kick off

en-verb

kick off (third-person singular simple present kicks off, present participle kicking off, simple past and past participle kicked off)

kicks off (present singular third-person)
kicking off (participle present)
kicked off (participle past)
kicked off (past)

When she called him a drunk, it was the last straw. He just kicked off.

The chap opposite seems to be trying to pull a fast one, and having seen the guard is trying to buy a ticket online... but doesn't succeed. The guard helpfully sells him one, but not quite at the price of one purchased in advance. In fairness he doesn't kick off, nor does the guard treat him like some common criminal. It's a fair cop - or should that be a fare cop?

2024 April 17, “Rural railways: do they deliver?”, in RAIL, number 1007, page 57:

(intransitive, UK, idiomatic, colloquial) To be overcome with anger, to start an argument or a fight; to behave aggressively.


rash

en-adj

rash (comparative rasher, superlative rashest)

rasher (comparative)
rashest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English rash, rasch (“hasty, headstrong, rash”) [and other forms], probably from Old English *ræsċ (“rash”) (found in derivatives such as ræsċan (“to move rapidly; to flicker; to flash; to glitter; to quiver”), ræsċettan (“to crackle, sparkle”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *rask, *raskī, *rasku, from Proto-Germanic *raskaz, *raskuz, *raþskaz, *raþskuz (“rash; rapid”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run, roll”). The Middle English word was probably influenced by the cognates listed below.
The adverb is derived from Middle English rashe (“quickly, rapidly”), from rash, rasch (adjective) (see above).
Cognates
* Dutch ras, rasch (“rash”)
* Middle Low German rasch (“rash”)
* Old Danish rask (“agile, nimble; fast; healthy, vigorous”) (modern Danish rask (“agile, nimble; fast; healthy, vigorous; hasty, rash”))
* Old High German reski (“impetuous, rash”) (Middle High German rasch, resch (“agile, nimble; fast; lively; healthy, vigorous”), modern German rasch, räsch, resch (“agile, nimble; fast; hasty, rash; healthy, vigorous; of food: crisp, crusty”))
* Old Norse rǫskr (“brave; healthy, vigorous”) (Icelandic röskur (“strong; healthy, vigorous”))
* Old Swedish rasker (“agile, nimble; brave; fast; vigorous”) (modern Swedish rask (“agile, nimble; fast; healthy, vigorous”))

cog

[T]he vnited veſſel of their bloud, / […] / Shall neuer leake, though it doe vvorke as ſtrong, / As Aconitum, or raſh gunpovvder.

c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Second Part of Henrie the Fourth, […], quarto edition, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley, published 1600, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

Sir (my Lord) / I could doe this, and that vvith no raſh Potion, / But with a lingring Dram, that ſhould not vvorke / Maliciouſly, like Poyſon.

c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 280, column 1:

[T]he inboard seas run swirling and hawling; / The rash smart sloggering brine / Blinds her; […]

1875–1876, Gerard Manley Hopkins, “The Wreck of the Deutschland”, in Robert Bridges, editor, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins: Now First Published […], London: Humphrey Milford, published 1918, →OCLC, part 2, stanza 19, page 17:

Taking effect quickly and strongly; fast-acting.


rash

en-verb

rash (third-person singular simple present rashes, present participle rashing, simple past and past participle rashed)

rashes (present singular third-person)
rashing (participle present)
rashed (participle past)
rashed (past)

From Late Middle English rashen, rassh (“to hasten, hurry, rush”) [and other forms], from Old English ræscan (“to move rapidly; to flicker; to flash; to glitter; to quiver”); see further at etymology 1.
probable cognates
* Dutch rasschen, rassen (“to hasten, hurry, rush”) (obsolete)
* Old Norse raska (“to dislodge, displace; to stir up”) (Swedish raska (“to hurry; to act carelessly or hastily”))

cog

Retur[n]e to the places of Peter, the one in his firſt epiſtle, the other in the latter: and ſo be you contented with this preſent anſvver raſhed up in haſte.

1610 October, John Foxe, “[Translation of a Letter of Huldricus Zuinglius, 1 September 1527 (Julian calendar)]”, in The Second Volume of the Ecclesiasticall Historie, Containing the Acts and Monuments of Martyrs, […], 6th edition, volume II, London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for the Company of Stationers, →OCLC, book VIII, page 987, column 1:

(rare) Usually followed by up: to prepare (something) with haste; to cobble together, to improvise.

Chiefly followed by against, at, or upon: to collide or hit.


rash

PIE word
 *wréh₂ds
Probably an aphetic form of arace (“to tear up by the roots; to draw away”) (obsolete), from Middle English aracen (“to remove (something) by force, pluck or pull out, tear out; to grab; to lacerate; to flay or skin (an animal); to erase, obliterate”) [and other forms], from Old French aracer, arachier (“to pull off (by physical force)”) [and other forms] (whence Anglo-Norman racher, aracher (“to pluck out, pull out”); modern French arracher (“to pull up, tear out, uproot; to extract, take out (a tooth); to peel, pull off, rip off; to buy, snap up; to fight over; to tear (oneself) away from”)), a variant of esrachier (“to eradicate, get rid of”), from Latin exrādīcāre, ērādīcāre (“to root out; to annihilate, extirpate”), from ē- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + rādīx (“root of a plant”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

cog

There Marinell great deeds of armes did ſhevv; / And through the thickeſt like a Lyon flevv, / Raſhing off helmes, and ryuing plates a ſonder, / That euery one his daunger did eſchevv.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto III”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 8, page 214:

His Creſt is raſh'd away; his ample Shield / Is falſify'd and round with Jav'lins fill'd.

1697, Virgil, “The Ninth Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 496, lines 1094–1095:

Chiefly followed by away, down, off, out, etc.: to pluck, pull, or rip (something) violently.


rash

Probably a variant of race, raze (“to demolish; to destroy, obliterate; to scrape as if with a razor”), possibly modelled after rash (etymology 5 or etymology 6). Raze is derived from Middle English rasen, racen, rase (“to scrape; to shave; to erase; to pull; to strip off; to pluck or tear out; to root out (a tree, etc.); to pull away, snatch; to pull down; to knock down; to rend, tear apart; to pick clean, strip; to cleave, slice; to sever; to lacerate; to pierce; to carve, engrave; to dig; (figuratively) to expunge, obliterate; to alter”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman raser, rasere, rasser, Middle French, Old French raser (“to shave; to touch lightly, graze; to level off (grain, etc.) in a measure; to demolish, tear down; to erase; to polish; to wear down”), from Vulgar Latin *raso (“to shave; to scrape; to scratch; to touch lightly, graze”), from Latin rāsus (“scraped; shaved”); see further at etymology 2.

der

(rare) Chiefly followed by out: to scrape or scratch (something); to obliterate.


switch

→ Gulf Arabic: سويچ (swīč)

→ German: Switch

Perhaps from Middle Dutch swijch (“twig”), first attested in c. 1592. The mechanical device for altering the direction of something sense is first attested in c. 1797, pertaining to pivoted rails on minecart railways, which were once wooden.

камута́тар

system allowing the interconnection of telephone lines

Their mother would walk out into the yard and cut a switch from a tree and beat him—beat him, it seemed to Florence, until any other boy would have fallen down dead; […]

1953, James Baldwin, “Florence's Prayer”, in Go Tell It on the Mountain (Penguin Classics), London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN:

"A proper switch is a slim, flexible branch off a tree or a bush. A switch applied to the buttocks stings fiercely. It may leave red marks or bruises, but it causes no lasting damage.."

2007, Jeffrey W. Hamilton, Raising Godly Children in a Wicked World, Lulu.com, page 15:

A slender woody plant stem used as a whip; a thin, flexible rod, associated with corporal punishment in the United States.


cross

→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

From Middle English cross, cros, from Old English cros (“rood, cross”), from Old Norse kross, from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (crucī). In this sense displaced native Middle English rood, from Old English rōd; see rood. Compare Welsh croes, Irish crois.
The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.
Cognates
*Icelandic kross (“cross”)
*Faroese krossur (“cross”)
*Norwegian Nynorsk kross, kors (“cross”)
*Danish kors (“cross”)
*Swedish kors (“cross”)
*North Frisian kross, korss (“cross”)
*Saterland Frisian Krjuus, Kjus (“cross”)
*West Frisian krús (“cross”)
*Dutch kruis (“cross”)
*German Low German Krüüz (“cross”)
*German Kreuz (“cross”)

the church-lands lying within the same, which were called the Cross

1612, John Davies, Discoverie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued:


cross

en-adj

cross (comparative crosser, superlative crossest)

crosser (comparative)
crossest (superlative)

She was rather cross about missing her train on the first day of the job.

Please don't get cross at me. (or) Please don't get cross with me.

1650/1651, Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living
He had received a cross answer from his mistress.

(chiefly British, Ottawa Valley) Bad-tempered, angry, annoyed.


outrage

en-noun

outrage (countable and uncountable, plural outrages)

/ˈaʊt.ɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English outrage, from Old French outrage, oultrage (“excess”), from Vulgar Latin *ultrāticum ("a going beyond"), derived from Latin ultrā (“beyond”). Later reanalysed as out- + rage, whence the contemporary pronunciation, though neither of these is etymologically related.
The verb is from Middle English outragen, from Old French oultragier.

The resentful, indignant, or shocked anger aroused by such acts.


frost

en-verb

frost (third-person singular simple present frosts, present participle frosting, simple past and past participle frosted)

frosts (present singular third-person)
frosting (participle present)
frosted (participle past)
frosted (past)
froste (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English frost, from an unmetathesized variant of Old English forst (“frost”), from Proto-Germanic *frustaz (“frost”), from Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with West Frisian froast (“frost”), Dutch vorst (“frost”), German Frost (“frost”), Swedish frost (“frost”), Norwegian frost (“frost”), Icelandic frost (“frost”), Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost, rime, snow”). Related to freeze.

cog

I think the boss's decision frosted him a bit.

(transitive, informal) To anger or annoy.


anger

en-noun

anger (countable and uncountable, plural angers)

From Middle English anger (“grief, pain, trouble, affliction, vexation, sorrow, wrath”), from Old Norse angr, ǫngr (“affliction, sorrow”) (compare Old Norse ang, ǫng (“troubled”)), from Proto-Germanic *angazaz (“grief, sorrow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tied together”).
Cognate with Danish anger (“regret, remorse”), Norwegian Bokmål anger (“regret, remorse”), Swedish ånger (“regret”), Icelandic angur (“trouble”), Old English ange, enge (“narrow, close, straitened, constrained, confined, vexed, troubled, sorrowful, anxious, oppressive, severe, painful, cruel”), German Angst (“anxiety, anguish, fear”), Latin angō (“squeeze, choke, vex”), angor (“strangulation; anguish, torment”) (whence the English doublet angor), Albanian ang (“fear, anxiety, pain, nightmare”), Avestan 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵 (ązah, “strangulation; distress”), Ancient Greek ἄγχω (ánkhō, “I squeeze, strangle”), Sanskrit अंहस् (aṃhas), अंहु (aṃhu, “anxiety, distress, affliction”, literally “narrowness”). Also compare with English anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perhaps to awe and ugly. The word seems to have originally meant “to choke, squeeze”.
The verb is from Middle English angren, angeren, from Old Norse angra. Compare with Icelandic angra, Norwegian Nynorsk angra, Norwegian Bokmål angre, Swedish ångra, Danish angre.

cog

vent one's anger

relieve one's anger

manage one's anger

soothe one's anger

show one's anger

do something in anger

You need to control your anger.

Seeing the British establishment struggle with the financial sector is like watching an alcoholic […]. Until 2008 there was denial over what finance had become. When a series of bank failures made this impossible, there was widespread anger, leading to the public humiliation of symbolic figures.

2013 June 28, Joris Luyendijk, “Our banks are out of control”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 3, page 21:

A strong and unpleasant feeling of displeasure, hostility, or antagonism towards someone or something, usually combined with an urge to yell, say curse words, and/or physically harm or cause damage or destruction to things or attack or assault living beings, often stemming from perceived provocation, hurt, threat, insults, or unfair or unjust treatment, or a situation not going the way one had desired or planned.

drif

strong feeling of displeasure, hostility or antagonism towards someone or something


angrily

en-adv

angrily (comparative more angrily, superlative most angrily)

more angrily (comparative)
most angrily (superlative)

/ˈæŋ.ɡɹə.li/

From Middle English angrily, equivalent to angry + -ly.

"Leave me alone for once," she said angrily.

"So it was a trick," said Narkunda angrily.

1943, H. Lorna Bingham, The Lost Tribe, Sydney: Winn and Co., page 13, column 1:

The message from this week’s election – and from the angry, at times overtly sexist and authoritarian rhetoric that Mr. Trump used on the campaign trail – is that America is a deeply, angrily, unstably divided country.

2024 November 7, Ned Temko, “With Trump, ‘America First’ is back. US allies brace for a shock.”, in The Christian Science Monitor:

In an angry manner; under the influence of anger.


apoplexy

en-noun

apoplexy (countable and uncountable, plural apoplexies)

Late Middle English from Old French apoplexie, from Late Latin apoplexia, from Ancient Greek ἀποπληξία (apoplēxía, “madness; apoplexy, paralysis”), from ἀποπλήσσω (apoplḗssō, “to cripple by a stroke”) + -ία (-ía, nominal suffix). See plague.

af

Ten Straight White Males die of a mysterious disease and the nation has apoplexy — Headlines — TV Reports — Sympathy. MONEY comes pouring in and there was no discussion about where to find it.

1983 August 13, Jim Wilson, “Learning From AIDS”, in Gay Community News, volume 11, number 5, page 6:

(informal) A state of intense and almost uncontrollable anger.


aflame

en-adj

aflame (comparative more aflame, superlative most aflame)

more aflame (comparative)
most aflame (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-aflame.wav

She said nothing and simply stared at him, eyes aflame.


ire

From Middle English ire, from Old French ire (“ire”), from Latin īra (“wrath, rage”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysh₂- (“to fall upon, act sharply”) (compare Old English ofost (“haste, zeal”), Old Norse eisa (“to race forward”), Ancient Greek ἱερός (hierós, “supernatural, holy”), οἶστρος (oîstros, “frenzy; gadfly”), Avestan 𐬀𐬈𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aesma, “anger”), Sanskrit इष् f (iṣ, “refreshment, strength”)). Compare also Middle English irre, erre (“anger, wrath”), from Old English yrre, ierre, eorre (“anger, wrath”).

cog

to raise the ire of someone

She lik'd not his desire; Fain would be free but dreadeth parents ire

a. 1587, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the folio)”, in [Fulke Greville; Matthew Gwinne; John Florio], editors, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1590, →OCLC:

If I digg'd up thy forefathers graves, And hung their rotten coffins up in chains, It could not slake mine ire, nor ease my heart.

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long Perplex'd the Greek and Cytherea's son.

1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

For this th' avenging Pow'r employs his darts; / And empties all his quiver in our hearts; / Thus will perſiſt, relentleſs in his ire, / Till the fair ſlave be render'd to her ſire: [...]

a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “The First Book of Homer’s Ilias”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume IV, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 419:

News of this notice from the university was picked up by local media and had the effect of raising the ire of some citizens who saw this as an attack on ‘Chinese heritage’, which in turn resulted in a rapid apology from the university[.]

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 3:

Meanwhile, Buffalo was under a driving ban until midnight Thursday because many of its streets were still clogged, preventing people from getting groceries and medication. In predominantly Black parts of the city, like the East Side, many residents still can’t leave their homes. Twelve-foot snow drifts still cover windows.¶ Buffalo’s slow, haphazard plowing and response has also drawn the ire of county leaders.

2022 December 27, Brianna Sacks, “Buffalo blizzard fuels racial and class divides in polarized city”, in The Washington Post, archived from the original on 2022-12-29:


ire

en-verb

ire (third-person singular simple present ires, present participle iring, simple past and past participle ired)

ires (present singular third-person)
iring (participle present)
ired (participle past)
ired (past)

It doesn't tire a man to put down a carpet so much as it ires him.

1880, Gleason's Monthly Companion, page 287:

I heard enough from the gentleman who has just taken his seat, and from my friend, Dr. Caldwell, to ire me just a little bit.

1915, Dr. Duncan Eve of Nashville, Tennessee, USA, in the Southern Medical Journal, volume 4, page 279

“You have enemies. Is that why you have chosen to leave at this time?”
It ired me that he should think so, but I held my peace, and when I spoke at last, my voice was mild.

Only one employee testified as to the interrogation. This was Mary Farley who testified that at the time the research interviewer reached her home she was entertaining company and that she was “ired” by the interruption.

1968, “H. P. Wasson and Company”, in Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board, volume 170, page 298:

Mr. Gray (Bonaventure–Îles-de-la-Madeleine): Mr. Speaker, [...] Having been in the House of Commons for seven and one-half years and regardless of political stripe, the thing that angers and ires me the most is to hear downtown metro people talking […]

1992 03, Canadian House of Commons, House of Commons Debates, volume 7, page 8115:

[…]to give up anorexia. Everyone else deserves their food; it ires me to no end—couldn't write “pissed off,” too juvenile—to hear other girls say, “I shouldn't be eating this.” Shut up, I want to say, you're fucking gorgeous.

2001 August 1, Xan Nowakowski, Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 104:

Instinctively Lear knows she is making some sense, but he has never been treated in this way before and it ires him into calling Goneril a “degenerate bastard” The decrepit old[…]

2012 September 14, Jim McGahern, A Leg up on the Canon Book 3: Adaptations of Shakespeare's Tragedies and Kyd's the Spanish Tragedy, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 264:

The origin of Gates’ decapitation of the Air Force’s top leadership clearly lie with the F-22. Gates was ired that “every time Moseley and Air Force secretary Mike Wynne came to see me, it was about a new bomber or more F-22s.”

2014 March, John A. Tirpak, “Gates versus the Air Force”, in Air Force Magazine, page 56:

‘And do not leave Furnaux in a pool of blood, however much he ires you. He has his uses.’

2020, Sarah Hawkswood, River of Sins, Allison and Busby:

(transitive, rare) To anger, to irritate.


piss off

piss off (third-person singular simple present pisses off, present participle pissing off, simple past and past participle pissed off)

pisses off (present singular third-person)
pissing off (participle present)
pissed off (participle past)
pissed off (past)

What really pisses me off about my job is that I have to get up at six o'clock.

It pisses people off that I am thin and I don't make any effort.

2022 October 5, Lauren Harby, “What We Know About Celine Dion's Health Battle”, in The List:


waxy

en-adj

waxy (comparative waxier or more waxy, superlative waxiest or most waxy)

waxier (comparative)
more waxy (comparative)
waxiest (superlative)
most waxy (superlative)

From Middle English waxi, wexy, equivalent to wax (“soft oily substance”) + -y.

There's far more than just hot dogs to feast on too. The pizzas—gigantic, floppy, with a hyperreal waxy sheen—are mythic. They arrive exclusively in cheese, pepperoni, or supreme—the holy trinity—and will run you an eminently affordable $1.99 for a ridiculously huge wedge-shaped slice.

2023 June 9, Luke Winkie, “Our Greatest Fast-Food Joint Is Costco”, in Slate, archived from the original on 2023-09-06:

Resembling wax in texture or appearance.


waxy

waxy (comparative more waxy, superlative most waxy)

more waxy (comparative)
most waxy (superlative)

A man said he'd give me five pounds if I'd paint him and his missis and the dog and the cottage. And I went and put the fowls in instead of the dog, and he was waxy, so I had to knock a quid off.

1913, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “Passion”, in Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth & Co. […], →OCLC, part II, page 341:


mad

en-verb

mad (third-person singular simple present mads, present participle madding, simple past and past participle madded)

mads (present singular third-person)
madding (participle present)
madded (participle past)
madded (past)

From Middle English madden, from the adjective; compare Old English ġemǣdan.

New York City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

This musick mads me, let it sound no more.

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene 5]:

He that mads others, if he were so humoured, would be as mad himself, as much grieved and tormented […].

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition I, section 2, member 4, subsection iv:

Carolina! Whine your body gyal! Make Dem know say you have it fi mad dem

1993 March 22, “Oh Carolina”, in Pure Pleasure, performed by Shaggy (musician):

(now colloquial US, Jamaica) To madden, to anger, to frustrate.


wroth

en-adj

wroth (comparative more wroth, superlative most wroth)

more wroth (comparative)
most wroth (superlative)

From Middle English wroth, wrooth, from Old English wrāþ, from Proto-Germanic *wraiþaz (“cruel”), from Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to turn”). Akin to Saterland Frisian wreed (“haughty; proud”), Old Saxon wrēd (“evil”) (Dutch wreed (“cruel”)), Old High German reid (“cruel”), Old Norse reiðr (“angry”) (Danish vred, Swedish vred).

cog

But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 4:5:

You behold, Sir, how he waxeth Wroth at your Abode here.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 289:

And to be wroth with one we love, / Doth work like madness in the brain.

1816, S[amuel] T[aylor] Coleridge, “(please specify the page)”, in Christabel: Kubla Khan, a Vision: The Pains of Sleep, London: […] John Murray, […], by William Bulmer and Co. […], →OCLC:

But in the meantime Robin Hood and his band lived quietly in Sherwood Forest, without showing their faces abroad, for Robin knew that it would not be wise for him to be seen in the neighborhood of Nottingham, those in authority being very wroth with him.

1883, Howard Pyle, chapter V, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:

At this Sir Launcelot was very wroth; for he could not abide seeing a fellow-knight of the Round Table treated with such disregard as that which Sir Gaheris suffered at the hands of Sir Turquine; […]

1905, Howard Pyle, The Story of the Champions of the Round Table, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 48:

Business men are learning that it pays to be friendly to strikers. For example, when two thousand five hundred employees in the White Motor Company's plant struck for higher wages and a union shop, Robert F. Black, the president, didn't wax wroth and condemn, and threaten and talk of tyranny and Communists. He actually praised the strikers. He published an advertisement in the Cleveland papers, complimenting them on "the peaceful way in which they laid down their tools."

1936, Dale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People, Part 3, Chapter 4:

(formal, archaic) Full of anger; wrathful.


rage

en-noun

rage (countable and uncountable, plural rages)

From Middle English rage, from Anglo-Norman rage, from Late Latin rabia, from Classical Latin rabiēs (“anger, fury”). Doublet of rabies.
Displaced native Middle English wode, from Old English wōd ("madness, fury, rage"; compare Modern dialectal English wood (“mad, insane, furious, raging”)); and Middle English hotherte (“anger”), from Old English hātheort (“fury, anger, wrath, rage”).

gl

"madness, fury, rage"; compare Modern dialectal English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wood</i> (“mad, insane, furious, raging”)

ncog

Heav'n has no Rage, like Love to Hatred turn'd, / Nor Hell a Fury, like a Woman ſcorn'd.

1697, [William] Congreve, The Mourning Bride, a Tragedy. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, Act III, page 39:

They burned the old gun that used to stand in the dark corner up in the garret, close to the stuffed fox that always grinned so fiercely. Perhaps the reason why he seemed in such a ghastly rage was that he did not come by his death fairly. Otherwise his pelt would not have been so perfect. And why else was he put away up there out of sight?—and so magnificent a brush as he had too.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

[…] rage is not only impotent by definition, it is the mode in which impotence becomes active in its last stage of final despair.

1963, Hannah Arendt, On Revolution, →ISBN, page 101:


yond

From Middle English onde (“malice, ill-will”), from Old English onda, anda (“envy, jealousy; hatred, anger”).

der

Emongst the shepheard swaynes, then wexeth wood & yond

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 40:


enrage

en-verb

enrage (third-person singular simple present enrages, present participle enraging, simple past and past participle enraged)

enrages (present singular third-person)
enraging (participle present)
enraged (participle past)
enraged (past)

From Old French enrager, enragier, from rage. Equivalent to en- + rage.

(transitive) To fill with rage; to outrage; to provoke to frenzy; to make furious.


umbrage

en-noun

umbrage (countable and uncountable, plural umbrages)

/ˈʌm.bɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle French ombrage (“umbrage”), from Old French ombrage, from Latin umbrāticus (“in the shade”), from umbra (“shadow, shade”).

Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur.

1796, George Washington, "Farewell Address", American Daily Advertiser

—He took umbrage at something or other, that muchinjured but on the whole eventempered person declared, I let slip.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

She looked very neurotic, moving in a jerky way, her body giving little twitches of habitual umbrage.

1960, Muriel Spark, chapter 10, in The Bachelors, London: Macmillan:

If she knew [a psychiatrist was] observing her son with a view to finding out if he was foggy between the ears, there would be umbrage on her part, or even dudgeon.

1960, P. G. Wodehouse, Jeeves in the Offing, chapter VI:

When the call is over, Cooper thanks her — for leashing the dog, but for also endangering him, for living down to herself, for quite a performance of umbrage.

2020 June 3, Wesley Morris, “The Videos That Rocked America. The Song That Knows Our Rage.”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2020-06-04:

A feeling of anger or annoyance caused by something offensive.


spaz

en-verb

spaz (third-person singular simple present spazzes, present participle spazzing, simple past and past participle spazzed)

spazzes (present singular third-person)
spazzing (participle present)
spazzed (participle past)
spazzed (past)
spazz (alternative)

(colloquial, derogatory, offensive) To have a tantrum or fit.


paddy

en-noun

paddy (countable and uncountable, plural paddies)

Borrowed from Malay padi (“paddy plant”). Doublet of palay.

bor+

(countable) A paddy field, a rice paddy; an irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown.


paddy

en-adj

paddy (comparative more paddy, superlative most paddy)

more paddy (comparative)
most paddy (superlative)

Even after the expiration of four months the condition of the paddy persons continued most destitute. The English soldiers became mere barefoot starving beggars in the streets[…]

1860, John Lothrop Motley, The United Netherlands:

Becca wrote to Lizzie of her brother's incessant demands: Suthie came to me in a very paddy state and said 'Now ... you must bind a book for me.'

1995, Maureen Borland, D.S. MacColl: Painter, Poet, Art Critic, page 41:

Now, now, we are getting very paddy today, aren't we John?

2015, Brian Keenan, An Evil Cradling, page 197:

(obsolete) Low; mean; boorish; vagabond.


paddy

Krio: pàdí

throw a paddy etc.

I like the story of the Emperor Frederick who got into a paddy with his cook, and shouted: 'I am the Emperor, and I want dumplings.'

2013, Mike Brown, Adventures with Czech George, page 17:

You know what I like best about paddy chicks? They give good head. Black broads don’t know nothing about giving head. I don’t know why. Might be it has something to do with some ancient tribal custom.

2000, Requiem For a Dream, spoken by Big Tim (Keith David):

(African-American Vernacular, slang) A white person.


irate

irate (comparative more irate or irater, superlative most irate or iratest)

more irate (comparative)
irater (comparative)
most irate (superlative)
iratest (superlative)

From Latin īrātus (“angered, angry”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from īrāscor (“to be angry”), from īra (“anger, wrath”).


fury

en-noun

fury (countable and uncountable, plural furies)

From Middle English furie, from Old French furie, from Latin furia (“rage”).

The building of the railway in this notable beauty spot roused the great Victorian writer John Ruskin to fury.

1960 March, J. P. Wilson, E. N. C. Haywood, “The route through the Peak - Derby to Manchester: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated, page 155:


quick-tempered

en-adj

quick-tempered (comparative more quick-tempered, superlative most quick-tempered)

more quick-tempered (comparative)
most quick-tempered (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-quick-tempered.wav

He was a quick-tempered fellow who was generally avoided by his co-workers.

Easily or quickly angered or frustrated.


wrath

en-noun

wrath (usually uncountable, plural wraths)

The noun is derived from Middle English wraththe, wreththe (“anger, fury, rage; animosity, hostility; deadly sin of wrath; distress, vexation; punishment; retribution (?)”) [and other forms], from Old English wrǣþþu (“ire, wrath”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *wraiþiþu (“anger, fury, wrath”), from *wraiþ (“angry, furious, wroth; hostile, violent; bent, twisted”) (from Proto-Germanic *wraiþaz (“angry, furious, wroth; hostile, violent; bent, twisted”), from Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist”)) + *-iþu (suffix forming abstract nouns). Effectively analysable as wroth + -th (abstract nominal suffix).
The verb is derived from Middle English wratthen (“to be or become angry, to rage; to quarrel; to cause wrath, offend; to become troubled or vexed; to cause grief or harm, grieve, vex”) [and other forms], from wraththe, wreththe (noun) (see above) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).
Cognates
* Danish vrede (“anger, wrath”)
* Dutch wreedte (“cruelty”)
* Icelandic reiði (“anger”)
* Swedish vrede (“anger, ire, wrath”)

nb...

wraaþ, wragh, wraght, wraith, wrat, wrā̆th, wrathe, wrā̆the, wrath, wraththe, wratth, wratthe, wraugth, wretthe, (Scotland) wraith, (Southwest Midlands) wradðe, wrað, wraðe, wræððe, wraððe, wraððhe, wraðþe, wraþe, wraþþe, wreadðe, wreaððe, wredða, wredðe, wreþþe, (Early Middle English) wræþdæ

wraððo, wræððu, wræððo, wrǣþþ, (Northumberland) urāððo

inh

Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist”)

nb...

wrath, wrathe, wrathen, wraththe, wraththen, wraththi, wratth, wratthe, wraþþen, wreththe, wreththi, wretth, wretthe, wretthi, wretthin, wreþþen, (Southwest England, Southwest Midlands) wreaððin, wreððen, (Early Middle English) wraðhin, wræðþiæn

Homer relates an episode in the Trojan War that reveals the tragic consequences of the wrath of Achilles.

Let all bitternes, fearſnes and wrath, rorynge and curſyd ſpeakynge, be put awaye from you, with all maliciouſnes.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Ephesians iiij:[31], folios cclvij, recto – cclvij, verso:

Thou barrein ground, whome winters wrath hath waſted,
 Art made a myrrhour, to behold my plight: […]

1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “Ianuarye. Ægloga Prima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 1, verso:

I tel you true my hart is ſwolne with wrath,
 On this ſame theeuiſh villain Tamburlain.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene ii, signature B2, verso:

[H]im ſo far had borne his light-foot ſteede,
 Pricked vvith vvrath and fiery fierce diſdaine,
 That him to follovv vvas but fruitleſſe paine; […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 8, page 21:

VVho (in my vvrath)
 Kneel'd and^([sic – meaning at]) my feet, and bid me be aduis'd?

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], page 183, column 1:

Lingring perdition (vvorſe then any death
 Can be at once) ſhall ſtep, by ſtep attend
 You, and your vvayes, vvhoſe vvraths, to guard you from,
 VVhich here, in this moſt deſolate Iſle, elſe fals
 Vpon your heads, is nothing but hearts-ſorrovv,
 And a cleere life enſuing.

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii], page 13, column 2:

[S]tern briſtles hedg'd up high
 His back, vvhich did all vvrath of thorns defie.

1648, Joseph Beaumont, “Canto II. Lust Conquered. Stanza 16.”, in Psyche: Or Loves Mysterie, […], London: […] John Dawson for George Boddington, […], →OCLC, page 14, column 2:

[C]ome not near me to night, vvhile I'm in vvrath.

1667 (revival performance), John Dryden, The Wild Gallant: A Comedy. […], In the Savoy [London]: […] T[homas] Newcomb for H[enry] Herringman, […], published 1669, →OCLC, Act II, page 24:

The Seer, vvho could not yet his VVrath aſſvvage,
 Rovvl'd his green Eyes, that ſparkl'd vvith his Rage; […]

1697, Virgil, “The Fourth Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 142, lines 651–652:

For vvhen he knevv his Rival freed and gone,
 He ſvvells vvith VVrath; he makes outrageous Moan:
 He frets, he fumes, he ſtares, he ſtamps the Ground;
 The hollowvv Tovv'r vvith Clamours rings around: […]

1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, book I, page 17:

VVhat Drop or Noſtrum can this Plague remove?
 Or vvhich muſt end me, a Fool's VVrath or Love?

1735 January 13 (Gregorian calendar; indicated as 1734), [Alexander] Pope, An Epistle from Mr. Pope, to Dr. Arbuthnot, London: […] J[ohn] Wright for Lawton Gilliver […], →OCLC, page 2, lines 29–30:

Then nature injur'd, ſcandaliz'd, defil'd,
 Unveil'd her bluſhing cheek, look'd on and ſmil'd,
 Beheld vvith joy the lovely ſcene defac'd,
 And prais'd the vvrath that lay'd her beauties vvaſte.

1781 (date written), William Cowper, “Expostulation”, in Poems, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1782, →OCLC, page 124:

[…] Miſs Margland, in deep vvrath, refuſed to let her move a ſtep.

1796, [Frances Burney], “A Raffle”, in Camilla: Or, A Picture of Youth. […], volume I, London: […] T[homas] Payne, […]; and T[homas] Cadell Jun. and W[illiam] Davies (successors to Mr. [Thomas] Cadell) […], →OCLC, book II, page 254:

But quickly Peter's mood is chang'd,
 And on he drives with cheeks that burn
 In downright fury and in wrath— […]

1798 (date written), William Wordsworth, “Part First”, in Peter Bell, a Tale in Verse, London: […] Strahan and Spottiswoode, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], published 1819, →OCLC, page 26:

When lo! a wasted Female form,
 Blighted by wrath of sun and storm,
 In tattered weeds and wild array,
 Stood on a cliff beside the way, […]

1810, Walter Scott, “Canto IV. The Prophecy.”, in The Lady of the Lake; […], Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for John Ballantyne and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, and William Miller, →OCLC, stanza XXI, page 172:

[S]he remained still: except that she clenched her arms tighter and tighter within each other, on her bosom, as if to restrain them by that means from doing an injury to herself, or some one else, in the blind fury of the wrath that suddenly possessed her.

1846 October 1 – 1848 April 1, Charles Dickens, “Another Mother and Daughter”, in Dombey and Son, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1848, →OCLC, page 348:

His chafing, bleeding temper is one raw; his whole soul one rage, and wrath, and fever.

1861 January – 1862 August, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “I Charge You, Drop Your Daggers!”, in The Adventures of Philip on His Way through the World; […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1862, →OCLC, page 238:

How sweetly would she glide between your wraths,
 And steal you from each other!

1864, Alfred Tennyson, “Aylmer’s Field”, in Enoch Arden, &c., London: Edward Moxon & Co., […], →OCLC, page 87:

We come in charity and good will, but we may go in wrath.

1882, Ouida [pseudonym; Maria Louise Ramé], chapter XII, in In Maremma […], volume I, London: Chatto & Windus, […], →OCLC, page 243:

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite. […] Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1921, Ben Travers, “‘Sing Cuccu Nu’”, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC, part I (“Come He Will”), page 47:

(uncountable, formal) Great anger; (countable) an instance of this.

Great anger; (countable) an instance of this.

the wrath of God

[…] I [i.e., God] gaue the [thee] a kinge in my wrath, and in my diſpleaſure will I take him from the agayne.

1535 October 14 (Gregorian calendar), Myles Coverdale, transl., Biblia: The Byble, […] (Coverdale Bible), [Cologne or Marburg]: [Eucharius Cervicornus and Johannes Soter?], →OCLC, Eseas [Hosea] xiij:[11], folio lxxxvi, verso, column 1:

[H]e is the miniſter of God, a reuenger to execute wrath vpon him that doeth euill.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 13:4, column 2:

And though not mortall, yet a cold ſhuddring devv
 Dips me all o'e[r], as vvhen the vvrath of Iove
 Speaks thunder, and the chaines of Erebus
 To ſome of Saturns crevv.

1634 October 9 (first performance), [John Milton], edited by H[enry] Lawes, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […] [Comus], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC, page 27:

He to appeaſe thy wrauth, and end the ſtrife
 Of Mercy and Juſtice in thy face diſcern'd,
 Regardleſs of the Bliſs wherein hee ſat
 Second to thee, offerd himſelf to die
 For mans offence.

1667, John Milton, “Book III”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 406–410:

[T]he vvrath of God cometh upon the children of diſobedience.

1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, page 188:

(uncountable) Punishment, retribution, or vengeance resulting from anger; (countable) an instance of this.

възме́здие

punishment, retribution, or vengeance resulting from anger; an instance of this.


wrath

en-verb

wrath (third-person singular simple present wraths, present participle wrathing, simple past and past participle wrathed)

wraths (present singular third-person)
wrathing (participle present)
wrathed (participle past)
wrathed (past)
wrath (infinitive)
wrath (first-person present singular)
wrathed (first-person past singular)
wrath (present second-person singular)
wrathest (archaic present second-person singular)
wrathed (past second-person singular)
wrathedst (archaic past second-person singular)
wraths (present singular third-person)
wratheth (archaic present singular third-person)
wrathed (past singular third-person)
wrath (plural present)
wrathed (past plural)
wrath (present subjunctive)
wrathed (past subjunctive)
wrath (imperative present)
wrathing (participle present)
wrathed (participle past)

[R]emembre howe by thy cursed synnes thou haste offended and wrathed thy lorde god.

[1506?], Jacobus van Gruitroede, translated by [Margaret Beaufort], The Mirroure of Golde for the Synfull Soule, London: […] Richarde Pynson, →OCLC, folio 12, verso:

Of ire yͤ whiche is agayne god. […] A man wratheth hym ayenst god for many thynges, pryncypally for the flagellacions, aduersytees, fortunes, sykenesses, & mortalytees, losses, punycyons, famyne, warre & yll tyme.

1510 September 24 (Gregorian calendar), [Andrew Chertsey], transl., Ihesus. The Floure of the Commaundements of God […], London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, →OCLC, folio 60, recto:

And than the byſſhop ſayd vnto the clerke⸝ thou haſt wrathed me⸝ but yf thou wylte be ſory thou ſhalte haue my loue as thou haddeſt before⸝ & I ſhall gyue the [i.e., thee] the benefyce yͭ I haue promyſed to gyue the⸝ ſholde not he be anone ſory of that I byleue that yes.

1520, Saynt Peter of Lucẽbourth [i.e., Pierre de Luxembourg], anonymous translator, The Boke Entytuled the Next Way to Heuen […], London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, →OCLC, folio [4], recto:

(transitive)
To anger (someone); to enrage.


wrath

en-adj

wrath (comparative more wrath, superlative most wrath)

more wrath (comparative)
most wrath (superlative)

A variant of wroth, probably influenced by wrath (noun) (see etymology 1).

Take heede the Queene come not vvithin his ſight,
 For Oberon is paſſing fell and vvrath:
 Becauſe that ſhe, as her attendant, hath
 A louely boy ſtollen, from an Indian king:
 She neuer had ſo ſvveete a changeling.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, A Midsommer Nights Dreame. […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Richard Bradock] for Thomas Fisher, […], published 1600, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], signature B3, recto:

VVhereat the Prince full vvrath, his ſtrong right hand
 In full auengement heaued vp on hie,
 And ſtroke the Pagan vvith his ſteely brand
 So ſore, that to his ſaddle bovv thereby
 He bovved lovv, and ſo a vvhile did lie: […]

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 43, page 120:

And Pharao being a vvrath againſt them (for the one vvas chiefe of the cupbearers, the other chiefe baker) he ſent them into the priſon of the captaine of the ſouldiers, in the vvhich Ioſeph alſo vvas priſoner.

1609, The Holie Bible, […] (Douay–Rheims Bible), Doway: Lavrence Kellam, […], →OCLC, Genesis 40:2–3, pages 122–123:

Th' old Dragon underground
 In ſtraiter limits bound,
 Not half ſo far caſts his uſurped ſvvay,
 And vvrath to ſee his Kingdom fail,
 Svvindges the ſcaly Horrour of his foulded tail.

1629, John Milton, “On the Morning of Christs Nativity”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], published 1646, →OCLC, page 9:

Lovel, seldom angry, was violently wrath with his brother-in-law; and, almost always polite, was at breakfast scarcely civil to Lady Baker.

1860 January–June, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “A Black Sheep”, in Lovel the Widower, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1861, →OCLC, page 165:

I felt wrath with her. My heart so cherished my harmless, defenceless Lilian, that I was jealous of the praise taken from her to be bestowed on another.

1861 September 28 – 1862 March 8, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter XXXI, in A Strange Story. […], volume II, London: Sampson Low, Son, & Co., […], published 1862, →OCLC, page 229:

(archaic) Synonym of wroth (“full of anger; wrathful”).


blow-up

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blow-up.wav

The kids played with a blow-up sea-monster in the pool.


blow up

en-verb

blow up (third-person singular simple present blows up, present participle blowing up, simple past blew up, past participle blown up)

blows up (present singular third-person)
blowing up (participle present)
blew up (past)
blown up (participle past)

From Middle English blow up, blowe up, dissimilated forms of earlier Middle English upblowen (> English upblow), equivalent to blow + up. Compare West Frisian opblaze (“to blow up, inflate”), Dutch opblazen (“to blow up, inflate”), German aufblähen and aufblasen (“to blow up, inflate”), Swedish blåsa upp (“to blow up, inflate”), Icelandic blása upp (“to blow up, inflate”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ufblēsan, “to blow or puff up”).

cog

Blow up the picture to get a better look at their faces.

Dad blew up at me when I told him I was pregnant.

(intransitive, slang) To suddenly get very angry, to lose one's temper.

(intransitive, cycling) To succumb to oxygen debt and lose the ability to maintain pace in a race.


wobbly

(colloquial, chiefly UK, Ireland, Commonwealth) A wobbler; a fit of rage; a tantrum.


dudgeon

Uncertain:
* Perhaps the same as Etymology 2, below
* Perhaps from Welsh dygen (“anger, grudge”) (from dy- + cwyn (“complaint”)), though the OED rejects this.
* Possibly from dudgen (“trash, something worthless”).
* Possibly borrowed from Italian aduggiare (“to overshadow”), similar to the semantic development of umbrage.

All gentle folks who owe a grudge / To any living thing, / Open your ears and stay your trudge / Whilst I in dudgeon sing.

1818, John Keats, “The Gadfly”, in Letter to Tom Keats:

To crown his discontent, his approach was utterly unnoticed by that capricious damsel. He dashed away in dudgeon from the house at an early hour, certainly less regretted by the maid than by the master of the inn.

1835, William Gilmore Simms, The Partisan, Harper, Chapter XVIII, page 224:

[…] I have reason to know that she took its impressment into the service of boiling my egg and broiling my bacon, in dudgeon; for I saw her, with my own discomfited eyes, shake her fist at me once […]

1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, “I am Sent Away from Home”, in The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC:

You may take the whole damned houseful if you like. Except the jewels. Theyre hired. Will that satisfy you? [He turns on his heel and is about to go in extreme dudgeon].

1912 (date written), [George] Bernard Shaw, “Pygmalion”, in Androcles and the Lion, Overruled, Pygmalion, London: Constable and Company, published 1916, →OCLC, Act IV, page 167:

[W]ith girls of high and haughty spirit you have to watch your step, especially if they have red hair, like Bobbie. If they think you're talking out of turn, dudgeon ensues, and dudgeon might easily lead her to reach for the ginger ale bottle and bean me with it.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XI, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

In her typical appearances on Fox News, Jeanine Pirro, a former Republican district attorney, reserves her highest dudgeon for castigating liberals and lamenting the demise of law and order.

2020 May 30, Michael M. Grynbaum, Annie Karni, Jeremy W. Peters, “What Top Conservatives Are Saying About George Floyd and Police Brutality”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A feeling of anger or resentment, especially haughty indignation.

Groll

feeling of anger or resentment, especially haugthy indignation


wrathful

en-adj

wrathful (comparative more wrathful, superlative most wrathful)

more wrathful (comparative)
most wrathful (superlative)


vehemence

en-noun

vehemence (usually uncountable, plural vehemences)

From Middle English vehemens, vemance, from Old French vëemence, vehemence, from Latin vehementia (“eagerness, strength”), from vehemens (“eager”).

der

His response was bursting with hatred and vehemence.

This worrisome tendency was on display in recent weeks as Israelis reacted with striking vehemence to remarks by UN secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, and US ambassador to Israel, Daniel Shapiro.

2016 February 6, Israel’s prickliness blocks the long quest for peace, “The National”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):


get someone's goat

en-verb

get someone's goat (third-person singular simple present gets someone's goat, present participle getting someone's goat, simple past got someone's goat, past participle (UK) got someone's goat or (US) gotten someone's goat)

gets someone's goat (present singular third-person)
getting someone's goat (participle present)
got someone's goat (past)
got someone's goat (UK participle past)
gotten someone's goat (US participle past)

/ˌɡɛt ˈsʌmwʌnz ˈɡəʊt/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-get someone's goat.wav

Uncertain; it has been suggested that the term may be derived from French prendre la chèvre (literally “to take the goat”), or refer to the stealing of a goat mascot from a military unit, etc.

der

It really gets my goat when inconsiderate people drop litter in public.

If he had legged it on his own account, because what he heard me say got his goat, I could understand that.

1915, Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, chapter XXIII, in Uneasy Money, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton and Company, published 17 March 1916, →OCLC, page 306:

"Unfortunately," said Soames, "there's no such thing as luck in properly regulated assurance, as we shall find, or I'm much mistaken. I shouldn't be surprised if an action lay against the Board for gross negligence!" That had got the Chairman's goat!—Got his goat? What expressions they used nowadays!

1924 October, John Galsworthy, “The Mark Falls”, in The White Monkey, London: William Heinemann, published November 1924, →OCLC, part II, page 123:

But there's one litte thing that gets my goat, / That certainly strikes a sour note. / It's that Southern Ship who has my place— / With her larger decks and her faster pace.

1941 May, “Milestone”, in T. Orchard Lisle, editor, The Log, volume 36, number 8, San Francisco, Calif.: Miller Freeman Publishers, →OCLC, page 34:

It sure did get their goat; they turned without saying a word and walked off toward the highway, red-necked, us laughing behind them. I forget sometimes what laughter can do.

1962 February 1, Ken Kesey, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Signet Books; 225), New York, N.Y.: New American Library, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: Signet, New American Library, February 1963, →OCLC, page 95:

Sometimes people are quite simply intent on riling us; on getting our goat. [...] If you don't want them to get your goat, don't let them know where it is.

2002, Barry Winbolt, “Looking for New Ideas”, in Difficult People: A Guide to Handling Difficult Behaviour, Seaford, East Sussex: ISR Publishing, Institute for Social Relations, published 2005, →ISBN, section 2, pages 191–192:

As Sandra Strain had seen it, as quickly as Natty had gotten her goat, she had slaughtered it by being apologetic. This was not what the girl had anticipated, nor wanted to hear.

2005, Sandy Santistevan, chapter 7, in Song of the Cicada: A Novel, Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN, page 79:

(informal, idiomatic) To annoy or infuriate someone.

courir sur le haricot

to annoy or infuriate someone — see also annoy, infuriate


have it in for

en-verb

have it in for (third-person singular simple present has it in for, present participle having it in for, simple past and past participle had it in for)

has it in for (present singular third-person)
having it in for (participle present)
had it in for (participle past)
had it in for (past)
got it in for (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-have it in for.wav

My boss must really have it in for me; that was the third lecture this week!

(transitive, colloquial) To be very angry with; to have a grudge against; to intend revenge against.


have had it up to here

have had it up to here (third-person singular simple present has had it up to here, present participle having had it up to here, simple past and past participle had had it up to here)

has had it up to here (present singular third-person)
having had it up to here (participle present)
had had it up to here (participle past)
had had it up to here (past)

I have had it up to here with your nonsense!

(idiomatic, informal) To have become very frustrated or angry; to have reached the limit of one's patience or forbearance.

estar fins al capdamunt

To have reached the limit of one's patience


frenzy

en-noun

frenzy (countable and uncountable, plural frenzies)

frenzies (plural)
phrenzy (alternative)
phrensy (alternative)

From Middle English frensy, frenesie, from Old French frenesie, from Latin phrenesis, from Ancient Greek *φρένησις (*phrénēsis), a later equivalent of φρενῖτις (phrenîtis, “inflammation of the brain”): see frantic and frenetic. Doublet of phrenesis.

All else is towering frenzy and distraction.

1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, page 1:

The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

A violent agitation of the mind approaching madness; rage.

неи́стовство

a violent agitation of the mind approaching madness; rage


fly off the handle

en-verb

fly off the handle (third-person singular simple present flies off the handle, present participle flying off the handle, simple past flew off the handle, past participle flown off the handle)

flies off the handle (present singular third-person)
flying off the handle (participle present)
flew off the handle (past)
flown off the handle (participle past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fly off the handle.wav

My dad flew off the handle when he saw the F grade on my report card.

But he added: “Look, it happens to everybody. I’ve flown off the handle way worse than Elon Musk did in the last 24 hours.”

2025 June 7, Edward Helmore, quoting JD Vance, “Trump warns Musk of ‘very serious consequences’ if he backs Democrats”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(colloquial, idiomatic) To become very angry or enraged; to throw a fit or go crazy.


temper

en-noun

temper (countable and uncountable, plural tempers)

From Middle English temperen, tempren, from Old English ġetemprian, temprian, borrowed from Latin temperō (“I divide or proportion duly, I moderate, I regulate; intransitive senses I am moderate, I am temperate”), from tempus (“time, fit season”). Compare also French tempérer. Doublet of tamper. See temporal.

der

an outburst of temper

When I heard about it I got myself into a terrible temper.

Hortense remained for several days in a condition of sullen anger—she was a cloud lit up by occasional unaccountable flashes of temper.

1919, Henry Blake Fuller, chapter 28, in Bertram Cope’s Year:

Jill suddenly flew into a temper (which is quite a likely thing to happen if you have been interrupted in a cry).

1953, C. S. Lewis, chapter 1, in The Silver Chair, London: Geoffrey Bles, published 1965:

[…] she banged the door as she left as though in temper and walked to her car.

1999, Colm Tóibín, chapter 4, in The Blackwater Lightship, New York: Scribner, page 110:


hothead

From hot + head. Compare English hotbrain (“a hothead”); Middle English hot-heorte, hat-heorte (“anger”), Old English hātheort (“furious, angry, irascible, passionate, ardent”, literally “hot-heart”).

cog

The club was full of eager young hotheads who never seemed to be able to agree on anything.

(derogatory) One who angers easily or goes in search of arguments or fights.

brushoved

one who angers easily or goes in search of arguments or fights


choler

en-noun

choler (usually uncountable, plural cholers)

From Middle English coler (“yellow bile”), from Old French colere (“bile, anger”), from Latin cholera (“bilious disease”), from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”). Doublet of cholera.

Threatned with frowning wrath and iealouſie,
Surpriz’d with feare and hideous reuenge,
I ſtand agaſt: but moſt aſtonied
To ſee his choller ſhut in ſecrete thoughtes,
And wrapt in ſilence of his angry ſoule.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene ii:

This roused the tinker's choler, already provoked at Tugwell's amorous freedom with his doxy, and he gave him a click in the mazard. Tugwell had not been used tamely to receive a kick or a cuff; he, therefore, gave the tinker a rejoinder, […]

1808, Richard Graves, The Spiritual Quixote, page 127:


off the deep end

It used to be a funny comic, but lately it has gone off the deep end.

(idiomatic, US) Crazy, erratic, or irrational.


take umbrage

en-verb

take umbrage (third-person singular simple present takes umbrage, present participle taking umbrage, simple past took umbrage, past participle taken umbrage)

takes umbrage (present singular third-person)
taking umbrage (participle present)
took umbrage (past)
taken umbrage (participle past)

“She took umbrage?”
 “Yes, and she also took my head off. I don't know if you have ever been in a typhoon on the Indian Ocean.”

1960, P. G. Wodehouse, Jeeves in the Offing, chapter X:

Some lawmakers took umbrage.

2025 February 11, Patrik Jonsson, “Trump, Musk want to curb FEMA. Its North Carolina response says volumes.”, in The Christian Science Monitor:


in high dudgeon

When civil dudgeon first grew high, \ And men fell out, they knew not why; \ When hard words, jealousies, and fears, \ Set folks together by the ears..

1663, Hudibras, by Samuel Butler, part 1, canto 1

He puts on a querulous voice and says, "Question. What particular altitude is dudgeon inevitably? Answer. High." He laughs and slaps his knees.

1987, Bernard MacLaverty, short story. "The Drapery Man" (published in The Great Profumo and Other Stories, Jonathan Cape, 1987) - p.35

(idiomatic) Resentfully or furiously, with indignation or pomposity.


road rage

road rage (third-person singular simple present road rages, present participle road raging, simple past and past participle road raged)

road rages (present singular third-person)
road raging (participle present)
road raged (participle past)
road raged (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-road rage.wav

road + rage. First use appears c. 1988 in the Orlando Sentinel.

(informal, transitive, intransitive) To engage in such behavior.

(aggressive driving) агресси́вное вожде́ние n (agressívnoje voždénije)


go ape

go ape (third-person singular simple present goes ape, present participle going ape, simple past went ape, past participle gone ape)

goes ape (present singular third-person)
going ape (participle present)
went ape (past)
gone ape (participle past)

(slang) To become wildly excited or enthusiastic.


blow a gasket

blow a gasket (third-person singular simple present blows a gasket, present participle blowing a gasket, simple past blew a gasket, past participle blown a gasket)

blows a gasket (present singular third-person)
blowing a gasket (participle present)
blew a gasket (past)
blown a gasket (participle past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blow a gasket.wav

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see blow, gasket. To cause the seal made by a gasket to fail.


madden

madden (third-person singular simple present maddens, present participle maddening, simple past and past participle maddened)

maddens (present singular third-person)
maddening (participle present)
maddened (participle past)
maddened (past)


hopping mad

He was hopping mad when he came home and discovered that she had bought a new car without consulting him.

"And you hit him? dear old Father Bhaer?" […]
"I was hopping mad at the time, and thought I shouldn't mind a bit, rather like it perhaps. But when I'd hit uncle one good crack […] I couldn't go on. […] I felt so mean."

1871, Louisa M[ay] Alcott, chapter 4, in Little Men: […], Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, →OCLC:

Dora wouldn't help me make pies 'cause she was afraid of messing her clo'es and that made me hopping mad.

1909 September, L[ucy] M[aud] Montgomery, “Marilla Adopts Twins”, in Anne of Avonlea, Boston, Mass.: L[ouis] C[oues] Page & Company, →OCLC, page 84:

The biggest press news in Washington last week was that the "White House gang" — the little group of reporters whose beat is covering the President — was hopping mad at Franklin Roosevelt. Most of them felt that the President had played them for suckers and they were no happier when other newsmen rubbed it in.

1941 September 15, “The Press: End of a White House Friendship”, in Time, retrieved 2018-12-05:

Rhonda L. Gaynier, a New York lawyer, is hopping mad because, she says, getting on an airplane these days means being groped by a stranger.

2004 November 2, Joe Sharkey, “When a Pat-Down Seems Like Groping”, in New York Times, retrieved 2018-12-05:

(idiomatic) Extremely angry; furious to the point of outburst.


seethe

seethe (third-person singular simple present seethes, present participle seething, simple past and past participle seethed)

seethes (present singular third-person)
seething (participle present)
seethed (participle past)
seethed (past)
seethe (infinitive)
seethe (first-person present singular)
seethed (first-person past singular)
sod (archaic first-person past singular)
seethe (present second-person singular)
seethest (archaic present second-person singular)
seethed (past second-person singular)
seethedst (archaic past second-person singular)
sod (archaic past second-person singular)
seethes (present singular third-person)
seetheth (archaic present singular third-person)
seethed (past singular third-person)
sod (archaic past singular third-person)
seethe (plural present)
seethed (past plural)
sod (archaic past plural)
seethe (present subjunctive)
seethed (past subjunctive)
sod (archaic past subjunctive)
seethe (imperative present)
seething (participle present)
seethed (participle past)
sodden (archaic participle past)
seeth (alternative)

The verb is derived from Middle English sethen, seeth (“to boil, seethe; to cook; etc.”) [and other forms], from Old English sēoþan (“to boil, seethe; to cook; etc.”), from Proto-West Germanic *seuþan, from Proto-Germanic *seuþaną (“to boil, seethe”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sewt-, *h₂sew-, *h₂sut- (“to move about, roil, seethe”).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Cognates
* Albanian zjej (“to boil, seethe”)
* Danish syde (“to seethe, boil”)
* Dutch zieden (“to boil, seethe”)
* German sieden (“to boil, seethe”)
* Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (sauþs, “burnt offering, sacrifice”)
* Icelandic sjóða (“to boil, seethe”)
* Low German seden (“to seethe”)
* Norwegian Bokmål syde (“to boil, seethe”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk sjoda, syda (“to boil, seethe”)
* Scots seth, seith (“to seethe”)
* Swedish sjuda (“to boil, seethe”)
* West Frisian siede (“to boil”)

nb...

cethen, cethyn, sede, seden, seethe, seith, seithe, seth, sethe, sethene, syede, sith, sithe, sithen, zeoth, zeothen, zeotheon, (chiefly Early Middle English) seþe, seþen, seoth, seothe, seothen, seoþe, seoþen, (Early Middle English) seit, seod, soð

cog

[W]hen a pot ſeetheth, if we lade it and moove the liquor up and down, even while it ſeetheth, we ſhall make it quiet.

1597, Don Richardo de Medico Campo [pseudonym; Richard Lichfield], The Trimming of Thomas Nashe Gentleman, London: […] [Edward Allde] for Philip Scarlet, →OCLC; republished as J[ohn] P[ayne] C[ollier], editor, The Trimming of Thomas Nashe Gentleman (Miscellaneous Tracts, Temp. Eliz. & Jac. I), [London: s.n.], 1870, →OCLC, page 31:

Deep Hell! that seethest in thy simmering pit; / Thy thousand throned horrors shall not vie, / Or ever compass it!

1887, Madison J[ulius] Cawein, “Aspiration”, in Blooms of the Berry, Lewisville, Ky.: John P. Morton and Company, […], →OCLC, page 17:

Of a liquid or other substance, or a container holding it: to be boiled (vigorously); to become boiling hot.

кипя

of a liquid or other substance, or a container: to be boiled (vigorously); to become boiling hot

My bowels ſeeth wͪ in me ⁊ take no reſt, for yͤ dayes of my trouble are come vpõ me.

1535 October 14 (Gregorian calendar), Myles Coverdale, transl., Biblia: The Byble, […] (Coverdale Bible), [Cologne or Marburg]: [Eucharius Cervicornus and Johannes Soter?], →OCLC, Job xxx:[27], folio viij, verso, column 2:

I obſerue our Ducheſſe / Is ſicke a dayes, ſhe puykes, her ſtomacke ſeethes, […]

1612–1613 (date written), John Webster, The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy. […], London: […] Nicholas Okes, for Iohn Waterson, […], published 1623, →OCLC, Act II, scene i, signature D2, recto:

O my belly ſeeths like a Porridge-pot, ſome cold vvater I ſhall boyle ouer elſe; my vvhole body is in a ſvveat, that you may vvring my ſhirt; […]

c. 1626 or 1629–1633 (first performance), [John Ford], ’Tis Pitty Shee’s a Whore […], London: […] Nicholas Okes for Richard Collins, […], published 1633, →OCLC, Act III, signature [F4], verso:

[A] thouſand frantick Spirits / Seething, like riſing bubbles, on the brim, / Peep'd from the VVatry brink, and glovv'd upon me.

1679, [John] Dryden, [Nathaniel] Lee, Oedipus: A Tragedy. […], London: […] R. Bentley and M. Magnes […], →OCLC, Act IV, page 60:

And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething, / As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing, / A mighty fountain momently was forced: […]

1797, S[amuel] T[aylor] Coleridge, “Kubla Khan: Or A Vision in a Dream”, in Christabel: Kubla Khan, a Vision: The Pains of Sleep, London: […] John Murray, […], by William Bulmer and Co. […], published 1816, →OCLC, page 56:

I saw all shapes of death / And ministered to many, o'er the plain / While carnage in the sun-beam's warmth did seethe, / Till twilight o'er the east wove her serenest wreath.

1817 December (indicated as 1818), Percy B[ysshe] Shelley, “Canto Sixth”, in Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City: A Vision of the Nineteenth Century. […], London: […] [F]or Sherwood, Neely, & Jones, […]; and C[harles] and J[ames] Ollier, […]; by B[uchanan] M‘Millan, […], →OCLC, stanza XVII, page 136:

"He seetheth like a steaming cauldron," answered the servant; "and Bauldie, the lad, walketh him about the yard with a halter, lest he take cold."

1824 June, [Walter Scott], “Letter VII. The Same to the Same. [Darsie Latimer to Alan Fairford; in Continuation.]”, in Redgauntlet, […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 142:

Of a liquid, vapor, etc., or a container holding it: to foam or froth in an agitated manner, as if boiling.

هَاجَ

of a liquid, vapour, etc., or a container holding it: to foam or froth in an agitated manner, as if boiling — see also foam, froth

Shock Box was the skankiest bar in Hasted, complete with a cheesy jukebox, cheap pints, and a sweaty club in the basement that seethed every weekend with a superhorny boarding-school crowd.

2011 February, Kate Kingsley, chapter 30, in Kiss & Break Up (Young, Loaded, and Fabulous), New York, N.Y.: Simon Pulse, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 201:

Of a place: to be filled with many people or things moving about actively; to buzz with activity; also, of people or things: to move about actively in a crowd or group.

hemžit se

of a place: to be filled with many people or things moving about actively; to buzz with activity; of people or things: to move about actively in a crowd or group

Yee come t'encounter vvith a valiant Foe; / […] ſuch as ſhrinke not / To haue their bloods ſod vvith the dog-dayes heate, / Nor to be crudled vvith cold Saturnes Rod: […]

c. 1592 (date written), Thomas Heywood, The Foure Prentises of London, […], revised edition, London: […] Nicholas Okes, published 1632, →OCLC, signature K, recto:

[F]oorthvvith her eyes bred her eye-ſore, the firſt vvhite vvhereon their tranſpiercing arrovves ſtuck, being the breathleſſe corps of Leander: vvith the ſodaine contemplation of this piteous ſpectacle of her loue, ſodden to haddocks meate, her ſorrovve could not chooſe but be indefinite, […]

1599, [Thomas] Nashe, Nashes Lenten Stuffe, […], London: […] [Thomas Judson and Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and C[uthbert] B[urby] […], →OCLC, page 45:

Floriſhing vvits and men of good parts, good faſhion, good vvorth, baſely proſtitute themſelues to euery rogues company, to take Tobacco, and drinke, to ſing ſcurrile ſongs. […] They drovvn their vvits, ſeeth their braines in ale, […]

1621, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Mirth and Merry Company Remedies”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and Iames Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 6, subsection 4, page 380:

'Tis a poor Ideot Boy, / Who sits in the Sun, and twirls a Bough about, / His weak eyes seeth'd in most unmeaning tears.

1813, S[amuel] T[aylor] Coleridge, Remorse. A Tragedy, […], 2nd edition, London: […] W. Pople, […], →OCLC, Act II, scene i, page 25:

To overboil (something) so that it loses its flavour or texture; hence (figurative), to cause (the body, the mind, the spirit, etc.) to become dull through too much alcoholic drink or heat.

turruttaa

to cause (the body, the mind, etc.) to become dull through too much alcoholic drink or heat


impetuosity

en-noun

impetuosity (usually uncountable, plural impetuosities)

From English impetuous + -ity, from Middle French impétuosité, from Old French.

Again his lordship began his long and deliberate perusal, while Henrietta watched the slow motion of his eyes with a degree of impetuosity she could scarcely repress.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “A Request Refused”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 297:

The condition or quality of being impetuous, impatient; fury; violence.


ferocity

ferocity (countable and uncountable, plural ferocities)

Borrowed from Middle French férocité, from Latin ferocitas, from ferox (“fierce”), from ferus (“wild, savage, fierce”).

Near-synonyms: fierceness, furiousness, fury, vehemence, violence

Nearly a year later, in the month of October, 18—, London was startled by a crime of singular ferocity and rendered all the more notable by the high position of the victim.

1886, Robert Louis Stevenson, chapter 4, in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde:


see red

en-verb

see red (third-person singular simple present sees red, present participle seeing red, simple past saw red, past participle seen red)

sees red (present singular third-person)
seeing red (participle present)
saw red (past)
seen red (participle past)

Possibly from the red flag used in some historic armies to signal the imminence of battle, or from the red cloth used to enrage bulls in Spanish bullfighting, or more generally from the idea of red as a colour of warning and danger. Compare corresponding idioms in several European languages: Danish se rødt, German rotsehen, French voir rouge, etc.

"So help me, God," he cried, "when I think it all over I go crazy, I see red."

1901, Frank Norris, chapter 2, in The Octopus:

Nothing but his temper, the lack of self-control that made him see red . . ., had kept Jerry out of a world championship.

1920, William MacLeod Raine, chapter 22, in The Big-Town Round-Up:

"It makes me see red when I remember these folk, Lady This and Countess That, declaring all the comfort they have had, and then leaving those who gave it to die in the gutter or rot in the workhouse."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

(idiomatic) To become enraged, angry, or irritated.

Diop, sometimes criticized for passive play, saw red once this season when he lashed out at a foe who kicked away his legs.

2005 January 26, Rob Hughes, “Soccer: Trio from Senegal is having a ball”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-11-14:

Kalinic later saw red for a rash tackle on Paul Scharner before Gabriel Tamas was dismissed for bringing down Diouf.

2010 December 28, Kevin Darlin, “West Brom 1 - 3 Blackburn”, in BBC:

(idiomatic, soccer) To receive a red card, and be dismissed from the playing field.


splenetic

en-adj

splenetic (comparative more splenetic, superlative most splenetic)

more splenetic (comparative)
most splenetic (superlative)
splenetick (alternative obsolete)

The adjective form of spleen, borrowed from Late Latin spleneticus, from Latin splen. Anger was traditionally believed to originate from the fluids of the spleen.

A sect, whose chief devotion lies / In odd perverse antipathies; / […] / More peevish, cross, and splenetick, / Than dog distract, or monkey sick.

1662 (indicated as 1663), [Samuel Butler], “[The First Part of Hudibras]”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC:

Horace seems to have purg'd himself from those Splenetick Reflections in those Odes and Epodes, before he undertook the Noble Work of Satires; which were properly so call'd.

1692, John Dryden, “A Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire,”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis:

[…] here were no Gibers, Cenſurers, Backbiters, Pick-pockets, Highwaymen, Houſebreakers, Attorneys, Bawds, Buffoons, Gameſters, Politicians, Wits, ſplenetick tedious Talkers, Controvertiſts, Raviſhers, Murderers, Robbers, Virtuoſo's; […]

1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Author’s Oeconomy and Happy Life among the Houyhnhnms. […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume II, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part IV (A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms), page 301:

Laura was at a loss to account for her cousin’s sulky behaviour, and ignorant in what she had offended him; however, she was not angry in her turn at Pen’s splenetic mood, for she was the most good-natured and forgiving of women, and besides, an exhibition of jealousy on a man’s part is not always disagreeable to a lady.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 27, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

In fact, Gwendolen, not intending it, but intending the contrary, had offended her hostess, who, though not a splenetic or vindictive woman, had her susceptibilities.

1876, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], Daniel Deronda, volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:

In 1979 he published Contre le cinéma situationniste, néo-nazi (Against Neo-Nazi Situationist Cinema), a pamphlet on Hurlements and Debord's later films so splenetic that Isou was unable to bring himself to mention Debord by name; […]

1989, Greil Marcus, “The Attack on Charlie Chaplin”, in Lipstick Traces, Faber & Faber, published 2009:

Bad-tempered, irritable, peevish, spiteful, habitually angry.


pissy

pissy (comparative pissier, superlative pissiest)

pissier (comparative)
pissiest (superlative)

Annoyed; angry; in a bad mood; pissed off.


red mist

What was that tackle about? The red mist still descends on Beckham occasionally.

Slowly the red mist faded from before Tarzan’s eyes. Things began to take form—he was regaining the perspective of civilized man.

1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published 1963, page 45:

On the face of it, this appears to have fit into a pattern that seems familiar with Vettel's errors in recent times. In stressed moments, a sort of red mist seems to descend that reduces his capacity for rational thinking.

2019 September 8, Andrew Benson, BBC Sport:

In that little office, seated before that wretched Do No Bend envelope, the red mist came down, and it wasn't a mist, it was a torrent.

2023, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Spare, Penguin Random House, →ISBN:

Bellingham felt the red mist come down. He had been booked at the end of the first half after stamping into Dmitrijs Zelenkovs. Which only made his full-blooded slide challenge into Jurkovskis risky to say the least.

2025 March 24, David Hytner, “Reece James bends it like Beckham to help England break down Latvia”, in The Guardian:

That red-mist moment prompted [James] Blake to dig properly into the workings of the music industry.

2025 June 14, Ludovic Hunter-Tilney, “James Blake's fight against ‘free music’”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts, page 12:

(figurative, also attributive) Uncontrollable rage, anger sufficient to prevent clear thinking.


hot under the collar

hot under the collar (comparative hotter under the collar, superlative hottest under the collar)

hotter under the collar (comparative)
hottest under the collar (superlative)

"Oh, cut it," said Steve wearily. " . . . I don't want to listen to drivel like that."
"Drivel?" repeated the other, puzzled. " . . . I don't see why you need to get so hot under the collar.

1914, Ralph Henry Barbour, chapter 21, in Left End Edwards:

"What do you mean, sir?" cried the old boy, getting purple. . . .
"Now don't get hot under the collar. I'm only asking. I've a right to know."

1919, P. G. Wodehouse, “Jeeves and the Hard Boiled Egg”, in My Man Jeeves:

The Tennessee Football fans who couldn't buy Sugar Bowl tickets were furious, but it's a toss-up whether they were any hotter under the collar than some of those who got them.

1951 December 21, “Poor People! Seats In The End Zone”, in Kentucky New Era, retrieved 2010-09-30, page 9:

A controversial history textbook has IFP members hot under the collar and has resulted in two protest marches being scheduled for KwaZulu-Natal on Wednesday.

2008 May 14, “IFP angry at 'history distortion'”, in Independent Online, South Africa, retrieved 2010-09-30:

The prime minister had earlier sought to row back from the Savile claims on Thursday, saying “a lot of people have got very hot under the collar”.

2022 February 3, Heather Stewart, quoting Boris Johnson, “Boris Johnson’s policy chief quits over PM’s ‘scurrilous’ Savile remark”, in The Guardian:

(idiomatic, of a person) Angry; agitated.

(idiomatic, colloquial, slang, of a person) Sexually aroused.


hot and bothered

hot and bothered (comparative more hot and bothered, superlative most hot and bothered)

more hot and bothered (comparative)
most hot and bothered (superlative)


hotheaded

hotheaded (comparative more hotheaded, superlative most hotheaded)

more hotheaded (comparative)
most hotheaded (superlative)
hot-headed (alternative)

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Such an opportunity can hardly again occur to an ancient and grey-haired man; and to see it lost by the madcap spleen of a hot-headed boy!

1816, Sir Walter Scott, chapter 1, in The Antiquary—Volume II:

"But I am!" flashed the young man, as if he had been misunderstood.
"Listen. You're like all boys—hot-headed an' hasty. Let me talk a little," resumed Anderson.

1919, Zane Grey, chapter 18, in The Desert of Wheat:

Hungry for fame and the approval of rare-animal collector Queen Victoria (Imelda Staunton), Darwin deceives the Captain and his crew into believing they can get enough booty to win the pirate competition by entering Polly in a science fair. So the pirates journey to London in cheerful, blinkered defiance of the Queen, a hotheaded schemer whose royal crest reads simply “I hate pirates.”

2012 April 26, Tasha Robinson, “Film: Reviews: The Pirates! Band Of Misfits :”, in The Onion AV Club:

Pertaining to or characteristic of a hothead or hotheadedness; (of a person) easily excited or angered.

буен

pertaining to or characteristic of a hothead; easily excited or angered


impetuously

en-adv

impetuously (comparative more impetuously, superlative most impetuously)

more impetuously (comparative)
most impetuously (superlative)

In an impetuous manner; with sudden force


hot-tempered

en-adj

hot-tempered (comparative more hot-tempered, superlative most hot-tempered)

more hot-tempered (comparative)
most hot-tempered (superlative)

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Becoming very vocal or even violent when angered or frustrated.


radge

He hoyed a propa radge when a telt him.

He threw a real tantrum when I told him.

(Geordie, Scotland, Yorkshire) A fit of rage.

Thir's a desperate, pleading edge tae her voice. What a fuckin radge.

1994 [1993], Irvine Welsh, “Bang to Rites”, in Trainspotting, London: Minerva, →ISBN, page 220:

(derogatory, Scotland) An angry or violent person.


radge

en-verb

radge (third-person singular simple present radges, present participle radgin, simple past and past participle radged)

radges (present singular third-person)
radgin (participle present)
radged (participle past)
radged (past)


ill-tempered

en-adj

ill-tempered (comparative more ill-tempered, superlative most ill-tempered)

more ill-tempered (comparative)
most ill-tempered (superlative)

Dr. Evil: You know, I have one simple request. And that is to have sharks with frickin’ laser beams attached to their heads! Now evidently my cycloptic colleague informs me that that can’t be done. Can you remind me what I pay you people for, honestly? Throw me a bone here! What do we have?
Number Two: Sea Bass.
Dr. Evil: Riiiight.
Number Two: They are mutated sea bass.
Dr. Evil: Really? Are they ill-tempered?

1997, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (film)

Spain’s acting prime minister, the socialist leader Pedro Sánchez, has a fresh, if fraught, shot at returning to power after his conservative rival Alberto Núñez Feijóo failed in his attempt to take office in an ill-tempered investiture debate that followed July’s inconclusive general election.

2023 September 29, Sam Jones, “Alberto Núñez Feijóo fails to win Spanish MPs’ backing to become PM”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


ratty

ratty (comparative rattier, superlative rattiest)

rattier (comparative)
rattiest (superlative)

From rat + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjective).

suffix

He got bad, he got ratty, he would take it out on people around him. He was mean when it turned against him.

(originally British) Annoyed, bad-tempered, irritable.


savagery

en-noun

savagery (countable and uncountable, plural savageries)

/ˈsæv.ɪd͡ʒ.ɹɪ/

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“For some reason the women have not reverted to savagery so rapidly as the men.”

1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published 1963, page 172:

(uncountable) Savage or brutal behaviour; barbarity.


roid rage

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(bodybuilding) Uncontrollable anger or violent behavior resulting from the use of anabolic steroids.


hit the roof

en-verb

hit the roof (third-person singular simple present hits the roof, present participle hitting the roof, simple past and past participle hit the roof)

hits the roof (present singular third-person)
hitting the roof (participle present)
hit the roof (participle past)
hit the roof (past)

When he found out I wrecked his brand-new car, he hit the roof.

Half a year of profits gone and now there's hell to pay / The cops say they know who, but there's no proof / The banker hit the roof / and damn near took the car.

1981, Stan Rogers, “Night Guard”, in Northwest Passage:

(idiomatic) To be explosively angry; to lose one's temper.


hot-brain

hot-brains (plural)
hotbrain (alternative)

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From hot + brain. Compare Old English hātheort (“furious, angry, irascible, passionate, ardent”).

cog

(obsolete) an impetuous, fiery person; a hothead


atrociousness

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1689, Francis Grant, Lord Cullen, The Loyalists Reasons for His Giving Obedience, and Swearing Allegiance, to the Present Government, Edinburgh: J. Reid, pp. 34-35,
If there be joyned to [injustice] an other vice […] , if it be frequent and habitual, in a Person of perfect Age, all these Aggravations augment its Atrociousness.

The atrociousness of a crime, depends greatly upon the nature, character, and condition of the victim. […] To steal bread from a full man, is theft; to steal it from a starving man, is both theft and murder.

1830, Theodore Dwight Weld, The Bible against Slavery, New York, page 12:

[…] as the day dawned, the atrociousness of his conduct became apparent.

1958, T. H. White, The Once and Future King, New York: Putnam, Book 2, Chapter 12, p. 309:

The state or quality of being atrocious.


short-tempered

en-adj

short-tempered (comparative more short-tempered, superlative most short-tempered)

more short-tempered (comparative)
most short-tempered (superlative)

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She is so short-tempered that people avoid her company.

Easily angered; frequently losing one's temper.


sorehead

en-noun

sorehead (countable and uncountable, plural soreheads)

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From sore + head, perhaps specifically from the simile like (or mad as) a bear with a sore head.

Sorehead is a prevailing trouble in Hawaii, but I am convinced that much sorehead, if not all of it, can be averted if we keep our chicks off the ground until they are at least three months old.

1905, F. L. Hoogs, Paradise of the Pacific, volumes 18-19, page 45:

1922, University of Hawaii (Honolulu), Agricultural Dept, Annual Report of the Agricultural Department, Volume 4, page 103,
The two principal causes of death among chicks has been sorehead and coccidiosis.

Such ailments as sorehead and pip also took their toll. Children learned early not to throw watermelon rinds where the chickens could peck them: pecking watermelon rinds gave chickens sorehead.

1977, Kathryn Tucker Windham, Southern Cooking to Remember, page 106:


in a bake

O, Dedalus, he cried, Doyle is in a great bake about you.

1916 December 29, James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, New York, N.Y.: B[enjamin] W. Huebsch, →OCLC:


crossness

crossness (countable and uncountable, plural crossnesses)

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Elizabeth […] wished he were beside her, and was so glad to think he would soon be beside her always, with all his humours and weaknesses, all his little crossnesses and complainings[…]

1863, Dinah Maria Craik, Mistress and maid:

At any other time Jessamy would have laughed at the expressions that chased each other over his freckled face: crossness left over from his struggle with the baby; incredulity; distress; and finally delight.

1967, Barbara Sleigh, Jessamy, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, published 1993, →ISBN, page 122:


furiousness

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The state or quality of being furious or outraged; enragement; inflamedness.


fit to be tied

From fit (“proper, suitable; prepared, ready”) and tied (“attached or fastened by string or the like; bound”), probably referring to someone being so agitated or angry that they need to be physically restrained to prevent harm to themselves or others.

[…] Mrs. Pepper reprimanded the master in the middle of the Park, before all the quality—Sunday afternoon, and the band playing, and the officers laughing, and he fit to be tied.

1838 April, “Ensign O’Donoghue’s Packet from Belgium”, in Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, volume XVII, number C, London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, page 446, column 2:

A thought struck him: he would play off the old lady for her ill-breeding, and he imparted his plan to Filagree. Shortly, they were whisked into a [train] tunnel, and all was darkness. Smack! Smack! from Cromwell, and ditto, ditto, from the Muffin, as they faithfully imitated loud kissing. It was pitch dark, and the old lady was "fit to be tied." "Girls, what are you about?" Smack! Smack! again.

1849, [Sir Richard Levinge, 7th Baronet], chapter VI, in Cromwell Doolan; or, Life in the Army. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 132:

Rage, frenzy and grief, fluctuated in my breast with a terrible power. I was as one distraught, as one fit to be tied.

1859 April 2, “The Reverend Alfred Hoblush Finds a New Broom”, in Charles Dickens, editor, Household Words. A Weekly Journal, volume XIX, number 471, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], →OCLC, page 425, column 2:

Some girls can set around until they're blue moulded, and never a feller to ask 'em, and others the boys'll fret and pleg until they're fit to be tied, with nerves!

1915, Kathleen Norris, chapter VIII, in The Story of Julia Page, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, →OCLC, page 368:

[…] I was fit to be tied though I wouldnt give in with that gentleman of fashion staring down at me with his glasses and him the other side of me talking about [Baruch] Spinoza […]

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 18: Penelope]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos], page 719:

I’m fit to be tied right now. I’d like to throw my cap up into the air and yell Blue Blazes.

1932, Edgar Wallace, Merian C[aldwell] Cooper, novelization by Delos W[heeler] Lovelace, chapter 6, in King Kong, trade softcover edition, Nevada City, Calif.: Underwood Books, published 2005, →ISBN, page 40:

A man has a lot of time to think about a wife's anger during a long commute, […] You have all the way in to work to let it get into your head. And then if you've also been caught in a traffic jam, you're maybe fit to be tied by the time you get to work in the morning of you get home at night. You get the most depressing, down thoughts.

2007 June 3, Michael Leahy, “Driven to Extremes”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-03-05:

You can run! / You can hide! / But we'll be right on your tail, / And we're all fit to be tied!

2020 March 21, Random Encounters, “Goose on Holiday: An Untitled Goose Game Song”performed by Random Encounters, Adriana Figueroa, and FamilyJules, YouTube, archived from the original on 2023-03-21:

(idiomatic, informal) Very agitated or distressed; also, very angry; enraged, furious.


butthurt

en-adj

butthurt (comparative more butthurt, superlative most butthurt)

more butthurt (comparative)
most butthurt (superlative)
butt-hurt (alternative)

From butt + hurt. First use appears c. 1996 in the Usenet group alt.graffiti. See cite below.

"... oh my. dont get so butthurt, ... i cant even remember what i wrote. anyhow, no i've never been to newyork. and yes i know that graffiti started there.."

1996 November 12, kev...@aol.com, “WRITERS WITH HALF A BRAIN”, in alt.graffiti (Usenet):

(Internet slang, vulgar) Overly annoyed or bothered by a perceived insult or injustice; needlessly offended.

tøsefornærmet

(slang) overly annoyed or bothered by a perceived insult; needlessly offended


grind one's gears

en-verb

grind one's gears (third-person singular simple present grinds one's gears, present participle grinding one's gears, simple past and past participle ground one's gears)

grinds one's gears (present singular third-person)
grinding one's gears (participle present)
ground one's gears (participle past)
ground one's gears (past)

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As an analogy to a state in a multispeed internal combustion engine in which improperly synchronized inputs and outputs in the transmission during a gear shift (as by driver error or a mechanical fault) lead to literal grinding of gears against each other as they're forced to mesh at different speeds from one another. The noise produced is harsh and grating, and damage to the transmission can accumulate with repeated occurences.

It really grinds my gears when inconsiderate people litter.

Yes it has a clickbaity title, and yes, this show will grind the gears of thousands – but it should. It will open everyone’s eyes to the segregated world of dating[.]

2017 July 17, Charlie Brinkhurst-Cuff, “Is Love Racist? The TV show laying our biases bare”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


flame out

flame out (third-person singular simple present flames out, present participle flaming out, simple past and past participle flamed out)

flames out (present singular third-person)
flaming out (participle present)
flamed out (participle past)
flamed out (past)

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[O]n being brought home, and giving us ground to suppose he was much worse hurt than he really was, and a fever ensuing, every one flamed out; and all was laid at my door.

1748, [Samuel Richardson], chapter 4, in Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume I, London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], →OCLC:

(now rare) To become suddenly angry; to break out into indignation or similar emotion; to flare up.


blow one's top

blow one's top (third-person singular simple present blows one's top, present participle blowing one's top, simple past blew one's top, past participle blown one's top)

blows one's top (present singular third-person)
blowing one's top (participle present)
blew one's top (past)
blown one's top (participle past)
blow one's lid (alternative)
blow one's stack (alternative)

When my dad found out I had failed the exams, he just blew his top.

(slang, figurative) To become explosively angry; to lose one's temper.


lose one's temper

lose one's temper (third-person singular simple present loses one's temper, present participle losing one's temper, simple past and past participle lost one's temper)

loses one's temper (present singular third-person)
losing one's temper (participle present)
lost one's temper (participle past)
lost one's temper (past)

When my dad found out I had failed the exams, he completely lost his temper.

(intransitive, idiomatic) To become angry or annoyed.

Note: All terms are idiomatic unless stated otherwise.