Central Europe, now divided between Poland and Ukraine.


tovarish

Borrowed from Russian това́рищ (továrišč).

bor+

Instead of addressing them according to revolutionary etiquette as Tovarish (comrade), he asked them their Christian names and that of their fathers, while telling them his own.

1919 December 6, The Times, p.10 col. C:

Touching one of them on the shoulder, she said, “Tovarish, these tovarishes want to know who you are.”

1938, Margaret Sanger, Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography:

Jensen laughed, “My wife complains: ‘All day long they ring our door bell. Tovarish here, tovarish there. They come from Moscow, from Leningrad, from Berlin and Hamburg. They don't speak one word of Danish. Comrade Jensen, they say, fix us up with Danish passports.’ So it goes.″

1940, Jan Valtin, Out of the Night, Kessinger Publishing Company, published 2005, page 436:

His Russian was derived from a fortnight's crash course. "You'd better see what this ah tovarish thinks he wants."

1989, Anthony Burgess, “Pedwar”, in Any Old Iron, London: Hutchinson, →ISBN; republished New York, N.Y.: Washington Square Press, Pocket Books, 1990, →ISBN, page 173:

The tovarishes bring along their harmonicas and balalaikas, their good voices and their good humor.

1999, Livia Bitton-Jackson, I Have Lived a Thousand Years: Growing Up in the Holocaust, Simon Pulse, →ISBN:

Comrade, especially with reference to the former USSR.

تَاوَارِيش

comrade, especially with reference to the former USSR — see also comrade


Madame Tussaud's

After Marie Tussaud (1761-1850), known for sculpting human figures in wax.

The vestibule or entrance hall is a Madame Tussaud's on a small scale, containing the trial of Christ, the Siamese-twins, St. Paul incarcerated

1851, John Delaware Lewis, Across the Atlantic, page 26:

The amateur tenor, whose vocal villainies / All desire to shirk, / Shall during off-hours, / Exhibit his powers / To Madame Tussaud's waxwork.

.... the other consisted of a Madame Tussaud's galaxy of lay figures, with straw-colored hair and waxy, pink- and-white cheeks.

1896, Halliwell Sutcliffe, The Eleventh Commandment, page 73:

A gallery of realistic figures of famous persons.


nymphaeum

en-noun

nymphaeum (plural nymphaeums or nymphaea)

The root word is Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē), which anciently, from prehistory, could mean “bride” or a special type of “goddess”: of mountains, trees, springs or meadows. Its appearance in Latin nymph- is a Hellenization, although Latin had its own derivatives from the Indo-European: nūpta (“bride”), nurus (“daughter-in-law”). In Classical Greek, an -ai- form referred to the goddess, becoming Latin -ae-, while an -ei- form referred to the bride, becoming Latin -ē-, but the Greek-speaking Romans, such as Pliny the Elder, confused the two. Thus Latin nymphaeum is from Greek nymphaion but Latin nymphēum is from νυμφεῖον (numpheîon), although they could be understood to have the same meaning.

(Ancient Greece, Roman Empire) An ancient Greek or Roman shrine consecrated to water nymphs, often with a fountain.


Lancaster

From Middle English Lancaster, Loncastre, the name of the Roman fort on the River Lune, from Lune + the Old English suffix ceaster (“town”), found in many placenames.

A royal duchy, historically in Lancashire but now comprising an expansive real estate portfolio, held by the monarch of the United Kingdom.

Several places in the United States:
A locality in Yavapai County, Arizona.

A tiny city in Kittson County, Minnesota.


Hellenism

Hellenism (countable and uncountable, plural Hellenisms)

Either via French hellénisme or Latin Hellēnismus or directly from Ancient Greek Ἑλληνισμός (Hellēnismós, “imitation of the Greeks”), from Ἕλλην (Héllēn, “a Greek”).

helénismus

characteristics of ancient Greek culture

hel·lenisme

culture and civilization of the Hellenistic period

The modern-day revival of the polytheistic religious system of Ancient Greece.


tenge

The basic monetary unit of Kazakhstan; subdivided into tiyin.


CFP franc

The currency of French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna.


perper

The coinage consists of copper pieces of 1 (jedna) para or heller and 2 (dwe) paras; nickel pieces of 10 (desset) and 20 (dwadesset) paras; silver pieces of 1 (jedan) perper or krone and 5 (pet) perpera; and gold pieces of 10, 20, and 100 perpera.

1911, Austria-Hungary: With Excursions to Cetinje, Belgrade, and Bucharest: Handbook for Travellers, page 412:

New coins as follows—[…]Montenegro, King Nicholas, one and two perpera.

F. Wieser informs further, that Montenegro issued paper money (currency notes) in 1912 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 perpera for an amount of two million perpera. The second issue was of July 1914 in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 perpera, and again in July 1914 and December 1915 new currency notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 perpera. During the war the value of the paper perper was fixed at 50 Austrian hellers.

1967, A Survey of Numismatic Research 1960-1965, page 65:

A former currency of Montenegro between 1906 and 1918, divided into 100 para.


Swiss franc

The currency of Switzerland, divided into 100 centimes, currency code CHF.


halier

Borrowed from Slovak halier. Doublet of heller.

(historical) The former coin of Slovakia, 100 haliers equal a koruna.


stotinka

From Bulgarian стоти́нка (stotínka, “hundredth”).

bor

A unit of currency in Bulgaria, worth one hundredth of a lev.


fillér

A subdenomination of the forint, 100 fillér = 1 forint; only used in calculations since 2000 due to the inflation.


antoninianus

en-noun

antoninianus (plural antoniniani or antoninianuses)

antoniniani (plural)
antoninianuses (plural)

From Late Latin Antōnīniānus (“pertaining to Antoninus”). Speculatively named in modern times after an Antoninus mentioned in the Augustan History, after whom some silver coins were said to be named. However, it is not known what this coin was called in antiquity.

bor

From the 5th year on, Iuppiter conservator coins are continuously produced actually on antoninianuses;

The coins were base silver antoninianuses of Decius, coins that had not been in circulation for more than 200 years.[…]The gold are extremely rare, but choice specimens of the debased silver antoninianuses can be purchased for less than $100 each.

1980 July 27, Edward C. Rochette, “Coin Roundup…”, in The Indianapolis Star, section 5, page 4:

Whether you enjoy coins for their beauty, history, romance, or antiquity, these ancient Roman antoninianuses are sure to please.

1985 January, “Treasures of the Roman Empire”, in Special Coin Letter, number 1005, page 5:

(historical, numismatics) A silver coin used during the Roman Empire, equal to two denarii.


dupondius

Latin dupondius, literally "two-pounder".

(historical) A bronze coin minted during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, equal to two asses.


kronenthaler

(historical) The currency unit of the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium), valued at 254 liards.


santim

en-noun

santim (plural santims or santimi or santimu)

santims (plural)
santimi (plural)
santimu (plural)

From Latvian santīms, from French centime. Doublet of centim, centime, and centimo.

A subunit of Latvian currency. 100 santims equal a lat.


kroon

From Estonian kroon (“crown”). Doublet of crown and corona.

The former currency of Estonia, divided into 100 senti.


fyrk

From Swedish fyrk, from Middle Low German vêreken, from ver/vier (“four”).

(historical) The monetary unit of Sweden between the 15th and 17th centuries, valued at between one-sixth and one-half of an öre.


denar

Borrowed from Macedonian денар (denar), from Latin dēnārius. Doublet of denarius, denier, dinar, diner, dinero, and dinheiro.

doublet

The currency of North Macedonia, divided into 100 deni.


argenteus

Borrowed from Latin argenteus (“of silver”).

A silver coin, minted in the Roman Empire between 294 and 310, weighing approximately 3 scruples.


speciedaler

Denmark's currency during the eighteenth century is somewhat involved. The speciedalers and reisedalers were the equivalent of 6 marks; the krone of 4 marks.

1948, The Numismatist, volume 61, page 572:

(historical) A Norwegian coin minted from 1816 to 1875, divided into 120 skilling.


öre

Borrowed from Swedish öre, from Latin aureus (“a Roman coin; golden”). Doublet of aureus, eyrir, øre, and oyra.

A Swedish unit of currency that makes up the krona. 100 öre equals one krona.


abazi

Borrowed from Georgian აბაზი (abazi). Doublet of abbasi.

(numismatics) The monetary unit of Georgia until 1833, divided 40 puli.


schilling

From German Schilling, from Proto-Germanic *skillingaz. Doublet of shilling.

The old currency of Austria, divided into 100 groschen.


litas

The former currency or money of Lithuania, divided into 100 centai.


hryvnia

From Ukrainian гри́вня (hrývnja). Doublet of grivna and grzywna.

The currency of Ukraine, symbol ₴, divided into 100 kopiykas.


cupon

(historical) The currency of Moldova between 1992 and 1993.


króna

From Icelandic and Faroese. Doublet of corona, crown, korona, koruna, krona, and krone.

The currency of Iceland, divided into 100 aurar

The currency of the Faroe Islands, divided into 100 oyru


talonas

(historical) The currency of Lithuania from 1991 to 1993.


koruna

en-noun

koruna (plural korun or korunas or koruny)

korun (plural)
korunas (plural)
koruny (plural)

From Czech and Slovak koruna; cognate with krone and German Krone. Doublet of corona, crown, korona, krona, króna, and krone.

doublet

(historical) The currency of the former Czechoslovakia, divided into 100 hellers.

The currency of the Czech Republic, divided into 100 hellers.

The former currency of Slovakia, divided into 100 haliers.


karbovanets

From Ukrainian карбованець (karbovanecʹ).

The monetary unit of Ukraine from 1917 to 1920, 1942 to 1945, and 1991 to 1996.


forint

From Hungarian forint, from Italian fiorino (“florin, former currency of Tuscany”). Doublet of florin.

der

Better yet, there were no cover charges, and we didn’t bother to order drinks in half the spots. So, despite having a Slovak beer and shots of both the traditional Hungarian fruit spirit palinka and the bittersweet digestif Unicum, the entire evening cost 2,000 forints, under $10.

2014 January 30, Seth Kugel, “Wintertime Bargains in Budapest”, in The New York Times:

The basic unit of currency of Hungary; formerly subdivided into 100 fillér.