boustrophedon

pos: noun

en-noun

expansion: boustrophedon (countable and uncountable, plural boustrophedons)

forms:
boustrophedons (plural)
bustrophedon (alternative)

ipa: /ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/

rhymes: -iːdən

etymology_text:
PIE word
 *gʷṓws
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, adverb, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix), in reference to the back-and-forth course traced by boustrophedon text resembling the path taken by an ox ploughing a field.

PIE word

en

gʷṓws

expansion:
PIE word
 *gʷṓws

lbor

grc

βουστροφηδόν

pos: adverb

lit: turning like an ox

af

grc

-ηδόν<pos:adverbial suffix>

text: The number of Attic boustrophedon texts is fairly small; most of those just cited have been brought down by the experts to a date close to 550 B.C., a date to which several texts of more than one line inscribed left to right may also be assigned (cf. pp.56—57 infra), besides the four-line retrograde sep. mon. of Pediarchus cited in the previous section (cf. p.52 supra). Stone texts only really become numerous in Attica about 550, and by this time it is clear that left-to-right writing is just as common as boustrophedon, and may have been so even earlier.[…]After 540 boustrophedon was certainly unusual.

ref: 1980, Leslie Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions: Phonology, page 55:

type: quote

text: (Venetic apparently had both kinds of boustrophedon, either flipping the face of the characters when switching direction or else inverting them (Lejeune, 1974, pages 180-181).)

ref: 2000, Richard Sproat, A Computational Theory of Writing Systems, page 61:

text: He draws a sharp distinction between true boustrophedon, which has the tops of the runes pointed in the same direction, but with a change in the direction of writing with each line, and false boustrophedon, which changes from upright to inverted runes with each line, but the lines themselves are each written in the same direction.

ref: 2002, Elmer H. Antonsen, Runes and Germanic Linguistics, page 132:

links: epigraphy epigraphy

links: direction direction

links: alternate alternate

links: continuous continuous

links: character character

links: letter letter

links: directionality directionality

links: mirror mirror

raw_glosses: (epigraphy) Text written such that its direction alternates on each line, resulting in a continuous stream of characters spanning multiple lines; frequently also involving the corresponding alternation of letter directionality using mirrored letters, indicating the direction of the text at any given point.

بُطْرُفَة

code: ar

sense: text written such that its direction alternates on each line

roman: buṭrufa

bustrofèdon

code: ca

plugoskribado

code: eo

boustrophédon

code: fr

Bustrophedon

code: de

सर्पलेखन

code: hi

roman: sarpalekhan

牛耕式

code: ja

alt: ぎゅうこうしき

roman: gyūkōshiki

bustrofedon

code: pl

bustrofédon

code: pt

bustrofedon

code: ro

бустрофедо́н

code: ru

roman: bustrofedón

bustrófedon

code: es

bustrofedon

code: sv


boustrophedon

pos: adj

en-adj

expansion: boustrophedon (not comparable)

lbor

βουστροφηδόν

expansion: Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, adverb, literally “turning like an ox”)

expansion: βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix)

forms: bustrophedon (alternative)

links: boustrophedonic boustrophedonic#English

raw_glosses: (epigraphy, uncommon) Synonym of boustrophedonic (“written as a boustrophedon”).

boustrophedonic

extra: written as a boustrophedon


boustrophedon

pos: adv

βουστροφηδόν

links: boustrophedonic boustrophedonic

raw_glosses: (epigraphy, rare) Synonym of boustrophedonically (“as a boustrophedon or in a boustrophedonic manner”).


geminatio vocalium

en-noun

expansion: geminatio vocalium (uncountable)

etymology_text: Borrowed from Latin geminatio vocalium (“doubling of vowels”).

bor

la

geminatio vocalium

doubling of vowels

text: The least-used method is geminatio vocalium, as in Oscan and (occasionally) Umbrian: PAASTORES.

ref: 2008, Andrew L Sihler, New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin:

links: vowel vowel

links: long long

links: Oscan Oscan

raw_glosses: (epigraphy) The process of indicating that a vowel is pronounced long by writing it twice, especially as was sometimes done in Latin due to influence from Oscan.


literal

en-noun

expansion: literal (plural literals)

forms:
literals (plural)
lit. (alternative abbreviation)
litteral (alternative obsolete)

ipa: /ˈlɪt(ə)ɹəl/

audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-literal.wav

homophone: littoral

etymology_text: From Middle English literal, from Old French literal, from Late Latin litteralis or literalis (“of or pertaining to letters or to writing”), from Latin littera or litera (“a letter”). See letter.

inh

enm

literal

expansion: Middle English literal

der

fro

expansion: Old French literal

LL.

litteralis

expansion: Late Latin litteralis

littera

expansion: Latin littera

links: typography typography

links: misprint misprint

raw_glosses: (epigraphy, typography) A misprint (or occasionally a scribal error) that affects a letter.


dipinto

en-noun

dipinti

expansion: dipinto (plural dipinti)

forms: dipinti (plural)

etymology_text: Borrowed from Italian dipinto (literally “painting”).

bor

it

dipinto

lit: painting

expansion: Italian dipinto (literally “painting”)

links: archaeology archaeology

links: engrave engrave

raw_glosses: (archaeology, epigraphy) a sketched or painted (as opposed to engraved) inscription.


boustrophedonic

en-adj

expansion: boustrophedonic (not comparable)

etymology_text: From boustrophedon + -ic, from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón).

suffix

boustrophedon

ic

expansion: boustrophedon + -ic

der

βουστροφηδόν

forms: bustrophedonic (alternative)

links: epigraphy epigraphy

links: text text#English

links: directionality directionality#English

links: alternate alternate#English

links: continuous continuous#English

links: character character#English

raw_glosses: (epigraphy) Written as a boustrophedon (such that the text directionality alternates on each line, resulting in a continuous stream of characters spanning multiple lines).

bustrophedon

sense: written as a boustrophedon

bustrofedico

code: it

бустрофедони́ческий

roman: bustrofedoníčeskij


boustrophic

en-adj

expansion: boustrophic (not comparable)

etymology_text: From Ancient Greek βούστροφος (boústrophos, “ploughed by oxen”) + -ic.

βούστροφος

ploughed by oxen

suffix

expansion: + -ic

glosses: Synonym of boustrophedonic (“written as a boustrophedon”).


v. a.

pos: prep

en-head

prep

expansion: v. a.

links: vices vices#Latin

links: agens agens#Latin

raw_glosses: (epigraphy, obsolete) Acting in place of; from Latin vices agens.


scripta continua

en-noun

expansion: scripta continua (uncountable)

etymology_text: From Latin scrīpta + continua.

uder

scrīpta

expansion: Latin scrīpta

links:
scriptio continua
scriptio continua#English

raw_glosses: (typography, epigraphy) Synonym of scriptio continua.


scriptura continua

en-noun

expansion: scriptura continua (uncountable)

etymology_text: From Latin scrīptūra + continua.

scrīptūra

expansion: Latin scrīptūra


scriptio continua

expansion: scriptio continua (uncountable)

etymology_text: From Latin scrīptiō (“writing”) + continua (“continuous, held together”).

uder

scrīptiō

writing

expansion: Latin scrīptiō (“writing”)

links: style style

links: writing writing

links: spacing spacing

links: word word

links: text text

links: particularly particularly

links: any any

links: punctuation punctuation

links:
at all
at all

raw_glosses: (typography, epigraphy) A style of writing without spacing between the words of the text, particularly writing without any punctuation at all.

連續文字 /连续文字

code: cmn

sense: writing

roman: liánxù wénzì

scriptio continua

code: fi

aksara sinambung

code: id

sastra lampah

code: jv


boustrophedonically

en-adv

expansion: boustrophedonically (not comparable)

etymology_text: From boustrophedonic + -ally, from boustrophedon, from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón).

af

boustrophedonic

-ally

expansion: boustrophedonic + -ally

der

βουστροφηδόν

forms: bustrophedonically (alternative)

links: epigraphy epigraphy

links: boustrophedonic boustrophedonic

links: text text#English

raw_glosses: (epigraphy) As a boustrophedon or in a boustrophedonic manner (such that the text directionality alternates on each line, resulting in a continuous stream of characters spanning multiple lines).

βουστροφηδόν

code: grc

sense: as a boustrophedon or in a boustrophedonic manner

roman: boustrophēdón

boustrophēdon

code: la

бустрофедони́чески

roman: bustrofedoníčeski


long i

en-noun

's

expansion: long i (plural long i's)

forms: long i's (plural)

links: palaeography palaeography

links: variant variant

links: ⟨ꟾ⟩ ꟾ

links: Latin Latin

links: inscription inscription

links: manuscript manuscript

links:
classical antiquity
classical antiquity

links:
Early Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages

links: apices apices

raw_glosses: (palaeography, epigraphy) a tall variant of the letter i, ⟨ꟾ⟩, used in all-capital Latin inscriptions and manuscripts in classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages for a long vowel /iː/. (Other long vowels were marked with apices.)


stoichedon

expansion: stoichedon (countable and uncountable, plural stoichedons)

forms: stoichedons (plural)

etymology_text: Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek στοιχηδόν (stoikhēdón, “in a row”), from στοῖχος (stoîkhos, “row”) + -ηδον (-ēdon, adverbial suffix).

lbor

στοιχηδόν

t: in a row

links: letter letter

links: row row

links: column column

links: grid grid

raw_glosses: (epigraphy) Text written such that the letters are arranged as rows and columns within a grid arrangement.

Stoichedon

sense: text written such that the letters are in a grid


boustrophedic

en-adj

expansion: boustrophedic (not comparable)

etymology_text: From boustrophed(on) + -ic, from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón).

af

-ic

expansion: boustrophed(on) + -ic

der

βουστροφηδόν

forms: bustrophedic (alternative)

text: None of the lines of the Translation to be doubled into more than one, the quasi-boustrophedic system being most objectionable; but each line to be made complete in itself.

ref: 1883, T[homas] Seymour Burt, The Æneid, Georgics, and Eclogues of Virgil Rendered into English Blank Verse; Together with Other of His Poems, Not Hitherto Translated; to Which Are Appended Maphæus Vegius’ Book XIII., a Supplement to the Æneid; as Well as Material Proposed for a Book XIV. to the Same, volume the third, London: Effingham Wilson, page iv:

text: If the regular boustrophedic order is preserved, evam and not mave must be read.

ref: 1901, Proceedings of the Sessions of the American Philological Association Held at Philadelphia, Pa., Dec., 1900 and at Cambridge, Mass., July, 1901, Also of the Session of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast Held at San Francisco, Cal., Dec., 1900, page xvii:

text: The moulded pedestals for the missing lions may be safely dated to the sixth century b.c., while the stela with its Boustrophedic inscription, may belong to a yet remoter period, albeit the writing does not discover to us its date, seeing that we do not know precisely down to which century archaic epigraphy of this character survived.

ref: 1904, [Welbore] S.ͭ Clair Baddeley, Recent Discoveries in the Forum, 1898-1904, London: George Allen, page 16:

text: From his study of the lists of military tribunes with consular power for the thirty-four years in which these lists are given in our sources with variations in number and order, he comes to the conclusion that these variations are to be explained primarily by the boustrophedic method of writing employed in the original.[…]This boustrophedic method, therefore, having been proved for the lists of military tribunes, must be applied to the entire fasti of the earlier period, and, in the author’s opinion, it is this that was the ultimate cause of variation between the two subsequent traditions, the chronographic and annalistic.

ref: 1913, S. B. P., “I Fasti Consolari Romani. By Giovanni Costa. Milan: Libreria Editrice Milanese, 1910. Vol. I, Parts 1 and 2. Pp. x+547; 150. L’Originale dei Fasti Consolari. By Giovanni Costa. Rome: E. Loescher & Co., 1910. Pp. 77.”, in Classical Philology, volume VIII, Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, pages 488–489:

text: When the robot enters an “uncleaned” cell, the boustrophedic motion is planned, and then a path to the next cell in the path list in planned.

ref: 1998, H. Choset, P. Pignon, “Coverage Path Planning: The Boustrophedon Cellular Decomposition”, in Alexander Zelinsky, editor, Field and Service Robotics, Springer-Verlag London Limited, page 206:

links: boustrophedonic boustrophedonic#English


boustrophedonally

en-adv

expansion: boustrophedonally (not comparable)

etymology_text: From boustrophedon + -ally, from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón).

af

expansion: boustrophedon + -ally

βουστροφηδόν

text: The words of those verses which are regarded as containing a peculiar recondite meaning are ranged in squares in such a manner as to be read either vertically or boustrophedonally, beginning at the right or left hand.

ref: 1877, William Smith, Henry Wace, editors, A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines: Being a Continuation of ‘The Dictionary of the Bible’, volume I, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, and Company, page 361:

text: This method causes the words to be arranged in a sort of diagram something like a cryptographical scale, in which the words are to read from right to left, from left to right, horizontally, perpendicularly, angularly, boustrophedonally, circumlocutorally, till some hidden and estoric sense is squeezed out to form the essence of the Kabbalah.

ref: 1879, complied and collected by Philip Abraham, הנסתרת והנגלתר: Curiosities of Judaism. Facts, Opinions, Anecdotes, and Remarks Relative to the Hebrew Nation, London: […] the Author, page 266:

text: The Chinese read from top to bottom, and early Greek inscriptions were read boustrophedonally—that is, alternately from left to right and right to left, as furrows are made in plowing a field.

ref: 1910 October 29, The Knoxville Sentinel, volume XXIV, number 257, Knoxvile, Tenn.:

text: […]read boustrophedonally as follows:[…]

ref: 1911, C. H. Emerson, Psychocraft: Being the Art of Following the Lead of Instinct Which Uses Human Organic Mechanisms with Giant Strength or Ariel Touch to Avert Disaster, Create Genius, Prophetic Insight, or Verify Faith with Superorganic Intuitions; Incidentally Introducing a New Idea of the Principle of Onwardness […]; The Oracle of Aaron’s Breastplate Carefully Worked Out and Practically Applied as Herein Presented in the Elegant and Infallible Oracle of Ellu, page 177:

text: The Latin text of the inscription in characters still closely resembling the Greek ones and arranged boustrophedonally (from top to buttom^([sic]) and back from bottom to top) should not be dated later than the middle of the V century B. C. (though according to some it could be dated as far back as the VI century B. C.) concerns a law, possibly relating to ceremonies held in this spot by the rex sacrificulus, or to the sacred character particular to the spot itself.

ref: 1955, Pietro Romanelli, The Roman Forum, page 29:

text: The arrangement indicates that the series of six pictures is to be read boustrophedonally, beginning at the lower right:[…]

ref: 2005, Karl Anton Nowotny, translated by George A. Everett and Edward B. Sisson, Tlacuilolli: Style and Contents of the Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts with a Catalog of the Borgia Group, Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, →ISBN, page 221:

links: epigraphy epigraphy

raw_glosses: (epigraphy, uncommon) Synonym of boustrophedonically (“as a boustrophedon or in a boustrophedonic manner”).

boustrophedonal

english: back-formation

translation: back-formation


boustrophedically

en-adv

expansion: boustrophedically (not comparable)

etymology_text: From boustrophedic + -ally (from boustrophed(on) + -ic) or boustrophedical + -ly (from boustrophed(on) + -ical), from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón).

boustrophedic

expansion: boustrophedic + -ally

boustrophedical

-ly

expansion: boustrophedical + -ly

der

βουστροφηδόν

forms: bustrophedically (alternative)

links: boustrophedonic boustrophedonic

glosses: Synonym of boustrophedonically (“as a boustrophedon or in a boustrophedonic manner”).