phonically

In accordance with the principles of phonics.


suprasegmental

(phonetics) An effect on speech, such as length, stress, tone, and phonation type, that extends over more than one segment of sounds.


palatalize

en-verb

palatalize (third-person singular simple present palatalizes, present participle palatalizing, simple past and past participle palatalized)

palatalizes (present singular third-person)
palatalizing (participle present)
palatalized (participle past)
palatalized (past)
palatalise (alternative)

Most English speakers palatalize the letter t in the word "nature".

(phonetics, transitive) To pronounce a sound with the tongue against the palate of the mouth when that sound normally would not be so pronounced.

քմայնացնել

to pronounce a sound with the tongue against the palate

(phonetics, intransitive, unaccusative, of a sound) To be pronounced with the tongue against the palate.


aspirated

en-adj

aspirated (comparative more aspirated, superlative most aspirated)

more aspirated (comparative)
most aspirated (superlative)

In English, word-initial single voiceless consonants are aspirated, so that "pit" is pronounced [pʰɪt] but "spit" is pronounced [spɪt].

(phonetics) Pronounced with an audible breath, a brief expulsion of air at the end of the sound.


tenseness

en-noun

tenseness (countable and uncountable, plural tensenesses)

(phonetics) A particular vowel or consonant quality that is phonemically contrastive in many languages, including English.


postvocalic

(phonetics) (Of a phoneme) occurring after a vowel.


epenthetic

/ˌɛpənˈθɛtɪk/

From Ancient Greek ἐπενθετικός (epenthetikós, “inserted”).

der

“I’ve added a little vowel between the t and the r,” Baron says. “It elongates the word, it adds an extra syllable to the word, it emphasizes the word. There’s a name for this: epenthetic vowel.”

2015 December 7, Julie Beck, “The Linguistics of 'YouTube Voice'”, in The Atlantic:

(phonology, phonetics) Of or pertaining to epenthesis.


articulable

en-adj

articulable (comparative more articulable, superlative most articulable)

more articulable (comparative)
most articulable (superlative)

It is beyond a doubt that many sounds are articulable, which do not occur in English.

1796, P. W. Fogg, Elementa Anglicana, volume 2, page 159:

(phonetics, of words, linguistic expressions, etc.) Capable of being pronounced or expressed distinctly in speech.


pulmonic

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Borrowed from Medieval Latin pulmōnicus, from pulmō (“lung”).

(phonetics, phonology) Of a speech sound: produced by pushing air from or into the lungs.


nonround

(phonetics, of a vowel) Having qualities the opposite of a round vowel.


subvocal

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(phonetics, dated) Of or pertaining to imperfectly articulated speech that is inaudible or barely audible; subtonic.


subtonic

(phonetics, dated) Of or pertaining to imperfectly articulated sounds or utterances that are inaudible or barely audible, as characterized by Dr. James Rush (Guide to Pronunciation, 1833).


subtonic

(phonetics, dated) An imperfectly articulated sound or utterance, as characterized by Dr. James Rush (Guide to Pronunciation, 1833).


rounded vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is pronounced with the lips drawn together and forming a circular opening.


back vowel

(phonetics) Any vowel sound produced in the back of the mouth, such as /uː/ in rule or /əʊ/ in pole.

ետին շարքի ձայնավոր

any vowel sound produced in the back of the mouth

mély hangrendű, hátul képzett, veláris, or rarely hátsó nyelvállású magánhangzó


inspirate

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epiglottal

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(phonetics) Produced using the epiglottis.


mouillé

mouillé (comparative more mouillé, superlative most mouillé)

more mouillé (comparative)
most mouillé (superlative)

Borrowed from French mouillé (“wet, moist”).

(phonetics) Describing a palatal or palatalized consonant, particularly one historically derived from /l/ or /n/.


delabialize

en-verb

delabialize (third-person singular simple present delabializes, present participle delabializing, simple past and past participle delabialized)

delabializes (present singular third-person)
delabializing (participle present)
delabialized (participle past)
delabialized (past)
delabialise (alternative)

the resulting labial vowels were soon delabialized into e and ē.

1884, Henry Sweet, First Middle English Primer, page 5:

(transitive, phonetics, phonology) To make into a non-labial sound.

/gw/ may delabialize to /g/.

1981, Charles Stephen Bird, The Dialects of Mandekan, page 170:

(intransitive, phonetics, phonology) To become a non-labial sound.


postalveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

postalveolêr

articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge


postalveolar

postalveolars (plural)
post-alveolar (alternative)

(phonetics) Any sound articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, such as English sh in the word shoe.

postalveolaar

any sound articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge


front vowel

(phonetics) Any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth. Examples: "a" in “man” and "e" in “gel”

առաջնային շարքի ձայնավոր

any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth

magas hangrendű, elöl képzett, palatális, or rarely elülső magánhangzó


apophony

en-noun

apophony (countable and uncountable, plural apophonies)

From French apophonie, from French apo- + Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”), after Ancient Greek ἀπο- (apo-, “away, from, off”) + φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).

affix

Cinglar has the merit of referring to a back and forth movement, which one might suppose is suggested by the apophony of zinguizangue […]

1986, David A. Pharies, Structure and Analogy in the Playful Lexicon of Spanish, →ISBN, page 171:

Apophony is also seen in talentum from τάλαντον [talanton] “talent, a unit of weight or currency.”

2007 [2001], R. G. G. Coleman, “Greek and Latin”, in A.-F. Christidis, editor, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, →ISBN, page 793:

Apophony in both inflection and derivation has been shrinking through the history of English, but continues to be available in synesthesia (e.g. bing, bang, bong, §10.3.2) and, less productively, in reduplicative and conjunctive formations (e.g. mishmash, §14.4).

2014, D. Gary Miller, English Lexicogenesis, →ISBN, page 9:

(phonetics) Modification of an internal vowel sound in a word or linguistic root, especially so as to establish a lexical distinction.


continuant

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(phonetics) A linguistic sound other than a stop.

εξακολουθητικό

linguistics: a linguistic sound other than a stop


tectal

(phonetics) A consonant articulated in the roof of the mouth


interdental

en-adj

interdental (comparative more interdental, superlative most interdental)

more interdental (comparative)
most interdental (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.

أَسَلِيّ

phonetics: pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth


interdental

(phonetics) A speech sound pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.


gemination

en-noun

gemination (countable and uncountable, plural geminations)

/ˌd͡ʒɛm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

/ˌd͡ʒɛm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/

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Borrowed from Latin geminātiō, geminātiōnis (“a doubling”).

bor

(phonetics) The phenomenon of a consonant being pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than is normal; an instance of such lengthened pronunciation.


place of articulation

en-noun

place of articulation (plural places of articulation)

(phonetics, of a consonant) The point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).


point of articulation

point of articulation (plural points of articulation)

place of articulation
place of articulation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of place of articulation.


manner of articulation

manner of articulation (plural manners of articulation)

(phonetics, of a consonant) The configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound.


phonation

phonation (countable and uncountable, plural phonations)

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice, sound”), equivalent to phonate + -ion.

uder

Phonation. The voice is produced when the closed, taut vocal folds in the position of phonation are opened and made to vibrate by an air stream expelled from the lungs, causing sound waves to be produced. The volume of sound depends on the force of the air stream, and the pitch is determined by the frequency of vibration. The latter depends on the length (sex and age differences), tension and thickness of the vocal cords, as in the strings of a musical instrument.

1993, Werner Kahle, Helmut Leonhardt, Werner Platzer, Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2: Internal Organs, 4th rev. edition, Stuttgart, New York, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers, →ISBN, page 124:

Voice teachers who emphasize relaxation are loath to use such words as 'pinch' or 'squeeze' in relation to singing. Catford and Laver, whose field is primarily the phonetics of speech rather than singing, both considered 'full glottal phonation' to be the 'normal' setting for speech as well as for the falsetto voice […]. They advised against 'anterior phonation,' maintaining that it results in a somewhat 'tight,' 'hard,' 'sharp,' 'metallic,' or 'tense' speaking voice, and is probably associated with a high laryngeal position.

2003, James Stark, Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy, Toronto, Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 26:

Sound generation in the larynx is termed phonation, and phonation types (sometimes called voice qualities) are recognisably different kinds of vocal fold vibration. All languages use a phonation type called normal or modal voice as the basis for all speech.

2005, Michael Ashby, John Maidment, Introducing Phonetic Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 97:

When the vocal folds are adducted (closed) somewhat gently, then a certain amount of air pressure from the lungs below (subglottal pressure) can set the folds into a self-sustaining oscillation. This condition is called phonation or voicing; and it involves a delicate balance of tissue coupling forces and aerodynamic forces whose overall description is still a current research topic […]

2011, Sean A. Fulop, Speech Spectrum Analysis, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, pages 5–6:

(phonetics) The process of producing vocal sound by the vibration of the vocal folds that is in turn modified by the resonance of the vocal tract.


monophthongization

en-noun

monophthongization (countable and uncountable, plural monophthongizations)

monophthongizations (plural)
monophthongisation (alternative)

(phonetics) The process of becoming monophthong, for a diphthong or triphthong.


anudātta

From Sanskrit अनुदात्त (an-udātta, “not raised, not elevated”).

bor

Low-pitch accent (grave), which precedes the acute udātta, in Vedic Sanskrit.


nasalized

(phonetics) Articulated with air flowing through the nose and mouth simultaneously, for example the nasalized vowels of French [ɑ̃], [ɛ̃], [œ̃], [ɔ̃].


xenophone

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(phonetics) A sound in speech that is not native to the language being spoken; a sound from a foreign language.

vieras äänne

A sound in speech that is not native to a language


lenite

en-verb

lenite (third-person singular simple present lenites, present participle leniting, simple past and past participle lenited)

lenites (present singular third-person)
leniting (participle present)
lenited (participle past)
lenited (past)

This environment lenites "m" to "mh".

(phonetics, phonology, transitive) To cause (a consonant) to undergo lenition.

"M" lenites to "mh".

The initial g- in several of the forms is due to reanalysis from syntactic constructions in which the initial k- preceded by a vowel regularly lenites.

2025, Cid Swanenvleugel, The Pre-Roman Elements of the Sardinian Lexicon, page 265:

(phonetics, phonology, intransitive) To undergo lenition.


semi-voiced

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(phonetics) Of consonants, formed by making a voiced consonant, but with the vocal folds closed.


Americanist

(phonetics) A proponent of the Americanist phonetic notation.


Americanist

en-adj

Americanist (comparative more Americanist, superlative most Americanist)

more Americanist (comparative)
most Americanist (superlative)

(phonetics) Of or relating to a phonetic notation developed for transcription of Native American and European languages. See Americanist phonetic notation.


egressive

(phonetics, of a speech sound) Uttered by pushing air out through the mouth or nose.


egressive

(phonetics) A speech sound in which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose.


ingressive

ingressive (comparative more ingressive, superlative most ingressive)

more ingressive (comparative)
most ingressive (superlative)

Another feature of Icelandic pronunciation that many learners remark on is that sometimes words, and even larger parts of sentences, are pronounced while inhaling (a phenomenon known as pulmonic ingressive pronunciation).

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 21:

(phonetics, of a speech sound) Uttered by drawing air inward through the mouth or nose.


ingressive

(phonetics) A speech sound in which the air stream is created by drawing air in through the mouth or nose.


labiovelar

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(phonetics) co-articulated at the velum and the lips


labiovelar

labiovelars (plural)
labio-velar (alternative)

շրթնաետնալեզվային

a velar sound articulated with lip-rounding


palatovelar

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(phonetics) A velar sound articulated further in the mouth at the area of the soft palate; a palatized velar.

քմային ետնալեզվային

velar sound articulated further in the mouth at the area of soft palate


groove fricative

en-noun

groove fricative (plural groove fricatives)

Groove fricatives all have more or less of an [s]-like quality, and are for this reason sometimes called sibilants.

1955, H. A. Gleason, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, page 194, section 14.7:

(phonetics) A hissing or hushing sound such as the s or sh in sack or shack.


down tack

primary articulation
primary articulation

manner of articulation
manner of articulation

(phonetics) The IPA diacritic of primary articulation: ⟨˕⟩, used to denote a lowered phone; for vowels, the diacritic denotes a slightly more open utterance; for consonants, it moves the manner of articulation one step forward in this chain: nasal → plosive → fricative → approximant → trill → tap, flap → lateral fricative → lateral approximant → lateral flap.


ambisyllabicity

(poetry, phonetics) The property of a consonant being analysed as acting simultaneously as the coda of one syllable and the onset of the following syllable, as in "upper" or "button".


sonorization

sonorization (countable and uncountable, plural sonorizations)

sonorizations (plural)
sonorisation (alternative)

(phonetics, of a consonant) increase in sonority; act of sonorizing


affrication

affrication (countable and uncountable, plural affrications)

/æfɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonetics, uncountable, of a consonant) Becoming an affricate sound.


degemination

degemination (countable and uncountable, plural degeminations)

(phonetics, uncountable) The inverse process of gemination, when a spoken long consonant is pronounced for an audibly shorter period.


subapical

en-adj

subapical (comparative more subapical, superlative most subapical)

more subapical (comparative)
most subapical (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with the underside of the tongue.


diphthongize

en-verb

diphthongize (third-person singular simple present diphthongizes, present participle diphthongizing, simple past and past participle diphthongized)

diphthongizes (present singular third-person)
diphthongizing (participle present)
diphthongized (participle past)
diphthongized (past)
diphthongise (alternative)

/ˈdɪfθɑŋaɪz/

/ˈdɪfθɒŋaɪz/

Some of these [monophthongs] will be diphthongised under the influence of following sounds.

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 5:

(transitive, phonetics) To change to a diphthong, as by inserting or removing a vowel.

(intransitive, phonetics) To become a diphthong.


monophthongize

monophthongize (third-person singular simple present monophthongizes, present participle monophthongizing, simple past and past participle monophthongized)

monophthongizes (present singular third-person)
monophthongizing (participle present)
monophthongized (participle past)
monophthongized (past)
monophthongise (alternative)

Inherited -au- was monophthongized to -a- in Sardinian. These forms must therefore go back to […] *aCurri, with an elided consonant.

2025, Cid Swanenvleugel, The Pre-Roman Elements of the Sardinian Lexicon, page 132:

(transitive, phonetics) To change to a monophthong (as by removing a vowel).

(intransitive, phonetics) To become a monophthong.


nasal vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth.


articulator

(phonetics) Any organ in the vocal tract used to articulate, produce speech.

puhe-elin

phonetics: any organ in the vocal tract used to produce speech


tesh

(phonetics) The IPA digraph "tʃ", or the obsolete ligature "ʧ".


dezh

(phonetics) The IPA digraph "dʒ", or the obsolete ligature "ʤ".


aphaeretic

From Ancient Greek ἀφαιρετικός (aphairetikós).

uder

apheretic (alternative US)
aphæretic (alternative obsolete)

(rare, medicine, phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Of the nature of apheresis.


diphthongization

en-noun

diphthongization (countable and uncountable, plural diphthongizations)

diphthongizations (plural)
diphthongisation (alternative)

The process by which a single vowel sound (monophthong) shifts to a two-vowel vocalization (diphthong).


aspirated h

/ˈæspəɹeɪ̯tɪd eɪ̯tʃ/

Calque of French h aspiré. The aspirated h was pronounced /h/ until Early Modern French (and still is in some northern dialects), whereas the mute h had long been silent. The designation has been maintained although both kinds of h are now technically silent in standard French, but the aspirated h remains pronounced dialectally and in Norman French.

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) aspiration of a glottal consonant


mute h

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) Non-aspiration of a glottal consonant.


nonsyllabic

(phonetics) A sound that is not syllabic.


nonpalatal

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a palatal.


nonfricative

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a fricative.


intrusive r

(phonetics) An "r" sound that is like a linking r but occurs despite the absence of "r" in the spelling, as in Asia and the Far East in some pronunciations.


nonback

Therefore these facts are doubly anomalous, since they have not only gemination after a nonback vowel but also after a vowel that is stressed.

1982, John J McCarthy, Formal problems in semitic phonology and morphology:

(phonetics) Not back; not produced at the back of the mouth.


frontness

The most important aspects of vowel quality are tongue height, frontness/backness and lip rounding.

Andrew Spencer (1996), Phonology: theory and description, p. 25

(phonetics) Quality of being a front vowel.


backness

posterioritat

a quality of vowels: the position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth

1996, Andrew Spencer, Phonology: theory and description, page 25:

(phonetics) Quality of being a back vowel.

(phonetics) A quality of vowels, indicating the horizontal position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth (front, near-front, central, near-back, or back).


assibilate

en-verb

assibilate (third-person singular simple present assibilates, present participle assibilating, simple past and past participle assibilated)

assibilates (present singular third-person)
assibilating (participle present)
assibilated (participle past)
assibilated (past)

From Latin assībilātus (“murmured, whispered at, hissed”), past participle of assībilō (“hiss at”, verb), from ad (“at”) + sībilō (“hiss”, verb), from sībilus (“a hissing, whistling”), of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(linguistics, phonetics) To change into or pronounce with the accompaniment of a sibilant sound or sounds.

(linguistics, phonetics) To change by assibilation.


nonaspirate

(phonetics) A sound that is not an aspirate.


frication

en-noun

frication (countable and uncountable, plural frications)


yod

A statement of consonantal changes for Sicilian is dependent on the development of two sets of clusters, consonant plus yod and consonant plus /l/.

1976, Michael L. Mazzola, Proto-Romance and Sicilian, Peter de Ridder Press, →ISBN, page 104:

Wherever in the West (including northern Italia) the fricative allophone [x̺] of coda /k/ before onsets /t/ and /s/ still remains…it now becomes semivocalized as yod, or more probably voiceless yod….

1984, Frederick B. Agard, A Course in Romance Linguistics, volume 2, Georgetown University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

Word-initial yod, however, does not strengthen in either of the dialects considered, which respond to Polish jabłko, jagoda, jelén, jutro (all [j-]) "apple, berry, deer, tomorrow" with unaltered initial yod.

2008, Philippe Ségéral, Tobias Scheer, “Positional Factors in Lenition and Fortition”, in Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho et al., editors, Lenition and Fortition, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 152:


alveolo-palatal

(phonetics) Of or relating to those consonants that are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants.


alveolo-palatal

(phonetics) Any consonant that is intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants.

Alveolopalatal

any consonant that is intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants


coarticulate

en-verb

coarticulate (third-person singular simple present coarticulates, present participle coarticulating, simple past and past participle coarticulated)

coarticulates (present singular third-person)
coarticulating (participle present)
coarticulated (participle past)
coarticulated (past)

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(phonetics) To articulate a speech sound at two different places of articulation simultaneously, as in the labiovelar approximant [[[w]]].


triphthongize

triphthongize (third-person singular simple present triphthongizes, present participle triphthongizing, simple past and past participle triphthongized)

triphthongizes (present singular third-person)
triphthongizing (participle present)
triphthongized (participle past)
triphthongized (past)

(transitive, rare) To convert to a triphthong.


devoice

devoice (third-person singular simple present devoices, present participle devoicing, simple past and past participle devoiced)

devoices (present singular third-person)
devoicing (participle present)
devoiced (participle past)
devoiced (past)

Lastly, as shown in the consonant table above, h- causes any following consonant to be devoiced[.]

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 15:

(transitive, phonetics) To pronounce a sound with little or no vibration of the vocal cords, especially a sound that is normally pronounced with such vibration (i.e. a voiced sound).

dévoiser

to pronounce a sound with little vibration of the vocal cords


devoicing

en-noun

devoicing (countable and uncountable, plural devoicings)

final obstruent devoicing

(phonetics) The process by which a sound is devoiced.


nonlabial

nonlabials (plural)
non-labial (alternative)

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a labial.


laminal

en-adj

laminal (comparative more laminal, superlative most laminal)

more laminal (comparative)
most laminal (superlative)

From Latin lāmina (“thin sheet of material”).

(phonetics, of a sound) Produced with the blade of the tongue


downdrift

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(phonetics) A lowering (over time) of the pitch of the tones of a tonal language.

disminución general de la frecuencia acústica


velar nasal

(phonetics) A nasal consonant voiced, as the sound of "ng" in English "sing", represented with ŋ in the IPA phonetic alphabet.


denasalize

en-verb

denasalize (third-person singular simple present denasalizes, present participle denasalizing, simple past and past participle denasalized)

denasalizes (present singular third-person)
denasalizing (participle present)
denasalized (participle past)
denasalized (past)

Thus, whining is nasalized, a bad cold denasalizes speech.

1974, Indian Linguistics, volumes 35-36, page 223:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the nasal airflow of what is usually a nasal stop or nasal vowel.


labiality

en-noun

labiality (usually uncountable, plural labialities)

(phonetics) The quality of being a labial sound (a sound produced with the labia).


delenite

en-verb

delenite (third-person singular simple present delenites, present participle deleniting, simple past and past participle delenited)

delenites (present singular third-person)
deleniting (participle present)
delenited (participle past)
delenited (past)

From de- + lenite; also analyzable as a back-formation from delenition.


phonologize

phonologize (third-person singular simple present phonologizes, present participle phonologizing, simple past and past participle phonologized)

phonologizes (present singular third-person)
phonologizing (participle present)
phonologized (participle past)
phonologized (past)
phonologise (alternative)

/fəˈnɒləˌd͡ʒaɪz/

(phonetics) To shift to a phonemic status by developing a phonetic feature.


phonologization

en-noun

phonologization (countable and uncountable, plural phonologizations)

phonologizations (plural)
phonologisation (alternative)

/fəˌnɒləd͡ʒaɪˈzeɪʃən/

(phonetics) The development of a phonetic feature into a phonemic one.


deaffrication

deaffrication (countable and uncountable, plural deaffrications)

deaffrications (plural)
deaffricatization (alternative rare)

/diːæfɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonetics) The reverse process of affrication; the process of turning an affricate into a plosive or a fricative.


fortition

fortition (countable and uncountable, plural fortitions)

1988, Sylvia Moosmüller, Sociophonology, Peter Auer, Aldo di Luzio (editors), Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, page 76,
The two process types following from these assumptions, lenition processes, aiming at articulatory ease at the expense of perception, and fortition processes, resulting in articulatory difficulty in favor of better perception, were further modified by Dressler & Drachman (1977), as lenitions need not necessarily impede perception; similarly fortitions need not necessarily result in articulatory difficulty.

In order to distinguish between the two kinds of voiceless final stops the terms 'final devoicing' and 'fortition after sonorants' are used here. Although fortition after sonorants is quite well attested for present-day contact English and in general Irish English, the significance of fent, spent, trent in terms of interference is slight as fortition after /n/ is common in mainland varieties of Middle English as well. Especially in late Middle English many instances of a preterite in /d/ after /n/ changing to /t/ with simultaneous loss of the preterite ending are recorded.

2007, Raymond Hickey, Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms, page 62:

Donegan (1985: 37–38) offers the following description of fortitions and lenitions. Fortitions are listener-oriented processes, which increase phonetic properties of phonemes. They strengthen the properties of an individual segment by emphasizing certain phonetic features, sometimes at the expense of other features within the segment.

2009, Anna Balas, “Why can Poles perceive Sprite but not Coca-Cola? A Natural Phonological account”, in Paul Boersma, Silke Hamann, editors, Phonology in Perception, Phonology & Phonetics: 15, page 37:

2011, Matthew Gordon, 39: Stress: Phonotactic and Phonetic Evidence, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume II: Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology, page 924,
Typically, stressed syllables trigger qualitative fortition and/or lengthening, whereas unstressed syllables are associated with lenition and/or shortening.

(phonetics, phonology) A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis.

erősödés

phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis


close-mid

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately two-thirds of the way between an open and a close vowel

semitancat

pronounced between a close and a mid vowel


open-mid

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately one-third of the way between an open and a close vowel


short vowel

In languages that distinguish vowel length, a vowel which is normally pronounced shorter than a long vowel.


roundedness

roundedness (usually uncountable, plural roundednesses)

ajakkerekítés

phonetics: the quality of a sound, especially a vowel, of being rounded or unrounded

(phonetics) The quality of a sound, especially a vowel, of being rounded or unrounded.


plosion

plosion (countable and uncountable, plural plosions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-plosion.wav

In Russian, nasal plosion is confined to cases where both the plosive and the nasal consonant have the same primary articulation. In English, however, nasal plosion occurs also in such groups as kn, tm (as in Hackney ['haekni], utmost [ˈʌtmoʊst]).

1923, Michael V. Trofimov, Daniel Jones, The pronunciation of Russian:

Plosive consonants are sometimes not fully articulated ; under certain conditions they may be reduced to stops only, without plosions. This generally happens in English when a plosive is immediately followed by another plosive.

1956, Daniel Jones, The pronunciation of English, page 121:

To avoid too much air escape at the moment of plosion, the tongue-tip is placed lightly on the alveolar ridge, the less muscular pressure the better.

1998, Michael McCallion, The voice book: for everyone who wants to make the most of their voice:

(phonetics) Pronunciation of a consonant that is characterised by completely blocking the flow of air through the mouth.


spirantize

en-verb

spirantize (third-person singular simple present spirantizes, present participle spirantizing, simple past and past participle spirantized)

spirantizes (present singular third-person)
spirantizing (participle present)
spirantized (participle past)
spirantized (past)

(phonetics) To change (a consonant) to a spirant sound.


palato-

palatoplegia, palatodental

(anatomy, phonetics) Of or pertaining to the palate.


tone sandhi

The most frequent occurrence of tone sandhi in Mandarin Chinese occurs in the third tone.

(phonology) The change of tone that occurs in some tonal languages when certain tones are pronounced successively.


upskip

Someone reading the following aloud, The normal course will have one to three hour-examinations per term and a three-hour examination at the end of each term. will feel a need to put a pause after the first three and resume on hour with an abrupt upskip and also possibly a glottal stop plus head and hand gestures , to avoid the suggestion of three-hour as a constituent at that point.

1989, Dwight Le Merton Bolinger, Intonation and Its Uses: Melody in Grammar and Discourse, page 84:

Three tests are administered, in which aspects of pitch trajectories analysed as allphonic in the phonemic system turn out to have more importance than the supposedly phonemic distinctions; the second of these tests finds that upglides and upskips in a sequence that Trager & Smith (1951) would presumably transcribe /32||/ are categorically distinguished.

1976, Dafydd Gibbon, Perspectives of Intonation Analysis, page 222:

Pitch-squeeze tone modifier (sign :) is manifested by a pitch range narrowing over the whole tone cadence; hence no pitch upskip or downskip or evenskip is noticeable.

1997, Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar, Language in a Semiotic Perspective:

(phonetics) A raise in pitch with no perceptible glide connecting the tone to the previous sound


occludant

occludants (plural)
occludent (alternative)


dentalism

(phonetics) The formation of a sound using the teeth.


linguadental

(phonetics) An utterance pronounced by the aid or use of the tongue and teeth.


linguadental

(phonetics) Formed or uttered by the use of both the tongue and teeth.


nasal consonant

en-noun

nasal consonant (plural nasal consonants)

A consonant sound produced by air moving though the nose with the mouth passage occluded.


devocalize

en-verb

devocalize (third-person singular simple present devocalizes, present participle devocalizing, simple past and past participle devocalized)

devocalizes (present singular third-person)
devocalizing (participle present)
devocalized (participle past)
devocalized (past)

If we take a high vowel […] and devocalise it, we obtain a hiss […]

1877, Henry Sweet, A Handbook of Phonetics:

(transitive, phonetics) To make toneless; to deprive of vowel quality.


phonotypist

(historical, phonetics) An expert in phonotypy.


contour tone

(phonetics) A tone whose pitch changes during the syllable.


semivocal

semivocal sound

(phonetics) Of or relating to a semivowel.


asonant

The first d in "Wednesday" and the s in "aisle" are asonant.

Thus reponens is an asonant rhyme to deprœlian in the following stanza.

1829, Rhyme the Leading Principle of Latin Versification, page 15:


vocule

Borrowed from Latin vocula, diminutive of vox, vocis (“voice”).

The emphatic vocule denotes great energy of sentiment

1827, James Rush, The Philosophy of the Human Voice:

This vocule is often changed from an aspiration to a vocality, in attempts give strong emphasis on the termination of a word.

1846, J. Weaver ·, A System of Practical Elocution and Rhetorical Gesture, page 213:

A vocule is that compact burst of sound that is released after a word has reached is terminus . The vocule is a punctuating and lengthening tactic .

2003, Jennifer Mandelbaum, Phillip J. Glenn, Curtis D. LeBaron, Studies in Language and Social Interaction, page 396:

(phonetics, archaic) An emphatic aspiration or burst of air.


mouillation

(phonetics) The act of uttering the sound of a mouillé letter.


phonate

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice, sound”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix, with perfect meaning).


phonotypy

en-noun

phonotypy (usually uncountable, plural phonotypies)

(historical, phonetics) The English Phonotypic Alphabet, a phonetic alphabet developed in the 1850s.


faucal

Ayin is the most difficult of the faucals.

(phonetics) A sound produced in the fauces.


triphone

(phonetics) A triplet of adjacent phones.


gheada

This variety is a non-standard phonological register characterized by gheada [heáða], that is, the fricativization and devoicing of the voiced velar stop: /ɡ/ -> [ɣ] (other variants are [x], [h]; for a review of the phenomenon see for example Alvarez Cáccamo 1989b:261-65).

1990, Berkeley Linguistics Society, Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley Linguistics Society, v.16, page 6

In contrast to the phenomena of open and close vowels, the presence or absence of the gheada is still one of the most prominent phonetic features of present-day Galician.

2007, Jaine Beswick, Regional Nationalism in Spain: Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Galicia, Multilingual Matters, page 141:

In addition to these feelings of inappropriateness, there are two features of the local dialects that still seem to be stigmatized among my informants: the gheada and the Galician pitch pattern.

2008, Mercedes Niño-Murcia, Jason Rothman, Bilingualism and Identity: Spanish at the Crossroads With Other Languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 75:

(phonetics) the lenition of the voiced velar stop in the Galician language.


palatic

(anatomy, linguistics, archaic) A palatal.


palatic

(anatomy, linguistics, archaic) palatal; palatine


yodless

In other contexts, yodless forms made the Roubaix-Tourcoing distinctive from their French and Lille equivalents [kaʀti], [piʀ] and [di] quartier ‘quarter’, ‘neighbourhood’, Pierre ‘Peter’, Dieu ‘God’, cf. [kaʀtje], [pjɛʀ], [djø].

2002, Tim Pooley, “The Depicardization of the Vernaculars of the Lille Conurbation”, in Mari C. Jones et al., editors, Language Change, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 37:

The younger the speaker is, the more yodless is the pronunciation, while the more educated the speaker is, the more yod is used (or retained) in this particular phonological environment.

2004, Jan Tent, France Mugler, “Fiji English: Phonology”, in Edgar W. Schneider et al., editors, A Handbook of Varieties of English, volume 1, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 776:

Hence yod not only does not strengthen word-initially; it also often disappears, yielding yod-ful and yodless variants in the daughter languages, sometimes even in the same language (cf. Cz už - juž).

2008, László Kristó, “Slavonic”, in Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho et al., editors, Lenition and Fortition, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 312:

(phonetics) Lacking a palatal approximant.


uvularize

en-verb

uvularize (third-person singular simple present uvularizes, present participle uvularizing, simple past and past participle uvularized)

uvularizes (present singular third-person)
uvularizing (participle present)
uvularized (participle past)
uvularized (past)


deaccent

deaccent (third-person singular simple present deaccents, present participle deaccenting, simple past and past participle deaccented)

deaccents (present singular third-person)
deaccenting (participle present)
deaccented (participle past)
deaccented (past)

Suprasegmentally, there is a tendency to de-accent information which is repeated, a prominent stressing of demonstratives these and this, and modals and auxiliaries such as should and will, plus a rise-fall intonation that gives a ‘lilting’ quality.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the accent or stress from (a syllable).


diatopic

(chiefly phonetics) Occurring over or changing with space; geographic.

The variant forms of textual tradition, relevant on the level of the diachronic and diatopic study of the text, were irrelevant on the level of the single manuscript.

1989, William Veder, Texts of Closed Tradition – The Key to the Manuscript Heritage of Old Rus’:

(chiefly phonetics) Of, pertaining to or concerned with changes that occur over space.


prevelar

(phonetics) Having an articulation intermediate between palatal and velar.


postvelar

(phonetics) Having an articulation intermediate between velar and uvular.


nareal

(phonetics) Characterized by airflow which is exclusively through the nostrils.


fricatized

en-adj

fricatized (comparative more fricatized, superlative most fricatized)

more fricatized (comparative)
most fricatized (superlative)

(phonetics) Having undergone fricatization.


fricatization

(phonetics) The process of making or becoming fricative or a fricative.


phthongal

From Ancient Greek φθόγγος (phthóngos, “sound, voice”).

uder

(phonetics) Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized.


intertonic

(phonetics) A sound occurring between stressed syllables; as the /har/ in philharmonic

(phonetics) A sound occurring between a stressed syllable and the beginning or end of a word; as the o in Deborah.


deaspirate

en-verb

deaspirate (third-person singular simple present deaspirates, present participle deaspirating, simple past and past participle deaspirated)

deaspirates (present singular third-person)
deaspirating (participle present)
deaspirated (participle past)
deaspirated (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To change the pronunciation of a consonant so that it is no longer aspirated.


labiodentalization

(phonetics) A change to a sound that makes it labiodental.


Southern drawl

Southern drawls (plural)
southern drawl (alternative)
Southern brawl (alternative)
southern brawl (alternative)

And mama, every Saturday
I can hear your southern drawl a thousand miles away, saying...

2020 April 3, Chappell Roan, Dan Nigro, “Pink Pony Club”performed by Chappell Roan:

Southern United States
Southern United States

(phonetics) The diphthongization or triphthongization of the vowels /æ/, /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ into [æj(ə)], [ɛj(ə)] and [ɪj(ə)], occurring in English spoken in the Southern United States.


voicedness

(phonetics, phonology) The state or property of being uttered in a voiced manner.

zöngésség

the state or property of being uttered in a voiced manner


dentialveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth.


dentialveolar

dentialveolars (plural)
dentoalveolar (alternative)

(phonetics) A speech sound that is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth.


voice onset time

en-noun

voice onset time (plural voice onset times)

(phonetics) The amount of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing.


faucalized

en-adj

faucalized (comparative more faucalized, superlative most faucalized)

more faucalized (comparative)
most faucalized (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with vertical expansion of the pharyngeal cavity due to the lowering of the larynx with respect to the pharynx.


velar pinch

(phonetics) The "pinch" that occurs between the second and third formants of vowels immediately before and after velar stops.


allotone

(phonetics) Any of the pitch allophones of a pitch phoneme.


apicoalveolar

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.

apicoalveolar

articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge


prehead

(phonetics) The group of unstressed syllables preceding the head (if present) or nucleus (if there is no head).


glottalling

(phonetics) The use of the glottal plosive in place of a sound, typically /t/.


skerping

(phonetics) In the Faroese language, the phenomenon where back vowels are fronted before [kv], and certain diphthongs are monophthongized before [tʃː].


orinasal

(phonetics) A speech sound produced using both the mouth and the nose.


complementary distribution

en-noun

complementary distribution (plural complementary distributions)

(phonetics) The distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments such that one never appears in the same phonetic context as the other.


linking r

(phonetics) An "r" that is pronounced only because it is closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound, as in water ice, in non-rhotic varieties of English.


aftersound

1881, Louis Lucien Bonaparte, “The simple sounds of all the living Slavonic languages compared with those of the principal Neo-Latin and Germano-Scandinavian Tongues,” Transactions of the Philological Society, 1880-1881, p. 377,
In English I cannot hear the sound of Italian o chiuso, but only that of (o 5) followed by an aftersound, as in home, or without this aftersound, as in more.

They [gu and qu] were not groups formed of a guttural stop and the semi-vowel v, but guttural stops with a labial aftersound; the latter receiving a very much weaker articulation than the semi-vowel v.

1910, Max Niedermann, Outlines of Latin Phonetics, London: Routledge, page 46:

(phonetics, obsolete) A weaker sound that immediately follows a more salient one, such as the second, less prominent vowel sound in a falling diphthong.


stress mark

(phonetics) A written mark to show which part of a word should be stressed.


fricated

en-adj

fricated (comparative more fricated, superlative most fricated)

more fricated (comparative)
most fricated (superlative)


tone terracing

A graph of the change in pitch over time of a particular tone resembles a terrace.

(phonetics) A form of downdrift in which the high or mid tones, but not the low tone, shift downward in pitch after certain other tones. The result is that a tone may be realized at a certain pitch over a short stretch of speech, shifts downward and then continues at its new level, then shifts downward again, until the end of the prosodic contour is reached, at which point the pitch resets.


depharyngealization

(phonetics) A sound change that removes the pharyngeal component of a sound.


linguo-nasal

"Physical constraints of the human body are easy to see: there are no linguo-nasal trills, for example."

1984, William E. Rutherford, Language Universals and Second Language Acquisition: Containing the […] :

(phonetics) (of sound) articulated by the tongue while the sound passes through the nose


linguo-nasal

linguo-nasals (plural)
linguonasal (alternative)


linguo-palatal

(phonetics) (of sound) made by the tongue and the palate


linguo-palatal

linguo-palatals (plural)
linguopalatal (alternative)


linguo-dental

linguadental (alternative)
linguodental (alternative)

"Let the linguo-dental breath consonant be heard at the letter or letters in italic."

1851, Benjamin Humphrey Smart, The Practice of Elocution: a Series of Exercises for Acquiring the Several […] :

(phonetics) (of sound) made when the tip of the tongue extends outside the upper and lower anterior teeth


linguo-dental

linguo-dentals (plural)
linguadental (alternative)
linguodental (alternative)


dental fricative

en-noun

dental fricative (plural dental fricatives)

(phonetics) The phoneme produced when the tongue touches the upper teeth and air is blown. It can be voiced (ð) or unvoiced (θ).


long i

(phonetics) the English vowel sound /aɪ/ in the words "fine" and "like", conventionally written ⟨ī⟩.


laxing

(phonetics) The process whereby a tense vowel becomes lax.


labio-palatal

(phonetics) articulated on the lips and the palate


procope

Learned borrowing from Late Latin procopē, via Ancient Greek προκοπή (prokopḗ) from verb προκόπτω (prokóptō, “to cut away in front; forward, advance”), προ- (pro-, “before; in front”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “to cut”).

af

(phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Synonym of apheresis.

Prokope

loss or removal of a sound at the beginning of a word


depalatalize

en-verb

depalatalize (third-person singular simple present depalatalizes, present participle depalatalizing, simple past and past participle depalatalized)

depalatalizes (present singular third-person)
depalatalizing (participle present)
depalatalized (participle past)
depalatalized (past)
depalatalise (alternative Commonwealth)

(phonetics, transitive) To modify (a sound) so that it is no longer palatal or phonetically palatalized.

(phonetics, intransitive, unaccusative, of a sound) To be modified so that it is no longer palatal or palatalized.


stress-timed

(linguistics, phonetics) Of a language, such that syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time between consecutive stressed syllables.


syllable-timed

(linguistics, phonetics) Of a language, such that every spoken syllable takes up more or less the same amount of time.


sh sound

This sound is typically spelled sh in English words.

(informal, phonetics) A voiceless postalveolar fricative.


Yorkshire assimilation

(phonetics) A kind of assimilation associated with the English spoken in Yorkshire, England, where a final voiced obstruent preceding an initial voiceless obstruent is devoiced.


nonaffricate

(phonetics) Any sound that is not an affricate.


preaspirated

(phonetics, of a consonant) Affected by preaspiration.


lingualization

en-noun

lingualization (countable and uncountable, plural lingualizations)

(phonetics) The process of a sound becoming lingual.


lax vowel

Some vowels in English are made with roughly the same tongue position as the tense vowels, but with less constricted articulation; they are called lax vowels.

2001, Michael Dobrovolsky, “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language”, in William O'Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 35:

(phonetics) A vowel produced with relatively little constriction of the vocal tract.


tense vowel

All of the vowels illustrated [...] are tense vowels; they are produced with a placement of the tongue that results in greater vocal tract constriction than that of nontense vowels...

(phonetics) A vowel produced with relative constriction of the vocal tract.


vocal tract

The vocal tract. The further office which the nose performs, namely, that of contributing to the proper modulation of the voice, depends in great measure on the various cavities and sinuses contiguous to the nasal fossæ.

1858, George Murray Humphry, “The Skull”, in A Treatise on the Human Skeleton (including the joints), →OCLC, page 220:

...the tube of the throat between the larynx and the oral cavity, which is called the pharynx; the oral cavity; and the nasal cavity. These passages are collectively known as the vocal tract.

2001, Michael Dobrovolsky, “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language”, in William O'Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 18:

(phonetics) Portion of the human body where speech sounds are articulated.

ääntöväylä

portion of the human body where speech sounds are articulated


Meeussen's rule

Named after its first observer, Achille Emile Meeussen (1912–1978).

(phonetics) The rule describing a special case of tone reduction in Bantu languages, where in some contexts the second of two adjacent high tones is lowered.


VoT

voice onset time
voice onset time#English

voice-onset time
voice-onset time#English

(phonetics) Initialism of voice onset time or voice-onset time (“the amount of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing”).


checked tone

(phonology, phonetics) In Burmese, a tone characterized by the syllable ending in the glottal stop /ʔ/.


phonetic erosion

(phonetics, phonology) The loss of phonemes from a spoken word (or of words in a phrase) over time, sometimes as a result of grammaticalization.


non-prevocalic

(Linguistics) (Of a phoneme) occurring before a consonant or pause but not occurring before a vowel, as in rhotic dialects.


monophone

(phonetics) A single phone treated as a unit.


consonant cluster

consonant cluster (plural consonant clusters)

In the word “spare”, /sp/ denotes a consonant cluster.

The word "scrub" begins with the S-C-R consonant cluster.

(phonetics) Two or more consonants in succession.


vowel reduction

vowel reduction (countable and uncountable, plural vowel reductions)

(phonetics) Any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word, and which are perceived as "weakening".


aryepiglottal

A third technique deals with the problem of the shortened aryepiglottal fold.

2010, Karl Hörmann, Surgery for Sleep Disordered Breathing, page 195:

(phonetics) Produced by contracting the aryepiglottic folds of the larynx against the epiglottis.


plosivization

(phonetics) The process of making or becoming plosive.


epiglottopharyngeal

(phonetics) Being or involving a type of pharyngeal articulation in which the aryepiglottic folds and epiglottis are brought together and retracted against the pharyngeal wall.


polyphthong

The teacher who uses Pinyin without knowing about such things as the place of the tone symbol in the case of polyphthong finals is merely incompetent but the teacher who supports the student in developing false notions about the language norm by adopting a systematically casual attitude to its technical aspects, can cause much greater harm.

1973, Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, page 65:

A syllable is short when ending in a short monophthong or in a short polyphthong; a syllable is long when ending in a consonant or in a long monophthong or a long polyphthong.

1997, Ilse Lehiste, Jaan Ross, Estonian Prosody: Papers from a Symposium:

With small preliminary he told Russ and me something like the following - I have normalised his speech in the interests of general sanity, though his polyphthongs ('hayyut' for 'hat', 'bawun' for 'born', etc.) were of the rarest quality.

2012, Kingsley Amis, Memoirs, →ISBN, page 292:

(phonetics) A phoneme that begins with the sound of one vowel or semivowel and transitions through one or more other (semi)vowel sounds.

(phonetics) A diaphoneme realized as a multitarget vowel in some but not necessarily all dialects.


surdization

sordizzazione

phonological process that turns a voiced sound into a voiceless one


schwi

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-schwi.wav

Alteration of vowel in the word schwa to more closely approximate the sound described.

Similarly the syllable "day" in "Sunday" is to be printed smaller than the rest of the type and in the higher position to show, first that the vowel is unstressed and second that the sounds needs to be "schwi,"

1966, Albert J. Mazurkiewicz, The Initial Teaching Alphabet and the World of English: Proceedings:

Accent Hint No. 1 -- if the first syllable contains a one-syllable prefix, the vowel in that syllable is unaccented and thus is probably a schwa /ə/ or schwi /i/.

1972, Marsha Fabian, Mary Rhodes Hoover, Patterns for reading, page 141:

Should the schwa [ago] and schwi [very] be represented with a unique phonogram?

2002 January, Steve Bett, “The number of phonemes in English”, in Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society:

(phonetics) An indeterminate near-close central unrounded vowel sound as the "e" in "roses" or the "y" in "very", depending on accent; sometimes represented as [[[i]]], [[[ɪ]]], or [[[ᵻ]]] in IPA.


RTR

retracted tongue root
retracted tongue root#English

(phonetics) Initialism of retracted tongue root.


ATR

advanced tongue root
advanced tongue root#English

(phonetics) Initialism of advanced tongue root.


apicodental

(phonetics) Made with the apex of the tongue touching the upper front of the teeth, as in apicodental stop.


updrift

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-updrift.wav

(phonetics) A rising (over time) of the pitch of the tones of a tonal language.


SSBE

A new study from the University of Essex, which analysed the speech patterns of 200 participants. About 26% spoke EE, half spoke SSBE and the rest spoke MLE.

2023 October 31, “Language barrier: why even Harry has stopped speaking the king’s English”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(phonetics) Initialism of Standard Southern British English.


postalveolo-prepalatal

(phonetics) Both postalveolar and prepalatal.


mediopalatal

(phonetics) Involving the middle of the palate.


prepalatal

(phonetics) Articulated anterior to the palate.


laryngealize

en-verb

laryngealize (third-person singular simple present laryngealizes, present participle laryngealizing, simple past and past participle laryngealized)

laryngealizes (present singular third-person)
laryngealizing (participle present)
laryngealized (participle past)
laryngealized (past)

(phonetics) To articulate as a laryngeal sound, to produce (a sound) through or with action of the larynx.

But creaky or laryngealized quality throughout whole stretches of very low-pitched speech characterize boredom, reluctance [etc.] Children typically laryngealize their voice for coaxing adults.

1993, Fernando Poyatos, Paralanguage, page 209:

(phonetics) To modify (a pronunciation or a sound) by constricting the larynx.


laryngealized

en-adj

laryngealized (comparative more laryngealized, superlative most laryngealized)

more laryngealized (comparative)
most laryngealized (superlative)

In these words, as in similar forms in related Chadic languages, laryngealized voicing is often audible in the adjacent vowels

1971, Peter Ladefoged, Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics, page 15:

It is well known that back vowels such as [ɑ] tend to be more laryngealized than front vowels such as [i] (local phenomenon).

2007, Anton Batliner, Richard Huber, “Speaker characteristics and emotion classification”, in Christian Müller, editor, Speaker Classification I, page 143:

(linguistics, phonetics) Pronounced with or through constriction or other action of the larynx; creaky.


regressive assimilation

en-noun

regressive assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural regressive assimilations)

(phonetics, phonology) An assimilation whereby a sound becomes more like the following sound.


progressive assimilation

progressive assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural progressive assimilations)

(phonetics, phonology) An assimilation whereby a sound becomes more like the preceding sound.


heterorganic

/ˌhɛtəɹɔːɹˈɡænɪk/

labial m and alveolar n are heterorganic consonants.

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonetics) Of consonants: having a different place of articulation.


preinitial

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-preinitial.wav

(phonetics) The part of a syllable that precedes the initial.


labioalveolar

(phonetics) Involving the lip and the alveolar ridge.


post-alveolar

(phonetics) Alternative spelling of postalveolar.


labiovelarize

en-verb

labiovelarize (third-person singular simple present labiovelarizes, present participle labiovelarizing, simple past and past participle labiovelarized)

labiovelarizes (present singular third-person)
labiovelarizing (participle present)
labiovelarized (participle past)
labiovelarized (past)

[...] recently attempted to explain the origin of the Ukrainian form buty, etc., in another way, i.e., through the labiovelarizing influence of the l closing the syllable (resulting from the non- palatalized l).

1979, Ivan Zilynsʹkyĭ, A Phonetic Description of the Ukrainian Language, page 175:

It is usually defined as a process whereby front vowels consonantalize (palatalize) to the semivowel /j/ when followed by certain other vowels [...] or whereby back vowels consonantalize (labiovelarize) to the semivowel /w/ [...]

2006, Casper Jan Hendrik Krüger, R.S. Pretorius, Introduction to the morphology of Setswana, →ISBN:

(phonetics) To become, or cause to become, labiovelar.


consonantalize

consonantalize (third-person singular simple present consonantalizes, present participle consonantalizing, simple past and past participle consonantalized)

consonantalizes (present singular third-person)
consonantalizing (participle present)
consonantalized (participle past)
consonantalized (past)

(phonetics) To become, or cause to become, (more) consonantal.


illabial

Lazicius identifies the second part of this interjection with the long high open phoneme y· (as occurring in fy· 'grass'). This interpretation is certainly incorrect since this interjectional ɯ is illabial, whereas y is rounded.

1952, John Lotz, “Vowel Frequency in Hungarian”, in WORD, volume 8, number 3, published 2015, →DOI, page 227:

More refined analyses show that there are differences in the misperception of certain vowels between children and adults. For example, illabial /e:/ tends to be confused with labial /0:/ in adults' perception...

2001, Charles W. Kreidler, editor, Phonology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, Volume 6, page 142:

Newer studies do not offer any solution to the problem. They are even less informative in that they usually just mention the existence of rare labial variants and the quantitative predominance of illabial ones.

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 552:

(linguistics, uncommon) Not labial; unrounded or unlabialized.


illabiality

From il- + labiality or illabial + -ity.

/ɪ/ shares narrowness and illabiality with /i/, but, on the other hand, backness and illabiality with /a/: two traits, that is, in each case.

1991, Marcel Erdal, Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, Volumes 1-2, page 18:

It is significant to note that the illabiality is also reflected in early Christian borrowings such as Fi. pappi ‘priest’ < Sl. păpŭ (trad. popъ); cf. as well as in the unstressed position Fi. Raamattu ‘Bible’ < Sl. grāmătā (trad. gramota).

2007, Juhani Nuorluoto, “The Interchangeability of the Graphemes <o> and <ъ> in Old Russian Birchbark Documents: A Graphical Effect or a Reflection of Sound Change in Progress?”, in Slavica Helsingiensia, volume 32, pages 184–185:

An exception in the context of the generally accepted original illabiality of +lık is L. Johanson and his 1979 study "Die westoghusische Labialharmonie" (here cited after his volume of reprints: Johanson 1991: 26-70).

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 553:

(phonetics) The state or condition of being illabial or unrounded.


voicening

Alteration of voicing, probably by analogy to lengthening.

In spite of its preservation of intervocalic surd stops and of s, Wkh. follows the other Pamir languages in the voicening of the groups ft and xt.

1929, Georg Morgenstierne, Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, volume 2, page 465:

Moreover, the claim of a voicening reflex of Altaic /-1 2-/ in Japanese would have to be defended against contrary evidence (e.g., hakani) and against Japanese word-internal voicening as a means of lexical diversification.

1981, Monumenta Nipponica: Studies on Japanese Culture, Past and Present:

Northern dialects tend toward intervocalic voicening of s (e.g., bala-zı [childPOSS.3.SG] 'his/her child' instead of bala-sı [child-POSS.3.SG]), a feature typical of the South Siberian Turkic languages.

2010, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, page 612:

Sonorants do not normally precede voiceless obstruents within a morpheme due to the historical process of voicening (see 4.2.5).

2011, Irina Nikolaeva, A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir, page 35:

(rare, nonstandard, phonetics, linguistics) Voicing (“process by which a phoneme becomes voiced”).


buccalization

Although buccalization of nasal vowels is the phenomenon most often observed, nasalization of oral vowels is not uncommon.

1975, Eric H. Lenneberg, Elizabeth Lenneberg, Foundations of language development: a multidisciplinary approach:

(phonetics) The process of a speech sound becoming buccal.


dentilabialize

dentilabialize (third-person singular simple present dentilabializes, present participle dentilabializing, simple past and past participle dentilabialized)

dentilabializes (present singular third-person)
dentilabializing (participle present)
dentilabialized (participle past)
dentilabialized (past)
dentilabialise (alternative)

(phonetics) Of Middle Chinese initial consonants /p/, /pʰ/, /b/, and /m/: to develop into /f/, /fʰ/, /v/, and /ʋ/ (or further into /f/, /w/, etc).


dentilabialization

(phonetics) The process of dentilabializing.


overround

overround (third-person singular simple present overrounds, present participle overrounding, simple past and past participle overrounded)

overrounds (present singular third-person)
overrounding (participle present)
overrounded (participle past)
overrounded (past)

(phonetics) To round (the lips or a vowel) excessively or more than usual.


hidden quantity

en-noun

hidden quantity (countable and uncountable, plural hidden quantities)

The part which deals with Sounds, Inflection, and Word-Formation was written by the junior author, who is also mainly responsible for matters of orthography, hidden quantity, etc., throughout the book;

1966, William Gardner Hale, Carl Darling Buck, A Latin Grammar, page iii:

The reality of the "hidden quantity" in these participial forms is completely borne out by three independent testimonies: inscriptions with the long vowel marked by the apex ; the development of the relevant forms in the Romance languages; and the explicit discussion by Aulus Gellius Noct. att. 9.6.

1970, G. P. Goold, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology - Volume 74, →ISBN, page 55:

This kind of detective work has produced a number of rules governing hidden quantity which are given in simplified and abbreviated form below:

1982, Norma Goldman, Jacob E. Nyenhuis, Latin Via Ovid: A First Course, →ISBN, page 76:

(Latin, phonetics) The pronunciation (long or short) of a vowel that appears before two consonants.


supradental

(phonetics, of a sound) Made by pressing the tongue above the top of the teeth


imala

imala (usually uncountable, plural imalas)

imalas (plural)
imaala (alternative)
imalah (alternative)
imaalah (alternative)

From Arabic إمالة (ʔimāla, literally “inclination”). The earliest form of the process, described by the Arab grammarians, was conditioned on the existence of an /i/ before or after the /a/ (somewhat similarly to Germanic umlaut). Hence the /a/ was said to “incline” towards the /i/. In many modern dialects, however, imala is only conditioned by surrounding consonants, and it is typically hindered by certain adjacent consonants (especially emphatics).

bor

(phonetics) a sound change in Arabic by which the vowels /a/, /aː/ are fronted in certain phonetic environments (possibly creating new phonemes, notably in Maltese and to a lesser degree in some dialects)


pre-fortis

This pre-fortis shortening is most obvious in stressed monosyllables (i.e. single-syllable words) and is termed pre-fortis clipping. […] Listen to these sets of English words. Notice how pre-fortis clipping shortens the vowels.

2013, Beverley Collins, Inger M. Mees, Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students:

(phonetics) Immediately preceding a fortis consonant.


faucalize

en-verb

faucalize (third-person singular simple present faucalizes, present participle faucalizing, simple past and past participle faucalized)

faucalizes (present singular third-person)
faucalizing (participle present)
faucalized (participle past)
faucalized (past)

oropharyngeal isthmus
oropharyngeal isthmus

(phonetics) To simultaneously contract the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles, which have the effects of: vertically expanding and laterally constricting the pharyngeal cavity, of constricting the oropharyngeal isthmus, and of raising the pharynx relative to the larynx.


faucalization

en-adj

faucalization (comparative more faucalization, superlative most faucalization)

more faucalization (comparative)
most faucalization (superlative)

(phonetics) Simultaneous ontraction the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles, which has the effects of: vertically expanding and laterally constricting the pharyngeal cavity, of constricting the oropharyngeal isthmus, and of raising the pharynx relative to the larynx. Faucalization with vocalization produces Faucalized voice.


sulcalization

en-noun

sulcalization (usually uncountable, plural sulcalizations)

(phonetics) The pronunciation of a sound, typically a sibilant consonant, with a deep groove running along the back of the tongue that focuses the airstream on the teeth, producing a more intense sound.


oral vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is produced without nasalization.


pitchmeter

pitchmeters (plural)
pitch meter (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pitchmeter.wav

This consisted, in essence, of a tape recorder for playing model utterances, a pitchmeter to extract, in real time, the fundamental frequency (pitch) of the model utterances and that of the student and a computer for comparing the output of the student with that of the model.

1976 August, E. F. James, “The Acquisition of Prosodic Features of Speech Using a Speech Visualizer”, in International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, volume 14, number 3, →DOI, page 227:

(phonetics) A device used for measuring the pitch of sounds or human voice.


ꜧ

(phonetics) A hypothetical or jocular phoneme in English, realized as [h] at the beginning of a syllable and as [ŋ] at the end of a syllable, so that e.g. hang would be transcribed /ˈꜧæꜧ/.


primary stress

primary stress (countable and uncountable, plural primary stresses)

(phonetics) The stronger of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word.


secondary stress

secondary stress (countable and uncountable, plural secondary stresses)

(phonetics) The weaker of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word.


yodization

yodization (countable and uncountable, plural yodizations)

(phonetics) The developed pronunciation of a yod, typically as the result of an adjacent sound change.


apicoprepalatal

en-adj

apicoprepalatal (comparative more apicoprepalatal, superlative most apicoprepalatal)

more apicoprepalatal (comparative)
most apicoprepalatal (superlative)

Voiced apicoprepalatal or dorsoprepalatal assibilated fricative, similar to English […]

1968, Melvyn C. Resnick, The Coordination and Tabulation of Phonological Data in American Spanish Dialectology:

[…] rather indicates a (retroflex) apicoprepalatal nasal. But Firth himself calls the place of articulation "the hard palate", which strictly […]

[…] but the difference between the apicoprepalatal and the domed lateral diaphone (9.231) is not.

1994, Herbert Pilch, Manual of English Phonetics:

[…] as for the Japanese ingressive apicoprepalatal fricative approximant or […]

2002, Fernando Poyatos, Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 2: Paralanguage, kinesics, silence, personal and environmental interaction, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 162:

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against a spot just to the front of the palate.


apicopalatal

apicopalatal (comparative more apicopalatal, superlative most apicopalatal)

more apicopalatal (comparative)
most apicopalatal (superlative)

Labialized apicopalatal trill : The production of this sound is identical to that of […] except that the lips are rounded during the articulation ...

1984, G. Devi Prasada Sastry, Mishmi Phonetic Reader:

[…] the apicopalatal ("retroflex") consonants require a difficult maneuvering of the apex in their ...

1997, Zia Rauf, Phonology of Delhi Urdu:

(4) The /r/ in the word-medial /ri/ in the Tokyo dialect corresponds to the apicopalatal fricative.

2013, Takesi Sibata, Sociolinguistics in Japanese Contexts, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 52:

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the palate.


apicopostalveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the alveolar ridge.


velal

(Kaaf) or velal (k), pronounced very far back in the throat […]

1866, Walter Gregor, The Dialect of Banffshire, page 18:


unaspirated h

(linguistics, phonetics) non-aspiration, pronunciation of a glottal consonant


advanced tongue root

en-noun

advanced tongue root (plural advanced tongue roots)

(linguistics, phonetics) An articulation that involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel.

arrel de la llengua avançat

an articulation that involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel


buccalize

en-verb

buccalize (third-person singular simple present buccalizes, present participle buccalizing, simple past and past participle buccalized)

buccalizes (present singular third-person)
buccalizing (participle present)
buccalized (participle past)
buccalized (past)


dentalize

dentalize (third-person singular simple present dentalizes, present participle dentalizing, simple past and past participle dentalized)

dentalizes (present singular third-person)
dentalizing (participle present)
dentalized (participle past)
dentalized (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To make (a speech sound) dental.


interdentalize

interdentalize (third-person singular simple present interdentalizes, present participle interdentalizing, simple past and past participle interdentalized)

interdentalizes (present singular third-person)
interdentalizing (participle present)
interdentalized (participle past)
interdentalized (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To make (a speech sound) interdental.


cardinal vowel

The term was coined by the British phoneticians Daniel Jones in the early 20th century.

(phonetics) a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low.

Daniel Jones (phonetician)
cardinal vowel

samogłoska kardynalna

any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth


hard r

hard r's (plural)
hard R (alternative)
hard-r (alternative)

Rhineland Germans have a soft, back "r," while those in eastern and southern Germany use an alveodental "r," due (one supposes) to the respective influence of the French on the one hand and Slavs or Italians on the other. The "hard r" is said to carry better in an auditorium or on the radio, so performers from the Rhineland must learn to deliver those "theatrical r's."

1999 March 7, David Mannix, “The Theater Season; Stage Speech”, in The New York Times, page sec. 2 p. 4:

His broad "a's" and hard "r's" forever marked him as a son of the Midwest.

2001 October 8, Marilyn Berger, “Herblock, Cartoonist Who Humbled Mighty, Is Dead at 91”, in The New York Times:

There is both a soft r and a hard r, the latter usually spelled ŕ (ŕege – king).

2002, Kenneth Katzner, Kirk Miller, “Basque”, in The Languages of the World, 3rd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 58:

In Blood on the Tracks, Dylan has his r's mostly on half-articulation. Medial and terminal r's are appropriately turned off in the bluesy “Meet Me in the Morning,” but the songs of this album have more hard r's than we've heard in a long time, including some words where we might expect to find the “r” missing: “weather,” “horses,” “heart,” “boxcar door,” “apart,” “anymore."

2010 April 8, David Pichaske, Song of the North Country: A Midwest Framework to the Songs of Bob Dylan, A&C Black, →ISBN, page 99:

‘Make sure you hit the hard R’s.’ He was obsessed with R’s. I’m like, OK, arrrre you sure?

2022 January 28, Dave Itzkoff, “Watch the Throne: How Joel Coen Came to Make ‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’”, in The New York Times, page AR16:

(phonetics, phonology, informal) A rhotic sound which is emphatic or strongly enunciated; in English accents especially a postvocalic consonantal r, as distinguished from its absence in a nonrhotic accent or from an R-coloured vowel.


PVM

(phonetics) Initialism of place, voice, manner (of a vowel).


VPM

(phonetics) Initialism of voice, place, manner (of a vowel).


deaffricate

deaffricate (third-person singular simple present deaffricates, present participle deaffricating, simple past and past participle deaffricated)

deaffricates (present singular third-person)
deaffricating (participle present)
deaffricated (participle past)
deaffricated (past)

(phonetics, intransitive) To undergo deaffrication.


mid-central

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately halfway between an open and a close vowel and approximately halfway between a front and a back vowel.


velarity

(phonetics) The quality of being a velar sound (a sound articulated at the velum or soft palate).


palatality

(phonetics) The quality of being a palatal sound (a sound articulated at the hard palate).


tonic accent

(phonetics) The syllable in a word which receives the most stress in an intonation unit.


prosodic unit

(phonetics) A segment of speech that occurs within a single prosodic contour.


unrounded vowel

en-noun

unrounded vowel (plural unrounded vowels)

(phonetics) A vowel that is pronounced with the lips relaxed.


suffricate

(phonetics, phonology) A consonant that begins as a fricative and ends as a plosive.


quadrilabial

en-adj

quadrilabial (comparative more quadrilabial, superlative most quadrilabial)

more quadrilabial (comparative)
most quadrilabial (superlative)

From quadri- + labial, modelled on bilabial.

(phonetics, humorous) Articulated with two pairs of lips (i.e. involving mouth-to-mouth contact between two people).


lateral fricative

en-noun

lateral fricative (plural lateral fricatives)

(phonetics) A fricative pronounced by directing the airstream around the sides of the tongue.


labiouvular

(phonetics) Co-articulated at the uvula and the lips.


untrill

en-verb

untrill (third-person singular simple present untrills, present participle untrilling, simple past and past participle untrilled)

untrills (present singular third-person)
untrilling (participle present)
untrilled (participle past)
untrilled (past)

Even in such a language as German some one must have begun to make his [r] into a back sound, and to untrill it, and it was only gradually that the change spread through whole communities.

1994, Dugald Stewart, Comparativist Controversies, volumes 1-2, page 28:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the trill from.


prototonic

(phonetics) Accented on the first syllable.


deuterotonic

(phonetics) Accented on the second syllable.


velodorsal

(phonetics, speech pathology) Formed when the soft palate lowers to touch the back of the tongue, due to developmental problems in the anatomy of the mouth, as opposed to velar (or more precisely dorso-velar), where the back of the tongue rises to touch the soft palate.


pentaphthong

From penta- + -phthong, by analogy with diphthong, triphthong.

Fifty-six diphthongal combinations may be made from the eight vowel elements, four of which, though, we find to be necessarily triphthongs, two tetraphthongs, and one a pentaphthong.

1866, Caleb Bates Josselyn, Elements of Pronunciation […], page 53:

Try saying the Dutch word Leeuwen some time. At least a pentaphthong...

1992 February 4, Graham Toal, “Vowel Raising Before Nasals”, in bit.listserv.words-l (Usenet):

Someone once claimed that Pres. Coolidge ( a Vermonter) pronounced the vowel in "cow" as a pentaphthong.

1993 December 23, Bob Simmonds, “Seamed phthongs”, in bit.listserv.words-l (Usenet):

Phonetically, [j] is meaningless, it's the same as an [i]. So what we have here is a pentaphthong: ui@iu.

2008 June 17, Ruud Harmsen, “British English "Joshua is"”, in sci.lang (Usenet):

(phonetics, rare) A sequence of five vowels pronounced as, or almost as, a single syllable.


interdentality

(phonetics) The quality of being interdental.


left-to-right assimilation

en-noun

left-to-right assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural left-to-right assimilations)

progressive assimilation
progressive assimilation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of progressive assimilation.


right-to-left assimilation

right-to-left assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural right-to-left assimilations)

regressive assimilation
regressive assimilation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of regressive assimilation.


diatopically

en-adv

diatopically (comparative more diatopically, superlative most diatopically)

more diatopically (comparative)
most diatopically (superlative)

First, a large-scale corpus of material is needed, both diachronically and diatopically arrayed and allowing in its organization and compilation for the identification of correlations with phenomena traditionally treated as extralinguistic, e.g. genre, script, etc.

1999, Simon Horobin, Jeremy Smith, “A Database of Middle English Spelling”, in Literary and Linguistic Computing, volume 14, number 3, page 360:

. Concerning the spirantization of /b/, /d/ and /g/, it should be noted that it shows a much more restricted diffusion throughout the region diatopically.

2013, Simonetta Montemagni, Martijn Wieling, Bob de Jonge, John Nerbonne, “Synchronic patterns of Tuscan phonetic variation and diachronic change: Evidence from a dialectometric study”, in Literary and Linguistic Computing, volume 28, number 1, page 159:

If we know that nature is deeply culturalized and culture deeply naturalized (as Morin has maintained since the 1950s and the ontological turn in anthropology has been discussing since the 1990s), building our semiotic theory of the face on the basis of the common sense dichotomy between nature and culture would prevent us from truly comprehending the axiologies and ideologies of the face spread diachronically and diatopically.

2022 September, Massimo Roberto Beato, “From Mask to Flesh and Back: A Semiotic Analysis of the Actor's Face Between Theatre and Cinema.”, in Topoi: An International Review of Philosophy, volume 41, number 4, page 756:

(chiefly phonetics) Occurring over or changing with space; geographically.


lezh

(rare, phonetics) The phonetic symbol ɮ.


syllable timing

(linguistics, phonetics) A type of isochrony in a language in which the duration of each syllable is roughly equivalent.


stress timing

(linguistics, phonetics) A type of isochrony in a language such that syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is a fairly constant amount of time between consecutive stressed syllables.


umlautable

The umlautable vowels in German are a, o, u, and au.

In western Old Dutch, only short vowels were umlautable.

(phonetics, of a vowel or diphthong) capable of being affected by umlaut


level tone

(phonetics) A tone whose pitch is consistent or level throughout a syllable.


rising tone

(phonetics) A tone whose pitch rises or increases during the syllable.


falling tone

(phonetics) A tone whose pitch falls or decreases during the syllable.


perseverative assimilation

en-noun

perseverative assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural perseverative assimilations)


antiformant

(phonetics) A band of frequencies, in a sound spectrum, whose intensity has been weakened; these exist in nasal sounds as the nasal cavities absorb energy and weaken some frequency bands.


Italian a

It will, perhaps, be objected, that the most frequent short sound of a, as heard in cat, rat, mat, carry, marry, parry, is the short sound of the Italian a in father, car, mar, par, and not the short sound of the a in care, mare, and pare;

1791, John Walker, A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language, London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, page 9:

The latter sound, a in all, used to be called the ‘German a’ by older English grammarians, in opposition to the a in father, named the ‘Italian a.’ In point of fact, there is no such sound as this so-called German a in received German pronunciation, all German a’s, whether long or short, being pronounced as Italian a’s, i. e. as ‘pure’ [ā], when long, and [a], when short.

1885, Wilhelm Viëtor, German Pronunciation: Practice and Theory, Heilbronn: Henninger Bros., page 22:

The Italian a, numbered 2, is going through a transition in American speech. In British speech it is fixed as a broad sound; the use of a as in father being much more common in England than in America. Italian a as in last, past, fast, grass in this country is hardly heard west of the Hudson.

1920, Charles Henry Woolbert, The Fundamentals of Speech: A Behavioristic Study of the Underlying Principles of Speaking and Reading, New York and London: Harper & Brothers, page 293:

(phonetics, orthoepy) The speech sound represented by the letter A in the Italian language. The open central unrounded vowel (IPA: [ä]).


alveolarity

(phonetics) The quality of being alveolar.


gutturonasal

en-adj

gutturonasal (comparative more gutturonasal, superlative most gutturonasal)

more gutturonasal (comparative)
most gutturonasal (superlative)


intravocalic

(phonetics) Within or during a vowel sound.


intraconsonantal

(phonetics) Within or during a consonant sound.


ƹayn

So, for example, while 2, 3 and 7 have become conventional signs for writing ء (hamza), ع (ƹayn) and ح (ḥā) respectively, ways of writing خ (xā) and غ (ġayn) are in free variation in Egypt – 5, 7, and kh for خ, and 3, 5', and gh for غ.

2011, Ivan Panović, Writing Practices in Contemporary Egypt (thesis), University of Oxford, 1.5. Franco, page 59:

ع
عين
ƹayn
ƹ
[ʕ]

[2024 October 31, Simon Ager, Michael Peter Füstumum, “Sudanese Arabic language”, in Omniglot:

(phonetics, dated, rare) Synonym of ayin.


pre-aspiration

(phonetics) Alternative form of preaspiration.


underround

en-verb

underround (third-person singular simple present underrounds, present participle underrounding, simple past and past participle underrounded)

underrounds (present singular third-person)
underrounding (participle present)
underrounded (participle past)
underrounded (past)

(phonetics) To round (the lips or a vowel) insufficiently or less than usual.


delenition

/ˌdiːləˈnɪʃən/

(phonetics, phonology) The reversal of lenition; fortition in a context where lenition previously occurred or might otherwise be expected.


laminally

en-adv

laminally (comparative more laminally, superlative most laminally)

more laminally (comparative)
most laminally (superlative)

(phonetics, of a sound) in a laminal manner