Abderian

en-adj

Abderian (comparative more Abderian, superlative most Abderian)

more Abderian (comparative)
most Abderian (superlative)

From Abdera (“a town in Thrace”) + -ian.


Abderite

From Latin Abderita, Abderites, from Ancient Greek Ἀβδηρίτης (Abdērítēs).

To that end they entered the borders of the Abderites in another part of Thrace, and wasted and spoiled the country […]

1814, Diodorus, chapter 4, in G. Booth, transl., The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, volume 2, translation of original in Ancient Greek, page 27:

An inhabitant or native of Abdera, in Thrace.


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

From Latin Germānus, Germānī (“the peoples of Germānia”), as distinct from Gauls (in the writings of Caesar and Tacitus), and of uncertain ultimate origin (possibly Celtic/Gaulish).
Not related to german (“closely related”) or germane (from the Latin adjective germānus, through Old French).
Attested since at least 1520. Replaced the older terms Almain and Dutch (from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) in English. Besides cognates of German, Almain, and Dutch, two other categories of words for the Germans in other languages are cognates of Saxon and descendants of Proto-Slavic *němьcь; see those entries for more.
The surname is generally from the noun, though sometimes confused with Herman, Hermann under Russian influence. As a German surname, Americanized from Germann. Compare Germán, Germain, Jerman.

A number of townships in the United States, listed under German Township.


Irish

From Middle English Irish (12th c.), from Old English *Īrisċ, from Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)), further origin heavily debated but probably from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū (“fat land, fertile”), from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”), from *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”), akin to Ancient Greek πίειρα (píeira, “fertile land”), Sanskrit पीवरी (pīvarī, “fat”).

cog

Irish is the first official and national language of Ireland.

(uncountable) The Gaelic language indigenous to Ireland, also known as Irish Gaelic.


Mexican

Borrowed from Spanish mexicano, from Nahuatl mēxihcah plural of mēxihcatl (“a Mexica”) + -ano (“-an”). By surface analysis, Mexico + -an.

(Australia, slang, Queensland) A person from either of the southern states of New South Wales and Victoria.


Greek

en-prop

Greek (countable and uncountable, plural Greeks)

Greeks (plural)
Gr. (alternative abbreviation)
Greeke (alternative obsolete)

Inherited from Old English Grēcas (“Greeks”), variant of Crēcas, from Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō, from Latin Graecus of uncertain origin, perhaps derived from the toponym Γραῖα (Graîa) or from other Paleo-Balkanic forms from a tribal name Graii.
Greek in any case has the cognate Γραικός (Graikós), the mythological ancestor of the Γραίοι (Graíoi, “Graecians”). Germanic cognates include Dutch Griek, German Grieche. The ⟨g⟩ in English and Germanic cognates was restored under influence from French grec and classical Latin Graecus. The adjective dates to 14th-century Middle English, replacing Old English Grēċisċ (“Greekish”) and earlier Middle English Gregeis. In reference to fraternities and sororities, a clipping of earlier Greek-letter in reference to their usual names being initialisms of mottos in the Greek language. In reference to terms used to analysize financial derivatives, from their usual names consisting of Greek letters.

inh+

It’s one that I would personally endorse: My individual circumstances were such that, by the age of 12, I could speak German, Greek and English, so languages became my passion and my hobby.

2021 April 25, John Malathronas, “Which languages are easiest – and most difficult – for native English speakers to learn?”, in CNN:

The language spoken by people of Greece, particularly, depending on context, Ancient Greek or Modern Greek.


Afghan

→? French: Afghan, afghan

/ˈæf(ˌ)ɡɑːn/

Borrowed from Classical Persian افغان (afġān, “Afghan”), from Bactrian αβαγανο (abagano), first attested in the fourth century CE, most likely a compound of *apāka- (“distant, faraway”), from Proto-Iranian *Hápa, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hápa (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó + *-āna (“ethnic group”), from Proto-Indo-European *-nós, thus: "people from a distant land". Various scholars have proposed Sanskrit etymologies since the nineteenth century (especially prior to the 2007 publication of earlier Bactrian attestations for the word), but linguist Johnny Cheung notes that these are "extremely difficult to reconcile" with recent evidence pointing to a Bactrian source.

bor+

Four cases of measles – a highly contagious virus – have also been discovered among Afghans who recently arrived in the US, prompting the administration to temporarily pause flights of Afghan refugees to the US.

2021 September 13, Priscilla Alvarez and Oren Liebermann, “Inside the effort to resettle thousands of Afghans in the United States”, in CNN:

A native or inhabitant of Afghanistan; A person of Afghan citizenship or nationality and their descendants.


Albanian

From Middle French Albanien, from Old French Albanie (“Albania”), from Medieval Latin Albania, from Vulgar Latin Albanus (“Albanian”), from Ancient Greek Ἀλβανοί (Albanoí, “a southern Illyrian tribe”). Compare old Albanian endonym arbën, arbër (“Albanian”). By surface analysis, Albania + -an.

der

The languages spoken by the Albanian people, primarily spoken in Albania and Kosovo.
 (ISO 639 language codes: sq/sqi/alb (Albanian), als (Tosk), aln (Gheg), aat (Arvanitika), aae (Arbëresh).)

阿爾巴尼亞語 /阿尔巴尼亚语

Ā'ěrbāníyàyǔ


Algerian

en-adj

Algerian (comparative more Algerian, superlative most Algerian)

more Algerian (comparative)
most Algerian (superlative)

/ælˈd͡ʒɪɹi.ən/

(Yasmina Khadra is a female pseudonym for a former Algerian army officer, Mohammed Moulessehoul, who lives in France and whose work has once again been overheatedly translated by John Cullen.)

2007 April 26, Janet Maslin, “Terrorists Reel in a Pawn From Small-Town Iraq”, in The New York Times:

Of, from, or pertaining to Algeria or the Algerian people.


Indian

en-noun

Indian (countable and uncountable, plural Indians)

From Anglo-Norman indien, Middle French indien, corresponding to Ind + -ian or India + -an. Applied to inhabitants of the Americas due to an early misconception that the Americas were the eastern end of Asia / the Indies (hence also the designation of Caribbean islands as the West Indies).

Mardi Gras Indian
Mardi Gras Indian#English

(countable) Ellipsis of Mardi Gras Indian.


Catalan

From Middle English Catalane, from French Catalan, from Catalan català.

Even if he draws back from a declaration, many Catalans – including Mossos and civil servants – may decide to not to obey orders from Madrid, and tens of thousands of people could take to the streets to protect key regional government institutions.

2017 October 22, Sam Jones, “Catalonia weighs up declaration of independence”, in The Guardian:

A native or inhabitant of Catalonia, Spain.


Catalan

Of, from or relating to Catalonia, Spain.


Italian

en-adj

Italian (comparative more Italian, superlative most Italian)

more Italian (comparative)
most Italian (superlative)

From Middle English Italian, from Medieval Latin Italiānus, from Latin Italia (“Italy”).

Italian verbs

Italiaans

of or pertaining to the Italian language


Italian

en-noun

Italian (countable and uncountable, plural Italians)

As Di Matteo celebrated and captain John Terry raised the trophy for the fourth time, the Italian increased his claims to become the permanent successor to Andre Villas-Boas by landing a trophy.

2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

(countable) An inhabitant of Italy, or a person of Italian descent.

(uncountable) The official language of Italy, also spoken in San Marino, the Vatican, and parts of Argentina, Slovenia and Switzerland.

(countable, textiles) Ellipsis of Italian cloth.

gin and Italian

So the English women would have been interested in American drinks, and in came the gin-and-Italian, for example.

1971, John Doxat, The World of Drinks and Drinking, page 102:

Italian vermouth
Italian vermouth#English

(uncountable) Ellipsis of Italian vermouth, a dark-colored sweet or mildly bitter vermouth.

Italian vermouth

Italian sandwich
Italian sandwich#English

(countable, Maine) Ellipsis of Italian sandwich.


Hawaiian

Hawaiian (countable and uncountable, plural Hawaiians)

Hawaiians (plural)
Hawaiʻian (alternative)
Hawai'ian (alternative)
Hawaian (alternative rare)
Hawaiiian (alternative rare)

United States of America
United States of America

(countable, nonstandard, proscribed) A native or resident of the state of Hawaii in the United States of America.


Saxon

→ Korean: 색슨 (saekseun)

→ Welsh: Sacson

Partially from Middle English Saxe, Sax; from Old English *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan), and Saxoun, from Old French *Saxoun, Saxon (“Saxon”), from Late Latin Saxōnem, accusative of Saxō (“a Saxon”), both from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą (“rock, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of Sais.
Cognates
Cognate with Middle Low German sasse (“someone speaking Saxon, i.e. (Middle) Low German”), Old English Seaxa (“a Saxon”), Old High German Sahso (“a Saxon”), Icelandic Saxi (“a Saxon”), Estonian saks (“lord; German”), Finnish Saksa (“Germany”). Also cognate to Old English seax (“a knife, hip-knife, an instrument for cutting, a short sword, dirk, dagger”); more at sax.

cog

[...] in West Germany Saxony and Saxons became synonymous with Ulbricht's Communist regime, [...]

2002, Jonathan Grix, Paul Cooke, East German distinctiveness in a unified Germany, page 142:

The film taught that socialist competition, through encouraging the collaboration of both men and women and Saxons and Berliners, could overcome the natural antagonism between male industrial mass production and female fashion.

2005, Judd Stitziel, Fashioning socialism: clothing, politics, and consumer culture, page 69:

Dealing with people there was different from the way I dealt with Saxons, Berliners and others back in Leipzig.

2008, Eckbert Schulz-Schomburgk, From Leipzig to Venezuela, page 40:

Not everyone from the former GDR states are Saxons – and they do not all speak Saxon, […]

2014, Marco Polo, Dresden Marco Polo Guide, →ISBN, page 21:

A native or inhabitant of Saxony, Germany.


Saxon

en-adj

Saxon (comparative more Saxon, superlative most Saxon)

more Saxon (comparative)
most Saxon (superlative)

Of, from or relating to Saxony, Germany.


Welsh

Welshes (plural)
Welch (alternative archaic)

Volcae
Welsh
Welsh language
Welsh people

From Middle English Walsch, Welische, from Old English wīelisċ (“Briton; Roman; Celt”), from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“Celt; later Roman”), from *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”) (compare Old English wealh), from the name of the Gaulish tribe, the Volcae (recorded only in Latin contexts).
This word was borrowed from Germanic into Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic Влахъ (Vlaxŭ, “Vlachs, Romanians”), Byzantine Greek Βλάχος (Blákhos)).
Doublet of Vellish. Compare Walloon, walnut, Vlach, Walach, Gaul, Cornwall.

cog

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

An unincorporated community in Ohio, United States, named for an early settler.


Frisian

From Middle English Frisoun, taken from Old French frison (“a Frisian”), itself derived from Latin Frīsiī (“Frisians”). Displaced native Old English Frīsa (“a Frisian”); see the plural Frīsan for more.

A native or inhabitant of the Dutch province of Friesland.

ֆրիզ

person from the Dutch province of Friesland


Frisian

en-adj

Frisian (comparative more Frisian, superlative most Frisian)

more Frisian (comparative)
most Frisian (superlative)
Friesic (alternative)

ֆրիզյան

of or relating to the people of the Dutch province of Friesland

ֆրիզյան

of or pertaining to the Dutch province of Friesland

Of, from or relating to the region of Frisia: Either West Frisia (the Dutch province of Friesland); North Frisia (in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, near the Danish border); or East Frisia (in the German state of Lower Saxony, near the Dutch border).

(specifically) Of, from or relating to West Frisia, i.e. the Dutch province of Friesland


Hungarian

/hʌŋˈɡɛə.ɹi.ən/

Of, from, or pertaining to the Kingdom of Hungary, during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of ethnicity.

The Hungarian prefix used in this book for a GroupBox control is “grp”.

2009, Michael Ekedahl, Programming with Microsoft Visual Basic 2008:

(computing, programming) Of or relating to Hungarian notation.


Hungarian

en-noun

Hungarian (countable and uncountable, plural Hungarians)

/hʌŋˈɡɛə.ɹi.ən/

Wiktionary’s coverage of Hungarian terms

A person from the former Kingdom of Hungary, during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of that person's ethnicity.

The qualifier is the descriptive part of the name that would probably make up the entire name if you weren't using Hungarian.

(uncountable, computing, informal) Hungarian notation.


Flemish

en-adj

Flemish (comparative more Flemish, superlative most Flemish)

more Flemish (comparative)
most Flemish (superlative)

From Middle English flemmysshe, from Old English flēmisc, from Old Frisian flāmisk, derived from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz (“flowing, current water”) and *-iskaz. Equivalent to English fleam + -ish. More at Flanders.

der

Of or relating to West Flemish, East Flemish and/or French Flemish dialects of Dutch.


banana bender

banana benders (plural)
banana-bender (alternative)

“Not now, you banana bender! The Commencement Speech takes place at the dinner tonight.”
“Banana bender! I'm not from Queenland, I'll ‘ave you know. And I needs to test out the mike in advance. Always have trouble with those things.”

2003, Rosemary Patterson, Journey Great Barrier Reef: An Adventure Novel Set in Australia, page 17:

If Billy Lane hadn't given him such a firm handshake, Henry reckons he'd be wondering if all the Banana-benders shook like a girl.

2007, Pip Wilson, Faces in the Street: Louisa and Henry Lawson and the Castlereagh Street Push, page 137:

In comparison with other Australians, they were considered an odder sort of people – the banana-benders of Banana-land – a heat-stroked and skin-cancered people, dogged, ‘unimaginably tough and undeniably brittle’.

2007, Raymond Evans, A History of Queensland, page 219:

Terry nodded. “Yes, you don't have too many cars to contend with here, and we banana benders are rather courteous, especially once we realize you're a tourist. Just be careful on the curves, especially where the road goes along the bluffs.”

2011, Reynold Conger, Chased Across Australia, page 180:

(Australia, humorous) A native or inhabitant of Queensland, Australia.


Taswegian

Blend of Tasmanian + Glaswegian. Royal Australian Navy slang from about 1930. Possibly a reference to the cold climate of Tasmania, comparing it to the cold climate of Glasgow.

The town is filled with lovely, lovely Taswegians, the kindest and most generous people I have ever met.

2005, Beverly Walton, Watermarks: A Tasmanian Journal, page 25:

The new year is also vigorously celebrated further south during the Hobart Summer Festival (p646), when Taswegians stuff themselves with food, wine and song.

2009, Justine Vaisutis, Australia, Lonely Planet, page 32:

That was when I learned that every Taswegian worth his salt carries an axe in his boot and, more often than not, two in case of axe-less friends.

2011, Teri Louise Kelly, Punktuation, page 57:

(Australia, humorous, sometimes derogatory) A native or inhabitant of Tasmania.


Territorian

/ˌtɛɹɪˈtɔːɹi.ən/

Territorians also could elect a representative to Federal Parliament (a right granted in 1923).

1967, Brian Hodge, Allen Whitehurst, Nation and People: An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World, page 258:

1998 December, Minister for Health, Family and Community Services, Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, speech, quoted in 2008, Tess Lea, Bureaucrats and Bleeding Hearts: Indigenous Health in Northern Australia, page 25,
Put simply, Aboriginal Territorians have drastically poorer health across virtually all causes of disease. Life expectancy at birth for indigenous men in the Northern Territory is 57 years compared to 77 years for other male Territorians.

One of the ways he did this was by attending meetings of the Northern Territory Legislative Councul, the wind instrument created by the Chifley Labor Government in 1947 to give Territorians the illusion that they had democratic rights.

2011, Stephen Gray, The Protectors: A Journey Through Whitefella Past, ReadHowYouWant, page 138:

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

(Australia, demonym) A native or inhabitant of the Northern Territory, Australia.


Englishman

Englishmen (plural)
englishman (alternative obsolete)

/ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ.mən/

From Middle English Englishman, Inglishman, from Old English Englisċman, Englisċmon, corresponding to English + -man. Compare Old Norse Englismaðr (“Englishman”).

Fucking above your head Englishman!

2008, Christopher-Lee dos Santos, At thy Call, Dino Pappas and Ksenija Micic:

(South Africa, dated, ethnic slur) A South African of British descent, and/or whose first language is English (as opposed to Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaner South Africans).


Galician

en-adj

Galician (comparative more Galician, superlative most Galician)

more Galician (comparative)
most Galician (superlative)

From Galicia (“region in northwest Spain”) + -an.

suffix

The subsequent oil slicks that reached the coast resulted in severe ecological and economic consequences for the Galician coast and the Bay of Biscay.

2009, D. R. Green, Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies, page 107:

"I have been asked over by Dr. Maupuis of the Institut Métapsychique to see some of the experiments which he is conducting upon a Galician medium."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

The "entierro de la sardina," the burial of the sardine, is a Galician custom popular in many villages on Ash Wednesday.

1999, [1882], Emilia Pardo Bazán, translated by Walter Borenstein, The Tribune of the People, page 253:

Galicies

pertaining to the people of Galicia in Iberia


Galician

en-noun

Galician (countable and uncountable, plural Galicians)

The little Galician was sitting nibbling a biscuit with a glass of red wine before him.

In Argentina, too, there is a community of Welsh-speakers. Similarly some Galicians, Catalans and Basques have retained their mother tongues in ways that had they remained, respectively in the United Kingdom or Spain, might have been more difficult to do.

2000, Clare Mar-Molinero, The Politics of Language in the Spanish-speaking World, page 52:

The Portuguese claim that a Galician would never be generous, as a Portuguese would. On their side, the Galicians tell the story of the Portuguese who invites some Galicians to dinner and then gives his guests very little to eat.

A native or inhabitant of Galicia, Spain.


Galician

From Galicia (“region in Central Europe (Etymology 2)”) + -an.

suffix

Victor Adler was born in a small Moravian town on the Galician border.

2006, Shulamit Ṿolḳov, Germans, Jews, and Antisemites: Trials in Emancipation, page 272:

Of, from or relating to Galicia, a geographic region in Poland and Ukraine.


Galician

According to Manuilsky, some Galicians idealized the Austro-Hungarian past for the empire's promotion of national autonomy, yet the Habsburgs had discouraged Eastern Galicia's economic development, whereas the Soviet power would 'turn Lviv into one of the biggest industrial centres of Soviet Ukraine.'

2004, Serhy Yekelchyk, Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, page 50:

A native or inhabitant of Galicia, a geographic region in Poland and Ukraine.


Melburnian

From the Latin name for Melbourne, Melburnia, + -ian.
The term can be traced back to 1876, when the case for Melburnian over Melbournian was made in the Melbourne Grammar School publication, the Melburnian. 'The diphthong, ‘ou’ is not a Latin diphthong: hence, we argued this way, Melburnia would be [the] Latin form of name, and from it comes Melburnian.'

A native or inhabitant of the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.


Melburnian

en-adj

Melburnian (comparative more Melburnian, superlative most Melburnian)

more Melburnian (comparative)
most Melburnian (superlative)

Of, from or relating to the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.


Sydneyite

A native or inhabitant of the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

A native or inhabitant of the city of Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada.

sydneyläinen

native or inhabitant of Sydney, Nova Scotia


Sydneysider

Sydneysiders (plural)
Sydney-sider (alternative)

Sydneyer

native or inhabitant of Sydney, Australia


Canberran

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory

Of, from or relating to the Australian Capital Territory.


Canberran

A native or inhabitant of Canberra (Australia).

A native or inhabitant of the Australian Capital Territory.


Adelaidean

Adelaideans (plural)
Adelaidian (alternative)

A native or inhabitant of the city of Adelaide, South Australia.


Adelaidean

Of, from or relating to the city of Adelaide, South Australia.


Brisbanian

A native or inhabitant of Brisbane (Australia).


Darwiner

A native or inhabitant of the city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.


Hobartian

A native or inhabitant of the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.


Hobartian

Hobartian (comparative more Hobartian, superlative most Hobartian)

more Hobartian (comparative)
most Hobartian (superlative)

Of, from or relating to the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.


Perthian

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

A native or inhabitant of the city of Perth, Western Australia, Australia.


Perthian

Of, from or relating to the city of Perth, Western Australia, Australia.


Sydneyan

Of, from or relating to the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.


Sydneyan

Sydneyans (plural)
Sydneian (alternative)


NJ

This year, NJ Transit allowed nonmotorists […] to reach the event by running special trains every 2 hours 4 round trips). The location was the old Lackawanna Railroad freight house, about a 10-minute walk from the Boonton Station, which normally has service only during peak-commuting hours on weekdays.

2024 November 18, David Peter Alan, “NJ Transit Runs Special Trains to “Railroad Museum [for a day]””, in Lackawanna Coalition Railgram:

Initialism of New Jersey: a state of the United States.


Canadian

From Canada (noun) + -ian (suffix forming adjectives and nouns).

af

(informal) The English language (spoken or written) as used in Canada; Canadian English.


Canadian

A name of uncertain origin. The city and town names are after the river.

Pittsburg County
Pittsburg County#English

A city, the county seat of Hemphill County, Texas, situated on the Canadian River.


Basque

Borrowed from French basque, from Gascon Occitan basc, from Latin Vascō, Vascōnēs pl, a pre-Roman era tribe settled in the Atlantic Biscaian gulf and Pyrenean mountain region of south-western Europe, who were ancestors of the current Basque population.


Ukrainian

From Ukraine + -ian (suffix meaning ‘from; like; related to’, forming adjectives; or ‘one belonging to, from, like, or relating to’, forming nouns).

suffix

It [Old Slavonic] is the root of both branches of the living Russian language: of Great Russian, which is the literary and official Russian, as well as of Ukrainian, or Southern Russian. There are, moreover, no popular dialects in our country. The fourteen millions of Ukrainians, settled in the plains of south-west Russia, all speak exactly the same language.

1888, Stepniak [i.e., Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky], chapter I, in The Russian Peasantry: Their Agrarian Condition, Social Life, and Religion, 2nd edition, volume II, London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co. […], →OCLC, page 573:

The East Slavic language of Ukrainians, and the official language of Ukraine.

Oekraïens

Wiktionary’s coverage of Ukrainian terms


American Samoan

en-noun

American Samoan (plural American Samoans)

A person from American Samoa or of American Samoan descent.


Pyrenean

/ˌpɪɹəˈniːən/

Pierre held his berret ^([sic]) in his hand, and the boldness of the Pyrenean hunter was strangely overcome in the absence of all apparent danger: he really knew not what he did or what he said.

1845, Selina Bunbury, Evenings in the Pyrenées:

Of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, a range of mountains separating France and Spain


Dutchman

From Middle English Ducheman; equivalent to Dutch + -man.

[…]the tyranny of the rockspiders, crunchies, hairybacks, ropes, and bloody Dutchmen. Those were the names by which we referred to Afrikaners.

1990, Rian Malan, My Traitor's Heart: Blood and Bad Dreams, page 54:

(South Africa, derogatory) A male white Afrikaner.


Dutchwoman

(South Africa, derogatory, ethnic slur) A female white Afrikaner.


Cypriot

From Ancient Greek Κυπριώτης (Kupriṓtēs, “Cypriot”). By surface analysis, Cypr(us) + -iot.


Andorran

A person from Andorra or of Andorran descent.


Emirian

From Emir(ates) (“United Arab Emirates”) + -ian.

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates

An Emirati; a person from the United Arab Emirates or of Emirian descent.


Antiguan

A person from Antigua in Antigua and Barbuda, or of Antiguan descent.


Barbudan

Barbudans (plural)
Barbudian (alternative)

A person from Barbuda in Antigua and Barbuda or of Barbudan descent.


Barbudian

Barbudians (plural)
Barbudan (alternative)

A person from Barbuda in Antigua and Barbuda, or of Barbudian descent.


Britain

en-proper noun

Britain (countable and uncountable, plural Britains)

Britains (plural)
Brittain (alternative obsolete)

→ Hawaiian: Pelekāne

→ Tokelauan: Peletānia

From Middle English Britayne, Breteyn, from Anglo-Norman Bretaigne, Bretaine, from Latin Brittannia, variant of Latin Britannia, from Britannī; reinforced by native Old English Breten, from the same Latin source. Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Prɨdėn (“Britain”) from *Pritanī (also compare *Prɨdɨn (“Picts”) from *Pritenī), attested to in Ancient Greek as Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ), compare Welsh Prydain. Doublet of Britannia and Brittany. More at Britto.

(loosely) The United Kingdom, a kingdom and country in Northern Europe including the island of Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland on the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland.


Faeroese

en-noun

Faeroese (countable and uncountable, plural Faeroese)


Corsican

en-adj

Corsican (comparative more Corsican, superlative most Corsican)

more Corsican (comparative)
most Corsican (superlative)

Of, from or relating to Corsica, France or the Corsican language.


Corsican

A native or inhabitant of Corsica, France.

corsu

person from Corsica or of Corsican descent


Australian

General Australian, Macquarie Dictionary

/ɔːˈstɹeɪlɪən/

A language of the country or continent of Australia; Australian (Australian English).

inglés australiano

a language of the country or continent of Australia; Australian (Australian English)

australijska odmiana języka angielskiego


Sardinian

Of, from or relating to Sardinia, Italy.


Sardinian

A native or inhabitant of Sardinia, Italy.


Tibetan

en-noun

Tibetan (countable and uncountable, plural Tibetans)


Scandinavian

Scandinavian Defence
Scandinavian Defence


Breton

Breton (countable and uncountable, plural Bretons)

From French Breton. Doublet of Briton and Brython.

(countable) A native or inhabitant of the region of Brittany, France.


Breton

Of, from or relating to the region of Brittany, France.


Thracian

/ˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/

(uncountable) the extinct language formerly spoken in Thrace.


Texan

Cruz was obviously analogizing Bernie Sanders to the Bolsheviks and Hillary Clinton to the Mensheviks. The oleaginous Texan is an erudite slyboots, but his history is off-kilter.

2015 November 1, Hendrik Hertzberg, “That G.O.P. Debate: Two Footnotes”, in The New Yorker:

In 2012, over three million Texans voted Democrat.

2015 November 9, “Why The Electoral College Ruins Democracy” (00:02:08 from the start), in Adam Ruins Everything (television production), spoken by himself (Adam Conover), truTV, via truTV:

Even though the mandatory inspections have been eliminated, Texans with vehicles registered in emissions counties are required to have emissions tests.

2024 October 2, Julianna Russ, “Texas vehicle safety inspections going away, but you’ll still have to pay”, in KXAN, archived from the original on 2024-12-08:

A native or inhabitant of the state of Texas, United States.


Floridian

Floridians (plural)
Floridan (alternative)

[S]ince the end of September, the average daily unemployment claims for Florida have risen by 55 percent, translating into approximately 50,000 more Floridians applying for unemployment benefits. That is mind-boggling. That is staggering.

2001 November 30, [Bill] Nelson, “[SENATE—Friday, November 30, 2001] The Economic Stimulus Package”, in Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 107th Congress, First Session, volume 147, part 17, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 23620, column 3:

A native or resident of the state of Florida in the United States of America.

Floriďan

an inhabitant or a resident of the state of Florida


New Mexican

A native or resident of the state of New Mexico in the United States of America.

neomexicà

an inhabitant or a resident of the state of New Mexico


Transylvanian

From, or pertaining to, Transylvania or its people.


Piedmontese

Of, from or relating to Piedmont in northwest Italy.


New Yorker

նյույորքցի

a native or resident of the state of New York

New York-style pizza
New York-style pizza

A New York-style pizza, a type of large pizza originally eaten in New York City.


Pennsylvanian

A native or resident of the state of Pennsylvania in the United States of America.


Tasmanian

Of, from or relating to the state of Tasmania, Australia.


Tasmanian

The engineer of the line, a young Tasmanian named Sharland, decided the best course would be to take the new railway along a chain of four deep valleys. [...].

1939 July, John D. Hewitt, “Some Notable British Main Lines: 1. Settle and Carlisle, L.M.S.R.”, in Railway Magazine, page 37:

A native or inhabitant of the state of Tasmania, Australia.


Buffalonian

An inhabitant or a resident of Buffalo, NY.


Genoese

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəʊˈiːz/

America. One of the four parts of the world, ſo called from Americus Veſpuſius a Florentine, who with Columbus a Genoeſe, firſt diſcover'd this Country about the yeer 1492 which is moſt aptly called the New world; ….

1656, T. B. of the Inner-Temple, Glossographia: or a Dictionary, Interpreting all such Hard Words, …, London, s.v. America (https://books.google.com/books?id=QctmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP45)

However, John not liking a Partner in the Empire, left Conſtantinople, and retir'd to Tenedos, where he engag'd Francis Cataluze a Genoeſe to aſſiſt him, and with the Fleet under his Command, return'd to the Imperal City, compell'd Contacuzenus to quit the Empire; …

1708, The General History of the World, being an Abridgment of Sir Walter Raleigh. With a Continuation from the Best Historians to the Present Times. Vol. III, London, p. 249 (https://books.google.com/books?id=UXE9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA249)

For at preſent the Greateſt, among the Genoeſe, are in part ſubjects to the monarchy of Spain …. The Spaniards tax them very high upon occaſion, and are ſo ſenſible of the advantage this gives them over the republick, that they will not ſuffer a Neapolitan to buy the lands of a Genoeſe, who muſt find a purchaſer among his own countrymen, if he has a mind to ſell.

1741, The Works of the Late Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; – Volume the Second. – The Third Edition: With a Compleat Index, London, p. 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ZNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6)

A native or inhabitant of the city of Genoa or surrounding province, Liguria, Italy.


Genoese

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəʊˈiːz/

Of, from or relating to the city of Genoa or surrounding province, Liguria, Italy.


Neapolitan

From Latin neāpolītānus, from Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεάπολις (Neápolis, literally “new city”), a Greek city in modern Naples. Doublet of naporitan.

der

Of, from or relating to the city of Naples, capital and largest city of Campania, Italy, or the surrounding metropolitan city.


Neapolitan

A native or inhabitant of the city of Naples, capital and largest city of Campania, Italy, or the surrounding metropolitan city.


Venetian

From Latin Venetianus (“Venetic; Venetian”), from Venetia (“lands of the Veneti; Venice, Veneto; Armorica”) + -anus (“-ian”), from Veneti + -ia. In the case of the Veneti of northern Brittany, derived from Gaulish Uenetoi (“the friendly ones, the kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a derivation from *wenyā (“kindred”). In the case of the Veneti of northeastern Italy, of uncertain origin but presumably taken from a Venetic endonym, possibly Illyrian or Celtic. Equivalent to Veneto or Venetia + -ian.

Of, from or relating to the city of Venice or surrounding province, Veneto region, northeastern Italy.


Venetian

A native or inhabitant of the city of Venice or surrounding province, Veneto region, northeastern Italy.

A native or inhabitant of the surrounding region of Veneto.


Berlinese

The regiolect spoken in the city of Berlin, Germany, and surrounding areas in Brandenburg.


Berlinese

An inhabitant or a resident of the city of Berlin, Germany.


Muscovite

1535. From Latin Moscovita (“resident of Moscow or Muscovy, Russian”), also Muscovita, Moschovita, from Moscovia or Muscovia (“Muscovy”) + -ita.

uder

An inhabitant or native of Muscovy or Moscow.


Muscovite

Of or relating to Muscovy or Moscow, or the people of these places.


Englishwoman

From Middle English Englishwoman, equivalent to English + -woman. Compare Englishman.

A female native or inhabitant of England; a woman who is English by birth, descent or naturalisation.

إِنْجِلِيزِيَّة

a female native or inhabitant of England


Saturnian

en-adj

Saturnian (comparative more Saturnian, superlative most Saturnian)

more Saturnian (comparative)
most Saturnian (superlative)

(poetry) Involving a meter consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, employed by satirists in Ancient Rome.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/


Belizean

Of, from, or pertaining to Belize, or the Belizean people.


Bolivian

Of, from, or pertaining to Bolivia, or the Bolivian people.


Botswanan

A person from Botswana or of Botswanan descent.


Colombian

A native or inhabitant of the city of Colombo, capital of Sri Lanka.


Georgian

/ˈd͡ʒɔːd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒoːd͡ʒən/

The language of Georgia, a country in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.


Kyrgyz

/ˈkɜː(ɹ)ɡɪz/

/ˈkɪə(ɹ)ɡɪz/

From Kyrgyz кыргыз (kırgız), possibly derived from Kyrgyz кырк ууз (kırk uuz, “forty tribes”); or possibly from кыргый (kırgıy, “hawk”); or likely from кырк (kırk, “extinguish, mince, cut”). More at Kyrgyz.

uder

Kirghiz (alternative)
Kirgiz (alternative)
Kyrghyz (alternative)
Qirghiz (alternative)
Qyrghyz (alternative)

The Turkic language of the Kyrgyz people


Uzbek

From Russian узбек (uzbek), from Uzbek oʻzbek. Further etymology is uncertain; possibly from Turkic öz (“genuine”) + Sogdian [script needed] (βγ /beġ/, “master”); the latter from Proto-Indo-Aryan *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás. The first element is often thought to be equivalent to English Oghuz.


East Timorese

According to press reports, on 1 January 1995, an ethnic riot took place at Baucau following an alleged killing of an East Timorese by an Indonesian immigrant. Some 200 youths reportedly burned a market, shops and houses[…]

1997, Heike Krieger, Dietrich Rauschning, East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 216:

(chiefly in the plural) A person from East Timor or of East Timorese descent.


Guamanian

Of, from, or pertaining to Guam, the Guamanian people or the Guamanian (Chamorro) language.


Iraqi

From Arabic عِرَاقِيّ (ʕirāqiyy, “Iraqi”), equivalent to Iraq + -i.

(historical) Of, from, or pertaining to Persian Iraq.


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/

In a joint move with several U.S. agencies, the State Department announced that it was penalizing 10 Iranians, including the three men, along with two entities for “conducting malicious cyberacts, including ransomware activity,” according to a statement.

2022 September 14, Glenn Thrush, “U.S. Charges 3 Iranians in Broad Hacking Scheme”, in The New York Times:

A person from Iran or of Iranian descent.


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/

(linguistics) Pertaining to the Iranian languages or their speakers.

Irans

pertaining to the Iranian languages or the Iranian peoples


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/


Mongolian

en-noun

Mongolian (countable and uncountable, plural Mongolians)

Mongolians (plural)
mongolian (alternative)

Originally from Mongol + -ian, a translation (1706) of the German mongolisch, mongalisch. Subsequently, from the name of the country of Mongolia + -an.

Khalka […] Mongolian possesses seven vowels and twenty consonants.

1926, Neville J. Whymant, A Mongolian Grammar:

The Altaic family […] comprises about 40 languages, classified into three groups: Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus.

1987, David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language:

These inscriptions are in Mongolian and thus widen the appliqué's international connections.

(uncountable) A group of languages from Mongolia, specifically Khalkha, the official language of Mongolia.

Wiktionary’s coverage of Mongolian terms


Yemeni

“It’s getting a little bit stressful,” Nasser said. A Yemeni cafe requires Yemeni coffee. And Nasser, who plans to open many more Yemeni cafes, needs a lot more beans.

2025 June 24, Gregory Barber, “How Yemeni Cafes like Haraz Coffee House Are Building Momentum and Community”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 2025-06-24:

Of, from or relating to Yemen, or the Yemeni people.

يَمَنِي

of, from, or pertaining to Yemen, or the Yemeni people


Yemeni

Fellow Yemenis make up a small percentage of the new owners.

A native or inhabitant of Yemen or of Yemeni descent.

يَمَنِيّ

a person from Yemen or of Yemeni descent


Zambian

Of or pertaining to Zambia or its people or language.


Zimbabwean

We were, practically to a person, young Zimbabweans who had no parental backing but who had acquired the means through some sort of tenacity, however dubious, to lodge at the respectable hostel.

2006, Tsitsi Dangarembga, The Book of Not, Faber & Faber Limited (2021), page 269:

A person from Zimbabwe or of Zimbabwean descent.

Zimbabwiër

a person from Zimbabwe or of Zimbabwean descent


Venezuelan

But the first foray by Russian strategic bombers into the Western hemisphere since the Cold War is simply the curtain raiser for joint naval maneuvers that will bring Russian warships into Venezuelan waters in November.

2008 September 11, Virginia Lopez, “Russia's Venezuela Foray: Tit for Tat”, in Time, retrieved 2014-08-24:

The Venezuelan gang, known as Tren de Aragua, or TDA, has a known presence in 15 states and a possible presence in eight others, according to the data.

2024 October 23, Julia Ainsley, “DHS is seeking more than 600 migrants for possible ties to Venezuelan gang”, in NBC News:

Of, from, or pertaining to Venezuela or the Venezuelan people.

венецуелски

of, from, or pertaining to Venezuela or the Venezuelan people


Puerto Rican

en-adj

Puerto Rican (comparative more Puerto Rican, superlative most Puerto Rican)

more Puerto Rican (comparative)
most Puerto Rican (superlative)

Of, from or relating to Puerto Rico or its people.


Samoan

en-noun

Samoan (countable and uncountable, plural Samoans)


South African

Thus far, virtually every cinematic attempt to convey the outrages of South African life under apartheid has been diminished by its own good intentions and by a grim sameness that eradicates any element of surprise.

1989 September 20, Janet Maslin, “Review/Film; Sutherland Catches On To Apartheid Slowly”, in The New York Times:

He also had Ramaphosa sit through a video montage that included a clip of a demonstration featuring white crosses symbolizing South African farmers who were killed.

2025 May 21, Daniel Dale, “Fact check: Trump’s false suggestion of a ‘genocide’ against White farmers in South Africa”, in CNN:

Of, from, or pertaining to South Africa, or the South African people.


Ivorian

/aɪˈvɔːɹiən/

Battling Bolton disputed the goal, claiming Drogba was offside, but the Ivorian appeared to have timed his angled run across the visitors back line to perfection to race onto a fine Michael Essien pass and ensure Chelsea moved back into fourth place in the Premier League.

2010 December 29, Chris Whyatt, “Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC:

A person from Côte d'Ivoire or of Ivorian descent.

Ivoriaan

a person from Côte d'Ivoire or of Ivorian descent


Congolese

/ˌkɒŋ.ɡəˈliːz/

From French congolais, equivalent to Congo + -ese. For information about the -l-, see Togolese.

The picture accompanying the article was in fact a screengrab of a video published by Reuters on 3 February and subsequently verified by the news agency’s fact check team, showing humanitarian workers lifting body bags in the Congolese city of Goma. The image was pulled from Reuters footage shot after deadly battles with Rwanda-backed M23 rebels.

2025 May 22, “Trump’s evidence of South Africa ‘white genocide’ contains images from Democratic Republic of Congo”, in The Guardian:

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

A person from the Congo or any Congolese state.

A person from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire).

congolés

person from Democratic Republic of Congo


Greenlander

1865, Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod, Chapter IV. "The Beach", page 54.
Were it not for this, we Europeans should have no wood to burn there, and the poor Greenlanders […] would, however, have no wood to roof their houses, to erect their tents, as also to build their boats, and to shaft their arrows.

A person from Greenland or of Greenlandic descent.

groenlandés

a person from Greenland or of Greenlandic descent


Viennese

en-adj

Viennese (comparative more Viennese, superlative most Viennese)

more Viennese (comparative)
most Viennese (superlative)

Of or relating to Vienna (the capital of Austria).


Epirot

From Ancient Greek ἠπειρώτης (ēpeirṓtēs), from ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland, inland country”).

he would cry out as Pyrrhus did, admiring the Roman docility and courage, if such were my Epirots, I would not despair the greatest design that could be attempted to make a Church or Kingdom happy.

An inhabitant or a resident of ancient or modern Epirus, in northwest Greece and southern Albania.


Macedonian

en-noun

Macedonian (countable and uncountable, plural Macedonians)

Macedonians (plural)
Makedonian (alternative)

From Middle English Macedonyen, partly from Macedonia and partly from Latin Macedonius, + -an; equivalent to Macedonia + -an.

Republic of North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia

(uncountable) A South Slavic language, the standard language of the Republic of North Macedonia.


Central African

Central African (plural Central Africans)

Central African Republic
Central African Republic

A person from Central Africa (the Central African Republic) or of Central African descent.

Sentraal-Afrikaan

A person from Central Africa or of Central African descent


Chadian

Cameroonian and Chadian soldiers stationed there managed to kill 150 invaders. Among them was the son of Ahmadou Moustafa, a Fotokol resident.

2015 March 3, Ngala Killian Chimtom, “Cameroon in for long fight as its youth join Boko Haram”, in CNN:

Of, from, or pertaining to Chad, a country in Africa.


Martinican

en-adj

Martinican (comparative more Martinican, superlative most Martinican)

more Martinican (comparative)
most Martinican (superlative)
Martiniquan (alternative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Martinique, the Martinican people or the Martinican language.


Trinidadian and Tobagonian

Trinidadian and Tobagonian (not comparable)

Trinidad and Tobagonian (alternative)
Trinidad and Tobagian (alternative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Trinidad and Tobago or to the people or language of that country. Trinidadian.


Nauruan

[nɑːˈuː.ɹuːn̩]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nauruan.wav


Wallachian

The language of the Wallachians; Romanian.


Dominican

From Dominica + -an & Dominic + -an. Compare Latin dominicānus.

A person from the Commonwealth of Dominica or of its descent.


Micronesian

The researchers also concluded that the genetic data showed that the Polynesians and Micronesians were most closely related to Taiwan Aborigines and East Asians.

2008 January 18, John Noble Wilford, “Pacific Islanders’ Ancestry Emerges in Genetic Study”, in The New York Times:

A person from Micronesia or of Micronesian descent.


New Caledonian

Of, from, or pertaining to New Caledonia (any sense), its people or language.

neocaledonià

of, from, or pertaining to New Caledonia


Reunionese

Of, from, or pertaining to Réunion, the Reunionese people or language.


New Zealander

There was a directional driller who I regularly ran into, a New Zealander by the name of Maurice.

2005, Paul Carter, Don't Tell Mum I Work on the Rigs, Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin, page 123:

The rate of arrivals fluctuates with the relative economic fortunes of each country, but since the late 1960s, faster growth, higher wages, greater job opportunities and a stronger dollar have been an economic magnet drawing New Zealanders across the ditch.

2016, Peter Mares, Not Quite Australian: How Temporary Migration Is Changing the Nation, →ISBN:

A person from New Zealand or of New Zealand descent.

Nieu-Seelander

a person from New Zealand or of New Zealand descent


Norfolk Islander

en-noun

Norfolk Islander (plural Norfolk Islanders)

A person from Norfolk Island or of its descent.


Falkland Islander

Falkland Islander (plural Falkland Islanders)

A person from the Falkland Islands or of descent of the Falkland Islands.


Cook Islander

A person from the Cook Islands or of descent of the Cook Islands.


Adrianopolitan

(historical) Of or pertaining to Adrianople (modern-day Edirne).


Adrianopolitan

(historical) A native or inhabitant of Adrianople (modern-day Edirne).


Constantinopolitan

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnstantīnopolītānus.

lbor

Relating to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul).


Cocos Islander

A person from the Cocos Islands or of descent of the Cocos Islands.


Byzantine

en-adj

Byzantine (comparative more Byzantine, superlative most Byzantine)

more Byzantine (comparative)
most Byzantine (superlative)
byzantine (alternative)
Byzantian (alternative)
Bizantian (alternative obsolete)
Bizantine (alternative archaic)

From Late Latin byzantinus, itself from Byzantium. The figurative senses evoke the reputation for palace intrigue of the Byzantium imperial court.

Eastern Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire

(history) Belonging to the civilization of the Eastern Roman Empire between 331, when its capital was moved to Constantinople, and 1453, when that capital was conquered by the Turks and ultimately renamed Istanbul.

بِيزَنْطِيّ

belonging to the civilisation of the Eastern-Roman empire

(architecture) Of a style of architecture prevalent in the Eastern Empire down to 1453, marked by the round arch springing from columns or piers, the dome supported upon pendentives, capitals elaborately sculptured, mosaic or other encrustations, etc.

This was the crowning incident of our visit, and I wondered with what Byzantine ritual the Anointed One fresh from the exercise of his priestly functions would be received among his women.

1920 October, Edith Wharton, In Morocco, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 180:

(Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism) Of or relating to the Byzantine Rite or any of the many Eastern Orthodox churches and Greek Catholic churches that use this rite for their liturgical celebrations.


Cilician

The purple Hyacinths, and fresh Costmarie, / And Saffron, sought for in Cilician soyle

1591, “Virgils Gnat”, in Edmund Spenser, transl., Complaints, translation of Culex by Virgil:

(historical) Pertaining to or originating from Cilicia.

կիլիկյան

pertaining to or originating from Cilicia


British Virgin Islander

en-noun

British Virgin Islander (plural British Virgin Islanders)

British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands

A person from the British Virgin Islands or of descent of the British Virgin Islands.


Christmas Islander

Christmas Islander (plural Christmas Islanders)

A person from Christmas Island, or having that ancestry.


Northern Mariana Islander

Northern Mariana Islander (plural Northern Mariana Islanders)

A person from the Northern Marianas or of descent of the Northern Mariana Islands.


Salvadoran

Salvadorans (plural)
Salvadorean (alternative)
Salvadorian (alternative)

Under Biden, a Trump-era decision to end TPS for Salvadorans was rescinded after a group of Latino officials pleaded with the outgoing president to continue TPS for people from those countries with “meritorious cases,” citing “horrific levels of violence that surged in recent years” in Ecuador, along with the oppression of the Ortega regime that has controlled Nicaragua for decades and “political and environmental conditions” in El Salvador.

2025 January 16, Barney Davis, “Temporary protected status: Who is protected by Biden’s latest extension?”, in The Independent:

A person from El Salvador or of Salvadoran descent.


Apulian

A native or inhabitant of Apulia, Italy.


Calabrian

Much tunnelling and many bridges will be necessary in the tumbled Calabrian terrain.

1964 November, “Beyond the Channel: Italy: New railways are authorised”, in Modern Railways, page 360:

Of, from or relating to Calabria, Italy.


Calabrian

A native or inhabitant of Calabria, Italy.


Gaul

From Middle English Gall, from Latin Gallus. The change in spelling is due to the influence of the place-name Gaul, which is thought to be etymologically unrelated (see above).

[…] Gauls used the suffix -acus, Etruscans -nas or -na, Umbrians -enus, -ienus.

1945, E[lizabeth] G[idley] Withycombe, “Introduction”, in The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page xv:

A native or inhabitant of the historical region of Gaul, or poetically the modern nation of France.


Pepsi

Pepsis (plural)
pepsi (alternative nonstandard)

→ French: pepsi

→ Hindi: पेप्सी (pepsī)

→ Mauritian Creole: pepsi

→ Polish: pepsi

→ Portuguese: Pepsi, pepsi

→ Serbo-Croatian: Pepsi, pepsi

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Pepsi.wav

Originally short for Pepsi-Cola, coined in 1898 as a renaming of the brand from "Brad's Drink", in order to imply that the fizzy drink could cure dyspepsia. While some have suggested Pepsi is short for the digestive enzyme pepsin, sometimes with the assumption that pepsin was used as an ingredient in Pepsi, this is a folk etymology, as there is no official confirmation of it nor any evidence for a link between the enzyme and the beverage.
Nonetheless, both the words pepsin and dyspepsia ultimately derive from Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis), which means “cooking, fermentation or digestion”. (Compare Italian pepsi, from the same source.)
(person from Quebec): In reference to their supposed love of junk food.

[…] and to maintain a relatively superior, paternalistic position from which French Canadians are for the most part regarded as 'peasoups' or 'Pepsis,' as fellow citizens requiring benevolent supervision […]

1993, Canadian Review of Comparative Literature, volume 20, page 276:

(slang, ethnic slur) A person from Quebec, Canada.


Marshallese

From Marshall (“Marshall Islands”) + -ese.

The Austronesian language of the Marshall Islands.


Assamese

The Indo-Aryan language spoken by the majority people in the state of Assam, NE India.


Bengali

Equivalent to Bengal + -i. Compare Assamese বঙালী (boṅali), Bengali বাঙ্গালী (baṅgali), Hindi बंगाली (baṅgālī), Classical Persian بنگالی (bangālī).

Bangalee (alternative archaic)
Bengalee (alternative archaic)
Bangali (alternative uncommon)

A language spoken in Bangladesh and the states of Assam, Tripura and West Bengal, India.

बंगाली भाषा

baṅgālī bhāṣā

बाङ्गला भाषा

bāṅgalā bhāṣā


frog

From frog legs, stereotypical food of the French. Compare Kraut (“German person”) and French rosbif (“English person”) (from roast beef), with similar food etymologies.

(Canada, offensive) A French-speaking person from Quebec.


pie-eater

Wiganers do like pies, but the term Pie-eaters is actually an insult, dating back to a pit strike when Wigan miners were starved back to work before their St Helens counterparts, thereby eating humble pie.

2005, The Observer, "Get past the pies and there's a football team", 7 Aug 2005

(derogatory) A person from Wigan in northern England or the surrounding area.


Polynesian

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Polynesian.wav

A language group spoken by these people.


African

Africans (plural)
Afrikan (alternative sometimes)
Afric (alternative archaic poetic)

Attested as a noun in early New English Aphricane, Africans (plural), Middle English as Affrican, Aufrican and Old English as Africanas (“Africans”) (only plural). From Latin āfricānae, from āfricānus, from Āfricus.
The adjective appears in the 16th century, as Affricane, Africane, African.
Latin Āfricus is from Āfri (singular Āfer), the name of an ancient people of North Africa (near Carthage, in modern Tunisia), with the suffix -icus. āfricānus is formed by addition of the -ānus suffix.
By surface analysis, Africa + -an.

Africans constitute significantly growing populations not only in major urban centers such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston, and Atlanta but also in small and midsize cities in states such as Ohio and Maine.

2007, African Immigrant Religions in America, →ISBN:

But new research suggests another possibility: all Africans may have ancestry from “West Eurasian” populations which moved back into Africa after the “Out of Africa” event ~50,000 years ago.[…]

2019, Razib Khan, Arabia between Africa and Eurasia:

The Cameroonian’s case is unique as many Africans denied Schengen visas rarely appeal or contest the decisions in court.

2025 May 21, Larry Madowo, “Africans lost nearly $70M to denied visas applications to Europe in 2024”, in CNN:

A native of Africa; also one ethnologically belonging to an African race.


Asturian

en-adj

Asturian (comparative more Asturian, superlative most Asturian)

more Asturian (comparative)
most Asturian (superlative)

This gave time to many families to escape; and Bermudo even carried away the bodies of his predecessors to the old refuge in the Asturian hills.

1878, Charlotte Mary Yonge, The story of the Christians and Moors of Spain, page 86:

Of, from or relating to Asturias, Spain.


Asturian

To this day the Asturians say to each other "Have a care. Asturias is Spain. The rest is Araby."

2000, Richard Sterling, Allison Jones, Spain, Lonely Planet; World Food, page 145:

A native or inhabitant of Asturias, Spain.


Lombard

Lombards (plural)
Lumbard (alternative)
Lumbar (alternative)
lombard (alternative)

From Middle English Lombard, Lumbard, borrowed from Old French Lombard, Lombart (“a Lombard”), from Late Latin langobardus, longobardus (“a Lombard”), from Germanic, derived from the Proto-Germanic *langabardaz from elements *langaz + *bardaz; equivalent to long + beard. Some sources derive the second element instead from Proto-Germanic *bardǭ, *barduz (“axe”), related to German Barte (“axe”). Doublet of Langobard. Compare longbeard. Compare with Old English Langbeardas (“Lombards”).

A native or inhabitant of Lombardy, Italy.


Lombard

Lombard (comparative more Lombard, superlative most Lombard)

more Lombard (comparative)
most Lombard (superlative)
Lumbard (alternative)
Lumbar (alternative)
lombard (alternative)

Of, from or relating to Lombardy, Italy.


Malay

Etymology tree
Malay Melayuder.
English Malay
From Malay Melayu, from Malayu, a kingdom on Sumatra's eastern coast (today's Jambi), mentioned by the Chinese Monk Yijing as 末羅瑜國 and during the Yuan (1271-1368) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties as 木剌由, 麻里予兒, 巫來由 and 無來由. First attested in English as 1598.
The oldest known inscriptions in the Malay language were found at Kedukan Bukit (dated 673) and Talang Tuo (dated 684), both in the vicinity of Palembang in southern Sumatra, and at Kota Kapur (dated 686) on Bangka island west of Sumatra. Exonymous derivation from Malayalam മല (mala, “mountain”) has not been demonstrated.

etymon

There were not many passengers, and the journey was uneventful until the frontier was reached at Padang Besar, although an armed escort of Malay police accompanied the train from Alor Star.

1955 April, “Notes and News: A Journey through Thailand”, in Railway Magazine, page 286:

“I heard the Malay fellas talking at the office.”

2008, Preeta Samarasan, Evening is the Whole Day, Fourth Estate, page 124:

Of or relating to the Malays, a people living in Brunei, on the eastern coast of Sumatra, the islands of Bangka and Belitung, the Riau archipelago and the coastal areas of Kalimantan in Indonesia, in most of Malaysia (states where they are politically dominant), in Singapore and in the southernmost provinces of Thailand.

της Μαλαισίας f (tis Malaisías) (genitive of Malaya)


Malay

en-noun

Malay (countable and uncountable, plural Malays)

(countable) A person of Malay ancestry, referring to a diverse group of Austronesian peoples inhabiting the Malay archipelago and Malay peninsula in Southeast Asia.

She ordered chicken Malay with rice.

Type of mild curry made with yoghurt and fruit, usually pineapple or lychee.


Malay

(broad sense) The Malay language, an Austronesian language spoken by most Malay people and by others where it is an official language, including under the name Indonesian.

(strict sense) The Malay language, an Austronesian language spoken by most Malay people and by others where it is an official language, excluding the national standard known as Indonesian.


Scottish

From Middle English Scottich, from Old English Sċyttisċ, equivalent to Scot + -ish. Compare West Frisian Skotsk (“Scottish”), Dutch Schots (“Scottish”), German schottisch (“Scottish”), Danish skotsk (“Scottish”), Icelandic skoskur (“Scottish”). Doublet of Scotch and Scot.

Scottish English, the varieties of English spoken in Scotland.


Tswana

From Tswana Tswana, the stem of Motswana/Batswana/Setswana. See Botswana for more.

A Bantu people living in Botswana and South Africa.


anglo

Back when we went to the World Cup in South Africa, we saw many anglos waving English flags.

An English person or person of English ancestry.

Spanish was the only "foreign" language taught in the school, where most of the students spoke Spanish as a first language, and it was taught by an Anglo teacher from textbooks written by and for Anglos […] Somehow, the school administration saw no contradiction in rewarding Anglo students for learning to conjugate ser while punishing Chicano students for speaking Spanish on the school grounds.

1984 February 4, David Morris, “Different Origins: Joto Güero del West Side”, in Gay Community News, volume 11, number 28, page 15:

(Southwestern US, informal, sometimes offensive) A North American, especially a white one (regardless of actual ethnicity), whose native language is English (as opposed to Americans who have another native language).

(Australia, informal) An Anglo-Australian (as opposed to Australians of Mediterranean or Middle Eastern background)

(Canada, informal) An English-speaking Quebecer.


Amerindian

/ˌæməˈɹɪndɪən/

/ˌæməɹˈɪndiən/

Blend of American + Indian, attested since about 1900.


Yankee

Yankees (plural)
Yanky (alternative archaic)
Yengee (alternative obsolete)

→ Chinese: 揚基 /扬基 (Yángjī), 洋基 (Yángjī)

→ Finnish: jenkki

→ Japanese: ヤンキー

→ Korean: 양키 (yangki)

→ Russian: я́нки (jánki)

→ Spanish: yanqui

→ Swedish: jänkare

→ Tagalog: yangki

→ Ukrainian: я́нкі (jánki)

First attested in 1765, when it was described as "a name of derision … given by the Southern people on the Continent to those of New England". Various suggestions have been made as to its origin: that it derives from a Cherokee word meaning "slave" or "coward" and was applied to the New Englanders by the Virginians because the former refused to aid the latter in a war against the Cherokees; that it derives from Yengees, an Indian corruption of English; and that it derives from Janke, a pet form of the common Dutch forename Jan. The OED regards the last of these as "perhaps the most plausible".

я́нкі

native or inhabitant of the Northern USA

...in a short time, a kind of infectious mirth and pride in their bargains took possession of the place, and every one bought something, holding out their purchases to view, and praising them in the words and phraseology of the young yankees, who, finding their own importance, were not slow to avail themselves of it,...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XXXIX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 194:

(chiefly Commonwealth, sometimes derogatory) A native or inhabitant of the United States.


Abkhazian

The Abkhaz language, spoken in Abkhazia, a region in the Caucasus.


Alsatian

[...] while the 7 p.m. is the fastest locomotive-hauled train to Strasbourg reaching the Alsatian capital (313 miles) in 4hr 11min [...].

1962 August, “Beyond the Channel: France: Paris Est renaissance”, in Modern Railways, page 133/134:

Of, from or relating to Alsace (now part of the administrative region of Grand Est, France).


Alsatian

Alsatians (plural)
alsatian (alternative)

A native or inhabitant of Alsace (now part of the administrative region of Grand Est, France).


Bosnian

Bosnian (countable and uncountable, plural Bosnians)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

(uncountable) The standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken primarily by Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

gjuha boshnjake

the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian


Faroese

Faroese (plural)
Faeroese (alternative)
Færoese (alternative)

/ˌfɛəɹəʊˈiːz/

From Faroe + -ese, from Faroese Føroyar.

(chiefly in the plural) A person from the Faroe Islands; a Faroe Islander.


Bergamask

Bergamasks (plural)
Bergomask (alternative)

From the Italian bergamasco (“from Bergamo”), itself from German Bergheim (“mountain home”).

A rustic dance, supposedly typical of the region


Arab

From Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab, “Arabs”) or back-formation from Arabic.

a. 1892, Charles Spurgeon, a sermon
You Christian people often see the little gutter children — the poor little arabs in the street — and you feel much pity for them, as well you may.

The other day I heard you complaining of the nuisance that small ragged street-boys are to you whenever you go out. […] You wished that some one would do something to clear away these little Arabs, as you are pleased to call them, so that a fine old English gentleman—as you are pleased to think yourself—might take his exercise in peace.


Yugoslavian

Yugoslavians (plural)
Jugoslavian (alternative)


Scots

Borrowed from Scots Scots, from Middle Scots Scottis, from Old English Scottysċ, a late variant of earlier Scyttisċ (“Scottish”). Doublet of Scottish.

A Germanic language closely related to English and descended from northern dialects of Middle English, spoken in parts of Scotland, now especially in the northeastern and southern regions of the country.


Anglo-Saxon

/ˌæŋ.ɡləʊˈsæk.sən/

From Anglo- + Saxon, from Latin Anglosaxones (Anglo-Saxones), Latin Angli Saxones (literally “the English Saxons”), as distinguished from the Continental Saxons.

der

(now rare) Synonym of Old English (language).


Karelian

Of, from or relating to the region of Karelia, politically split between the administrative regions of North Karelia and South Karelia, Finland and the Republic of Karelia, Russia.


Karelian

A native or inhabitant of the region of Karelia.


Norman

en-noun

Norman (plural Normans or (rare, nonstandard) Normen)

Normans (plural)
Normen (nonstandard plural rare)

From Middle English Norman, from Old English Norman (a variant of Norþman) and Old French Normant.
It is certain that the word is derived from the base of the Germanic words for north and the Germanic base of the words for man. However, given the frequent movement of Germanic groups especially into and out of Britain in the post-classical world, it is unclear in what tongue it came to be used first. In addition, the generally accepted meaning, a person from Normandy or one of the many French-speaking invaders to Britain, was used chiefly by Anglo-Norman and Old French, though it originally referred to any Scandinavian of the time. See also Northman.

A native or inhabitant of Normandy, France.


Nepali

an Indo-Aryan language used primarily by the people of Nepal


Austro-Hungarian

/ˌɒs.trəʊ.hʌŋˈɡɛəɹi.ən/

From Austro- + Hungarian, after Austria-Hungary.

(historical) A person from Austria-Hungary.


Scot

From Old English Scottas (“people from Ireland, Irishmen”), from Late Latin Scotti (see Scōtī for more).
See Scoti.


Scot

A male given name transferred from the surname, of rare usage, variant of Scott.


Novocastrian

From Latin novus (“new”) + castra (“castle, fort”).

Of or relating to Newcastle upon Tyne or Newcastle, New South Wales.


Novocastrian

A native or resident of Newcastle upon Tyne or Newcastle, New South Wales.


Fijian

/fɪˈd͡ʒiːən/

Feejeean (alternative)
Fejeean (alternative)

an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken on Fiji. It has 650,000 speakers, including second language users.


Scouse

The accent and dialect of Liverpool or Merseyside.


Syracusan

The Syracusan expedition was the deathblow of the Athenian Empire.

1921, John Buchan, chapter XL, in A History of the Great War, volume II, London, Edinburgh, New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., page 344:

Of, from or relating to the city of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy.

Of, from or relating to the city of Syracuse, New York, United States.


Syracusan

Dionysius...obliged the Syracusans to accept his tokens in place of silver coins.

1875, William Stanley Jevons, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange, New York: D. Appleton and Company:

A native or inhabitant of the city of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy.

A native or inhabitant of the city of Syracuse, New York, United States.


Cheddarhead

From Cheddar + -head; Wisconsin is famed for its cheese production.

(US, slang, sometimes derogatory) A Wisconsinite.


Oregonian

/ɒɹɪˈɡəʊnɪ.ən/

Born and raised in Salem, he was admittedly an Oregonian through and through, though he secretly hated it.

The problems between where he currently lives and his old city, he said, begin with rural Oregonians living fundamentally different lifestyles than people in the city of Portland.

2023 March 15, Kyung Lah and Jack Hannah, “Partisan rancor in Oregon spills over into Idaho effort to absorb its rural neighbors”, in CNN:

A native or resident of the state of Oregon in the United States of America.


Bajan

A shortened form of Bar-Bajan, a phonetically spelled form of Barbadian.


Earthling

Earthlings (plural)
earthling (alternative)

From earth + -ling (suffix indicating a resident); earth is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er- (“earth”). Old English ierþling (“farmer, husbandman, ploughman”, literally “one of the earth”) is formed from the same roots but generally did not outlive Old English; all modern uses are historical: see earthling. Compare also human, which is derived from Latin humus (“ground, soil”).

noncog

(chiefly science fiction) An inhabitant of Earth, as opposed to one of another planet; specifically, a sentient member of any species native to Earth. [from 20th c.]

أَرْضِيّ

Mercurian · Venusian · Lunarian · Marsling

Jupiterian · Saturnian · Uranian · Neptunian · Plutonian


Earthwoman

/ˈɜːθˌwʊm.ən/

/ˈɝθˌwʊm.ən/

One was what had been born in me, what had been inextricably entangled in the structure of the germ cell from which I had been created; the other remembered all the long years on Earth when I, in common with every other Earthman and Earthwoman, had been flexed and shaped by the insistent pounding of the Combine; my brain had been conditioned to believe what it was desired that I should believe, and nothing beyond that.

1934 September, Frank King Kelly, “Famine on Mars”, in Astounding Stories, volume 14, number 1, page 77:

(usually science fiction) A female inhabitant of Earth.


Native American

en-noun

Native American (plural Native Americans)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Native American.wav

contiguous United States
contiguous United States

An Indigenous person of the contiguous United States.


Martian

Amazing Stories
Frank R. Paul
H. G. Wells
Hubble Space Telescope
The War of the Worlds

From Latin Mārtius (“of or relating to the planet Mars”) + -an (adjective-forming suffix). The word is cognate with Middle English marcien, marcyan, mercien (“subject to the influence or power of the planet Mars; relating to the god Mars, that is, warlike”), Middle French martien (“Martian”) (modern French martien), French Martien (“imaginary inhabitant of Mars; any extraterrestrial”), Italian marziano, Latin Mārtiānus (“Martian”), Portuguese marciano, Spanish marciano.

cog

Coordinate term: Martianess

(chiefly science fiction) An inhabitant of the planet Mars.

An inhabitant of the planet Mars.
A male Martian.


Venusian

(science fiction) A hypothetical language spoken on Venus.


Amerind

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Amerind.wav

Blend of American + Indian or possibly blend of American + indigenous. First appears c. 1899 in the publication American Anthropologist.

(linguistics, obsolete) Of or relating to a hypothetical higher-level language family including all of the indigenous languages of the Americas, excluding those that belong to Eskimo-Aleut or Na-Dene.


Iberian

An extinct language isolate that was spoken in the Iberian peninsula.


Chaldean

From Ancient Greek Χαλδαῖος (Khaldaîos).

The West Semitic language of the ancient Chaldeans.


Balinese

A car is taking us to a traditional Balinese dance at a nearby temple. It is on a cliff top with scenic views of the Indian Ocean and sheathed in what the internet calls a “peaceful ambience.”

2022 November 26, Virginia Feito, “Sweating Through a Honeymoon in Paradise”, in The New York Times:

Of or relating to Bali, its inhabitants, or their language or culture.

balinès

of or relating to Bali, or its inhabitants, language or culture


Walloon

Borrowed from Middle French Wallon / wallon, from Frankish *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“foreigner”).
Cognate to Welsh/Wales, the second part of Cornwall, and first part of walnut, as well as Gaul and Wallachia.

By the time this mysterious knight died in the 1360s, his book was available in every European language, including Dutch, Gaelic, Czech, Catalan, and Walloon.

2001 December 2, Giles Milton, “'The Riddle and the Knight'”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2022-04-19:

A Romance language traditionally spoken in parts of southern Belgium and a small strip of northern France (around Givet).


San Franciscan

San Francisco's Board of Supervisors last month approved a new zoning law designed to limit the height and size of office towers and to reduce by half the projected employment growth downtown over the next 15 years. ¶ Adoption of the plan came after more than a decade of complaints from San Franciscans that their city was being "Manhattanized."

1985 August 4, Robert Lindsey, “The Struggle to Keep Skylines in Line”, in The New York Times:

Her fellow San Franciscan Fraser is a long-haired, 24-year-old ex-baseball player with rugged, modelish looks.

1988 July 15, Albert Williams, “Prison Drama”, in Chicago Reader, archived from the original on 2015-04-26:


Cymry

Borrowed from Welsh Cymry, q.v. Cognate with English Cambrian and Cymric.

The natural conclusion is that the Silurians or Iberians, now represented by the little, dark Welshmen, are the oldest existing race in Wales, and, though now speaking Cymraeg, were long before the Cymry there.

1881, James Bonwick, Who Are the Welsh? (Our Nationalities; III), London: David Bogue, […], page 46:

“What brings you into our lands?” The strange looking barbarian asked again. / He was speaking Cymraeg, which means the language of the aborigines, or “the language of the first race.” It was the same language of the Cymry of which Cedric and his tribe was a people of.

2001, Jodie K. Scales, Of Kindred Celtic Origins, volumes 1 (Myths, Legends, Genealogy and History of an Ordinary American Family), Lincoln, Neb.: Writers Club Press, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 416:

(uncommon) Synonym of Welsh: the Welsh people collectively.


Zairean

/zʌɪˈɪəɹ.ɪ.ən/

Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo

A person from Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)


Viking

Borrowed from Old Norse víkingr (“Viking”). Already in Old English as wīċing and Old Frisian wītsing, but assumed extinct in Middle English and borrowed anew in the 19th century; any survivals in dialect through the Middle Ages are unknown.
Old Norse víkingr itself is from Old Norse vík (“inlet, cove, fjord”) + -ingr (“one belonging to, one who frequents”) (the -r is the nominative desinence). Thus, “one from or who frequents the sea’s inlets”.
The Old English and Anglo-Frisian form, existing since at least the eighth century, could also have been derived from or influenced by Old English wīc (“camp”), on account of the temporary encampments which were often a prominent feature of the Vikings’ raids.
Others proposals were made, like e.g. deriving víkingr from the root related to the verb víkja or deriving both English and Old Norse words to *wīkingaz related to víkja or wīc.

(colloquial, humorous, mildly offensive) An ethnic Swede, Norwegian, Dane, Icelander or Faroe Islander.


Tatar

An agglutinative language belonging to the Altai group of Turkic languages. It is an official language of Tatarstan. There are some eight million speakers spread across Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia.


Tatar

A person belonging to one of several Turkic, Tatar-speaking ethnic groups in Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia.


Tatar

en-adj

Tatar (comparative more Tatar, superlative most Tatar)

more Tatar (comparative)
most Tatar (superlative)

Tatar customs

Of or relating to the people or culture of Tatars.


Irishman

From Middle English Irisshman, equivalent to Irish + -man.

It is so absurd to advance into the presence of savage royalty after the fashion of an Irishman driving a pig to market, for that is what we looked like, and the idea nearly made me burst out laughing then and there.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:


Yugoslav

/ˈjuːɡəˌslɑːv/

From Serbo-Croatian Jugoslàvēn ("Southern Slav"), influenced by Slav.

He is an educated man, speaking English, French, Spanish, Yugoslav, Russian and German, and he saw service in the Army and understands espionage.

2002, Graeme Mount, chapter 3, in Personal Secretary’s File, Bowers to Welles, 16 March 1942, quoted in Chile and the Nazis, Black Rose Books, →ISBN, page 70:

(dated, otherwise by extension, nonstandard) Serbo-Croatian language


Welshman

From Middle English Walishman, equivalent to Welsh + -man.

A man who is a native or inhabitant of Wales.


Nipponese

From Nippon (romanized version of 日本, the native Japanese name for Japan) + -ese.


Victorian

From Victoria (“state of Australia in the southeastern part of the continent”) + -an (suffix forming adjectives and agent nouns); the state was named after Queen Victoria when it was established in 1851.

suffix

Up to 26 properties are believed lost in Victorian bushfires.

Of, from or relating to the state of Victoria, Australia.

فيكتوري

of, or native or relating to, the state of Victoria in Australia


Victorian

A native or inhabitant of the state of Victoria, Australia.

Victorialainen

person from the state of Victoria in Australia


Victorian

From Victoria (“capital of British Columbia, Canada”) + -an (suffix forming adjectives and agent nouns); incorporated as a city in 1862, the settlement which preceded the city was named Fort Victoria after Queen Victoria in 1843.

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

(Canada) Of, from or relating to the city of Victoria, capital of British Columbia, Canada.


Victorian

(Canada) A native or inhabitant of the city of Victoria, capital of British Columbia, Canada.


Californian

And almost five million Californians voted Republican.

2015 November 9, “Why The Electoral College Ruins Democracy” (00:02:13 from the start), in Adam Ruins Everything (television production), spoken by himself (Adam Conover), truTV, via truTV:

In fact, it's often somewhat disparagingly called "Boz Angeles" for the many Californians and celebrities that have come to town, as well as its perceived "fanciness" in relation to the rest of the state.

2020 March 5, Sophie-Claire Hoeller, “I spent 3 days in Bozeman, Montana, aka 'Boz Angeles.' Here's what surprised me most about one of the fastest-growing cities in the US.”, in Insider:

United States of America
United States of America

A native or resident of the state of California in the United States of America.


Uyghur

Uyghurs (plural)
Uyghur (plural)
Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Uighur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative obsolete)
Uigour (alternative obsolete)

A new U.S. congressional committee on China will hold its second hearing on Thursday, seeking to highlight what Washington says is an ongoing genocide against Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in China's Xinjiang region.
Rights groups accuse Beijing of abuses, including forced labor, mass surveillance and the placement of 1 million or more Uyghurs - a mainly Muslim ethnic group - in a network of internment camps in Xinjiang.

2023 March 23, Michael Martina, “U.S. House panel on China to highlight abuse of Uyghurs in second hearing”, in Jonathan Oatis, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-23:

A member of a Turkic ethnic group living in northwestern China and southeastern Kazakhstan.


Uyghur

Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Uighur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative obsolete)
Uigour (alternative obsolete)


Uyghur

Hotan is located in southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is an oasis town in the Tarim Basin, north of the Kunlun Mountains and south of the Taklamakan Desert. Hotan Prefecture is a multinational area: 96 percent Uyghur and 3 percent Han.

2011 November 4, Dongya Zhang, “A discovery of folk gems in Hotan”, in Beijing Today, number 543, →ISSN, →OCLC, Travel China, page 21, column 3:

The purpose of this Act is to direct United States resources to address human rights violations and abuses, including gross violations of human rights, by the Government of the People’s Republic of China through the mass surveillance and internment of over 1,000,000 Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and members of other Muslim minority groups in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

2020, “S. 3744: Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020”, in GovTrack:

Of, from, or pertaining to the Uyghur people or the Uyghur language.

uyğur

of, from, or pertaining to the Uyghur people or the Uyghur language


Terran

A hypothetical language spoken throughout all of Earth.


Parisian

Parisians (plural)
Parisien (alternative uncommon)

From Middle English Parisien, perisien, from Middle French parisien, from Medieval Latin parisiānus. By surface analysis, Paris + -ian.

Not all of France was inundated by the nationalist wave – it was predominantly young, intelligent Parisians who embraced the new bellicism […].

2012, Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers, Penguin, published 2013, page 295:

A native, citizen and/or inhabitant of Paris, France


American Indian

en-noun

American Indian (plural American Indians)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-American Indian.wav

American + Indian. The noun is attested since 1702, the adjective since shortly thereafter.

A member of some indigenous peoples of the Americas, especially the continental United States, but excluding the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleuts.

(Canada) An indigenous person from the United States.


American Indian

en-adj

American Indian (comparative more American Indian, superlative most American Indian)

more American Indian (comparative)
most American Indian (superlative)

Relating to the indigenous peoples of the Americas or their languages.

Indian-American

U.S. citizens of South Asian extraction from India


Angeleno

Angelenos (plural)
Angeleño (alternative)
Angelino (alternative)
Los Angeleno (alternative)

/ˌænd͡ʒɪˈliːnəʊ/

The LAPD has asked Angelenos not to shoot at the alien spaceship, fearing it might trigger an interstellar war.

He expressed his concerns through a series of histrionic rhetorical questions concerning L.A.’s shortcomings, all of which Sadie, a native Angeleno, already knew: Did she know about the earthquakes? The fires? The floods?

2022, Gabrielle Zevin, Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, Vintage (2023), page 185:


Permian

An inhabitant of the Russian region of Perm; specifically, one belonging to a branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples, including Komis and Udmurts, who speak Permic languages.


Permian

Permian (comparative more Permian, superlative most Permian)

more Permian (comparative)
most Permian (superlative)

Pertaining to the Perm region of Russia, or its inhabitants.

permiläinen

pertaining to the Perm region and its inhabitants

‘In many ways modern art was a culture of the beach. They say it's the light, the special quality of quartz in the Permian rock.’

2000, JG Ballard, Super-Cannes, Fourth Estate, published 2011, page 103:

(geology) Pertaining to the last geologic period of the Paleozoic era; comprising the Cisuralian, Guadalupian and Lopingian epochs from about 280 to 248 million years ago.


Cambrian

Cambrian (comparative more Cambrian, superlative most Cambrian)

more Cambrian (comparative)
most Cambrian (superlative)

(geology) Of a geologic period within the Paleozoic era; comprises lower, middle and Furongian epochs from about 542 to 490 million years ago.

cambrià

of or pertaining to the Cambrian geologic period


Mississippian

A native or resident of the state of Mississippi in the United States of America.


Eurasian

Eurasians (plural)
Euro-Asian (alternative)
Euroasian (alternative)

From Euro- + Asian. Attested since 1844.

Any person native to Eurasia, or descended from people native to Eurasia.


Herzegovinian

The iconic humpbacked bridge rose high over the Neretva, connecting the two halves of the old Herzegovinian town that clung to the clifftops: one Muslim, the other Croat.

2022, Priscilla Morris, Black Butterflies, Duckworth, page 60:

Of, from, or pertaining to Herzegovina and its inhabitants.

赫塞哥維納的 /赫塞哥维纳的

of, from, or pertaining to Herzegovina and its inhabitants


Pitcairnese

(linguistics) A creole spoken in the Pitcairn Islands, formed from an eighteenth-century dialect of English and the Tahitian language.


Arcadian

Arcadian (comparative more Arcadian, superlative most Arcadian)

more Arcadian (comparative)
most Arcadian (superlative)


Arcadian

A native or inhabitant of Arcadia (in Greece)

A native or inhabitant of Arcadia (in the US) or its suburbs.


Bavarian

Bavarian (comparative more Bavarian, superlative most Bavarian)

more Bavarian (comparative)
most Bavarian (superlative)

/bəˈvɑɹ̠iən/

/bəˈvɛəɹɪən/

Of, from or relating to the state of Bavaria, Germany.


Bavarian

/bəˈvɑɹ̠iən/

/bəˈvɛəɹɪən/

A native or inhabitant of the state of Bavaria, Germany.

բավարացի

person from Bavaria or of Bavarian descent


Benny

en-noun

Benny (countable and uncountable, plural Bennys or Bennies)

This special version of eggs Benedict will win the hearts of all the Benny fans out there.

This would definitely be a Becca-approved Benedict, which sings high praise. The girl knows her Bennys.

2014 June 17, Ally, “Chalk Point Kitchen Brunch”, in Bitches who Brunch, archived from the original on 2019-07-27:


Canadien

(Canada) A French Canadian (male or of unspecified sex).


Edo

A state of Nigeria in the South South geopolitical zone. Capital and largest city: Benin City.


Even

From Russian Эве́нский (Evénskij), from эвэн (evɛn), of Tungusic origin. Compare Evenki.

A Tungusic language spoken by the Evens in Siberia and the Russian Far East.


Even

An ethnic Even: a member of an indigenous people living in Siberia and the Russian Far East.


Florentine

en-adj

Florentine (comparative more Florentine, superlative most Florentine)

more Florentine (comparative)
most Florentine (superlative)

From French florentin, from Latin flōrentīnus.

Of, from or relating to the city of Florence, Tuscany, Italy.

florentín

of or relating to the Italian city of Florence


Florentine

The safety of Florence, which means even more than the welfare of Florentines, now demands severity, as it once demanded mercy.

1863, George Eliot, Romola, Volume III, Book III, Chapter XIII, page 137:

A native or inhabitant of the city of Florence, Tuscany, Italy.

ֆլորենցիացի

a native or resident of the Italian city of Florence


Himalayan

A domestic cat breed similar to (and, in some places, considered a variety of) the Persian breed, but with the colourpoint coat pattern of the Siamese.


Islander

Prince Edward Islander
Prince Edward Islander#English

Vancouver Islander
Vancouver Islander#English

Pacific Islander
Pacific Islander#English


Javanese

An indigenous language spoken by Javanese people.


Latin

en-proper noun

Latin (countable and uncountable, plural Latins)

From Middle English Latin, Latyn, from Old English Lǣden, from Vulgar Latin *ladinum (“Latin”) and Old French latin (“Latin”); all from Latin Latinus (“belonging to Latium”). Later influenced in form by the Latin word. Compare Dutch Latijn (“Latin”), German Latein (“Latin”), Swedish Latin (“Latin”).

Supper being over, the lawyer took his leave, and the doctor began to ſound the learned clerk reſpecting his proficiency in the dead languages. "As to dead languages," replied the ſchoolmafter, "I was once a vaſt pretty ſcholar indeed, but want of exercise has made me main ſlack—I can't get over my ground as I uſed to do. Then as to the t'other dead fellow, I could never greek it at all, that's flat. And, Lord bleſs you! my Latin is of no more uſe to me here than—than—" Here he ſtuck for want of a ſimile; when Mr. Le Dupe helped him out by ſaying, "that it is to a young man at college, where it is conſidered a pedantic inſult, and an unpardonable bore, to utter a Latin ſentence."

1799, Edward Dubois, A Piece of Family Biography, volume II, page 20:

To Hall [Robert A. Hall, Jr.], the development would be something as follows: Latin > Proto-Romance (dated late Republic and Early Empire) > Proto-Continental Romance > Proto-Italo-Western Romance (to which Hall would limit the term "Vulgar Latin") > Proto-Western Romance > Proto-Gallo Romance, etc. Each of these main divisions splits off into further languages: Latin > Classical Latin; Proto-Romance > Proto-Southern Romance > Sardinian, Lucianian, Sicilian; Proto-Continental Romance > Proto-Eastern Romance > Proto-Balkan Romance, etc.

1999, Karl Strecker, transl. by Robert B. Palmer, Introduction to Medieval Latin: English Tranlation and Revision, 2nd ed. (2nd reprint of the ed. Dublin/Zürich 1971 (Berlin 1957)), Weidmann: Zürich & Hildesheim, p. 29

When the Christian Church rose in stature in the Dark Ages, its adoption of Latin as the official language assured its eternal life.

2003, Natalie Harwood, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Learning Latin, 2nd edition, page 13:

Like Copernicus and Galileo, Johannes Kepler was a renowned astronomer who wrote in Latin.

2010, Elizabeth Heimbach, A Roman Map Workbook, page 134:

(uncountable) The language of the ancient Romans, other Latins and of the Roman Catholic church, especially Classical Latin.

ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܠܵܛܝܼܢܵܝܵܐ

liššānā lāṭīnāyā


Median

The northwestern Old Iranian language of the Medes, attested only by numerous loanwords in Old Persian, few borrowings in Old Armenian and some glosses in Ancient Greek; nothing is known of its grammar.

Wiktionary’s coverage of Old Median terms


Mongol

Mongols (plural)
Mongal (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠬᠣᠯ (mongqol).
The sense “person with Down syndrome” comes from the fact that people with this condition often have a prominent epicanthic fold, as most people of East Asian ethnicity do.

bor+

A member of any of the various Mongol ethnic groups living in The Mongolian People's Republic, the (former) USSR, Tibet and Nepal.


Ottoman

Otoman (alternative archaic)
Othoman (alternative archaic)

[…] translated into Ottoman by a certain Mehmed Efendi […]

[…] translated from Ottoman into Greek […]

2009, Islamic Education in Europe, page 157:

[…] translated from Ottoman into Persian […]

2024, The History of Translation and Translators in the Ottoman Empire, page 60:


Parmesan

/ˈpɑːmɪˌzæn/

/ˌpɑːmɪˈzæn/

/ˈpɑːməˌzən/

Of, from or relating to the city or province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.


Parmesan

en-noun

Parmesan (countable and uncountable, plural Parmesans)

/ˈpɑːmɪˌzæn/

/ˌpɑːmɪˈzæn/

/ˈpɑːməˌzən/

(countable) A native or inhabitant of the city or province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.


Roman

From Old French Romain, from Latin Rōmānus. In reference to the Byzantine Empire, via the Byzantine Greek endonym Ῥωμαῖος (Rhōmaîos). By surface analysis, Rome + -an. Doublet of Romano.


Scotch

Contraction of Scottish.
The chess opening is supposedly after its having been played in a correspondence game between Edinburgh, Scotland, and London, England.

But Rob was just saying what a shame it was that folk should be shamed nowadays to speak Scotch – or they called it Scots if they did, the split-tongued sourocks!

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 156:

(dated) The Scottish dialect of English.


Scotch

Scotch (countable and uncountable, plural Scotches)

Paul has drunk a lot of Scotch.

(uncountable) Whisky distilled in Scotland, especially from malted barley.


Sicilian

From Latin Sicilia + -an. By surface analysis, Sicily + -an.

Sorry, I’m Italian, and let’s say I see that Sicilian policemen arrest less people in Sicily. This could be for two reasons, one is that everybody else overarrests, or the Sicilian policemen underarrest. And can you tell those two things apart?

2020 June 12, Kate Waldock and Luigi Zingales, “Should we defund the police?”, in Capitalisn't:


Sicilian

The picture of devastated Palermo which he draws fills up the measure of the dastardly oppression which has now passed away; more disgraceful excesses than those committed by the Bavarese, as the Sicilians called the royal troops, were [...]

1861, The Foreign Quarterly Review, volume 75, page 553:


Slav

From Middle English sclave, borrowed from Medieval Latin Sclavus, from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos); see that entry for more. Doublet of slave and ciao. Displaced native Old English Wined.

(British, birdwatching) The Slavonian grebe.


Sooner

Some skunk of a Sooner, sneaking in ahead of the Run, had set the blaze to keep the Boomers off, saving the land for himself.

(historical) One who crossed into Indian territory before the official opening of settlement in the Oklahoma land rush, in order to obtain land sooner.


Tuscan

From Middle English Tuscan, from Late Latin Tuscānus (“belonging to the Tusci”), a people of ancient Italy, from Tuscus, earlier *Truscus, shortened form of Etruscus (“Etruscan”).

der

тоскански

of or relating to Tuscany or its inhabitants


Tuscan

en-noun

Tuscan (countable and uncountable, plural Tuscans)

A native or inhabitant of Tuscany, Italy.


Vandal

From Latin Vandalus, named after the Germanic tribe, from Proto-Germanic *wandilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ-eh₂-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, wind, braid”). Also related to Old English Wendlas.

der

An extinct East Germanic language ascribed to have been spoken by the Vandals.


Frankfurter

From German Frankfurter. Equivalent to Frankfurt + -er.

A native or inhabitant of the city of Frankfurt, state of Hesse, Germany.


Neptunian

From Latin Neptūnius (“of or pertaining to the Roman god Neptune”), from Neptūnus (“the Roman god Neptune”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”)) + -ius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns); analysable as Neptune + -ian. The English word is cognate with French neptunien (“pertaining to the Roman god Neptune, pertaining to the sea, pertaining to Neptunism, Neptunian; proponent of Neptunism, Neptunist”), German Neptunier (“proponent of Neptunism, Neptunist”).

cog

Near-synonym: Poseidonian

The Tomb disburd'ning, whence the Ghoſt aroſe / Of great Achilles; Such when Thracian Foes / (The Prelude of thy Fates, Troy!) he o'rethrew, / And the white hair'd Neptunian Cycnus [i.e., Neptune's son] ſlew.

1679, Lucius Annaeus Seneca [i.e., Seneca the Younger], translated by Edward Sherburne, Troades: Or The Royal Captives. A Tragedy, Written Originally in Latin, […], London: Printed by Anne Godbid, and John Playford, for Samuel Carr, […], →OCLC, act II, scene i, page 21:

(Roman mythology) Of or pertaining to Neptune, the Roman god of fresh water and the sea, the counterpart of the Greek god Poseidon.


Moghul

Borrowed from Iranian Persian مغول (moġul) (for the spellings moghul and mogul) or from Classical Persian مغول (muġūl, muġōl) and Urdu مغل (muġal) (for other spellings), an Arabic and Persian corruption of Mongol, ultimately from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol). More at Mughal.

Mogor (alternative obsolete)
Mogol (alternative)
Mogul (alternative)
Mughal (alternative)


Mogul

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Washoe County, Nevada, United States.


Safavid

From Persian صفوی (Safavi) + -id, from Arabic صَفَوِيّ (Ṣafawiyy), from صَفِيّ (Ṣafiyy, “Safi-ad-Din Ardabili”) + ـَوـ (-aw-, interfix) + ـِيّ (-iyy, “-i, -y”, suffix forming adjectives and relational nouns).

Relating to the Safavid dynasty, a Muslim dynasty which ruled Iran between the 16th and 18th centuries.


Jovian

en-adj

Jovian (comparative more Jovian, superlative most Jovian)

more Jovian (comparative)
most Jovian (superlative)

From Latin Iovis, genitive of Iuppiter, analysable as Jove + -ian.

Near-synonym: Zeusian

He did not admit of equals. But as a patron he was superb. With his Jovian air, his colossal condescension, his amused smile, his general suggestion of the god descending to the mortal, he could be quite overpowering in his amiability.

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

(Roman mythology) Pertaining to the Roman god Jove or Jupiter (the counterpart of the Greek god Zeus); Jove-like; befitting Jupiter.


Vancouverite

Those frolicking in Vancouver's recreational areas shouldn't be surprised to end up in the middle of a rather messy sloshball game or ultimate Frisbee tournament; Vancouverites tend to leave their big-city attitudes at home.

1995, Pacific Northwest & Alaska: on the loose, Fodor's, page 325:

(Canada) A native or resident of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.


Bohemian

From Bohemia + -ian.
In sense of Romani and by association, marginalized artists, from French bohémien (“person from Bohemia, Romani”), from Bohême (“Bohemia”). Regarding the sense evolution, compare gypsy.


Melbournite

(Australia, slang, often humorous, sometimes mildly, derogatory) A native or inhabitant of the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.


Tassie

From Tasmania + -ie (diminutive suffix).

(informal, Australia) Tasmanian: a native or inhabitant of Tasmania, Australia.


Bicolano

/bɪkəˈlɑːnəʊ/

A language spoken in the Bicol Region, Philippines.


Frenchman

From Middle English Frenshman; equivalent to French + -man.

red-legged partridge
red-legged partridge


Frenchwoman

From Middle English Frensche wymen pl, equivalent to French + -woman.

A French woman; a woman of French ancestry, descent or citizenship.


North American

A person living in or originating from North America.

One of a supernational region within North America

One of a country or nation within North America

One of a country or nation within Central America

One of a country or nation within the Caribbean

One of a dependency within North America


South American

A person from or living in South America.


Hoosier

Uncertain. See Wikipedia's article on the subject for theories. Popularized by the 1830 John Finley poem “The Hoosier’s Nest”.

Indiana’s Borderlanders called themselves Hoosiers, came from the backcountry of Kentucky and western Virginia, and were ambivalent about slavery.

2011, Colin Woodard, chapter 16, in American nations, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

A native or resident of the U.S. state of Indiana.