fig

en-verb

fig (third-person singular simple present figs, present participle figging, simple past and past participle figged)

figs (present singular third-person)
figging (participle present)
figged (participle past)
figged (past)

Ginger, a showy, fast horse — as if he had been figged with ginger under his tail; a red-haired man.

1874, The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal, page 176:

He must be "figged." Figging consists in pushing a piece of crushed ginger into the return of the wretched creature — a practice which is now illegal, and of which information should be given to the R.S.P.C.A. whenever detected.

1901, Natal Agriculture Journal, page 744:

“Is something amiss with the horse, Parr?” His gaze left the horse for a second as he glanced at Grace. “Yes, the horse has been figged. Now I just need to figure out who the culprit is.”

2015, Becky Lower, The Cotillion Ball Saga, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(transitive, rare) To insert a ginger root into the anus, vagina or urethra of (a horse): to perform figging upon; to feague, to feak.


fig

The piece of ginger root used in figging.


watermelon

en-noun

watermelon (countable and uncountable, plural watermelons)

/ˈwɔːtəˌmɛlən/

From the 1610s, a compound of water + melon. The meanings referring to environmentalists, collaboraters, and behind schedule projects, derive from the idea of having green (eco-friendly, pro-Tatmadaw, on-schedule) outward appearance while being red (socialist, pro-rebel, behind schedule) in a hidden way comparable to that of the fruit.

Citrullus lanatus
Citrullus lanatus#Translingual

A plant of the species Citrullus lanatus, bearing a melon-like fruit.


cardamom

cardamom (countable and uncountable, plural cardamoms)

Late Middle English, from Old French cardamome or Latin cardamōmum, from Ancient Greek καρδάμωμον (kardámōmon).

grains of paradise
grains of paradise#English

Aframomum melegueta
Aframomum melegueta#Translingual

(uncommon, inexact) Synonym of grains of paradise, the seeds or seed capsules of Aframomum melegueta, of East Africa.


hurdle

→ Japanese: ハードル (hādoru)

From Middle English hurdel, hirdel, herdel, hyrdel, from Old English hyrdel (“frame of intertwined twigs used as a temporary barrier”), diminutive of *hyrd, from Proto-Germanic *hurdiz, from Pre-Germanic *kr̥h₂tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₂-. Cognate with Dutch horde, German Hürde.

inh

He ran in the 100 metres hurdles.

(athletics, equestrianism) An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which athletes or horses jump in a race.

حَاجِز

artificial barrier over which people or horses jump in a race


jalapeño

/ˌhæləˈpiːnəʊ/

/ˌdʒæləˈpiːnəʊ/

/ˌhæləˈpɛnjəʊ/

/d͡ʒəˈlæpənoʊ/

Unadapted borrowing from Mexican Spanish jalapeño.

ubor

Coordinate term: cayenne pepper

Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum#Translingual

A cultivar of hot chili pepper, Capsicum annuum.


habanero

/ˌ(h)ɑːbəˈnɛɹəʊ/

Capsicum chinense
Capsicum chinense#Translingual

An intensely spicy chili pepper, Capsicum chinense.


Scotch bonnet

Of the pepper, mushroom, and snail, from the resemblance to the Scottish tam o'shanter.

A variety of hot chilli pepper (a cultivar of Capsicum chinense).


aciniform

en-adj

aciniform (comparative more aciniform, superlative most aciniform)

more aciniform (comparative)
most aciniform (superlative)

Latin acinus (“grape, grapestone”) + -form. Compare French aciniforme.


jail

en-noun

jail (countable and uncountable, plural jails)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: जेल (jel)

Urdu: جیل (jel)

→ Punjabi: ਜੇਲ੍ਹ (jelh)

→ Welsh: jêl, jael

From Middle English gayole, gaylle, gaille, gayle, gaile, from Old French gaiole, gayolle, gaole, from Medieval Latin gabiola, from Late Latin caveola (“small cage, cell”), a diminutive of Latin cavea (“cavity, coop, cage”). Doublet of caveola and related to cage. More at cajole.
Displaced native Middle English quartern (“prison, jail, cell”) from Old English cweartern (“jail, prison”); Middle English carcern (“jail, prison”) from Old English carcern (“prison, correctional facility”); Middle English lok (“jail, prison”) from Old English loc (“enclosure, pen; jail, prison”).
Compare also Old English heaþor (“jail, confinement”), Old English heolstorloca (“prison, jail cell”), Old English clūstorloc (“jail, prison”), Old English dung (“jail, prison, dungeon”), Old English hlinræced (“jail”), Old English nierwþ (“jail”), Old English nīedcleofa (“jail”), Old English hearmloca (“jail”), Old English nearu (“jail, confinement”).

ncog

(horse racing, uncountable) The condition created by the requirement that a horse claimed in a claiming race not be run at another track for some period of time (usually 30 days).

horse racing: condition of not being able to run at another track for some period of time

väliaikainen kilpailurajoitus myynnin jälkeen


stretch

→ Esperanto: streĉi

→ Finnish: stretch-

→ French: stretch

From Middle English strecchen, from Old English streċċan (“to stretch, hold out, extend, spread out, prostrate”), from Proto-West Germanic *strakkjan (“to stretch, make taut or tight”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)treg-, *streg-, *treg- (“stiff, rigid”). Cognate with West Frisian strekke, Dutch strekken (“to stretch, straighten”), German strecken (“to stretch, straighten, elongate”), Danish strække (“to stretch”), Swedish sträcka (“to stretch”), Dutch strak (“taut, tight”), Albanian shtriqem (“to stretch”). More at stark.

cog

time stretch analog-to-digital converter

(horse racing) The homestretch, the final straight section of the track leading to the finish.


haver

Borrowed from Scots haver, from Middle English haver, from Old Norse hafri (“oat, oats”), from Proto-Germanic *habrô (“oat, oats”), from Proto-Indo-European *kapro- (“goat”). Cognate with Dutch haver (“oats”) and German Hafer (“oat”).

(UK, Scotland, dialect) Oats (the cereal).


oats

Oats are in the north corner of the farm.

Usually oats is last in a rotation and does not get the fertilizer that other feed grains get.

A mass of oat plants (genus Avena, especially Avena sativa).


bounce

en-verb

bounce (third-person singular simple present bounces, present participle bouncing, simple past and past participle bounced)

bounces (present singular third-person)
bouncing (participle present)
bounced (participle past)
bounced (past)

From Middle English bounsen, bunsen (“to beat, thump”), cognate with Scots bunce, bonce (“to bounce”). Of uncertain origin. Perhaps imitative, related to bump, or related to Middle English bonchen (“to pound, beat”) and Dutch bonken (“to bump”).
Compare Saterland Frisian bumzje (“to pound, bang, bounce”), West Frisian bûnzje (“to throb, bounce, pulsate”), Dutch bonzen (“to thump, knock, throb, bounce”), German Low German bunsen, bumsen (“to beat, bounce”), German bumsen (“to thud, bang, pound”).

unc

uncertain

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

(horse racing, slang) To race poorly after a successful race.


bounce

en-noun

bounce (countable and uncountable, plural bounces)

unc

uncertain

onomatopoeic

imitative

(horse racing, slang) The situation where a horse races poorly after a successful race.


kiwifruit

en-noun

kiwifruit (plural kiwifruit or kiwifruits)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-kiwifruit.wav

Vitamin C values increased from 65.92 ± 9.1 (day 0) to 102 ± 23.1 μM (day 28) and from 68 ± 15.2 μM to 92.38 ± 14.7 μM after consuming two and three kiwifruit per day, respectively (Duttaroy & Jorgensen, 2004).

2013, Asim K[anti] Duttaroy, “Cardioprotective Properties of Kiwifruit”, in Mike Boland, Paul J. Moughan, editors, Nutritional Benefits of Kiwifruit (Advances in Food and Nutrition Research; volume 68), Academic Press, →ISBN, page 277:


basil

basil (usually uncountable, plural basils)

→ Indonesian: basil

Inherited from Middle English basile, from Middle French basile, from Old French basile, from Medieval Latin basilicum, from Ancient Greek βασιλικόν (basilikón, “royal”), from βασιλεύς (basileús, “king”). Doublet of basilic, basilicon, and basilicum; further related to basileus, basilean, and basileiolatry.

doublet

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual

The leaves of this plant used as a herb.


basil

Corrupted from English basan, from French basane, from Late Latin basanium, from Arabic بِطانَة (biṭāna, “lining”).


basil

When I once more feel that sharp smarting around the scabby sores that cluster like so many oysters on my ankles beneath my chained iron basils, I know that the tide has turned.

2001, Richard Flanagan, Gould's Book of Fish, Vintage, published 2016, page 49:

(now historical, archaic) A fetter fastened round the ankle of a prisoner.


fruitless

en-adj

fruitless (comparative more fruitless, superlative most fruitless)

more fruitless (comparative)
most fruitless (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English fruytles; equivalent to fruit + -less. Compare Middle English withouten fruyt (“fruitless”, literally “without fruit”).

noncog

The fruitless woman desperately wanted to have children.

According to that Cabaliſticall Dogma: If Abram had not had this Letter [i.e., ה (he)] added unto his Name he had remained fruitleſſe, and without the power of generation: […] So that being ſterill before, he received the power of generation from that meaſure and manſion in the Archetype; and was made conformable unto Binah.

1658, Thomas Browne, “The Garden of Cyrus. […]. Chapter V.”, in Hydriotaphia, Urne-buriall, […] Together with The Garden of Cyrus, […], London: […] Hen[ry] Brome […], →OCLC, page 192:

(figuratively, archaic) Of a person: unable to have children; barren, infertile.

barsız

unable to have children — see also infertile

बाँझ (bāñjh, literally “infertile woman”)


nana

You look a right nana dressed up like that.


fetid

en-adj

fetid (comparative more fetid, superlative most fetid)

more fetid (comparative)
most fetid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin fētidus (“having offensive odour”), originally fēteō (“to stink”).

bor+

I caught the fetid odor of dirty socks.

[…] this room, where misfortune seems to ooze, where speculation lurks in corners, and of which Madame Vauquer inhales the warm, fetid air without being nauseated.

1878, Henry James, “Honoré de Balzac”, in French Poets and Novelists, London: Macmillan, II, p. 122:


balm

en-noun

balm (countable and uncountable, plural balms)

→ Welsh: balm

BOM (for many speakers with the father-bother merger)

From Middle English bawme, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French baume, from Old French basme, from Latin balsamum, itself from Ancient Greek βάλσαμον (bálsamon). Spelling modified 16th c. to conform to Latin etymology. Doublet of balsam and desman.

Any of various aromatic resins exuded from certain plants, especially trees of the genus Commiphora of Africa, Arabia and India and Myroxylon of South America.


rosehip

The fleshy false fruit of a wild rose plant (e.g. sweetbrier, dog rose, burnet rose, etc.), containing the achenes or true fruits.


concord

concord (countable and uncountable, plural concords)

From French concorde, Latin concordia, from concors (“of the same mind, agreeing”); con- + cor, cordis (“heart”). See heart, and compare accord.

(grammar) Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, person, or case.

The concord or agreement may be made of an estate and fee-simple, fee-tail, or life or for years; it may be also of divers remainders, and that to them that are no parties but strangers to the fine; it may be also single or double, with a render back again of some estate of the same land or some rent out of it; so a concord may have in it reservation of rent, a clause of distress or nomine poenae and a warranty.

1792, Edward Wood, John Joseph Powell, A Complete Body of Conveyancing: In Theory and Practice, page 548:

And in all these, and such like cases, as before, where the concord is not formal, the judges ought not to receive the fine nor suffer it to pass; but if they do, and the fine be finished, it cannot afterwards be avoided by writ of error, or otherwise, for these faults.

1808, William Sheppard, The Touchstone of Common Assurances:

This concord was the foundation or substance of the fine; being, in form and in fact, the grant or conveyance intended to be given, and was acknowledged either openly in court, or before one of the judges, or before two or more commissioners empowered by a special authority. With this acknowledgment, all the essential parts of the fine were completed.

1850, Alexander Mansfield Burrill, A New Law Dictionary and Glossary, page 492:

The foot of a fine was a copy of an agreement ( the final concord ) reached in a court of law, usually the Court of Common Pleas, following a dispute over land ownership.

1994, The Local Historian - Volumes 24-25, page 66:

(law, obsolete) An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See fine.


concord

After Concord, Massachusetts, where the variety was developed.

A variety of sweet American grape, with large dark blue (almost black) grapes in compact clusters; a Concord grape.


compound

en-verb

compound (third-person singular simple present compounds, present participle compounding, simple past and past participle compounded)

compounds (present singular third-person)
compounding (participle present)
compounded (participle past)
compounded (past)

From Middle English compounen, from Middle French componre, compondre (“to put together”), from Latin componō, from Latin com- (“together”) + ponō (“to put”).

At the hill, the Warrior must have been at least ten lengths in front of Wild Dayrell; but he compounded about 200 yards on the T. Y. C. side of the Red House.

1855, The Sporting Review, volume 34, page 240:

(horse racing, intransitive) Of a horse: to fail to maintain speed.


Osage orange

Maclura pomifera
Maclura pomifera#Translingual

The tree Maclura pomifera, noted for its large, dense, wrinkly, bright green and unpalatable fruit, once a popular hedge tree in the United States.


spud

From Middle English spudde (“small knife”). Origin unknown; probably related to Danish spyd, Old Norse spjót (“spear”), German Spieß (“spear; spike; skewer”). Compare English spit (“sharp, pointed rod”). The use of the term for a potato was perhaps first used in New Zealand and Australian dialect and slang.

As I turned out of the wood, I heard the shrill tone of infant wailing; and as I came towards the cottage, I saw a fine flaxen-headed urchin, some six or seven years old, stamping and beating himself with his clenched little spuds of fists, in a perfect ecstasy of passion […]

1844, Richard Sainthill, An Olla Podrida: Or, Scraps, Numismatic, Antiquarian, and Literary:

1728, Jonathan Swift, A Pastoral Dialogue, 1910, William Browning (editor), The Poems of Jonathan Swift, Volume 2, 2004, Gutenberg eBook #13621,
My love to Sheelah is more firmly fixt, / Than strongest weeds that grow these stones betwixt: / My spud these nettles from the stone can part; / No knife so keen to weed thee from my heart.

1885, Richard Jefferies, After London: or Wild England, 2004 [1905], Gutenberg eBook #13944,
Deprived of motion by the blow of the club, it can, on the other hand, be picked up without trouble and without the aid of a dog, and if not dead is despatched by a twist of the Bushman's fingers or a thrust from his spud. The spud is at once his dagger, his knife and fork, his chisel, his grub-axe, and his gouge. It is a piece of iron (rarely or never of steel, for he does not know how to harden it) about ten inches long, an inch and a half wide at the top or broadest end, where it is shaped and sharpened like a chisel, only with the edge not straight but sloping, and from thence tapering to a point at the other, the pointed part being four-sided, like a nail.

"I rigged up a contraption to hold off those stinking beasts, and I spent a happy day there with a spud."

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

A most respectable old Johnnie, don't you know. Doesn't do a thing nowadays but dig in the garden with a spud.

1925, P. G. Wodehouse, “Jeeves Takes Charge”, in Carry On, Jeeves, Arrow Books, published 2008, page 19:

A tool, similar to a spade, used for digging out weeds etc.

малка мотика

spade-like tool used for digging out weeds


spud

spud (third-person singular simple present spuds, present participle spudding, simple past and past participle spudded)

spuds (present singular third-person)
spudding (participle present)
spudded (participle past)
spudded (past)

A rope called the jerk line is attached to the wrist pin of the band-wheel crank, brought inside the derrick, and attached to the part of the drilling cable which extends from the crown pulley to the bull-wheel shaft by a curved metal slide called a spudding shoe. (See fig. 8.)

1911, Isaiah Bowman, United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 257: Well-Drilling Methods, page 46:

When a well is spudded, the drilling assembly is loosely tied to the guide wires with 1/2″ manila rope.

1999, Steve Devereux, Drilling for Oil & Gas: A Nontechnical Guide, page 86:

Spudding is the process of lifting and dropping the pile constantly until the obstruction is broken into pieces. Obviously, spudding cannot be done with lighter piles (timber or pipe piles). Concrete piles and steel H-piles are good candidates for spudding.

2008, Ruwan Rajapakse, Pile Design and Construction Rules of Thumb, page 367:

Prepayments of drilling expenses are deductible by tax-shelter investors only if the well is “spudded” within 90 days after the close of the taxable year in which the prepayment was made, and the deduction is limited to the original amount of the investment.

2008, J. K. Lasser, J.K. Lasser′s Your Income Tax: 2009, Professional, Edition, page 238:

(drilling) To begin drilling an oil well; to drill by moving the drill bit and shaft up and down, or by raising and dropping a bit.


spud

A game for three or more players, involving the gradual elimination of players by throwing and catching a ball.


anise

en-noun

anise (countable and uncountable, plural anises)

From Middle English anys, borrowed from Old French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνισον (ánison), from Egyptian jnst.

[…] of the butcherbirds which were perched on the electric wires skirting the road must be nesting birds, and that in the absence of trees or brush they must be nesting in some of the weeds along the highway, mostly anise (Foeniculum vulgare).

1934, The Gull (Golden Gate Audubon Society), volumes 16-29, page 25

Foeniculum vulgare
Foeniculum vulgare#Translingual

(US, often qualified as "sweet anise" or "wild anise") Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare.


balsa

balsa (countable and uncountable, plural balsas)

→ Irish: balsa

Borrowed from Spanish balsa, from a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia, probably Basque [Term?] or Iberian [Term?]. Not related to balsam.

A large tree, Ochroma pyramidale, native to tropical America, with wood that is very light in weight.

A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.


betony

betony (countable and uncountable, plural betonies)

From Middle English betayny, betanie, from Medieval Latin betōnia (possibly through Old French), from Latin betōnica or ve(t)tōnica, from Vettones, a people in Lusitania. Compare French bétoine.

Stachys officinalis
Stachys officinalis#Translingual

Stachys officinalis (syn. Betonica officinalis, an herb used in traditional European medicine.

(Canada, US) Any plant of the genus Pedicularis (louseworts).


burley

burley (countable and uncountable, plural burleys)

Unknown. Compare the personal name Burley.

The price received by farmers at the auctions for burley has decreased, other conditions being about average, around 1.45 cents for each 10-million-pound increase in the production of burley

1952, Glenn Leroy Johnson, Burley Tobacco Control Programs, page 59:

(US) A tobacco grown mainly in Kentucky, used in making cigarettes.

Fish will swim up your burley trail looking for the source which should be where your baits are placed, instead of dumping a heap of burley at once where the fish will feed on it quickly and move on.

2018, Jacks Boric, “Fishing with Burley”, in Shimano Fishing Oceania:

(Australia) Blood and offal used by fishermen to attract fish.


chard

chard (countable and uncountable, plural chards)

From earlier card (remodelled after chardoon, obsolete form of cardoon), from Middle French carde, from Latin carduus (“thistle”). Doublet of cardoon.

(uncountable, cooking) An edible leafy vegetable, Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla, with a slightly bitter taste.

سِلْق

Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla — see also beet


chive

From Middle English chive~cyve, from Old French chive~cive, from Latin cēpa (“onion”).

Allium schoenoprasum
Allium schoenoprasum#Translingual

A perennial plant, Allium schoenoprasum, related to the onion.

What a splendid pie, pizza-pizza pie / Every minute, every second, buy, buy, buy, buy, buy / Pepperoni and green peppers, mushrooms, olive, chives

2002, “Chic 'n' Stu”, in Daron Malakian, Serj Tankian (lyrics), Daron Malakian (music), Steal This Album!, performed by System of a Down, Track 1:

(in the plural) The leaves of this plant used as a herb.

(Trinidad and Tobago, dialect) The spring onion; The green onion; the scallion.


chive

en-verb

chive (third-person singular simple present chives, present participle chiving, simple past and past participle chived)

chives (present singular third-person)
chiving (participle present)
chived (participle past)
chived (past)

From Romani chive, chiv, chivvomengro (“knife, dagger, blade”).


cohosh

en-noun

cohosh (countable and uncountable, plural cohoshes)

From an Algonquian word meaning "rough", probably Eastern Abenaki / Penobscot *kkwὰhas. Compare Massachusett kushki (“(it is) rough”). Compare English cocash.

A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), the rough rootstock of which is used in medicine.


coleus

From the genus name translingual Coleus, from Latin coleus, from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath”) in reference to the manner in which the stamens are united.

копривка

plant with bright-colored or variegated leaves

Any of certain plants in the mint family, many used as ornamentals for their colorful, variegated leaves, sometime included in genus Plectranthus (spurflowers), sometimes in their own genus Coleus,

especially, Plectranthus scutellarioides, also known as Coleus scutellarioides and Coleus blumei.


cowpea

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata#Translingual

Any of the plants in the species Vigna unguiculata, including the black-eyed pea.


chaw

chaw (countable and uncountable, plural chaws)

From Middle English chawen, an unexplained variation of chewen (“to chew”). See chew for more. Cognate with Middle Dutch cauwen ("to chew"; whence Dutch kauwen), obsolete Dutch kauw (“the act of chewing, that which is chewed, chewed mass, wad of tobacco”), Middle Low German kauwen, kauen (“to chew”). Compare also Old English ġecow (“that which is chewed, food”) and *ġeċēow (“chewing”), whence Middle English icheu (“gnawing, biting”).

gl

"to chew"; whence Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">kauwen</i>

cog

When the doctor told him to quit smoking, Harvey switched to chaw, but then developed cancer of the mouth.

"YOU give him a chaw, did you? So did your sister's cat's grandmother. You pay me back the chaws you've awready borry'd off'n me, Lafe Buckner, then I'll loan you one or two ton of it, and won't charge you no back intrust, nuther."

1889, Mark Twain, chapter 21, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:

He […] went into the store and behind the counter and reached up and got the plug of chewing tobacco and unwrapped it and bit off a chaw.

(Appalachia, informal, uncountable) Chewing tobacco.


emmer

en-noun

emmer (countable and uncountable, plural emmers)

First used in 1908; borrowed from German Emmer, from Middle High German emeri, from Old High German amari, derivative of amar(o), which in turn gave rise to the obsolescent German synonym Amelkorn (“amelcorn”). Further etymology unknown, but some sources claim descent from Latin amylum (“starch, gruel”) (q.v.).

Emmer Wheat or Farro Emmer wheat, T. turgidum dicoccum, was probably the second wheat to be cultivated. It grew in warmer climates than einkorn, and became the most important cultivated form from the Near East through northern Africa and Europe until early Roman times, when it was superseded by durum and bread wheats. But pockets of emmer cultivation survived in parts of Europe, and emmer is now widely available under its Italian name, farro.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 9, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Triticum dicoccon
Triticum dicoccon#Translingual

Any of species Triticum dicoccon, one of a group of hulled wheats that are important food grains.

wild emmer

Triticum dicoccoides (a hybrid of Triticum urartu and a wild goatgrass. such as Aegilops searsii or Aegilops speltoides)


gage

A subspecies of plum, Prunus domestica subsp. italica.


gait

From Middle English gate (“way”), from Old Norse gata (“road”), from Proto-Germanic *gatwǭ. Compare gate.

(equestrianism) One of the different ways in which a horse can move, either naturally or as a result of training.


gala

From French gala, or directly from that word's etymon, which is either Italian gala, or Spanish gala, both meaning "festive occasion", and derived from Old French gale (“rejoicing”). (The French word likely kept the final -a to avoid homophony with gale (“scabies”).) Ultimately cognate to gallant and hence probably from Frankish *wala (“good, well”).


hod

Probably an alteration of hot (“(Northern England, Scotland) large basket for carrying earth, etc.”), from Middle English hott, hote, hotte (“large basket or pannier for carrying earth, etc.; unit of measure for grain; hut or shed (perhaps originally of wattlework); lump of dirt (?)”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman and Old French hote, hotte (“large basket carried on the back”) (modern French hotte (“carrying basket”)), from Frankish *hotta (“basket”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *hud- (“to shake”) (see further at etymology 1), ultimately an onomatopoeia of the swaying movement of such a basket (compare Middle Dutch hotten (“to jolt; shake”)).
(Cognates):
German Hotte (“wooden basket carried on the back; (specifically) basket for collecting grapes from a vineyard”) (Rhineland, Swabia), Hutte (“basket for collecting grapes from a vineyard”) (Alsace, Switzerland)
Late Latin hotta, hottus (“hod”)

col

Cognates

'Clerking' is perhaps the most difficult and most admired job on a racecourse. The next time you see a bookmaker at his hod, waving his ticket-filled hands, shouting the odds, look to his left, just back a bit—out of the limelight. The bloke sitting there with his head buried deep in a ledger is the clerk.

2006, Tommy Steele, chapter 6, in Bermondsey Boy: Memories of a Forgotten World, large print edition, Bath, Somerset: Windsor Paragon; BBC Audiobooks, published 2007, →ISBN, page 64:


hurtle

Possibly a clipping of hurtleberry, from Middle English hurtil-beri (“bilberry or blue whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); berry of this shrub”); further etymology unknown, compare Middle English horten, hurten (“bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)”), and Old English horte (“bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)”).

cog

Vaccinia nigra, the blacke VVhortle, or Hurtle, is a baſe and lovve tree, or vvoodie plant, bringing foorth many branches of a cubite high, ſet full of ſmall leaues, of a darke greene colour, […]

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of Whortes, or Whortle berries”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book III, page 1229:

hurtleberry

(obsolete, rare) Synonym of hurtleberry or whortleberry (“any of several shrubs belonging to the genus Vaccinium; a berry of one of these shrubs”)


jigger

→ Catalan: gigre

From jig + -er (agent suffix). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary suggests a possible link to Old High German gīga (“fiddle”).

(horse racing) An illicit electric shock device used to urge on a horse during a race.


jujube

From Middle English jujube, from Medieval Latin jujuba or Old French jujube, perhaps via Old Occitan from Classical Latin zīzyphum, zīzyphus, from Ancient Greek ζίζυφον (zízuphon)․ First attested in the 14th century.

The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species of small trees.


loquat

Japan Mespilus, or Loquat.

1811, William Aiton, Hortus Kewensis; or, A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, volume 3:

As far as the eye can see, one observes nothing but loquat orchards growing luxuriantly on the low, rich land, where the roots never suffer from lack of water.

1915, Ira Judson Condit, The Loquat, page 254:

I climbed up into the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) tree in our backyard to think.

2009, Howard Camner, Turbulence at 67 Inches: The Autobiography, page 61:

Eriobotrya japonica
Eriobotrya japonica#Translingual

Any of species Eriobotrya japonica of trees (Japanese medlar, Chinese plum, Japanese plum).


medlar

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-medlar.wav

From Middle English medler, medeler, from Old French medler, meslier, from medle, mesdle (“medlar fruit”), from Latin mespilum, from Ancient Greek μέσπιλον (méspilon). Related to the rare mesple, via Proto-West Germanic *mespilā.

Any tree of the genus Mespilus, now Crataegus sect. Mespilus, including many species now in other genera.

Any of several similar trees that bear similar fruit:

Mediterranean medlar or azarole (Crataegus azarolus: family Rosaceae).

Mediterranean medlar
Mediterranean medlar

Crataegus azarolus
Crataegus azarolus#Translingual

Japanese medlar or loquat (Eriobotrya japonica: family Rosaceae).

The fruit of such trees, similar to small apples:

Especially that of Crataegus sect. Mespilus, not eaten until it has begun to decay, or more specifically, to blet.


rick

From Middle English *rykke, from Old English hrycce (“rick, heap, pile”), cognate with Scots ruk (“rick”), Norwegian ruka (“rick, haystack”). Related also to Old English hrēac (“rick, stack”), from Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”). Further relations: Dutch rook, Norwegian rauk, Swedish rök, Icelandic hraukur.

There is a remnant still of last year's golden clusters of beehive ricks, rising at intervals beyond the hedgerows;[…].

1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter 53, in Adam Bede […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:

It was not far from the house; but the ground sank into a depression there, and the ridge of it behind shut out everything except just the roof of the tallest hayrick. As one sat on the sward behind the elm, with the back turned on the rick and nothing in front but the tall elms and the oaks in the other hedge, it was quite easy to fancy it the verge of the prairie with the backwoods close by.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

Straw, hay etc. stored in a stack for winter fodder, commonly protected with thatch.


rick

en-verb

rick (third-person singular simple present ricks, present participle ricking, simple past and past participle ricked)

ricks (present singular third-person)
ricking (participle present)
ricked (participle past)
ricked (past)

From earlier wrick, from Middle English wricken, wrikken (“to move back and forth”), probably from Middle Dutch *verwricken or Middle Low German vorwricken. Cognate with West Frisian wrikke, wrikje, Dutch wrikken, Low German wricken, German wricken, Danish vrikke, Swedish vricka.

(transitive, dialectal) To pierce with a hook by means of a sudden jerk or pull.


rick

(dialectal) A sharp or sudden move; a jerk or tug.


rick

No turning back now rick, you are the property of the US government now.

(military, derogatory and demeaning) A brand new (naive) boot camp inductee.


rondo

en-noun

rondo (countable and uncountable, plural rondos)

Borrowed from Italian rondo, from French rondeau. Doublet of rondeau.

(music, countable) A musical composition, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains.

Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera#Translingual

(countable) A dark-skinned grape, a hybrid of Vitis vinifera with Vitis amurensis and others.

And four years after Pep from Catalonia first clapped eyes on Phil from Stockport across a crowded rondo, here finally was the consummation.

2020 August 7, Jonathan Liew, “Phil Foden stars to offer Manchester City glimpse of multiple futures”, in The Guardian:

(soccer) A game resembling keep-away, used to train soccer players: one group is tasked with completing a number of passes while the other smaller group tries to take possession of the ball.

(obsolete, uncountable) A gambling game played with small balls on a table.


sage

en-adj

sage (comparative sager, superlative sagest)

sager (comparative)
sagest (superlative)

From Middle English sage, from Old French sage (11th century), from Latin *sapium, from Latin sapere (“to taste, to discern, to be wise”).
The noun meaning "man of profound wisdom" is recorded from circa 1300. Originally applied to the Seven Sages of Greece.


sage

’Tis certain, that, while we aſpire to the magnanimous Firmneſs of the philoſophic Sage, and endeavour to confine our Pleaſures altogether within our own Minds, we may, at laſt, render our Philoſophy, like that of Epictetus and other Stoics, only a more refin’d Syſtem of Selfiſhneſs, and reaſon ourſelves out of all Virtue, as well as ſocial Enjoyment.

1748, [David Hume], “Essay V. Sceptical Solution of these Doubts.”, in Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, part I, page 69:

A wise person or spiritual teacher; someone of gravity and wisdom, especially, a teacher venerable for years, and of sound judgment and prudence; a grave or stoic philosopher.


sage

en-noun

sage (usually uncountable, plural sages)

From Middle English sauge, from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia, from salvus (“healthy”), see safe. Doublet of salvia.

broom sage

species of Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Lorandersonia

purple sage

Salvia leucophylla; Artemisia tridentata

silvery sage

Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalis#Translingual

The plant Salvia officinalis and savory spice produced from it; also planted for ornamental purposes.

Any of a number of plants such as sagebrush considered to be similar to Salvia officinalis, mostly because they are small shrubs and have gray foliage or are aromatic.


shaw

shore (Received Pronunciation, pour–poor merger)

shah (US, cot–caught merger, father-bother merger)

From Old English sċeaga, scaga. Cognate with Old Norse skógr (“forest, wood”), whence Danish skov (“forest”). Doublet of scaw.

Up here the hills were brave with the beauty and the heat of it, but the hayfield was still all a crackling dryness and in the potato park beyond the biggings the shaws drooped red and rusty already.

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 35:

(Scotland) The leaves and tops of vegetables, especially potatoes and turnips.

blast

the leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc.


sloe

From Middle English slo, sla, sloo, from Old English slā, slāh, from Proto-West Germanic *slaihā, from Proto-Germanic *slaihǭ, *slaihwō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”). Doublet of Sliwa.

Any of various other plants of the genus Prunus, as a shrub or small tree, Prunus alleghaniensis, bearing dark-purple fruit.

luumu

tree of the genus Prunus bearing dark-purple fruit


washy

en-adj

washy (comparative washier, superlative washiest)

washier (comparative)
washiest (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-washy.wav

a washy horse

(US, dialect, archaic or horse racing) Not firm or hardy; liable to sweat profusely with labour.


winker

From wink (“blinking of only one eye”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

silmäniskijä

[T]his Censurer slaundereth manie men, another might say of him, he is the cōmon packhorse of the Papistes, to carrie any fardell of lyes deuised against any Christian man or booke that commeth in his way, and the rather because he weareth a paire of winkers ouer his eyes like a milhorse, being ashamed to shewe either his face or his name.

1583, William Fulke, “A Briefe Confutation of Sundry Cavils and Quarels, Uttered by Diuerse Papistes in Their Seuerall Bookes & Pamphlets against the Writings of William Fulke”, in A Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holie Scriptures into the English Tong against the Manifolde Cauils, Friuolous Quarels, and Impudent Slaunders of Gregorie Martin, […], London: […] Henrie Bynneman, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-06-24, page 32:

Take the winkers off that donkey's face, and let him get a bit to eat; there's grass enough, God knows, and it's good grass.

1914, James Stephens, chapter I, in The Demi-Gods, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, book I (Patsy Mac Cann), page 4:

The collar of his cambric shirt, English fashion, is highly starched and looks like winkers, its points projecting upward in front with a wide gap between.

1964, Aleksandr Pushkin, translated by Vladimir Nabokov, Eugene Onegin: A Novel in Verse […], volumes 2 (Commentary on Preliminaries and Chapters One to Five), New York, N.Y.: Bollingen Foundation, →OCLC, page 168:

A thing which is used to wink with, or which winks.

(equestrianism, also attributive and figurative) Chiefly in the plural: synonym of blinker (“a shield attached to the bridle of a horse or other domesticated animal to prevent it from seeing things behind it and to its side”)


chute

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chute.wav

(horse racing) An extension to a straightway on either the home stretch or the backstretch, to avoid having a turn at the start of the race.


dill

en-noun

dill (countable and uncountable, plural dills)

From Middle English dile, from Old English dile (“dill, anise”); from Proto-Germanic *deliz, of uncertain, probably non-Indo-European origin, possibly a west European substrate.
Cognate with Old Saxon dilli, Dutch dille, Swedish dill, German Dill.

The life of one plant would be affected by another. Rue was definitely hostile to basil, rosemary to hyssop, but coriander, dill and chervil lived on the friendliest of terms[.]

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 253:

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual

Anethum graveolens (the type species of the genus Anethum), a herb, the seeds of which are moderately warming, pungent, and aromatic, formerly used as a soothing medicine for children; also known as dillseed.


equitation

equitation (usually uncountable, plural equitations)

The art, practice or act of horseriding.

езда

the art, practice or act of riding a horse


hag

From Middle English hagge, hegge (“demon, old woman”), shortening of Old English hægtesse, hægtes (“harpy, witch”), from Proto-West Germanic *hagatussjā. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Häkse (“witch”), Dutch heks, German Hexe (“witch”). Doublet of hex.

A hagdon or shearwater; one of various sea birds of the genus Puffinus.


hornbeam

c. 1570, from Old English horn + beam (“tree”)

A tree of the genus Carpinus, having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard, common along the banks of streams in the United States.


larch

From early modern German Larche, Lärche, from Middle High German larche, from Old High German larihha, early borrowing from Latin larix, itself possibly of Gaulish origin. In the first century AD, Vitruvius wrote that the tree was given the Latin name "larigna" when the Romans discovered it at the town of Larignum.

The Larch-tree, with us, groweth slowly, and to be found in few places; it hath a rugged bark, and boughts that branch in good order, with divers small yellowish bunched eminences, set thereon at several distances, from whence tufts of many small, long, and narrow smooth leaves do yearly come forth; it beareth among the green leaves many beautiful flowers, which are of a fine crimson colour […]

1665, John Rea, Flora, London: J.G. Marriott, Book III, Chapter 20, pp. 235-236:

1716, Nicholas Rowe (translator), The Ninth Book of Lucan in John Dryden, Miscellany Poems, London: Jacob Tonson, Volume 6, p. 67,
The Gummy Larch-Tree, and the Thapsos there,
Wound-wort and Maiden-weed, perfume the Air.

Thus the Birch Canoe was builded
In the valley, by the river,
In the bosom of the forest;
And the forest’s life was in it,
All its mystery and its magic,
All the lightness of the birch-tree,
All the toughness of the cedar,
All the larch’s supple sinews;

1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, Book 7:

Joan was thinking: ‘She looks like a tree […] it must be the green dress. But her eyes are like water, all greeny and shadowy and deep looking—a tree near a pool, that’s what she’s like, a tall tree. A beech tree? No, that’s too spready—a larch tree, that’s Elizabeth; a larch tree just greening over.'

1924, Radclyffe Hall, The Unlit Lamp, Chapter 5, Part 1:

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

During the early 1980s to early 1990s, and especially in the long drought period of 1982-3, extensive fires swept through natural forests in many parts of the world. While the ravaging fires in Australia and Europe received wide media coverage, 1 million hectares of larch forests were wiped out on the Ta-hsing-an-ling mountain in north-eastern China (H. Tagawa, personal communication).

1993, Nengah Wirawan, “The Hazard of Fire”, in Harold Brookfield, Yvonne Byron, editors, South-East Asia's Environmental Future: The Search for Sustainability, United Nations University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 242:

(countable) A coniferous tree, of genus Larix, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles.

ҫемҫе чӑрӑш

śemś̬e č̬ărăš


overreach

en-verb

overreach (third-person singular simple present overreaches, present participle overreaching, simple past and past participle overreached or (obsolete) overraught)

overreaches (present singular third-person)
overreaching (participle present)
overreached (participle past)
overreached (past)
overraught (obsolete participle past)
overraught (obsolete past)

/ˌəʊvəˈɹiːt͡ʃ/

/ˌoʊvə(ɹ)ˈɹit͡ʃ/

The verb is from Middle English overrechen (“to rise above; to extend beyond or over; to encroach; to catch, overtake; to reach; to obtain wrongfully (?); to take up (a book) to revise it”) [and other forms], equivalent to over- + reach; the noun is derived from the verb or from the phrase to reach over.

nb...

overreche, overreiche, (Northern England) overreke

أَنَافَ

to reach above or beyond, especially to an excessive degree

Attinto, [...] Alſo when a horſe is tainted or hurt, or ouerreacheth one foote with another, and withal doth hurt a ſinew.

1598, John Florio, “Attinto”, in A Worlde of Words, or Most Copious, and Exact Dictionarie in Italian and English, […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield for Edw[ard] Blount, →OCLC, page 32, column 3:

Defective or bad form will predispose a horse to overreach. Bad shoeing will also be liable to cause the hind-foot to catch the forward one.

1864, John Nicholson Navin, “Vices of the Horse”, in Navin’s Veterinary Practice: Or Explanatory Horse Doctor. […], Indianapolis, Ind.: Published for the author; stereotyped at the Franklin Type Foundry, […], →OCLC, division I, page 287:

(transitive, intransitive, reflexive, equestrianism) Of a horse: to strike the heel of a forefoot with the toe of a hindfoot.


overreach

en-noun

overreach (countable and uncountable, plural overreaches)

/ˈəʊvə(ˌ)ɹiːt͡ʃ/

/ˈoʊvə(ɹ)ˌɹit͡ʃ/

The hunter's [i.e., hunting horse's] legs should be washed with warm water, carefully examined for thorns, overreaches, &c., and the legs should be rubbed dry, and well hand rubbed, by which means a free circulation of the blood will be promoted.

1833 April, “Teaching the Horse to Leap”, in T. B. Johnson, editor, The Sportsman’s Cabinet, and Town and Country Magazine, volume I, number 6, London: Published by Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper, […], →OCLC, page 424:

Overreach.—This unpleasant noise, known also by the terms ‘clicking’, ‘overreach’, &c., arises from the toe of the hind foot knocking against the shoe of the fore foot.

1833 October, “Art. LXVI.—The Vices, and Disagreeable or Dangerous Habits of the Horse. [From the Library of Useful Knowledge.]”, in John D. Legare, editor, The Southern Agriculturist, and Register of Rural Affairs; […], volume VI, number 10, Charleston, S.C.: Printed and published for the editor, by A. E. Miller, […], →OCLC, part II (Selections), page 547:

(equestrianism) Of a horse: an act of striking the heel of a forefoot with the toe of a hindfoot; an injury caused by this action.


route

→ Japanese: ルート

From Middle English route, from Old French route, from Latin [rupta] via (literally “a path made by force”). Compare Modern French route.

der

(horse racing) A race longer than one mile.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

шпайкове

informal: running shoes with spikes in the soles

oil of spike


marjoram

en-noun

marjoram (countable and uncountable, plural marjorams)

/ˈmɑːd͡ʒ(ə)ɹəm/

/ˈmɑɹd͡ʒəɹəm/

From Old French majorane, from Medieval Latin maiōrana.

The Lillie I condemned for thy hand, / And buds of marierom had ſtolne thy haire

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 99”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

Origanum majorana
Origanum majorana#Translingual

A herb of the mint family, Origanum majorana, having aromatic leaves.


teak

teak (usually uncountable, plural teaks)

Derived from Portuguese teca, from Malayalam തേക്ക് (tēkkŭ) / Tamil தேக்கு (tēkku).

(countable) A tree of the species in the genus Tectona.


thyme

thyme (countable and uncountable, plural thymes)

From Middle English tyme, from Old French thym, from Latin thymum, from Ancient Greek θύμον (thúmon).

Any plant of the labiate genus Thymus, such as garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris), a warm, pungent aromatic, that is much used to give a relish to seasoning and soups.

𒄩𒋗𒌑

plant of the genus Thymus — see also wild thyme


unsound

en-adj

unsound (comparative more unsound or unsounder, superlative most unsound or unsoundest)

more unsound (comparative)
unsounder (comparative)
most unsound (superlative)
unsoundest (superlative)

... A horse labouring under a temporary injury, capable of being speedily cured, is not unsound within the meaning of a warranty of soundness ...

1822, Sir John Comyns, Anthony Hammond, A Digest of the Laws of England:

(especially of equestrianism) Infirm, diseased.


ringer

Some senses may derive from ring the changes (“run through variations; enliven; pass counterfeit money; trick a shopkeeper into giving too much change”).

(horse racing) A horse fraudulently entered in a race using the name of another horse.


arrowhead

From Middle English arewehede, arowhede, arowheved; equivalent to arrow + head.


old man

en-noun

old man (countable and uncountable, plural old men)

From Middle English alde mann, aldman, elde man, oldeman, from Old English eald man.

(theology, uncountable) Synonym of Old Adam


garbanzo

/ɡɑɹˈbɑnzoʊ/

From Spanish garbanzo, initially borrowed as garvance in the 17th c. and anglicized as calavance (“chickpea; any kind of bean or pulse”). The original garbanzo was re-established in the 19th c., primarily via American Spanish.

dbt

America when I was seven momma took me to Communist Cell meetings they sold us garbanzos a handful per ticket a ticket costs a nickel and the speeches were free[…]

1956, Allen Ginsberg, “America”, in Howl and Other Poems (Pocket Poets Series), City Lights Books, →OCLC, page 33:

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum#Translingual

An edible pulse (Cicer arietinum), of the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae and subfamilies Faboideae or Papilionoideae, with white or purple-blue flowers and small feathery leaves on both sides of the stem and pods containing two to three peas.


melissa

From Late Latin melissa, from Ancient Greek μέλισσα (mélissa, “bee”), because the plant attracts bees.

Meliſſa, Bawme, hath an excellent vertue to alter Melancholy, bee it ſteeped in our ordinary drinke, extracted, or otherwise taken.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Alternatiues, Hearbes, Other Creatures, &c.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 4, member 1, subsection 3, page 300:

Melissa officinalis
Melissa officinalis#Translingual

A plant of the genus Melissa, especially lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), often used medicinally.


dingleberry

/ˈdɪŋɡəɫbɛɹi/

(slang, derogatory) Dried fecal matter adhering to anal hair.

баребу́х

фека́лии и́ли экскреме́нты, присо́хшие к волоса́м и́ли ше́рсти


raisin

en-verb

raisin (third-person singular simple present raisins, present participle raisining, simple past and past participle raisined)

raisins (present singular third-person)
raisining (participle present)
raisined (participle past)
raisined (past)

From Middle English raysyn, borrowed from Anglo-Norman reysin (“grape, raisin”), from Late Latin racīmus, from Latin racēmus. Possibly a distant cognate of Persian رز (raz, “vine”). Doublet of raceme.

Second-crop fruit tends to show smaller clusters than first-crop, to have a high skin-to-juice ratio, and to be a good blending tool, according to Iantosca, although care must be exercised to ensure that the second-crop berries have not raisined.

2008, John Winthrop Haeger, Pacific Pinot Noir:

The ultraripe grapes are usually dried in the sun for a few days so they can raisin and their sugars can be concentrated before they are crushed and pressed.

2010, Michael Gibson, The Sommelier Prep Course, page 214:

Too much water and the taste would be too thin. Too little and the grapes would raisin.

2019, Sinclair Jayne, A Bride for the Texas Cowboy:

(intransitive) Of fruit: to dry out; to become like raisins.

We must have put down about thirty quart bottles, richly raisined and tightly corked.

2005, Alan King, Matzo Balls for Breakfast, page 183:

The 12-year-old Redbreast is the most easily found and shows single pot still at its most defiant: oily and rich with stewed plums, light leather, creme caramel and a dense, raisined palate where the tongue tries to cleave through the white peaches.

Another liquid—perhaps honey, a berry juice, a raisined or herbal wine—could be poured into the large opening and automatically fed into the interior of the vessel.

2019, Patrick E. McGovern, Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture, page 177:

(transitive) To flavor (an alcoholic beverage) with fruit that has raisined.

She was a bony woman with hollow cheeks, her skin raisined by years of hard labor in the sun.

2012, Anuradha Roy, The Folded Earth, page 18:

Before him, a stoic mother, hands raisined from the scrubbing of clothing and children.

2016, Daniel Kraus, The Death and Life of Zebulon Finch, Volume Two: Empire Decayed, page 67:

As her fingers became raisined by the soap suds, she wondered what Eliza was up to.

2019, A. S. Kingly, If Stilettos Could Speak:

We soaked together in long baths until we raisined, skin pressed to skin .

She remained under the spray until the hot water heater ran out and her skin raisined.

He can barely imagine it, but years and years from now, the day will come when his skin will have raisined, and even something as simple as sweeping the floor will no longer be easy.

2023, Karin Lin-Greenberg, You Are Here:

(intransitive) To form wrinkles; to become wrinkled.


rosewood

en-noun

rosewood (countable and uncountable, plural rosewoods)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-rosewood.wav

A compound of rose + wood, originally so named because of the rose-scented aromatic oil derived from it; applied in later senses on account of these woods’ predominantly reddish-brown colour.

палисандр

any of many woods that resemble Dalbergia nigra

India rosewood

Dahlbergia latifolia, Acaccia melanoxylon, Dalbergia sissoo

The fragrant wood of Dalbergia nigra, a Brazilian tree in the legume family, which has a sweet smell.

Any of several dozen woods, resembling that of Dalbergia nigra in some respect.

The wood of a South American tree, Aniba rosaeodora, in the laurel family, with fragrant wood from which an essential oil is distilled.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus#Translingual

Wood and plant of Pterocarpus spp., for example African rosewood or mukula or Burmese rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus, syn. Pterocarpus santalinus).


girasole

Borrowed from Italian girasole.
From Italian girasole articiocco (“Jerusalem artichoke”).

der

Alternative form of girasol (“fire opal”)


lettuce

en-noun

lettuce (countable and uncountable, plural lettuces)

From Middle English letuse, of uncertain precise origin, probably from the plural form Old French laitues, derived from Latin lactūca (“lettuce”), from lac (“milk”), because of the milky fluid in its stalks. Replaced Old English lēahtric.
(money): Likely from the green color of US banknotes.

I’ll have a ham sandwich with lettuce and tomato.

(uncountable, vegetable) The leaves of the lettuce plant, eaten as a vegetable; as a dish often mixed with other ingredients, dressing etc.

sallatë

the leaves of the lettuce plant, eaten as a vegetable or dish


pomodoro

pomodoro (countable and uncountable, plural pomodoros or pomodori)

From Italian pomodoro (“tomato”). The time interval comes from the Pomodoro kitchen timer, which is in the shape of a tomato.

Pastas, with soup & homemade bread — spaghetti with fresh garlic & olive oil $8.95, with pomodoro $8.95, with meatballs or Sicilian sausage $9.95, with prosciutto & olives $10.95, cannelloni $9.95, lasagna Siciliana $9.95, with fresh clams in a white wine sauce $10.95.

1995, Louis E. Madison, San Francisco on a shoestring, page 125:

Entrees include pizza with roasted vegetables; pizza margherita with tomato, fresh basil, and mozzarella; pizza with prosciutto, peppers, and onions; risotto of the day; rigatoni with pomodoro and Parmesan; radiatore puttanesca with capers, olives, anchovies, and garlic; fresh-spinach spaghetti primavera with garden vegetables, garlic, and oil; spaghetti Bolognese.

1994, New York - Volume 27, Issues 10-13, page 77:

Spread some pomodoro over the ricotta.

(uncountable) Ellipsis of pomodoro sauce.


hood

From Middle English hood, hod, from Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz (cognate with Saterland Frisian Houd, West Frisian/Dutch hoed, German Low German Hood, German Hut). Cognate with Proto-Iranian *xawdaH (“hat”) (compare Avestan 𐬑𐬂𐬛𐬀 (xåda), Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭 (x-u-d /xaudā/)), from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover”). More at hat.

kapuç

covering for the head attached to a larger garment such as a jacket or cloak

A covering for the head, usually attached to a larger garment such as a jacket or cloak.

(equestrianism) A head and neck covering placed on horses to protect against insects and sunlight, to slow coat growth and for warmth.


latke

From Yiddish לאַטקע (latke), from either Russian ла́тка (látka, “pastry, patch”) or Ukrainian оладка (oladka, “pancake, fritter”). In Polish łatka (“patch”) or placek, placki (“fritter, fritters”).

Her favorite Chanukah memories were of eating latkes and sour cream while her mother gossiped with the aunts and cousins.

We do not spend our days huddled in smoke-filled rooms plotting world domination while Jared Kushner plays dreidel in the back with Noam Chomsky and George Soros sneaks the last latke.

2022 January 19, Yair Rosenberg, “Why So Many People Still Don’t Understand Anti-Semitism”, in The Atlantic:

A pancake fried in oil, usually made from potatoes and sometimes also onions, traditionally served on Hanukkah.


cranberry

cranberry (countable and uncountable, plural cranberries)

→ Dutch: veenbes

→ German: Cranberry

Adapted in the 1640s from Dutch Low Saxon or German Low German Kraanbeere, from Kraan m (which means and is cognate to crane) + Beere f (which means and is cognate to berry).

mountain cranberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea; Actous alpina, syn. Arctostaphylos alpina

(countable) A shrub belonging to the section Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium.


ivy

ivy (countable and uncountable, plural ivies)

From Middle English ivi, from Old English īfiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *ibig, *ibag, *ibah, from Proto-Germanic *ibahs (compare West Flemish iefte, Low German Eiloov, Ieloof, German Efeu), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ebʰ- (compare Welsh efwr (“black elder”), Ancient Greek ἴφυον (íphuon, “spike-lavender, Lavandula Spica”)).

German ivy

Delairea odorata and Senecio mikanioides

Hidden timber elements, lintels and roof tiles have also been replaced, in addition to gaining a new paint job and guttering drainage, and the removal of ivy that was damaging the exterior.

2023 March 8, “Network News: Pwllheli 'box gets a makeover”, in RAIL, number 978, page 22:

Any of several woody, climbing, or trailing evergreen plants of the genus Hedera.


cowberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea#Translingual

A shrub native to the cool temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).


equestrian

en-adj

equestrian (comparative more equestrian, superlative most equestrian)

more equestrian (comparative)
most equestrian (superlative)

Ultimately from Latin equester (“of or pertaining to equestrians/cavalry”) + -ianus (“-ian, related to”, adjective marker), from equus (“horse”).

der

They were an equestrian people.

After his death an equestrian statue was erected.

The society of colonial Spanish-America was one of the most equestrian in all history, and, to a very great extent, its existence depended on the adaptability of the Old World horse to New World conditions.

1973, Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, →ISBN, page 82:

Of horseback riding or horseback riders.

(historical) Of or relating to the ancient Roman class of equites.


equestrian

конник

an equestrian person; one who rides on horseback


rhubarb

en-noun

rhubarb (countable and uncountable, plural rhubarb or rhubarbs)

From Middle English rubarbe, from Anglo-Norman reubarbe (modern French rhubarbe), from Late Latin reubarbarum, rheubarbarum, rubarbera, rybarba, probably from Koine Greek ῥῆον βάρβαρον (rhêon bárbaron), from ῥῆον (rhêon, “rhubarb”) + Ancient Greek βάρβαρον (bárbaron), neuter of βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “foreign; barbaric”) (English barbarian).
There is also a Medieval Latin variant rabarbarum, which appears to be influenced by Ancient Greek ῥᾶ (rhâ, “rhubarb”), and gave rise to some of the forms in modern languages. The Ancient Greek variant term appears to have been folk-etymologically influenced by Ancient Greek Ῥᾶ (Rhâ, “the River Volga”), which is in the region from which the plant came to the Mediterranean. The ultimate origin of the Ancient Greek terms is, however, Proto-Iranian *(h)rabā́š (“rhubarb, fennel”).
The word is cognate with Catalan ruibarbre, Italian rabarbaro, Dutch rabarber, German Rhabarber, Old Occitan reubarbe, Portuguese ruibarbo, Spanish ruibarbo.

der

ῥῆον βάρβαρον

cog

On 13 December 1942, Squadron Leader [Brian] Lane made his first flight from Ludham, a local familiarisation flight. That afternoon, he led a section of Spitfires low over the North Sea on a ‘Rhubarb’, a low-level sweep over the Dutch coast, looking for targets of opportunity.

2009, Dilip Sarkar, “Foreword”, in Brian Lane, edited by Dilip Sarkar, Spitfire!: The Experiences of a Battle of Britain Fighter Pilot, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, →ISBN, page 11:

(British, military, aviation, historical) A Royal Air Force World War II code name for operations by aircraft (fighters and fighter-bombers) involving low-level flight to seek opportunistic targets.


trotter

From Middle English trottere, equivalent to trot + -er.

The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:

In harness racing, a horse with a gait in which the front and back legs on opposite sides take a step together alternating with the other set of opposite legs; as opposed to a pacer.


fence

en-verb

fence (third-person singular simple present fences, present participle fencing, simple past and past participle fenced)

fences (present singular third-person)
fencing (participle present)
fenced (participle past)
fenced (past)

From Middle English fence, fens, short for defence, defens (“the act of defending”), from Old French defens, defense (see defence).
The sense "enclosure" arises in the mid 15th century.
Also from the 15th century is use as a verb in the sense "to enclose with a fence". The generalized sense "to defend, screen, protect" arises ca. 1500. The sense "to fight with swords (rapiers)" is from the 1590s (Shakespeare).
Displaced native Old English heġe (compare Modern English hedge).

(intransitive, equestrianism) To jump over a fence.


fault

From Middle English faute, faulte, from Anglo-Norman faute, Old French faute, from Vulgar Latin *fallita (“shortcoming”), feminine of *fallitus, in place of Latin falsus, perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive”). Displaced native Middle English schuld, schuild (“fault”) (from Old English scyld (“fault”)), Middle English lac (“fault, lack”) (from Middle Dutch lak (“lack, fault”)), Middle English last (“fault, vice”) (from Old Norse lǫstr (“fault, vice, crime”)). Compare French faute (“fault, foul”), Portuguese falta (“lack, shortage”) and Spanish falta (“lack, absence”). More at fail, false.

cog

If the horse refuses an obstacle, the rider will receive four faults.

(equestrianism) A penalty point assessed in horseback events such as show jumping.


bumper

Dutch: bumper

Japanese: バンパー (banpā)

Korean: 범퍼 (beompeo)

Russian: ба́мпер (bámper)

(horse racing) In National Hunt racing, a flat race for horses that have not yet competed either in flat racing or over obstacles.


flint

en-noun

flint (countable and uncountable, plural flints)

From Middle English flynt, flint, from Old English flint, from Proto-West Germanic *flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz (compare Dutch vlint, flint (“flint, cobblestone”), German Flins, Flint (“flint, pebble”), Danish flint (“flint”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)plind- (“to split, cleave”) (compare Irish slinn (“slate, shingle”), Ancient Greek πλίνθος (plínthos)), from *(s)pley- (“to split”). More at split.

der

He used flint to make a fire.

Some of the enormous fragments of chalk which are interstratified with drift have not only layers of undisturbed flints, but also sandpipes in the middle of them, or cylindrical cavities filled with sand and gravel […]

In a cornfield on one side flakings of flint are numerous.

1916, Allen Jesse Reynolds, Wilson Straley, The Archaeological Bulletin, volumes 7-9, page 3:

A hard, fine-grained quartz that fractures conchoidally and generates sparks when struck against a material such as steel, because tiny chips of the steel are heated to incandescence and burn in air.

صَوَّان

hard fine-grained quartz which generates sparks when struck

A piece of flint, such as a gunflint, used to produce a spark by striking it with a firestriker.

صَوَّانَة

piece of flint, such as gunflint used to produce a spark — see also firestriker

A small cylinder of some other material of the same function in a cigarette lighter, etc.

A type of maize/corn with a hard outer hull.


soya bean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-soya bean.wav


plantain

Inherited from Middle English planteyne, planteyn, from Anglo-Norman plainteine et al., Old French plaintain, from Latin plantāgō, from planta (“sole of the foot”), a nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat; to spread”), because of the broad, flat shape of the plantain leaves.

The roots of Plantain and Pellitory of Spain beaten to powder and put into hollow teeth, takes away the pains of them.

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 225:

The paths too are overgrown, but easily identified by the presence on them of round-leaved plantains.

2003, Ernst Jünger, translated by Michael Hofmann, Storm of Steel, Penguin, published 2004, page 41:

A plant of the genus Plantago, with a rosette of sessile leaves about 10 cm (4") long with a narrow part instead of a petiole, and with a spike inflorescence with the flower spacing varying widely among the species. See also psyllium.

Indian plantain

Arnoglossum spp.; Plantago ovata, Cacalia spp.

water plantain

Alisma spp.; Baldellia spp.; Sagittaria secundifolia


plantain

From Spanish plantano (obsolete variant of plátano), from Latin platanus, from Ancient Greek πλάτανος (plátanos).

We were sitting at the tables in the port, eating an unhurried breakfast of delicious mojarra fish from the swamp and slices of fried green plantain, when my mother resumed the offensive in her personal war.

2002, Edith Grossman, transl., chapter 1, in Living to Tell the Tale, translation of Vivir para contarla by Gabriel García Márquez:

The fruit of the plant, usually cooked before eating and used like potatoes.


gnarly

en-adj

gnarly (comparative gnarlier, superlative gnarliest)

gnarlier (comparative)
gnarliest (superlative)

From gnarl (“knot in wood”) + -y. The slang senses were particularly popularized by US surf culture in the 1970s.

Out of one window I can see the garden, those mysterious deep-shaded arbors, the riotous old-fashioned flowers, and bushes and gnarly trees.

1892 January, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wall Paper, Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard & Company, published 1901, →OCLC, page 13:

Having or characterized by gnarls; gnarled.

a gnarly problem

When the swell struck, the North Shore got gnarly, and the wise ones hit the outer islands where the energy was just as juicy but a bit more organized.

Work that makes you unhappy is what I mean by "a gnarly problem." The trouble is, the market pays for solutions to gnarly problems, not solutions to easy problems. As the Yorkshire lads say, "Where there's muck, there's brass."

2008, [Avram] Joel Spolsky, More Joel on Software: Further Thoughts on Diverse and Occasionally Related Matters that will Prove of Interest to Software Developers, Designers, and Managers, and to Those who, whether by Good Fortune or Ill Luck, Work with Them in Some Capacity, Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN, page 152:

(slang, US, dated) Dangerous; difficult.

We're not talking about a lame chick and a gnarly guy. We're talking about a couple of far-out dudes.

1981, Dan Jenkins, Baja Oklahoma, New York, N.Y.: Atheneum Books, ISBN 978-0-689-11173-0; reprinted New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, 1982, ISBN 978-0-671-45163-9, page 269

Funky Kong: 'Those Snowmads are a gnarly bunch! I hear they're enjoyin' your island. Go get 'em, DK!'

2014 February, Retro Studios, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, Nintendo, level/area: Funky's Fly 'n' Buy:

[She] displays the same love of gnarly fuzztones and shout-it-out-loud choruses that began back in her daze^([sic]) with local all-girl rockers the Runaways.

(slang, US) Unpleasant, awful, ugly.
(slang, US) Of music or a sound: harsh.

Unpleasant, awful, ugly.
Of music or a sound: harsh.


Idaho

Colorado Territory
Columbia River
New-York Tribune
Oxford English Dictionary

Uncertain; possibly from Plains Apache ídaahȩ́ (“Comanche”), though the Oxford English Dictionary states that the development of the state’s name from that word remains undocumented. The name Idaho was said to have been considered around 1860 for what was eventually called the Colorado Territory (now the state of Colorado) in 1861, and in 1863 was given to Idaho County (now part of Idaho); the county was named after a steamship launched on the Columbia River in 1860.
The eccentric political lobbyist George Maurice Willing, Jr. (c. 1829 – 1874) claimed to have coined the name after a girl named Ida, though saying it was a Shoshoni term meaning “gem of the mountains” (no such term exists), but evidence suggests that there was use of the name in Colorado pre-dating Willing’s arrival in the West in 1859.
The common noun (“type of potato”) is derived from the name of the state.

A state in the western United States. Capital and largest city: Boise.

An unincorporated community in Pike County, Ohio, United States, named for Idaho Territory.


Idaho

In full Idaho potato: a variety of potato grown in Idaho, especially the Russet Burbank.

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands


almond tree

Prunus amygdalus
Prunus amygdalus#Translingual

A tree that bears almonds (Prunus amygdalus).


ananas

From Italian ananas, from French ananas, from Spanish ananás, from Portuguese ananás, adapted from Old Tupi nanas (“pineapple”).

(obsolete) Bromelia pinguin, a plant with edible fruit.


turnip greens

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-turnip greens.wav

Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa#Translingual

The edible leaves of the turnip plant (Brassica rapa).


wormwood

en-noun

wormwood (countable and uncountable, plural wormwoods)

From Middle English wormwode, a folk etymology (as if worm + wood) of wermode (“wormwood”), from Old English wermōd, wormōd (“wormwood, absinthe”), from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā (“wormwood”). Cognate with Middle Low German wermode, wermede (“wormwood”), German Wermut (“wormwood”). Doublet of vermouth.

der

But as I said, / When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple / Of my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool, / To see it tetchy and fall out with the dug!

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii (the nurse's monologue)]:

Therefore thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 9:15:

Blue skippers in sunny hours ope and shut
Where wormwood and grunsel flowers by the cart ruts […]

c. 1864, John Clare, We passed by green closes:

Cliff took two glasses and filled one with wine
And one with wormwood.

1897, Edwin Arlington Robinson, “Cliff Klingenhagen”, in Children of the Night:

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

An intensely bitter herb (Artemisia absinthium and similar plants in genus Artemisia) used in medicine, in the production of absinthe and vermouth, and as a tonic.


maga

Thespesia grandiflora, a tree native to Puerto Rico also planted elsewhere for its fairness and the working properties of its wood.


filbert

Earlier filbert-nut, Philibert-nut, from Middle English filbert-note, from Anglo-Norman noix de filbert, so named because they are ripe near Saint Philibert’s Day.

cobnut

usually the common hazel (Corylus avellana) which grows in the UK and Europe

A paintbrush used in oil and acrylic painting with a long ferrule and a curving, tongue-shaped head.


asafoetida

en-noun

asafoetida (usually uncountable, plural asafoetidas)

/ˌæsəˈfɛtɪdə/

Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin asafoetida, from Persian ازا / آزا (azâ, âzâ, “mastic”) + Latin foetida, feminine of foetidus (“bad-smelling”).

Nigh Whormoot are Duzgun, Laztan-De, and other Townes, where is got the best Assa-Fætida through all the Orient: the tree is like our brier in height, the leaves resemble Fig leaves, the root the Radish: the vertue had need be much, it stincks so odiously.

1638, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, section II:

CHEWING-BALLS, a kind of balls made of aſafœtida, liver of antimony, bay-wood, juniper-wood, and pellitory of Spain; which being dried in the ſun, and wrapped in a linen-cloth, are tied to the bit of the bridle for the horſe to chew: they create an appetite; and it is ſaid, that balls of Venice treacle may be uſed in the ſame manner with good ſucceſs.

1771, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1st ed., volume II, page 183:

The smell, too, is often perverted—Parosmia. The author was formerly acquainted with a lady, who scented her snuff with the tincture of assafœtida.

1842, Robley Dunglison, “Of the Neuroses”, in The Practice of Medicine; or, A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics. […], volume II, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, →OCLC, book VI (Diseases of the Nervous System), page 280:

half-a-dozen huge bread pills, dipped in a solution of aloes or cinnamon water, flavoured with assafœtida, which in the case of the dyspeptic rich often suffice [...].

1855, Sir Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Dover, published 1964, page 54:

For black magic, assafœtida, garlic, dragon's blood, sulphur, and such-like vile-smelling concoctions were used.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 155:

The letter she sent me stank of assafoetida or devil’s dung. I was charmed.

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man In Deptford:

Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida#Translingual

A resinous gum from the stem and roots of Ferula species such as Ferula foetida and Ferula assa-foetida, having a strong, unpleasant smell, with culinary and medical uses.


caraway

caraway (countable and uncountable, plural caraways)

From Middle English caraway, carewey, carwey, from Medieval Latin carui, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَا (karāwiyā), via Aramaic from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ), κάρον (káron, “caraway”).

A biennial plant, Carum carvi, native to Europe and Asia, mainly grown for its seed to be used as a culinary spice.


endive

endive (countable and uncountable, plural endives)

From Middle French endive, from Medieval Latin endivia or Italian indivia or endivia, from Late Latin intibus.

When all this is ready, take some endive and Dutch lettuce, some chervil and celery, wash and drain them very well, cut them small, put them into a saucepan, and pour some of the broth upon them […]

1787, Charlotte Mason, The Lady's Assistant for Regulating and Supplying the Table, page 192:

Take the three heads of endive out of the water, drain them, and leave the largest whole.

1805, William Augustus Henderson, The Housekeeper's Instructor, Or, Universal Family Cook, page 110:

Broad leaved, green curled or white curled, the endive plants are good; the green sorts, on account of their coolness and their plentiful salts, are esteemed for the salad bowl, and the white-curled sorts are liked for soups, stews and as boiled vegetables.

1915 August 28, Marion Harris Neil, “When Lettus is Scarce”, in The Country Gentleman, volume 80, page 1379:

Endive and escarole are the same vegetable, but endive has leaves that are cut and curled, while escarole has smooth, broad leaves.

2001, Clifford A. Wright, Mediterranean Vegetables, page 146:

Cichorium endivia
Cichorium endivia#Translingual

Cichorium intybus
Cichorium intybus#Translingual

A leafy salad vegetable, Cichorium endivia, which is often confused with common chicory (Cichorium intybus).


coriander

coriander (usually uncountable, plural corianders)

→ Japanese: コリアンダー (koriandā)

/ˌkɒɹiˈændə/

/ˈkɔɹiˌændɚ/

/ˌkɔɹiˈændɚ/

From Middle English coriandre, from Anglo-Norman coriandre, from Old French corïandre, from Latin coriandrum, from Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron), of uncertain origin. Doublet of cilantro.
cognates, etc.
Compare Ancient Greek κορίαννον (koríannon), κορίαμβλον (koríamblon), Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀪𐁀𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-a2-da-na), 𐀒𐀪𐀊𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-ja-da-na), 𐀒𐀪𐀊𐀈𐀜 (ko-ri-ja-do-no), 𐀒𐀪𐀍𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-jo-da-na), Akkadian 𒌑𒄷𒌷𒌝 (^úḫurium) Aramaic כסברה (kusbara, “coriander”), Classical Syriac ܟܽܘܣܒܰܪܬܳܐ (kūsbartā, “coriander”) and Arabic كُزْبَرَة (kuzbara).
Beekes supposes that cluster -dn- implies a Pre-Greek word, and hypothesizes that *koriaⁿdro- may have dissimilated to *koriaⁿdno-.

cog

Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata

(US) The dried fruits thereof, used as a spice.


cumin

en-noun

cumin (usually uncountable, plural cumins)

From Middle English comyn, from Old English cymen (which is cognate with Old High German kumin) and Old French cummin, both from Latin cuminum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon), a Semitic borrowing ultimately to be traced to Akkadian 𒂵𒈬𒉡 (Ú.GAMUN /kamūnu/, “cumin”). Possibly related to caraway.

der

Cumin is native to the region from the eastern Mediterranean to India.

Cuminum cyminum
Cuminum cyminum#Translingual

The flowering plant Cuminum cyminum, in the family Apiaceae.

Coordinate term: caraway

Cumin was often an ingredient of such love potions since it produced the effect of retention in whoever ate it.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 269:

Its aromatic long seed, used as a spice, notably in Indian, Middle Eastern, and Mexican cookery.


fennel

en-noun

fennel (usually uncountable, plural fennels)

From the Middle English fenel, from the late Old English finuðl, finule (weak feminine forms); fenol, finul (masculine forms), from Proto-West Germanic *fenukl, from the Vulgar Latin *fēnuclum, fēnoclum, from Late Latin fēnuculum, from the Classical Latin faeniculum, a diminutive form of faenum (“hay”); compare the Italian finocchio, the Occitan fenolh, the French fenouil, and the Spanish hinojo. Doublet of finocchio.

Foeniculum vulgare
Foeniculum vulgare#Translingual

A plant, Foeniculum vulgare, of the parsley family, which has a sweet, anise-like flavor.

(cooking) The bulb, leaves, or stalks of the plant, eaten as a vegetable.

شَمَر

bulb, leaves, or stalks eaten as a vegetable

(cooking) The seeds of the fennel plant used as a spice in cooking.


galangal

galangal (countable and uncountable, plural galangals)

From Middle English galyngale, from Old French galingal, from Arabic خَلَنْجَان (ḵalanjān), from Persian قولنجان (qulenjân, qulanjân), from Sanskrit कुलञ्जन (kulañjana), perhaps from Chinese 高良薑／高良姜 (gāoliángjiāng), from 高涼 /高凉 (Gāoliáng) (a prefecture or county in China) + 薑 /姜 (jiāng, “ginger”).

The refreshing aroma of galangal acts in combination with and as a contrast to lemongrass in many recipes in this book.

2008, Carol Selva Rajah, David Thompson, Heavenly Fragrance, page 144:

Another time, she dined in Hampstead, where she was fed a version of stargazy pie with a whole squid where the eel should have been. It was flavoured, for the full medieval effect, with galangal, which her hostess described as “kind of like frankincense”.

2023 July 15, Rachel Cooke, “No, Nigella – dinner parties are great. Deliveroo just doesn’t cut it”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

Any of several east Asian plants of genera Alpinia and Kaempferia in the ginger family, used as a spice, but principally Alpinia galanga.

خَوْلَنْجَان

any of several plants of the ginger family


paprika

paprika (countable and uncountable, plural paprikas)

Borrowed from Hungarian paprika, from Serbo-Croatian pàprika, from pȁpar, from Proto-Slavic *pьpьrь, from Latin piper, from Ancient Greek πέπερι (péperi, “pepper”), from Indo-Aryan; compare Sanskrit पिप्पलि (pippali, “long pepper”). Akin to paprikash.

cog

California is taking the lead, producing a paprika that is more standardized and more uniformly available than the European growers offer.

1995, Jean Andrews, Peppers: The Domesticated Capsicums, →ISBN, page 73:

Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum#Translingual

(uncountable) Powdered spice made from dried and ground fruits of sweet pepper (bell pepper) or chili pepper (cultivars of Capsicum annuum), or mixtures of these (used especially in Hungarian cooking).

Using the trio of paprikas gives more flavour than you'd get using a single paprika.

2011, Heidi Swan, Super Natural Evey Day, →ISBN:

strings of red paprikas hang outside to dry in the autumn

2003, Jonathan Bousfield, Rough Guide to Croatia, →ISBN, page 123:

(countable, rare, commonly called "dried [bell/chilli] peppers" or "dried capsicums") A dried but not yet ground fruit of sweet pepper (bell pepper) or chili pepper sold for use as a spice.

paprika:

A bright reddish orange colour resembling that of the ground spice.


tamarind

en-noun

tamarind (countable and uncountable, plural tamarinds)

From Late Middle English thamarynde, from Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

der

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ

Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica#Translingual

(botany) A tropical tree, Tamarindus indica.

He began to crack tamarinds, pulling out the pod flesh, adding sugar and black pepper from his palms.

2021, Leone Ross, This One Sky Day, Faber & Faber Limited, page 253:

Worcestershire sauce
Worcestershire sauce

(cooking) The fruit of this tree; the pulp is used as spice in Asian cooking and in Worcestershire sauce.

Garcinia gummi-gutta, Malabar tamarind, native to Indonesia.

Garcinia gummi-gutta
Garcinia gummi-gutta#Translingual

Other similar species:
A velvet tamarind (Dialium spp.).


salvia

Borrowed from Latin salvia (“sage”). Doublet of sage.

A plant in the genus Salvia, such as sage.

Salvia divinorum, a plant used for its hallucinogenic properties; diviner's sage.


vault

Borrowed from Middle French volter (“to turn or spin around; to frolic”), borrowed from Italian voltare, itself from a Vulgar Latin frequentative form of Latin volvere; later assimilated to Etymology 1, above.

bor

(equestrianism) Synonym of volte: a circular movement by the horse.


chipotle

From Spanish chipotle, from Classical Nahuatl chīlpōctli, compound of chīlli (“pepper”) + pōctli (“smoke”).

Sweet corn on the cob comes to vibrant life with a caramelized glaze of smoky chipotle peppers, tangy lime juice, sea salt, and agave nectar.

2012, Bo Rinaldi, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Low-Fat Vegan Cooking, Penguin, →ISBN:

A ripe jalapeño pepper, dried and smoked for use in cooking.

乾紅辣椒 /干红辣椒

a ripe jalapeño pepper, dried and smoked for use in cooking


cooker

→ Welsh: cwcer

From cook + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (patient suffix) (apple; one who is cooked).

For the British market, apples are classed as early, mid-season, or late, and subdivided into eaters or cookers.

2004, Laura Mason, Food Culture in Great Britain, page 94:

(slang, Australia) A person who makes or uses illicit drugs, especially methamphetamine or cannabis.

[…] does not know how to pick up the liquid from the cooker, and he asks someone else to use his rig to put his part in his rig.

1995, Reyes Ramos, An Ethnographic Study of Heroin Abuse by Mexican Americans in San Antonio, Texas, page 36:

(slang) The container in which recreational drugs are prepared.

(slang, derogatory, Australia) A person who is cooked in the head; a crazy person.


asparagus

en-noun

asparagus (plural asparagus or asparaguses or asparagusses or asparagi)

asparagus (plural)
asparaguses (plural)
asparagusses (plural)
asparagi (plural)

/əˈspæɹ.ə.ɡəs/

/əˈspæɹ.ə.ɡəs/

/əˈspɛɹ.ə.ɡəs/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin asparagus, sparagus, from Ancient Greek ἀσπάραγος (aspáragos), variant of ἀσφάραγος (aspháragos). Displaced Old English eorþnafola.

Any of various perennial plants of the genus Asparagus having leaflike stems, scalelike leaves, and small flowers.

Asparagus officinalis
Asparagus officinalis#Translingual

The young shoots of Asparagus officinalis eaten as a vegetable.


durian

durian (countable and uncountable, plural durians)

→ Arabic: دُرْيَان (duryān)

desc

→ Bengali: দুরিয়ান (duriẏan), ডুরিয়ান (ḍuriẏan)

→ Bikol Central: durian

→ Bulgarian: дуриан (durian)

→ Catalan: durian

→ Czech: durian

→ Danish: durian

→ Esperanto: durio

→ Finnish: durio

→ French: durian

→ Galician: durián

→ Georgian: დურიო (durio)

→ German: Durian

→ Hebrew: דוריאן (duri'an)

→ Italian: durian

→ Japanese: ドリアン (dorian)

→ Komi-Permyak: дуриан (durian)

→ Komi-Zyrian: дуриан (durian)

→ Korean: 두리안 (durian)

→ Lak: дуриан (durian)

→ Latvian: duriāns

→ Lithuanian: durijus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: durian

→ Persian: دوریان (duryân)

→ Polish: durian

→ Portuguese: durio, durião

→ Russian: дуриан (durian)

→ Rwanda-Rundi: duriyani

→ Spanish: durián

→ Swedish: durian

→ Turkish: durian

→ Udmurt: дуриан (durian)

→ Ukrainian: дуріан (durian)

→ Western Mari: дуриан (durian)

/ˈdʒʊə.ɹɪən/

/ˈdʊə.ɹiˌɑn/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-durian.wav

From Malay durian, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi (“thorn”). Doublet of iwi, from Māori.

Any of several trees, genus Durio, of Southeast Asia.


rambutan

Borrowed from Malay rambutan, English usage first attested 1707.

Nephelium lappaceum
Nephelium lappaceum#Translingual

A tree of species Nephelium lappaceum, of Southeast Asia.


quinoa

en-noun

quinoa (countable and uncountable, plural quinoas)

→ Welsh: cwinoa

→ Korean: 퀴노아 (kwinoa)

Borrowed from Spanish quinua, from Quechua kinwa.

Turn the heat up to medium-high, add the quinoa, and sprinkle with salt and pepper.

2007, Mark Bittman, How to Cook Everything Vegetarian: Simple Meatless Recipes for Great Food, page 560:

Quinoa is another of those foods that keeps getting miscategorized—everyone thinks it′s a grain, everyone uses it like a grain, but it′s actually a seed.

2007, Jonny Bowden, The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth, page 78:

To use quinoa in a salad, spread it on a platter or baking sheet after cooking to allow it to cool and, more importantly, dry. Cooked quinoa can be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 5 days.

2009, Miriam Backes, Bob′s Red Mill Cookbook: Whole & Healthy Grains for Every Meal of the Day, page 104:

The high-protein dried fruits and seeds of this plant, used as a food staple and ground into flour.


brandy

brandy (countable and uncountable, plural brandies)

→ Abenaki: blandi

→ Basque: brandy

→ Cebuano: brandi

→ Chinese:

Cantonese: 拔蘭地 /拔兰地 (bat⁶ laan⁴⁻¹ dei⁶⁻²), 白蘭地 /白兰地 (baak⁶ laan⁴⁻¹ dei⁶⁻²)

Mandarin: 白蘭地 /白兰地 (báilándì)

Min Nan: 物蘭池 /物兰池 (bu̍t-lân-tî)

→ Czech: brandy

→ Danish: brandy

→ Dutch: brandy

→ Esperanto: brando

→ Estonian: brändi

→ Finnish: brandy

→ Galician: brandy

→ German: Brandy

→ Greek: μπράντι (bránti)

→ Hungarian: brandy

→ Icelandic: brandí

→ Irish: branda

→ Italian: brandy

→ Japanese: ブランデー (burandē)

→ Korean: 브랜디 (beuraendi)

→ Lower Sorbian: brandy

→ Norwegian: brandy

→ Occitan: brandy

→ Polish: brandy

desc

→ Portuguese: brande, (unadapted form) brandy

→ Romanian: brandy

desctree

→ Russian: бренди (brendi)
→ Armenian: բրենդի (brendi)

→ Scottish Gaelic: branndaidh

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бренди

Latin script: brendi

→ Spanish: brandy

→ Swahili: brandi

→ Swedish: brandy

→ Tagalog: brandi

→ Thai: บรั่นดี (bà-ràn-dii)

→ Turkish: brendi

→ Vietnamese: brandy, branđi

→ Welsh: brandi

Shortened form of brandywine, from Dutch brandewijn (“burnt wine”). Compare German Brantewein, Branntwein.

(uncountable) An alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice.


brandy

en-verb

brandy (third-person singular simple present brandies, present participle brandying, simple past and past participle brandied)

brandies (present singular third-person)
brandying (participle present)
brandied (participle past)
brandied (past)

(transitive) To preserve, flavour, or mix with brandy.

säilöä brandyyn

to preserve, flavour, or mix with brandy


ginger root

Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale#Translingual

Ginger, the underground stem, or rhizome, of the plant Zingiber officinale.


chayote

en-noun

chayote (countable and uncountable, plural chayotes)

From Spanish chayote, from Classical Nahuatl chayohtli.

Sechium edule
Sechium edule#Translingual

Sechium edule, a tropical American perennial herbaceous vine having tendrils, tuberous roots, and a green, pear-shaped fruit cooked as a vegetable.


pecan

Borrowed from French pacane and at first spelt paccan. The French word derives from an Algonquian word, perhaps Miami (Illinois) pakani. Compare Cree pakan (“hard nut”), Ojibwe bagaan, Abenaki pagann, bagôn, pagôn (“nut; walnut, hazelnut”).

And away on the farther bank, a motte of huge pecans, standing like giant sentinels over the dwarfed landscape, filled the eye with remote vistas in their shady, twilight aisles. It was very still.

1885, Howard Seely, A Ranchman's stories, page 154:

Within its ornamental fence, the 8/10-acre property includes several of the largest live oaks in the area — plus huge pecans and stately magnolias.

A deciduous tree, Carya illinoinensis, of the central and southern United States, having deeply furrowed bark, pinnately compound leaves, and edible nuts.


pone

pone (countable and uncountable, plural pones)

Borrowed from Powhatan apones, appoans (“bread”), from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n (“thing which has been baked or roasted”), whence also Abenaki abôn (“bread”).

der

(Southern US) A baked or fried cornbread (bread made of cornmeal), often made without milk or eggs.


tabasco

en-noun

tabasco (usually uncountable, plural tabascos)

Louisiana is a major producer of tabascos.


emmenagogue

From Ancient Greek ἔμμηνα (émmēna, “menses”) + ἀγωγός (agōgós, “leading”).

Take of the emmenagogue decoction, six ounces; borax, fifteen grains; troches of myrrh, two scruples; dittany of Crete, finely powdered, ten grains; […]

1775, The practice of the British and French hospitals:

The term emmenagogue is applied to any remedy or indeed any resource whatever which normalizes the menses.

1914, Albert Henry Buck, A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences:

Because of its phenolic ether content (methyl chavicol), which varies within wide limits, depending on the species, the origin and the time of harvesting, basil is often cited as an emmenagogue.

2007, Shirley Price, Aromatherapy for Health Professionals, page 71:

(medicine) An herb that stimulates blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus, causing menstruation.


rocket

Borrowed from French roquette, from Italian ruchetta, diminutive of ruca, from Latin eruca. Cognate to arugula, rucola, eruca, roquette.

Eruca vesicaria
Eruca vesicaria#Translingual

A leaf vegetable of species Eruca sativa or Eruca vesicaria.


eggnog

eggnog (countable and uncountable, plural eggnogs)

American English c. 1775 (although drinks like it are attested far earlier, e.g. posset, of which a monastic Christmas recipe used eggs), from egg + nog.
The second element is uncertain and long-debated; prominent claims include Norfolk dialect nog (“strong ale”), or a clipping of noggin (“small, carved wooden mug used to serve alcohol”) (q.v.). Other hypotheses include a variant of grog (“rum-and-water cocktail”), and descent from Old Norse (compare wassail).

A beverage based on milk, eggs, sugar, and nutmeg; often made alcoholic with rum, brandy, or whisky; popular at Christmas.


boiled egg

An egg which has been cooked in the shell in boiling water. It can be hard-boiled or soft-boiled.


patchouli

patchouli (countable and uncountable, plural patchoulis)

From Tamil பச்சை (paccai, “green”) + இலை (ilai, “leaf”).

Any of several East Indian plants in the genus Pogostemon, especially Pogostemon cablin, which yield a highly fragrant oil.


meu

From Latin mēum (“umbelliferous plant, Meum athamanticum”), from Ancient Greek μῆον (mêon), probably from μεῖον (meîon, “lesser”) for its small size. The English form came perhaps via Middle French meu, a word with a single isolated attestation from the 14th century which only began to appear consistently from 1568, by which time the word was established in English.

uder

Meum athamanticum
Meum athamanticum#Translingual


monkey bread

en-noun

monkey bread (countable and uncountable, plural monkey breads)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-monkey bread.wav

(US) A soft, sweet, sticky pastry sprinkled with cinnamon, often served at fairs and festivals.


gooseberry

From goose + berry. It is possible that the first element was originally something related to the gros- of French groseille and/or the kruis- of Dutch kruisbes but has been altered by folk etymology.

Any of several other plants that are not closely related but bear fruit in some way similar:

Long Key locustberry or shiny locustberry (Byrsonima lucida)

Jamaican gooseberry tree (Phyllanthus acuminatus), a herb-like plant


conker

From 19th-century dialect conker (“snail-shell”); the game of conkers was originally played using snail-shells; from conch + -er or a variant of conquer.

His bald spot gleams like a burnished conker.

2006, Peter Godwin, When a Crocodile Eats the Sun: A Memoir of Africa:

(British) A horse chestnut, used in the game of conkers.

pysen boced

horse chestnut used in the game of conkers


Easter egg

/ˈiː.stəɹ ˌɛɡ/

Adventure (1980 video game)#Easter_egg
Easter egg

From Easter + egg. Cognate with German Low German Ooosterei (“Easter egg”), Middle High German ōsterei ("Easter egg"; > modern German Osterei). So called because eggs would be eaten during Easter to break the fasting during Lent. (No eggs, dairy, meat except fish, lard, or foods containing these ingredients could be eaten during Lent.) The computing sense is from the early 1980s, popularized by the video game Adventure.

gloss

"Easter egg"; > modern German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Osterei</i>

Because eggs were inexpensive in most regions, the practice of decorating Easter eggs crossed all social classes and remained somewhat simple.

2009, Ace Collins, chapter 23, in Stories Behind the Traditions and Songs of Easter:

A dyed or decorated egg, traditionally associated with Easter and, in the Western European tradition, sometimes hidden for children to find.


ampelography

From French ampélographie, from ampelo- (“vine”) + -graphy.

She is the American apostle of Pierre Galet, a Frenchman whose internationally recognized contribution to ampelography, or the science of classifying grape vines, rests on identifying leaf design and the appearance of a vine's growing tips.

1986 August 6, Howard G. Goldberg, “Wine Talk”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, page C18:

Scientists are just now devising a genetic test to distinguish one rootstock from another. Until they do, the only recourse is the arcane art of ampelography, in which the vines are identified by physical appearance. Like art authenticators, ampelographers practice a craft that they would have others think is a science.

1993 October 17, Arthur Lubow, “What's Killing the Grapevines of Napa?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The mainstay of grapevine identification is the science of ampelography, and manuals of ampelography (Galet 1971) are the major resource for grapevine identification.

1993, Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference, Volume 8, Australian Wine Research Institute, page 78:

(botany, oenology) The discipline within botany concerned with the taxonomy of cultivars in the grapevine genus, Vitis.


cascabel

The very pungent Mexican Cascabel looks a lot like the Cherry pepper when it is growing.[…]In the dry state the skin becomes translucent and the seeds are loose so that they rattle, hence cascabel, which means sleigh or jingle bells. Another cultivar, the elongate Catarina, is often called Cascabel because its dry seeds also make a noise within its translucent dry skin.

1984, Jean Andrews, Peppers: The Domesticated Capsicums, published 1995, page 100:

Cascabels are available dried in Latin American markets. Hot and nutty in flavor, cascabels are good in sauces, beans, and chilis.

1997, Didi Emmons, Vegetarian Planet: 350 Big-Flavor Recipes for Out-Of-This-World Food Every Day, page 415:

Prepare the cascabels using one of the methods in the Preparing Cascabels box, at left.

2004, Rick Greenspan, Hal Kahn, The Leave-No-Crumbs Camping Cookbook, page 94:

A small, round, hot variety of chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, which rattles when dry.

The cascabel, instead of being permanently attached to the breech of the piece, is set into it by means of a screw, and thus in reality the bore extends the entire distance of the gun, so that when the cascabel is taken off one can look directly through the gun.

1862, Samuel Kneeland, George Bliss, David Ames Wells, William Ripley Nichols, edited by Charles Robert Cross and John Trowbridge, Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art, page 91:

This iron cannon with a single muzzle band, without trunnions and with an oversized cascabel is believed by many to be the original “Come and Take It” cannon and is displayed at the Gonzales Memorial Museum and occasionally elsewhere within Texas.

2011, Roy F Sullivan, The Texas Revolution: Tejano Heroes, page 137:

I was looking at a 151 mm caliber cannon, which used the twentyfour pound cannon ball and displayed a beautiful lion′s head on the back end of its breach area. An elaborate cascabel stuck out of the mouth of each animal. The cascabel was primarily used to attach ropes that secured the cannon during the recoil blowback that came from firing.

2011, Chris Messner, Cuba Open from the Inside: Travels in the Forbidden Land:

A knob at the end of a cannon, cast onto the gun breech, to which a heavy rope is attached in order to control recoil.


closer

From Middle English closere, equivalent to close (verb) + -er.

(horse racing) A horse that performs best toward the end of a race.