II

“When I came here eight years ago, it was easy to spot an II (illegal immigrant),” one British official here said. “They came across in dark navy clothes. Now, they come in designer T-shirts and Levis, and it’s hard to tell them from residents of Hong Kong.”

1987 April 11, Jim Mann, “Border Net Porous : Hong Kong: Old Magnet for Chinese”, in Los Angeles Times:

Hong Kong can also follow the international trend of phasing out the rule that a child born by an II will automatically be granted citizenship of the place where he or she is born, in order to eradicate the problems of stowaways and II children.

1995 February 22, parliamentary debates (Hong Kong Legislative Council), page 2228:

The spokesman urged the Mainlanders not to put their lives at risk because hiding underneath a goods vehicle is very dangerous. He also reiterated that all IIs caught will be repatriated immediately, and their aidors and abettors prosecuted accordingly.

1999 March 2, “Truck Driver Arrested for Arranging IIs to Hong Kong”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

Conveying a wrong message that an II could not be repatriated once he succeeded in seeking legal aid for court proceedings on his ROA claim might result in a massive influx of IIs and large number of overstayers.

2000 January 18, parliamentary debates (Hong Kong Legislative Council), page 5:

When there is sudden rustling of grasses and the weather is calm, you may guess that there must be something moving in the grass patch but ...What is it? A bird? A dog? An II (Illegal Immigrant)? Or a porcupine?

2002 December 5, David Poon, “Ting Kok: a conservation issue”, in Porcupine, page 19:

illegal immigrant
illegal immigrant#English

(Hong Kong) Initialism of illegal immigrant.


visa

From 1831, "official signature or endorsement on a passport," from French visa, from Latin charta vīsa (“paper that has been seen”) from feminine perfect passive of Latin vidēre (“to see”). Compare vision, video, vista.

der

I came on a six-month tourist visa.

Several Sun MySQLers have been denied short stay business visas to Australia - yes, Australia - as they attempted to attend a Linux conference in Hobart, Tasmania. According to a blog post from Kaj Arno, vice president in charge of "database community" at Sun Microsystems, several employees - many of whom worked with MySQL - have been barred from entering Oz.

2009 January 13, Cade Metz, “Sun MySQLers barred from Oz”, in The Register, archived from the original on 17 Jun 2020:

However, I couldn't continue by land to Georgia, as I would have liked: Russia still maintains its crazy, Sovietesque visa regulations, which makes getting a transit visa extremely difficult and extremely expensive.

2016, James S. Kessler, Echoes of Empire:

The impact would be smaller in the immediate term given that the Trump proclamation allows existing visa holders to remain in the US, but still, at MSK around 100 new scientific and medical trainees this year would not be allowed to commence their research.

2020 June 23, Ushma S. Neill, “The hidden health cost of Trump’s visa freeze”, in CNN:

A permit to enter and leave a country, normally issued by the authorities of the country to be visited.


brain drain

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-brain drain.wav

Coined by spokesmen for the Royal Society of London in the early 1950s to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to the United States and Canada.

Fortunately, the often-discussed problem of "the brain drain" is not as serious in agriculture as in most other fields, particularly the "hard sciences."

1955, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Proceedings, Issues 6-12, page 60:

Former HS2 Ltd chairman Sir David Higgins provided a timely reminder of why Britain needs HS2 in a letter to The Times on September 25, in which he asked: "Why are so few FTSE 100 companies based outside the South East? Why is there such a brain drain of graduates from the North? Why do northern cities underperform compared with their European counterparts?

2023 October 4, Philip Haigh, “HS2's rising costs: government only has itself to blame”, in RAIL, number 993, page 53:

(idiomatic) The migration of educated or talented people from less economically advanced areas to more economically advanced areas, especially to large cities or more developed nations.


migration

en-noun

migration (countable and uncountable, plural migrations)

From Middle French migration and its source, Latin migrātiō, from the participle stem of migrō (“I migrate”).
Morphologically migrate + -ion

An instance of moving to live in another place for a while.

Many of these classic methods are still used, with some modern improvements. For example, with the aid of special microphones and automated sound detection software, ornithologists recently reported […] that pine siskins (Spinus pinus) undergo an irregular, nomadic type of nocturnal migration.

2013 January 1, Paul Bartel, Ashli Moore, “Avian Migration: The Ultimate Red-Eye Flight”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, archived from the original on 05 Mar 2016, pages 47–48:

Seasonal moving of animals, as mammals, birds or fish, especially between breeding and non-breeding areas.

չու

seasonal moving of animals, birds or fish

The migration of lead from a can to the food inside it can cause lead poisoning.

(computing) Instance of changing a platform from an environment to another one.

হিজরত

computing: changing a platform from an environment to another one

(biochemistry) The movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations.


refugee

/ˈɹɛfjʊd͡ʒiː/

/ɹɛfjʊˈd͡ʒiː/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-refugee.wav

From French réfugié, past participle of réfugier (“to take refuge, to seek refuge”), from Old French refuge (“hiding place”) from Latin refugium (“a place of refuge, place to flee back to”), originally describing French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Sense 1 was "one seeking asylum" until 1914, when it evolved to mean more generally "one fleeing home" (first applied in this sense to civilians in Flanders heading west to escape fighting in World War I). By surface analysis, refuge + -ee. Displaced native Old English flīema.

der

In 1962 a special law had to be passed to permit the immigration of several thousand Chinese refugees who had escaped from Communist China to Hong Kong.

1964, John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 78–79:

The eight military bases being used to house Afghan refugees have a total capacity of 50,000 to house evacuees. […] The nine refugee resettlement agencies who work in coordination with the federal government will ultimately determine where Afghans are relocated, based on whether they have US ties or where their local affiliates have capacity to take them in.

2021 September 13, Priscilla Alvarez and Oren Liebermann, “Inside the effort to resettle thousands of Afghans in the United States”, in CNN:

While thousands of refugees were evacuated from the New Orleans convention center, chaos continued at the airport, thousands were still trapped in homes and hotels, fires raged virtually unchecked in parts of the city, the power was out, and vast sections were still under water.

2005 September 4, Robert D. McFadden, “Bush Pledges More Troops as Evacuation Grows”, in The New York Times:

Why did the SDP dream eventually fade? Partly because it succeeded far better inside parliament than out. It might attract some inner-city Catholic traditionalist Labour refugees from Labour's left, but many of those were already gentrifying.

2010, Brian Harrison, Finding a Role?: The United Kingdom 1970-1990, page 2181:

Alluding to the regional consequences of a war in the Taiwan Strait, Zelensky pointed out that there could be millions of refugees, similar to the result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

2022 June 13, “Video shows Zelensky call on world to help Taiwan before China invades”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 13 Jun 2022:

My son, a Canada-based IT professional who often travels to Ukraine, told me about the exhilarating atmosphere on those Ukraine-bound trains, bringing home hundreds of the unwilling refugees, mostly women and children (including the babies, born in exile on the way to meet their Ukrainian fighter fathers for the first time). The difference between Ukrainian refugees and other reluctant exiles is that Ukrainians are desperate to return.

2024 September 4, Vitali Vitaliev, “A salute to Ukraine's 'Second Army'”, in RAIL, number 1017, page 49:

(attributive, also figurative) A person seeking refuge (as for shelter or protection), especially in a foreign country, out of fear or prospect of political, religious persecution, war, natural disaster, etc.

難民 /难民

經濟 / 经济 jīngjì

փախստական

person seeking refuge from natural disaster

(derogatory, by extension) A person who is fleeing from justice, punishment deemed righteous, etc.; a runaway, a fugitive.


refugee

en-verb

refugee (third-person singular simple present refugees, present participle refugeeing, simple past and past participle refugeed)

refugees (present singular third-person)
refugeeing (participle present)
refugeed (participle past)
refugeed (past)

/ˈɹɛfjʊd͡ʒiː/

/ɹɛfjʊˈd͡ʒiː/

(transitive, US, historical) To convey (slaves) away from the advance of the federal forces.


colony

Tok Pisin: koloni

→ Tokelauan: kolone

From Middle English colane, colonye, from Latin colōnia (“colony”), from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from colō (“till, cultivate, worship”), from earlier *quelō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”). Doublet of Cologne, Colonia, and Köln.

der

ant colony; coral colony

a colony of specialized polyps and medusoids

(biology) A group of organisms of same or different species living together in close association.

Our colony is quite small, but each apartment is large.

(India) An apartment complex or neighborhood.

That weekend in 2013, fraternity members from Baruch, a commuter school in Manhattan whose Pi Delta Psi colony was only about three years old, gathered in a large rental house in Tunkhannock Township, Pa. Early on a frigid morning, Mr. Deng followed the other pledges in putting on a blindfold and backpack.

2018 January 7, Rick Rojas, “A Partial Win for Prosecutors Who Targeted Fraternity After Student’s Death”, in New York Times:

A potential new chapter of a fraternity or sorority awaiting official recognition from their headquarters.


emigration

en-noun

emigration (countable and uncountable, plural emigrations)

From Late Latin stem of emigratio, from e (“out”) + migrare (“to move, remove, depart”).

The act of emigrating; movement of a person or persons out of a country or national region, for the purpose of permanent relocation of residence.


expatriate

The verb is first attested in 1787, the adjective and noun in 1812; borrowed from Medieval Latin expatriātus, perfect passive participle of expatriō (“to banish”) (see -ate (etymology 1,2 and 3)), from Latin ex- (“out of”) + patria (“native land”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix); possibly after French expatrier and expatrié.

bor+

an expatriate rebel force


expatriate

One who lives outside one's own country, especially temporarily for a profession or education.

One who has been banished from one's own country.


expatriate

en-verb

expatriate (third-person singular simple present expatriates, present participle expatriating, simple past and past participle expatriated)

expatriates (present singular third-person)
expatriating (participle present)
expatriated (participle past)
expatriated (past)

(intransitive) To renounce the rights and liabilities of citizenship where one is born and become a citizen of another country.

емигрирам

renounce citizenship and become a citizen of another country


immigration

en-noun

immigration (countable and uncountable, plural immigrations)

→ Malay: imigresen

/ɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃn/

/ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/

It took ages to get through immigration last time.

The process of going through immigration checks at a border checkpoint.


Völkerwanderung

Viewed from the cliff top of ‘today’, the cliff foot becomes ‘yesterday’, the advancing lines of sea horses the centuries of history, and the far shore, barely visible, the Age of the Völkerwanderung.

2011, Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, Penguin, published 2012, page 89:

歐洲民族大遷徙 /欧洲民族大迁徙

mass migration of Germanic people in Europe during the early Middle Ages


overseas Chinese

overseas Chinese (countable and uncountable, plural overseas Chinese)

President Chiang Ching-kuo sent a message urging overseas Chinese to help reunify China under the Three Principles of the People. Overseas Chinese should join with compatriots and the military of the Taiwan area and the people on the Chinese mainland to support the anti-Communist cause and create a bright future for the Chinese people.

1981 October 25, “Overseas Chinese cited for ROC-building role”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 42, Taipei, page 1:

It was not until 1974 that the first Taiwanese businessman settled there, and thereupon began a gradual increase in the Overseas Chinese (OC) population.

2008 July 30, James To Jiann Hua, “The Overseas Chinese in Tonga”, in The Tokyo Foundation, archived from the original on 25 Apr 2014:

OCPA stands for Overseas Chinese Physics Association. [...] The chartered goals of the organization are to promote physics research in general and to promote recognition of achievements by ethnic Chinese physicists in particular

2007, “About OCPA”, in Overseas Chinese Physics Association, archived from the original on 25 Feb 2010:

With China’s rising wealth being chronicled on a near-daily basis by the media, overseas Chinese can probably expected to be targeted more regularly, either by opportunist criminals abroad or by envious people on the mainland.

2009 August 7, Malcolm Moore, “Overseas Chinese become targets.”, in The Telegraph, archived from the original on 12 Oct 2009:

A person or people of Chinese ethnicity, living in a non-Chinese country; a member of the ethnic Chinese expatriate or immigrant community; Huaqiao

tulergi gurun de tehe dulimbai gurun-i niyalma

ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡨᡝᡥᡝ ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ


transmigration

transmigration (countable and uncountable, plural transmigrations)

Departure from one's homeland to live in another country; migration.


Exoduster

From Exodus, in allusion to the story of the Israelites' flight from Egypt in the biblical Book of Exodus + a suffix of agency. Most likely Exodus + -ster, but perhaps exodist + -er.
The earliest attestation is a figurative one in an 1879 education journal. See Citations:Exoduster.

Relating to the migration of African-Americans to Kansas mostly between 1879 and 1881, during the Reconstruction era of American history.


diaspora

diaspora (plural diasporas or diasporae or diasporai)

diasporas (plural)
diasporae (plural)
diasporai (plural)
Diaspora (alternative)

→ Japanese: ディアスポラ (diasupora)

→ Korean: 디아스포라 (diaseupora)

From Ancient Greek διασπορᾱ́ (diasporā́, “dispersion”), from διασπείρω (diaspeírō, “to scatter”), from δια- (dia-, prefix indicating motion across or in all directions) + σπείρω (speírō, “to sow”).

bor

The African diaspora caused a melding of cultures, both African cultures and Western ones, in many places.

This scattering abrode of the Iewes, as it were an heauenly sowing, fell out after their returne from the captiuitie of Babylon. Wherevpon both Acts. 2. and also 1. Pet. 1. and 1. Iam. ver. 1. [sic] they are called Diaspora, that is, a scattering or sowing abrode.

1594, Lambert Daneau, A Fruitfull Commentarie Vpon the Twelue Small Prophets, page 1042:

We're going to use her to train young people in the skills of maintaining these machines, and encourage the Indian diaspora in this country to get involved in our hobby of steam railways.

2023 July 12, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Saved: Trust protects Adrian Shooter's legacy”, in RAIL, number 987, page 29:

(collective) The dispersion of a group in a manner comparable to that of the Jews among the Gentiles after the Babylonian captivity (6th century BCE).

Small wonder that there should have been in recent years fresh talk of the diaspora of English into several mutually incomprehensible languages

1988, Joseph Foley, New Englishes: the case of Singapore, page 1:

Any dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or culture.


homestead

From Middle English hamstede, hemstede (attested in placenames), from Old English hāmstede (“homestead”), from Proto-West Germanic *haimastadi (“homestead”). By surface analysis, home + stead. Cognate with Old Frisian hāmstede, hēmstede (“homestead”), Dutch heemstede (“homestead”), German Heimstatt, Heimstätte (“homestead”), Swedish hemstad (“homestead”), Old Icelandic heimstǫð (“homestead”). Doublet of Hampstead and Hempstead.

чифлик

He owned exactly six hundred and forty acres of what stretched outside his door; his own original homestead and timber claim, making three hundred and twenty acres, and the half-section adjoining, the homestead of a younger brother who had given up the fight, gone back to Chicago to work in a fancy bakery […]

1913, Willa Cather, chapter 2, in O Pioneers!, Part 1:

A house together with surrounding land and buildings, especially on a farm; the property comprising these.

(Canada, US) A parcel of land in the interior of North America, usually 160 acres, that was distributed to settlers from Europe or eastern North America under the Dominion Lands Act of 1870 in Canada or the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States.


immigrant

From Latin immigrans, present active participle of immigrāre (“to migrate into”), from in- (“into”) + migrāre (“to migrate”).

Approximately 1.5 million Mexicans are descendants of Irish immigrants.

What Alexis de Tocqueville saw in America was a society of immigrants, each of whom had begun life anew, on an equal footing. This was the secret of America: a nation of people with the fresh memory of old traditions who dared to explore new frontiers, people eager to build lives for themselves in a spacious society that did not restrict their freedom of choice and action.

1964, John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 2:

The village was once well known for its paper-milling, founded by Huguenot immigrants in 1648, which produced high-quality hand-made paper until 1952.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 178, about Eynsford:

However, an accompanied undocumented immigrant child should not be removed from his or her family , unless there are grounds for removal in terms of section 14(4) of the Child Care Act, 1983.

2001, South African Law Commission, Review of the Child Care Act, page 1123:

[Stephen] Miller’s uncle, a neuroscientist, has been welcomed onto the public stage for his denunciations of his nephew’s immigration policies, which the elder Miller has characterized as hypocritical: the Millers’ not-so-distant Jewish ancestors were, of course, immigrants themselves.

2019 July 15, Greg Afinogenov, “The Jewish Case for Open Borders”, in Jewish Currents, number Summer 2019:

A non-native person who comes to a country from another country to permanently settle there.


emigrant

From Classical Latin ēmigrāns, present participle of ēmigrāre (“to emigrate”).

Any of various pierid butterflies of the genus Catopsilia. Also called a migrant.


asylum seeker

asylum seekers (plural)
asylum-seeker (alternative)

He stayed with friends and even spent a few nights in a hotel when had nowhere else to go. In September 2019, he moved into a flat with three other gay asylum seekers through Le Refuge, an organisation supporting isolated LGBTQI+ youth.

2020 August 5, Francesca Spinelli, “Meet David: born in France, raised in Belgium, facing removal to the DRC”, in The Guardian:

In Manchester and in Aldershot in Hampshire, asylum seeker accommodation was targeted by demonstrators carrying placards that read “deport them, don’t support them” and “no apartments for illegals”.

2024 August 1, Josh Halliday, Neha Gohil, “Police in England urged to protect mosques as far right plans more rallies”, in the Guardian:

A person who has applied for asylum in a foreign country but has not yet been granted refugee status by that country.


migrant worker

And since Brexit, the number of migrant workers has fallen by almost a third, with new immigration laws and the points-based system possibly reducing the flow even further.

2021 September 8, Howard Johnston, “HS2 jobs boost - but skills shortage a concern”, in RAIL, number 939, page 17:

A person with temporary permission to work in another country; a guest worker.


fresh off the boat

You were fresh off the boat from Virginia / I had a year in New York City under my belt / We met in a dream, we were both nineteen

1998, “Two Little Girls”, in Ani DiFranco (lyrics), Little Plastic Castle, performed by Ani DiFranco:

Metropolis is the story of a harmless, hapless, nameless young German immigrant, fresh off the boat in 1860-something, who has a knack for naively stumbling into complicated plots through no fault of his own.

2005, Lev Grossman, "They Built This City (book review)," Time, 20 Mar.

(idiomatic, usually derogatory) Newly arrived from a foreign place, especially as an immigrant who is still unfamiliar with the customs and language of their new environment.


aliyah

en-noun

aliyah (plural aliyahs or aliyot or aliyoth or aliyos)

aliyahs (plural)
aliyot (plural)
aliyoth (plural)
aliyos (plural)
aliya (alternative)
'aliyah (alternative)

yerida

antonym(s) of “immigration of Jews to Israel”

From Hebrew עלייה / עֲלִיָּה (aliyá, “ascent”).

bor

עלייה / עֲלִיָּה

In the past, Yemenite Jews did not have a Bar Mitzvah ceremony at all; they first encountered this ceremony when they made Aliyah to Israel.

2024, David Golinkin, “The Origin and History of the Bar/Bat Mitzvah Ceremony”, in Responsa in a Moment, volume 4, page 53:

(uncountable) The immigration of Jews to Israel.


yerida

yeridas (plural)
yeridot (plural)
yeridah (alternative)

aliya

antonym(s) of “emigration of Jews from Israel”

From Hebrew יְרִידָה (yeridá, “descent”).


displaced person

en-noun

displaced person (plural displaced persons or displaced people)

displaced persons (plural)
displaced people (plural)

A refugee, especially of war or of forced migration.


émigré

émigrés (plural)
emigre (alternative)
émigre (alternative)
emigré (alternative)

Any émigré who had returned to France without obtaining government consent was required to leave France forthwith […]

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 516:

(historical) A French person who has departed their native land, especially a royalist who left during the French Revolution.


expatriation

expatriation (countable and uncountable, plural expatriations)

Borrowed from French expatriation, or from expatriate + -ion.

Voluntary migration from one's native land to another.


green card

The work permit from the historical greenish color (first used in 1946), the bank card from its green design, made to resemble US dollar bills.

(US) A US work permit, officially known as United States Permanent Resident Card.


residence permit

residence permit (plural residence permits)

The right to legally reside in a country.

Aufenthaltsgenehmigung

official designation in Germany until 2005

Aufenthaltstitel

official designation in Germany since 2005


brain gain

brain gains (plural)
brain-gain (alternative)

An increase in the number of skilled workers in a country as a result of immigration.


Leopard 2s, Challengers and Abrams M-1s have been earmarked for Ukraine and are vastly superior to the Russian main battle tanks.

2023 February 20, Tim Lister, “After nearly one year of war, how Ukraine defied the odds — and may still defeat Russia”, in CNN:

The Garand semiautomatic rifle, also named the United States Rifle, Caliber .30, M1.


permanent resident

permanent resident (plural permanent residents)

A person with permanent residency, a visa status which allows that person to reside indefinitely in a foreign country without acquiring citizenship in that country.

állandó tartózkodási engedéllyel rendelkező személy


guest worker

guest workers (plural)
guest-worker (alternative)
guestworker (alternative)

A person with temporary permission to work in another country.

外国人労働者

がいこくじんろうどうしゃ

Fremdarbeiter

term also used in Nazi Germany to refer to foreign slave workers


economic migrant

economic migrant (plural economic migrants)

A person who emigrates from one region to another to seek an improvement in living standards.


permanent residency

A visa status which allows a person to reside indefinitely in a foreign country without acquiring citizenship in that country


landed immigrant

landed immigrant (plural landed immigrants)

The immigration department said today that Ivor Hughes, 35-year-old wartime Royal Navy deserter, has been granted permission to live in Canada as a landed immigrant.

1953 December 18, “Allow Navy Deserter To Stay as Immigrant”, in Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, Canada, retrieved 24 Jul 2011, page 4:

Canada granted landed-immigrant status to 222876 persons last year, the highest total since 1957.

1968 February 16, “Immigration in 1967 highest for decade”, in Windsor Star, Canada, retrieved 24 Jul 2011, page 13:

Jeff Goldfeder, an American who has been a landed immigrant in Canada for more than 20 years, said he couldn't think of a more enjoyable way to celebrate the day with his family.

2011 July 2, Jana G. Pruden, Andrea Sands, “Parades, pancakes mark Canada Day in Edmonton”, in Edmonton Journal, Canada, retrieved 24 Jul 2011:

(Canada, dated) A person who is not a citizen of Canada but who has been legally admitted to Canada as a permanent resident.


internally displaced person

internally displaced person (plural internally displaced persons or internally displaced people)

internally displaced persons (plural)
internally displaced people (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-internally displaced person.wav

By the end of 2022 the number of internally displaced people (IDPs) – those forced from their homes but remaining within their country of residence – reached 71 million, according to figures published by the Norwegian Refugee Council’s Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), up from 59.1 million in 2021.

2023 May 11, Lizzy Davies, “Conflict and climate disasters combine to create record rise in displaced people”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 25 Nov 2023:

Someone who is forced to flee their home but who remains within their country's borders.

President of Ukraine
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Volodymyr Zelenskyy

məcburi köçkün

someone who is forced to flee their home but who remains within their country’s borders


bridging visa

A temporary visa issued to a person already in a country, while other more permanent arrangements are being made or decided by the immigration officials.


remigration

remigration (countable and uncountable, plural remigrations)

/ɹiːmaɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/

there was a Return of the Jews under Cyrus, which continued in Partial Remigrations for some time after.

a. 1677 (date written), Matthew Hale, The Primitive Origination of Mankind, Considered and Examined According to the Light of Nature, London: […] William Godbid, for William Shrowsbery, […], published 1677, →OCLC:

While the concept of remigration has long existed in academia, its hijacking by the far right on social media appears to have begun about a decade ago when French adherents to identitarianism, an ethno-nationalist movement, organised what they described as the inaugural meeting in Paris on remigration.

2024 October 3, Ashifa Kassam, “How remigration became a buzzword for global far right”, in The Guardian:

Migration again to another place, or back to the place of emigration.


Migration Period

the Migration Period (canonical)
Migration period (alternative)

(history) The age of mass migration of Germanic people in Europe during the early Middle Ages, circa 376 to 800 CE.


Barbarian Invasions

en-proper noun

the Barbarian Invasions pl (plural only)

the Barbarian Invasions (canonical plural)

Theoderic's life conventionally takes up part of the history of the barbarian invasions of Europe, the Völkerwanderung or “migration of peoples.”

2011, James J. O'Donnell, The Ruin of the Roman Empire, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 72:


Windrush generation

From HMT Empire Windrush, which carried many West Indian ex-servicemen and migrants to the United Kingdom.

Rooted in Caribbean culture and introduced to the UK by the Windrush generation, sound systems – static or truck-bound collectives of MCs and DJs playing music through customised, bass-heavy speakers – have been integral to Notting Hill carnival since 1973.

2019 August 23, Dave Simpson, “The sound systems of Notting Hill carnival: 'I'll stop when I can't walk'”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

The generation of people who emigrated from the West Indies to Great Britain after the Second World War.


golden passport

en-noun

golden passport (plural golden passports)

Citizenship that is granted in exchange for substantial donations or investments on the part of the immigrant.


It has lost its hold on the Middle Eastern market to American planes as well as to changing politics, represented by the seven Iraqi-ordered Mirage F-1s that sit undelivered in a Dassault factory.

1991 August 9, Katherine Burton, “Budget Ax Hangs Overa Diminished Dassault”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 28 May 2025:


golden visa

Portugal will end its golden visa programme, which offers EU passports to non-EU nationals in return for investments including in real estate and has been criticised for boosting house prices and rents.

2023 February 16, Patricia Vicente Rua, Catarina Demony, “Portugal ends Golden Visas, curtails Airbnb rentals to address housing crisis”, in Reuters:

Residence in a country that is granted in exchange for substantial donations or investments on the part of the immigrant.


paper son

(US, historical) A Chinese male who was falsely registered as the son of another Chinese who had already migrated to America, in order to take advantage of immigration laws.


Confederado

A Confederate expatriate who fled the southern United States for Brazil during Reconstruction; or a descendant of such a person.


asylum shopping

Compound term on the model of forum shopping.

A practice of applying for asylum in a more ideal state rather than in the nearest or first-reached safe state.


Tech firms of all sizes claim they need the H-1Bs to hire trained talent they can’t find at home.

2017 March 4, Ray Sanchez and Sara Ashley O'Brien, “What to know about the H-1B visa program”, in CNN:

The H-1B has become a flashpoint in the immigration debate and a target for Trump, particularly over use of the visa by outsourcers, which rake in the lion’s share of H-1Bs, mostly for bachelor’s degree holders.

2018 December 7, Associated Press, “Trump eyes H-1B visa rule change favoring advanced degree holders”, in New York Post:

(US, law) A visa granted to foreign workers that allows them to be hired by American companies for specialty occupations.


But there are many other programs mentioned in the draft that are important to the tech community. Programs like the J-1, for summer work travel, and the OPT, for international students to stay in the U.S. after graduating. Both were recently revised under the Obama administration. Also, the E-2 program, which is an investor visa, is subject to change.

2017 January 30, Sara Ashley O'Brien, “Trump's immigration reform: High-skilled visas may be next”, in CNN Business:

(US) A visa granted to investors in United States businesses.


The order prohibits foreign workers from using H-1B, H-2B, J-1 and L-1 visas to enter the United States until at least the end of the year. […] H-2B visas are for unskilled seasonal workers, including landscapers, forestry workers and summer resort workers, while J-1s are for exchange visitors who come for short stays, typically for summer work, brief internships or to be au pairs.

2020 June 26, Susan Cohen and Jennifer Hunt, “By blocking visas for foreign workers, Trump is further hurting the US economy”, in CNN:

(US) A short-term visa granted to scholars, professors, and visitors who participate in cultural exchange programs.


In May, a proclamation was issued specifically targeting Chinese nationals and denying them F and J visas used to attend graduate and postgraduate programs in the US. Trump’s new action suspends the issuance of new visas H-1B visas for professional workers; H-2Bs for non-agricultural seasonal workers, J-1s for cultural exchanges and L-1s for intracompany transfers.

2020 June 23, Ushma S. Neill, “The hidden health cost of Trump’s visa freeze”, in CNN:

The order prohibits foreign workers from using H-1B, H-2B, J-1 and L-1 visas to enter the United States until at least the end of the year. Companies use L-1 visas to transfer employees from an overseas office, while the H-1B visa is granted to foreign workers in specialty occupations.

(US) A visa granted to overseas employees of United States companies.


(US) A visa granted to foreign workers that allows them to be hired by American companies for nonagricultural occupations.


Skilled foreign farm workers are the backbone of US agriculture and are traditionally in the US on H-2A seasonal visas, which saw its highest ever utilization rate this year, according to the Farm Bureau.

2022 December 22, Vanessa Yurkevich, “America needs immigrants to solve its labor shortage”, in CNN:

Kline interviewed with 285 Mexican H-2A workers in Ohio and learned that the first challenge for many was learning to cook and clean for themselves. The H-2As were men from rural Mexico who were accustomed to mothers and wives performing household chores. Mexican H-2A workers appreciated getting to know Mexican co-workers from other regions, and most reported that their co-workers helped them to adapt to life in the US.

2024 October 8, “Harris, Trump, and H-2As”, in Rural Migration News:

(US) A visa granted to foreign workers that allows them to be hired by American companies for agricultural occupations.