breakdown

en-noun

breakdown (countable and uncountable, plural breakdowns)

breakdowns (plural)
break-down (alternative)

sınma

failure, particularly one which is mechanical in nature

(veterinary medicine, uncountable) Injury to a horse's leg causing lameness; (countable) an instance of this.

jalkavamma

injury to a horse’s leg causing lameness; an instance of this


malaria

malaria (countable and uncountable, plural malarias)

/məˈlɛəɹi.ə/

Borrowed from Italian malaria, formed from mal- (“bad”) and aria (“air”). Displaced native Old English unlyft (literally “bad air”).

ncog

(pathology) A disease spread by mosquito, in which a protozoan, Plasmodium, multiplies in blood every few days.


spavin

en-noun

spavin (countable and uncountable, plural spavins)

The noun is derived from Middle English spavein, spaveine (“swelling on horse’s leg causing lameness; disease causing lameness in horses”), from Old French espavain, a variant of esparvain, esprevain, esprevin (modern French éparvin, épervin). The further etymology is unknown; one suggestion is that it is from Frankish *sparwan (“sparrow”), though this is seen as quite tenuous.
The verb is derived from the noun.

[H]is horſe hip'd vvith an olde mothy ſaddle, and ſtirrops of no kindred: beſides poſſeſt vvith the glanders, and like to moſe in the chine, troubled vvith the Lampaſſe, infected vvith the faſhions, full of VVindegalls, ſped vvith Spauins, raied vvith the Yellovvs, […]

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 219, column 1:

Of ſpauens, there be tvvo kindes, the bone Spauen and the blood: for the bone Spauen, you ſhall dreſſe it in all things like the ſplent, and it vvil heale it. For the bloud ſpauen you ſhall take vp the veane, and vvhen it hath bled vve pull out the bladder vvhich holdes the ſpauen, and ſtop the vvound vvith Sage and ſalt, and it vvill heale it.

1607, Gervase Markham, “Of Spauens”, in Cauelarice, or The English Horseman: […], London: […] [Edward Allde and W[illiam] Jaggard] for Edward White, […], →OCLC, 7th book, page 78:

Doubtleſſe a Spauen is an euil ſorance, and cauſeth a horſe to haule principally in the beginning of his griefe, it appeareth on the hinder Legges vvithin, and againſt the ioynt, and it vvill bee a little ſvvolne, and ſome horſes haue a thorough Spauen, vvhich appeareth both vvithin and vvithout. Of the Spauen there are tvvo kindes, the one hard the other ſoft: That is: bone-Spauen, and a blood-Spauen, […] Caſt the horſe and vvith a hot yron ſlitte the fleſh that couereth the Spauen, and then lay vpon the Spauen, Cantharides and Euforbium boyled together in oile de Bay, […]

1607, Conradus Gesnerus [i.e., Conrad Gessner], Edward Topsell, “Of the Horsse. [Of the Spauen, both Bone and Blood.]”, in The Historie of Foure-footed Beastes. […], London: […] William Iaggard, →OCLC, page 407:

Mr. Field had seen the same horses brought to his forge from day to day, and year to year, with large spavins, yet continuing perfectly sound.

1829 November 19, “Veterinary Medical Society, 21st Oct. 1829. Discussion on Mr. W. Percivall’s Paper on Soundness.”, in [William] Percivall, [William] Youatt, editors, The Veterinarian, volume II, number 24, London: […] Compton and Ritchie, […] [for] Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, […], published December 1829, →OCLC, page 509:

(countable) A bony swelling which develops in a horse's leg where the shank and splint bone meet, caused by inflammation of the cartilage connecting those bones; also, a similar swelling caused by inflammation of the hock bones.

[N]ovv the Bots, the Spauin, and the Glanders, and ſome doſen diſeaſes more, light on him, & his Moyles.

1601, Ben Jonson, Poetaster or The Arraignment: […], London: […] [R. Bradock] for M[atthew] L[ownes] […], published 1602, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, signature B2, verso:

(uncountable) A disease of horses caused by this bony swelling (sense 1.1).


spavin

en-verb

spavin (third-person singular simple present spavins, present participle spavining, simple past and past participle spavined)

spavins (present singular third-person)
spavining (participle present)
spavined (participle past)
spavined (past)

Mr. Lythe had seen many horses which Mr. Field had passed as sound although they were spavined; and he does not recollect a single instance of lameness among them.

The witches that dance on the Brocken on Valpurgis Eve would be spoken of in a different spirit from the village hag who spavins the horse and curdles the milk.

1867, John Hill Burton, “Heathendom”, in The History of Scotland from Agricola’s Invasion to the Revolution of 1688, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 224:

And oh! Onesiphorus, the old brown mare / Is spavining for love, as also we; […]

1884 February 23, “Astray from San Rafael” [pseudonym], “Dudetic Leap Year”, in The Wasp, volume XII, number 8, San Francisco, Calif.: E[dward] C[reamor] Macfarlane & Co., →OCLC, stanza 4, page 11, column 1:

The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to prove that the horse was spavined, and that Kuntzman had warranted the soundness of the horse. The fourth exception on the part of the defendant and the plaintiff in error was to the rejection of the evidence that the horse was not spavined while in Weaver's stable, some two months after the sale.

1886, A[braham] C[lark] Freeman, “Kuntzman v. Weaver”, in The American Decisions […], volume LIX, San Francisco, Calif.: Bancroft-Whitney Co. […], →OCLC, page 740:

In order to obviate the straining, spavining, and weakness of back, to which horses are subject, caused by the effort of starting heavy cars, Mr. Henry P. Holt designed a tramcar starting gear, patented in May, 1879, […]

1894, D[aniel] Kinnear Clark, “Resistance to Traction on Tramways”, in Tramways: Their Construction and Working […], 2nd edition, London: Crosby Lockwood and Son […], →OCLC, page 402:

(farriery, veterinary medicine) To cause (a horse or its leg) to have spavin (noun sense 1.2).

aiheuttaa kinnerpatti

to cause (a horse or its leg) to have spavin


blackleg

en-noun

blackleg (countable and uncountable, plural blacklegs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blackleg.wav

In the autumn there was a row at some cement works about the unskilled labour men. A union had just been started for them and all but a few joined. One of these blacklegs was laid for by a picket and knocked out of time.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XLIV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, pages 364–365:

It's in the evening after dark when the blackleg miner creeps to work. With his moleskin pants and his dirty shirt, there goes the blackleg miner.

1970 June 27, traditional (lyrics and music), “The Blackleg Miner” (track 4), in Hark! The Village Wait, performed by Steeleye Span:

(countable) A person who takes the place of striking workers.


yellow fever

Your girl want me, we both know / Cause she got yellow fever

2015, “In This B*tch”, in WORLDWIDE, performed by Jay Park:

(figurative, slang) An attraction to ethnically East Asian men or women, expressed by non-East Asian (especially white European male or white American) people.


scrapie

scrapie (countable and uncountable, plural scrapies)

From scrape + -ie, from the tendency of affected animals to scrape themselves against solid objects.

This incurable disease, called scrapie, became a large problem, often killing one ewe in ten.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 272:

central nervous system
central nervous system

A degenerative prion disease of sheep and goats that attacks the central nervous system.


dengue

dengue (usually uncountable, plural dengues)

From West Indian Spanish dengue in 1828, from the Kiswahili term dinga (in full kidingapopo or kidinga pepo, "a kind of sudden cramp-like seizure caused by an evil spirit", dinga itself meaning sudden cramp-like seizure). The borrowed term changed to dengue in Spanish due to this word existing in Spanish with the meaning "fastidiousness" and the folk etymology referring to the dislike of movement by affected patients of chikungunya which was also reffered to as dengue until the first half of the 20th century.

An acute febrile disease of the (sub)tropics caused by the Dengue virus, a flavivirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, and characterized by high fever, rash, headache, and severe muscle and joint pain.


scurvy

scurvy (usually uncountable, plural scurvies)

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English scurvi, scurvy, variants of scurfi (“having scurf, scabby”), from scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”) + -i (suffix forming adjectives). Scurf is derived from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). By surface analysis, scurf (“skin disease; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease; crust-like formations on the skin”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).
The noun is derived from the adjective. It was used to translate the similar-sounding Dutch scheurbuik, French scorbut, Middle Low German schorbūk (“scurvy (disease)”), etc.

cog

(uncountable, by extension, veterinary medicine, obsolete) A cattle disease, perhaps affecting the skin.


yellow jack

en-noun

yellow jack (countable and uncountable, plural yellow jacks)


West Nile fever

(pathology) A disease caused by the West Nile virus that is transmitted from birds to mosquitoes and then to people. Symptoms include drowsiness, headache and nausea, pain in the abdomen, a rash, and swollen glands, and may prove fatal.


murrain

murrain (countable and uncountable, plural murrains)

murrains (plural)
murrein (alternative)
murrion (alternative)

The noun is derived from Late Middle English morein, morine, moreyn (“(widespread) death; widespread sickness, plague; fatal disease; carnage; carrion”), from Anglo-Norman morine, mourine, moreyn (“death; widespread sickness, plague; carrion; cattle disease”), Middle French morine, and Old French morine, mourine, murine (“widespread sickness, plague; animal which has died from a disease”), from Late Latin morina (“plague”), probably from Latin morī, the present active infinitive of morior (“to die; to decay, wither”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).
The adjective and adverb are derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Italian morìa (“plague”)
* Latin morticīnus (“that has died naturally, dead; (relational) carrion”) (Medieval Latin morticinium)
* Occitan moria (“death; plague”)
* Old French morie (“death”) mourie (“flesh of animals that have died of disease”) (Middle French murie)
* Portuguese morrinha (“cattle plague”)
* Spanish morriña (“cattle plague”)

cog

water murrain

Il'e ſtrike thee [Earth] vvith a laſting barrenneſſe. / No more ſhall plenty crovvne thy fertill brovves, / Il'e breake thy plovves, thy Oxen murren-ſtrike: […]

1613, Thomas Heywood, The Silver Age, […], London: […] Nicholas Okes, and are to be sold by Beniamin Lightfoote […], →OCLC, Act III, signature H, verso:

[A] Church-mans Juriſdiction is no more but to vvatch over his Flock in ſeaſon, and out of ſeaſon, to deal by ſvveet and efficacious Inſtructions, gentle Admonitions, and ſometimes rounder Reproofs; […] againſt a perſiſting ſtubbornes, or the fear of a reprobate ſenſe, a timely ſeparation from the Flock by that interdictive Sentence, leſt his Converſation unprohibited, or unbranded, might breath a peſtilential murrein into the other Sheepe.

1642 April, John Milton, An Apology for Smectymnuus; republished in A Complete Collection of the Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous Works of John Milton, […], volume I, Amsterdam [actually London: s.n.], 1698, →OCLC, page 159:

The murrain among Bees is very rare: other diſeaſes they are ſubject too, eſpecially to a ſcovvring, by gathering, or feeding on Tithymal, […]

1657, Samuel Purchas, “Of Bees, Enemies and Sicknesses”, in A Theatre of Politicall Flying-Insects. […], London: […] R. I. for Thomas Parkhurst, […], →OCLC, page 122:

The next year vvas calamitous, bringing ſtrange fluxes upon men, and murren upon Cattel.

1670, John Milton, “The Sixth Book”, in The History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. […], London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for James Allestry, […] , →OCLC, page 245:

[page 47] [B]ecauſe Murreins among the Larger Cattle, and Rots among the Smaller, are the moſt Fatal of Diſeaſes, and ſvveep them avvay by Herds and Flocks, I ſhall (from Long Experience) ſhovv the neareſt vvay to fore-ſee the approaching Danger, […] [page 48] To prevent therefore this Murrein, Long-ſought; or as ſome call it, Gurget: If you are conſtrained to Paſture your Beaſts, bleed them as ſoon as ever the Leaf begins to fall; peg their Ears and Devv-laps vvith Helebore, or Bears-foot, a Plant ſo called; […]

1700, C. P. [pseudonym], “Signs of Murrein, Rot, or Such Like Destroying Diseases in Cattle; how to Prevent or Remedy Them”, in The Sheepherd’s New Kalender: or, The Citizen’s & Country Man’s Daily Companion: […], London: […] A. M. for J. Blare, […], →OCLC, pages 47–48:

(countable, veterinary medicine, chiefly historical) Any of several highly infectious diseases of cattle or other livestock, such as anthrax, babesiosis, or rinderpest; or a particular epizootic thereof; also, an infectious disease affecting other animals, such as poultry.

مَوْتَان

any of several highly infectious diseases of cattle, etc.; or a particular epizootic thereof


filariasis

en-noun

filariasis (countable and uncountable, plural filariases)

Any disease common in tropical and subtropical countries resulting from infestation of the lymphatic system with nematode worms of the superfamily Filarioidea, transmitted by mosquitoes: characterised by inflammation.

lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti

subcutaneous filariasis caused by Loa loa

serous cavity filariasis caused by Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi


dengue fever

/ˈdɛŋɡeɪ ˈfiːvə/

/ˈdɛŋɡiː ˈfiːvɚ/

/ˈdɛŋɡeɪ ˈfiːvɚ/

Via Spanish, a corruption of Swahili ki denga pepo, meaning "cramp-like seizure caused by an evil spirit".

An acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease endemic to the tropics, caused by varieties of the species Dengue virus, and primarily transmitted to humans from mosquitoes, though human-to-human transmission is also well documented.


breakbone fever

Coinage attributed to Benjamin Rush because of the symptoms of myalgia and arthralgia.


Rift Valley fever

(pathology) A mosquito-borne, acute, febrile, viral disease of humans and animals, caused by an RNA virus of the genus Phlebovirus, which occurs in northern and eastern Africa.


RVF

Rift Valley fever
Rift Valley fever#English

(pathology) Initialism of Rift Valley fever.


black vomit

A fever, with yellow skin and black vomit in some of the cases, appeared among a party of forty men.

1833, chapter 2, in Cyclopædia of practical medicine, page 295:

Black vomit is nothing but a hœmorrhage from the stomach, and may exist in any degree, from a few particles of blood mixed, as it were, into a quantity of light glairy fluid, presenting the appearance of floating dark specks or flocculi, to that of a rapid and profuse discharge of pure red blood.

1854 May 27, Daniel Drake, The Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery, page 369:

On the third or fourth day, or later, the vomited matters..begin to contain blood..and they soon assume..a coffee-ground character, constituting the so-called black vomit.

1876, John S. Bristowe, A treatise on the theory and practice of medicine, published 1878, page 199:

(obsolete) A blackish matter, resembling coffee grounds and due to hæmorrhage, vomited in severer cases of yellow fever; also, the disease of yellow fever itself.


Japanese encephalitis

(pathology) A viral disease prevalent in south-east Asia, caused by Japanese encephalitis virus transmitted by mosquito.


chikungunya

/t͡ʃɪkʊŋˈɡʊnjə/

/ˌt͡ʃɪkənˈɡʌnjə/

Borrowed from Makonde chikungunya (“that which bends up”), apparently referring to the arthritic effects of the disease. See -kunja, a suffix related to bending. Compare Swahili kunja (“to bend, to fold”).

bor

Chikungunya and dengue arboviral diseases are in expansion throughout the world.

2007, Didier Fontenille, Anna Bella Failloux, Roberto Romi, “Should we expect Chikungunya and Dengue in Southern Europe?”, in Willem Takken, Bart G. J. Knols, editors, Emerging Pests and Vector-borne Diseases in Europe, page 169:

The fever of Chikungunya is characterized by a rapid rise in temperature to as high as 40 C, often accompanied by rigors, myalgia, headache, photophobia, retro-orbital pain, sore throat with objective signs of pharyngitis, nausea, and vomiting.

2010, Stephen A. Berger, Infectious Diseases of Zimbabwe, page 55:

Chikungunya infections are caused by an alphavirus from the family Togaviridae.

2011, Franz J. Conraths, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Chapter 13: Infectious Diseases Under the Influence of Changing Environmental Factors, page 256:

Chikungunya virus
Chikungunya virus#Translingual

A viral fever caused by the Chikungunya virus, an alphavirus spread by mosquito bites.

基孔肯雅熱 /基孔肯雅热

a viral fever caused by an alphavirus spread by mosquito bites


flavivirus

Any arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus, many of which are transmitted by ticks or mosquitos


snifters

(veterinary medicine) A disease of poultry causing a nasal discharge.


Ross River fever

In 1959, the virus was identified in samples from a mosquito (Aedes vigilax) trapped in the Ross River, located in Townsville, Queensland, Australia.

Epidemic polyarthritis, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by infection with Ross River virus.


epidemic polyarthritis

Polyarthritis caused by either of two mosquito-borne viruses endemic to Australasia: Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus.


zika

Dr Umair A Shah, executive director of the Harris County department of public health, said, “It’s probably not a case of if we get zika in our native mosquitoes, it’s probably a case of when we get zika in our native mosquitoes.”

2016 January 13, Jessica Glenza, “First case of tropical zika virus linked to serious birth defect found in Texas”, in The Guardian:


Pogosta disease

Derived from Russian погост (pogost). Compare pogost.

A viral disease caused by Sindbis virus, encountered mainly in eastern Finland.


pelt rot

(veterinary medicine, obsolete) A disease affecting the hair or wool of an animal.


Zika disease

From Zika Forest, where the virus was discovered at a mosquito research facility of the Uganda Virus Research Institute.

A disease of humans, transmitted by mosquitoes, caused by the Zika virus, with symptoms similar to dengue fever and many other diseases, that also apparently causes microcephaly in the newborns of infected mothers.


Bulam fever

The disease was believed to have spread through contagion from a ship, the Hankey, that came from Bolama (then Bulam) in what is now Guinea-Bissau.

Authors have in general supposed the Bulam Fever to be only a higher grade of the Bilious Remittent, as this last is of the Intermittent; and the following eight points have been enumerated by Dr. Pinckard as a proof of their identity; to which eight points I beg to make the following replies.

1815, Sir William Pym, Observations Upon the Bulam Fever:

The President and one member (Mr. Pilleau) consider, that one attack of yellow or Bulam fever does give immunity from a second attack, except in rare instances.

1852, J. O. M'William, “Observations on that portion of the "Second report on quarantine," by the general board of health”, in The Medical Times and Gazette, volume 1, page 512:

Dr. Chisholm, the father of the Bulam fever, uses the following language […]

1855 July 28, John B. Porter, “On the Climate and Salubrity of Fort Moultrie and Sullivan's Island, Charleston Harbour, S. C.”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, volume 30, page 49:


Jamestown Canyon virus

en-noun

Jamestown Canyon virus (plural Jamestown Canyon viruses)

After Jamestown, Colorado, where the virus was first isolated in 1961 from Culiseta mosquitoes.

A North American orthobunyavirus, an arbovirus, that mostly in adults can cause fever, meningitis or meningoencephalitis.


grass staggers

(veterinary medicine) Synonym of grass tetany


eastern equine encephalitis

eastern equine encephalitis (uncountable)

A rare mosquito-borne disease caused by a togavirus, affecting horses and humans in the Americas.


aegyptism

Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti#Translingual

(pathology) viral infection via the mosquito Aedes aegypti


grass tetany

(veterinary medicine) A metabolic disease of ruminants, involving magnesium deficiency, and usually occurring after grazing on pastures of rapidly growing grass.