safe

en-adj

safe (comparative safer or more safe, superlative safest or most safe)

safer (comparative)
more safe (comparative)
safest (superlative)
most safe (superlative)

→ Japanese: セーフ

From Middle English sauf, safe, saf, saaf, from Old French sauf, saulf, salf (“safe”), from Latin salvus (“whole, safe”), from Proto-Italic *salwos, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“whole, every”).
Displaced native Old English sicor (secure, sure).

der

and you also forgot to mentioned^([sic]) the wheels man you know bmw playing / ragga jungle hip hop tunes / and on the mobile / yeah safe! / nice one / later

1996 August 12, "Mandrake", “Re: Multiple Messages - an apology”, in uk.people.gothic (Usenet):

Young Mal: Yu can’t. Irie means yer cool, yer safe, everything awright.

1996 or 1997, Roy Williams, Plays 1: The No Boys Cricket Club / Startstruck / Lift Off, Methuen, published 2002, →ISBN, page 165:

“If you need more, just ring, yeah?” Punch said.
 “Safe,” Brian answered.

2000, Teddy Hayes, Dead by Popular Demand, Justin, Charles & Co., published 2005, →ISBN, Chapter 14, page 134:

They end the call. Fami goes over to Paul. They touch hands.¶ Femi: Yeah, safe man.

2002, Danny Braverman, Playing a Part: Drama and Citizenship, Trentham Books, →ISBN, One Thursday — a short play, page 62:

“Yeah, safe mate, wassup?” says one hoodie, who should at least be credited with attempting a more detailed sentence construction.

2013, Steve Carter, Love, Sex and Tesco's Finest Cava, →ISBN, page 169:

Dom (David Jonsson): Hey, love the photos. They're just so—
Nathan (Simon Manyonda): Safe.

2023, Nathan Bryon, Tom Melia, directed by Raine Allen-Miller, Rye Lane:

(UK, slang) Great, cool, awesome, respectable; a term of approbation, often as interjection.

It is clear that this is not a safe conviction.

(UK, law) (of a conviction) Supported by evidence and unlikely to be overturned. Usually used in the negative, as unsafe.


from

From Middle English from (“from”), from Old English from, fram (“forward, from”), from Proto-West Germanic *fram, from Proto-Germanic *fram (“forward, from, away”). Cognate with Old Saxon fram (“from”) and Old High German fram (“from”), Danish frem (“forth, forward”), Danish fra (“from”), Swedish fram (“forth, forward”), Swedish från (“from”), Norwegian Nynorsk fram (“forward”), Norwegian Nynorsk frå (“from”), Icelandic fram (“forward, on”), Icelandic frá (“from”), Albanian pre, prej. More at fro.

مِن

with the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at

appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober

20 from 31 leaves 11.

(mathematics, chiefly British, not in formal use) Denoting a subtraction operation.

Indicating removal or separation.
Denoting a subtraction operation.


pavement

en-noun

pavement (usually uncountable, plural pavements)

From Middle English pament, from Anglo-Norman pavement and reinforced by Middle French pavement; both from Latin pavīmentum (“paved surface or floor”), from pavīre (“to beat, to ram, to tread down”). Morphologically pave + -ment.

der

It was a cold and rainy afternoon as Ethel Churchill sat at the window of their new abode, a house in one of the streets leading from the Strand to the river. It was the day after their arrival, and nothing could well be more gloomy than the view: the pavement was wet, and a yellow mist obscured every object,...

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Meeting of Old Friends”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 194:

Nanny Broome was looking up at the outer wall. Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime. Their bases were on a level with the pavement outside, a narrow way which was several feet lower than the road behind the house.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 14, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(chiefly UK, Ireland, Mid-Atlantic US) A paved path, for the use of pedestrians, located at the side of a road.


toilet

Tok Pisin: toilet

→ Japanese: トイレット, トイレ

From Middle French toilette, diminutive of toile (“cloth”), from their use to protect clothing while shaving or arranging hair. From its use as a private room, toilet came to refer euphemistically to lavatories and then to its fixtures, beginning in the United States in the late 19th century.

ашьашьма

room used for urination and defecation — see also bathroom, men's room, ladies' room, outhouse, portable toilet, latrine, shitter

toilet

fixture used for urination and defecation — see also flush toilet, squat toilet, chemical toilet, urinal, latrine

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class II § 191. Receptacle

Sorry, I was in the toilet.

He would hit her when she cried and, if this did not work, would lock her in the toilet for hours on end.

2002, Digby Tantam, Psychotherapy and Counselling in Practice: A Narrative Framework, page 122:

He wet his thumb with saliva pressing on the tongue, ran it up and down faster over the letter 'I' of 'TOILET', the 'LADIES TOILET' was transformed into 'LADIES TO LET' in no time.

2014, C.S. Walter, Abandoned Bridges, pp. 105 f.:

(UK, Australia, Hong Kong) A room, enclosed area or single-purpose building containing a fixture or fixtures used for urination and defecation; a bathroom or water closet.

(New Zealand) A small secondary lavatory having a fixture used for urination and defecation and sink but no bathtub or shower.


think

en-noun

think (usually uncountable, plural thinks)

From Middle English thinken, thynken, thenken, thenchen, from Old English þenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *þankijan, from Proto-Germanic *þankijaną (“to think”), from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think, feel, know”).
Cognate with Scots think, thynk (“to think”), North Frisian teenk, taanke, tanke, tånke (“to think”), Saterland Frisian toanke (“to think”), West Frisian tinke (“to think”), Dutch denken (“to think”), Afrikaans dink (“to think”), Low German denken, dinken (“to think”), German denken (“to think”), Danish tænke (“to think”), Swedish tänka (“to think”), Norwegian Bokmål tenke (“to think”), Norwegian Nynorsk tenkja (“to think”), Icelandic þekkja (“to know, recognise, identify, perceive”), Latin tongeō (“know”).

cog

I'll have a think about that and let you know.

(chiefly UK) An act of thinking; consideration (of something).


ben

en-adj

ben (comparative benar, superlative benat)

c. 16th century. Probably from Latin bene or Italian bene.

A gage of ben Rom-bouse, / In a bousing-ken of Rom-vile, / Is benar than a Caster, / Pecke, pennam, lay, or popler, / Which we mill in deuse a vile.

1611, Thomas Middleton, The Roaring Girle:

(obsolete, UK, thieves' cant) Alternative spelling of bene; good.


ben

In the Chronicles of the Stage, some curious particulars are given relating to Sir Henry Herbert and the well-known Sir William Davidson, by which we learn, amongst other things, that a “ben” or benefit at Drury Lane, two centuries ago, was worth a hundred pounds.

year?, The Catholic Literary Circular (page 75)

(UK, theater, slang, obsolete) A benefit (performance to raise funds).


capital

From Middle English capital, borrowed partly from Old French capital and partly from Latin capitālis (“of the head”) (in sense “head of cattle”), from caput (“head”) (English cap) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Use in trade and finance originated in Medieval economies when a common but expensive transaction involved trading heads of cattle. The noun is from the adjective.
Compare chattel and kith and kine (“all one’s possessions”), which also use “cow” to mean “property”.
Doublet of cattle and chattel.

[ˈkʰæp.ɪ.ɾɫ̩]

That is a capital idea!

“He is a capital fellow,” the Englishman in London had said, “and he has got an awfully pretty wife. […]”

1878, Henry James, An International Episode:

Sometimes he laughed heartily as if he heard some capital joke; by degrees this lessened, and he spoke rapidly, but in very low tones.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 166:


pants

en-noun

pants pl (plural only, attributive pant)

desctree

→ Japanese: パンツ (pantsu)
→ English: pantsu
→ Mandarin: 胖次 (pàngcì)
→ Korean: 빤스 (ppanseu)

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek Παντελεήμων (Panteleḗmōn)bor.
Spanish Pantaleónder.
Italian Pantaloneder.
French pantalonbor.
English pantaloon
English pantaloons
English pants
Shortened from pantaloons (“trousers”): borrowed from French pantalon, itself derived from Italian Pantalone, one of the principal characters found in commedia dell'arte, who wore tight trousers. Doublet of pantsu. The verb is from the noun.

by the seat of one's pants

drive by the seat of one’s pants, fly by the seat of one’s pants

I decided to pass up her underclothes, not from feelings of delicacy, but because I couldn't see myself putting her pants on and snapping her brassière.

1939, Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep, Penguin, published 2011, page 39:

Big girls get candy for dry pants.

1976, Nathan H. Azrin, Richard M. Foxx, Toilet Training in Less Than a Day, published 1988, page 127:

As she bent over the intercom the little skirt went peek-a-boo and you could see white pants cupping her buttocks like a bra.

1984, Martin Amis, Money, Vintage, published 2005, page 183:

(chiefly UK) An undergarment that covers the genitals and often the buttocks and the neighbouring parts of the body; underpants.

You're talking pants!

The film was a load [or pile] of pants.

(UK, slang) Rubbish; something worthless.


pants

en-adj

pants (comparative more pants, superlative most pants)

more pants (comparative)
most pants (superlative)

Your mobile is pants — why don’t you get one like mine?

'Is that what you're going to do when you graduate?' he asked. 'Be a photographer?'
'I wish, but I'm pants at the technical stuff. ...'

2015, T. R. Richmond, What She Left, Penguin Books, page 39:

"Lee? How'd you manage to find your way here? You're pants with directions. You always get lost."

2019, Game Freak, Pokémon Sword and Shield, spoken by Hop:

(British, slang) Of inferior quality, rubbish.


that

From Middle English that, from Old English þæt (“the, that”, neuter definite article and relative pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *þat, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Cognate to Saterland Frisian dät, West Frisian dat, Dutch dat, Low German dat, German dass and das, Danish det, Swedish det, Icelandic það, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata). Further from Proto-Indo-European *tód; compare Ancient Greek τό (tó), Sanskrit तद् (tád), Waigali ta, Lithuanian taĩ, Polish to.

inh

Ooh, I was that happy I nearly kissed her.

This was carried with that little noise that for a good space the vigilant Bishop was not awak'd with it.

1693, John Hacket, “Scrinia reserata: a Memorial offered to the great Deservings of John Williams”, in Archbishop Williams:

(informal, British, Australia, in positive constructions) To such an extent; so.


exeat

Borrowed from Latin exeat, third-person singular subjunctive of exeō (“depart”) used as an impersonal imperative, literally “let him go forth”.

[I]t was impossible to imagine her doing anything except eating ice-cream and smoking, like a child on an exeat from school.

1984, Anita Brookner, Hotel du Lac, Penguin, published 2016, page 66:

(dated, UK) Leave of absence from a public school or college.


bad

en-verb

bad (third-person singular simple present bads, present participle badding, simple past and past participle badded)

bads (present singular third-person)
badding (participle present)
badded (participle past)
badded (past)

æ-tensing, New York City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

A curious specimen of Gloucestershire dialect came out in an assault case heard by the Gloucester court magistrates on Saturday. One of the witnesses, speaking of what a girl was doing at the time the assault took place, said she was ‘badding’ walnuts in a pigstye. The word is peculiarly provincial: to ‘bad’ walnuts is to strip away the husk. The walnut, too, is often called a ‘bannut,’ and hence the old Gloucestershire phrase, ‘Come an’ bad the bannuts.’

1876, The Gloucester Journal, Oct. 7, 1876, reported in A. Gregory, “Gloucestershire Dialect,” Notes and Queries, 5th ser., 6, 148 (1876‑10‑28): 346

(British, dialect, transitive) To shell (a walnut).


leg

→ Finnish: legi

→ Hungarian: leg

From Middle English leg, legge, from Old Norse leggr (“leg, calf, bone of the arm or leg, hollow tube, stalk”), from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz, *lagwijaz (“leg, thigh”) (see it for more).
Cognate with Scots leg (“leg”), Icelandic leggur (“leg, limb”), Norwegian Bokmål legg (“leg”), Norwegian Nynorsk legg (“leg”), Swedish lägg (“leg, shank, shaft”), Danish læg (“leg”), Lombardic lagi (“thigh, shank, leg”), Latin lacertus (“limb, arm”), Persian لنگ (leng). Upon borrowing, mostly displaced the native Old English term sċanca (Modern English shank).

der

piss on someone's leg and tell them it's raining

(UK, slang, archaic) A disreputable sporting character; a blackleg.


piece

Belizean Creole: pees

Sranan Tongo: pisi

→ Finnish: biisi

→ Irish: píosa

→ Japanese: ピース (pīsu)

→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

From Middle English pece, peece, peice, from Old French piece, from Late Latin petia, pettia, possibly from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (“piece, portion, quota”); doublet of English fit, fytte, fytt (“musical piece, chapter”), Icelandic fit (“web”), German Fitze (“skein”), from Old High German *fitjâ. Compare Welsh peth, Breton pez (“thing”), Irish cuid. Compare French pièce, Portuguese peça, Spanish pieza, Italian pezza, Italian pezzo.

My grannie came and gived them all a piece and jam and cups of water then I was to bring them back out to the street and play a game.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 46:

(Scotland, Ireland, UK, US, dialectal) A slice or other quantity of bread, eaten on its own; a sandwich or light snack.


cousin

The noun is derived from Middle English cosin, cosine, cosyn (“blood relative, kinsman or kinswoman; any relative; nephew or niece; first cousin; grandson or granddaughter; descendant; godchild or godparent, or a relative of a godchild or godparent; (figurative) closely related or similar thing”) [and other forms], and then:
* from Anglo-Norman cosen, cosin [and other forms], Middle French cosin, and Old French cosin (“collateral male relative more distant than one’s brother; form of address used by a monarch to male monarchs or nobles”) [and other forms] (modern French cousin); and
* from Anglo-Norman cosine, Middle French cosine, and Old French cosine (“collateral female relative more distant than one’s sister; form of address used by a monarch to female monarchs or nobles”) [and other forms] (modern French cousine),
from Latin cōnsobrīnus (“maternal cousin; first cousin; relation”) (possibly through Vulgar Latin *cōsuīnus, from *cōsobīnus), from con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of several objects) + sobrīnus (“maternal cousin; sister’s son; any nephew”) (from a noun use of Proto-Italic *swezrīnos (“of or belonging to a sister”, adjective) (with the first syllable influenced by Latin soror (“sister”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (“sister”), possibly from *swé (“self”) + *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”) (that is, a woman of one’s own blood) or *-sōr (feminine suffix)).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

coosin, cosen, coseyn, cosigne, cosing, cossen, cossin, cossigne, cossine, cossyn, cossyne, cosyne, cosynne, cousin, cousine, cousyn, cozyn, cusin, cusine, cussyn, cusyn, kosen, kosin, kosyn

ܚܸܙܡܵܐ

any relation (especially a distant one) who is not a direct ancestor or descendant but part of a person’s extended family

neef

child of a person’s parent’s brother or sister

従兄妹

older male cousin and younger female cousin

従姉弟

older female cousin and younger male cousin

taina

younger male cousin of a male or younger female cousin of a female

aacaz

son of a female’s parent’s younger sibling

cousins

American or British intelligence services

My noble L[ords] and Coſens all, good morrovv, / I haue beene long a ſleeper, but I hope / My abſence doth neglect no great deſignes, / VVhich by my preſence might haue been concluded.

c. 1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Sims [and Peter Short] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv], signature G, verso:

Therefore vve meruaile much our Coſin France / VVould in ſo iuſt a buſineſſe, ſhut his boſome / Againſt our borrovving prayers.

c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s Well, that Ends Well”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], page 241, column 1:

In all vvrits, and commiſſions, and other formal inſtruments, the king, vvhen he mentions any peer of the degree of an earl, alvvays ſtiles him "truſty and vvell beloved couſin:" an appellation as antient as the reign of Henry IV; vvho being either by his vvife, his mother, or his ſiſters, actually related or allied to every earl in the kingdom, artfully and conſtantly acknovvledged that connexion in all his letters and other public acts; from vvhence the uſage has deſcended to his ſucceſſors, though the reaſon has long ago failed.

1765, William Blackstone, “Of the Civil State”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book I (Of the Rights of Persons), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 386:

Used by a monarch to address another monarch, or a noble; specifically (British) in commissions and writs by the Crown: used in this way to address a viscount or another peer of higher rank.

serkku

used by a monarch to address another monarch, or a noble


goose

en-verb

goose (third-person singular simple present gooses, present participle goosing, simple past and past participle goosed)

gooses (present singular third-person)
goosing (participle present)
goosed (participle past)
goosed (past)

PIE word
 *ǵʰh₂éns
From Middle English goos, gos, from Old English gōs, from Proto-West Germanic *gans, from Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns.
Cognates:
Compare West Frisian goes, North Frisian göis (also Fering-Öömrang dialect North Frisian gus; Sölring dialect North Frisian Guus; Heligoland dialect North Frisian gus), Low German Goos, Low German Gans, Dutch gans, German Gans, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian gås, Icelandic gæs, Irish gé, Latin ānser, Latvian zùoss, Russian гусь (gusʹ), Albanian gatë, Ancient Greek χήν (khḗn), Avestan 𐬰𐬁 (zā), Sanskrit हंस (haṃsá).
* The tailor's iron is so called from the likeness of the handle to the neck of a goose.

(slang, UK) Of private-hire taxi drivers, to pick up a passenger who has not booked a cab, in violation of UK licensing conditions.


stand

stand (third-person singular simple present stands, present participle standing, simple past stood, past participle stood or (obsolete) standen or (nonstandard) stand)

stands (present singular third-person)
standing (participle present)
stood (past)
stood (participle past)
standen (obsolete participle past)
stand (nonstandard participle past)
stand (infinitive)

→ Ido: standar

→ Norman: stanner, sténer

Sranan Tongo: tan

From Middle English standen, stonden (verb) and stand, stond (noun, from the verb), from Old English standan (“to stand, occupy a place”), from Proto-West Germanic *standan, from Proto-Germanic *standaną (“to stand”), from Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´, an innovative extended n-infixed form of Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
cognates
Cognate with Scots stand (“to stand”), Saterland Frisian stounde (“to stand”), West Frisian stean (“to stand”), dialectal German standen (“to stand”), Danish stande (“to stand”), Swedish stånda (“to stand”), Norwegian standa (“to stand”), Faroese standa (“to stand”), Icelandic standa (“to stand”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan), Russian стоя́ть (stojátʹ, “to stand”). Also from *steh₂-: Irish seas, Latin stare, Lithuanian stóti, Old Church Slavonic стояти (stojati), Albanian shtoj (“to increase”), Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to put”), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hištaⁱti), Sanskrit तिष्ठति (tiṣṭhati). From the related Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”): West Frisian stean, Dutch staan, German stehen, Danish stå.

cog

a house divided against itself cannot stand

behind every successful man there stands a woman

dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants

where you stand depends on where you sit

He is standing for election to the local council.

He stood to be elected one of the proctors of the university.

1678, Izaak Walton, The Life of Robert Sanderson:

(intransitive, British) To be a candidate (in an election).

To position or be positioned socially:
To be a candidate (in an election).


bruit

en-verb

bruit (third-person singular simple present bruits, present participle bruiting, simple past and past participle bruited)

bruits (present singular third-person)
bruiting (participle present)
bruited (participle past)
bruited (past)
bruit (infinitive)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-bruit.wav

The noun is derived from Middle English bruit (“commotion, tumult; fame, renown; collective noun for a group of barons”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman brut (“commotion, tumult; noise, sounds; fame, renown; hearsay, rumour; collective noun for a group of barons”) and Old French bruit (“commotion, tumult; noise, sounds; fame, renown; hearsay, rumour”) (modern French bruit (“noise; report, rumour”)), a noun use of the past participle of bruire (“to make a noise; to rattle; to roar; to rustle”), from Late Latin brugere, an alteration of Latin rugīre (“to roar”) (the present active infinitive of rugiō (“to bray; to bellow, roar; to rumble”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to belch; to roar”)), possibly influenced by Late Latin bragere (“to bray”). The English word is cognate with Catalan brogir (“to roar”); Old Occitan bruir, brugir (“to roar”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

brewt, brewte, brut, brute, bruyt, bruyte

der

And if it be to be beleued, as bruted is by fame. / A day did paſſe without the Sunne.

1567, Ovid, “The Seconde Booke”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The XV. Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis, […], London: […] Willyam Seres […], →OCLC, folio 20, recto:

Generally, Whether there be [...] any that stubbornly refuse to conform themselves to unity and good religion: any that bruiteth abroad rumours of the alteration of the same, or otherwise that disturbeth good orders, and the quietnes of Christs Church and Christian congregation.

a. 1576, Matthew Parker, John Strype, “[An Appendix to Archbishop Parker’s Life.] Number XI. Articles for the Dioceses, to be Inquired of in the Archbishop’s Metropolitical Visitation.”, in The Life and Acts of Matthew Parker, the First Archbishop of Canterbury in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. […], volume III, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1821, →OCLC, paragraph 22, page 32:

There haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence.

1590, Thomas Hariot [i.e., Thomas Harriot], “To the Adventvrers, Favorers, and VVellvvillers of the Enterprise for the Inhabitting and Planting in Virginia”, in A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, […], Frankfurt am Main: […] Ioannis Wecheli, […], →OCLC; reprinted as Narrative of the First English Plantation of Virginia […], London: Bernard Quaritch, […], 1893, →OCLC, page 9:

And the Kings rowſe the heauen shall brute againe, / Reſpeaking earthly thunder; [...]

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], lines 127–128:

Even his amours he bruits forth to the public, to the delight of every pot-boy.

1822 September 1, “Character of an Ex-sheriff”, in The Rambler’s Magazine; or, Fashionable Emporium of Polite Literature, […], volume I, number IX, London: [William] Benbow, […], →OCLC, page 413:

As he took John Willet's view of the matter in regard to the propriety of not bruiting the tale abroad, unless the spirit should appear to him again, in which case it would be necessary to take immediate counsel with the clergyman, it was solemnly resolved that it should be hushed up and kept quiet.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge. Chapter 33.”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 128:

In course of time Ariston died; and Demaratus received the kingdom: but it was fated, as it seems, that these words, when bruited abroad, should strip him of his sovereignty.

1859, Herodotus, “The Sixth Book of the History of Herodotus, Entitled Erato”, in George Rawlinson, Henry Rawlinson, J[ohn] G[ardner] Wilkinson, transl., The History of Herodotus. […] In Four Volumes, volume III, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, paragraph 64, page 458:

What need to bruit our pleasant quarrel abroad? You will like the weapons, sir, and you shall have your own choice from the pair … You are a fine fencer, I feel sure …

1908, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “Time—Place—Conditions”, in The Elusive Pimpernel, London: Hutchinson & Co. […], →OCLC, page 121:

Thou art not ware, but thou art tossed on the tongues of all the city, casting away all shame, thou bruitest abroad thy deeds.

1914, Ovid, “[The Amores.] Book the Third.”, in Grant Showerman, transl., edited by T[homas] E[thelbert] Page and W[illiam] H[enry] D[enham] Rouse, Heroides and Amores […] (Loeb Classical Library; 41), London: William Heinemann; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, section I, page 445:

TV news shows had been bruiting the Boulder case, too; as a result, the atmosphere in the press section that night was knife-keen.

1974, Marvin Kaye, chapter 20, in The Grand Ole Opry Murders (A Hilary Quayle Mystery; 2), London: Head of Zeus, published 2014, →ISBN:

Paranoid. Now he knew what it meant, this word that was bandied and bruited so easily, and he sensed the connections being made around him, [...]

1997, Don DeLillo, Underworld, 1st trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, published 2003, →ISBN, page 421:

[I]t's bruited that the tunnel would cost "10 to 20 million yuan ($2.95 million) more than the current high speed railway for each kilometer." Pony up, taxpayers!

2010 August 4, Darren Murph, “China’s Maglev Trains to Hit 1,000km/h in Three Years, […]”, in Engadget, archived from the original on 2020-08-10:

Bruiting about this notion of a "monarchical project," the Englishman persuaded himself that [Simón] Bolívar himself aspired to such a model.

2013, Marie Arana, “Man of Difficulties”, in Bolívar: American Liberator, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 388:

(transitive, archaic in British, current in the US) To disseminate, promulgate, or spread news, a rumour, etc.

ébruiter

to disseminate, promulgate, or spread news, a rumour, etc.


flew

en-adj

flew (comparative more flew, superlative most flew)

more flew (comparative)
most flew (superlative)


road

From Middle English rode, rade (“ride, journey”), from Old English rād (“riding, hostile incursion”), from Proto-West Germanic *raidu, from Proto-Germanic *raidō (“a ride”), from Proto-Indo-European *reydʰ- (“to ride”). Doublet of raid, acquired from Scots. Cognates include West Frisian reed (paved trail/road, driveway).
The current primary meaning of "street, way for traveling" originated relatively late—Shakespeare seemed to expect his audiences to find it unfamiliar—and probably arose through reinterpretation of roadway "a way for riding on" as saying "way" twice, in other words as a tautological compound.

inh

his driveway doesn't go all the way to the road

the grass is always greener on the other side of the road

the road to hell is paved with good intentions

what happens on the road stays on the road

The new depot, on which work started in May, 1956, has three reception roads leading to 13 sidings capable of taking 25 trains, a 450 ft.-long car examination shed with nine roads, a lifting shop with two roads and three permanent way sidings.

1959 November, “L.T. and E.R. developments in East London”, in Trains Illustrated, page 527:

(US, rail transport) A railway or (UK, rail transport) a single railway track.


codswallop

Codd-neck bottle
Galton and Simpson
Hancock's Half Hour
Hiram Codd

Unknown. Attested from a 1959 episode of the UK TV series Hancock's Half Hour. The writers (Galton and Simpson) state that the phrase was in general use when the show was broadcast. A national TV appeal in the UK in 2006 failed to find earlier references, though a humorous newspaper column from 1947 does use the fictional name "Sir Aubrey Codswallop". Originally written (1963) codswallop; the spelling cod's wallop is later.
Various etymologies are proposed from some sense of cod, such as from cod (“joke, imitation”) + -s- + wallop (“beer”) (slang), hence “imitation beer” (with interconsonantal -s- to ease pronunciation of -dw-), or from cod (“scrotum, as in codpiece”) + -s- + wallop (“to hit”), hence “to hit (with) the testicle bag,” or from cod (“fish”), hence perhaps some part of the fish, as used in the fishing industry.
A frequently given etymology, although widely rejected as a folk etymology, derives it from Hiram Codd, British soft drink maker of the 1870s, known for the eponymous Codd-neck bottle, with the suggestion that codswallop is a derisive term for soft drinks by beer drinkers, from Codd’s + wallop (“beer”), thus sarcastically “Codd’s beer”. There is no evidence that early uses had this sense; the slang term wallop (“beer”) appeared after Codd’s lifetime, initial spellings (in print from 1963) do not reflect such a derivation (*Codd’s wallop and *coddswallop with -dd- are not found), and there is an 80-year gap between the proposed coinage and attestation.
This is also the name given to the wooden device placed over the neck of a codd bottle and given a push (wallop) to dislodge the marble in the neck of the bottle. The word has also been used to describe the process of opening a codd bottle.

af

scrotum, as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">codpiece</i>

Tony: I was not.
Sidney: Don’t give me that old codswallop. You were counting your money.

1959, Ray Galton and Alan Simpson, Hancock’s Half Hour:

Just branding a programme as ‘rubbish’, ‘tripe’, or—there are a lot of these—‘codswallop’, gives little indication of what moved the viewer to write.

An interviewer from a Warsaw radio station stopped a citizen in the street. Was the recent demonstration necessary? “History will tell.” But what did he think? “I am not a historian.” Likewise Lumsden′s and Wilson′s book. If it is not a load of codswallop, it will turn out to be very important. If it is not a load of codswallop. Faites vos jeux!

1981 October 1, John Turner, “Review: Autumn Books: Prometheus bounded?”, in New Scientist, page 41:

1993, J. Neville Turner, The One-Day Game – Cricket or Codswallop?, in 2001, David John Headon, The Best Ever Australian Sports Writing: A 200 Year Collection.

“I′ve told you all I know,” Rosa Armaz told Boarski and Yermin, “I don′t know what my husband has been doing. He′d mentioned going to Mars with the children but I thought it was a load of codswallop.”

2010, Grahame Howard, The Wishing Book 3 – Extermination, page 66:

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, slang) Senseless talk or writing; nonsense; rubbish.


codswallop

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, slang) Used to express disbelief: nonsense!; rubbish!


unit

Formerly unite, a later form of unity; see unity.

This air-conditioner is the most efficient unit we sell.

(US, UK, Australia, New Zealand) Any piece of equipment, such as an appliance, power tool, stereo system, computer, tractor, or machinery.

(UK, electricity) One kilowatt-hour (as recorded on an electricity meter).

Luca's father, Americo Campanaro, said: "I feel like my heart has been ripped out."
Mr Campanaro added: "He was a big lad, a big unit, that's why he was a goalkeeper, with a big heart to match. A gentle giant."

2018 December 11, “Aylesbury goalkeeper, 14, dies after match injury”, in BBC News:

(UK, Australia, slang) A physically large person.


bent

en-adj

bent (comparative benter or more bent, superlative bentest or most bent)

benter (comparative)
more bent (comparative)
bentest (superlative)
most bent (superlative)

From Middle English bent-, preterite stem (as in bente, benten, etc.), and Middle English bent, ibent, ybent, past participle forms of Middle English benden (“to bend”). Equivalent to bend + -t.

(colloquial, chiefly UK) Corrupt, dishonest.

Asked bluntly by Julie Webb of the NME whether he was “bent” in December 1974, Freddie answered evasively: “You're a crafty cow. […]”

2019 January 22, Joe Sommerlad, “The reasons why Bohemian Rhapsody faced such a massive backlash”, in The Independent:

(derogatory, colloquial, chiefly UK) Homosexual.


so

so (comparative more so, superlative most so)

more so (comparative)
most so (superlative)

From Middle English so, swo, zuo, swa, swe, from Old English swā, swǣ, swē (“so, as, the same, such, that”), from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē (“so”), from Proto-Indo-European *swē, *swō (reflexive pronomial stem). Cognate with Scots sae (“so”), Saterland Frisian so (“so”), West Frisian sa (“so”), Dutch zo (“so”), German Low German so (“so”), German so (“so”), Danish så (“so”), Norwegian Nynorsk so (“so”), Swedish så (“so, such that”), Faroese so (“so”), Icelandic svo (“so”), Old Latin suad (“so”), Albanian sa (“how much, so, as”), Ancient Greek ὡς (hōs, “as”), Urdu سو (sō, “hence”).

Is he so?


beat

en-verb

beat (third-person singular simple present beats, present participle beating, simple past beat or (nonstandard) beated, past participle beaten or (colloquial) beat or (nonstandard) beated)

beats (present singular third-person)
beating (participle present)
beat (past)
beated (nonstandard past)
beaten (participle past)
beat (colloquial participle past)
beated (nonstandard participle past)
beat (infinitive)

From Middle English beten, from Old English bēatan (“to beat, pound, strike, lash, dash, thrust, hurt, injure”), from Proto-West Germanic *bautan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to push, strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd- (“to hit, strike”).
Compare Old Irish fo·botha (“he threatened”), Latin confutō (“I strike down”), fūstis (“stick, club”), Albanian bahe (“sling”), Lithuanian baudžiù, Old Armenian բութ (butʻ)).

der

it is easy to find a stick to beat a dog

He wanted $50 for it, but I managed to beat him down to $35.

(transitive, UK, in haggling for a price of a buyer) To persuade the seller to reduce a price.


gone

From Middle English gon, igon, gan, ȝegan, from Old English gān, ġegān, from Proto-Germanic *gānaz (“gone”), past participle of *gāną (“to go”). Cognate with West Germanic Scots gane (“gone”), West Frisian gien (“gone”), Low German gahn (“gone”), and Dutch gegaan (“gone”).

You'd better hurry up, it's gone four o'clock.

(British, informal) Past, after, later than (a time).

you never know what you've got till it's gone


grammar

en-noun

grammar (countable and uncountable, plural grammars)

/ˈɡɹæ.mə(ɹ)/

[ˈɡɹæːm(ə)ɹ]

From Middle English gramere, from Old French gramaire (“classical learning”), from unattested Vulgar Latin *grammāria, an alteration of Latin grammatica, from Ancient Greek γραμματική (grammatikḗ, “skilled in writing”), from γράμμα (grámma, “line of writing”), from γράφω (gráphō, “write”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”). Displaced native Old English stæfcræft; a doublet of glamour, glamoury, gramarye, and grimoire. Piecewise doublet of grammatic.

قَوَاعِد

in computing: formal system specifying the syntax of a language

glomery

study & field of study in medieval Latin contexts

morpho-syntax

from the relationship between morphology and syntax

a grammar of geography

To turn this sort of mixture of a gossip and a gospel into anything like a grammar of Distributism has been quite impossible.

1926, G[ilbert] K[eith] Chesterton, “VI: A Summary”, in The Outline of Sanity, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., →OCLC:

(British, archaic) A book describing these rules or principles; a textbook.

2012 January 11, Graeme Paton, “A green light for more grammars?”, in The Daily Telegraph:


braid

From Middle English brede, bræd, bred, from Old English bred (“board, plank, tablet, table”), from Proto-West Germanic *bred, from Proto-Germanic *bredą (“board, plank”), e-grade byform of *burdą (“board, plank”). Cognate with Scots bred, braid, brad (“board, plank, wooden tablet”), Saterland Frisian Brääd (“board, plank”), West Frisian bret (“board, plank”), Dutch bred, berd (“plank, table”), German Low German Bredd (“board, plank”), German Brett (“board, plank”), Danish bræt (“board, plank”)..

cog

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland, Ireland) A shelf or board for holding objects.

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland, Ireland) A board to press curd for cheese.

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland, Ireland) A flat board attached to a beam, used for weighing.


palm

en-verb

palm (third-person singular simple present palms, present participle palming, simple past and past participle palmed)

palms (present singular third-person)
palming (participle present)
palmed (participle past)
palmed (past)

From Middle English palme, paume, from Old French palme, paulme, paume (“palm of the hand, ball, tennis”), from Latin palma (“palm of the hand, hand-breadth”), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂(e)meh₂ (“palm of the hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). Doublet of palmo, palma, and pam. Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”), Old English folm (“palm of the hand”), Old Irish lám (“hand”).

cog

He never again appeared in the house where practices of this description are carried on every night, and where officers of the police are palmed (bribed) for their forbearance.

1845, George Smeeton, Doings in London, page 78:

(UK, slang, obsolete, transitive) To bribe.


chat

'Do officers have chats, then, the same as us?'
'Not the same, no. The chats they got is bigger and better, with pips on their shoulders and Sam Browne belts.'

1977, Mary Emily Pearce, Apple Tree Lean Down, page 520

May a thousand chats from Belgium crawl under their fingers as they write.

2007, How Can I Sleep when the Seagull Calls?, →ISBN, page 18:

Trench foot was a nasty and potentially fatal foot disease commonly caused by these conditions, in which chats or body lice were the bane of all.

2013, Graham Seal, The Soldiers' Press: Trench Journals in the First World War, →ISBN, page 149:

(British, Australia, New Zealand, World War I military slang) A louse (small, parasitic insect).


made

From Middle English mathe, from Old English maþu, maþa (“maggot, worm, grub”), from Proto-Germanic *maþô (“maggot”), from Proto-Indo-European *mot- (“worm, grub, caterpillar, moth”). Cognate with Scots mathe, maithe (“maggot”), Dutch made (“maggot”), German Made (“maggot”). More at maggot.

der

(UK dialectal or obsolete) A grub or maggot.


sound

en-adj

sound (comparative sounder, superlative soundest)

sounder (comparative)
soundest (superlative)

→ Volapük: saun

From Middle English sound, sund, isund, ȝesund, from Old English sund, ġesund (“sound, safe, whole, uninjured, healthy, prosperous”), from Proto-West Germanic *sund, from Proto-Germanic *gasundaz, *sundaz (“healthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *sunt-, *swent- (“vigorous, active, healthy”).
Cognate with Scots sound, soun (“healthy, sound”), Saterland Frisian suund, gesuund (“healthy”), West Frisian sûn (“healthy”), Dutch gezond (“healthy, sound”), Low German sund, gesund (“healthy”), German gesund (“healthy, sound”), Danish sund (“healthy”), Swedish sund (“sound, healthy”). Related also to Dutch gezwind (“fast, quick”), German geschwind (“fast, quick”), Old English swīþ (“strong, mighty, powerful, active, severe, violent”). See swith.

cog

How are you? —I'm sound.

That's a sound track you're playing.

See that man over there? He's sound. You should get to know him.

(British, Ireland, slang) Good; acceptable; decent.


sound

I found my jacket. — Sound.

(British, Ireland, slang) Yes; used to show agreement or understanding.


lit

From Middle English lit, from Old Norse litr (“colour, dye, complexion, face, countenance”), from Proto-Germanic *wlitiz, *wlitaz (“sight, face”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”). Cognate with Icelandic litur (“colour”), Old English wlite (“brightness, appearance, form, aspect, look, countenance, beauty, splendor, adornment”), Old English wlītan (“to gaze, look, observe”).

cog

(UK dialectal) Colour; blee; dye; stain.


lend

From Middle English lende (usually in plural as lendes, leendes, lyndes), from Old English lendenu, lendinu (“loins”), plural of Old English lenden (“loin”), from Proto-West Germanic *landī, from Proto-Germanic *landį̄ (“loin”), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“loin, kidney”). Cognate with Scots lend, leynd (“the loins, flank, buttocks”), Dutch lendenen (“loins, reins”), German Lenden (“loins”), Swedish länder (“loins”), Icelandic lendar (“loins”), Latin lumbus (“loin”) (whence loin),
Polish lędźwie (“loins”),
Russian ля́двея (ljádveja, “thigh, haunch”).

cog

(anatomy, UK dialectal) The lumbar region; loin.

(UK dialectal, of a person or animal) The loins; flank; buttocks.


internal

en-adj

internal (comparative more internal, superlative most internal)

more internal (comparative)
most internal (superlative)

From Middle English internall, internalle, borrowing from New Latin internālis (“of or pertaining to the inner part”), from internus (“inward, internal”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). By surface analysis, intern + -al.

af

(British, education, of a student) Attending a university as well as taking its examinations.


touch

en-noun

touch (countable and uncountable, plural touches)

From Middle English touchen, tochen, from Old French tochier (“to touch”) (whence Modern French toucher; compare French doublet toquer (“to offend, bother, harass”)), from Vulgar Latin *tuccō (“to knock, strike, offend”), from Frankish *tukkōn (“to knock, strike, touch”), from Proto-Germanic *tukkōną (“to tug, grab, grasp”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull, lead”). Displaced native Middle English rinen, from Old English hrīnan (whence Modern English rine).
cognates
Cognate with Old High German zochhōn, zuhhōn (“to grasp, take, seize, snatch”) (whence German zucken (“to jerk, flinch”)), German Low German tucken, tocken (“to fidget, twitch, pull up, entice, throb, knock, repeatedly tap”), Middle Dutch tocken, tucken (“to touch, entice”) (whence Dutch tokkelen (“to strum, pluck”)), Old English tucian, tūcian (“to disturb, mistreat”) (whence Modern English tuck). Compare also Old High German tokkōn, tockōn (“to abut, collide”). Outside Germanic, cognate to Albanian cek (“to touch”), Old Church Slavonic тъкнѫти (tŭknǫti). More at tuck, take.


bind

en-verb

bind (third-person singular simple present binds, present participle binding, simple past bound or (nonstandard) binded, past participle bound or (nonstandard) binded or (archaic, rare) bounden or (obsolete) ybound or (obsolete) ybounden)

binds (present singular third-person)
binding (participle present)
bound (past)
binded (nonstandard past)
bound (participle past)
binded (nonstandard participle past)
bounden (archaic participle past rare)
ybound (obsolete participle past)
ybounden (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English binden, from Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną (compare West Frisian bine, Dutch binden, Low German binnen, German binden, Danish binde), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).
Compare Welsh ben (“cart”), Latin offendīx (“knot, band”), Lithuanian beñdras (“partner”), Albanian bind (“to convince, to awe, to spell”), Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “cable, rope”), Persian بستن (bastan, “to bind”), Sanskrit बन्धति (bándhati). Doublet of bandana.

bindi

transitive, programming to process object modules into a program

"But it's not much good piling up the pix if I can't sell them."
"Oh do stop binding. Think of something. How will we eat, where will we sleep?"

(UK, dialect) To complain; to whine about something.


leet

Originated 1400–50 from late Middle English lete (“meeting”), from Anglo-Norman lete and Medieval Latin leta (Anglo-Latin), possibly from Old English ġelǣte (“crossroads”).

(British, obsolete) A regular court, more specifically a court-leet, in which certain lords had jurisdiction over local disputes, or the physical area of this jurisdiction.


leet

Jamieson mentions the alternative spellings lyth, lythe, laid, and laith, and connects it to a verb lythe (“to shelter”), as it "is frequently caught ... in deep holes among the rocks".

The whiting pollock sometimes, par excellence is styled pollock only. On the Yorkshire coast it is called a leet, and in Scotland a lythe.

1854, William Hughes, A Practical Treatise on the Choice and Cookery of Fish, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, page 27:


blud

Created in Multicultural London English, of Jamaican origin. Has since spread around England, and thence Anglosphere and online. Claimed to be, via eye dialect spelling, from Caribbean Creole blood (“family relation, close friend”) (compare blood brother). Possibly derived or reinforced from brother; compare bro, bruh, brudder etc.

–Yeh, blud, safe, goes Ravi.

2006, Gautam Malkani, Londonstani, HarperCollins, →ISBN, page 5:

Nowadays all of my shows sold out
 Headline tour, yeah blud, sold out

I heard your mixtape, blud it was garbage […] Blud, I don't know why you mentioned my name

2016, “Punk (Chipmunk Diss)”, performed by Yungen:

(UK, MLE, slang, Internet slang) Informal address to a man.


blud

head

blud (third-person singular, masculine, nominative or objective case)

en-pron

what is blud waffling about

2023 February 3, maddy🍋 (@fyridk), Twitter:

who invited blud

2023 February 11, 🔴 (@TenHag_Szn), Twitter:

Blud was lost

2023 February 2, Dom2K (@Dom_2k), Twitter:

What is wrong with blud 😂😂🙌🙌

2023 February 11, Åmplė  Cålm (@ample_calm), Twitter:

What’s blud tryna say here

2023 February 2, MN1F🇬🇧 (@Wuwakia90), Twitter:

(UK, MLE, slang, often humorous or ironic) he or him


comic

From Latin comicus, from Ancient Greek κωμικός (kōmikós, “relating to comedy”), from κῶμος (kômos, “carousal”).


feed

en-noun

feed (countable and uncountable, plural feeds)

From Middle English fede, fed, from the verb (see above). Alternatively, perhaps from Old Norse fœða (“nourishment, food”), from Proto-Germanic *fōdijaną (“to feed”), whence also Old English fēdan (“to feed”).

184?, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor
One proposed going to Hungerford-market to do a feed on decayed shrimps or other offal laying about the market; another proposed going to Covent-garden to do a 'tightener' of rotten oranges, to which I was humorously invited; […]

"There won't be any more blessed concerts for a million years or so; there won't be any Royal Academy of Arts, and no nice little feeds at restaurants."

1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 257:

(UK, Australia, New Zealand, colloquial, countable) A meal.


tractor

→ Bengali: ট্র্যাক্টর (ṭrjakṭor)

→ Japanese: トラクター (torakutā)

desc

→ Hindi: ट्रेक्टर (ṭrekṭar), ट्रैक्टर (ṭraikṭar)

→ Khmer: ត្រាក់ទ័រ (traktɔə)

→ Korean: 트랙터 (teuraekteo)

desctree

→ Russian: тра́ктор (tráktor), тра́кторъ (tráktor) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: տրակտոր (traktor)
→ Azerbaijani: traktor
⇒ Chinese:
Cantonese: 拖拉機 /拖拉机 (to¹ laai¹ gei¹)
Dungan: туәлаҗи (tuəlaži)
Mandarin: 拖拉機 /拖拉机 (tuōlājī)
Min Nan: 拖拉機 /拖拉机 (thoa-la-ki / tho-la-ki)
→ Bouyei: toylayjiy
→ Burmese: ထော် လာဂျီ (htau lagyi)
→ Lü: ᦷᦒᧈᦟᦱᧈᦋᦲᧈ (tho¹laa¹tsii¹)
→ Tibetan: ཐོ་ལ་ཅི (tho la ci)
→ Zhuang: dohlahgih
→ Dungan: трактор (traktor)
→ Georgian: ტრაქტორი (ṭrakṭori)
→ Ingrian: traktora
→ Kazakh: трактор (traktor)
→ Korean: 뜨락또르 (tteurakttoreu) (North Korea)
→ Kyrgyz: трактор (traktor)
→ Mongolian:
Cyrillic script: трактор (traktor)
Mongolian script: ᠲᠷᠠᠻᠲᠣᠷ (traktor)
→ Tajik: трактор (traktor)
→ Turkmen: traktor
→ Uyghur: تراكتور (traktor)
→ Uzbek: traktor

desc

→ Thai: แทรกเตอร์ (trɛ́k-dtə̂ə)

→ Thai: แทรกเตอร์ (trɛ́k-dtə̂ə)

→ Urdu: ٹْرَیکْٹَر (ṭraikṭar), ٹَرَیکْٹَر (ṭaraikṭar)

Formed from Latin tractus, perfect passive participle of trahere (“to pull”), + agent noun suffix -or.

On the other hand the EE type 3's have offered in a 1750 hp package, probably the most successful loco BR bought. As any crew will tell you a tractor will pull anything anywhere, and yet at the same time they were nippy enough for use on the Anglian mainlines for 20 years.

1995 May 23, Andrew Cooke, “Re: British Rail: At Last The 1948 Show”, in misc.transport.rail.europe (Usenet):

With a recent email from Mike Tetlow, I found out that there were two other 37s [37252 and 37031] present that day, also shuttling between Cambridge and Kings Lynn. As you correctly observe, the pic of little me shows that I am in a Dutch liveried tractor.

2000 April 25, Grandpops, “Calling Norfolk tractor bashers with a good brain for numbers! Possible conclusion?”, in uk.railway (Usenet):

EWS are also denying any rumours of tractors going to Spain, then again they denyed the rumours of tractors going to France until the contract was signed!

2000 May 17, Matt, “Re: "Unfixing" Class 37s and Doncaster control (rant!!)”, in uk.railway (Usenet):

(UK, rail transport) A British Rail Class 37 locomotive.


storm

en-verb

storm (third-person singular simple present storms, present participle storming, simple past and past participle stormed)

storms (present singular third-person)
storming (participle present)
stormed (participle past)
stormed (past)
storm (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English stormen (“of the wind: to blow violently; to cause to roll or toss”), from storm (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs).
Compare Middle English sturmen (“to attack (someone) with great force”), from Old English styrman (“to rage, storm; to make a great noise, cry aloud, shout, storm”), from Proto-West Germanic *sturmijan (“to storm”), from Proto-Germanic *sturmijaną (“to storm”), from *sturmaz (“a storm”) (see etymology 1) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives from strong verbs, with a sense of ‘to cause to do [the action of the verb]’). The Middle English word did not survive into modern English.
The noun is derived from verb sense 2.3 (“to violently assault (a fortified position or stronghold, a building, etc.) with the aim of gaining control of it”).
cognates
* Dutch stormen (“to bluster, storm”)
* German stürmen (“to rage, storm; to assault, attack”)
* Icelandic storma (“to storm”)
* Low German stormen (“to storm”)
* Swedish storma (“to bluster, storm”)

ŝtormi

to have strong winds and usually lightning and thunder, and/or hail, rain, or snow

щурмува́м

(British, dialectal, agriculture) To protect (seed-hay) from stormy weather by putting sheaves of them into small stacks.

suojella myrskyltä

to protect (seed-hay) from stormy weather by putting sheaves of them into small stacks


dig

From Middle English diggen (“to dig”), alteration of Old English dīcian (“to dig a ditch, to mound up earth”) (compare Old English dīcere (“digger”)) from dīc, dīċ (“dike, ditch”) from Proto-Germanic *dīkaz, *dīkiją (“pool, puddle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stab, dig”). Additionally, Middle English diggen may derive from an unrecorded suffixed variant, *dīcgian. Akin to Danish dige (“to dig, raise a dike”), Swedish dika (“to dig ditches”). Related to Middle French diguer (“to dig”), from Old French dikier, itself a borrowing of the same Germanic root (from Middle Dutch dijc). More at ditch, dike.

der

(UK, dialect, dated) A tool for digging.


wool

en-noun

wool (usually uncountable, plural wools)

→ Japanese: ウール (ūru)

From Middle English wolle, from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Wulle, German Low German Wull, Dutch wol, German Wolle, Norwegian ull; also Welsh gwlân, Latin lāna, Lithuanian vìlna, Russian во́лос (vólos), Slovak vlna, Bulgarian влас (vlas), Albanian lesh (“wool, hair, fleece”). Doublet of lana.
The vowel development u → o → oo is purely graphical. Modern English generally avoids the string ‹wu› in favour of ‹wo›, and the resulting woll was then altered to wool (as supposedly better representing the pronunciation).

(British, New Zealand) Yarn, including that made from synthetic fibers.


brief

From Middle English breef, breve, bref, from Old French brief, bref, from Latin brevis (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus (“short, brief”). Doublet of merry.

der

(UK, historical) A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose.


sweet

en-adj

sweet (comparative sweeter, superlative sweetest)

sweeter (comparative)
sweetest (superlative)

nonsweet

antonym(s) of “containing a sweetening ingredient”

dry

of wines: retaining a portion of natural sugar

decaying

antonym(s) of “not decaying, fermented, rancid, sour, spoiled, or stale”

sour

antonym(s) of “free from excessive unwanted substances”

lame

antonym(s) of “(informal) very pleasing”

From Middle English swete, from Old English swēte (“sweet”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōtī, from Proto-Germanic *swōtuz (“sweet”), from Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus (“sweet”).
Cognate and synonymous with Scots sweit (“sweet”), North Frisian sweete (“sweet”), Saterland Frisian swäit (“sweet”), West Frisian swiet (“sweet”), Dutch zoet (“sweet”), German Low German sööt (“sweet”), German süß (“sweet”), Danish sød (“sweet”), Swedish söt (“sweet”), Norwegian søt (“sweet”), Icelandic sætur (“sweet”), Latin suāvis, Sanskrit स्वादु (svādú), Ancient Greek ἡδύς (hēdús). Doublet of suave.

money won is twice as sweet as money earned


sweet

en-noun

sweet (countable and uncountable, plural sweets)

(countable, especially UK) A confection made from sugar, or high in sugar content; a candy.

Can we see the sweet menu, please?

(countable, especially UK) A food eaten for dessert.


fell

en-adj

fell (comparative feller, superlative fellest)

feller (comparative)
fellest (superlative)

From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), either from Old French fel or from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”) and Dutch fel (“fierce, feisty, bitter”). See felon.

cog

(UK dialectal, Scotland) Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent

ärhäkkä

strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent

(UK dialectal, Scotland) Very large; huge.


pigeon

en-noun

pigeon (countable and uncountable, plural pigeons)

From pidgin English, from a Chinese Pidgin English pronunciation of English business during trade in the Far East. See pidgin.

It's his/her pigeon.

(archaic, idiomatic, UK, informal) Concern or responsibility.


congregation

congregation (countable and uncountable, plural congregations)

/ˌkɒŋɡɹɪˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑŋɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/

From Middle English congregacioun, from Old French congregacion, from Latin congregātiō, itself from congregō (“to herd into a flock”). Adopted (1520s) by the English Bible translator William Tyndale, to render the Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía, “those called together, (popular) meeting”) (hence Latin ecclēsia) in his New Testament, and preferred by 16th century Reformers instead of church.

cog

(UK, Oxford University) The main body of university staff, comprising academics, administrative staff, heads of colleges, etc.


verbal

en-noun

verbal (countable and uncountable, plural verbals)

From Old French verbal, from Late Latin verbālis (“belonging to a word”). Equivalent to verb + -al.

der

They were convicted on the evidence of an agent provocateur named Richard Seary, backed up by police verbals from three police officers who gave evidence of six verbals in which the three accused were supposed to have admitted their guilt.

1982, New South Wales. Parliament, Parliamentary Debates, page 2496:

(countable, UK, Ireland) A spoken confession given to police.

We'd give him a bit of verbal, out would come the bouncers, chucking their weight about, and it would all end in a right tear-up.

(uncountable, UK, Ireland, colloquial) Talk; speech, especially banter or scolding.


verbal

en-verb

verbal (third-person singular simple present verbals, present participle verballing, simple past and past participle verballed)

verbals (present singular third-person)
verballing (participle present)
verballed (participle past)
verballed (past)

The problem of 'verballing' is unlikely to disappear, whatever the legal status of the person detained.

1982, John A. Andrews, Human Rights in Criminal Procedure: A Comparative Study, BRILL, →ISBN, page 128:

Condren had always claimed that he was assaulted and verballed by police over the murder he had supposedly confessed to committing. Specifically, Condren claimed that he had been subjected to assault and intimidation prior to making a police record of interview, that the record of interview was largely fabricated by police, and that the oral admissions which police claimed he had made prior to the record of interview were also fabricated.

2001, Chris Cunneen, Conflict, Politics and Crime: Aboriginal Communities and the Police, Allen & Unwin, →ISBN, page 116:

"Moreover, given the risk of verballing, it is by no means apparent that it is in the interests of justice that the prosecution have the benefit of admissions that are made on occasions when recordings are impracticable."

2004, Jeremy Gans, Andrew Palmer, Australian Principles of Evidence, Routledge Cavendish, →ISBN, page 504:

Kelvin Condren maintained his innocence, claiming that he was 'verballed' in his police record of interview (so they were someone else's words not his).

2019, Kate Burridge, Tonya N. Stebbins, For the love of language: An Introduction to Linguistics, page 305:

As the necessary ingredient of an intention to commit an offence usually came from the mouth of the suspect himself, it was not difficult to make an arrest if the suspect was 'verballed'. A 'verbal' consisted of an unequivocal oral admission of guilt made to a police officer on the street, which, later on, the police officer transcribed into his notebook. It is called a 'verbal' if the suspect later denies making the incriminating remark.

2020, Inigo Bing, Populism on Trial: What Happens When Trust in Law Breaks Down:

(transitive, British, Australia) To allege (usually falsely) that someone has made an oral admission.


skirt

→ Japanese: スカート (sukāto)

→ Korean: 스커트 (seukeoteu)

→ Malay: skirt

→ Scottish Gaelic: sgiort

From Middle English skyrte, from Old Norse skyrta, from Proto-Germanic *skurtijǭ. Doublet of shirt. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Skoarte (“apron”), Dutch schort (“apron”), German Schürze (“apron”), Danish skørt (“skirt”), Swedish skört (“hem of a jacket”), Norwegian skjørt (“skirt”).

(UK, colloquial) Women collectively, in a sexual context.

Sexual intercourse
sexual intercourse#English

(UK, colloquial) Sexual intercourse with a woman.


burn

en-noun

burn (countable and uncountable, plural burns)

From Middle English bernen, birnen, from Old English birnan (“to burn”), metathesis from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenw-, present stem from *bʰrewh₁-. Doublet of brew.
See also Middle Irish brennim (“drink up”), bruinnim (“bubble up”); also Middle Irish bréo (“flame”), Albanian burth (“Cyclamen hederifolium, mouth burning”), Sanskrit भुरति (bhurati, “moves quickly, twitches, fidgets”). More at brew.

cog

TOM: I’m serious bruv. Put my burn and lighter and all that in my jeans please and give them here, then press the cell bell.

2002, Tom Wickham, “A Day In The Wrong Life”, in Julian Broadhead, Laura Kerr, editors, Prison Writing, 16th edition, Waterside Press, →ISBN, page 26:

“Any of you want to borrow some burn,” asked a scarred inmate known as Bull.

2006, S. Drake, A Cry for Help, Chipmunkapublishing ltd, →ISBN, Chapter 7, page 94:

It was like no one was looking out for me, and the older kids used to take the piss ...they were always threatening me and taking my burn [tobacco][…]

2006, Peter Squires, editor, Community Safety: Critical Perspectives on Policy and Practice, Policy Press, →ISBN, page 23:

As the prison week ended and the less careful inmates began to run out of burn they went through a peculiar begging ritual that I, never one to husband resources either, was quick to learn.

(uncountable, UK, chiefly prison slang) Tobacco.


spent

(law, chiefly UK) Of legislation or an enactment: no longer in force due to all of its provisions having expired or been completed.

(law, chiefly UK) Of a conviction: no longer appearing on a person's criminal record.


bull

en-noun

bull (countable and uncountable, plural bulls)

bear

investor who sells in anticipation of a fall in prices

From Middle English bole, bul, bule, from a conflation of Old English bula (“bull, steer”) and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). Cognate with West Frisian bolle, Dutch bul, German Low German Bull, German Bulle, Swedish bulla; also Old Irish ball (“limb”), Latin follis (“bellows, leather bag”), Thracian βόλινθος (vólinthos, “wild bull”), Macedonian вол (vol, "ox"), Slovene vol ("ox"), Albanian buall (“buffalo”) or related bolle (“testicles”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”).

cog

rozzer. See also Thesaurus:police officer

Half-a-crown is known as an alderman, half a bull, half a tusheroon, and a madza caroon; whilst a crown piece, or five shillings, may be called either a bull, or a caroon, or a cartwheel, or a coachwheel, or a thick-un, or a tusheroon.

1859, J.C. Hotten, A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words:

(UK, historical, obsolete slang) A crown coin; its value, 5 shillings.

A second good game was to cannon one galloping camel with another, and crash it into a near tree. Either the tree went down (valley trees in the light Hejaz soil were notably unstable things) or the rider was scratched and torn; or, best of all, he was swept quite out of his saddle, and left impaled on a thorny branch, if not dropped violently to the ground. This counted as a bull, and was very popular with everyone but him.

1926, T.E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, New York: Anchor, published 1991, page 219:

(military, firearms) The central portion of a target, inside the inner and magpie.


bull

en-verb

bull (third-person singular simple present bulls, present participle bulling, simple past and past participle bulled)

bulls (present singular third-person)
bulling (participle present)
bulled (participle past)
bulled (past)

From Middle English bull, bul, boule (“falsehood, deceit”), probably from Old French boul, boule, bole (“fraud, deceit, cunning”), from Old French bouler, boler (“to deceive, delude, lure, take in”), from Middle Low German bôlen (“to woo, court”), related to German buhlen (“to woo”), English bully. Often reanalyzed by surface analysis to be an expurgated clipping of bullshit.

der

(UK, military) To polish boots to a high shine.


wine

A variant of wind with simplification of the final consonant cluster; for the vowel quality, compare find, mind, rind.

Vor voices rawze upon tha wine

1850, James Orchard Halliwell, A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century:

Aw how sholl I tell o’m—vor âll pirty maidens / When I pass’d ’em look’d back—ther smill rawze on tha wine.

1869, James Jennings, The Dialect of the West of England, particularly Somersetshire:


pin

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: pins

→ Polish: pin

→ Spanish: pin

→ Swahili: pini

→ Swedish: pin, pins

From Middle English pinne, from Old English pinn (“pin, peg, bolt”), from Proto-Germanic *pinnaz, *pinnō, *pint- (“protruding point, peak, peg, pin, nail”), from Proto-Indo-European *bend- (“protruding object, pointed peg, nail, edge”). Related to pen (“enclosure”).
Cognate with Dutch pin (“peg, pin”), Low German pin, pinne (“pin, point, nail, peg”), German Pinn, Pinne (“pin, tack, peg”), Bavarian Pfonzer, Pfunzer (“sharpened point”), Danish pind (“pin, pointed stick”), Norwegian pinn (“stick”), Swedish pinne (“peg, rod, stick”), Icelandic pinni (“pin”). More at pintle.
No relation to classical Latin pinna (“fin, flipper, wing-like appendage, wing, feather”), which was extended to mean "ridge, peak, point" (compare pinnacle), and often confused with Latin penna (“wing, feather”). More at feather and pen (Etymology 3).

cog

Our ground crew were lodged in the main station, but they came to the cottage for a party when operations for the night had been cancelled and we had a new ‘gong’ (decoration) to celebrate. On these occasions we always installed a pin of bitter.

1978, Hugh Verity, chapter 2, in We landed by moonlight, Manchester: Crécy Publishing, →ISBN, page 22=:

(UK, brewing) A size of brewery cask, equal to half a firkin, or eighth of a barrel.


slew

en-verb

slew (third-person singular simple present slews, present participle slewing, simple past and past participle slewed)

slews (present singular third-person)
slewing (participle present)
slewed (participle past)
slewed (past)

In all senses, a mostly British spelling of slue.

Wales, Northern England, some New England, Southern American, and Canadian

(transitive, British, slang) To make a public mockery of someone through insult or wit.

iemand te kakken zetten

to make a public mockery of someone through insult or wit


spoilt

en-adj

spoilt (comparative more spoilt, superlative most spoilt)

more spoilt (comparative)
most spoilt (superlative)


have

en-verb

have (third-person singular simple present has, present participle having, simple past and past participle had)

has (present singular third-person)
having (participle present)
had (participle past)
had (past)
have (infinitive)

From Middle English haven, from Old English habban (“to have”), from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have”), durative of *habjaną (“to lift, take up”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, present tense of *keh₂p- (“to take, seize, catch”). Related to heave.
Since there is no common Indo-European root for a transitive possessive verb have (notice that Latin habeō is not etymologically related to English have), Proto-Indo-European probably lacked the have structure. Instead, the third person forms of be were used, with the possessor in dative case, compare Latin mihi est / sunt, literally to me is / are.
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian hääbe (“to have”), West Frisian hawwe (“to have”), Dutch hebben (“to have”), Afrikaans hê (“to have”), Low German hebben, hewwen (“to have”), German haben (“to have”), Danish have (“to have”), Swedish hava (“to have”), Norwegian Nynorsk ha (“to have”), Icelandic hafa (“to have”), Albanian kap (“I grab, catch, grip”), Latin capiō (“take”, verb), Russian хапать (xapatʹ, “to seize”).

saada

in some cases; normally a direct sentence would be used

I could have him!

(British, slang, transitive) To defeat in a fight; take.

You broke the window! Teacher’ll have you for that!

(British, slang, transitive) To inflict punishment or retribution on.


tout

tout (third-person singular simple present touts, present participle touting, simple past and past participle touted)

touts (present singular third-person)
touting (participle present)
touted (participle past)
touted (past)

From Middle English touten (“to jut out, protrude, gaze upon, observe, peer”), from Old English *tūtian (“to be sticking out, protrude”), related to Old English tȳtan (“to stand out, be conspicuous, shine”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tut(t)- (“to stick out, project”). Compare Icelandic túta (“a teat-like prominence”), tútna (“to be blown up”). Possibly influenced by dialectal toot (“to stick out; project; peer out; peep”), from Middle English toten, totien, from Old English tōtian (“to peep out; look; pry; spectate”). Compare also Old English tot, ġetot (“pomp, splendour, vainglory”).

cog

(UK, slang, horse-racing, transitive) To spy out information about (a horse, a racing stable, etc.).

(UK, slang, horse-racing, intransitive) To spy out the movements of racehorses at their trials, or to get by stealth or other improper means the secrets of the stable, for betting purposes.


crime

en-verb

crime (third-person singular simple present crimes, present participle criming, simple past and past participle crimed)

crimes (present singular third-person)
criming (participle present)
crimed (participle past)
crimed (past)

From Middle English cryme, crime, from Old French crime, crimne, from Latin crīmen. Displaced native Old English firen.

Nevertheless, in the course of a few days he is again intoxicated, creates disturbance in his quarters, is confined by his sergeant, crimed, and brought before the commanding officer […]

1846, John Mercier McMullen, Camp and Barrack-room, Or, The British Army as it is, page 298:

(UK, military, transitive) To subject to disciplinary punishment.


bubble

bubble (third-person singular simple present bubbles, present participle bubbling, simple past and past participle bubbled)

bubbles (present singular third-person)
bubbling (participle present)
bubbled (participle past)
bubbled (past)

Partly imitative, also influenced by burble. Compare Middle Dutch bobbe (“bubble”) > Dutch bubbel (“bubble”), Low German bubbel (“bubble”), Danish boble (“bubble”), Swedish bubbla (“bubble”). The word was first used in its economic sense in association with the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720, based on the metaphor of an inflated soap bubble bursting.

onom

imitative

(transitive, UK, slang) To grass (report criminal activity to the authorities).


chin

From Middle English chyn, from Old English ċinn (“chin”), from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz (“chin”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“chin, jaw”). Compare West Frisian/Dutch kin, Low German/German Kinn, Danish kind, Icelandic kinn, Welsh gen, Latin gena, Tocharian A śanwem, Ancient Greek γένυς (génus, “jaw”), Armenian ծնոտ (cnot), Persian چانه (čâne), Sanskrit हनु (hánu). Doublet of gena.

inh

(slang, British) A person of the upper class.


chin

en-verb

chin (third-person singular simple present chins, present participle chinning, simple past and past participle chinned)

chins (present singular third-person)
chinning (participle present)
chinned (participle past)
chinned (past)

He told me once that he used to be scared to death every time he started in a hard game for fear he’d get badly injured. Said it wasn’t until someone had jabbed him in the nose or ‘chinned’ him that he forgot to be scared.

1915, Ralph Henry Barbour, chapter 14, in Left Tackle Thayer, New York: Dodd, Mead, pages 183–184:

‘I’m in trouble, I hit a policeman—chinned him. He was messin’ me about, pushin’ me around on the pavement, so I chinned him, didn’t I? […]’

1966, Nell Dunn, “OUT with the Boys”, in Up the Junction, Philadelphia: Lippincott, page 88:

(chiefly UK, transitive) To punch or hit (someone), especially on the chin (part of the body).


bat

From Middle English bat, batte, from Old English batt (“bat, club, cudgel”), probably of Celtic origin, compare Old Breton bath (“club, cudgel”) and modern Breton bazh (“swagger stick”), ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂- (“to strike, beat, pierce”), similar to the Gaulish source of Latin battuo (“I beat, pound”).

der

(UK, Scotland, dialect) A stroke of work.

(UK, Scotland, dialect) Manner; rate; condition; state of health.


bat

en-verb

bat (third-person singular simple present bats, present participle batting, simple past and past participle batted)

bats (present singular third-person)
batting (participle present)
batted (participle past)
batted (past)

From Middle English baten (“to beat”), from Old French batre (“to beat”), from Late Latin battere, from Latin battuere; in modern English reinterpreted as a verbal derivative of Etymology 2. Compare batter, battery.

(UK, dialect, obsolete) To bate or flutter, as a hawk.


bat

The retailer who sells a little girl a pretty pair of shoes today instead of a pair of bats, is bound to sell that girl, when she grows up, a pair of stylish $3 or $4 shoes instead of her buying a pair of $1.98 bargain bats elsewhere.

1909, Boot and Shoe Recorder, volume 55, page 25:

(UK, dialect, obsolete) A child's shoe without a welt.

(UK, slang, obsolete) A boot that is badly made or in poor condition.


brick

en-noun

brick (countable and uncountable, plural bricks)

⇒ Welsh: brics

From late Middle English brik, bryke, bricke, from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch bricke ("cracked or broken brick; tile-stone"; modern Dutch brik), ultimately related to Proto-West Germanic *brekan (“to break”), whence also Old French briche and French brique (“brick”). Compare also German Low German Brickje (“small board, tray”). Related to break.

gloss

"cracked or broken brick; tile-stone"; modern Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">brik</i>

cog

I was on deck watching the firing, and looking at the direction in which our guns were pointing, it was obvious that it was not going to be Centurion who was going to receive our bricks.

2019, Daniel Knowles, HMS Hood: Pride of the Royal Navy:


sat

Hold on, I’m sat on my arse while I’m writing this.

2007, Tony Bell, “eighteen”, in Life in the Bus Lane, Cambridge: Vanguard Press, →ISBN, page 103:

(UK, predicative) Seated; sitting (down).


why

At two years old, also, the HEIFERS - provincially, “whies,” are generally put to the bull.

1796, William Marshall, The Rural Economy of Yorkshire:


spat

Shortening of spatterdash, from spatter + dash. 1779.

(automotive, UK, Australia) A piece of bodywork that covers the upper portions of the rear tyres of a car.


blow

en-verb

blow (third-person singular simple present blows, present participle blowing, simple past blew, past participle blown)

blows (present singular third-person)
blowing (participle present)
blew (past)
blown (participle past)

From Middle English blowen, from Old English blāwan (“to blow, breathe, inflate, sound”), from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną (“to blow”) (compare German blähen), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to swell, blow up”) (compare Latin flō (“to blow”) and Old Armenian բեղուն (bełun, “fertile”)).

der

'As for that,' says Will, 'I could tell it well enough, if I had it, but I must not be seen anywhere among my old acquaintances, for I am blown, and they will all betray me.'

(UK, slang, archaic) To expose, or inform on.


blow

en-noun

blow (countable and uncountable, plural blows)


shut

en-verb

shut (third-person singular simple present shuts, present participle shutting, simple past shut, past participle shut or (obsolete, dialectal) shutten)

shuts (present singular third-person)
shutting (participle present)
shut (past)
shut (participle past)
shutten (dialectal obsolete participle past)

From Middle English shutten, shetten, from Old English scyttan (“to cause rapid movement, shoot a bolt, shut, bolt”), from Proto-Germanic *skutjaną, *skuttijaną (“to bar, bolt”), from Proto-Germanic *skuttą, *skuttjō (“bar, bolt, shed”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to drive, fall upon, rush”).
Cognate with Dutch schutten (“to shut in, lock up”), Low German schütten (“to shut, lock in”), German schützen (“to shut out, dam, protect, guard”).

cog

shut the stable door after the horse has bolted

The pharmacy is shut on Sunday.

(transitive or intransitive, chiefly British) To close (a business) temporarily.


shut

Variation of chute or shute (archaic, related to shoot) from Old English scēotan.

(British, Shropshire dialect) A narrow alley or passage acting as a short cut through the buildings between two streets.


get

Kylie: Oi, Bono! You lazy get! Have you finished my song yet?

1990 January 13, David Quantick, Steven Wells, “Is It Rock Art Or Is It Nart?”, in New Musical Express:

(UK, Ireland, regional) Synonym of git (“contemptible person”)


bell

→ Fiji Hindi: belo

→ Japanese: ベル (beru)

→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

From Middle English belle, from Old English belle (“bell”), from Proto-Germanic *bellǭ. Cognate with West Frisian belle, bel, Dutch bel, Low German Belle, Bel, Danish bjelde, Swedish bjällra, Norwegian bjelle, Icelandic bjalla.

I’ll give you a bell later.

(chiefly British, informal) A telephone call.

(British, vulgar, slang) Clipping of bell-end (“stupid or contemptible person”).


down

en-adv

down (not generally comparable, comparative farther down, superlative farthest down)

farther down (comparative)
farthest down (superlative)

up

antonym(s) of “from a higher position to a lower one”

up

antonym(s) of “into a state of non-operation”

up

direction leading away from the principal terminus

From Middle English doun, from Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”). For the development from directional phrases to prepositions, compare Middle Low German dāle (“(in/to the) valley”), i.e. "down(wards)".

noncog

He's gone back down to Newcastle for Christmas.

(UK, academia, dated) Away from Oxford or Cambridge.


down

en-noun

down (countable and uncountable, plural downs)

From Middle English doune, from Old English dūn, from Proto-West Germanic *dūn (“sandhill, dune”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz, *dūnǭ (“pile, heap”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, haze, dust”). Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“hill; hillfort”) (compare Welsh din (“hill”), Irish dún (“hill, fort”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”). Cognate with West Frisian dún (“dune, sandhill”), Dutch duin (“dune, sandhill”), German Düne (“dune”). More at town; akin to dune. Doublet of Down.

unc

uncertain origin

der

Seven thousand broad-taild Sheepe gras'd on his Downes;

1636, George Sandys, “A Paraphrase Vpon Iob”, in Early English Books:

(UK, chiefly in the plural) A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near the sea, covered with fine turf which serves chiefly for the grazing of sheep.


undertake

en-verb

undertake (third-person singular simple present undertakes, present participle undertaking, simple past undertook, past participle undertaken)

undertakes (present singular third-person)
undertaking (participle present)
undertook (past)
undertaken (participle past)

From Middle English undertaken; equivalent to under- + take (after undernim).

(British, informal) To pass a slower moving vehicle on the curbside rather than on the side closest to oncoming traffic.


undertake

(British, informal) The passing of slower traffic on the curbside rather than on the side closest to oncoming traffic.


stank

From Old French estanc, (French étang), from Latin stagnum (“a pool”). Compare stagnant, stagnate.

And he [the hart] fleeth then mightily and far from the hounds, that is to say he hath gone a great way from them, then he will go into the stank, and will soil therein once or twice in all the stank and then he will come out again by the same way that he went in, and then he shall ruse again the same way that he came (the length of) a bow shot or more, and then he shall ruse out of the way, for to stall or squatt to rest him, and that he doeth for he knoweth well that the hounds shall come by the fues [footing] into the stank where he was.

c. 1425, Edward, Second Duke of York [i.e., Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York], “Of the Hart and His Nature”, in W[illia]m A[dolf] Baillie-Grohman, F[lorence] Baillie-Grohman, editors, The Master of Game by Edward, Second Duke of York: The Oldest English Book on Hunting, London: Chatto & Windus, published 1909, →OCLC, page 33:

(UK, dialect) Water retained by an embankment; a pool of water.

(UK, dialect) A dam or mound to stop water.


lead

en-noun

lead (countable and uncountable, plural leads)

From Middle English leden, from Old English lǣdan (“to lead”), from Proto-West Germanic *laidijan, from Proto-Germanic *laidijaną (“to cause one to go, lead”), causative of Proto-Germanic *līþaną (“to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to leave, die”).
Cognate with West Frisian liede (“to lead”), Dutch leiden (“to lead”), German leiten (“to lead”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål lede (“to lead”), Norwegian Nynorsk leia (“to lead”), Swedish leda (“to lead”). Related to Old English līþan (“to go, travel”).

der

(UK, countable) An insulated metallic wire for electrical devices and equipment.


bog

Inherited from Middle English bog (originally chiefly in Ireland and Scotland), from Irish and Scottish Gaelic bogach (“soft, boggy ground”), from Old Irish bog (“soft”), from Proto-Celtic *buggos (“soft, tender”) + Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-ākos.
The frequent use to form compounds regarding the animals and plants in such areas mimics Irish compositions such as bog-luachair (“bulrush, bogrush”).
Its use for toilets is now often derived from the resemblance of latrines and outhouse cesspools to bogholes, but the noun sense appears to be a clipped form of boghouse (“outhouse, privy”), which derived (possibly via boggard) from the verb to bog, still used in Australian English. The derivation and its connection to other senses of "bog" remains uncertain, however, owing to an extreme lack of early citations due to its perceived vulgarity.

I'm on the bog ― I'm sitting on/using the toilet

I'm in the bog ― I'm in the bathroom

Fearing I should catch cold, they out of pity covered me warm in a Bogg-house.

1665, Richard Head et al., The English Rogue Described in the Life of Meriton Latroon, volume I:

...That no dirt... be thrown out of any window, or down the bogs...

a. 1789, Verses to John Howard F.R.S. on His State of Prisons and Lazarettos, published 1789, page 181:

Bog, or bog-house, a privy as distinguished from a water-closet.

1864, J.C. Hotten, The Slang Dictionary, page 79:

Our lodger had our upstairs, use of the stove, our tap, and our bog.

1959, William Golding, chapter I, in Free Fall, page 23:

(UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, slang) A place to defecate: originally specifically a latrine or outhouse but now used for any toilet.


bog

en-verb

bog (third-person singular simple present bogs, present participle bogging, simple past and past participle bogged)

bogs (present singular third-person)
bogging (participle present)
bogged (participle past)
bogged (past)

(intransitive, originally vulgar UK, now chiefly Australia) To defecate, to void one's bowels.

(transitive, originally vulgar UK, now chiefly Australia) To cover or spray with excrement.

(transitive, British, informal) To make a mess of something.


bog

From bug off, a clipping of bugger off, likely under the influence of bog (coarse British slang for "toilet[s]").

(euphemistic, slang, British, usually with "off") To go away.


shed

shed (third-person singular simple present sheds, present participle shedding, simple past and past participle shed or (nonstandard) shedded)

sheds (present singular third-person)
shedding (participle present)
shed (participle past)
shed (past)
shedded (nonstandard participle past)
shedded (nonstandard past)

From Middle English scheden, schede, from Old English scēadan, scādan (“to separate, divide, part, make a line of separation between; remove from association or companionship; distinguish, discriminate, decide, determine, appoint; shatter, shed; expound; decree; write down; differ”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþan, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþaną (compare West Frisian skiede, Dutch and German scheiden), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyt- (“to cut, part, divide, separate”), from *skey-.
See also Welsh chwydu (“to break open”), Lithuanian skėsti (“to spread”), skíesti (“to separate”), Old Church Slavonic цѣдити (cěditi, “to filter, strain”), Ancient Greek σχίζω (skhízō, “to split”), Old Armenian ցտեմ (cʻtem, “to scratch”), Sanskrit च्यति (cyáti, “he cuts off”)). Related to shoad, shit, sheath.

cog

To shed something in two.

To shed the sheep from the lambs.

A metal comb shed her golden hair.

We are shed with each other by an enormous distance.

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boece
If there be any thing that knitteth himself to the ilk middle point [of a circle], it is constrained into simplicity (that is to say, into unmovablity), and it ceaseth to be shed and to flit diversely.

1460–1500, The Poems of Robert Henryson
The northern wind had shed the misty clouds from the sky;

1635, "Sermon on Philippians III, 7, 8", in Select Practical Writings of David Dickson (1845), Volume 1, page 166 Internet Archive
Lest […] ye shed with God.

(transitive, obsolete, UK, dialectal) To part, separate or divide.


shed

→ Scottish Gaelic: seada

→ Welsh: sièd

Dialectal variant of a specialized use of shade.

(British, derogatory, informal) An automobile which is old, worn-out, slow, or otherwise of poor quality.

Never saw that but we did stand and watch a pair of Sheds (156 and 165) speed north on a loaded steel.

2000 November 12, Bruce Garbutt, “Re: DRS to Cardiff (was Re: Tractor via Eddiestown)”, in uk.railway (Usenet):

(British, rail transport, informal) A British Rail Class 66 locomotive.


bread

From Middle English brede (“breadth, width, extent”), from Old English brǣdu (“breadth, width, extent”), from Proto-Germanic *braidį̄ (“breadth”). Cognate with Scots brede, breid (“breadth”), Dutch breedte (“breadth”), German Breite (“breadth”), Swedish bredd (“breadth”), Icelandic breidd (“breadth”).

inh

(obsolete or UK dialectal, Scotland) Breadth.


business

en-noun

business (countable and uncountable, plural businesses)

Tok Pisin: bisnis

→ Albanian: biznes

→ Belarusian: бі́знэс (bíznes)

→ Bulgarian: би́знес (bíznes)

→ Czech: business, byznys

→ Dutch: business

→ Indonesian: bisnis, bisnes

→ Faroese: besnissaður

→ Finnish: bisnes, business

→ French: business

→ Haitian Creole: biznis

→ Italian: business

→ Japanese: ビジネス (bijinesu)

→ Jersey Dutch: bääznäs

→ Marshallese: peejnej

→ Moroccan Arabic: بزناس (biznās)

desc

→ Newar: बनय्ज्या (banêjyā), बनेज्या (banejyā)

→ Pennsylvania German: Bisniss

→ Polish: biznes

→ Romanian: bișniță

desctree

→ Russian: би́знес (bíznes), би́знесъ (bíznɛs) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: բիզնես (biznes)
→ Yakut: биисинэс (biisines)

→ Slovak: biznis

→ Spanish: bisnes

→ Tatar: business

→ Ukrainian: бі́знес (bíznes)

→ Welsh: busnes

From Middle English busines, busynes, businesse, bisynes, from Old English bisiġnes (“business, busyness”), equivalent to busy + -ness. Doublet of busyness.

business

action carried out with a prop or piece of clothing

business in the front, party in the back

These new phones are the business!

(slang, British) Something very good; top quality. (possibly from "the bee's knees")


cheese

en-noun

cheese (countable and uncountable, plural cheeses or (archaic) cheesen)

cheeses (plural)
cheesen (archaic plural)

fill

dummy pattern to increase pattern density

Tok Pisin: sis

Borrowings

→ Abenaki: chiz

→ Cantonese: 芝士 (zi¹ si⁶⁻²)

→ Chichewa: tchizi

→ Coeur d'Alene: chis

→ Dhivehi: ޗީޒު (cīzu)

→ Fijian: jisi

→ Gilbertese: titi

→ Hakka: 起士 (chhí-sṳ̀)

→ Hindi: चीज़ (cīz)

→ Igbo: chiz

→ Japanese: チーズ (chīzu)

→ Korean: 치즈 (chijeu)

→ Malayalam: ചീസ് (cīsŭ)

desc

→ Mandarin: 起士 (qǐshì), 起司, 芝士 (zhīshì), 吉士 (jíshì)

→ Maori: tīhi

→ Marathi: चीझ (cījh)

→ Marshallese: jiij

→ Mohegan-Pequot: cihs; cheehs (obsolete)

→ Nepali: चिज (cij), चीज (cīj)

→ Punjabi: ਚੀਜ਼ (cīz)

→ Samoan: sisi

→ Tokelauan: hihi

→ Sinhalese: චීස් (cīs)

→ Swahili: chizi

→ Thai: ชีส (chíis)

→ Tongan: siisi

→ Tswana: tshise

→ Western Ojibwa: ᒌᐦᐢ (cîhs, jiis) (Saulteaux dialects)

→ Wu: 起司 (¹chi-sy)

→ Xhosa: itshizi

→ Zulu: ushizi

Etymology tree
Latin cāseusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *kāsī
Old English ċīese
Middle English chese
English cheese
From Middle English chese, from Old English ċīese, specifically the Anglian form ċēse, from Proto-West Germanic *kāsī, borrowed from Latin cāseus. Doublet of queso.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Síes (“cheese”), West Frisian tsiis (“cheese”), Dutch kaas (“cheese”), German Low German Kees (“cheese”), German Käse (“cheese”).

etymon

1807, Nutt, F. (1807). The Complete Confectioner: Or, The Whole Art of Confectionary Made Easy: Containing, Among a Variety of Useful Matter, the Art of Making the Various Kinds of Biscuits, Drops ... as Also the Most Approved Method of Making Cheeses, Puddings, Cakes &c. in 250 Cheap and Fashionable Receipts. The Result of Many Years Experience with the Celebrated Negri and Witten. United Kingdom: reprinted, for Richard Scott and sold at his bookstore, no. 243 Pearl-street.
p.82-3, No.244. Damson Cheese: “Pick the damsons free from stalks···You may make plum or bullace cheese in the same way···”

(uncountable, UK) A thick variety of jam (fruit preserve), as distinguished from a thinner variety (sometimes called jelly)

(countable, UK) In skittles, the roughly ovoid object that is thrown to knock down the skittles.


bug

First attested in this form around 1620 (referring to a bedbug), from earlier bugge (“beetle”), a conflation of two words:
# Middle English bugge (“scarecrow, hobgoblin”), perhaps from obsolete Welsh bwg ("ghost, hobgoblin"; compare Welsh bwgwl ("threat", older "fear")) or from Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”) (compare Norwegian bugge (“big man”), dialectal Low German Bögge (“goblin”, “snot”)). Or, from a word related to buck and originally referring to a goat-shaped spectre.
# Middle English budde (“beetle”), from Old English budda (see sċearnbudda (“dung beetle”)), from Proto-Germanic *buddô, *buzdô, from the same ultimate source as above (compare Low German Budde (“louse, grub”), Norwegian budda (“newborn domestic animal”)). More at bud.
The term is used to refer to technical errors and problems at least as early as the 19th century, predating the commonly known story of a moth being caught in a computer.

cog

given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow

Speaking of advertising changes of name, a title by which those lodging-house pests, bugs, are now often known, that of Norfolk Howards, is derived from an advertisement in which one Ephraim Bug avowed his intention of being for the future known as Norfolk Howard.

1874, Henry Sampson, A history of advertising, page 278:

Bugs are generated from the moisture of living animals, as it dries up outside their bodies. Lice are generated out of the flesh of animals.

1910, Aristotle, translated by D.W. Thompson, The Works of Aristotle: Historia animalium:


drive

en-noun

drive (countable and uncountable, plural drives)

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷaɪv]

From Middle English driven, from Old English drīfan (“to drive, force, move”), from Proto-West Germanic *drīban, from Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots drive (“to drive”), North Frisian driwe (“to drive”), Saterland Frisian drieuwe (“to drive”), West Frisian driuwe (“to chase, drive, impel”), Dutch drijven (“to drive”), Low German drieven (“to drive, drift, push”), German treiben (“to drive, push, propel”), Norwegian Bokmål drive, Danish drive (“to drive, run, force”), Norwegian Nynorsk driva, Swedish driva (“to drive, power, drift, push, force”), Icelandic drífa (“to drive, hurry, rush”).

cog

Yeah, thanks, drive!
You boyz all goin' shoppin'?
We are, drive, says Chip.

2017 March 21, Leonora Brito, Dat's Love and Other Stories, Parthian Books, →ISBN:

The coaches dropped us where we had begun, outside the chapel; each child in turn piping up, 'Thank you, drive!' as we disembarked.

2017 July 1, Huw Lewis, To Hear the Skylark's Song, Parthian Books, →ISBN:

Soon every stop on every route was once again punctuated by rounds of 'Cheers drive! Cheers drive! Cheers drive!' And with this little nicety reinstated, all was relatively well in Bristol town.

2018 June 28, Wilf Merttens, Bristol Urban Legends: The Hotwells Crocodile and Other Stories, The History Press, →ISBN:

'Cheers, Drive!' said Dylan as they climbed off the bus.

2019 May 30, Ed Clarke, The Secret Dragon, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

(UK, especially Bristol and Wales, slang) Friendly term of address for a bus driver.


button

→ German: Button

→ Hindi: बटन (baṭan)

→ Gujarati: બટન (baṭan)

→ Korean: 버튼 (beoteun)

→ Maori: pātene

→ Marathi: बटण (baṭaṇ)

→ Urdu: بَٹَن (baṭan)

From Middle English boton, botoun, from Old French boton (Modern French bouton), from Old French bouter, boter (“to push; thrust”), ultimately from a Germanic language. Doublet of Biden and beat. More at butt.

(UK, archaic) A unit of length equal to ¹⁄₁₂ inch.


fit

en-adj

fit (comparative fitter, superlative fittest)

fitter (comparative)
fittest (superlative)

Possibly from Middle English fit (“an adversary of equal power”), of uncertain further origin. The original sense appears to have been "to marshal or deploy troops", which shifted to "to suit (troops to a certain location" > "suitable", and may be further related to Icelandic fitja (“to web, knit, cast on”).

cog

I think the girl working in the office is fit.

I think you are really fit / You're fit but my gosh don't you know it.

2004, Mike Skinner (lyrics and music), “Fit but You Know It”, in A Grand Don't Come for Free, performed by The Streets:

I said I'd rather be with your friends, mate, cos they are much fitter.

2007, “Foundations”, in Kate Nash, Paul Eppworth (lyrics), Made of Bricks, performed by Kate Nash:

(British, informal, chiefly slang) Sexually attractive; good-looking; fanciable.


then

From Middle English then(ne), than(ne), from Old English þonne, þanne, þænne (“then, at that time”), from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“at that (time), then”), from earlier *þam, from Proto-Indo-European *tóm, accusative masculine of *só (“demonstrative pronoun, that”).
Cognate with Dutch dan (“then”), German dann (“then”), Icelandic þá (“then”). Doublet of than.

inh

‘She says Indian elephants are tidgy little things.’
 ‘They're not then.’ Emma was getting heated. ‘They're –’
 ‘Emma!’ said Jenny sharply. The child subsided.

2001, Eric Malpass, At the Height of the Moon, page 28:

(UK, dialect, affirmation) Used to contradict an assertion.


rumour

en-noun

rumour (countable and uncountable, plural rumours)

From Middle English rumour, from Old French rumour, rumor, from Latin rūmor (“common talk”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *rewH- (“to shout, roar”).

der

Rumour had it (though not proved) that she descended from the house of the lords Talbot de Malahide

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

There were rumours, new rumours every morning, delightful and outrageous rumours, so that the lumps in the porridge were swallowed without comment and the fish-cakes were eaten without contumely.

1922, Michael Arlen, “1/1/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

"Keep off Conductor Rails" said red-painted notices at the platform ends, for third-rails were laid in many places even where electric trains never normally ran, and there had been many rumours of impending electrification of the Wirral, as a natural extension of the Mersey system, a quarter of a century before the change was actually made.

1954 March, W. A. Tuplin, “Recollections of the Wirral Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 167:

I myself gave support to the summoning of the Estates General ... as merely mistaken . Similarly it might be held that Paradise originated in a rumour invented in hell to make society the more interesting . ' ' We need a saviour .

1969, Peter Vansittart, Pastimes of a Red Summer: A Novel, Owen, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 140:

Dame Rumour outstrides me yet again.

1991 September, Stephen Fry, chapter 1, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, →OCLC, section I, page 18:

British, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Ireland spelling of rumor