mallow

mallow (countable and uncountable, plural mallows)

From Middle English malwe, from Old English mealwe, borrowed from Latin malva. Compare the doublet mauve.

Gonzalo. Had I plantation of this isle, my lord,—
Antonio. He’ld sow’t with nettle-seed.
Sebastian. Or docks, or mallows.

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

For want and famine they were solitary; fleeing into the wilderness in former time desolate and waste. Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 30:3-4:

Not Heathpout, or the rarer Bird, / Which Phasis, or Ionia yields, / More pleasing Morsels would afford / Than the fat Olives of my Fields; / Than Shards or Mallows for the Pot, / That keep the loosen’d Body sound, / Or than the Lamb that falls by Lot, / To the just Guardian of my Ground.

1684, John Dryden, “From Horace, Epode 2”, in The Second Part of Miscellany Poems, 4th edition, London: Jacob Tonson, page 79:

1840, Robert Browning, Sordello, Book IV, in Sordello; Strafford; Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1863, p. 112,
The thoroughfares were overrun with weed
— Docks, quitchgrass, loathly mallows no man plants.

The Time Traveller paused, put his hand into his pocket, and silently placed two withered flowers, not unlike very large white mallows, upon the little table. Then he resumed his narrative.

1895 May 7, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, chapter 7, in The Time Machine: An Invention, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →OCLC:

'Twas early June, the new grass was flourishing everywheres, the posies in the yard—peonies and such—in full bloom, the sun was shining, and the water of the bay was blue, with light green streaks where the shoal showed.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

Hallo Hallo, brain of tallow, / Guts are gone, noggin’s hollow. / Seeking sweets and marshing mallows, / Watch your back, and your candy sack.

2017 October 19, “Hallohallo”, in Circuit Break, Konami:

Any of a group of flowering plants in several genera of the taxonomic family Malvaceae, especially of the genus Malva. Several species are edible by humans.

абэдзэкъуай

any of a group of plants in several genera of the taxonomic family Malvaceae


crowberry

From crow + berry. Apparently so-called due to birds' fondness for the fruit. Yet the dark color (compare Old Norse blár (“blue-black, like a raven's sheen”)) may be the main or another factor; compare Inuktitut paurngaq (“crowberry”) (allegedly meaning "which looks like soot").

noncog

Empetrum nigrum
Empetrum nigrum#Translingual

Empetrum; a small genus of dwarf evergreen shrubs that bear edible fruit.

Empetrum nigrum; a species of crowberry.


soybean

A legume plant (Glycine max), commonly cultivated for human and animal consumption and as a nitrogen-fixing ground cover.


bittersweet

[ˈbɪɾɚˌswiʔt̚]

From Middle English bitterswete, biterswete, equivalent to bitter + sweet. Cognate with Saterland Frisian bitterswäit (“bittersweet”), West Frisian bittersoet (“bittersweet”), Dutch bitterzoet (“bittersweet”), German bittersüß (“bittersweet”), Danish bittersød (“bittersweet”), Swedish bittersöt (“bittersweet”).

cog

I had once before visited these three villages, Skedans, Tanoo and Cumshewa. The bitter-sweet of their overwhelming loneliness created a longing to return to them.

1941, Emily Carr, chapter 18, in Klee Wyck:


nanmu

wood of the tree Phoebe nanmu (or several other similar) that was once used for boat building, architectural woodworking and wood art in China


snow pea

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-snow pea.wav

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual

A group of pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars, with flat and edible pods.


runner bean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-runner bean.wav

Phaseolus coccineus
Phaseolus coccineus#Translingual

A climbing plant of species Phaseolus coccineus, having long bean pods.

荷包豆

a climbing plant, Phaseolus coccineus, having long bean pods


licorice root

en-noun

licorice root (countable and uncountable, plural licorice roots)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-licorice root.wav

Any of several other species of plants whose roots have a similar aroma and taste.

Ligusticum canbyi (Canby's licorice root)


mint tea

mint tea (countable and uncountable, plural mint teas)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-mint tea.wav

An herb tea made by steeping leaves of plants of the mint family in hot water.


tea plant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-teaplant.wav

Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis#Translingual

The bush Camellia sinensis, the leaves of which are picked, dried and used to make the beverage tea.


pennyroyal

/pɛ̝nɪˈɹɔɪ̯əl/

Apparently an alteration (after penny) of Anglo-Norman puliol royal, from Latin pūlegium.

Dioscorides says that Pennyroyal makes thin, tough phlegm, warms the coldness of any part whereto it is applied, and digests raw or corrupt matter.

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 216:

Mentha pulegium
Mentha pulegium#Translingual

Mentha pulegium, a plant of the mint family, formerly much used in various medicinal treatments and as a flea repellent.


horehound

horehound (countable and uncountable, plural horehounds)

From Middle English horehoune, from Old English hārhūne, hārehūne.

Marrubium vulgare
Marrubium vulgare#Translingual

especially, a herb of species (Marrubium vulgare, of the mint family, traditionally used as a cough remedy and to make a type of hard candy.


bee balm

bee balm (countable and uncountable, plural bee balms)

Because bees are attracted to its nectar-rich blossoms.

Monarda didyma
Monarda didyma#Translingual

The aromatic plant Monarda didyma or bergamot, native to North America.


black horehound

The plant Ballota nigra possessing a disagreeable odor. Traditionally used as a medicinal herb as an antispasmodic, stimulant and vermifuge.


peppermint

peppermint (countable and uncountable, plural peppermints)

→ French: paparmane

→ Gujarati: પિપરમીટ (piparmīṭ)

→ Japanese: ペパーミント (pepāminto)

→ Korean: 페퍼민트 (pepeominteu)

A hybrid herb of the mint family (Mentha × piperita), formed by crossing watermint and spearmint, which has a high menthol content and a sharp flavor and is used in cooking, especially in herb teas and in confections.


menthol

menthol (countable and uncountable, plural menthols)

(organic chemistry) A cyclic monoterpene alcohol; the major component of the essential oil of peppermint; used in pharmaceutical preparations as an antitussive and antipruritic agent, as a nasal decongestant, and in menthol cigarettes.


spearmint

spearmint (countable and uncountable, plural spearmints)

From spear (“sprout of a plant, spire”) + mint, so named due to its spiry blooms.

af

Mentha spicata
Mentha spicata#Translingual

A herb of the mint family (Mentha spicata), commonly used in herb tea, candy and to treat mild stomach ache.


shooting star

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Any of several wild flowering plants in the genus Dodecatheon, mostly found in Western North America.


allheal

From all + heal. Compare Latin panax and panacea.

Prunella vulgaris
Prunella vulgaris#Translingual

Any of several plants supposed to have broad healing powers.

Prunella vulgaris, a species in the mint family.

Stachys, a genus of plants in the mint family, heal-all, self-heal, woundwort, betony, lamb's ears, hedgenettle.

Along the river Neb, at Ballig, the common valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is blooming thickly; tall, slender, pale pink, beautifully scented, moving in the wind. Also called ‘all-heal’, ‘cut-finger’ and ‘cat's love’.

[1986, Richard Adams, A Nature Diary, Penguin Group, →ISBN, page 82:

Valeriana officinalis
Valeriana officinalis#Translingual

Valeriana officinalis, a species in the valerian family.


white clover

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens#Translingual

A species of clover, Trifolium repens, native to much of Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia and introduced elsewhere as a pasture crop.


skeg

From a dialectal term for a stump, branch, or wooden peg; compare Swedish skog. Compare also shaw.

Some take them for Damascen plums, or rather for Bullois, Skegs, or such like wilde Plums.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book II.]”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], (please specify |tome=1 or 2), London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC:

Prunus spinosa
Prunus spinosa#Translingual

(obsolete) A sort of wild plum (Prunus spinosa or Prunus domestica subsp. insititia (syn. Prunus institia)).


alfalfa

en-noun

alfalfa (countable and uncountable, plural alfalfas)

→ Irish: alfalfa

→ Welsh: alffalffa

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁eḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas
Proto-Iranian *Hácwah
Proto-Iranian *Hástiš
Proto-Iranian *HacwaHastiš
Old Median *aspāstišder.
Arabic فَصْفَص (faṣfaṣ)bor.
Old Spanish alfalfez
Spanish alfalfabor.
English alfalfa
From Spanish alfalfa, from Old Spanish alfalfez, from Arabic الْفَصْفَصَة (al-faṣfaṣa, “alfalfa, lucerne”).

der

الْفَصْفَصَة

“No place for rabbits now, but I could easy build a few hutches and you could feed alfalfa to the rabbits.”

1937, John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, New York: Covici Friede, page 100:

Medicago sativa
Medicago sativa#Translingual

(uncountable) A plant, principally of Medicago sativa, grown as a pasture crop.

тхьэкӏищ лӏэужьыгъуэ

tḥɛkʼiś lˢʼɛwuźəğʷɛ


abura

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

Any tree of species of genus Mitragyna, from the family Rubiaceae:

A medium-sized tropical African tree, Mitragyna stipulosa (syn. M. macrophylla, nom. illeg.).

A large-sized tropical African tree, Mitragyna ledermannii (syn. Mitragyna ciliata)


malus

From Latin mālus and translingual Malus.

It leads to a certain extent to an evergreen type Docynia which is distributed in the Himalayas and western China and whose magnificence of bloom I learned to know on my travels in Yunnan; it is distinct from genuine maluses.

1922, Gardener’s Chronicle of America, volume 26, page 228, column 2:

Malus ‘Dartmouth’ is a variety of M. pumila, the wild crab-apple, and is only one of the several maluses which offer a wider choice than the commonly planted ‘John Downie,’ lemoinei and eleyi.

1959, Gardeners Chronicle & Gardening Illustrated, volume 145, page 65, column 2:

In gardens which are rather open and exposed, the ornamental crabs or maluses are generally less satisfactory than the cherries as flowering trees.

1968, Agriculture in Northern Ireland, volume 43, page 290:

A plant of the genus Malus (the apples).


phaseolus

any of several domesticated beans, of the genus Phaseolus, native to the Americas


pallisander

a dense, heavy wood, similar to teak or mahogany, mostly from species of Dalbergia and Pterocarpus, as well as Machaerium


chica

"But, I thought you wanted to come with us. There are some hot chicas just waiting for the Black Wolf boys."

2005, Magnolia Belle, Black Wolf: Lakota Man:

(Canada, US, informal) A Latin-American girl; a Latina.


chico

Perhaps from Spanish choclo, influded by chico.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chico.wav

(American Southwest, chiefly in the plural) Sweet corn that has been cooked and dried on the cob.


macassar oil

From Macassar (“a port city in Indonesia”).

A mixture, once used to smooth the hair, consisting of oil of the ylang ylang tree and other oils.


lupin

→ Thai: ลูพิน (luu-pin)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lupin.wav

From Middle English lupyne, lupine, from Old French lupin, from Latin lupīnus (“pertaining to the wolf”), because of the wolf-like “fang” within the blossom. It has also been linked to an assumed depletion of nutrients in the soil.

Lupins had been introduced into German agriculture in 1841 and had rapidly become a popular and useful feed for sheep as well as being used as a green manure plant for increasing soil fertility in poor-quality, sandy soils.

1991, R. F. Keeler, Handbook of Natural Toxins: Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 371:

Any member of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae.

лубін

any member of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae

Lupins contain less than 3% starch (Evans, 1994), the main fermentable carbohydrate involved in rumen acidosis when cereal grains are fed to ruminants. For this reason lupins have generally been regarded as a completely safe feed for sheep and cattle, and required no gradual introduction (Rowe, 1995).

1998, Tam Garland, A. Catherine Barr, Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants, CABI, →ISBN, page 143:

Lupins, although a bean, are similar to olives aesthetically, and are equally good with breakfast. The trick is first to soak them overnight until rehydrated, then boil them for a few hours like any bean. They will not soften. Then soak them again, changing the water every day for several weeks until the bitterness is gone.

2010, Ken Albala, Rosanna Nafziger Henderson, The Lost Art of Real Cooking: Rediscovering the Pleasures of Traditional Food One Recipe at a Time, Penguin, →ISBN:

A lupin bean, a yellow legume seed of a Lupinus plant (usually Lupinus luteus), used as feed for sheep and cattle and commonly eaten in the Mediterranean area and in Latin America although toxic if prepared improperly.


mahogany

en-adj

mahogany (comparative more mahogany, superlative most mahogany)

more mahogany (comparative)
most mahogany (superlative)

A word of unknown origin concocted in either English or Middle Dutch from one or more exotic phytonyms and common European words.


linden

From Middle English linden, from Old English linden (“linden”, adjective), from Proto-Germanic *lindīnaz, from Proto-Germanic *lindō (“linden tree”), equivalent to lind + -en. Cognate with Middle Low German linden (“linden”, adjective), German Low German Linnenboom (“linden-tree”), West Frisian linenbeam (“linden-tree”), German linden (“linden”, adjective). The English noun developed from the adjective.


linden

en-noun

linden (usually uncountable, plural lindens)

The linden or lime tree is the favourite haunt of the Elves and cognate beings; and it is not safe to be near it after sunset.

1828, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, volume I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth, page 158:

Any of various deciduous trees of the genus Tilia, having heart-shaped leaves.


poinciana

Modern Latin: after M. de Poinci, a 17th-century governor of the Antilles + -ana.

[I]n disturbed areas, like East Point, exotic trees like poinciana and "coffee bush" invade the edges.

1987, Hilary Thompson, Common Birds of the Darwin Area, Winnellie: Sandpiper Productions, page vii:

Delonix regia
Delonix regia#Translingual

A tropical tree, of species Delonix regia, with bright red flowers, native to Madagascar and now widely cultivated as an ornamental; the royal poinciana or flamboyant.


yuzu

yuzu (countable and uncountable, plural yuzus)

She scoops a grassy, barely sweet green-tea sorbet onto white chocolate ganache, and garnishes it with coin-size meringues that break easily, then strings syrupy, candied yuzu zest across it all.

2016 June 27, Tejal Rao, “Making Mochi, a Japanese Treat That’s All About Texture”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A citrus fruit originating in East Asia, Citrus ichangensis x Citrus reticulata var. austera.


trefoil

From Middle English trefoil, from Old French trifoil, trefeul, from Latin trifolium, from tri- (“three”) + folium (“leaf”).

Any of several plants of the pea family, having compound, trifoliate leaves; especially one of the genus Trifolium.

"The pristine, unbroken condition of the vessel – sometimes called a trefoil jug – caused the entire dig to 'come to a halt,' Søvsø remarked."

2015 June 16, David DeMar, “Ancient Pitcher Discovered in Historic Danish City”, in New Historian:

A symbol having the shape of such leaves, especially when used as an architectural ornament.


gambier

When the entire coast-line becomes a sea of waving palms, with Chinese and Malay villages fringing the shores, which are at present mere barren wastes of mangroves, with plantations of pepper, of gambier, and of tapioca and rice, the Northern Territory, backed up by the unswerving energy of the Australian squatter, miner, and planter, will present a spectacle almost unknown in the scheme of British colonization.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 270:

A flowering plant, Uncaria gambir, family Rubiaceae, native to Southeast Asia.


butter bean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-butter bean.wav

Any bean of certain species, including:
A wax bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual


mora

From New Latin from a botanical name, perhaps from Tupi.

At length, somewhere about the centre of the wood, she led me to an immense mora tree, growing almost isolated, covering with its shade a large space of ground entirely free from undergrowth.

1904, W.H. Hudson, Green Mansions, A Romance of the Tropical Forest:

(botany) Any tree of the genus Mora of large South American trees.


string bean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-string bean.wav

Any long, slender green bean.
A common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

An immature runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis#Translingual

A yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)

Lablab purpureus
Lablab purpureus#Translingual

Any long, slender green bean.
A hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus)

Summer squashes almost in their golden blossom; cucumbers, now evincing a tendency to spread away from the main stock, and ramble far and wide; two or three rows of string-beans and as many more that were about to festoon themselves on poles;

1851 April 9, Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables, a Romance, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields:

Well, I rung the fallout shelter bell / And I leaned my head and I gave a yell / “Give me a string bean, I’m a hungry man” / A shotgun fired and away I ran

1963, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Talkin' World War III Blues”, in The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan:


shrub celery

The crisp, thick leafstalk of the celery plant; used as a vegetable, or eaten raw.

bleekselderij

the crisp thick leafstalk of the celery plant


blood orange

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blood orange.wav

Derives its name from the crimson-colored flesh.

Citrus sinensis
Citrus sinensis#Translingual

A type of orange (a variety of Citrus sinensis) notable for its dark, crimson red flesh.


blackthorn

/ˈblækˌθɔːn/

/ˈblækˌθɔɹn/

A large shrub or small tree, Prunus spinosa, that is native to Europe, western Asia, and north Africa. It has a dark bark and bears thorns.

إِجَّاص شَائِك

ʔijjāṣ šāʔik


gean

From Middle French guine (modern French guigne).

Thus in the early year the blue pearl clusters of the grape hyacinth bloomed, and in autumn the geans rejoiced us with the red Chinese lantern gleam of their fruit.

1947 [1939], Ernst Jünger, translated by Stuart Hood, On the Marble Cliffs, New Directions, translation of Auf den Marmorklippen (in German), →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12:

‘Given the circumstances, Effie,’ he whispered, ‘I could blossom again like a gean-tree.’

1955, Robin Jenkins, The Cone-Gatherers, Canongate, published 2012, page 45:

(now dialectal) A wild cherry tree, Prunus avium, native to Europe and western Asia or its small, dark fruit.


hawthorn

From Middle English hawthorn, from Old English hagaþorn, hæguþorn, from Proto-West Germanic *haguþorn; equivalent to haw (“hedge, enclosure”) + thorn.

Proust, an author to whom Humboldt had introduced me and in whose work he gave me heavy instruction, said he was often attracted to people whose faces had something in them of a hawthorn hedge in bloom.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 59:

Any of various shrubs and small trees of the genus Crataegus having small, apple-like fruits and thorny branches


hickory

hickory (countable and uncountable, plural hickories)

A shortening of pockerchicory/pokickery/pohickery, from Powhatan pawcohiccora.

[H]e came across this young man sawin' on a fiddle and playin' it hot
And the devil jumped up on a hickory stump
And said, "Boy, let me tell you what."

1979, “The Devil Went Down to Georgia”, in Charlie Daniels, Tom Crain, "Taz" DiGregorio, Fred Edwards, Charles Hayward, James W. Marshall (lyrics), Million Mile Reflections, performed by The Charlie Daniels Band:

(countable) Any of various deciduous hardwood trees of the genera Carya and Annamocarya, one species of which, Carya illinoinensis, is the source of pecan nuts.


whitebeam

From Middle English witbeam, equivalent to white + beam (“tree”) – see Old English bēam (“tree”). In the name, white refers to the color of the leaves, when emergent and later the undersides.

Any of various deciduous trees of the genus Sorbus subg. Aria (now Aria edulis), native to Eurasia, especially common whitebeam.

vadhëviçe e bardhë

any of various Eurasian deciduous trees of the genus Sorbus subg. Aria


privet

privet (countable and uncountable, plural privets)

Unknown origin, but possibly connected to prime.

Slowly she turned round and faced towards a neat white bungalow, set some way back from the path behind a low hedge of golden privet. No light showed, but someone there was playing the piano. The strange elusiveness of the soft, insistent melody seemed to draw her forward.

1954, Alexander Alderson, chapter 1, in The Subtle Minotaur:

Any of various shrubs and small trees in the genus Ligustrum.

Japanese privet

Ligustrum lucidum and Ligustrum japonicum


redwood

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris#Translingual

(uncountable, British, obsolete) Wood of the species Pinus sylvestris.


gum tree

A eucalyptus tree, including trees now placed in the genera Angophora and Corymbia.


myrtle

From Old French myrte, from Latin myrtus, from Ancient Greek μύρτος (múrtos, “myrtle”).

An evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Myrtus, native to southern Europe and north Africa.


leguminous

en-adj

leguminous (comparative more leguminous, superlative most leguminous)

more leguminous (comparative)
most leguminous (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-leguminous.wav

From Middle English leguminous, from Medieval Latin legūminōsus.

Of the Leguminosae family of peas, beans etc.


service tree

Properly, the tree that bears sorb fruit, from Middle English serves, plural of serve (“sorb apple, serviceberry”), from Old English syrfe, from Vulgar Latin *sorbea, from Latin sorbus (“service tree”). See sorb.

Wild cherry and rowan, as well as wild apple, wild pear, wild service tree, whitebeam, and true service tree, are all affected by being nibbled by voles, mice and other wild animals.

2000, F. W. M. Vera, Grazing Ecology and Forest History, page 341:

In England, the wild service tree (sorbus torminalis) is regarded as an indicator of ancient woodland although there is little written about it in books on the subject.

2002, Mélusine Draco, Paul Harriss, Root & Branch: British Magical Tree Lore, page 102:

The wild service tree is very local in our study area.[…]At the time when these wild service trees had ripe fruit the much more abundant hawthorns, as well as a number of other plants, were providing alternative sources of fruit, which were probably safer to exploit than the service tree’s fruit 3—15 m up on terminal twigs of the leafless branches.

2010, Barbara Snow, David Snow, Birds and Berries, page 54:

Sorbus domestica
Sorbus domestica#Translingual

Sorbus torminalis
Sorbus torminalis#Translingual

(botany) Either of two rare Old World deciduous trees, Sorbus domestica or Sorbus torminalis.


fava bean

An edible bean (Vicia faba) native to Africa and Southwest Asia with a long tradition of cultivation.


myrrh

en-noun

myrrh (usually uncountable, plural myrrhs)

From Middle English mirre, from Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from Semitic. Compare Arabic مُرّ (murr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”), Hebrew מור / מֹר (mōr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”). Compare מרור : maror.

he-m

The glories of Mary held his soul captive: spikenard and myrrh and frankincense, symbolising the preciousness of God's gifts to her soul, rich garments, symbolising her royal lineage, her emblems, the lateflowering plant and lateblossoming tree, symbolising the agelong gradual growth of her cultus among men.

1916, James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Macmillan Press Ltd, paperback, page 98:

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

A red-brown resinous material, the dried sap of a tree of the species Commiphora myrrha, used as perfume, incense or medicine.


frankincense

en-noun

frankincense (countable and uncountable, plural frankincenses)

From Old French franc encens (“noble incense”).

uder

The glories of Mary held his soul captive : spikenard and myrrh and frankincense, symbolising the preciousness of God's gifts to her soul, rich garments, symbolising her royal lineage, her emblems, the lateflowering plant and lateblossoming tree, symbolising the agelong gradual growth of her cultus among men.

1916 December 29, James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, New York, N.Y.: B[enjamin] W. Huebsch, →OCLC:

Frankincense, Frankenstein, Francophile, Philistine / Frankly, we are killing time

2019, “Keep Moving Don't Move”, in The Book of Traps and Lessons, performed by Kae Tempest:

A type of incense obtained from the Boswellia thurifera tree.


broad bean

The term 'bean' originally referred to the seed of the broad bean.

An edible bean that has broad seeds (Vicia faba).


damson

From Middle English damascene, damasyn, damacene, from Latin prūnum damascēnum (“Damascene plum, plum of Damascus”). Doublet of damascene.

der

A subspecies of plum tree, Prunus domestica subsp. insititia, native to Eurasia.


chervil

en-noun

chervil (countable and uncountable, plural chervils)

/ˈt͡ʃɜː(ɹ)vɪl/

From Middle English chervell, from Old English cerfille, from Anglo-Norman chervele (compare Jèrriais chèrfi), from Latin chaerephylla, plural of chaerephyllum, from Ancient Greek χαιρέφυλλον (khairéphullon).

der

The life of one plant would be affected by another. Rue was definitely hostile to basil, rosemary to hyssop, but coriander, dill and chervil lived on the friendliest of terms[.]

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 253:

Anthriscus cerefolium
Anthriscus cerefolium#Translingual

(countable) A leafy herb, Anthriscus cerefolium, resembling parsley.


lovage

en-noun

lovage (countable and uncountable, plural lovages)

From Middle English loveache, a folk-etymological alteration, after love and ache (“parsley”), of Anglo-Norman luvasche and Old French luvache, loveche et al., and Middle French levesche, from Latin levisticum, probably alteration of Latin ligusticum, substantivization of the neuter of Ligusticus (“Ligurian”), ultimately from Ancient Greek Λιγυστικός (Ligustikós, “Ligurian”), from Λίγυς (Lígus, “Ligurian”). This replaced the Old English name lufestiċe (literally “love-stitch”), which was also derived from levisticum and altered by folk-etymology.

der

Levisticum officinale
Levisticum officinale#Translingual

A perennial Mediterranean herb, of species Levisticum officinale, with odor and flavor resembling celery.


blaeberry

From Middle English bloberi; equivalent to blae (“bluish gray”) + berry.

Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus#Translingual

(Northern England, Scotland, dialect) The bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus.


albaspine

From Latin albus (“white”) + spine. Cognate with French aubépine.


sweet basil

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual

An herb used for seasoning (Ocimum basilicum)


Spartan

From Middle English Spartan, Spertan, from Latin Spartānus, from Sparta + -ānus, equivalent to Sparta + -an.

A red apple cultivar from British Columbia, Canada


soursop

/ˈsaʊəɹˌsɒp/

Annona muricata
Annona muricata#Translingual

A small tropical evergreen tree, Annona muricata.

Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae), an edible wood sorrel native to South Africa

(by extension) any wood sorrel, especially when used as food


common ash

Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus excelsior#Translingual

Any of a species of tall deciduous trees, (Fraxinus excelsior) native to most of Europe.


apple tree

From Middle English appeltre, appiltre, appultre, from Old English æppeltrēow, corresponding to apple + tree. Cognate with Danish æbletræ, Swedish äppelträd, Norwegian epletre, Icelandic eplatré.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(botany) Any tree that bears apples, principally Malus domestica but also certain wild species.


codling

From Middle English codling, codeling, equivalent to cod + -ling.

A hake (cod-related food fish), notably from the genus Urophycis.


beech mast

en-noun

beech mast (usually uncountable, plural beech masts)

the fruit or mast of the beech tree; beechnuts


slivovitz

slivovitz (countable and uncountable, plural slivovitzes)

From Serbo-Croatian šljȉvovica, шљи̏вовица (“slivovitz”), from šljȉva, шљи̏ва (“plum”) + -ica, -ица (suffix forming a feminine noun, often a diminutive). Šljȉva may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *sliwo-, the suffixed form of *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”), describing the colour of the fruit.

The spirit called Sirmischer Slivovitz is met with at Trieste. It is distilled from fermented plums, and is made in Sirmia near Belgrade. This kind of spirit is also in use at Vienna and Prague.

1820, W[illiam] A[rchibald] Cadell, chapter I, in A Journey in Carniola, Italy, and France, in the Years 1817, 1818, […] In Two Volumes, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. Cheapside, →OCLC, page 18:

Four fairs are held at Pest annually; and while they last, it is calculated that 20,000 strangers and 14,000 waggons pass the outer lines. 8000 large barges unload at the quay in the course of the year: the principal trade lies in wines, raw hides, honey, wax, and a vile spirit, called Slivovitz, made from plums.

1850, “Route 282. The Danube (F[rance]).—Presburg to Pest.”, in A Hand-book for Travellers in Southern Germany; […], 5th corrected and enlarged edition, London: John Murray, […] ; Paris: A[nthony] & W[illiam] Galignani & Co.; Stassin and Xavier; Leipzig: Longman, →OCLC, section XV (Hungary), page 420, column 1:

There is a great abundance of all the necessaries of life and even many of its luxuries, as game, fish, very good wine, tobacco, plum brandy (‘slivovitz’), an excellent spirit, and silk in considerable quantity.

1872 September, “D.”, “Servia”, in James Anthony Froude, editor, Fraser’s Magazine, volume VI, number XXXIII (New Series), London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 351, column 1:

"There is a flask of slivovitz (the plum brandy of the country) underneath the seat, if you should require it."

1897, Bram Stoker, Dracula, published 1899, page 11:

We went in the hotel bar, sat down and proceeded to order some Slivovitz. When I first tasted it I thought that it was nice, but it tasted so much like apple cider that I said to myself, "This stuff ain't so bad," and, before long, I had ordered many of these bad drinks.

1986, Buck Clayton, assisted by Nancy Miller Elliott, “Humphrey Lyttelton and My English Tours”, in Buck Clayton’s Jazz World, Basingstoke, Hampshire, London: The Macmillan Press, →ISBN, page 176:

[W]hen I reach the bridge and begin to run across it, I will pray that the sniper who killed old man Samir yesterday and little Lejla the day before, is looking the other way, or moving position as the snipers do, or warming his fingers round a mug of hot coffee, or glancing up and downing a slivovic.

1996, Gordon Stevens, chapter 1, in Kara’s Game, London: HarperCollins, →ISBN, page 31:

It is almost impossible to attend a meeting, visit someone at home, or even call upon the sisters at the monastery and not be offered slivovic. Morning, noon, or night … it doesn't matter. When my meeting with the pcelari ended, Mesam presented me with a gift. It was a bottle of slivovic.

2008, Frank E. Wismer III, “The Reverend Canon Andrew White”, in War in the Garden of Eden: A Military Chaplain’s Memoir from Baghdad, New York, N.Y.: Seabury Books, →ISBN, pages 33–34:

(countable, uncountable) A type of rakija made mostly in Eastern European countries from distilled, fermented plum juice.

Schligowitz

rakija made from distilled, fermented plum juice


thornbush

“Meanwhile thornbush sprung wild around the house overnight.”

2019, Marlon James, Black Leopard, Red Wolf, Hamish Hamilton, page 261:

Any of many thorny or spiny shrubs and bushes.


yuletide

yuletide (countable and uncountable, plural yuletides)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-yuletide.wav

From Yule (“Germanic Winter Festival”) + -tide (“period around a festival, season”); compare Swedish juletid.

suf

The flower Camellia sasanqua, native to Japan and nearby islands.


nonpareil

en-noun

nonpareil (countable and uncountable, plural nonpareils)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nonpareil.wav

/ˌnɑnpəˈɹɛl/

From Late Middle English non-parail (“unparalleled, nonpareil”) [and other forms], from Middle French nonpareille, nonpareil (“unparalleled”) (obsolete), from non- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + pareil (“alike, like, same”). Pareil is derived from Old French pareil, from Late Latin pāriculus (“equal; like; of a number: even”), from Latin pār (“equal; like; of a number: even; suitable”) + -culus (a variant of -ulus (suffix forming diminutives)). Doublet of umpire.
Noun sense 4 (size of type standardized at 6-point) is usually taken to derive from the attractive type cut by the brothers Giovanni and Gregorio De Gregori (fl. 1482–1503 and 1496–1527 respectively) for their 1498 edition of the divine offices in Venice; it was for a long time the smallest-sized type in use.

nb...

nonparaille, nonpareyl, nounparalle, nowimparaile

nonpareillo

quasi-Italian, obsolete, chiefly 17th–18th c.

I believe that letters which are less than a millimetre and a half (1/17 inch) high, will finally prove injurious to the eye. How little attention has hitherto been paid to this important subject is exemplified in the fact that even oculistic journals and books frequently contain nonpareil, or letters only a millimetre (1/25 inch) high.

1881 May 19, Hermann Cohn, “Eyes and School-Books”, in Popular Science Monthly:

A Handbook of Astronomy (cover, brown leather, detached, 5 plates, antique letterpress long primer, author’s footnotes nonpareil, marginal clues brevier, captions small pica).

1922 February, James Joyce, “[17]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

(uncountable, typography, chiefly historical) A size of type between ruby and emerald (or, in the United States, between agate and minion), standardized as 6-point; (countable) a slug of this size.

nonparej

size of type standardized at 6-point; slug of this size


pleroma

en-noun

pleroma (countable and uncountable, plural pleromas)

Adam Black
David Don
Wernerian Natural History Society

Learned borrowing from Late Latin pleroma (“(Gnosticism) spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God”), from Koine Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă, “(biblical) perfect fullness”), Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă, “that which fills, a complement; a filling up, a completing”), from πληρόω (plēróō, “to make full, fill; to complete, finish”) (from πλήρης (plḗrēs, “complete, full”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + -όω (-óō, suffix forming verbs with the sense of making someone be or do something)) + -μᾰ (-mă, suffix forming nouns denoting the result or effect of an action).
Sense 1.1 (“plant”) is borrowed from New Latin Pleroma, a genus name coined by the Scottish botanist David Don (1799–1841) in 1822, from Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă) (see above) to describe the way the seeds of the plant filled the capsule.
Sense 2 (“state of perfect fullness”) is chiefly used in reference to Colossians 2:9 of the Bible: “Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῶῳ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς θεότητος σωματικῶς (Hóti en autôōi katoikeî pân tò plḗrōma tês theótētos sōmatikôs) [For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form]”.

coinage

In his [Jakob Eriksson's] investigations of the meristem (the tissue from which the permanent tissues are formed) by dicotyledonous roots he found four types of growth, […] In the second type only two separate meristem tissues are present in the tips of the roots; a pleroma and a common tissue, from which the primary bark and epidermis and root-cap proceed.

1876 December 9, “[Punctum vegetationis, or Growing Point of Dicotyledonous Roots]”, in The Gardeners’ Chronicle. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, volume VI (New Series), number 154, London: Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC, page 750, column 1:

[I]n the pleroma of the primary meristem of roots there is not only cambium (persistent parenchyma) and procambium (forerunner of fibres and vessels), but pericambium—i.e., a special outer layer of the plerome that remains for a long time as meristem.

1890 August 22, Edward Aveling, “Botany for Students. Chapter XXII.—The Root.”, in The English Mechanic and World of Science and Art. […], volume LI, number 1326, London: […] E[beneezer] J. Kibblewhite, […], →OCLC, page 543, column 2:

In the pleroma of hyacinth and pea roots, t#95;#123;min#125; increases along the meristem, especially in its basal part[…].

2001, Russian Journal of Developmental Biology: A Journal of Original Papers and Reviews on Developmental and Cell Biology, volume 32, Moscow: Pleiades Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 205, column 1:

(archaic or obsolete, rare) Synonym of plerome (“the central portion of the apical meristem in a growing plant root or stem which, according to the histogen theory, gives rise to the endodermis and stele”)

plerome

And is all this Cabala too, and only to be uſed when People are to be gulled with noiſy Nothings? i.e. with empty Pleroma's, and ſilent Thunderclaps.

1697 May 5 (date written; Gregorian calendar), E. W. [i.e., Edward Stillingfleet], “Postscript”, in The Bishop of Worcester’s Answer to Mr. [John] Locke’s Letter, Concerning Some Passages Relating to His Essay of Humane Understanding, […], London: […] J. H. for Henry Mortlock […], published 1697, →OCLC, page 143:

(Christianity) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.

պլերոմա

state of perfect fullness, especially of God’s being as incarnated in Jesus Christ


pleroma

There is a way to comprehend the gnostic's giant onion of a world, the concentric circles, with the Pleroma beckoning there, the white heart of light, the source of that primal vision which for a second or two can recapture paradise.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, “Macabru”, in Monsieur (The Avignon Quintet; 1), New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, published 1975, →ISBN, page 131:

(Gnosticism, historical) Often preceded by the: the spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God.


pacay

A Peruvian leguminous tree, Inga feuilleei, cultivated for its large white edible pods.


okra

en-noun

okra (countable and uncountable, plural okras)

→ Irish: ocra

→ Korean: 오크라 (okeura)

→ Welsh: ocra

From an unknown West African language, probably Igbo ọ́kụ̀rụ̀ but cf. Akan ŋkrũmã and ŋkrakra (“broth”).

der

Igbo ọ́kụ̀rụ̀

Ocra, this has a round green stem, which rises straight up to ten or twelve foot high.

1707, Hans Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados..., volume I, page 222:

Okra does not do well in tight, waterlogged soils, but will tolerate a soil pH range of from 6.0 to 7.5.

1989, Ib Libner Nonnecke, Vegetable Production, page 610:

We planted some truck crops like watermelons and okra, which was risky.

2011, Leon Neel et al., The Art of Managing Longleaf: A Personal History of the Stoddard-Neel Approach, page 36:

Abelmoschus esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentus#Translingual

The flowering mallow plant Abelmoschus esculentus itself, now commonly grown in the tropics and warmer parts of the temperate zones.


ladies' fingers

From a supposed resemblance to women's fingers.

Synonym of okra: the edible capsules of the okra plant.


mesquite

Borrowed from Spanish mezquite, mizquite, from Nahuatl mizquitl (“mesquite tree”).

Between these canyons the river has a low but rather narrow flood plain, with cottonwood groves scattered here and there, and a chaparral of mesquite bearing beans and thorns.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 20:

[…] and no botanist could for a moment fail to recognize this fact, especially as just beyond its banks there is growing on every hand the mesquite, the everywhere-present species of the Lower Sonoran zone.

1909, Volney Morgan Spalding, Distribution and movements of desert plants:

Any of several deciduous trees of the genus Prosopis found in America, and used as forage, which have long, beige seed/bean pods which may be dried and ground into a sweet, nutty flour.


hackberry

en-noun

hackberry (countable and uncountable, plural hackberries)

Lindheimer's hackberry (Celtis lindheimeri

Any of several deciduous trees of the genus Celtis, widespread over the Northern Hemisphere, having small fruit.


zachun

From a dialectal variant of Arabic زَقُّوم (zaqqūm).

The tree itself, found in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula


mabolo

Borrowed from Spanish mabolo, from Cebuano mabolo.

Diospyros blancoi
Diospyros blancoi#Translingual

A kind of persimmon tree (Diospyros blancoi) from the Philippine Islands, now introduced into the East and West Indies.


macadamia

macadamia (countable and uncountable, plural macadamias)

An evergreen tree, of the genus Macadamia, native to Australia and cultivated in Hawaii.


macadamia nut

The hard-shelled edible seed of the macadamia tree.


madderwort

Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorum#Translingual


madnep

(obsolete) The masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium).


owler

Archaic variant of alder from Middle English aller.

(Lancashire, Northern English dialectal) The alder tree.


jasmine

jasmine (countable and uncountable, plural jasmines)

Etymology tree
Middle Persian yʾsmn'
Classical Persian یَاسَمِین (yāsamīn)bor.
Arabic يَاسَمِين (yāsamīn)bor.
French jasminbor.
English jasmine
Borrowed from French jasmin, from Arabic يَاسَمِين (yāsamīn).

etymon

National Museum of Singapore
William Farquhar
jasmine

Italian jasmine

Chrysojasminum humile, syn. Jasminum humile

Any of several plants, of the genus Jasminum, mostly native to Asia, having fragrant white or yellow flowers.


chia

en-noun

chia (countable and uncountable, plural chias)

Borrowed from Spanish chía, from Classical Nahuatl chiyan (“seed of the chia plant”).

der

Salvia columbariae, a sage with similar seeds, native to the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.


biffin

Possibly from beef, because of the red colour.

A deep-red cooking apple native to Britain.


coromandel

en-noun

coromandel (countable and uncountable, plural coromandels)

From the Coromandel Coast in India, a source of this wood.


assegai

From French azagaie (now zagaie) or Portuguese azagaia, Spanish azagaya, and later in the forms that have become most common borrowed from Afrikaans assegaai, from colloquial Arabic اَلزَّغَايَة (az-zaḡāya), from Proto-Berber *zaġāya (“spear”).

der

اَلزَّغَايَة

But now the Moormen, stalking o'er the strand / to guard the wat'ery stores the strangers need; / this, targe on arm and assegai in hand, / that, with his bended bow, and venom'd reed[.]

1880, Richard Francis Burton, Os Lusíadas, volume I, page 33:

My client welcomed the judge […] and they disappeared together into the Ethiopian card-room, which was filled with the assegais and exclamation point shields Mr. Cooke had had made at the sawmill at Beaverton.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Native mats covered the clay walls; a collection of spears, assegais, shields, knives was hung up in trophies.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 213:

A birdchief, bluestreaked and feathered in war panoply with his assegai, striding through a crackling canebrake over beechmast and acorns.

Without a word, he took my foreskin, pulled it forward, and then, in a single motion, brought down his assegai.

1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London: Abacus, published 2010, page 32:

A slim hardwood spear or javelin with an iron tip, especially those used by Bantu peoples of Southern Africa.


pimpernel

From Anglo-Norman pimpernele et al., Middle French pimpinelle (“burnet saxifrage”) et al., from Medieval Latin pimpinella, pipinella, most likely from piper (“pepper”) because its fruit resembled peppercorns, although variants may suggest other derivations, bipinnella the bipennis (“two-winged”).

Pimpinella saxifraga
Pimpinella saxifraga#Translingual

(now rare) A plant of the genus Pimpinella, especially burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga).

Common Pimpernel has diverse weak square stalks lying on the ground, beset all along with two small and almost round leaves at every joint [...].

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 221:

Pimpernel (poor man's weather glass) was also a protection, but as the gatherer collected the herbs, he must chant a certain incantation and continue to do so twice a day for 15 days[.]

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 272:

Anagallis arvensis
Anagallis arvensis#Translingual

Any of various plants of the genus Anagallis, having small red, white or purple flowers, especially the scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis).

Sanguisorba spp.
Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)

Sanguisorba minor
Sanguisorba minor#Translingual

Sanguisorba spp.
Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor).


sakura

Borrowed from Japanese 桜(さくら) (sakura, “cherry tree”).

In his hand, he holds a sakura. He plans to give it to his daughter, marking a milestone in her life and protection for the future.

2022, Rajah E. Smart, Felicia M. Banks, The Sakura Cloud, Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN:

cherry blossom (blossom of the Japanese cherry tree)

سَاكُورَا

blossom of the Japanese cherry tree — see also cherry blossom


buchu

en-noun

buchu (countable and uncountable, plural buchus)

Inside us, like chromosomes, lay the memories of […] guinea-fowl clicking in the early morning grass or the delicate tracks of the sandpiper, the smell of buchu and veld fires […]

1978, André Brink, Rumours of Rain, Vintage, published 2000, page 41:

A South African shrub in the genus Agathosma.


guarriboom

From Khwe gwarri (whence also Zulu umgwali) + Afrikaans boom, from Dutch boom (“tree”).

(South Africa) A shrub, Euclea divinorum; its fruit can be fermented to produce vinegar.


naartjie

From Tamil நாரத்தை (nārattai, “citron”) through Afrikaans. Has been used in South Africa since 1790. Appearing in English as naartje in 1901, in this spelling by Lawrence Green in Tavern of the Seas, 1947.

Citrus reticulata
Citrus reticulata#Translingual

(South Africa) Citrus reticulata (mandarin, satsuma, tangerine); a soft, loose-skinned tangerine.


balsam fir

Abies balsamea
Abies balsamea#Translingual

A North American species of fir tree (Abies balsamea).


tree of heaven

Ailanthus altissima
Ailanthus altissima#Translingual

An Asiatic tree (Ailanthus altissima) having foliage similar to that of the sumacs and ill-scented staminate flowers, much used in traditional Chinese medicine, but considered invasive and often subject to control efforts.


breath of heaven

A small southern African shrub (Coleonema pulchellum) with small leathery leaves and white or pink flowers that is cultivated in California.


basil balm

A perennial herb, Monarda clinopodia, found in eastern North America, which has aromatic foliage and white- or yellowish- pink flowers.


rain tree

So called from the belief that it exudes water from its leaflets.

Albizia saman
Albizia saman#Translingual

A tropical American tree (Albizia saman) having bipinnate leaves, globose clusters of flowers with crimson stamens, and sweet-pulp pods eaten by cattle, also used as an ornamental.

Golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata)


copal

copal (countable and uncountable, plural copals)

From Spanish copal, from Classical Nahuatl copalli (“incense”).

Hymenaea courbaril
Hymenaea courbaril#Translingual

A resinous exudation from various tropical trees, especially Hymenaea courbaril and Schinus terebinthifolia, used chiefly in making varnishes and printing ink.


arariba

arariba (countable and uncountable, plural araribas)

Borrowed from Portuguese araribá, from Old Tupi.

Any of the trees of three species in the genus Centrolobium (family Fabaceae), especially, a Brazilian tree (Centrolobium robustum) -- called also zebrawood.

Any of several trees of the genus Simira (syn. Sickingia), usually with heavy dark red wood.


plum brandy

plum brandy (usually uncountable, plural plum brandies)

A distilled alcoholic drink made with plums.


serviceberry

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-serviceberry.wav

Compound of service (“sorb tree”) + berry. (The first part is from Latin sorbus, not English service (“assistance”).)

com+

Sorbus domestica
Sorbus domestica#Translingual

Sorbus torminalis
Sorbus torminalis#Translingual

(Europe) Several species of trees in the genus Sorbus, especially Sorbus domestica and Sorbus torminalis.

(Canada, US) Any plant of the genus Amelanchier of small deciduous trees and large shrubs in the family Rosaceae.


false pimpernel

en-noun

false pimpernel (plural false pimpernels)

A type of figwort (Lindernia dubia), found in wet or muddy places.


chaffweed

A low glabrous weedy branching herb (Centunculus minimus) of the family Primulaceae, having short dry chaff-like leaves.


gorse

gorse (countable and uncountable, plural gorses)

From Middle English gorst, gors, from Old English gors, gorst, from Proto-West Germanic *gorst, from Proto-Germanic *gurstaz or Proto-West Germanic *gerstu (“barley”).
Akin to German Gerste (“barley”) and Latin hordeum (“barley”). Also compare Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to bristle”), whence Proto-Celtic *garwos.

inh

The hovel stood in the centre of what had once been a vegetable garden, but was now a patch of rank weeds. Surrounding this, almost like a zareba, was an irregular ring of gorse and brambles, an unclaimed vestige of the original common.

1944, Miles Burton, chapter 5, in The Three Corpse Trick:

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013 July 19, Timothy Garton Ash, “Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 18:

An evergreen shrub, of the genus Ulex, having thorns, spiny leaves, and yellow flowers.


frijol

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

Any cultivated bean of the genus Phaseolus, especially the black seed of a variety of Phaseolus vulgaris.


arbutus

From translingual Arbutus, from Latin arbutus.

Many nights, though autumnal mists were spread around, I passed under an ilex - many times I have supped on arbutus berries and chestnuts, making a fire, gypsy-like, on the ground […]

1826, [Mary Shelley], chapter X, in The Last Man. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC:

Any flowering plant in the genus Arbutus: the strawberry tree.


snottygobble

A borrowing from the British dialect of Bedfordshire where it referred to the fruit of the yew tree.

2001, Society for Growing Australian Plants, Australian Plants, Volume 21, Issue 166 - Volume 22, Issue 181, page 62,
Similarly, residents of Perth are likely to recognise the sickle-shaped leaves of their commonest snottygobble, Persoonia longifolia.

I can vouch for this technique, as my colleagues and I used it to sample the apparently odorless flowers of snottygobble bushes (Persoonia) in Australia.

2002, Peter Bernhardt, The Rose′s Kiss: A Natural History of Flowers, page 118:

Jeffrey espies a ripe snottygobble tree that hasn't been raided yet.

2009, Craig Silvey, Jasper Jones, Allen & Unwin, published 2009, page 66:

2011, Gavin Wright, Cycling For Dummies, Australian & New Zealand Edition, unnumbered page,
These forests are ancient, with many tree species limited to this region of Australia. This is the home of the stately jarrah and the graceful snottygobble.

(Australia, Western Australia) A plant of the genus Persoonia.


mimosa

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From New Latin mimosa, from Latin mimus (“mime, actor”), referring to Mimosa pudica and its habit of shrinking back when touched. The cocktail is named after the bright yellow, fragrant flowers of the mimosa Acacia dealbata.

Certain plants of the genus Albizia (silk tree, pink siris).


Dutch clover

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens#Translingual

Trifolium repens, an important fodder plant.


shamrock

→ Japanese: シャムロック

→ Korean: 섐록 (syaemnok)

From Irish seamróg, from Old Irish semróc, diminutive of semar, semair (“clover”), from Proto-Celtic *semarā, *semaris (compare Gaulish uisumaris (“clover”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *semh₁r-, *smeh₁r-. Related to Old Norse smári (“clover”) and possibly Georgian სამყურა (samq̇ura, “clover”).

She wore a shamrock in honor of her Irish ancestry.

The trefoil leaf of any small clover, especially Trifolium repens, or such a leaf from a clover-like plant, commonly used as a symbol of Ireland.


persimmon

From Powhatan pichamins, pushemins, pasimenan (“dried fruit”), from the same Proto-Algonquian root *-imin (“fruit, berry”) as Unami ximin.

Diospyros kaki
Diospyros kaki#Translingual

The tree this fruit grows on, generally one of two species of ebony: Diospyros kaki (Asian) or Diospyros virginiana (North American).


Golden Delicious

en-noun

Golden Delicious (plural Golden Deliciouses)

Now this is quality produce, and you know what they say – you’ll never get tired of a good old Granny Smith, no matter how many of those horrible Golden Deliciouses you get rammed down your throat.

1998 November, “Fanzine Farm”, in James Ashton, editor, N64 Magazine, number 21, Bath: Future Publishing Ltd, →ISSN, page 18:

Sure, they’re just adding animal hormones to fruit at parties on the weekend right now, but soon, they’ll be adjusting some apple DNA every night, staying out late and hanging out with seedy (unintentional but highly awesome pun!) characters. They’ll ignore their responsibilities, turn on their families, and resort to a life of crime to support this filthy habit.. And where does that leave us, your average student apple aficionados? Eating cow-infused Golden Deliciouses, that’s where.

2009 September 15, Stacey McLachlan, “Secret Meat”, in D’Arcy Bresson, editor, The Lance, volume 82, number 6, Windsor, Ont.: University of Windsor, page 14:

The committee certainly spent a morning in an orchard, and there was a nice young apple-farmer with a beard who knew his Granny Smiths from his Golden Deliciouses.

2016, Sarah Winterton, “The Awkward Squad in Their Pomp”, in The Wintertons Unmuzzled: The Life & Times of Nick & Ann Winterton, Two Westminster Mavericks, London: Biteback Publishing, →ISBN, page 232:

A variety of apple which is pale yellow/green in color, and has a mild sweet flavour


argan

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When pressed, the argan tree’s fruit produces a luxurious oil which is rich in fatty acids, omega-6 and vitamin E. Argan is said to help treat many skin and hair conditions.

2016 June 7, Celeste Hicks, “'Free, local and special': argan oil co-ops booming in Morocco”, in The Guardian:

A tree of species Sideroxylon spinosum (formerly Argania spinosa), of southwestern Morocco, particularly prized for its oil.


gooranut

Uncertain. Compare Hausa gōr̃ò, Bambara goro, Mandinka guro (“kola nut”).


quaruba

quaruba (countable and uncountable, plural quarubas)

Probably from Portuguese quaruba; further etymology unknown.

(countable) Any tree of the genus Vochysia, of the tropical Americas.


Aaron's beard

/ˈɛəɹ.ənz bɪəd/

From the reference in Psalms 133:2 in the Bible.

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

Cymbalaria muralis
Cymbalaria muralis#Translingual

A common name for several plants that have tufts of stamens.

Cymbalaria muralis (ivy-leaved toadflax, Kenilworth ivy)

Hypericum calycinum (great St. John's-wort, Jerusalem star)

Saxifraga stolonifera
Saxifraga stolonifera#Translingual

Saxifraga stolonifera (creeping saxifrage, strawberry geranium)

Aaron's beard cactus
Aaron's beard cactus

Opuntia leucotricha (arborescent prickly pear, Aaron's beard cactus)


araucaria

From translingual Araucaria, after Spanish Arauco (“Chilean province”), from Mapudungun rag ko.

An individual plant (tree) of the genus Araucaria.


African cherry orange

African cherry orange (plural African cherry oranges)

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A small tree or shrub of species Citropsis articulata, bearing a small citrus fruit about three inches in diameter, native to Africa.


Buddha's hand

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Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus, a fragrant variant of citron whose fruit is segmented into finger-like sections.


oroblanco

/ˌɔːɹoʊˈblɑːŋkoʊ/

From Spanish oro + blanco literally "white gold".

A hybrid fruit developed by crossing a pomelo and a white grapefruit. When fully developed, it is approximately the size of a grapefruit.


pomelo

→ French: pomélo, pomelo

→ German: Pomelo

→ Italian: pomelo

→ Polish: pomelo

→ Portuguese: pomelo

→ Spanish: pomelo

Of uncertain etymology, though possibly a variant of earlier pampelmoes, from French, Dutch, Portuguese sources ultimately equivalent to "thick lemon" or transcribing the Tamil பம்ப ளிமாசு (pampa ḷimācu, “big citrus”). Alternatively, possibly from pome (“apple”) + melon or some cognate; though such a compound is currently unattested, some early variant spellings seem to show influence from pome.

Citrus maxima
Citrus maxima#Translingual

The large fruit of the Citrus maxima (syn. C. grandis), native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, with a thick green or yellow rind, a thick white pith, and semi-sweet translucent pale flesh.


rooibos

Borrowed from Afrikaans rooibos, from Dutch rooi (“red”) + bosch (“bush”).

The crest of the rim and the upper portion of both the outer and inner slopes are covered with a fairly thick growth of Rooibosch (Combretum holosericeum), and Bastard Rooibosch (Combretum apiculatum), accompanied by Dichrostachys nutans, Grewia occidentales, and isolated examples of Marula (Sclerocarya caffra) and Tambootie (Exoecaria africana); […]

1922, W[ilfrid] J[ohn] Wybergh, The Coal Resources of Union of South Africa (Union of South Africa, Department of Mines and Industries, Geological Survey. Memoir; no. 19), volumes I (The Coalfields of Witbank, Springs, and Heidelberg and of the Orange Free State), Pretoria: Government Printing and Stationery Office, →OCLC, page 163:

Where the Hakdoorn (Acacia litakunensis Burch) and the Soetdoorn (Acacia Karoo) grow as the dominant trees we often find our sweetest pastures; and where Rooibos (Combretum holosericium and C. Zeyheri Sond), Sering (Burkea africana), wilde kweper (Androstachys Johnsonii), boekenhout (Faurea sagligna), and suikerbos (Protea abyssinica) grow, we more often have our poorest pastures of good value only in the early spring.

1932, A[ndrew] M[urray] Bosman, Cattle Farming in South Africa (South African Agricultural Series; 10), [Johannesburg]: Central News Agency, →OCLC, page 267:

Bush Willow (Rooibos) (Combretum apiculatum). Rooibos occurs in most parts of the ranching areas of the northern, north-western and north-eastern Transvaal.

1942, Farming in South Africa, volume 17, Pretoria: Department of Agricultural Technical Services and Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 234:

Thornveld (Acacia karroo) and Rooibos (Combretum apiculatum) veld.

1957, Rhodesia Agricultural Journal, volume 54, Salisbury [Harare]: Minister of Agriculture & Land, →OCLC, page 414:

(South Africa) Various shrubs of the genus Combretum.


dekopon

Borrowed from Japanese デコポン (dekopon), from でこ (凸, deko, “uneven”) + ポンカン (ponkan, “a kind of tangerine”).

A large, sweet hybrid citrus fruit, made by crossing a kiyomi and a ponkan.


fustic

fustic (usually uncountable, plural fustics)

From Middle English fustik, from Middle French fustec, variant of fustet.

[…]nor can I tell to this day what wood to call the tree we cut down, except that it was very like the tree we call fustic, or between that and the Nicaragua wood, for it was much of the same colour and smell.

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC:

A tropical American tree (Maclura tinctoria), whose wood produces a yellow dye.

Cotinus coggygria
Cotinus coggygria#Translingual

A European tree, Eurasian smoketree (Cotinus coggygria), whose wood produces an orange dye.

A yellow dye obtained from the wood of these trees.


custard apple

láhevník

any of several tropical fruits in the genus Annona

Annona reticulata
Annona reticulata#Translingual

Any of several tropical fruits in the genus Annona:


chaparral

chaparral (countable and uncountable, plural chaparrals)

/ˌʃæp.əˈɹæl/

/ˌt͡ʃæp.əˈɹæl/

/ˌʃæp.əˈɹæl/

/ˌʃæp.əˈɹɛl/

[ˌʃæp.ɚˈ(ɹ)æl]

[ˌʃæp.ɚˈ(ɹ)ɛl]

From Spanish chaparral, from chaparro (“evergreen oak”) + -al, from Basque txaparro, from txapar, from sapar.

Coordinate term: macchia

It was quite dark when, after an arduous climb, the sheriff made his tortuous way through the chaparral to the point where Anthony Garland should be stationed.

1920, Peter B. Kyne, chapter IV, in The Understanding Heart:

Have you ever been south of Monterey? / Barrancas carve the coastline / And the chaparral flows to the sea / 'Neath waves of golden sunshine

1973, Al Jardine (lyrics and music), “California Saga (California)”, in Holland, performed by The Beach Boys:

“Look at all the chaparral on California’s coast — it’s all about surviving that kind of fire cycle.”

2021 February 10, Grayson Haver Currin, quoting Chuck Johnson, “Chuck Johnson’s Ode to What’s Been Lost in California’s Fires”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(US) A region of shrubs, typically dry in the summer and rainy in the winter. The coast of the Mediterranean is such a region.

The foliage of creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, when used as a medicinal herb.


jenever

jenever (countable and uncountable, plural jenevers)

Borrowed from Dutch jenever (“jenever”), from Old French genevre, from Vulgar Latin ziniperus, from Latin iūniperus (“juniper”).

A Dutch and Flemish alcoholic spirit, flavoured with juniper, rather like gin.


kaffir lime

Citrus hystrix
Citrus hystrix#Translingual

Citrus hystrix, a species of fragrant, small lime native to Southeast Asia, the leaves of which are used in cooking for their citrus flavor.


bdellium

bdellium (countable and uncountable, plural bdelliums)

Borrowed from Latin bdellium, from Ancient Greek βδέλλιον (bdéllion), itself perhaps from Hebrew בְּדֹלַח (bdólakh), cognate with Akkadian 𒁉𒁺𒌨𒄷 (bidurḫu) or from Sanskrit भिदुर (bhidura, “something brittle, fragile, easily split or broken”).

der

And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 2:10–12:

An aromatic gum-like balsam extracted from one of several species of tree in the genus Commiphora.


cassis

en-noun

cassis (usually uncountable, plural cassises)

The blackcurrant plant, Ribes nigrum; the flavor of its berries.


Otaheite apple

Spondias dulcis
Spondias dulcis#Translingual

The tree that bears this fruit, Spondias dulcis (syn. S. cytherea)


lovestone

From love + stone, in reference to the way that ivy grows over and clings to stone walls, etc.


sanicle

Any of several plants, of the genus Sanicula, having palmate compound leaves and small flowers arranged in umbels; the snakeroot.


lotus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin lōtus, from Ancient Greek λωτός (lōtós). Doublet of lote. First attested in the 1540s

A kind of aquatic plant, genus Nelumbo in the family Nelumbonaceae.

A water lily, genus Nymphaea, especially those of Egypt or India.

Diospyros lotus
Diospyros lotus#Translingual

A number of other plants bearing lotus in their scientific or common names (see Derived terms below).

Diospyros lotus, date plum or Caucasian persimmon.

Lotus, a terrestrial genus with small flowers that includes bird's-foot trefoils and deervetches.

Ziziphus lotus
Ziziphus lotus#Translingual

Ziziphus lotus, a shrub species with edible fruit.

Since the '60s ended abruptly on January 1, 1970, everyone, protestors, police and all, fell to the ground in a full lotus.

1979, Charlie King (lyrics and music), “Vaguely Reminiscent of the Sixties (The Story)”:


pawpaw

Via Portuguese and Spanish papaya (which is botanically unrelated) from Kari'na kapaja; the reason for the change in spelling is unknown.
Via Yuchi pahpah

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Asimina triloba
Asimina triloba#Translingual

Any of several types of trees having edible fruit:

Asimina, a genus of trees and shrubs native to eastern North America, especially common pawpaw (Asimina triloba).

Mountain pawpaw (Vasconcellea pubescens), a fruit tree native to South America.

Throughout the years it's gone by a lot of names—frost banana, Indiana banana, fetid-bush, bandango, custard apple, prairie banana, poor man's banana—but most of the time it's just been called pawpaw. At first glance, both the fruit and the tree seem out of place in North America.

[2015, Andrew Moore, Pawpaw: In Search of America’s Forgotten Fruit, Chelsea Green Publishing, →ISBN, page 1:

Xavier sliced the pawpaw in half, emptying the tiny black seeds over the veranda wall.

2021, Leone Ross, This One Sky Day, Faber & Faber Limited, page 254:

If there were such a thing as an anticapitalist fruit, the pawpaw, commonly foraged in the wild and inherently resistant to commodification, might qualify.

2023 September 29, Molly Fitzpatrick, “He’s the Pawpaw King of Brooklyn. (What’s a Pawpaw?)”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


pawpaw

Related to papa, or pa(w) pa(w) (one’s father’s father).


mastic

mastic (countable and uncountable, plural mastics)

From Middle English mastik, from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē), from μαστιχάω (mastikháō, “I chew”) (note the chewing gum sense). Related to masticate. The broad sense for cements came via extension from predecessor cements made with the tree's resin.

The island of Scio is now called by the Greeks Kio [Χιο], the antient Greek name of it was Chios [Χιος]; it was first called Ætalia in very antient times, and also Mastic, on account of the great number of mastic trees that were in this island.

1745, Richard Pococke, A Description of the East, and Some other Countries, Volume II, Book I, Chapter 1:

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual

An evergreen shrub or small tree, Pistacia lentiscus (mastic tree), native to the Mediterranean.


annatto

annatto (countable and uncountable, plural annattos)

Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana#Translingual

(countable) A tropical American evergreen shrub, Bixa orellana; the lipstick tree; the fruit of the tree.


birk

From Northern Middle English birk, birke, byrke (“birch”), (southern Middle English birche). More at birch.
(tree): Cognate with Scots birk.

Shadows of the silver birk / Sweep the green that folds thy grave.

1842, Alfred Tennyson, “A Dirge”, in Poems. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, stanza I, page 56:


bixin

bixin (countable and uncountable, plural bixins)

(organic chemistry) An apocarotenoid that is the active ingredient of annatto.

bixina

an apocarotenoid that is the active ingredient of annatto


mountain laurel

mountain laurel (plural mountain laurels)

Kalmia latifolia
Kalmia latifolia#Translingual

A flowering evergreen shrub, Kalmia latifolia, in the family Ericaceae, native to the eastern United States, all parts of which are toxic, the state tree of Connecticut and Pennsylvania.


locoweed

locoweed (countable and uncountable, plural locoweeds)

From Spanish loco (“mad, insane”) + weed.

Any of several plants indigenous to the western United States, of genus Oxytropis or Astragalus.


Ichang lemon

A slow-growing citrus plant hybrid (Citrus cavaleriei × Citrus maxima), noted for its unusual hardiness, native to East Asia.


damar

damar (countable and uncountable, plural damars)

From Malay damar.
Compare Middle English dambre (“a kind of resin”).

cog

A large tree of the order Coniferae, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia, now genus Agathis.

dâmara

any of various trees of the genus Agathis


pili

The pili is indigenous to the Philippines (Merrill 1912, 1923; Wester 1921; Brown 1954; Li 1970).

1996, Roberto E. Coronel, Pili Nut, Canarium Ovatum Engl, page 12:

Pili (Canarium ovatum) is the most important tree nut of the Philippines.[…]Natural populations of pili are found in forests and are threatened by human activities and natural disasters.

2009, Bioversity International, Bioversity Annual Report 2009, page 19:

2012, M.N. Normah, S. K. Malik, R. Chaudhury, I. Salma, M. A. Makeen, Chapter 8: Conservation of Tropical Fruit Genetic Resources, M. N. Normah, H. F. Chin, Barbara M. Reed (editors, Conservation of Tropical Plant Species, page 143,
The crops covered by the project include jackfruit and other Artocarpus species, pili (Canarium ovatum), mangosteen and other Garcinia species, and durian (Durio zibethinus).

A tropical tree, Canarium ovatum, native to maritime Southeast Asia, New Guinea and northern Australia, and cultivated in the Philippines for its nuts.


inga

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese ingá, borrowed from Old Tupi ingá, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *iŋa.

etymon

Here are the mimosas, the ingas, the acacias, the maples, the beautiful ailantus, and the fine fruit tree, the mango.

1838, The British cyclopaedia, page 605:

Fruit trees such as ingas are underutilized in reforestation efforts.

1989, “Lost crops of the Incas”, in U.S, National Research Council, page 279:

(botany) Any of the genus Inga of small tropical trees and shrubs.


hing

(India) Asafoetida, especially when used as a seasoning.


veronica

A veil that had wiped off the sweat of Christ? Who could possibly believe that? (…) The only true Veronica of this century was the veronica of the matador – the classic slow swing of the cape before the bull’s face, imitating that holy wiping, mocking it.

1973, Nicholas Monsarrat, The Kapillan of Malta:

He wiped the lady’s martini glass, having had some trouble with a kind of veronica of lipstick, spat in it viciously, then washed it again.

(Roman Catholicism) The image of Jesus's face believed to have been made on the cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face as he went to be crucified; or the cloth used for this.

verònica

(Roman Catholicism) image of Jesus's face on a cloth; the cloth itself

meadows full of wildflowers that seemed to Kit enormous, violets as big as your hand, yellow lilies and blue veronica you could shelter from the rain under

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 871:

There are also (placed there by man or nature?) quite a lot of skinny fuchsias and dense veronicas, all in flower, and some kind of rather attractive grey-leaved sage.

1978, Iris Murdoch, The Sea, The Sea, Vintage, published 1999, page 11:

(botany) A flower of the genus Veronica, usually having blue petals.


veronica

en-verb

veronica (third-person singular simple present veronicas, present participle veronicaing, simple past and past participle veronicaed)

veronicas (present singular third-person)
veronicaing (participle present)
veronicaed (participle past)
veronicaed (past)

To draw a muleta over and away from a bull's face in bullfighting.


mikan

From Japanese 蜜柑 (ミカン, mikan), short for 温州蜜柑 (うんしゅうミカン, Unshū mikan, literally “honey citrus of Wēnzhōu”).

Citrus unshiu
Citrus unshiu#Translingual

An orange seedless citrus fruit Citrus unshiu, originating from Japan, about the size of a tangerine.


ume

Japanese apricot, a species of Asian plum, Prunus mume.


pinus

I have been invited to see the garden of Baron Zanoli, situated on the high road from Monza to Milan, in which I am told there are fine exotic trees and shrubs, and especially a rich collection of pinuses.

1839, J. C. Loudon, The Gardener's Magazine, page 420:

As the generality of pinuses grow by nature into magnificent and gigantic forest-trees, they should, I think, be planted in our parks as well as in our flower-gardens, shrubberies, and lawns.

1853, George Greenwood, The tree-lifter, page 265:

(botany) Any member of the genus Pinus; a pine.


toa

en-noun

toa (countable and uncountable, plural toas)

Borrowed from Maori toa. Doublet of koa.

It happens that nature has assembled in this spot, not only the wildest profusion of the vegetable kingdom, over which the lofty toa tree stands pre-eminent, but also objects of another description, overhanging rocks, hollow-sounding caverns, and steep precipices, calculated to give an aspect as bold and sublime as the imagination can well conceive, and constituting a species of scenery, which, in proportion as it is more rare, is more admired by the natives.

1817, William Mariner, An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands in the South Pacific, page 302:

The toa wood of the South Pacific islands is similar to Eastern walnut in color and texture, but is much finer in figure.

1882, John Shertzer Hittell, The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America, page 604:

A Polynesian tree of the genus Casuarina, or its wood.


malva

From the genus name, or in some Spanish or Portuguese contexts, from the Spanish or Portuguese word.

Another malva to note is M. moschata Alba, the white form of our native musk mallow.

How to prepare: Cook the malvas the same way as amaranth and most other greens in Mexico are prepared[,] that is, briefly cooked with tomatoes or tomatillos and onions ...

2000, Rosalind Creasy, Edible Mexican Garden, Tuttle Publishing, →ISBN, page 59:

If your hollyhocks are attacked by rust, and if hibiscus flowers are too tropical looking and gaudy for your taste, investigate another branch of the mallow family — the malvas. [...] This spring I started seeds of another malva named M. sylvestris 'Mauritiana', and every seed came up.

2004, Frances Manos, Midwest Cottage Gardening, Big Earth Publishing, →ISBN, page 79:


kaya

Torreya grandis
Torreya grandis#Translingual

Torreya grandis, the Chinese nutmeg yew.


tawa

Beilschmiedia tawa, a New Zealand broadleaf tree.


cashew

Reanalysis of French acajou as a + cajou, from Old Tupi akaîu. Doublet of acajou.

wild cashew

Anacardium excelsum or Anacardium giganteum

Soft-wood grafting and veneer grafting are successful in cashew.

2002, P. K. Ray, Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, page 221:

Also known as the Native Cashew, it is a member of the Anacardiaceae, the same plant family to which the Cashew and Mango trees belong.

2005, Roger Martin, Tree-Kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea, page 106:

Cashew (Anacardium occidental L.) is an export-oriented crop grown for its nuts, a true drupe.

2007, Alice Kurian, K. V. Peter (series editor), Commercial Crops Technology (Horticulture Science; 8), page 63:

Anacardium occidentale
Anacardium occidentale#Translingual

A tree, Anacardium occidentale, native to northeastern Brazil, now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples.


cashew nut

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cashew nut.wav

Cashew nut is made up of a fruit in which the kernel is embedded. The real fruit of the cashew is commonly a nut. It is a kidney- or heart-shaped achene, in any normal variety.

2015, Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 683:

The seed of the cashew tree, often viewed as a nut in the culinary sense.


cashew apple

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The cashew apple is really the swollen flower stalk to which the nut is attached.[…]Generally, not more than two or three cashew apples are eaten at a time because the apple is fibrous and has an astringent and acrid taste due to the presence of tannins and substances of a phenolic nature which will irritate the throat. That is why the bulk of cashew apples in this country is wasted.

1995, “Appendix III: Cashew Apple Preparations”, in Regional Meeting on Cashew Research and Development, page 44:

2000, L. R. Verma, V. K. Joshi (editors), Postharvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables, Volume 1: General Concepts and Principles, page 1091,
In Brazil, cashew apple wine is prepared and marketed on a commercial scale, but its sale is declining. Another fascinating product is bottled cashew-apple-in-sugarcane brandy.

2008, Anacardiaceae, entry in Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull (editors), The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts, page 9,
In Brazil, the cashew apple is sold fresh and the juice is widely available. […] In 16th-century Brazil, cashew apples and their juice were taken by Europeans to treat fever, to sweeten breath and to 'conserve the stomach'.

An ovoid to pear-shaped accessory fruit or false fruit that develops from the receptacle of the cashew flower (the true fruit being the cashew nut).


urushiol

urushiol (countable and uncountable, plural urushiols)

/ʊˈɹuːʃiˌɔl/

From Japanese 漆 (うるし, urushi, “lacquer tree”) + -ol (“oil”).

der

All three produce an oil, called urushiol, that is a potent allergen. Urushiol is most abundant in the leaves and stems of these plants...

Poison ivy vines also contain the irritating oil urushiol, so it is important to be able to recognize them in winter.

1993, Jacquelyn G. Black, Microbiology: principles and applications:

Upon exposure to air, urushiol can turn dark brown, which makes it easier to spot.

2000, C. Franklin Goldsmith, Shannon E. G. Hamrick, H. James Hamrick, The Best Hikes of Pisgah National Forest:

(organic chemistry) An oil found in plants of the family Anacardiaceae, causing an allergic skin rash on contact; consists of a variable mixture of several related organic compounds.


horse chestnut

Translating obsolete Latin name Castanea equina.

Aesculus hippocastanum
Aesculus hippocastanum#Translingual

Any of several tree species of genus Aesculus, especially Aesculus hippocastanum, common in temperate northern hemisphere.


limba

This was the wood of the limba tree — a native of the Mayumbe forest — from which is produced a beautifully grained, blond, high-quality veneer for plywood and other uses.

1965, Theodore Geiger, editor, Agrifor and U.S. Plywood in the Congo, Issue 12, page 50:

Limba occurred in blocks a, c and d and varied from 0.1 to 0.6 exploitable trees per hectare on average.

1991, Ján Borota, tropical forests: some African and Asian case studies of composition and structure, Elsevier, page 101:

Because of the decline of harvestable Limba trees in natural forests, a reforestation program was then undertaken by the government using local seed sources [5].

1994, Richard C. Schultz, Joe P. Colletti, editors, Opportunities for Agroforestry in the Temperate Zone Worldwide: Proceedings of the Third North American Agroforestry Conference, page 242:

A large African tree, Terminalia superba, whose hard wood is used for furniture, table tennis paddles and musical instruments.


banaba

Ultimately from Proto-Philippine *banabá. Compare Tagalog banabá, Cebuano banaba, Kapampangan [Term?].

A Southeast Asian tree (Lagerstroemia speciosa), with medicinal leaves.


anil

en-noun

anil (countable and uncountable, plural anils)

→ Irish: anail

From Middle French anil, Portuguese anil.

(organic chemistry) 1,4-Benzoquinones including chloranil, DDQ, bromanil, & cyanil.


livelong

From Middle English live long, leve-long, lefe long (as in Alle the lefe longe daye), equivalent to lief + long. Compare Dutch heel den lieven langen dag (“all the livelong day”), German der liebe lange Tag (“the livelong day”) and German die liebe lange Nacht (“the livelong night”).


greengage

/ˈɡɹiːnɡeɪd͡ʒ/

By surface analysis, green + gage.
alternative etymology
The legend goes that Sir William Gage, 2nd Baronet of Hengrave, (c. 1656–1727), had a shipment of plums from France, in which the labels of the reine-claude got lost, by which reason his gardener called it after his master. Horticulturist Peter Collinson reports in his notes edited by L. W. Dillwyn in 1843, page 60: I was on a visit to Sir William Gage, at Hengrave, near Bury; he was then near 70; he told me that he first brought over, from France, the Grosse reine Claude, and introduced it into England, and in compliment to him the Plum was called the Green Gage; this was about the year 1725. Contrary to the common story however here the French name is known to the baronet, and it could consequentially completely be a running joke, in that he exploited a coincidental likeness of his name to a plant name to become part of history. An older term denoting the very same plum cultivar, which ultimately derives from the Near East, via the Sublime Porte under Kanuni Süleyman, is found in Persian گوجه سبز (gowje sabz)

named-after

The apricot rarely produces any fruit, except in a few places, and then very scantily. The greengage plum is nearly equally unproductive.

1834, John Forbes, “Sketch of the Medical Topography of the Hundred of Penwith”, in Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 2, page 66:

Just where the horse trams trundled across the market was a row of fruit stalls, with fruit blazing in the sun—apples and piles of reddish oranges, small greengage plums and bananas.

1913, D. H. Lawrence, chapter 5, in Sons and Lovers:

A plum cultivar with greenish-yellow flesh and skin, Prunus domestica subsp. italica var. claudiana.

Hengrave
Peter Collinson (botanist)
Rokewode-Gage baronets
Sublime Porte
Suleiman the Magnificent

جَانَرِك

a plum with greenish-yellow flesh and skin


tolu

en-noun

tolu (countable and uncountable, plural tolus)

From Spanish Tolú (“town in Colombia where the tree is found”), from tolúes (“name of a pre-Columbian people of the area”).

der

The resinous secretion of Myroxylon balsamum, used in cough syrups and perfumery.


koa

Borrowed from Hawaiian koa. Doublet of toa.

As you get higher, native vegetation takes over, so a prospect might be framed by the dangling leaves of the beautiful koa tree, each leaf a gently curved, trembling sickle.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 59:

The outer frame is made of koa and maple.

2007 March 18, Anne Eisenberg, “How to Soften the Edges of Technology”, in New York Times:

At her funeral, Likelike's body was placed in a polished koa coffin, adorned with sprays of gardenia […].

2012, Julia Flynn Siler, Lost Kingdom, Grove Press, page 122:

A large tree of species Acacia koa (family Fabaceae) which is endemic to and common on the islands of Hawaii; or the wood of this tree.


locust bean gum

en-noun

locust bean gum (countable and uncountable, plural locust bean gums)

A vegetable gum extracted from the seeds of the carob (locust beans) and used as a food additive; chemically, it is a galactomannan.


gidgee

Acacia homalophylla, A. Cunn., B. Fl., ii., 383. "Curly or Narrow-leaved Yarran." A "Myall." Called also "Gidgee."

1890, Joseph Henry Maiden, Wattles and Wattle-barks: Being Hints on the Conservation and Cultivation of Wattles, Together with Particulars of Their Value:

Since my early days of droving the years have taken toll, / But I somehow miss my swag wrap by a fire of gidgee coal.

1964, Stan Coster (lyrics and music), “By a Fire of Gidgee Coal”:

Although he lay with some sense of security beneath a gidgee tree, his father's totem, he was brooding about how he could get rid of the pigeons.

1997, Alexis Wright, Plains of Promise, in Heiss & Minter, Macquarie PEN Anthology of Aboriginal Literature, Allen & Unwin 2008, p. 186

(Australia) Any of various trees of the genus Acacia, especially Acacia cambagei.


guar gum

(chemistry) A heteropolysaccharide gum, extracted from the guar bean, that is used as a food additive.


karaya gum

karaya gum (usually uncountable, plural karaya gums)

A gum extracted from the trees of the Sterculia genus, used as a food additive and denture adhesive.


khaya

From the Nguni group of languages khaya (“home”).

(South Africa, strictly) A native house or hut.


cooking apple

Coordinate term: eating apple

Any apple primarily used for making pies, crumbles or sauces: such a variety; an individual apple (instance) of such type.


eating apple

Coordinate term: cooking apple

Any apple primarily used for eating raw: such a variety; an individual apple (instance) of such type.


trumpets

A plant (Sarracenia flava) with long, hollow leaves.


mousambi

Citrus limetta
Citrus limetta#Translingual

(India) A sweet lime (citrus), Citrus limetta.


laburnum

[…] Lord Henry Wotton could just catch the gleam of the honey-sweet and honey-coloured blossoms of a laburnum, whose tremulous branches seemed hardly able to bear the burden of a beauty so flame-like as theirs[.]

1891, Oscar Wilde, chapter I, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, London, New York, N.Y., Melbourne, Vic.: Ward Lock & Co., →OCLC, page 1:

The trees began to come fully alive. The larches and birches were covered with green, the laburnums with gold.

1950, C. S. Lewis, chapter 11, in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Collins, published 1998:


cleavers

From Middle English clivers, probably from Old English clife (“burdock”).

Quinmerac is primarily used for the post-emergence control of cleavers, speedwells and other broad-leaved weeds in cereals, oilseed rape and sugar beet.

1998, Terry R. Roberts, Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals (part 1, page 448)

Galium aparine
Galium aparine#Translingual

Galium aparine, a herbaceous annual bedstraw of the family Rubiaceae.


bleeding heart

Lamprocapnos spectabilis
Lamprocapnos spectabilis#Translingual

Any of various perennial plants, of the family Papaveraceae, subfamily Fumarioideae, often having pink heart-shaped flowers, including:

Dicentra, a genus native to eastern Asia and North America, some species with colors and shape similar to Lamprocapnos spectabilis.


Katy

The very first thing, however, Ernest annoyed me by calling me Katherine, though he knows I hate that name, and want to be called Katy as if I were a lovable person, as I certainly am (sometimes).

1876 Elizabeth Prentiss: Stepping Heavenward, and Aunt Jane's Hero. Ward, Lock&Tyler 1876. page 87

Come along, you’re the first of the Katies. Now Katy was a tom-boy, […] Have you got a copy of the script?

1961, Rosemary Weir, “Television Centre”, in Tania Takes the Stage, London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., →OCLC, pages 88–89:

Katy Carr serves her sentence with pain and her character changes as a result – or so the author implies; but the two Katys, the hoyden and the high-principled young lady, hardly seem to be the same girl.

1975, Margery Fisher, “Katy Carr”, in Who’s Who in Children’s Books: A Treasury of the Familiar Characters of Childhood, New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, →ISBN, page 166, column 1:

A diminutive of the female given name Katherine, variant of Katie.

A city in Texas; named for the MKT railroad.

An unincorporated community in Missouri.

An unincorporated community in West Virginia.


wolfberry

Any of flowering species of the genus Lycium.


ling

ling (countable and uncountable, plural lings or ling)

From Middle English lyng, from Old Norse lyng.

калуна

I was sitting by a path on a tussock between some bushes, whence I could overlook the path and a little valley to which it led down, and where nothing but ling and heather grew.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 28:

Partridges, enjoying their last weeks of security, rose whirring and clattering from among the ling.

1931, Dorothy L. Sayers, The Five Red Herrings:

Calluna vulgaris
Calluna vulgaris#Translingual

Any of various varieties of heather or broom.


stinkweed

stinkweed (countable and uncountable, plural stinkweeds)

Ailanthus altissima
Ailanthus altissima#Translingual


dipterocarp

any member of the family Dipterocarpaceae of tropical rainforest trees having two-winged fruits


wisteria

wisteria (countable and uncountable, plural wisterias)

I know it's typical of me to keep secrets to find my way back again
Touch of conditional love
Reasons to keep me from binding the pathogen
Wisteria grows
I just want a clear view

2019, “Electric Cross”, performed by Spiritbox:

Any of several woody climbing vines, of the genus Wisteria, native to the East Asian countries of China, Korea, and Japan and the eastern United States.

глици́ния

a genus of about ten species of woody climbing vines


gumbo limbo

A cluster of mature gumbo limbos is planted between Bastion 1 and the small magazine, overarching the brick walkway.

2011, Susan L. Hitchcock, Dry Tortugas National Park, Garden Key, Cultural Landscape Report:

A tropical American tree, Bursera simaruba, that yields an aromatic resin used in varnishes etc


holly oak

Named from a resemblance to the holly plant.


holm oak

Named from a resemblance to the holly plant, also known as holm.

An evergreen tree, Quercus ilex, native to the Mediterranean region.

чѐсмина f (regional, also means the holly)

čèsmina f (regional, also means the holly)


finocchio

finocchio (plural finocchi or finocchios)

/fɪˈnəʊkɪəʊ/

Borrowed from Italian finocchio (“fennel; (derogatory) male homosexual”). Doublet of fennel.

bor

Finocchios are shoots of the fennel, an odoriferous plant of the Umbelliferae family.

1974, Ali-Bab (author) and Elizabeth Benson (translator), Encyclopedia of Practical Gastronomy, page 41

For the first time, finocchio, or Florence fennel, has performed for me as it should and has swollen out into bulbous protrusions at the base of its leaf stalks.

1981, Country Life, volume 170, page 1,057:

The strong anise odor of finocchio repels many insects from other vegetables.

1983, Theodore James, The Gourmet Garden, page 44:

Also called Florence fennel, finocchio has long been a popular vegetable in Europe but has somehow fallen out of circulation from most American gardens.

1994, B. Rosie Lerner, Beverly S. Netzhammer, Possum in the Pawpaw Tree: A Seasonal Guide to Midwestern Gardening, page 43:

A fennel cultivar with a bulb-like structure at its base, used as a vegetable; Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum).


jicama

From Mexican Spanish jícama, from Nahuatl xīcama.

The edible root of the yam bean, Pachyrhizus erosus, used in salads in Central America and as a snack in Mexico.


celeriac

en-noun

celeriac (countable and uncountable, plural celeriacs)

/səˈlɛəɹiæk/

/səˈlɪəɹiæk/

Apium graveolens
Apium graveolens#Translingual

A form of celery, Apium graveolens, having an aromatic taproot eaten as a vegetable.


corn salad

corn salad (countable and uncountable, plural corn salads)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-corn salad.wav

From corn + salad; plant so called from being commonly found as a weed in grain fields.

Valerianella locusta
Valerianella locusta#Translingual

Any of the small plants in genus Valerianella, used in salads and as a herb, especially Valerianella locusta.


nectarine

en-adj

nectarine (comparative more nectarine, superlative most nectarine)

more nectarine (comparative)
most nectarine (superlative)

[…] to their supper-fruits they fell,
Nectarine fruits which the compliant boughs
Yielded them, side-long as they sat recline
On the soft downy bank damasked with flowers […]

1674, John Milton, Paradise Lost^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(1674)/Book_IV), Book 4, lines 329-332:


pachysandra

From the New Latin genus name, equivalent to English pachy-, from Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús) [Term?].

(botany) A genus, Pachysandra, of four or five species of evergreen shrubs or subshrubs, belonging to the boxwood family, Buxaceae, used ornamentally as groundcover.


red currant

/ˈɹɛdˌkʌɹənt/

/ˈɹɛdˌkɜɹənt/

/ˈɹɛdˌkʌɹənt/

And a hint of still waters, a stream, a brook, a rivulet, meandering with flashes of brilliance through the lush dense greenery, among shadowy plants that might have been blackberries or redcurrants, although what redcurrants and blackberries might be Yoel had not the faintest notion, and even the names themselves he only knew from books.

1989, Amos Oz, To Know A Woman, page 109:

Cultivated redcurrants are most closely related to Ribes rubrum, which like blackcurrants grow in northern Europe and northern Asia, although several other species have had a hand in the development of particular varieties; whitecurrants, for their part, are simply redcurrants with albino genes. Despite their similarities, the histories of blackcurrants and redcurrants in Britain are surprisingly distinct.

2009, Christopher Stocks, Forgotten Fruits: The stories behind Britain's traditional fruit and vegetables, page 93:

Blackcurrants and redcurrants, gooseberries, raspberries and rhubarb grow amongst viburnums, hollyhocks, sweet williams, forsythia, and a medlar.

1989, Mirabel Osler, A Gentle Plea for Chaos, published 2011, page 173:

A deciduous shrub, Ribes rubrum, native to western Europe; any of certain cultivars of the shrub.


bonza

A reddish apple originating in Australia.


woundwort

en-noun

woundwort (countable and uncountable, plural woundworts)

Berufskraut

any of several plants formerly used for wounds

Any of several plants formerly used in poultices for wounds.

Any of several plants of the genus Stachys

Achillea millefolium
Achillea millefolium#Translingual

soldier's woundwort
soldier's woundwort#English

Achillea millefolium (soldier's woundwort)

Solidago virgaurea (European golden-rod)

Bellis perennis
Bellis perennis#Translingual

Prunella vulgaris
Prunella vulgaris#Translingual


satinwood

satinwood (countable and uncountable, plural satinwoods)

Chloroxylon swietenia (Ceylon or East Indian satinwood)

Zanthoxylum flavum (Jamaican satinwood or West Indian satinwood).

Woody trees in family Rutaceae
Chloroxylon faho (Madagascar satinwood)

Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata#Translingual

Murraya paniculata, from southeast Asia and Australia

Woody trees in family Rutaceae
Nematolepis squamea, from Australia


catnip

catnip (countable and uncountable, plural catnips)

Audio (US)

Compound of cat + nep, nip (“catnip”), from Middle English nep, from Old English nepte, from Proto-West Germanic *nepetā, from Latin nepeta (“catnip”). Compare earlier catmint (“catnip”), from Middle English catt mynte, which very likely existed in Old English (as *cattes minte) as well.

Any of the about 250 species of flowering plant of the genus Nepeta, family Lamiaceae, certain of which are said to have medicinal qualities.


Baldwin

en-proper noun

Baldwin (countable and uncountable, plural Baldwins)

From Proto-West Germanic *Balþawini, from Proto-Germanic *Balþawiniz (“bold friend”).

der

Baltimore County
Baltimore County#English

An unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland.

An unincorporated community in Burleigh County, North Dakota.


cannellini bean

en-noun

cannellini bean (plural cannellini beans)


ponzu

Borrowed from Japanese ポン酢 (ponzu), in turn from Dutch pons (“punch”, obsolete, superseded by punch), from English punch, ultimately from Sanskrit पञ्चन् (páñcan, “five”). Doublet of cinque, five, pimp (“five”), punch (“beverage”), and sengi (“currency”); related to Pompeii.

der

obsolete, superseded by <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">punch</i>

doublet

A sour citrus-based sauce usually made from the juice of the 橙 (daidai), an Asian variety of bitter orange, mixed with soy sauce.


buttonwood

On the opposite bank was a fresh ’gator wallow. The mud had been packed smooth where they turned and rolled their hard bodies. Penny dropped to his haunches behind a buttonwood bush.

1938, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, chapter 24, in The Yearling, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, page 303:

The common name given to at least three species of shrub or tree.

The mangrove tree (Conocarpus erectus, family Combretaceae) a tropical and subtropical species.

1824, Washington Irving (as Geoffrey Crayon), “Wolfert Webber, or Golden Dreams” in Tales of a Traveller, Volume 2, Part 4, Philadelphia: H.C. Carey & I. Lea, p. 55,
Thus quietly and comfortably did this excellent family vegetate under the shade of a mighty buttonwood tree, which by little and little grew so great as entirely to overshadow their palace.

1835, Fanny Kemble, Journal of a Residence in America, Paris: A. and W. Galignani, entry dated Sunday, 13 January, 1833, p. 234,
When near, the trees look singularly deplorable and untidy, although at the distance, the red-brown of the faded oaks mingling with the bright, vivid, green cedars, and here and there a silver-barked buttonwood tree raising its white delicate branches from among them, produce a very agreeable and harmonious blending to the eye.

The American sycamore or American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis, family Platanaceae).

Platanus occidentalis
Platanus occidentalis#Translingual

California sycamore or western sycamore (Platanus racemosa).