torque

en-noun

torque (countable and uncountable, plural torques)

→ Turkish: tork

Borrowed from Latin torqueō (“to twist”).

bor+

The relative strengths of the various torques will depend on both the spacecraft environment and the form and structure of the spacecraft itself.

1978, James Richard Wertz, Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control, Springer, page 17:

The drillhead produces the drilling rotation and torque but also must slide out of position to allow the machine to manipulate the finisher drill steel and consumables.

2006, Department of Mining Engineering, Proceedings: 35th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, volume 25, West Virginia University, page 162:

(physics, mechanics) A rotational or twisting effect of a force; a moment of force, defined for measurement purposes as an equivalent straight line force multiplied by the distance from the axis of rotation (SI unit newton metre or Nm; imperial unit pound-foot or lb·ft, not to be confused with the foot pound-force, commonly "foot-pound", a unit of work or energy)


turn

en-verb

turn (third-person singular simple present turns, present participle turning, simple past and past participle turned or (obsolete) turnt)

turns (present singular third-person)
turning (participle present)
turned (participle past)
turned (past)
turnt (obsolete participle past)
turnt (obsolete past)
turn (infinitive)
turn (first-person present singular)
turned (first-person past singular)
turn (present second-person singular)
turnest (archaic present second-person singular)
turned (past second-person singular)
turnedst (archaic past second-person singular)
turns (present singular third-person)
turneth (archaic present singular third-person)
turned (past singular third-person)
turn (plural present)
turned (past plural)
turn (present subjunctive)
turned (past subjunctive)
turn (imperative present)
turning (participle present)
turned (participle past)
turnt (archaic participle past)

From Middle English turnen, from Old English turnian, tyrnan (“to turn, rotate, revolve”) and Old French torner (“to turn”), both from Latin tornāre (“to round off, turn in a lathe”), from tornus (“lathe”), from Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos, “turning-lathe: a tool used for making circles”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, rub by turning, turn, twist, bore”). Cognate with Old English þrāwan (“to turn, twist, wind”), whence English throw. Displaced native Middle English wenden from Old English wendan (see wend), and Middle English trenden from Old English trendan (see trend), among several other terms.

lyödä kierre

in cricket, make the ball move sideways when it bounces

kiertää

of a cricket ball, move sideways when it bounces

Turn the knob clockwise.

It was not far from the house; but the ground sank into a depression there, and the ridge of it behind shut out everything except just the roof of the tallest hayrick. As one sat on the sward behind the elm, with the back turned on the rick and nothing in front but the tall elms and the oaks in the other hedge, it was quite easy to fancy it the verge of the prairie with the backwoods close by.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], “The First Gun”, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC, pages 9–10:

Turbines have been around for a long time—windmills and water wheels are early examples. The name comes from the Latin turbo, meaning vortex, and thus the defining property of a turbine is that a fluid or gas turns the blades of a rotor, which is attached to a shaft that can perform useful work.

2013 July-August, Lee S. Langston, “The Adaptable Gas Turbine”, in American Scientist:

(transitive) To change the direction or orientation of, especially by rotation.


roll

From Middle English rollen, partly from Old French roller, roler, röeler, röoler, from Medieval Latin rotulāre (“to roll; to revolve”), from Latin rotula (“a little wheel”), diminutive of rota (“a wheel”); partly from Anglo-Latin rollāre, from the same ultimate source.

der

Calculate the roll of that aircraft.

The rotation angle about the longitudinal axis.

kallistuminen

the rotation angle about the longitudinal axis


ambigram

From ambi- + -gram. Coined by Douglas Hofstadter in 1983-1984.

Two nonvisual factors provide dissymmetry and prevent the ambigram from existing in a static equilibrium; most of the letters in an ambigram metamorphose into other letters when reversed; and each of those accompanying sentences provides a different idea of the word's meaning.

1992, John Langdon, Wordplay, published 2005, page 52:

1997, Research and Education Networking, Volume 8, Issues 1-6, page 290,
An ambigram is a word that reads the same right-side-up and upside-down. MOW is a natural ambigram, for instance, but any word can be flipped if the right graphic artist gets his hands on it.

Next, I imagine that Switch #2 causes me every single weekend (and every other spare moment as well) to elect, instead of designing ambigrams or working hard on my book about being a strange loop, to spend hours on end watching professional football games on a huge-screen television and delightedly ogling all the busty babes in the beer ads.

2007, Douglas Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop, page 312:

A calligraphic design that may be read as the same word or phrase (or sometimes different words or phrases) when oriented in two different ways, usually when reflected along a vertical or horizontal axis or when rotated through 180 degrees.

Indiana University Bloomington
Merriam-Webster
ambigram

雙面語 /双面语

design that reads as the same word or phrase in two different orientations


rotor

From an irregular shortening of rotator. Doublet of rota and ruote.

(aviation) The wing of a helicopter or other rotary-wing aircraft.


gyration

en-noun

gyration (countable and uncountable, plural gyrations)

/ˌd͡ʒaɪˈɹeɪʃ(ə)n/

From gyre (“to spin around; to gyrate, to whirl; (rare) to make (something) spin or whirl around; to spin, to whirl”) + -ation (suffix indicating actions or processes). Gyre is from Late Middle English giren (“to turn (something) away; to cause (something) to revolve or rotate; to travel in a circle”), from Old French girer (“to turn”), and directly from its etymon Latin gȳrāre, the present active infinitive of gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle or revolve around”) (from gȳrus (“circle; circular motion; circuit, course”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

ĝirado

act of turning or whirling, especially around a fixed axis or centre — see also rotation

Novv that the ayre impelled returnes unto its place in a gyration or vvhirling, is evident from the Atomes or moates in the Sun. For vvhen the Sunne ſo enters a hole or vvindovv, that by its illumination the Atomes or moates become perceptible, if then by our breath the ayre bee gently impelled, it may be perceived that they vvill circularly returne, and in a gyration unto their places againe.

1646, Thomas Browne, “Of Bodies Electricall”, in Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], London: […] T[homas] H[arper] for Edward Dod, […], →OCLC, 2nd book, page 80:

If Regularity and ſteddineſs accompany Velocity; the motion then leaves not the leaſt track in the ſenſitive. Thus a French Top, the common recreation of School-boys, throvvn from a cord vvhich vvas vvound about it, will ſtand as if it vvere fixt on the floor it lighted; and yet continue in its repeated Gyrations, vvhile the ſenſe diſcovers not the leaſt footſteps of that præcipitate Rotation.

1661, Joseph Glanvill, chapter IX, in The Vanity of Dogmatizing: Or Confidence in Opinions. […], London: […] E. C[otes] for Henry Eversden […], →OCLC, pages 80–81:

If a burning Coal be nimbly moved round in a Circle vvith Gyrations continually repeated, the vvhole Circle vvill appear like fire; the reaſon of vvhich is, that the ſenſation of the Coal in the ſeveral places of that Circle remains impreſt on the Senſorium, until the Coal return again to the ſame place.

1704, I[saac] N[ewton], “[The First Book of Opticks. Part II.] Prop[osition] V. Theo[ry] IV. [Exper[iment] X.]”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 104:

His life was a gyration of energetic curiosity; an insatiable whirl of social celebrity.

1847, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter XIV, in Tancred: Or, The New Crusade. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, book II, page 291:

If you question a seaman on the subject, whether mere coaster or circumnavigator, he will tell you that in a snow-storm, because of its constant eddyings and gyrations, frequent trimming of sails is more necessary than in any other gale, and that to steer a straight and steady course under such circumstances is for the time simply impossible.

1881 March, “Snow Storm Gales”, in Symon’s Monthly Meteorological Magazine, volume XVI, number CLXXXII, London: Edward Stanford, […], →OCLC, page 59:

[A] long table of ebony and ivory was unceremoniously cleared of the various objects of art which had been placed on it, and the roulette-wheel was enthroned there instead by the hands of Lady Kenilworth herself, and the little ball was set off on its momentous gyrations.

1897, Ouida [pseudonym; Maria Louise Ramé], chapter XIV, in The Massarenes, New York, N.Y.: R. F. Fenno & Company […]; London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., →OCLC, page 182:

He followed Neena out among the dancers and she immediately started doing this sexy gyration right up on him. Guy got into the mood and they danced until he saw the waitress bringing their drinks over.

2003, Sheila Kinston Dean, chapter 16, in Full Circle, Boston, Mass.: Beatrice Joseph Publishing, →ISBN, page 186:

The gyration of the hips, quick hand movements, the expressive face and the energetic runs are newly discovered movement qualities that extend beyond their classical repertoire of codified meanings, leading Belle and Kethya [dancers] to become more expressive in their improvisations.

2016, How Ngean Lim, “Rhythmic Operations, Material Description, and Analysis in Dance”, in Thomas F. DeFrantz, Philipa Rothfield, editors, Choreography and Corporeality: Relay in Motion (New World Choreographies), London: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, page 108:

Cryptocurrency – digital money not backed by any nation – is famous for its wild and frequent gyrations.

2021 July 23, Eric Lipton, Ephrat Livni, “Crypto nomads: Surfing the world for risk and profit”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, published 19 August 2021 (updated), →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-03-10:

"Let's focus on the ones you can see, if your delicate sensibilities will allow it." Lillihammer leaned on the wall, next to a pair of figures frozen mid-gyration who bore, even in their chromatically-reduced state, a striking resemblance to Chelsea Smits and the late, unlamented Sergey Vanchev.

2022 October 7, HarryBlank, “A Clean Break”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 2024-05-25:

(also figuratively) The act of turning or whirling, especially around a fixed axis or centre; a circular or spiral motion; rotation.

(specifically, Euclidean geometry) A rotation around an axis which is not the centre of rotational symmetry; an eccentric or off-centre rotation.


revolution

en-noun

revolution (countable and uncountable, plural revolutions)

→ Japanese: レボリューション (reboryūshon)

Inherited from Middle English revolucion, borrowed from Old French revolucion, from Late Latin revolūtiōnem, accusative singular of revolūtiō (“the act of revolving; revolution”), from Latin revolvō (“roll back, revolve”).

inh+

The ratio between the speeds of revolution of wheel and disc is substantially equal to the reciprocal of the ratio between the diameter of the wheel and the diameter of the mean contact circle on the disc.

1912, P. M. Heldt, The Gasoline Automobile: Its Design and Construction, Volume II: Transmission, Running Gear and Control, The Horseless Age Co., published 1913, page 147:

The Earth has two motions: a daily revolution (or turning around) upon its axis, and a yearly course around the sun.

1864, D. M. Warren, The Common-School Geography, Revised edition, H. Cowperthwait & Co., page 6:

Numerous cases are recorded which incontestibly prove that during pregnancy, the uterus perform a half or even a complete revolution, on itself, producing torsion of the cervix […]

1878, George Fleming, A Text-Book of Veterinary Obstetrics, Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, page 123:

Rotation: the turning of an object around an axis, one complete turn of an object during rotation.


whirl

en-verb

whirl (third-person singular simple present whirls, present participle whirling, simple past and past participle whirled)

whirls (present singular third-person)
whirling (participle present)
whirled (participle past)
whirled (past)

From Middle English whirlen, contracted from earlier *whirvelen, *whervelen, possibly from Old English *hwyrflian, *hweorflian (attested in hwirflung, hwerflung (“change, vicissitude”)), frequentative form of Old English hweorfan (“to turn”), itself from Proto-West Germanic *hwerban, from Proto-Germanic *hwerbaną (“to turn”); or perhaps from Old Norse hvirfla (“to go round, spin”). Cognate with Dutch wervelen (“to whirl, swirl”), German wirbeln (“to whirl, swirl”), Danish hvirvle (“to whirl”), Swedish virvla (older spelling hvirfla), Albanian vorbull (“a whirl”). Related to whirr and wharve.

without the wine–whine merger, non-rhotic

The dancer whirled across the stage, stopped, and whirled around to face the audience.

The house whirled around two or three times and rose slowly through the air. Dorothy felt as if she were going up in a balloon.

1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:

(intransitive) To rotate, revolve, spin or turn rapidly.


revolve

From Middle English revolven (“to change direction”), borrowed from Old French revolver (“to reflect upon”), from Latin revolvere (“turn over, roll back, reflect upon”), from re- (“back”) + volvō (“roll”); see voluble, volve.

der

(theater) The rotation of part of the scenery within a theatrical production.


torsion

en-noun

torsion (countable and uncountable, plural torsions)

From Middle English torcion, from Middle French torsion, from Late Latin torsiōnem, from Latin tortiō, from torqueō (“twist, turn”). See torture, -tort.

The act of turning or twisting, or the state of being twisted; the twisting or wrenching of a body by the exertion of a lateral force tending to turn one end or part of it about a longitudinal axis, while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction.


angular velocity

angular velocity (countable and uncountable, plural angular velocities)

1963, Richard Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) Ch. 18 Rotation in Two Dimensions, 18–2 Rotation of a rigid body.
First, we have the angle θ which defines how far the body has gone around; this replaces the distance s, which defines how far it has gone along. In the same manner, we have a velocity of turning, ω=dθ/dt, which tells us how much the angle changes in a second, just as v=ds/dt describes how fast a thing moves, or how far it moves in a second. If the angle is measured in radians, then the angular velocity ω will be so and so many radians per second. The greater the angular velocity, the faster the object is turning, the faster the angle changes.

Wikipedia: Differential
A differential is a device, usually, but not necessarily, employing gears, which is connected to the outside world by three shafts, through which it transmits torque and rotation. The gears or other components make the three shafts rotate in such a way that a=pb+qc, where a, b, and c are the angular velocities of the three shafts, and p and q are constants. … In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, a differential allows the driving road wheels to rotate at different speeds. This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is traveling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and faster than the other. The engine is connected to the shaft rotating at angular velocity a. The driving wheels are connected to the other two shafts, and p and q are equal.ᵂᴾ

(mathematics, physics) The angle turned, per unit time, by a body rotating about an axis; the rate of rotation through an angle.


angular acceleration

angular acceleration (usually uncountable, plural angular accelerations)

/ˈæŋ.ɡjʊ.lə(ɹ)əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

(classical mechanics) The rate of change of angular velocity, often represented by α.


pulsar

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pulsar.wav

Blend of pulsating + (radio) star, patterned after quasar. Coined by British astronomers Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell in 1968, and first used in print in The Daily Telegraph. Analyzable as pulse + -ar

coin

Rapidly rotating dead stars, pulsars are so named because as they spin, they release beams of electromagnetic radiation across space that appear to pulse like celestial lighthouses.
But a pulsar called PSR J1023+0038, located about 4,500 light-years away from Earth in the Sextans constellation, is even more unusual in that some of the pulses are brighter than others, almost like it’s switching between different modes.

2023 August 30, Ashley Strickland, “Astronomers solve the puzzle of an unusual pulsing dead star”, in CNN:

(astronomy) A rotating neutron star that emits radio pulses periodically.

Antony Hewish
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
The Daily Telegraph


spinning top

Patel says the muons behave a bit like a child’s spinning top, in rotating around the axis of the magnetic field. However, as the muons move, they wobble.

2023 August 11, Nicola Davis, “Scientists may be on brink of discovering fifth force of nature”, in The Guardian:

A toy with a tapering point that can be made to spin on its axis, either with a built-in pump-action handle, with the fingers or with a string.


centrifuge

en-verb

centrifuge (third-person singular simple present centrifuges, present participle centrifuging, simple past and past participle centrifuged)

centrifuges (present singular third-person)
centrifuging (participle present)
centrifuged (participle past)
centrifuged (past)

From French centrifuge, from Latin centrum (“center”) + fugiō (“to flee”). Equivalent to centri- + -fuge.

To rotate something in a centrifuge, typically in order to separate its constituents.

使離心 /使离心

to rotate something in a centrifuge in order to separate its constituents


irrotational

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-irrotational.wav

Not rotating or not pertaining to rotation.


angular momentum

en-noun

angular momentum (plural angular momenta)

(physics) The vector product that describes the rotary inertia of a system about an axis and is conserved in a closed system. For an isolated rigid body, it is a measure of the extent to which an object will continue to rotate in the absence of an applied torque.


moment of force

moment of force (plural moments of force)

(physics) The turning effect of a force applied to a rotational system at a distance from the axis of rotation. The moment is equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance between its line of action and the axis of rotation.


spinner

From Middle English spynnere; equivalent to spin + -er.

(pinball) A flat target mounted on an axis so that a ball passing through can make it spin around, usually awarding a certain number of points for every revolution it completes.


autorotation

autorotation (countable and uncountable, plural autorotations)

(aviation) The rotation of the blades of a helicopter driven solely by the action of ascending air

autorotazione

rotation of the blades of a helicopter by ascending air


spin down

en-verb

spin down (third-person singular simple present spins down, present participle spinning down, simple past and past participle spun down)

spins down (present singular third-person)
spinning down (participle present)
spun down (participle past)
spun down (past)

(of a rotating body) To reduce its speed of rotation.


symmetry group

[The] situation is more delicate in the case of higher dimensional symmetry groups; it is not in general possible to reduce the order of an equation invariant under an r-parameter symmetry group by r using only quadratures.

1993, Peter J. Olver, Applications of Lie Groups to Differential Equations, published 2000, page 76:

It is often assumed that the design unit inside each fundamental region (particularly for monotranslational symmetry groups p111 and p1a1 and ditranslational symmetry groups p1 and pg) is asymmetric.

2000, C. E. Horne, Geometric Symmetry in Patterns and Tilings, page 79:

The structure of the symmetry group of a molecule affects several spectroscopic aspects and vice versa. Thus, it is clearly important to know the possible symmetries of fullerenes and similar structures.
In this chapter, we study symmetry groups of fulleroids.

2010, Stanislav Jendrol, František Kardoš, “28: Symmetry of Fulleroids”, in Klaus D. Sattler, editor, Handbook of Nanophysics: Clusters and Fullerenes, pages 28–1:

(geometry, algebra, group theory) A group whose elements are all the transformations under which a given object remains invariant and whose group operation is function composition.

full symmetry group

emphasises the inclusion of orientation-reversing transformations


centripetal acceleration

en-noun

centripetal acceleration (plural centripetal accelerations)

(physics) acceleration due to centripetal force.