SIM

search of the index map
search of the index map#English

(law, England and Wales) acronym of search of the index map.


Saxon

→ Korean: 색슨 (saekseun)

→ Welsh: Sacson

Partially from Middle English Saxe, Sax; from Old English *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan), and Saxoun, from Old French *Saxoun, Saxon (“Saxon”), from Late Latin Saxōnem, accusative of Saxō (“a Saxon”), both from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą (“rock, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of Sais.
Cognates
Cognate with Middle Low German sasse (“someone speaking Saxon, i.e. (Middle) Low German”), Old English Seaxa (“a Saxon”), Old High German Sahso (“a Saxon”), Icelandic Saxi (“a Saxon”), Estonian saks (“lord; German”), Finnish Saksa (“Germany”). Also cognate to Old English seax (“a knife, hip-knife, an instrument for cutting, a short sword, dirk, dagger”); more at sax.

cog

Then came the call to arms, love, the heather was aflame / Down from the silent mountains, the Saxon strangers came.

1973, Sean McCarthy (lyrics and music), “Shanagolden”:

(Ireland, Wales, poetic) An English/British person.


Saxon

en-adj

Saxon (comparative more Saxon, superlative most Saxon)

more Saxon (comparative)
most Saxon (superlative)

He was a large, very Saxon type of man; that is to say, an English one, having shed the vices and cruelties and developed the patience and cool-headedness.

1987, Idries Shah, Adventures, Facts and Fantasy in Darkest England, London: The Octagon Press, →ISBN, page 325:

(Ireland, Wales, poetic) Of, relating to, or characteristic of England, typically as opposed to a Celtic nationality.


to

From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō ~ *ta, from Proto-Indo-European *de ~ *do (“to”). Cognate with Scots tae, to (“to”), North Frisian to, tö, tu (“to”), Saterland Frisian tou (“to”), Low German to (“to”), Dutch toe, te (“to”), German zu (“to”), West Frisian ta (“to”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian ndaj (“towards”), Irish do (“to, for”), Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Russian до (do, “to”). Doublet of too.

uses the dative case or նկատմամբ (nkatmamb)

(first number in genitive case) suhde (second number in illative case) (e.g. yhden suhde yhteen ~ one to one)

(ordinal number of the exponent in illative case)

ב־

written together with the following word

(ordinal number of the exponent in superessive case)

Stay where you're to and I'll come find you, b'y.

Where are you to?

"What's that to you?" said Trevool, rather sharply, "worn't I to a berrin? […]

1867, Cornish Tales, in prose and verse by various authors, page 33:

(Canada, Cornwall (UK), Newfoundland, Wales, West Midlands (UK)) At.

Cornwall (UK); West Midlands (UK); Cornwall (UK); West Midlands (UK)


chair

en-verb

chair (third-person singular simple present chairs, present participle chairing, simple past and past participle chaired)

chairs (present singular third-person)
chairing (participle present)
chaired (participle past)
chaired (past)

From Middle English chayer, chaire, chaiere, chaere, chayre, chayere, from Old French chaiere, chaere, from Latin cathedra (“seat”), from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”). Displaced native stool and settle, which now have more specialised senses. Doublet of cathedra and chaise.

The poet was chaired at the national Eisteddfod.

(transitive, Wales, UK) To award a chair to (a winning poet) at a Welsh eisteddfod.


drive

en-noun

drive (countable and uncountable, plural drives)

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷaɪv]

From Middle English driven, from Old English drīfan (“to drive, force, move”), from Proto-West Germanic *drīban, from Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots drive (“to drive”), North Frisian driwe (“to drive”), Saterland Frisian drieuwe (“to drive”), West Frisian driuwe (“to chase, drive, impel”), Dutch drijven (“to drive”), Low German drieven (“to drive, drift, push”), German treiben (“to drive, push, propel”), Norwegian Bokmål drive, Danish drive (“to drive, run, force”), Norwegian Nynorsk driva, Swedish driva (“to drive, power, drift, push, force”), Icelandic drífa (“to drive, hurry, rush”).

cog

Yeah, thanks, drive!
You boyz all goin' shoppin'?
We are, drive, says Chip.

2017 March 21, Leonora Brito, Dat's Love and Other Stories, Parthian Books, →ISBN:

The coaches dropped us where we had begun, outside the chapel; each child in turn piping up, 'Thank you, drive!' as we disembarked.

2017 July 1, Huw Lewis, To Hear the Skylark's Song, Parthian Books, →ISBN:

Soon every stop on every route was once again punctuated by rounds of 'Cheers drive! Cheers drive! Cheers drive!' And with this little nicety reinstated, all was relatively well in Bristol town.

2018 June 28, Wilf Merttens, Bristol Urban Legends: The Hotwells Crocodile and Other Stories, The History Press, →ISBN:

'Cheers, Drive!' said Dylan as they climbed off the bus.

2019 May 30, Ed Clarke, The Secret Dragon, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

(UK, especially Bristol and Wales, slang) Friendly term of address for a bus driver.


community

en-noun

community (countable and uncountable, plural communities)

From Late Middle English communite, borrowed from Old French communité, comunité, comunete (modern French communauté), from Classical Latin commūnitās (“community; public spirit”), from commūnis (“common, ordinary; of or for the community, public”) + -itās. By surface analysis, commune + -ity. Doublet of communitas.

der

(Wales, countable) A local area within a county or county borough which is the lowest tier of local government, usually represented by a community council or town council, which is generally equivalent to a civil parish in England.


exchange

en-noun

exchange (countable and uncountable, plural exchanges)

From Middle English eschaunge, borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from Old French eschange (whence modern French échange), from the verb eschanger, from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Spelling later changed on the basis of ex- in English. By surface analysis, ex- + change.

exchange of contracts
exchange of contracts#English

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) Clipping of exchange of contracts.


exchange

en-verb

exchange (third-person singular simple present exchanges, present participle exchanging, simple past and past participle exchanged)

exchanges (present singular third-person)
exchanging (participle present)
exchanged (participle past)
exchanged (past)

From Middle English eschaungen, from Anglo-Norman eschaungier, Old French eschanger, from the Old French verb eschangier, eschanger (whence modern French échanger), from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Gradually displaced native Old English wrixlan, wixlan (“to change, exchange, reciprocate”) and its descendants, wrixle being one of them.

exchange contracts
exchange contracts#English

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) Clipping of exchange contracts.


seat

From Middle English sete, from Old English sǣte, possibly from (or simply cognate with) Old Norse sæti (“seat”), both from Proto-Germanic *sētiją (“seat”), from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”); compare Old English set (“seat”).
Sense 2 (“location or site”) is probably derived from Old English sǣte (“house”), which is related to Old High German sāza (“sedan, seat, domicile”).
Cognates
* Middle Dutch gesaete
* Old High German gisazi (modern German Gesäß)

cog

would you mind putting on your seat belt

(law, England and Wales) One of a series of departmental placements given to a trainee solicitor as part of their training contract.


butty

(colloquial, UK, now chiefly Wales and West Country) A friend.


chapel

From Middle English chapele, chapel, from Old French chapele, from Late Latin cappella (“little cloak; chapel”), diminutive of cappa (“cloak, cape”). Doublet of capelle.
(printing office): Said to be because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey.

der

The village butcher is chapel.

(Wales) Describing a person who attends a nonconformist chapel.


dap

Onomatopoeic, from the sound made when a person runs while wearing daps.

I somehow expected them to shout obscenities, and was glad I had come ordinarily dressed, in a sports shirt, an old linen jacket, jeans and daps.

1988, Alan Hollinghurst, The Swimming-Pool Library, paperback edition, London: Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 169:

(West Country, Somerset, Bristol, Wales, usually in the plural) A plimsoll.


tidy

From Middle English tidy, tydy, tidi (“timely, seasonal, opportune”), from tide (“time”) + -y. Cognate with Saterland Frisian tiedig (“timely, early”), Dutch tijdig (“timely”), German Low German tiedig (“timely”), German zeitig (“seasonal, timely”), Danish tidig (“timely”), Swedish tidig (“timely”).

cog

(Wales) Expression of agreement or positive acknowledgement, usually in reply to a question; great, fine.


scram

en-verb

scram (third-person singular simple present scrams, present participle scramming, simple past and past participle scrammed)

scrams (present singular third-person)
scramming (participle present)
scrammed (participle past)
scrammed (past)

The verb is a variant of dialectal English scramb (“to pull or rake together with the hands; to gather a handful of something from the ground; to scratch with the claws or nails; to pull down violently; to tear off; to maul about; a handful of something from the ground”), possibly related to Dutch schrammen (“to graze, scratch”) and German schrammen (“to scratch, scrape”); see etymology 1.
The noun is derived from the verb.

scram [...] Verb. [...] 2. To scratch, with claws or fingernails. E.g. "It's my own fault the cat scrammed me, I was teasing it." [South Wales use]

[1996–2020, Ted Duckworth, “scram”, in A Dictionary of Slang, archived from the original on 2013-08-30:

A woman has praised firefighters and her cat for saving her life following an alleged arson attack. Two-and-a-half-year-old tortoiseshell Taffy repeatedly bit owner Tracie Horgan-Hodgkiss on the hand until she woke up when her flat filled with acrid smoke in the early hours of this morning. [...] "I’d like to say thank you very much to the firefighters for coming to rescue me. And I am sorry that Taffy scrammed one of them!"

2013 December 19, Abby Bolter, “Firefighters Rescue Woman Trapped in Bridgend Flat following an Alleged Arson Attack”, in WalesOnline, archived from the original on 2013-12-24:

(transitive, Derbyshire, Wales) To scratch (something) with claws or fingernails; to claw.


scram

scram [...] Noun. [...] 2. A scratch. [South Wales use]

(Derbyshire, Wales) A scratch, especially caused by claws or fingernails.


shelve

shelve (third-person singular simple present shelves, present participle shelving, simple past and past participle shelved)

shelves (present singular third-person)
shelving (participle present)
shelved (participle past)
shelved (past)

The verb is a back-formation from shelves, the plural of shelf (“flat, rigid structure, fixed at right angles to a wall or forming a part of a cabinet, desk, etc., and used to display, store, or support objects”).
The noun is derived from sense 2 (“(obsolete) to hang over or project like a shelf”).

安放

to place (something) in a certain location

(figurative) To place (something) in a certain location, as if on a shelf.

(Wales, slang) To have sex with (someone).


voir dire

en-noun

voir dire (countable and uncountable, plural voir dires)

/ˈvwɑː ˌdɪə/

/ˈvɔɹ ˌdaɪɹ/

/ˈvwɑɹ ˌdɪɹ/

Anglo-Norman for “to say the truth”, from Old French voir (“true, truth”) + dire (“to say”), from Latin vērum + dīcere.

(law, England, Wales, New Zealand, Australia, US) A preliminary hearing without a jury in order to determine whether the evidence meets the test for admissibility to go to a full hearing at a criminal trial, in the legal systems of England and Wales, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.


commonhold

(property law, England and Wales) The freehold tenure of part of a multioccupancy building (typically a flat) with shared responsibility for common services.


mitch

en-verb

mitch (third-person singular simple present mitches, present participle mitching, simple past and past participle mitched)

mitches (present singular third-person)
mitching (participle present)
mitched (participle past)
mitched (past)

From Middle English mychen, müchen (“to rob, steal, pilfer”), from Old English *myċċan (“to steal”), from Proto-West Germanic *mukkjan, from Proto-Germanic *mukjaną (“to waylay, ambush, hide, rob”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mūg-, *(s)mewg- (“swindler, thief”). Cognate with Scots mich, myche (“to steal”), Saterland Frisian mogeln (“to act secretively and deceitfully”), Dutch mokkelen (“to flatter”), Alemannic German mauchen (“to nibble secretively”), German mogeln (“to cheat”), German meucheln (“to assassinate”), Norwegian i mugg (“in secret, secretly”), Latin muger (“cheater”). Related to mooch.

cog

"Did you ever mitch school?" he asked.
"No. But I think this is what it would feel like."

1983, Bernard MacLaverty, Cal, Chapter 4. (p.115 in the 1998 Vintage paperback edition)

John said he was going to mitch the last lesson today.

I was young once. God, the things we used to get up to in the seminary. Me and a bunch of the lads there, once we mitched off to see a Dana concert.

1996, Graham Linehan, Arthur Mathews, "Old Grey Whistle Theft" (Father Ted TV episode)

(Ireland, Wales, transitive, intransitive) To be absent from (school) without a valid excuse; to play truant, to skive off.


twp

This is what he said: "Christ is not a twp. He does not want money. He wants no more than your heart and He has got mine."

1946, Marguerite Florence Hélène Jervais Evans, Oliver Sandys, Caradoc Evans:

He said if there was a twp more twp than me he would rather be Son Prodigal.

1968, Glyn Jones, The dragon has two tongues: essays on Anglo-Welsh writers and writing:


twp

en-adj

twp (comparative more twp, superlative most twp)

more twp (comparative)
most twp (superlative)

As I wrote at the time, Terry is the epitome of a 'twp Taffy' and many would argue that this is the only kind of Welsh representation regularly available […]

2005, Jonathan Bignell, Stephen Lacey, Popular television drama: critical perspectives:


EPA

en-noun

EPA (countable and uncountable, plural EPAs)

Coordinate term: LPA

enduring power of attorney
enduring power of attorney#English

(countable, law, England and Wales) Initialism of enduring power of attorney.


AHA

AHA (countable and uncountable, plural AHAs)

Agricultural Holdings Act tenancy#English

(countable, property law, England and Wales) Initialism of Agricultural Holdings Act tenancy.


AHA

Agricultural Holdings Act
w:Agricultural Holdings Act

(countable, property law, England and Wales) Initialism of Agricultural Holdings Act.


CPR

Civil Procedure Rules
w:Civil Procedure Rules

(law, England and Wales) Initialism of Civil Procedure Rules.


AST

AST (countable and uncountable, plural ASTs)

assured shorthold tenancy
w:assured shorthold tenancy

(property law, real estate, England and Wales) Initialism of assured shorthold tenancy.


FBT

FBT (countable and uncountable, plural FBTs)

farm business tenancy
farm business tenancy#English

(countable, property law, England and Wales) Initialism of farm business tenancy.


cariad

Eh, dear, Mr. Robert, sir, the master's waiting to hear you ask after your little cariad (sweetheart), Miss Hirell.

"Wilt thou be my cariad?" said she.

, T. H. Thomas, “A Fisher-Story and Other Notes from South Wales”, in Folklore, page 338:

As for the women, I believe Catherine Zeta-Jones might not be equine, and is, in fact, quite representational of Welsh women. I'll stick to my cariads, thank you very much.

1999 June 16, Martin Phillips, “Re: "Wales is a gay nation"”, in alt.gossip.celebrities (Usenet), message-ID <7k99jo$2og$1@uranium.btinternet.com>:

I'd say collegeboy is a high contender, Warren, cariad.

2000 April 11, Taffy3Rock, “Re: A Final Fairwell”, in alt.tv.3rd-rock (Usenet), message-ID <20000411122402.16739.00000693@nso-fo.aol.com>:

And all because we are together, my little cariad.

2007, Barbara Williams Cook, Led by Faith:

[...] as he suckled at her breast beneath the Welsh shawl. Tired but happier, Susannah Holmes remembered Mary's native logic when her name had been called. "Oh well, cariads. One hell is as good as another."

2011, Mary MacLauren, The Four Elizabeths, →ISBN, page 46:


linn

From Middle English *linne, from Old English hlynn (“torrent”).

What seek we here / Amid this waste where desolation scowls, / And the red torrent, brawling down the linn, / Sings everlasting discord?

1814, J. H. Craig [pseudonym; James Hogg], The Hunting of Badlewe: A Dramatic Tale, London: H[enry] Colburn; Edinburgh: G. Goldie, →OCLC, page 1; quoted in “The Hunting of Badlewe, a Dramatic Tale. 8vo. Edin. 1814. [From the Scottish Review.]”, in The Analectic Magazine, Containing Selections from Foreign Reviews and Magazines, together with Original Miscellaneous Compositions, volume V (New Series), Philadelphia, Pa.: Published and sold by Moses Thomas, […], May 1815, →OCLC, pages 353–354:

"For it's o'er the bank, and it's o'er the linn,
"And it's up to the meadow ridge—"
"Ay," quo' the Stumpie hirpling in,

1844 December, “The Legend of Stumpie's Brae”, in The Dublin University Magazine, page 720:

And the roaring of the linn.

1866, John Harland, Lancashire Lyrics: Modern Songs & Ballads of the County Balatine, section 85:

Hear! now, Yon linn's melodious thunder!

1896, Lewis Proudlock, The Borderland Muse, page 51:

(Scotland, Northern England, Wales) A waterfall or cataract (torrent of water running over a rocky bed), or a ravine down which such a waterfall rushes.


linn

From Scottish Gaelic or Irish linn (“pool, pond”), conflated to some extent with linn (“waterfall”).

There frisks the freckl'd finny tribe,
In linns both wide and steep.

In the clear linn the trouts shuttled from stone and crevice.

The pool is there — the true linn, in the original acceptance of the word — dark and bottomless.

1868 September 24, James Hardy, addressed delivered at Chirnside, quoted in the History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, volume 5, page 386

A trellised path led down into the valley of the brook, and he turned to follow it. The stream was a breakneck, boiling Highland river. Hard by the farm, it leaped a little precipice in a thick grey-mare's tail of twisted filaments, and then lay and worked and bubbled in a linn. Into the middle of this quaking pool a rock protruded, shelving to a cape; and thither Otto scrambled and sat down to ponder.

1885, Robert Louis Stevenson, Prince Otto:

His successful angler landing the linn-lier [fish that inhabits a pool of water].

The running of deep water in a linn.

(Scotland, Northern England, Wales) A pool of water, especially one formed and agitated by the water from a cascade.


look you

For there is no toubt put the tevil, when Owen Thomas saw him, must have peen sitting on a piece of rock in a straight line from him on the other side of the river, where he used to sit, look you, for a whole summer's tay, while Hugh Llwyd was on his pulpit, and there they used to talk across the water!

1815, Thomas Love Peacock, Headlong Hall:


LSB

Legal Services Board
w:Legal Services Board

(England and Wales, law) Initialism of Legal Services Board.


enfranchise

en-verb

enfranchise (third-person singular simple present enfranchises, present participle enfranchising, simple past and past participle enfranchised)

enfranchises (present singular third-person)
enfranchising (participle present)
enfranchised (participle past)
enfranchised (past)

From Old French enfranchir (“to set free, enfranchise”), from en- (“in”) + franchir (“to set free”), equivalent to en- + franchise.

uder

(property law, England and Wales, historical) to convert a copyhold estate into a freehold estate


quat

en-verb

quat (third-person singular simple present quats, present participle quatting, simple past and past participle quatted)

quats (present singular third-person)
quatting (participle present)
quatted (participle past)
quatted (past)

Tho' B-lt-n, quatted in the hall, Her jolly r-mpfs display'd, The size of it amaz'd them all, and Hector quite dismay'd.

1700, Ta Paidia Tēs Kythereias; Or, King's Place In An Uproar, page 10:

This cows' courant so excited the tinners' curiosity that they went up the hill till they saw the two men wrestling, with the women looking on; then they quatted (stooped) down in a brake of furze to watch the play without being seen.

1870, William Bottrell, Traditions and Hearthside Stories of West Cornwall:

Tarka quatted on the ledge ; he knew that Deadlock would follow hiin wherever he swam in water.

1932, Ernest Thompson Seton, Famous Animal Stories, page 678:

She quatted down next to him and rubbed his shoulder.

2013, R. M. Lienau, The Truchas Light: A Novel, →ISBN, page 155:

(Wales and Southwest England, dialectal, intransitive) To squat or crouch down.


A-level

I took my A-levels last year.

Applicants must have at least one A level.

(England, Wales) A non-compulsory examination taken in the final two years of secondary education as a requisite for university or other tertiary education; the qualification obtained by passing such an exam

selectivitat

a non-compulsory examination taken in the final two years in British high schools


golden rule

statutory interpretation
statutory interpretation

(law, England and Wales, idiomatic) A method of statutory interpretation, whereby a judge will deviate from a literal interpretation of the law to the extent necessary to circumvent obvious absurdities or (sometimes) conclusions repugnant to public policy.


bamp

‘Shut up’ hissed Gwilym. ‘Don't be so rude! He's a great old bloke. I wish he was my bamp.’

2013, Karenne Griffin, New Voices in the Valley, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 181:

Bell went back to Wales and my stayed with me. A week later Dave's brother, Ann Jane, mum and me went to lay Dave's ashes at the same spot where his mum and dad, my nan and Bamp had been laid.

2013, Angela Rogers, Dancing in the Rain: Seize the Day, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 167:

[I] might be a builder ... or a carpenter ... Might even be an engineer.... My Bamp does it. He’s an engineer

2015, D. Mannay, E. Staples, S. Hallett, L. Roberts, A. Rees, R. Evans, D. Andrews, Understanding the educational experiences and opinions, attainment, achievement and aspirations of looked after children in Wales, →ISBN, page 69:


cwtch

From Welsh cwtsh (“hug, cuddle; little corner, recess”), from Middle English couche. Doublet of couch.

bor

In front of the pavement again stretched a flat patch of rusty ground, a sort of little platform in the side of the hill where the sagging drying-lines stood and a chickens' cwtch built of orange-boxes.

1944, Glyn Jones, “An Afternoon at Ewa Shad's”, in The Water-Music and Other Stories:

"In better times when the coalman called at our home in William Street he heaved the sacks through the front door and put their contents into the ‘cwtch’ under the stairs, a messy business indeed."

2007 August 20, Mike Buckingham, Western Telegraph:

(Wales) A cubbyhole or similar hiding place.

I am expecting the big man to come round the corner and give me a ‘cwtch’ as he has done beside countless rugby fields.

2007 November 18, Ieuan Evans, The Telegraph:

I don’t mind them coming in for a quick cwtch before trudging back off to their own rooms, as long as no conversation is required and it is literally just a five-minute cuddle.

2011 February 17, Rachel Mainwaring, South Wales Echo:


cwtch

en-verb

cwtch (third-person singular simple present cwtches, present participle cwtching, simple past and past participle cwtched)

cwtches (present singular third-person)
cwtching (participle present)
cwtched (participle past)
cwtched (past)


coppish

And it was early morning, and the world was moist, when the crystal-gazer's husband, a freak in knickerbockers with an open coppish and a sabbath gamp, came over the stones outside his house to meet the holy travellers.

a. 1954 (date written), Dylan Thomas, “The Holy Six”, in Adventures in the Skin Trade (A New Directions Paperbook; no. 183), New York, N.Y.: New Directions Publishing Corporation, published 1969, →ISBN, page 129:


industrial tribunal

en-noun

industrial tribunal (plural industrial tribunals)

(law, India, dated in England and Wales) A tribunal with jurisdiction to hear labour disputes.


valley boy

(UK, Wales) A young man from the South Wales Valleys.


enfranchisement

enfranchisement (countable and uncountable, plural enfranchisements)

enfranchisement of copyhold

(land legal, England and Wales, historical) the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold estate


tiptop

tiptop (countable and uncountable, plural tiptops)

From the name of a brand of freeze pops originally made by a now defunct West Bromwich company called Crystallized Confections. The term is mainly used in the West Midlands and Wales but is sometimes used elsewhere in Britain and in Ireland.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tiptop.wav

Although they go by many names across the world freezer pop, ice-pole, pop stick icy-pole ice pop, tip top and ice candy but in the hoods of America they are known and respected as Freeze Pops. The pops are made by freezing flavored liquid such as sugar water, Kool-Aid or some form of fruit juice or purée inside a plastic tube - at least the kinds we ate.

2017, Kenny Attaway, Black Cream: A Handful of Sky & a Pocketful of Confetti:

Brand names also came up with many naming the treat based on the product sold in their region. US users claimed that the sweet treat aught(sic.) to be referred to as an Otter Pop, a popular brand across the pond. Meanwhile UK users were more in favour of the Mr Freeze, found in many a corner shop while Welsh customers said the correct name was in fact a Tip Top.

2018 June 25, Martha Cliff, “Ice pops... or freezies? Debate over the CORRECT name for classic summer treat goes ciral on Twitter - so what do YOU call them?”, in MailOnline, archived from the original on 2021-10-09:

To us, these are (and always have been) called 'cool pops'. To others - particularly on Twitter - they're everything from 'ice pops' to 'ice lollies' to 'ice poles' to 'freeze pops' to 'Tip-Tops'.

2023 April 17 (last accessed), “The internet is arguing about what these frozen things are officially called”, in entertainment.ie, entertainment.ie, archived from the original on 2022-03-27:

(West Midlands, Wales) A freeze pop, irrespective of brand.


asker

From Middle English ascre, a variant (with uncertain suffix) of Middle English aske (“newt”). More at ask.

Great crested newts, “askers”, used to be common in the Marshwood Vale.

2018 April 21, Sara Hudston, The Guardian:


tamping

en-adj

tamping (comparative more tamping, superlative most tamping)

more tamping (comparative)
most tamping (superlative)


LEA

local education authority
w:local education authority

(England and Wales, education, historical) Initialism of local education authority.


LPC

Legal Practice Course
w:Legal Practice Course

(law, England and Wales) Initialism of Legal Practice Course.


PCC

police and crime commissioner
w:police and crime commissioner

(England and Wales) Initialism of police and crime commissioner.


LPA

en-noun

LPA (countable and uncountable, plural LPAs)

Coordinate term: EPA

lasting power of attorney
lasting power of attorney#English

(countable, law, England and Wales) Initialism of lasting power of attorney.


Sais

Borrowed from Welsh Sais. Doublet of Saxon.

(Wales, informal) Someone from England; Englander


black cock

(Scotland, Wales, Northern England) Alternative form of blackcock (“the black grouse”).


black game

(Scotland, Wales, Northern England) The black grouse.


torgoch

Welsh, from tor (“belly”) + coch (“red”), from Latin coccum (“kermes berry, scarlet”), from Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos, “scarletberry”)


Wren Day

(Ireland, Wales, Isle of Man, Newfoundland) A celebration on December 26 where people, especially boys, hunt a fake wren and parade it upon a decorated pole.


sewin

(Wales) Sea trout, a subspecies of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta).


FAT

en-noun

FAT (countable and uncountable, plural FATs)

full agricultural tenancy
full agricultural tenancy#English

(countable, property law, England and Wales) Initialism of full agricultural tenancy.


LSC

Legal Services Commission
w:Legal Services Commission

(England and Wales, historical) Initialism of Legal Services Commission.


pack-up

Mums […] were often won over not so much by the healthy eating arguments as by a simple fact — in my experience, no parent has yet been born who loved making pack-ups.

2011, Elizabeth Grahamslaw, A Parents' Guide To Primary School:

(Hull, East Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, Wales) A packed lunch.

Hull; North Lincolnshire; Hull; North Lincolnshire


stop-tap

It was almost stop-tap time when my name came up, and that was the excuse my friends had been waiting for to shower me with beer.

1998, Peter Jackson, Lions of Wales, page 139:

But there we were together on the pavement after stop tap, him cadging a light off me.

2010, Gwen Davies, ‘The Professionals’, translated by William Owen Roberts, Best European Fiction 2011:


sarn

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(archaic, Wales) A pavement or stepping stone.

"Not now," he went on, "but there was a high sarn formerly, and only for that both vehicles and foot passengers would ovten have found it impossible to get into Carmarthen from that direction. The tides and floods there were terrible in those times."

1906, H.C. Tierney, “What Does "Pensarn" Mean”, in Transactions of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club, volumes 1-6, page 23:

The ground in the immediate neighbourhood is somewhat boggy and treacherous, and a 'sarn' has doubtless always been necessary for traversing the bog.

1913, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions in Wales and Monmouthshire, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire, page 105:


IPCC

w:Independent Police Complaints Commission

(government, England, Wales) Initialism of Independent Police Complaints Commission: a non-departmental public body in England and Wales responsible for overseeing the system for handling complaints made against police forces in England and Wales.


is it

You forgot, is it?

Fame gone to your head, is it?

2010, Neil Humphreys, chapter 10, in Match Fixer, Marshall Cavendish International, →ISBN, page 112:

(Singapore, Wales) Final interrogative particle forming a tag question.


Mam

Need a cwtch from Mam I do.

(informal, Wales, Ireland) One’s mother.


Cup Final

(England and Wales, soccer) The last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup competition.


moochin

Alteration of Welsh mochyn (“pig, greedy or immoral person”). Of disputed origin.

uder

Stop whining, moochin.

He sat down in the road. ‘I'm on a sledge,’ he said, ‘pull me, Patricia, pull me like an Eskimo.’ ‘Up you get, you moochin, or I'll take you home.’

1940, D. Thomas, Portrait of Artist as Young Dog, page 58:

(Wales, colloquial) A difficult or disagreeable person, especially a child.


rhingyll

Borrowed from Welsh rhingyll (“sergeant”).

(Wales, historical) A sergeant (inferior officer attendant on magistrates).


crachach

(Wales, derogatory) A member of the Establishment in Wales, typically Welsh-speaking and holding an influential position but disregarding the interests of the Welsh people.


ABE

As the World Cup starts, it is interesting to note the large number of people around the world cheering on ABE to win, including many millions of British.

2012 June 12, The Chief, “OT: Come on ABE!!”, in alt.talk.royalty (Usenet):

'ABE' T-shirts will sell well north of the border this summer as the World Cup gets underway in Brazil.

2014, Scott Caladon, Darke Mission, Troubador Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 507:

2014 June 4, Gary Johnston, “It's obviously ABE at the World Cup, but who will you support?”, in The Herald:

(humorous, especially Ireland, Scotland and Wales) Initialism of anyone but England: any team playing a sports match against the England team.


stepmam

(Ireland, Northern England, Wales, informal) Stepmother.


shiggle

en-verb

shiggle (third-person singular simple present shiggles, present participle shiggling, simple past and past participle shiggled)

shiggles (present singular third-person)
shiggling (participle present)
shiggled (participle past)
shiggled (past)


CBO

criminal behaviour order
w:criminal behaviour order

(law, England and Wales) Initialism of criminal behaviour order.


show cause

show cause (third-person singular simple present shows cause, present participle showing cause, simple past showed cause, past participle shown cause)

shows cause (present singular third-person)
showing cause (participle present)
showed cause (past)
shown cause (participle past)

(law, England, Wales) In English law, to argue against the confirmation of a provisional order or judgment.


morfa

[...] just inside the entrance to rabbits' burrows on the sandy "morfa" between Criccieth and Borth-y-gest, Carnarvonshire, and again in similar circumstances at Talybont [...] Fairly common in June on sandy "morfas" at Criccieth and Talybont, North Wales.

1947, James William Tutt, The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, volumes 59-60, page 46:

[…] makes good use of the level areas across the morfas which fringe the Welsh peninsula. As a result, the special achieved flying averages of over a mile-a-minute from Ferryside to Loughor, with a maximum of 74mph for the 5.6 miles between Kidwelly and Pembrey.

2000, The Railway Magazine, volume 146, page 54:

The wildlife of the morfa, the saltmarshes, reflects the diversity of their setting whilst being distinctly Welsh. There is nothing immutable about this landscape and its wildlife; its heritage is one of change.

2017 October 19, Clive Chatters, Saltmarsh, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 125:

(Wales) A low wetland periodically flooded by salt water; a salt marsh.


poor dab

From poor + dab (“small child, chit; untidy woman”).

compound

(Wales) Someone to be pitied, poor thing


Crown Court

(England, Wales) A senior court that sits regularly in various regional locations, normally with a judge and jury. It deals with indictable offences and either-way offences referred from magistrates' courts, as well as appeals against the decisions of magistrates' courts.


lease for lives

en-noun

lease for lives (plural leases for lives)

term of years determinable
term of years determinable

(law, England and Wales, historical) A kind of lease for a term of years determinable, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, which typically named three individuals – the "lives" – and determined upon the death of all three.


August Bank Holiday

August Bank Holiday (plural August Bank Holidays)

The fact that rail's August Bank Holiday figures this year were higher than before the virus indicates the potential for growth.

2021 November 17, Anthony Lambert, “How do we grow the leisure market?”, in RAIL, number 944, page 35:

(England, Wales, Northern Ireland) A public holiday on the last Monday in August.


exchange of contracts

exchange of contracts (plural exchanges of contracts)

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) The act of exchanging contracts.

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, idiomatic) The point or stage at which a conveyancing contract comes into existence between negotiating parties for the carrying out of a disposition of an estate in land; usually requiring the payment of a deposit.


exchange contracts

en-verb

exchange contracts (third-person singular simple present exchanges contracts, present participle exchanging contracts, simple past and past participle exchanged contracts)

exchanges contracts (present singular third-person)
exchanging contracts (participle present)
exchanged contracts (participle past)
exchanged contracts (past)

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, idiomatic) To formally contract to purchase, sell or otherwise be party to a disposition of an estate in land; usually requiring the payment of a deposit by one of the parties.

legal representative
legal representative

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, chiefly by legal practitioners) To create a contract for the disposition of an estate in land between negotiating parties, by a process which is immediately followed by the exchange of executed counterparts of the contract between each party's legal representative.


mines and minerals

Near-synonym: mineral rights

(property law, England and Wales, idiomatic) The legal title to geological resources in the subsurface of a piece of land, usually by reference to being in the same or separate ownership to the surface of that land.


deed of appointment

en-noun

deed of appointment (plural deeds of appointment)

(law, England and Wales) A deed executed by the trustees or beneficiaries of a trust appointing one or more new trustees.

(law, England and Wales) A deed executed by the trustees of a trust appointing sums or property out of the trust to one or more beneficiaries.


deed of retirement

deed of retirement (plural deeds of retirement)

(law, England and Wales) A deed executed by the trustees of a trust under which one or more voluntarily retire from being trustees.


fee simple absolute in possession

fee simple absolute in possession (uncountable)

From fee simple + absolute + in possession.

(law, England and Wales, formal, idiomatic) The unqualified and unrestricted ownership of an estate in land; freehold tenure.


term of years absolute

term of years absolute (plural terms of years absolute)

(law, England and Wales, formal, misleading) An estate in land held for a term of years of either a specified length or on a periodic basis, and which is not a term of years determinable (though may be determinable for other reasons); a leasehold estate in land.

(law, England and Wales, idiomatic) The lease under which that estate in land is held.


term of years determinable

term of years determinable (plural terms of years determinable)

(law, England and Wales, formal, historical) An estate in land held for a term of years which determined on the deaths of certain individuals, or the cessation of certain life interests.

(law, England and Wales, idiomatic, historical) The lease under which that estate in land was held.


farm business tenancy

farm business tenancy (plural farm business tenancies)

Coined by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1995 in the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995.

coinage

(property law, England and Wales) An agricultural tenancy agreed on or after 1 September 1995, made under the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995.


full agricultural tenancy

en-noun

full agricultural tenancy (countable and uncountable, plural full agricultural tenancies)

(property law, England and Wales) An agricultural tenancy agreed before 1 September 1995, to which the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 applies.


1986 Act tenancy

1986 Act tenancy (plural 1986 Act tenancies)

(property law, England and Wales) Synonym of full agricultural tenancy.


Agricultural Holdings Act tenancy

Agricultural Holdings Act tenancy (plural Agricultural Holdings Act tenancies)

Agricultural Holdings Act tenancies (plural)


title plan

(property law, England and Wales) A plan issued by HM Land Registry that accompanies a title register, showing the extent of the legal title described in that register, and sometimes other interests in land that affect the title.


market overt

Learned borrowing from Law French market overt, a calque of Anglo-Norman marché ouvert (“open market”).

calque

(law, England and Wales, historical) A rule in English law that overrode the general rule that the purported sale of stolen goods would not transfer ownership, if the goods were openly sold at a designated market between sunrise and sunset.

Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994
market overt


GDL

Graduate Diploma in Law
w:Graduate Diploma in Law

(law, England and Wales) Initialism of Graduate Diploma in Law.


LPMPA

w:Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989

(property law, England and Wales) Initialism of Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989.


SRA

Solicitors Regulation Authority
w:Solicitors Regulation Authority

(England and Wales, law) Initialism of Solicitors Regulation Authority.


BSB

Bar Standards Board
w:Bar Standards Board

(England and Wales, law) Initialism of Bar Standards Board.


NOMS

National Offender Management Service
w:National Offender Management Service

(England and Wales, historical) Initialism of National Offender Management Service.


employment tribunal

en-noun

employment tribunal (plural employment tribunals)

From employment + tribunal. Coined by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1998 in the Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) Act 1998; replacing the former term industrial tribunal.

ref

Although the principal English and Welsh act is the Employment Tribunals Act 1996, its former name was the Industrial Tribunals Act 1996 until 1998.

court of first instance
court of first instance

(law, England and Wales) A tribunal with jurisdiction to hear disputes related to employment (such as unfair dismissal); the mandatory court of first instance in such claims.


LBC

letter before claim
letter before claim#English

(law, England and Wales) Initialism of letter before claim.


interview under caution

en-noun

interview under caution (plural interviews under caution)

From the mandatory caution given by the police to the suspect at the beginning of such interviews: “You do not have to say anything. But, it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.”.

(criminal law, law enforcement, England and Wales, formal) A formal interview of a suspect by the police as part of a criminal investigation, for which the suspect is entitled to legal representation. Used to determine whether or not to prosecute the suspect, and most commonly conducted following arrest, though sometimes in other circumstances.


PWITS

possession with intent to supply#English

(England and Wales, criminal law) Acronym of possession with intent to supply.


chopse

en-verb

chopse (third-person singular simple present chopses, present participle chopsing, simple past and past participle chopsed)

chopses (present singular third-person)
chopsing (participle present)
chopsed (participle past)
chopsed (past)

Derived from chops (“jaws, mouth”). Attested from 1854.

If you're being cheeky to someone in Wales, they'll probably ask the following: "Are you chopsing at me?"

2015 August 25, Ben Travis, “Educating Cardiff: Five essential Welsh slang phrases you need to know”, in Evening Standard, archived from the original on 2022-12-10:

On there was one conversation that sounded like a confession by Tobin. "I said she's chopsing so I just put her to sleep like," Tobin told his father.

2018 August 20, Jessica Walford, “Secret bugging device catches man confessing to killing girlfriend after he slapped her in 'post-sex argument'”, in The Mirror, archived from the original on 2021-10-25:

The long-running disagreement boiled over after claims one of the neighbours had been "chopsing" to the son of the other and then eggs being thrown at a car.

2021 July 22, Jason Evans, “Neighbour dispute erupts into violence with punches, bites, and 'dump tackle'”, in WalesOnline, archived from the original on 2022-08-13:

Obviously, playing for the Scarlets, I’ve "chopsed" a lot of these boys over the years, so when I signed I was thinking “oh shiiiit, how’s this going to go down?

2022 September 30, Ross Harries, quoting Rob Evans, “Rob Evans: 'I've tried to base my life on honesty and integrity and if you don't get it back, it hurts'”, in RugbyPass, archived from the original on 2022-09-30:

(Midlands, Wales, Bermuda) To loudly insult and subject to verbal abuse; to berate.

Less chopsing, more chopping: hair salon launches a 'quiet chair'

2015 November 30, “(headline)”, in ITV News Wales, archived from the original on 2019-05-10:

There were two men stood talking to the girl behind the bar, just while she served them, and a couple in their twenties sitting chopsing in one corner, but nobody Mary Jane or Freddy knew.

2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, →ISBN:

For Kirstie, money is no object. She has never seen the side of life where every penny counts. This week she was chopsing on about how young people could all afford to buy their own homes if they gave up small treats like coffee and gym memberships.

2022 February 11, Val Savage, “'Shameful footballer Kurt Zouma should have been kicked into touch for cat attack'”, in The Mirror, archived from the original on 2022-10-24:

(Midlands, Wales, Bermuda) To chatter and gossip excessively.


chopsy

en-adj

chopsy (comparative more chopsy, superlative most chopsy)

more chopsy (comparative)
most chopsy (superlative)

From chopse (“to loudly insult and subject to verbal abuse; to berate; to chatter and gossip excessively”) + -y.

suffix

Welcome to Duolingo, the app which teaches you languages via a chopsy ornithological cartoon.

2022 February 14, Jack Marshall, “Being relentlessly bullied by a polyglot owl with a penchant for passive aggression”, in Lancashire Evening Post, archived from the original on 2022-06-30:

For a little guy, he’s quite a chopsy, confident individual. He'll run a game for you.

2022 November 18, Mark Orders, quoting Simon King, “The little Welsh rugby club that turns boys into Wales internationals has done it again”, in WalesOnline:

I've no time for people who get chopsy about footballers, saying they should've done this and should've passed that.

2022 December 2, Val Savage, “'It's been 26 days since my last cigarette - now I'm craving sweet things'”, in The Mirror:

(Midlands, Wales) Inclined to chopse; excessively talkative in an irritating or disrespectful manner.


keffel

A short stop, but no refreshment. Such baits are frequently given by the natives of the principality to their keffels, or horses, particularly after climbing a hill.

1824, Thomas Fielding, Select Proverbs of All Nations, page 132:

Two keffels had been bespoke of our host, but as no time was to be lost in catching 'em, we mounted four men on two horses and once more traversed the rocky boggy plain to the hill-foot, just at which we met the keffels descending from the mountains.

1845, Thomas Forster, Philosophia Musarum, page 164:


pie crust lease

en-noun

pie crust lease (plural pie crust leases)

From pie crust + lease, in reference to the lease only including the topmost layer of the land. Coined due to the fact that estates in land include the subsurface by default.

(England and Wales, law) A lease for the surface of some land or structure (such as a bridge), which excludes the subsurface or land beneath.


DDJ

deputy district judge
deputy district judge#English

(law, Hong Kong, England, Wales) Abbreviation of deputy district judge.


whole life order

whole life order (plural whole life orders)

(England, Wales, criminal law) A type of life imprisonment reserved for the most serious cases, in which the convict is not eligible for parole or conditional release.


pyjama injunction

pyjama injunction (plural pyjama injunctions)

From urban legends stating that judges wore pyjamas when dealing with such injunctions due to lateness.

They're called pyjama injunctions because, according to folklore, they're granted by High Court judges who, due to the lateness of the hour, are already in kipping gear.

2000 July 3, Marcel Berlins, “Beware judges in pyjamas”, in the Guardian:

When the claimants were informed that Hello! was about to publish the unauthorised photographs, they immediately sought a ‘pyjama injunction’ by telephone.

2001, Jonathan Horton, “The developing right to privacy - at common law”, in Privacy Law and Policy Reporter, volume 7, number 10, page 206:

The measure — branded a "pyjama injunction" by critics as it can be issued outside normal court hours — was behind the grounding of the first flight to Rwanda in June 2022.

2024 January 25, Emma Soteriou, “Rishi Sunak faces fresh blow over Rwanda as European judge claims plan is unlawful”, in LBC:

(England, Wales, informal) An injunction that was granted (typically at night) with expediency outside a court's office hours.


examining justice

examining justice (plural examining justices)

(British, Wales, law) A judge deciding whether there is enough evidence for a case to be brought before the Crown Court.


sglods

Unadapted borrowing from Welsh sglods, an alternative plural to Welsh sglodion (“chips”).

'Is it time for sglods yet?'

2020, Laura Kemp, Under a Starry Sky, London: Orion, →ISBN, page 325:

Chips are the bedrock of any chippy, and the generous portion of 'sglods I got were perfectly cooked, and delicious. The battered sausage was top notch, and not all greasy like you find in some lesser establishments; the mushy peas were peasy and mushy, and the Irish curry with its little kick of spice was cracking.

2021 April 10, Alison Sanders, Jason Evans, Ffion Lewis, “Fry Awards 2021: We try out three of the Welsh fish and chip shops named among the best in the UK”, in WalesOnline, archived from the original on 2024-09-21:


possession with intent to supply

possession with intent to supply (uncountable)

criminal offence
criminal offence#English

(England and Wales, criminal law) The criminal offence of being in possession of an illegal drug with the intent to deal or otherwise supply it to another person; typically, by being in possession of a quantity sufficiently large that it is implausible to claim that it is for personal use under the circumstances.