bullet

en-noun

bullet (countable and uncountable, plural bullets)

From Middle English bullet (“an official tag or badge of registration or identification”), from Old French bullete, diminutive of boule (“ball”). Later influenced by Middle French boulette and French boulet.

inh

Nakamura is a different animal at 15-minute rapid and five-minute blitz and even more so at one-minute bullet, and in this match he adopted a psychological approach which paid off brilliantly.

2020 August 21, Leonard Barden, “Chess: Carlsen fights back from brink to overcome Nakamura in 38-game epic”, in The Guardian:

Carlsen also has been engaging in online marathons of "bullet chess," exactly the kind of attention-disrupting, energy-draining stunt contenders are supposed to avoid. In a bullet game, each player has only one minute for all the moves. The pace is so rapid the games are hard to watch, much less play.

2021 November 24, Tyler Cowen, “Chess Is an Esport Now. Get Used to It.”, in The Washington Post:

Even today, when they're home, the siblings indulge in a friendly game or two. "We love playing bullet games. It's a format where we make really quick moves," he says, pausing to add, "Think of it like a super over in cricket."

2022 July 27, Srinivasa Ramanujam, “'Feels like a festival': Praggnanandhaa on Chess Olympiad and meeting Rajinikanth”, in The Hindu:

(chess, uncountable) Short for bullet chess.


parliament

en-noun

parliament (countable and uncountable, plural parliaments)

From Middle English parlement, from Anglo-Norman parliament, parlement, parliment and Old French parlement (“discussion, meeting, negotiation; assembly, council”), from parler (“to speak”) + -ment (“-ment”, suffix forming nouns from verbs, usually indicating an action or state resulting from them) (from Latin -mentum). Compare Medieval Latin parlamentum, parliamentum (“discussion, meeting; council or court summoned by the monarch”), Italian parlamento and Sicilian parramentu.

cog

Palace of Westminster
Parliament of the United Kingdom

Following the general election, Jane Doe took her oath of office as a member of the nation's fifth parliament.

The acts made in the first Parliament of our most high and dread soveraigne Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. […]

1633, John Hay, editor, The Acts Made in the First Parliament of our Most High and Dread Soveraigne Charles, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.: Holden by Himselfe, Present in Person, with His Three Estates, at Edinburgh, upon the Twentie Eight Day of Iune, Anno Domini 1633, Edinburgh: Printed by Robert Young, printer to the Kings most excellent Maiestie, →OCLC, title page:

[T]he army under Lambert again thrust the Rump Parliament out of doors, and commenced a new military government, by means of a committee of officers, called the Council of Safety.

1834, Walter Scott, Tales of a Grandfather (Waverley Tales; 49), Parker's edition, volume I, Boston, Mass.: Samuel H[ale] Parker, →OCLC, page 223:

A particular assembly of the members of such a legislature, as convened for a specific purpose or period of time (commonly designated with an ordinal number – for example, first parliament or 12th parliament – or a descriptive adjective – for example, Long Parliament, Short Parliament and Rump Parliament).


Gambel's quail

After William Gambel, American naturalist.

Callipepla gambelii
Callipepla gambelii#Translingual

A quail of North America (of the US-American southwest and the Mexican northwest), Callipepla gambelii.


waterfowl

en-noun

waterfowl (plural waterfowl or waterfowls)

From Middle English waterfoul, water-foul, equivalent to water + fowl. Compare Old English dopfugel (“waterfowl, moorhen”, literally “dipping-fowl”).

noncog

Any of the birds, such as ducks, geese and swans, that spend most of their non-flying time on water; especially those of the family Anatidae.

водни птици

birds that spend most of their non-flying time on water

oiseau aquatique (pl : oiseaux aquatiques - not restricted to Anatidae)


hangbird

The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula), whose nest is suspended from the limb of a tree.


covey

The noun is derived from Middle English covei, covey (“brood of partridges, covey; volley of shot; kind of gun”) [and other forms], from Old French covée (“brood (of chickens), clutch”) (modern French couvée), a noun use of the feminine past participle of cover (“to brood (an egg)”) (modern French couver), from Latin cubāre, the present active infinitive of cubō (“to lie down, recline; to incubate; to be broody”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (“to lie down”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
cognates
* French couvée (“brood (of chickens), clutch”), couver (“to brood (an egg)”)
* Italian covata (“brood, clutch, covey, hatch”), covare (“to brood or incubate (an egg)”)

nb...

coue, coueye, couy, cove, covee, coveie, covy

cove

of a bird or other animal: to brood, cover, incubate, or sit over (eggs)

But, loa, with a ſuddeyn fluſhing thee galligut Harpeys / From mountayns flitter, with gaggling whirlerye flapping / Their wings: […] This coouie rauenouſe, and ſwift with a deſperat onſet, / They gripte in tallants the meat, and foorth ſpourged a ſtincking / Foule carrayne fauoure: […]

[1582, Virgil, “The Third Booke of Virgil His Aeneis”, in Richard Stanyhurst, transl., The First Foure Bookes of Virgils Æneis, […], London: Henrie Bynneman […], published 1583, →OCLC; republished as The First Four Books of the Æneid of Virgil, […], Edinburgh: [Edinburgh Printing Company], 1836, →OCLC, pages 70–71:

[S]o leacherous they [female partridges] are, that ſetting aſide the naturall affection and love to their young covie, vvhen they are broodie, […] yet if they hear once the Foulers chanterell comming tovvard the male, and that he doth call, preſently they vvill leave the neſt and ſuffer the egs to chill, and for very jealouſie crie again and call back the males, and offer themſelves to be troden, for feare they vvould goe to others. […] And all this doth ſhe to amuſe the Fouler after her, untill ſhe have trained him a contrarie vvay from the covey. Novv by that time that ſhee is paſt that feare, and freed of the motherly care ſhe had of her young ones, than vvill ſhee get into the furrovv of ſome land, lie along her backe, catch a clot of earth up vvith her feet, and therevvith hide her vvhole bodie, and ſo have both her ſelfe and her couvey.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book X.] The Industrie and Wit of Birds in Building Their Nests. Of the Swallow, the Argatilis, Cinnamologi, and Partridges.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, pages 289–290:

[A]s for the partridges vvhen they be laid for by the fovvler, together vvith their covin of young birds, they ſuffer them to flie avvay as vvell as they can, and make ſhift to ſave themſelves, but the old rovvens full ſubtilly ſeeme to vvait the comming of the ſaid hunters, abiding untill they approch neere unto them, and by keeping about their feet, traine them ſtill avvay after them, ready ever as it vvere to be caught; […] thus they play mock-holiday vvith the fovvlers, and yet vvith ſome danger to themſelves for the ſafetie of their young, untill they have trained them a great vvay off, vvho ſought for their lives.

1603, Plutarch, “Of the Naturall Love or Kindnes of Parents to Their Children”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Philosophie, Commonlie Called, The Morals […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield, →OCLC, page 219:

See hovv the vvell-taught pointer leads the vvay: / The ſcent grovvs vvarm; he ſtops; he ſprings the prey; / The flutt'ring coveys from the ſtubble riſe, / And on ſvvift vving divide the ſounding ſkies; […]

1713, John Gay, “Rural Sports. A Georgic. Inscribed to Mr. [Alexander] Pope.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, volume I, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], and Bernard Lintot, […], published 1720, →OCLC, page 20, lines 337–340:

"Fine shooting," again muttered Lord Merton; "and if I knew Lord Etheringhame, he might ask me to shoot over his grounds." Campbell talks of the magic of a name—yes, if the name be partridges. "Well, Adelaide; but how do you mean to contrive it?" […] A lingering hope of the covies gave unusual animation to her brother's manner, when he hoped their acquaintance was only begun: […]

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter III, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, pages 34 and 37:

A brood or family of partridges (family Phasianidae), which includes game birds such as grouse (tribe Tetraonini) and ptarmigans (tribe Tetraonini, genus Lagopus).

rodinka (koroptví)

brood or family of partridges, which includes game birds such as grouse and ptarmigans


rein

From Middle English rein, reyne, from Anglo-Norman reyne, resne, from Early Medieval Latin retina, ultimately from Classical Latin retineō (“hold back”), from re- + teneō (“keep, hold”). Compare modern French rêne.
Displaced native Old English brīdel (“bridle, rein”), Old English wealdleþer, ġewealdleþer (“rein, bridle”, literally “control strap”), Old English sāl (“cord, rein”), Old English tyġel (“rein”), and Old English lādtēah, lāttēh (“leash, rein”).

A strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control a horse, animal or young child.

The government is attempting to keep a rein on rising prices.

Let their eyes rove without rein.

1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

(figurative) An instrument or means of curbing, restraining, or governing.


rein

From Anglo-Norman reines, Middle French reins, and their source, Latin rēnēs. Doublet of ren.

My reins rejoice, when thy lips speak right things.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 23:16:

I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation 2:23:

The inward impulses; the affections and passions, formerly supposed to be located in the area of the kidneys.


jaguar

/ˈd͡ʒæɡ.jʊə/

/ˈd͡ʒæɡ.juː.ə/

/ˈd͡ʒæɡ.juː.ɑː/

/ˈd͡ʒæɡ.wɑɹ/

/ˈd͡ʒæɡ.waɪɚ/

From Portuguese jaguar, from Old Tupi îagûara.

Panthera onca
Panthera onca#Translingual

A carnivorous spotted large cat native to South and Central America, Panthera onca.


sei

From sei whale, from Norwegian seihval, seikval, from sei (“pollock”) + hval (“whale”). Doublet of saithe.

Seis also feed by engulfing small schooling fish.

2005, Wayne Ledwell, Whales and Dolphins of Newfoundland and Labrador:


void

From Middle English voide, voyde, from Old French vuit, voide, vuide (modern vide), in turn from Vulgar Latin *vocitum, ultimately from Latin vacuus.

üreg

fluid mechanics: a pocket of vapour inside a fluid flow, created by cavitation

(materials science) A collection of adjacent vacancies inside a crystal lattice.

hézag

materials science: a collection of adjacent vacancies inside a crystal lattice

My little void is so sweet sometimes.

(Internet, humorous, endearing) A black cat.


void

Late on the final evening, as the customary ‘void’ – spiced wine and sweetmeats – was served, more elaborate disguisings in the great hall culminated in the release of a flock of white doves.

2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin, published 2012, page 68:


fried egg

(golf, slang) A golf ball half-buried in sand in a bunker.


giraffe

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.?
Classical Persian سرنا
Proto-Indo-European *ped-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *pṓds
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pā́ts
Proto-Iranian *pā́dah
Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎭 (p-a-d)
Classical Persian پَا (pā)
Classical Persian زُرْنَاپَا (zurnāpā)bor.
Classical Syriac ܙܪܝܦܐbor.
Arabic زُرَافَة (zurāfa)bor.
Italian giraffabor.
Middle French giraffebor.
English giraffe
Borrowed from Middle French giraffe, from Italian giraffa. Displaced camelopard.

etymon

A ruminant, of the genus Giraffa, of the African savannah with long legs and highly elongated neck, which make it the tallest living animal; yellow fur patterned with dark spots, often in the form of a network; and two or more short, skin-covered horns, so-called; strictly speaking the horn-like projections are ossicones.


ham

Uncertain, though it is generally agreed upon that it first appeared in print around the 1880s. At least four theories persist:
* It came naturally from the word amateur. Deemed likely by Hendrickson (1997), but then the question would be why it took so long to pop up. He rejects the folk etymology of Cockney slang hamateur because it originated in American English.
* From the play Hamlet, where the title character was often played poorly and/or in an exaggerated manner. Also deemed likely by Hendrickson, though he raises the issue that the term would have likely been around earlier if this were case.
* From the minstrel's practice of using ham fat to remove heavy black makeup used during performances.
* Shortened from hamfatter (“inferior actor”), said to derive from the 1863 minstrel show song The Ham-fat Man. William and Mary Morris (1988) argue that it's not known whether the song inspired the term or the term inspired the song, but that they believe the latter is the case.


okapi

[page 498, column 1] [I]n leading them [African Pygmies] back to the forests where they dwelt, I obtained much information from them on the subject of the horse-like animal which they called the "Okapi." […] [page 499, column 1] The coloration of the Okapi is quite extraordinary. […] The hind quarters, hind and fore legs are either snowy white or pale cream color, touched here and there with orange. They are boldly marked, however, with purple-black stripes and splodges, which give that zebra-like appearance to the limbs of the Okapi that caused the first imperfect account of it to indicate the discovery of a new striped horse.

1901 September, Harry [i.e., Henry] H[amilton] Johnston, “The Okapi: The Newly-discovered Beast Living in Central Africa”, in McClure’s Magazine, volume XVII, number 5, New York, N.Y., London: S[amuel] S[idney] McClure Co., →OCLC, pages 498 and 499:

Personally I esteem it a more fascinating and a more important task to investigate the relations of the Okapi with the Giraffe on the one hand, and its fossil relatives on the other.

1902 November 18, C[harles] I[mmanuel] Forsyth Major, “On a Specimen of the Okapi Lately Received at Brussels”, in Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, volume I, London: […] [Zoological] Society [of London]; Messrs. Longmans, Green, and Co., […], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 344:

[O]ne day I quite modestly gave the dimensions of an okapi I had shot in the Lincolnshire fens. The Major turned a beautiful Tyrian scarlet (I remember thinking at the time that I should like my bathroom hung in that colour), and I think that at that moment he almost found it in his heart to dislike me.

1904, Saki [pseudonym; Hector Hugh Munro], “Reginald’s Christmas Revel”, in Reginald, London: Methuen & Co. […], →OCLC, page 98:

Dr. [Cuthbert] Christy adds his testimony to that of his predecessors in the same quest as to the "invisibility" of the okapi, whose markings and coloration—pace Colonel Theodore Roosevelt—so break up the surface of its large body and long legs as to cause it to fuse with the dark-brown, russet, while and yellow-white of the twigs and stems and leaf-stalks amongst which it moves. He also points out that the hoofs of the okapi are so closely pressed together that the footprint is almost like that of the single-toed donkey.

1915 August 26, H[enry] H[amilton] Johnston, “Life Habits of the Okapi”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume 95, number 2391, London: Macmillan and Co.; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 714, column 1:

I also took out a licence to shoot small game, costing fifty francs, which can be obtained on the spot, and under which I was able to shoot all kinds of game, excepting elephants, chimpanzis, gorillas and okapis.

1922 May, T[homas] Alexander Barns, “To the Game-haunted Solitudes of Ruchuru and Ruindi Plains”, in The Wonderland of the Eastern Congo: The Region of the Snow-crowned Volcanoes, the Pygmies, the Giant Gorilla and the Okapi, London, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC, page 99:

A large ruminant mammal, of species Okapia johnstoni, found in the rainforests of the Congo, related to the giraffe but with a much shorter neck, a reddish-brown coat, and zebra-like stripes on its hindquarters.


elf

en-noun

elf (plural elves or (now nonstandard) elfs)

elves (plural)
elfs (nonstandard plural)

A Dictionary of the English Language
Andrew Brice
Edmund Spenser
John Dryden
Laurence Eusden
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Oliver and Boyd
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Peter Heylyn
Sabine Baring-Gould
Sidney Lanier
Thomas Nashe
elf

→ Arabic: إِلْف (ʔilf)

→ Dutch: elf

→ French: elfe

→ German: Elf, Elfe

→ Japanese: エルフ (erufu)

→ Korean: 엘프 (elpeu)

→ Russian: эльф (elʹf)

→ Ukrainian: ельф (elʹf)

From Middle English elf, from Old English ielf, ælf, from Proto-West Germanic *albi, from Proto-Germanic *albiz. Ultimately probably derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”). Doublet of alf and oaf.

[…] if theyr children at any time vvere frowarde and vvanton, they would ſay to them that the Guelfe or the Gibeline came. VVhich vvords novve from them (as many thinge els) be come into our vſage, and for Guelfes and Gibelines, we ſay Elfes & Goblins.

1579, E. K., “[Iune. Ægloga Sexta.] Glosse.”, in Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 25, recto:

The man whom heauens haue ordaynd to bee / The ſpouſe of Britomart, is Arthegall: / He wonneth in the land of Fayeree, / Yet is no Fary borne, ne ſib at all / To Elfes, but ſprong of ſeed terreſtriall, / And whylome by falſe Faries ſtolne away, / Whyles yet in infant cradle he did crall; / Ne other to himſelfe is knowne this day, / But that he by an Elfe was gotten of a Fay.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto III”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 433:

Their Robbin-good-fellowes, Elfes, Fairies, Hobgoblins of our latter age, which idolatrous former daies and the fantasticall world of Greece ycleaped Fawnes, Satyres, Dryades & Hamadryades, did most of their merry prankes in the Night.

1594, Tho[mas] Nashe, The Terrors of the Night or, A Discourse of Apparitions, London: […] Iohn Danter for William Iones, […]:

Every elf, and fairy sprite, / Hop as light as bird from brier.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

[…] I had rather have a Child which my Wife ſhould bring me, though by another man, then to have a Changeling brought me by a company of Fairies, Elfs and Goblins: […]

1649, ΕΙΚΩΝ Ἡ ΠΙΣΤΗ. Or, The Faithfull Pourtraicture of a Loyall Subject, in Vindication of ΕΙΚΏΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΉ. […], page 16:

The quarrel ſpreading into parties, called the Guelfs and the Gibellines, became at laſt the wonder and amazement of all good people: inſomuch as ſome are of opinion, that the fiction of the Elfs and Goblins, wherewith we uſe to fright young children, was derived from hence.

1657, Peter Heylyn, Cosmographie in Four Books. Containing the Chorographie and Historie of the Whole World, and All the Principal Kingdoms, Provinces, Seas, and Isles Thereof., 2nd edition, London: […] Henry Seile, […], page 131:

The opinion of Fairies and Elfs is very old, and yet ſticketh very religiously in the minds of ſome. But to root that rank opinion of Elfs out of mens hearts, the truth is, that there be no ſuch things, nor yet the ſhadows of the things, but only by a ſort of bald Friers and knaviſh ſhavelings ſo faigned; […]

1678, The Shepherds Calendar: Containing Twelve Æglogues, Proportionable to the Twelve Months. […], London: […] Henry Hills for Jonathan Edwin, […], page 26:

For there and ſeveral other places / About mill dams and green brae faces, / Both Elrich, Elfs and Brownies ſtayed, / And Green gown’d Farries daunc’d and played; […]

a. 1690, William Cleland, A Collection of Several Poems and Verses, Composed upon Various Occasions, published 1697, page 59:

IN Days of Old when Arthur fill’d the Throne, / Whoſe Acts and Fame to Foreign Lands were blown; / The King of Elfs and little Fairy Queen / Gamboll’d on Heaths, and danc’d on ev’ry Green.

1700, [John] Dryden, “The Wife of Bath Her Tale [by Geoffrey Chaucer]”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 479:

This Juno heard; And ſhall ſuch Elfs, ſhe cry’d, / Diſpute my Juſtice, or my Pow’r deride?

1717, Laurence Eusden, “Book IV. [The Transformation of the Theban Matrons.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 127:

[…]the Devaſtations under the Goths, Guelphs, and Gibelines [whence ſome would derive the Terms of Elfs (or Elves) or Fairies, and Goblins (or Hobgoblins) or Spectres, &c.] […]

1760, Andrew Brice, “TUSCANY”, in The Grand Gazetteer; or, Topographic Dictionary, &c., page 1322, column 1:

Farefolkis, fairies, elfs, or elves; […]

1802, J[ames] Sibbald, “Glossary; or An Explanation of Ancient Scottish Words”, in Chronicle of Scottish Poetry; from the Thirteenth Century, to the Union of the Crowns: To Which Is Added a Glossary, volume IV, Edinburgh: […] [F]or J. Sibbald, […], [b]y C. Stewart & Co. […]:

These Picts are the Clan Alpin, the Alps, or Elfs or Elves,—[…]

1850, Matthew Stewart, Remarks on the Subject of Language, with Some Observations in the Form of Notes, Illustrative of the Information Which Language May Afford of the History and Opinions of Mankind, London: […] Richard and John Edward Taylor, […], for, […] the Author, page 14:

Prithee, young one, who art thou, and what has ailed thy mother to bedizen thee in this strange fashion? Art thou a Christian child,—ha? Dost know thy catechism? Or art thou one of those naughty elfs or fairies, whom we thought to have left behind us, with other relics of Papistry, in merry old England?

1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Elf-Child and the Minister”, in The Scarlet Letter, a Romance, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, →OCLC, page 130:

The next species of these airy nothings are the elfs, or elves; […]

1852, William Bell, Shakespeare’s Puck, and His Folkslore, Illustrated from the Superstitions of All Nations, but More Especially from the Earliest Religion and Rites of Northern Europe and the Wends, London, page 58:

The Arbhus became in Teutonic mythology the Alben, Elben or Elfen, our Elfs, and in Scandinavian the Alfar.

1868, S[abine] Baring-Gould, “The Piper of Hameln”, in Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, second series, Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co.; London: Rivingtons, page 173:

The elfs or elves were inhabitants of the fields and groves, the progenitors of the fairies of the middle ages; […]

1868, David Hume, William Cooke Stafford, The History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time; Compiled from the Most Authentic Sources, volume I, London, New York, N.Y.: The London Printing and Publishing Company, Limited, page 53, column 1:

Since you’ve been out, the news arrives / The Elfs’ Insurance Company’s gone.

1877, Sidney Lanier, “The Hard Times in Elfland. A Story of Christmas Eve.”, in [Mary Lanier], editor, Poems of Sidney Lanier, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1884, page 159:

Eve, Danish legend of her concealing her unwashed children, from whom come elfs, trolls, &c.

1879, William Henderson, “Index”, in Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders. […], London: […] [F]or the Folk-Lore Society by W. Satchell, Peyton and Co., […], page 364:

Much of fairy lore clusters around the so-called fairy rings, that is, the green circles in old pastures within which the elfs were supposed to dance at night by the light of the moon.

1889 May, “[Literary Notices.] The Folk-Lore of Plants. By T. F. Thiselton Dyer. […]”, in Popular Science, page 128, column 1:

NAT,[…]; a term applied to all spiritual beings, angels, elfs, demons, or what not, including the gods of the Hindus.

1903, Henry Yule, A[rthur] C[oke] Burnell, “NAT, s.”, in edited by William Crooke, Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive, London: John Murray, […], page 619, column 2:

Elfs and fays, from their haunts in the mountains, whistle their eerie ballads above the gray roof of “Dove Cottage,” and dance their ghostly jigs on the huge hearthstone, among whose blazing logs the Fire God paints his immortal canvases, with colorings splendid beyond the dream of man.

1917 November, Elizabeth Clendenning Ring, “Florence Earle Coates: Some Phases of Her Life and Poetry”, in The Book News Monthly, volume 36, page 109, column 1:

Alfs [elfs]: Another name for the elfs or elves.

2010, Heilan Yvette Grimes, The Norse Myths, Hollow Earth Publishing, →ISBN, page 254:

(Norse mythology) A luminous spirit presiding over nature and fertility and dwelling in the world of Álfheim (Elfland). Compare angel, nymph, fairy.

elf

Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim

We may add, and our author has knowledge of the fact, that not even the Germans, those masterly delineators and imaginators of fairy-land, have shown greater or more exquisite insight into the lives and ways of elfs and fays than that which was shown by George Cruikshank.

1882 October 7, “The Life of George Cruikshank: in Two Epochs. By Blanchard Jerrold. […]”, in The Athenæum: Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, Music, and the Drama, number 2867, London: […] John C. Francis, […], page 471, column 1:

All the fairy tales of my childhood were conjured up before my startled imagination, and appeared to be realised in the forms which surrounded me; I saw the whole forest filled with trolls, elves, and sporting dwarfs.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 281:

Any from a race of mythical, supernatural beings resembling but seen as distinct from human beings. They are usually delicate-featured and skilled in magic or spellcrafting; sometimes depicted as clashing with dwarves and orcs, especially in modern fantasy literature.

(fantasy) Any of the magical, typically forest-guarding races bearing some similarities to the Norse álfar (through Tolkien's Eldar).

elf

fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature

Pomatomus saltatrix
Pomatomus saltatrix#Translingual

(South Africa) The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix).


elf

en-verb

elf (third-person singular simple present elfs, present participle elfing, simple past and past participle elfed)

elfs (present singular third-person)
elfing (participle present)
elfed (participle past)
elfed (past)

My face I'll grime with filth, blanket my loins, elf all my hairs in knots, and with presented nakedness outface the winds and persecutions of the sky.

c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

(now rare) To twist into elflocks (of hair); to mat.


rook

en-noun

rook (countable and uncountable, plural rooks)

* Inherited from Middle English rok, roke, from Old English hrōc, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōk, from Proto-Germanic *hrōkaz (compare Old Norse hrókr, Saterland Frisian Rouk, Dutch roek, obsolete German Ruch), from Proto-Indo-European *kerk- (“crow, raven”) (compare Old Irish cerc (“hen”), Old Prussian kerko (“loon, diver”), dialectal Bulgarian кро́кон (krókon, “raven”), Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax, “crow”), Old Armenian ագռաւ (agṙaw), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬝 (kahrkatat̰, “rooster”), Sanskrit कृकर (kṛkara, “rooster”)), Ukrainian крук (kruk, “raven”).
* (parson): Probably from the resemblance in plumage to a parson's garments.

cog

sometimes in Northern England; otherwise obsolete

ruck (most accents without the foot-strut split)

(British) A type of firecracker used by farmers to scare birds of the same name.

Adventists still do not really know how to play cards, apart from the sanitized version of bridge, Rook.

2007, Malcolm Bull, Keith Lockhart, Seeking a Sanctuary: Seventh-day Adventism and the American Dream, page 174:

(uncountable) A trick-taking game, usually played with a specialized deck of cards.


rook

en-verb

rook (third-person singular simple present rooks, present participle rooking, simple past and past participle rooked)

rooks (present singular third-person)
rooking (participle present)
rooked (participle past)
rooked (past)

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of look. (mimicking Asian speech)


bishop

Tok Pisin: bisop

→ Hawaiian: pīhopa

→ Japanese: ビショップ

→ Kannada: ಬಿಷಪ್ (biṣap)

→ Korean: 비숍 (bisyop)

→ Maori: pīhopa

→ Thai: บิชอป (bì-chɔ́p)

From Middle English bischop, bishop, bisshop, biscop, from Old English bisċop (“bishop”), from Proto-West Germanic *biskop, from Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus, from classical Latin episcopus (“overseer, supervisor”), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos, “overseer”), from ἐπί (epí, “over”) + σκοπός (skopós, “watcher”), used in Greek and Latin both generally and as a title of civil officers. Cognate with all European terms for the position in various Christian churches; compare bisp.

аҷҟәандар

church official, supervisor of priests and congregations

titular bishop

as over a diocese without a congregation

King James of blessed memory said, no Bishop, no King: it was not he, but others that added, No Ceremony, no Bishop.

1641, “Smectymnuus”, in Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr., §16. 208:

St. Ignatius... In his 'Epiſtle to the Magneſians,' he exhorts them to do all things in the love of God, telling them, the Biſhop preſides in the place of God...

1715, William Hendley, A Defence of the Church of England, section 16:

These ministers were at first confined to the three orders of bishops, priests, and deacons.

1845, J. Lingard, Hist. & Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church, 3rd edition, I. iv. 146:

It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the Church is called indifferently ‘bishop’ ἐπίσκοπος and ‘elder’ or ‘presbyter’ πρεσβύτερος.

1868, Joseph Barber Lightfoot, St. Paul's epistle to the Philippians, section 93:

The Jubilee Mass had a special solemnity due to the presence of two exiled Chinese bishops—Thomas Cardinal Tien, Archbishop of Peking, and Bishop Joseph Yuen, of Chu-ma-tien, Honan—as well as the recently named bishop of Taichung, Formosa, Most Rev. William Kupfer, MM, who was in the United States to attend the Maryknoll General Chapter.

2013, Maureen Abbott, New Lights from Old Truths: Living the Signs of the Times, volume IV, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 375:

(Christianity) An overseer of congregations: either any such overseer, generally speaking, or (in Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Anglicanism, etc.) an official in the church hierarchy (actively or nominally) governing a diocese, supervising the church's priests, deacons, and property in its territory.

The Caliphaes of the Sarasins were kings and chiefe bishops in their religion.

1586, Pierre de la Primaudaye, translated by Thomas Bowes, The French Academie, I. 633:

The Byshop of Egypt is called the Souldan.

1615, William Bedwell, Arabian Trudgman in translating Mohammedis Imposturæ, sig. N4

[…] which explains the beheading of the Muslim Bishop of Lisbon, soon after the Reconquista.

2001, José Carlos Valle Pérez, Jorge Rodrigues, El arte románico en Galicia y Portugal, page 254:

The [holder of the office of] Imam [of Monrovia] is commonly referred to, both in conversation and in the press, as ‘the Muslim Bishop’.

2018, Merran Fraenkel, Tribe and Class in Monrovia, page 139:

(religion, nonstandard) A similar official or chief priest in another religion.


bishop

en-verb

bishop (third-person singular simple present bishops, present participle bishoping or bishopping, simple past and past participle bishoped or bishopped)

bishops (present singular third-person)
bishoping (participle present)
bishopping (participle present)
bishoped (participle past)
bishoped (past)
bishopped (participle past)
bishopped (past)

1727, R. Bradley, Family Dict. at "Horse"
This way of making a Horse look young is... called Bishoping.

Bishopped, or To bishop. A term among horſe dealers, for burning the mark into a horſe's tooth, after he has loſt it by age... It is a common ſaying of milk that is burnt to, that the biſhop has fet his foot in it. Formerly, when a biſhop paſſed through a village, all the inhabitants ran out of their houſes to ſolicit his bleſſing, even leaving their milk, &c. on the fire, to take its chance; which, when burnt to, was ſaid to be biſhopped.

1788, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 2nd edition, Francis Grose:

I found his teeth had been filed down and bishoped with the greatest neatness and perfection.

1840, E. E. Napier, Scenes & Sports Foreign Lands, I. v. 138:

(by extension, of equestrianism) To make a horse seem younger, particularly by manipulation of its teeth.


T. rex

Juvenile T. rexes were light and agile before they leveled up into the adults we’re more familiar with. (The physical discrepancies between younger and older T. rexes can be so vast that experts have argued over whether certain specimens are different species altogether, rather than different ages.)

2021 February 25, Cara Giaimo, “The Outsized Influence of Teen T. Rex and Other Young Dinosaurs”, in The New York Times:

Tyrannosaurus rex
Tyrannosaurus rex#English


accentor

From Latin accentor (“one who sings with another”), from ad + cantor (“singer”), from canō (“sing”). Superficially accent + -or.

bor

Any bird of the Eurasian genus Prunella, such as the dunnock.


dag

From Middle English dagge, of uncertain (probably Germanic) origin, cognate with (Middle) Dutch dag, dagge, dagh. The sense "dangling lock of wool, matted with dung" (originally from the dialect of Kent) is also termed "daglock" (derived from the "hanging end" sense of "dag") or "daggle-lock" and some sources consider the sense a shortening of that longer word rather than a mere evolution of the "hanging end" sense.

A hanging end or shred, in particular a long pointed strip of cloth at the edge of a piece of clothing, or one of a row of decorative strips of cloth that may ornament a tent, booth or fairground.


dag

Perhaps a back-formation from daggy, or, a specialised sense of British dialect dag, a daring feat amongst boys.

(Australia slang, New Zealand, obsolete) An odd or eccentric person; someone who is a bit strange but amusingly so.


dag

Abbreviations
* Initialism of directed acyclic graph.
* Clipping of dagwood.

partial ordering relation
partial ordering relation

(graph theory) A directed acyclic graph; an ordered pair (V,E) such that E is a subset of some partial ordering relation on V.


dag

Mickey: Dags! D' ya like dags?

2000, Guy Ritchie, Snatch, quoted in, Miguel Á. Bernal-Merino, Translation and Localisation in Video Games: Making Entertainment Software Global, Routledge →ISBN, page 68

There it was again, that old Gaelic verb pronounced 'scriss,' that those involved in fighting talk apparently exuded on occasion. It could have been 'D'ya wanna buy a dag?' it was all the same.

2014, John P Brady, Back to the Gaff, Roadside Fiction, →ISBN, page 131:

(chiefly Ireland) Pronunciation spelling of dog.


rhea

From Rhea (“the mother of Zeus in Greek mythology”), from Ancient Greek Ῥέα (Rhéa).

A large flightless bird of the genus Rhea, native to South America.


cassowary

A large flightless bird of the genus Casuarius that is native to Australia and New Guinea, has a characteristic bony crest on its head, and can be very dangerous.

kasuaris

a large flightless bird of the genus Casuarius


emu

A bar magnet NS has poles of strength 144 emu, 5 cm apart.

1941, Henry A[ugustus Perkins], edited by E[dward] U[hler] Condon, College Physics (Prentice-Hall Physics Series), New York, N.Y.: Prentice-Hall, →OCLC, page 403:

Rock Magnetic Properties as Related to a Magnetometer Profile for Serpentines, Sierra Nevada, California / DuBOIS, ROBERT L., Dept. Geology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. / The remanent magnetism of a suite of specimens from a serpentine mass in the Sierra Nevada, California, has a declination of N. 32°E. and an inclination of plus 84°. The average intensity is 80 × 10⁻⁵ emu/cc.

1962, “Abstracts of Papers Submitted for the Meeting in Houston: November 12–14, 1962”, in Geological Society of America: Abstracts for 1962: Abstracts of Papers Submitted for Six Meetings with which the Society was Associated (Special GSA Papers; no. 73), New York, N.Y.: Geological Society of America, published 1963, →OCLC, page 141:

The amount of charge named by one emu is that which produces a unit magnetic effect when flowing in a current at one unit length per second.

1974, William Berkson, “Maxwell’s Field Theory”, in Fields of Force: The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, →ISBN; republished Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2014, →ISBN, page 168:

Early investigations showed no detectable magnetic intensity in tektite glass, at the level of about 10⁻⁴ emu/g. (To convert measurements in emu/g to S.I., multiply by 10³.)

1976, John Aloysius O’Keefe, Tektites and Their Origin (Developments in Petrology; 4), Amsterdam, New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., →OCLC, page 109:

Experimentally the magnetic moment is usually given in units of emu/g, emu/cm³ or emu/mole.

2005, Peter Mohn, “Experimental Basis of Ferromagnetism”, in Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction (Solid-State Sciences), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 39:

electromagnetic unit
electromagnetic unit#English

(physics) Initialism of electromagnetic unit.


roadster

(UK, dated, slang) A hunter who keeps to the roads instead of following the hounds across country.


lavaret

en-noun

lavaret (countable and uncountable, plural lavarets)

From French lavaret, from Late Latin levaricinus.

Coregonus lavaretus
Coregonus lavaretus#Translingual

(zoology) A European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland, and in the archipelago in the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Finland.


laughing goose

Anser albifrons
Anser albifrons#Translingual

The European white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons).


laughing falcon

laughing falcon (plural laughing falcons)

Herpetotheres cachinnans
Herpetotheres cachinnans#Translingual

A South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans), so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laughing.


laughing hyena

Crocuta crocuta
Crocuta crocuta#Translingual

(informal) The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta); so called because of the resemblance of its call to human laughter.


laughing jackass

laughing jackass (plural laughing jackasses)

Dacelo novaeguineae
Dacelo novaeguineae#Translingual

(Australia, obsolete) The laughing kookaburra, Dacelo novaeguineae.


laughing owl

An owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, now probably extinct, named for its cry.


argentine

argentine (countable and uncountable, plural argentines)

From Middle English argentyne, borrowed from Old French argentin (“silvery”), from Latin argentum (“silver”), equivalent to argent + -ine.

Any osmeriform fish of the genus Argentina, especially a European argentine (Argentina sphyraena).


laughing gull

A common European gull (Xema ridibundus).

Leucophaeus atricilla
Leucophaeus atricilla#Translingual

An American gull (Leucophaeus atricilla); in summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black.


launce

sand eel, sand lance, fish of the family Ammodytidae


buffle

From Middle French buffle. Doublet of bubale and buffalo.

[the Malayan tongue word list] An Oxe or Buffle: Cambi

1634, T[homas] H[erbert], A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. into Afrique and the Greater Asia, […], London: […] William Stansby, and Jacob Bloome, →OCLC:


buffle

en-verb

buffle (third-person singular simple present buffles, present participle buffling, simple past and past participle buffled)

buffles (present singular third-person)
buffling (participle present)
buffled (participle past)
buffled (past)


milkshake

(slang, horse racing) An alkaline supplement administered to a horse to improve its racing performance.


milkshake

milkshake (third-person singular simple present milkshakes, present participle milkshaking, simple past and past participle milkshaked)

milkshakes (present singular third-person)
milkshaking (participle present)
milkshaked (participle past)
milkshaked (past)

(transitive, slang, horse racing) To administer an alkaline supplement to (a horse) to improve its racing performance.


Brittany

Inherited from Middle English Bretany, Brytany, itself borrowed from Medieval Latin Britannia, applied to Brittany from at least the 6th century, and reinforced by Middle French Bretagne. See Britannia for more. Doublet of Britain and Britannia.

- - - No one has family names. These girls with rooster hair I see on the streets. They pick the names. They're the mothers." "I have a granddaughter named Brittany," Hazel said. " And I have heard of a little girl called Cappuccino." "Cappuccino! Is that true? Why don't they call one Cassaulet? Fettuccini? Alsace-Lorraine?"

1990, Alice Munro, Friend of My Youth, →ISBN, page 102:

Names of the times. Borrowed from soap opera characters of prominence fifteen years ago, who have since been replaced by spiffy new models: the social-climbing Brittany now an unscrupulous Burke, the generous Pamela a refitted, urbanized Parker.

1999, Andrew Pyper, chapter 10, in Lost Girls:

A female given name transferred from the place name, of 1980s and 1990s American usage.


multi

(informal) Neolamprologus multifasciatus (small shell-dwelling cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, popular as aquarium fish)


tailor

→ Esperanto: tajloro

→ Hausa: tēlà

desc

→ Telugu: టైలరు (ṭailaru), టైలర్ (ṭailar)

→ Yoruba: télọ̀

From Middle English taillour, from Anglo-Norman taillour, from Old French tailleor, from taillier, from Late Latin tāliō, from Latin tālea (“a cutting”). Doublet of tailleur.

The tailor — is that a sea fish — a line fish? It is a sea fish, but not a line fish. They will bite at a line, but they are not a fish you can depend on with the line.

1880, New South Wales. Parliament. Legislative Council, Journal (volume 30, part 3, page 460)

(Australia) The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix).


Persian

en-noun

Persian (countable and uncountable, plural Persians)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

From Middle English percynne, from Middle French persien, from Italian persiano, from Medieval Latin Persiānus, from Latin Persia, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/, “Persia”) (compare Early Classical Persian پارس (pārs) or modern Iranian Persian فارس (fârs), where the shift p > f. Equivalent to Persia + -ian.


trumpeter

From trumpet + -er (occupational suffix) or + -er (agent noun suffix).

Columba livia
Columba livia#Translingual

Any of a number of breeds of fancy pigeon (variety of domestic pigeon (Columba livia), originally bred for their peculiar gurgling voice, a prolonged coo called "trumpeting" or "drumming").

The trumpeters' fate seems likely to get tangled with that of the mute swan. Currently there's enough habitat for both species, but that may change if trumpeters flourish and mutes aren't controlled.

1998, Bob Devine, National Geographic Society (U.S.), Alien invasion: America's battle with non-native animals and plants:

Cygnus buccinator
Cygnus buccinator#Translingual

An American swan (Cygnus buccinator) with a very loud honk.

A perciform fish of the family Latridae, native to Australia, New Zealand and Chile.


vulpine

Borrowed from Latin vulpīnus (“foxy, fox-like”), from vulpēs, earlier volpēs (“fox”), from Proto-Indo-European *wl(o)p- (“fox”). Cognate with Welsh llywarn (“fox”), Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), Armenian աղուէս (aġuēs), Albanian dhelpër, Lithuanian vilpišỹs (“wildcat”), Sanskrit लोपाश (lopāśa, “jackal, fox”).

The family Canidae consists of two main subgroups, the vulpines (foxes) and the canines (wolves, coyotes, jackals, and dogs), and some intermediate “fox-dog” forms from South America.

1980, Michael Wilson Fox, The Soul of the Wolf, unnumbered page:

Any of certain canids called foxes (including true foxes, arctic foxes and grey foxes), distinguished from canines, which are regarded as similar to dogs and wolves.


requiem

From French requin, altered by association with Etymology 1, above.

Any man-eater is called a requiem.

1973, Patrick Buchanan, A Requiem of Sharks:

A large or dangerous shark, specifically, (zoology) a member of the family Carcharhinidae.


sole

→ Hebrew: סוֹל (sol)

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sole, solu. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman sole, Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola (“bottom of the shoe”, also “flatfish”), from Latin solea (“sandal, bottom of the shoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *swol- (“sole”). Cognate with Dutch zool (“sole, tread”), German Sohle (“sole, insole, bottom, floor”), Danish sål (“sole”), Icelandic sóli (“sole, outsole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja, “sandal”). Related to Latin solum (“bottom, ground, soil”). More at soil.

cog

The fishermen crowding in the cafés were also waiting for the end of the storm, when the fish, reassured, would rise to the surface after the bait. Soles, hog fish and skate were returning from their nocturnal expeditions. Day was now breaking.

1952, Nikos Kazantzakis, chapter 1, in Carl Wildman, transl., Zorba the Greek, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, translation of Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά [Víos kai politeía tou Aléxi Zormpá], →ISBN, page 3:

(zoology) Solea solea, a flatfish of the family Soleidae; a true sole.


Guernsey

From Anglo-Norman, from Old Norse, compound of Grani (“Grani's”) and ey (“island”). Folk etymology points to a dialectal root for green.

An unincorporated community in California


must

en-verb

must (third-person singular simple present must, no present participle, simple past must, no past participle)

must (present singular third-person)
must (past)

From Middle English moste ("must", literally, "had to", the past tense of Middle English moten (“to have to”)), from Old English mōste (“had to”), 1st & 3rd person singular past tense of mōtan (“to be allowed, be able to, have the opportunity to, be compelled to, must, may”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną. Cognate with Dutch moest (“had to”), German musste (“had to”), Swedish måste (“must, have to, be obliged to”). More at mote.

gloss

"must", literally, "had to", the past tense of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">moten</i> (“to have to”)

cog

the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must

You must arrive in class on time. (the requirement is an imperative)

This door handle must be rotated fully. (the requirement is a directive, necessary to operate the handle)

Arise, and go into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 9:6:

(modal auxiliary, defective) To do as a requirement; indicates that the sentence subject is required as an imperative or directive to execute the sentence predicate, with failure to do so resulting in a failure or negative consequence.

...なければならない (...nakereba naranai) (conditional negative form + "naranai")

...なくてはいけない (...nakutewa ikenai) (conditional negative form + "ikenai")

...ないと駄目だ (...nai to dame da) (conditional negative form + "dame da")

futurus sum

use a verb in the periphrastic conjugations

If it has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.

You picked one of two, and it wasn't the first: it must have been the second.

(modal auxiliary, defective) To do with certainty; indicates that the speaker is certain that the subject will have executed the predicate.


must

en-noun

must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

From Middle English must, from Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

No sweet grape lies hidden here in the shade of its vine-leaves,
No fermenting must fills and o'erflows the deep vats.

c. 1874, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ovid in Exile:

Fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes.

musht

fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes


shanghai

1871, from the important Chinese port Shanghai, as a verb with reference to the former practice by some shippers on the West Coast of the United States of press-ganging crews for fishing or shipping in the Pacific Ocean.

Cochins or Shanghaes.

1853, W.B. Tegetmeier, Profitable Poultry, page 19:

(often capitalized, dated) A breed of chicken with large bodies, long legs, and feathered shanks.


gnu

Borrowed from Khoekhoe ǃnu:, likely onomatopoeic of the grunt-type noise of the gnu.

A large antelope of the genus Connochaetes, native to Africa, having curved horns.


fork

Sranan Tongo: forku

→ Dutch: fork

→ Japanese: フォーク (fōku)

→ Kannada: ಫೋರ್ಕ್ (phōrk)

→ Korean: 포크 (pokeu)

→ Maori: paoka

→ Tamil: போர்க் (pōrk)

→ Telugu: ఫోర్క్ (phōrk)

From Middle English forke (“digging fork”), from Old English force, forca (“forked instrument used to torture”), from Proto-West Germanic *furkō (“fork”), from Latin furca (“pitchfork, forked stake; gallows, beam, stake, support post, yoke”), of uncertain origin. The Middle English word was later reinforced by Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French forque (= Old French forche whence French fourche), also from the Latin. Cognate also with North Frisian forck (“fork”), Dutch vork (“fork”), Danish fork (“fork”), German Forke (“pitchfork”). Displaced native gafol, ġeafel, ġeafle (“fork”), from Old English.
In its primary sense of “fork”, Latin furca appears to be derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerk(ʷ)-, *ǵʰerg(ʷ)- (“fork”), although the development of the -c- is difficult to explain. In other senses this derivation is unlikely. For these, perhaps it is connected to Proto-Germanic *furkaz, *firkalaz (“stake, stick, pole, post”), from Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“pole, post”). If so, this would relate the word to Old English forclas pl (“bolt”), Old Saxon ferkal (“lock, bolt, bar”), Old Norse forkr (“pole, staff, stick”), Norwegian fork (“stick, bat”), Swedish fork (“pole”).

tienhaara

figurative: point in time of making a decision

afsplitsing

computer science: splitting of a process

odnož

computer science: copying and separately developing a project

bifurcació

computer science: a separately developed project based upon a copy of an existing project

a three-prong spear somewhat resembling a pitchfork

The upper front brow of a saddle bow, connected in the tree by the two saddle bars to the cantle on the other end.


lemur

From Latin lemurēs (“spirits of the dead”). The name was originally given to the red slender loris (then Lemur tardigradus) in 1754 by Carl Linnaeus. According to Linnaeus, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the red slender loris. In 1758, Linnaeus added, among others, the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) to the genus Lemur. All other species, including the red slender loris, were eventually moved to other genera. In time, the word became the colloquial name for all primates endemic to Madagascar.

Any of the genus Lemur, represented by the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta).


coppersmith

More noises came from a dusty tree, where brown birds creaked and floundered about looking for insects; another bird, the invisible coppersmith, had started his ‘ponk ponk’.

1924, EM Forster, A Passage to India, Penguin, published 2005, page 104:

A South Asian barbet, Psilopogon haemacephala, with crimson forehead and throat, best known for its metronomic call that has been likened to a coppersmith striking metal with a hammer.


puer

A solution called the ‘pure’ or the 'pewer' (having never seen the word written.., we must spell it as pronounced) is prepared in a large vessel, and into this the skins are immersed.

[…] The bacteria of fresh dog-dung were not found to possess a satisfactory puering effect, but those from dung with had been fermented a month (as in practice) have a result nearly equal to actual puer.

1903, Henry Richardson Proctor, The principles of leather manufacture, page 174:

[…] it was about 50 years before the use of puer was discontinued, at least in Europe.

2009, Tony Covington, Tanning Chemistry: The Science of Leather, page 166:

(chiefly historical) Dung (of dogs, fowls, etc) used in tanning, after applying lime, to soften skins.


Ancona

From Italian Ancona, from Latin Ancōna, from ancōn (“curve, elbow”).

Livingston County
Livingston County#English

An unincorporated community in Reading Township, Livingston County, Illinois, United States, named after Ancona, Italy.


bitch

en-noun

bitch (countable and uncountable, plural bitches)

→ Dutch: bitch

→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze

→ French: bitch

From Middle English biche, bicche, from Old English biċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ (compare Norwegian bikkje (“dog”), Old Danish bikke), from *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”)). More at bicker.

My bitch just had puppies; they're so cute!

All members of one breed, both dog and bitch, champion and nonchampion, are judged in a series of competitions until only one animal remains.

1953, LIFE, volume 34, number 6, page 110:

(dated or specialised, dog-breeding) A female dog or other canine, particularly a recent mother.

dated or specialised; dog-breeding; dated or specialised; dog-breeding

female

when the species is specified or implied


trout

trout (countable and uncountable, plural trout or trouts)

From Middle English troute, troughte, trught, trouȝt, trouhte, partly from Old English truht (“trout”), and partly from Old French truite; both from Late Latin tructa, perhaps from Ancient Greek τρώκτης (trṓktēs, “nibbler”), from τρώγω (trṓgō, “I gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, to turn”). The Internet verb sense originated on BBSes of the 1980s, probably from Monty Python's The Fish-Slapping Dance (1972), though that sketch involved a halibut.

der

Many anglers consider trout to be the archetypical quarry.

Now we plunged into a deep shade with the boughs lacing each other overhead, and crossed dainty, rustic bridges over the cold trout-streams, the boards giving back the clatter of our horses' feet:[…].

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

“This morning,” he said, “We will fish, Turner. We will cast for trout so that we may catch grayling.”

1922, Michael Arlen, “3/19/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

Any of several species of fish in Salmonidae, closely related to salmon, and distinguished by spawning more than once.


scarecrow

/ˈskɛɚˌkɹoʊ/

The noun is derived from scare (“to frighten, startle, terrify”) + crow (“bird of the genus Corvus”). The word displaced other terms such as bogle (now dialectal, dated), sewel or shewel, and shoy-hoy (perhaps imitative of the cry of crows).
The verb is derived from the noun.

compound

(British, dialectal, obsolete)
The black tern (Chlidonias niger).

Chlidonias niger
Chlidonias niger#Translingual


hold one's horses

en-verb

hold one's horses (third-person singular simple present holds one's horses, present participle holding one's horses, simple past and past participle held one's horses)

holds one's horses (present singular third-person)
holding one's horses (participle present)
held one's horses (participle past)
held one's horses (past)

"I'm going to tell you, ain't I?" he said, gruffly. "Just hold your horses a minute, please."

1921, Booth Tarkington, chapter 24, in Alice Adams:

"I would ask everybody to hold their horses until we go through the process," ElBaradei said.

2007 September 17, “Force is last resort in Iranian crisis”, in forbes.com/Thomson Financial News, retrieved 2008-10-05:


snowflake

snowflake (third-person singular simple present snowflakes, present participle snowflaking, simple past and past participle snowflaked)

snowflakes (present singular third-person)
snowflaking (participle present)
snowflaked (participle past)
snowflaked (past)

From snow + flake. Compare Saterland Frisian Sneeflokke (“snowflake”), Dutch sneeuwvlok, Luxembourgish Schnéiflack, German Schneeflocke.

cog

(computing, databases) To arrange (data) into a snowflake schema.


serpent

From Middle English serpent, from Old French serpent (“snake, serpent”), from Latin serpēns (“snake”), present active participle of serpere (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-Italic *serpō, from Proto-Indo-European *serp-. In this sense, displaced native Old English nǣdre (“snake, serpent”), whence Modern English adder.
Compare Sanskrit सर्प (sarpa, “snake”), which is a descendant of the same Proto-Indo-European word as serpent.

(music) An obsolete wind instrument in the brass family, whose shape is suggestive of a snake (Wikipedia article).


blacksmith

From black (color of forged iron) + smith (related to smite)..

compound

A blackish fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis punctipinnis).


American golden plover

en-noun

American golden plover (plural American golden plovers)

Pluvialis dominica
Pluvialis dominica#Translingual

A medium-sized, migratory plover of the Americas, Pluvialis dominica.

náhookǫsdę́ę́ʼ tábąąsdísí bitéél halzhinígíí


prothonotary warbler

prothonotary warbler (plural prothonotary warblers)

A small North American bird, Protonotaria citrea, having a yellow body and blue wings; it breeds in swampland.


black and white warbler

black and white warbler (plural black and white warblers)

A small North American bird, Mniotilta varia, that winters in Florida and Central America.


black-bellied plover

black-bellied plover (plural black-bellied plovers)

Pluvialis squatarola
Pluvialis squatarola#Translingual


tern

Via an East Anglian dialect, from some Scandinavian (North Germanic) language, related to Danish terne, Norwegian terne, and Swedish tärna, all from Old Norse þerna (“tern; maidservant”), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *þewernā (“handmaid, young girl”). First attested in the 1670s.

der

Any of various seabirds of the subfamily Sternidae (of the family Laridae) that are similar to gulls but are smaller and have a forked tail.


tern

PIE word
 *tréyes
The noun is derived from Late Middle English terne (“throw of a die or dice showing the number three”), from Old French terne (“gathering of three people; trinity”) (modern French terne), from Latin ternās, the accusative feminine plural of ternī (“three each; three at a time”), from ter (“thrice”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes (“three”)) + -ī (from -us (suffix forming adjectives)).
The adjective is either derived from the noun, or directly from Latin ternī (“three each; three at a time”); see above.

der

(dated or obsolete) A thing with three components; a set of three things.

And yet, now even, if Madonna willed, / She'd win a tern in Thursday's lottery, / And better all things.

1856, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “Seventh Book”, in Aurora Leigh, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1857, →OCLC, page 319:

(gambling, dated) A lottery prize resulting from the favourable combination of three numbers in the draw.


tern

tern flowers tern leaves

a tern schooner, one with three masts

(chiefly botany, rare) Consisting of three components; ternate, threefold, triple.


egret

From Middle English, from Anglo-Norman egret, aigrette (“egret”), from Old Occitan aigreta, diminutive of aigron (“heron”), from Medieval Latin hairo, from Frankish *haigro (“heron”). Cognate with Old High German heigaro (“heron”), Old English hrāgra (“heron”). Doublet of aigrette. More at heron.

Egrets picked their way through the grass, attentive and showy as fussy girlfriends at the cows' sides.

2011, Jesmyn Ward, Salvage the Bones, Bloomsbury (2017), page 64:

Any of various wading birds of the genera Egretta or Ardea that includes herons, many of which are white or buff, and several of which develop fine plumes during the breeding season.

أَبُو قِرْدَان

Macaca fascicularis
Macaca fascicularis#Translingual

(obsolete) The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)


wildebeest

en-noun

wildebeest (plural wildebeest or wildebeests or (rare) wildebeesten)

wildebeest (plural)
wildebeests (plural)
wildebeesten (plural rare)

→ Japanese: ウィルドビースト (wirudobīsuto)

Borrowed in the early 19th century from early Afrikaans wildebeest, modern wildebees (literally “wild ox”), with influence from beast.

Coordinate term: hartebeest

Dassoud […] stepped forward with a lash composed of the caudal appendages of half a dozen wildebeests.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 3:

Later that morning, they wrapped Ian in a wildebeest skin and buried him near a shepherd tree.

2013, Eleanor Morse, White Dog Fell From the Sky:


hound

en-verb

hound (third-person singular simple present hounds, present participle hounding, simple past and past participle hounded)

hounds (present singular third-person)
hounding (participle present)
hounded (participle past)
hounded (past)

From Middle English hounden, from the noun (see above).

We both thought we saw what had the appearance to be a fox, and hounded the dogs at it, but they would not pursue it.

1897, Andrew Lang, The Book of Dreams and Ghosts, page 162:

(transitive) To urge on against; to set (dogs) upon in hunting.


bushbaby

A small, nocturnal, African primate, similar to a lemur.


dassie

Borrowed from Afrikaans dassie, from Dutch das (“badger”).

The dassie is the closest living relative to the elephant.

A small, herbivorous mammal in the order Hyracoidea, the rock hyrax.


hyaena

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hyaena.wav


hyrax

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὕραξ (húrax, “shrewmouse”).

der

Any of several small, paenungulate herbivorous mammals of the order Hyracoidea, with a bulky frame and fang-like incisors, native to Africa and the Middle East.


spitting cobra

Any of various cobras of the genus Naja that can spit venom.


climber

From Middle English climber, clymber, clymbare (“one who climbs, climber”), from climben (“to climb; to ascend, fly upward, rise; to slope upwards; to approach God in prayer; to advance; to overcome, triumph; to aspire; to be presumptuous”) + -er, -ere (suffix forming agent nouns). The English word is analysable as climb (verb) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

affix

(climbing) Synonym of climbing iron (“a kind of crampon attached to the shoe to aid with climbing”)


pronghorn

en-noun

pronghorn (plural pronghorn or pronghorns)

If historical records are accurate, the current population of about 250 pronghorn in the northern range is less than 15% of that in the early 1900s (YNP 1997) (Figure 4–7).

2002, National Research Council, Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range, unnumbered page:

When a pronghorn breaks into an easy, rocking canter (a 30 miles per hour pace that it can keep up indefinitely), the humerus swings back and forth over just a few inches with each stride. Only when a pronghorn stretches into a gallop does the humerus appear to be swinging freely, and then the hoof travels several yards with each stride.

2009, John A. Byers, Built for Speed: A Year in the Life of Pronghorn, page 6:

For the 10-year period 1981-90 an additional 736 pronghorns were transplanted within the state.
During 1980-90, pronghorn occupied about 13.5 million acres in the Trans-Pecos, High Plains, Rolling Plains, and Edwards Plateau ecological regions.

2011, Ted L. Clark, “13: Wildlife Management Programs, Goals, and Issues: The State Perspective, 1990”, in Raymond C. Telfair II, editor, Texas Wildlife Resources and Land Uses, page 220:

Antilocapra americana
Antilocapra americana#Translingual

A North American mammal, Antilocapra americana, that resembles an antelope.


oryx

oryx (plural oryxes or oryx or (rare) oryges)

oryxes (plural)
oryx (plural)
oryges (plural rare)

From Latin, from Ancient Greek ὄρυξ (órux, “a pickax; an oryx (the antelope)”).

der

Any of several antelopes, of the genus Oryx, native to Africa, which have long, straight horns


plover

Inherited from Middle English plover, from Anglo-Norman plover, plovier, from Medieval Latin plovarius, pluviārius, of disputed origin; perhaps from Latin pluvia (“rain”).

Vanellus miles
Vanellus miles#Translingual

(Australia) A masked lapwing (Vanellus miles).


kingfisher

wokin

any of various birds of the suborder Alcedines

Alcedo atthis
Alcedo atthis#Translingual

Any of various birds of the suborder Alcedines (or the family Alcedinidae sensu lato), having a large head, short tail and brilliant colouration; they feed mostly on fish.


length

en-noun

length (countable and uncountable, plural lengths)

From Middle English lengthe, from Old English lengþ, lengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *langiþu, from Proto-Germanic *langiþō, equivalent to long + -th. Cognate with Scots lenth, lainth (“length”), Saterland Frisian Loangte (“length”), West Frisian lingte, langte (“length”), Dutch lengte (“length”), German Low German Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt (“length”), Danish længde (“length”), Swedish längd (“length”), Icelandic lengd (“length”).

(horse racing) The length of a horse, used to indicate the distance between horses at the end of a race.


cheetah

→ Portuguese: chita

→ Spanish: chita

Borrowed from Hindi चीता (cītā, “leopard, panther”), ultimately from Sanskrit चित्र (citra, “multicolored, speckled”) (akin to Old High German haitar (“bright”) > German heiter; Old Norse heiðr (“bright”)) + Sanskrit काय (kāya, “body”), thus “having a spotted body”.

der

Acinonyx jubatus
Acinonyx jubatus#Translingual

(zoology) A distinctive member (Acinonyx jubatus) of the cat family, slightly smaller than the leopard, but with proportionately longer limbs and a smaller head; native to Africa and southeast Asia (where it is nearly extinct) and also credited with being the fastest terrestrial animal.


gazelle

Unadapted borrowing from Middle French gazelle, from Old French gazel, from Arabic غَزَال (ḡazāl).

ubor

An antelope of either of the genera Gazella (mostly native to Africa) or Procapra (native to Asia), capable of running at high speeds for long periods.


goldfish

en-noun

goldfish (plural goldfish or goldfishes)

For the children's fair we'll have a few games they can play, so that each child "wins" a goldfish as a prize.

Carassius auratus
Carassius auratus#Translingual

A type of small fish, Carassius auratus, typically orange-colored.

golüdafit (original Volapük, Volapük rigik)


hinny

en-verb

hinny (third-person singular simple present hinnies, present participle hinnying, simple past and past participle hinnied)

hinnies (present singular third-person)
hinnying (participle present)
hinnied (participle past)
hinnied (past)

Alteration of whinny, which is onomatopoeic.


warthog

(zoology) A wild pig of the genus Phacochoerus, native to Africa.


rhombus

Learned borrowing from Latin rhombus, from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “rhombus, spinning top”). Doublet of rhomb and rhumb.

romb

(geometry) A parallelogram having all sides of equal length.

The rhombus diamond, as one of the suits seen in a deck of playing cards ( or ).

The Greeks also used an instrument called a rhombus, or witches' wheel. As the wheel spun round, it was thought that influence was gained over certain people or circumstances.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 58:

In early Greek religion, an instrument whirled on the end of a string similar to a bullroarer.

the greedy Tuberon or Shark arm'd with a double row of venemous teeth pursues them, directed by a little Rhombus, Musculus or pilot-fish that scuds to and fro to bring intelligence [...].

1638, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, section I:

(zoology, now rare) Any of several flatfishes, including the brill and turbot, once considered part of the genus Rhombus, now in Scophthalmus.

(zoology, archaic) Snails, now in genus Conus or family Conidae.


prep

en-noun

prep (countable and uncountable, plural preps)

(horse racing) A preparatory race or workout.


budgerigar

/ˈbʌd͡ʒəɹiˌɡɑɹ/

/ˈbʌd͡ʒəɹiˌɡɑː/

/ˈbɐd͡ʒəɹiˌɡɐː/

Possibly an alteration of Gamilaraay gijirrigaa; change of initial syllable unexplained though possibly from Aboriginal Pidgin English budgeree.

Melopsittacus undulatus
Melopsittacus undulatus#Translingual

A species of small green parrot, Melopsittacus undulatus, native to inland Australia; a common cagebird throughout the world and bred in many colour varieties.

tsídii yáłtiʼí yázhí bitsiiyah noodǫ́zígíí


parakeet

From Middle French perroquet, probably a diminutive form of the personal name Pierre; some variant forms perhaps via Italian parrocchetto, Spanish periquito.

we had loved them for our pastimes, as we do apes, monkies, or perokitoes, and not as man.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 8, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

According to one legend, the parakeets escaped from the set of The African Queen, John Huston's 1951 film made at Shepperton studios.

2009 October 12, Patrick Barkham, The Guardian:

Any of various species of small parrot primarily of tropical regions.


volt

(archaic, equestrianism) A circular movement in which the horse goes round in a small circle.


galah

→ Dutch: galah

From Gamilaraay gilaa.
* (fool): A connection with Malay gila (“mad”) has been suggested, but this explanation has not gained acceptance.
]

There were red-tailed cockatoos, casuarina cockatoos, a little corella and a galah.

1985, Peter Carey, Illywhacker, Faber and Faber, published 2003, page 434:

The Galah has benefited from changes in the environment brought about by human activities (Rowley, 1990; Saunders and Ingram, 1995; Forshaw, 2002). The Galah′s diet is predominantly seeds, especially those from cereal crops and agricultural weeds.

2005, David Lindenmayer, Mark A. Burgman, Practical Conservation Biology, page 175:

Eolophus roseicapilla
Eolophus roseicapilla#Translingual

A pink and grey species of cockatoo, Eolophus roseicapilla, native to Australia.

That galah nearly drove me off the road.

‘Don′t just stand there, you great galah, lend a hand here!’ Billy Kemp shoved Edmund towards the longboat. ‘Get it free. The lads are bringing up the casks.’

1991, Patricia Shaw, River of the Sun, unnumbered page:

‘But, Sergeant, I reckon a man would look a proper galah falling about with an empty rifle, going click, click, click, “bang you′re dead” when he wasn′t doing rifle drill on parade, like when it′s not official, know what I mean?’ one of the infantrymen volunteers.

1999, Bryce Courtenay, Solomon's Song, unnumbered page:

‘[…]Then you will strut around like a great galah tryin′ to impress the sheilas about what a fuckin′ big iron ore miner you are.’

2006, John Chalmers, The Professional Guest, page 13:

Nicky: 'Of course I came. You called me. I am here to help you.' (NICKY sneezes) / Sam: 'You called this galah?'

2020, "Moments of Silence", in Taskmaster, series 10, episode 8, Channel 4, character scripts in The Smart Steak


baboon

From Middle English babewin, baboin, from Old French babouin, from baboue (“grimace; muzzle”), of West Germanic origin, related to dialectal German Bäppe (“lips; muzzle”), Middle High German beffen (“to bark”), Middle English baffen (“to bark”). See also baff, baffle.

Mix swallowed the comment he wanted to make, that the council hall stank like a congress of baboons. But he was in no position to insult his host, nor should he. The man was only expressing the attitude of his time.

1971, Philip José Farmer, Down in the Black Gang: and others; a story collection, Nelson Doubleday, page 79:

He draws eclectically on studies of baboons, descriptive anthropological accounts of hunter-gatherer societies and, in a few cases, the fossil record.

2012 March-April, John T. Jost, “Social Justice: Is It in Our Nature (and Our Future)?”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-06-21, page 162:

An Old World monkey of the genus Papio, having dog-like muzzles and large canine teeth, cheek pouches, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks. [from 13th c.]


water buffalo

water buffalo (plural water buffalos or water buffaloes or water buffalo)

water buffalos (plural)
water buffaloes (plural)
water buffalo (plural)

[ˈwɑɾɚˌbʌfəloʊ]

Bubalus bubalis
Bubalus bubalis#Translingual

A large ungulate, widely used as a domestic animal in Asia, South America. North Africa and Europe: Bubalus bubalis.

(US, colloquial) A water tank mounted on a trailer to be towed by a motor vehicle.


mongoose

mongoose (plural mongooses or (nonstandard) mongeese)

mongooses (plural)
mongeese (nonstandard plural)

First attested in the 1690s. Borrowed from Portuguese mangusto, from Marathi मुंगूस (muṅgūs), from Old Marathi 𑘦𑘳𑘽𑘐𑘳𑘭 (muṃgusa), from Sanskrit मद्गुश (madguśa). Ultimately a Dravidian borrowing (compare Telugu ముంగిస (muṅgisa)). Spelling altered by folk-etymological association with goose. Displaced native Old English nǣderbita (literally “snake biter”).

Bengal mongoose

Urva javanica palustris, syn. Herpestes javanicus palustris

collared mongoose

Urva semitorquata, syn. Herpestes semitorquatus

Indian gray mongoose/Indian mongoose

Urva edwardsii, syn. Herpestes edwardsii

short-tailed mongoose

Urva brachyura, syn. Herpestes brachyurus

small Indian mongoose

Urva auropunctata, syn. Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus

stripe-necked mongoose

Urva vitticollis, syn. Herpestes vitticollis

After the mongoose had satisfied its appetite, we proceeded to examine with a pocket lens the wounds he had received from the cobra; and on cleansing one of these places, the lens disclosed the broken fang of the cobra deeply imbedded in the head of the mongoose... We have had the mongoose confined ever since (now four days' time), and it is as healthy and lively as ever.

1864, John Holmes Agnew et al., The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature:

He was a mongoose, rather like a little cat in his fur and his tail, but quite like a weasel in his head and his habits.

1924, Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book:Rikki-Tikki-Tavi:

Any of several species of generalist predatory Carnivores in the family Herpestidae; the various species range in size from rats to large cats. Indian mongooses are predators of venomous snakes, though other mongoose species have similar habits.

muishond

small carnivore of the family Herpestidae

mangusta

genera Bdeogale, Crossarchus, Cynictis, Dologale, Helogale, Ichneumia, Liberiictis, Mungos, Paracynictis and Rhynchogale

Any members of family Eupleridae of Malagasy mongooses, only distantly related to the Herpestidae, but resembling them in appearance and habits, with larger ears and ringed tails.


cockatoo

→ Irish: cocatú

→ Maori: kokatu, koketu

From Dutch kaketoe, borrowed from Malay kakaktua, kakatua. Spelling influenced by cock.

We saw some cockatoos in the aviary.

A bird of the family Cacatuidae with a curved beak and a zygodactyl foot.


antelope

→ Irish: antalóp

→ Manx: antelope

From Middle English antelope, from Old French antelop, from Medieval Latin antilops, from Byzantine Greek ἀνθόλοψ (anthólops), which is of obscure origin.

Any of several African mammals of the family Bovidae distinguished by hollow horns, which, unlike deer, they do not shed.

Rarely antelopes are seen, but wolves, rabbits, and sundry ground squirrels abound.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 24:

"It reminds me of when I was hunting antelope in Colorado," he said to her.

1881, John W. Forney, The New Nobility, page 80:

(US) The pronghorn, Antilocapra americana.

(archaic, mythology) A fierce legendary creature said to live on the banks of the Euphrates, having long serrated horns and being hard to catch.


jenny-ass

c. 1849, G. Herbert Rodwell, Old London Bridge, London: Henry Lea, Chapter 15, p. 158,
[…] this little donkey could not be trusted in the road, for it was always getting under the wheels, because it would not let its mother, a fine fat old jenny ass in the shafts, alone.

But a man who holds so tightly to what he calls his rights over what he calls his debts will hold tightly also to what he calls his rights over her whom he calls his wife. No sir smile neighbour shall covet his ox or his wife or his manservant or his maidservant or his jackass. / —Or his jennyass, Buck Mulligan antiphoned.

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

[…] old rope is for tethering your jennyass […]

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man in Deptford, London: Hutchinson, Part One:


lioness

From Middle English leonesse, lyonesse, from Old French leonesse, lionesse; equivalent to lion + -ess.

When "lionesses" visiting Oxford for the gay doings of commemoration week spend a morning at Merton, they should look out for Antony Wood's mural tablet in the chapel, […]

1871, John Cordy Jeaffreson, Annals of Oxford, page 305:

"Now, boys, keep your eyes open, there must be plenty of lionesses about;" and thus warned, the whole load, including the cornopean player, were on the look-out for lady visitors, profanely called lionesses, all the way up the street.

1888, Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford, page 271:

(Oxford University slang, obsolete) A female visitor to a student at Oxford, especially during commemoration week.


petrel

→ French: pétrel
→ Italian: petrello

→ Spanish: petrel
→ Catalan: petrell

From earlier pitteral. Perhaps a diminutive of Peter, with reference to St. Peter's walking on the water (Matthew 14:29).
A derivation from patter or pitter-patter has been suggested, for instance by ornithologist Elliott Ladd Coues.

The seventh of May following, we first saw many Birds in bignesse of Cliffe Pidgeons, and after divers other as Pettrels, Cootes, Hagbuts, Pengwins, Murres, Gannets, Cormorants, Guls, with many else in our English Tongue of no name.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes, The Relation of Captaine GOSNOLS Voyage to the North part of Virginia, begunne the sixe and twentieth of March, Anno 42. ELIZABETHAE Reginae 1602. and delivered by GABRIEL ARCHER, a Gentleman in the said Voyage:

In a storm they will hover close under the ship's stern in the wake of the ship (as it is called) or the smoothness which the ship's passing has made on the sea; and there as they fly (gently then) they pat the water alternately with their feet as if they walked upon it; though still upon the wing. And from hence the seamen give them the name of petrels in allusion to St. Peter's walking upon the Lake of Gennesareth.

1703, William Dampier, chapter III, in A Voyage to New Holland, etc. in the Year 1699:

Any of various species of black, grey, or white seabirds in the order Procellariiformes.


she-bear

From Middle English sche bere; equivalent to she- + bear.

Elisha [...] was able to call upon two she-bears to come and eat up the children who had treated him irreverently[.]

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 52:

two she-bears came out of the woods and tore forty-two of the boys.

2001, Bible Old Testament 2 Kings 2:24 (English Standard Version)

A female bear (as opposed to a he-bear, male bear).


she-ass

From Middle English she asse; equivalent to she- + ass.


hyena

en-noun

hyena (plural hyenas or hyena or hyenae)

hyenas (plural)
hyena (plural)
hyenae (plural)

From Middle English hiena, variant of hyene, from Old French hiene, from Medieval Latin hyēna, from Latin hyaena, from Ancient Greek ὕαινα (húaina). Displaced native Old English nihtgenġe (literally “night walker”).

noncog

I took no systematic data on the costs to cheetahs and hyenas, but some anecdotes suggest that both parties took numerical advantage and hunger into account.

1994, T. M. Caro, Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: Group Living in an Asocial Species, page 283:

Hyenas are scavengers, which means they eat food left behind by other animals and people.

2002, Maskew Miller Longman, Find Out about African Animals, page 28:

Hyena biologists often think of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) as baboons with big teeth and relatively small brains.

2003, Anne Engh, Kay E. Holekamp, “Case Study 5A: Maternal Rank "Inheritance" in the Spotted Hyena”, in Frans B. M. De Waal, Peter L Tyack, editors, Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, page 149:

Any of the medium-sized to large feliform carnivores of the subfamily Hyaenidae, native to Africa and Asia and noted for the sound similar to laughter which they can make if excited.

see Citations:hyena

(Subsaharan Africa) A man that performs ritualized sex acts with recently widowed women and menarchal girls.


heater

→ Japanese: ヒーター (hītā)

(horse racing) A dead heat; a race in which two or more competitors reach the finish line simultaneously.


jenny

Partially from generic use of the female given name Jenny (cf. Jane) and partially from informal pronunciations of engine.

A female creature of certain kinds:
(Australia) a female crab.

A female creature of certain kinds:
a female crab.


hippopotamus

en-noun

hippopotamus (plural hippopotami or hippopotamuses or hippopotamus)

hippopotami (plural)
hippopotamuses (plural)
hippopotamus (plural)

From Latin and New Latin hippopotamus, from Ancient Greek ἱπποπόταμος (hippopótamos), from ἵππος (híppos, “horse”) (English hippo-) + ποταμός (potamós, “river”). Displaced nicker, from Old English nicor.

der

These were the first hippopotami that we had ever seen, and, to judge by their insatiable curiosity, I should judge that we were the first white men that they had ever seen.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

Hippopotamus amphibius
Hippopotamus amphibius#Translingual

A large, semi-aquatic, herbivorous (plant-eating) African mammal (Hippopotamus amphibius; common hippopotamus).


miner

From mine + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (occupational suffix).

(cryptocurrencies) A person who mines cryptocurrency.


barrow

From Middle English barowe, barwe, barewe, from Old English bearwe (“basket, handbarrow”), from Proto-West Germanic *barwā, *barwijā, from Proto-Germanic *barwǭ, *barwijǭ (“stretcher, bier”) (compare Low German Berwe, Old Norse barar (plural), Middle High German radebere (“wheelbarrow”)), from *beraną (“to bear”). More at bear.

cog

The turmoil went on—no rest, no peace. […] It was nearly eleven o'clock now, and he strolled out again. In the little fair created by the costers' barrows the evening only seemed beginning; and the naphtha flares made one's eyes ache, the men's voices grated harshly, and the girls' faces saddened one.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

In contrast, the Westminster Gazette in 1912 was much more positive about railway staff, praising the "...army of porters hustling and bustling hither and thither with barrows groaning under the weight of bags and baggage and... the ever-patient and long-suffering guards, courteously giving information and advice to the querulous passengers... to the porter the Christmas season means a continuous round of heavy labour, extremely tiring to both nerves and temper, and this fact the public too often seem either to forget or ignore."

2022 December 14, David Turner, “The Edwardian Christmas getaway...”, in RAIL, number 972, page 35:

(British) A small vehicle used to carry a load and pulled or pushed by hand.

սայլակ

(saltworks) A wicker case in which salt is put to drain.


barrow

From Middle English *berwe, *borwe, *bergh (attested in hamberwe and berwham (“horse-collar”)), from Middle English berwen (“to protect”), from Old English beorgan (“to protect”).

A long sleeveless flannel garment for infants.


ursine

Mid 16th century, from Latin ursīnus, adjectival form of ursus (“bear”) + -ine.


eel

en-verb

eel (third-person singular simple present eels, present participle eeling, simple past and past participle eeled)

eels (present singular third-person)
eeling (participle present)
eeled (participle past)
eeled (past)

From Middle English el, from Old English ǣl (“eel”), from Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz (“eel”), which is of unknown origin.
Cognates:
Cognate with West Frisian iel (“eel”), Dutch aal (“eel”), German Low German Aal, Ool (“eel”), German Aal (“eel”), Swedish, Danish and Norwegian ål (“eel”).


simian

From Latin sīmia (“ape, monkey”), from Ancient Greek σιμός (simós, “snub-nosed”).

uder

The simians would require no special orientation courses to teach them the reasons for fighting, such as, “To make the world safe for Demagocracy,” or whatnot.

1959, H. G. Coulter, Time for Rebellion: A Play and Preface, page 14:

An ape or monkey, especially an anthropoid (infraorder Simiiformes).


reptile

From Middle English reptil, from Old French reptile, from Late Latin rēptile, neuter of reptilis (“creeping”), from Latin rēpō (“to creep”), from Proto-Indo-European *rep- (“to creep, slink”) (Pokorny; Watkins, 1969).

der

(strictly) A cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia; an amniote that is neither a synapsid nor a bird; excludes amphibians.


leopard

From Middle English leopard, leopart, lepard, leperd, from Old French leopard (“leopard”), from Late Latin leopardus (“leopon, lipard”) from late Ancient Greek λεόπαρδος (leópardos, “leopon, lipard”), from λέων (léōn, “lion”) + πάρδος (párdos, “pard, male leopard”), from earlier πάρδαλις (párdalis, “leopard”), probably from an unattested Old Persian [Term?] term ancestral to Middle Persian palang, Khwarezmian plyk, Sogdian [script needed] (pwrδnk), Pashto پړانګ (pṛāng). Compare Persian پلنگ (palang) and Sanskrit पृदाकु (pṛdāku, “panther”).

tier

a large wild cat with a spotted coat, Panthera pardus

Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ náshdóítsoh łikizhígíí

leopon

hybrid formed by a leopard and a lioness

During all such cases when we were present they responded by giving repeated alarm calls, even when the leopard was already feeding on a carcass. We wanted to determine whether vervets knew enough about the behavior of leopards to recognize that, even in the absence of a leopard, a carcass in a tree signaled the same potential danger as did a leopard itself.

1990, Dorothy L. Cheney, How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species, published 1992, page 284:

The leopard (Panthera pardus or Felis pardus cf tulliana) is a close relative of the lion, but biblical references mentioning it are very few, suggesting that it was not as common.

1998, Oded Borowski, Every Living Thing: Daily Use of Animals in Ancient Israel, page 201:

Leopard skins have always been desirable commodities because of their spectacular spotted patterns.

2005, Richard Ellis, Tiger Bone & Rhino Horn: The Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine, page 197:

Panthera pardus
Panthera pardus#Translingual

Panthera pardus, a large wild cat with a spotted coat native to Africa and Asia, especially the male of the species (in contrast to leopardess).

lipard

hybrid formed by a lion and a leopardess

Neofelis nebulosa
Neofelis nebulosa#Translingual

(inexact) A similar-looking, large wild cat named after the leopard.

The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), a large wild cat native to Asia.

Panthera uncia
Panthera uncia#Translingual

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), a large wild cat native to Asia.

Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Phalanta, having black markings on an orange base.


porcine

en-adj

porcine (comparative more porcine, superlative most porcine)

more porcine (comparative)
most porcine (superlative)

From Middle English porcine, partly from Middle French porcin (from Old French [Term?]) and partly from its etymon, Latin porcīnus, from porcus (“pig”).

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

(derogatory) Overweight to the extent of resembling a pig; morbidly obese.


flamingo

en-noun

flamingo (countable and uncountable, plural flamingos or flamingoes)

/fləˈmɪŋɡoʊ/

From Portuguese flamengo (“flamingo”) and Spanish flamenco (“flamingo”), which were adapted from Catalan flamenc (“flamingo”), of disputed ultimate origin in this sense. All three forms are used adjectivally as an ethnonym meaning 'Flemish' (of Germanic origin, cognate to English Fleming); Spanish flamenco refers also to a dance type. Compare also French flamant (“flamingo”).
*The bird's name may derive from the ethnonym by an association of a ruddy complexion or hair color with the Flemings; this etymology is supported by Corominas. (In Spanish, flamenco can be used colloquially as an adjective meaning "robust, healthy-looking".)
* Alternatively, either the dance flamenco, the bird name or both come from attaching the same Germanic-derived ending found in the ethnonym to the distinct root of Latin flamma (“flame”): i.e. Catalan flamenc has been analyzed as flama (“flame”) + -enc. Compare also Portuguese -engo.

After Nakuru the light remains only long enough to see the Lake Nakuru, away to the south, with its fringe of pink flamingos, and as the darkness falls the old main line to Kisumu branches to the left.

1950 April, Timothy H. Cobb, “The Kenya-Uganda Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 266:

(countable) A wading bird of the family Phoenicopteridae.


jackass

jackass (countable and uncountable, plural jackasses)


los

Inherited from Middle English lusk, from Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz. Cognate with Scots los, Saterland Frisian Luks, Low German Luks, Dutch los, German Luchs, Luxembourgish Luuss.

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592, Thomas Thomasius, Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:

(obsolete) A medium-sized wildcat, most of them part of the genus Lynx.


Burmese

Of or relating to Burma (Myanmar) or its people or language.


Burmese

(zoology) A medium-sized, short-haired domestic cat breed, originating in Thailand.


cobra

Borrowed from Portuguese cobra, from Latin colubra (“snake”).

In the pools, too, was a species of small alligator or enormous iguana, I do not know which, that fed, Billali told me, upon the waterfowl, also large quantities of a hideous black water-snake, of which the bite is very dangerous, though not, I gathered, so deadly as a cobra's or a puff adder's.

Any of various venomous snakes of the family Elapidae.


horse racing

A sport where horses and their jockeys compete to race around a track the fastest.

跑馬

a sport where horses and their jockeys compete to be fastest


lawyer

From Middle English lawier, lawyer, lawer, equivalent to law + -yer.

A professional person with a graduate law degree that qualifies for legal work (such as Juris Doctor)

His forefathers had been, as a rule, professional men—physicians and lawyers; his grandfather died under the walls of Chapultepec Castle while twisting a tourniquet for a cursing dragoon; an uncle remained indefinitely at Malvern Hill;[…].

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter II, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

A lawyer's time and advice are his stock in trade. - aphorism often credited to Abraham Lincoln, but without attestation

A professional person qualified (as by a law degree or bar exam) and authorized to practice law as an attorney-at-law, solicitor, advocate, barrister or equivalent, i.e. represent parties in lawsuits or trials and give legal advice.

regsgeleerde

professional person authorized to practice law

The species of Eugnomus are very partial to the lawyer (Rubus australis ) when in bloom.

1881 April, George M. Thomson, “On the Fertilization of New Zealand Flowering Plants”, in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, volume 13, page 250:

In the lawyer (Rubus australis) a considerable differentiation has taken place. All the alllies of this plant (such as the true roses, brambles, rasps, &c.), exhibit a strong development of epidermal structures in the form of hooks, spines, or hairs, but in none are these structures so perfect as in our lawyer.

1885, New Zealand Journal of Science - Volume 2, page 417:

A plant that is excessively troublesome in the localities where the native vegetation has been least disturbed is the “lawyer” (Rubus australis).

1915, John Henderson, P. Marshall, Percy Gates Morgan, The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Reefton Subdivision, Westport and North Westland Division, page 6:

Any of various plants that have hooked thorns.

A relative of the raspberry found in Australia and New Zealand, Rubus australis


panda

→ Malay: panda

→ Japanese: パンダ (panda)

→ Korean: 판다 (panda)

→ Tagalog: panda

→ Thai: แพนด้า (pɛn-dâa)

Borrowed from French panda, of unclear ultimate origin but probably from the second element of nigálya-pónya, a local name for the red panda recorded in Nepal and Sikkim by Brian Houghton Hodgson (1800 or 1801 – 1894), an ethnologist, naturalist and the British Resident of Nepal, possibly from Nepali निँगाले (nĩgāle, “relating to a certain species of bamboo”) (the adjectival form of निँगालो (nĩgālo), a variant of निङालो (niṅālo, “Drepanostachyum intermedium, a species of bamboo”)) + a regional Tibetan name for the animal (compare regional Tibetan ཕོ་ཉ (pho nya, “messenger”)).
Attributive uses of sense 2 (“giant panda”) generally refer to that animal’s distinctive black and white coat colour.

der

The red panda's history in zoos begins some 40 years after its discovery. The first one to be seen outside of its natural range arrived at London Zoo on 22nd May 1869, [...] On arrival at the zoo, the last surviving panda was given into the care of Abraham Bartlett, the superintendent of the zoo. [...] The feeding instructions that came with the panda said it should be given milk, a little rice and grass each day. [...] Bartlett felt that the suggested diet was not adequate and set out to find what the animal would accept; [...] Unfortunately, although it ate well, this first zoo red panda was not destined for a long life, it died suddenly during the night of 12 December 1869, a little over 6 months after its arrival.

2011, Angela R. Glatston, “Introduction”, in Angela R. Glatston, editor, Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda, London, Burlington, Mass.: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 7:

Ailurus fulgens
Ailurus fulgens#Translingual

(now rare without a qualifying word) The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), a small raccoon-like animal of northeast Asia with reddish fur and a long, ringed tail.

Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Ailuropoda melanoleuca#Translingual

(colloquial, also attributively) Short for giant panda (“Ailuropoda melanoleuca”).

ፓንዳ

Ailuropoda melanoleuca — see also giant panda

Before the confrontation, the youth sighted a police personnel carrier, two dog patrol vans, a motorway style car, at least two pandas and one unmarked police car.

1975, Darcus Howe, editor, Race Today, London: Race Today Collective, →OCLC, page 279:

(British, law enforcement, colloquial) Short for panda car (“a black-and-white police car”).


ox

→ Abenaki: aksen (via "oxen")

→ Malecite-Passamaquoddy: akson (via "oxen")

→ Unami: aksën (via "oxen")

From Middle English oxe, from Old English oxa, from Proto-West Germanic *ohsō, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô (compare West Frisian okse, Dutch os, German Ochse), from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn.
Cognate with Welsh ych (“ox”), Tocharian A ops, Tocharian B okso (“draft-ox”), Avestan 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬥 (uxšan, “bull”), Sanskrit उक्षन् (ukṣán).

nandwie

any bovine animal used as a beast of burden

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

An adult castrated male of cattle (B. taurus), especially when used as a beast of burden.

Here the same four kinds are mentioned ... These are sheep, goats, camels and oxen.

1934, commentary on the Qur'an (Sura 39 verse 6) by Abdullah Yusuf Ali

Any bovine animal (genus Bos). A neat, a beef.


tod

From Middle English tod, of unknown origin. Possibly influenced by Etymology 2, due to its bushy tail.

unk

unknown


horse race

An exciting and arduous competition (as in a political campaign).

kilpajuoksu

an exciting and arduous competition (as in a political campaign)