thorn

From Middle English thorn, þorn, from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós, from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).
Cognates
Near cognates include West Frisian toarn, Low German Doorn, Dutch doorn, German Dorn, Danish and Norwegian torn, Swedish torn, törne, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). Further cognates include Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ, “thorn”), Russian тёрн (tjorn), Polish cierń, Kamkata-viri taňi, tai (“thorn”), Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”).

On the mountains a few junipers and piñons are found, and cactuses, agave, and yuccas, low, fleshy plants with bayonets and thorns.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

(botany) A sharp protective spine of a plant.

the white thorn

the cockspur thorn

Any shrub or small tree that bears thorns, especially a hawthorn.

трън

any shrub or small tree that bears thorns

In Old English manuscripts thorn and eth did not have different phonetic values but were used positionally[.]

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 175:

See also Etymology of ye (definite article).

A letter of Latin script (capital: Þ, small: þ), borrowed from the futhark; today used only in Icelandic to represent the voiceless dental fricative, but originally used in several early Germanic scripts, including Old English where it represented the dental fricatives that are today written th (Old English did not have phonemic voicing distinctions for fricatives).


cob

en-noun

cob (countable and uncountable, plural cobs)

Of uncertain origin. The word has many disparate senses, which are likely of diverse origin. The specifics of these origins have long been debated, as has the question of which senses arise from which origins. At least the swan sense originated in Middle English cobbe (“male swan; gang leader; bully”). Some other senses likely originated as a variant of cop (“head, top, peak, summit”). In other senses, the word may be related to cub, itself of obscure origin but possibly from Old Norse kobbi (“seal”). However, many alternative etymologies have been proposed to account for some or all senses of cob; various sources have related it, for example, to English cot (“cottage”), Welsh cob (“top, tuft”), or German Kübel (“large container”). All these etymologies are disputed, and the exact origins of cob cannot be known with any certainty.

inh

…he put his Hand in his Pocket and pull’d out ſome Gold, ſome Broadpieces and a Gold Cob….

1701, Daniel Mac-Cay, testimony in the trial of Patrick Hurly, transcribed in A Complete Collection of State-Trials, and Proceedings upon High-Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours, volume 5, 2nd edition (1730), page 404

They fancied, that he who sold a Stone of Wool for Two Cobs, callid 9s. when Cobs were raised would sell his Stone for a Cob and a half when called 9s.

1718, Observations on raising the value of money, page 4:

As this sum was greater than ever Swift had been master of at any one time before, he pushed over, without reckoning them, a good number of the siver cobs (for it was all in that specie) to the honest sailor, and desired he would accept them for his trouble.

1774, J. Hawkesworth, “An Account of the life of Dr. Swift”, in The Works of Jonathan Swift, page xx:

He then drew out a large leathern bag, and poured out the contents, which were ſilver cobs, upon the table.

1784, Thomas Sheridan, The Life of the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin, volume I, pages 7–8:

Our fituation every day appears more alarming, there being a scarcity of almost every thing in the garrison — fire-wood a cob per hundred; flour five rials per pound; no fresh meat except an old cow, or worn-out ox, (only one perhaps killed in a month) which is sold at four and a half and five rials per pound; fowls twenty to twenty-four rials each; a goose ten dollars; a turkey twenty dollars; eggs a cob the dozen; and every other necessary in proporition.

1793, Samuel Ancell, A circumstantial journal of the blockade and siege of Gibraltar, page 24:

Several of the artillery officers, the Welch fusileers, and a few navy officers, spent the evening at a tavern, well known by the name of Miss Loftus's; on payment of our reckoning, Captain Wilcox was deficient a cob (value about four shillings and ninepence) the payment of which, was offered to him by a Mr. Funston, a lieutenant fireworker;

1795, Mark Moore, The Memoirs and Adventures of Mark Moore Late an Officer in the British Navy, page 49:

It’s absolutely possible to find an affordable ($20-$35) low to average circulated Spanish silver cob dated around or before 1692, especially if you’re willing to settle for the smaller half real or one real cobs.

2006, Todd Cook, The Lost Coins of Early Americans: Still A Secret!, Xulon Press,, →ISBN, page 90:

Cobs were usually irregularly shaped. They were a means to account for a specific amount of silver in a coin that could be used for commerce.

2008, Alvin Rabushka, Taxation in Colonial America, Princeton University Press,, →ISBN, page 154:

Any of the gold and silver coins that were minted in the Spanish Empire and valued in reales or escudos, such as the piece of eight—especially those which were crudely struck and irregularly shaped.


buck

There is in it also woodes of buck, and deir in them.

1777, Mostyn John Armstrong, A Scotch Atlas; Or Description of the Kingdom of Scotland:

But, whilst we thus condemn the timber, we must not omit to praise the mast, which fats our swine and deer, and hath, in some families, even supported men with bread. Chios endured a memorable siege by the beniefit of this mast. And, in some parts of France, they now grind the buck in mills; it affords a sweet oil, which the poor people east most willingly.

1786, John Evelyn, Alexander Hunter, Silva: Or, A Discourse Of Forest-Trees, page 136:

The HORNBEAM ( provincially “HORSE-BEECH," in contradistinction to “buck beech” — the true beech) is, in many woods, the most prevalent species; and being drawn up in thickets with a rapid growth, becomes tall and straight enough for hop poles: and is even suffered to grow up, as a species of wood timber.

1798, William Marshall, The Rural Economy of the Southern Counties:

The magnolia, buck [ beech?], and poplar never grow on lands subject to overflow.

1969, Samuel Henry Lockett, Lauren C. Post, Louisiana as it is, page 53:

The underbrush is all there, spice brush, buck beech, iron wood and alder and no doubt in the spring of the year, there is a wealth of flowers.

2010, Joel Greenberg, Of Prairie, Woods, and Water:


pea

→ Abenaki: piz (“a pea”)

→ Mohegan-Pequot: pish (“a pea”)

→ Yurok: pi·š, peeesh (“a pea”)

Back-formation from pease, an original singular reinterpreted as a plural. Further from Middle English pese (“a pea”), from Old English pise, from Latin pisa, pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson).

Below, long rows of peas put forth their white-winged flowers, tempting the small butterflies to flutter round their inanimate likenesses;...

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXVI, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 277:

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual

A plant, Pisum sativum, member of the legume (Fabaceae) family.

(cooking) The edible seed of Pisum sativum; the green pea.

Man's making bare peas.

Oh, come on. Help a brother out. People see you coppin', might inspire them. Look, I know you ain't payin' bills right now. Man must have bare peas saved up.

2023, Nathan Bryon, Tom Melia, directed by Raine Allen-Miller, Rye Lane, spoken by Nathan (Simon Manyonda):


pea

From having the appearance of a pea (see English etymology 1), the edible seed of Pisum sativum, the pea plant.

green pea galaxy
green pea galaxy#English

(astronomy) Ellipsis of green pea galaxy.


marmalade

en-noun

marmalade (countable and uncountable, plural marmalades)

Mary, Queen of Scots
The Economist
marmalade

Borrowed from Middle French marmelade, from Portuguese marmelada (“quince jam”), from marmelo (“quince”), from Latin melimēlum (“sweet apple”), from Ancient Greek μελίμηλον (melímēlon), from μέλι (méli, “honey”) + μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”). A false folk etymology claims that this comes from the French phrase “Marie est malade” (“Mary is ill”), referring to Mary, Queen of Scots, falling ill and being given marmalade to feel better.

lime marmalade

thick cut marmalade

A kind of jam made with citrus fruit, distinguished by being made slightly bitter by the addition of the peel and by partial caramelisation during manufacture. Most commonly made with Seville oranges, and usually qualified by the name of the fruit when made with other types of fruit.


eucalyptus

eucalyptus (plural eucalypti or eucalyptuses)

eucalypti (plural)
eucalyptuses (plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-
Proto-Hellenic *ehu-
Ancient Greek ἐΰς (eǘs)
Ancient Greek εὖ (eû)
Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-)
Ancient Greek καλύπτω (kalúptō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τός (-tós)
Ancient Greek καλυπτός (kaluptós)
taxonomic name Eucalyptuslbor.
French eucalyptusbor.
English eucalyptus
Borrowed from French eucalyptus.

etymon

Any of many trees, of genus Eucalyptus, native mainly to Australia.


Holy Ghost

From Middle English Holi Gost, from Old English Hāliġ Gāst, a calque of Latin Spīritus Sānctus, which in turn is a calque of Ancient Greek Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον (Pneûma tò Hágion), from πνεῦμα (pneûma, “breath, vital force, soul”) + ἅγιος (hágios, “holy”)), a calque of Hebrew רוח הקודש (ruaḥ ha-qodesh), from רוח (ruaḥ, “wind, breath, spirit”) + קודש (qodesh, “holiness”), from earlier רוח יהוה (ruaḥ yahveh, “wind of Yahweh”).

calque

Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον

Now the birth of Iesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Ioseph (before they came together) shee was found with childe of the holy Ghost.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 1:18:

O God the Holy Ghost, Perfecter of the Elect, Have Mercy on us.

1728, “The Litany of the Saints and Angels”, in A Manual of Prayers and Other Christian Devotions, page 50:

I baptise thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.

1899, “Lay Baptism”, in The Catholic's Pocket Prayer-Book, page 4:

There are deadly sins from which God's people may recover. A man may even communicate unworthily, and yet, so be it he sin not against the Holy Ghost, he may find forgiveness.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

(Christianity) The person (hypostasis) of the Trinity or Godhead corresponding to divine essence, which becomes present in and among the faithful (particularly inspired prophets) and is considered to proceed either (Eastern Orthodoxy) from God the Father alone or (Roman Catholicism) from Him together with God the Son.


Holy Ghost

Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον

Angelica archangelica
Angelica archangelica#Translingual


Holy Ghost

Named after the Convent of the Holy Ghost Sisters, which was present in the area. Currently, the land of the convent is owned by the Iglesia ni Cristo within Holy Ghost Hill Proper.

A name of several barangays in Baguio, Benguet, Philippines


cotton boll

The round, fluffy clumps in which cotton forms and grows on a cotton plant.


pulse

en-noun

pulse (countable and uncountable, plural pulses)

From Middle English puls (“(collectively) seeds of a leguminous plant used as food; leguminous plants collectively; a species of leguminous plant”), Early Middle English pols (in compounds), possibly from Anglo-Norman pus, puz, Middle French pouls, pols, pous, and Old French pous, pou (“gruel, mash, porridge”) (perhaps in the sense of a gruel made from pulses), or directly from their etymon Latin puls (“meal (coarse-ground edible part of various grains); porridge”), probably from Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos, “porridge made from flour”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“dust; flour”) (perhaps by extension from *pel- (“to beat, strike; to drive; to push, thrust”), in the sense of something beaten).

der

(uncountable) Annual leguminous plants (such as beans, lentils, and peas) yielding grains or seeds used as food for humans or animals; (countable) such a plant; a legume.

groshë

annual leguminous plants yielding grains or seeds used as food for humans or animals; such a plant — see also legume


kaki

Diospyros kaki
Diospyros kaki#Translingual

a persimmon, more specifically the Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki).


aniseed

en-noun

aniseed (countable and uncountable, plural aniseeds)

From Middle English anece seed, aneys seede, annys sede, equivalent to anise + seed.

(countable and uncountable) The seed-like fruit of the anise, used in baking and in the flavouring of liqueurs such as ouzo.


carrot

carrot (countable and uncountable, plural carrots)

→ Fijian: kareti

→ Malay: karot

→ Tagalog: karot

→ Thai: แครอท (kɛɛ-rɔ̀t)

From Middle English karette and Middle French carotte, both from Latin carōta, from Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón). Doublet of carotte and related to caraway. Displaced native Middle English more, from Old English more, moru (“edible root, parsnip, carrot”), related to German Möhre (“carrot”).
* Noun sense of "motivational tool" refers to carrot and stick.
* Verb sense in felt manufacture refers to the orange colour of drying furs.

Daucus carota
Daucus carota#Translingual

A vegetable with a nutritious, juicy, sweet root that is often orange in colour, Daucus carota, especially the subspecies sativus in the family Apiaceae.


parsnip

→ Japanese: パースニップ (pāsunippu)

→ Maori: pānipi

From 16th-century parsnepe, from Middle English passenep, a modification of Old French pasnaie by influence of Middle English nepe (“turnip”), from Latin pastināca (“parsnip, carrot”), from pastinum (“two-pronged fork”) as in pastināre (“to dig up the ground”).

Pastinaca sativa
Pastinaca sativa#Translingual

A biennial plant, Pastinaca sativa, related to the carrot.


celery

celery (usually uncountable, plural celeries)

From French céleri, from Lombard sèller, from Latin selīnum, from Ancient Greek σέλῑνον (sélīnon). Displaced English march (“celery, smallage”) and smallage (“wild celery”).

Apium graveolens
Apium graveolens#Translingual

A European herb (Apium graveolens) of the carrot family.


poly

From Latin polium, the name of a plant, perhaps Teucrium polium.

A whitish woolly plant (Teucrium polium) of the family Labiatae, found throughout the Mediterranean.


cacao

cacao (countable and uncountable, plural cacaos)

/kəˈkeɪ̯əʊ̯/

[kəˈkʰɑːəʊ̯]

[kəˈkʰeɪ̯əʊ̯]

/kəˈkeɪ̯oʊ̯/

[kəˈkʰeɪ̯oʊ̯]

From Spanish cacao, from Classical Nahuatl cacahuatl. Doublet of cocoa.

Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacao#Translingual

A tree, Theobroma cacao, whose seed is used to make chocolate.


rosemary

rosemary (usually uncountable, plural rosemaries)

/ˈɹoʊzˌmɛəɹi/

From Middle English rosmary, rosemarye, alteration (based on rose + Mary) of earlier Middle English rosmarine, rosemaryn, partly from Old French rosmarin, partly directly from Latin rōsmarīnus (“rosemary”), from rōs (“dew, moisture”) + marīnus (“marine, of the sea”).

compound

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

A shrub, Salvia rosmarinus (formerly Rosmarinus officinalis), that originates from Europe and Asia Minor and produces a fragrant herb used in cooking and perfumes.

marsh rosemary

genus Limonium or species Rhododendron tomentosum


oak

en-noun

oak (countable and uncountable, plural oaks)

Inherited from Middle English ook, oke, aik, ake, from Old English āc (also as Old English ǣċ), from Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”).
Cognates
From Proto-Germanic: Scots aik, West Frisian iik, Dutch eik, German Eiche, German Low German Eek, Danish eg, Norwegian Bokmål eik, Norwegian Nynorsk eik, Swedish ek, Yiddish אייכנבוים (eykhnboym).
From Proto-Indo-European: Latin aesculus (“Durmast oak”), Lithuanian ąžuolas (“oak”), Albanian enjë (“juniper, yew”), Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “Turkey oak”).

cog

Any tree of other genera and species of trees resembling typical oaks of genus Quercus in some ways.

Toxicodendron, poison oak, in family Anacardiaceae


oaken

From Middle English oken (also eken), from Old English ācen, ǣċen (“of oak”), from Proto-Germanic *aikīnaz, equivalent to oak + -en (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Dutch eiken (“oaken”), German eichen (“oaken”), Icelandic eikinn (“oaken”).

Captain Jemmy, taking up three bottles one after another and finding them all empty, ordered up three more, and drew his chair up to the hearth, where he sat kicking the oaken logs viciously with his long legs.

1891, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Blue Pavilions:

Made from the wood of the oak tree. Also in metaphorical uses, suggesting robustness.


broom

en-noun

broom (countable and uncountable, plural brooms)

→ Chinook Jargon: bloom

Inherited from Middle English brom, from Old English brōm (“brushwood”), from Proto-West Germanic *brām (“bramble”) (compare Saterland Frisian Brom, West Frisian brem, Dutch braam, German Low German Braam), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-, from *bʰer- ‘edge’. Related to brim, brink.
(shotgun): So called because it is (like the cleaning utensil) long and held similarly to a besom and “cleans” what is in front.

[…] and thy broom groves,
Whose shadow the dismissed bachelor loves,
Being lass-lorn […]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

Any of several yellow-flowered shrubs of the family Fabaceae, with long, stiff, thin branches and small or few leaves used for the domestic utensil.

Especially, of the tribe Genisteae, including genera Cytisus, Genista, and Spartium.

Of plants not closely related to those of tribe Genisteae.


ipe

ipe (countable and uncountable, plural ipes)

A type of wood of the genus Tabebuia, similar to teak, used for outdoor decking and furniture.


spruce

spruce (countable and uncountable, plural spruces or spruce)

desc

→ Kashubian: sprusz (Canada, United States)

→ Thai: สปรูซ

→ Thai: สปรูซ

From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses ("trim, neat" and "to make trim, neat") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.

Any of various large coniferous evergreen trees or shrubs from the genus Picea, found in northern temperate and boreal regions; originally and more fully spruce fir.


quicken

From Middle English quiken (“(chiefly in place names) probably the European rowan or mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), and possibly also the aspen (Populus tremula), juniper (genus Juniperus, specifically the common juniper (Juniperus communis)), or service tree (Sorbus domestica)”), possibly from Old English cwician (“to bring to life, vivify; to come to life, become living; to quicken”) (see etymology 1).

inh

[…] Miss Wannop moved off down the path: it was only suited for Indian file, and had on the left hand a ten-foot, untrimmed quicken hedge, the hawthorn blossoms just beginning to blacken at the edges and small green haws to show.

1924 April, Ford Madox Ford, chapter V, in Some Do Not … […] (Parade’s End; 1), 2nd edition, London: Duckworth and Company […], published June 1924, →OCLC, part 1, page 132:

Sorbus aucuparia
Sorbus aucuparia#Translingual

(chiefly Ireland, Northern England) In full quicken tree: the European rowan, rowan, or mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia).


jade

en-noun

jade (usually uncountable, plural jades)

Borrowed from French le jade, rebracketing of earlier l’éjade (“jade”), from Spanish piedra de ijada (“flank stone”), via Vulgar Latin *iliata from Latin ilia (“flank”). (Jade was thought to cure pains in the side.)


madder

madder (countable and uncountable, plural madders)

From Middle English mader, madere, mædere, from Old English mædere, mæddre, mædre, from Proto-Germanic *madarǭ (compare Swedish madra, Old Norse / Icelandic maðra), from Proto-Indo-European *modʰro-, cognate with Proto-Slavic *modrъ (“blue”), and compare Irish madar (“madder”), Latvian madara (“madder”).

Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorum#Translingual

A herbaceous plant, Rubia tinctorum, native to Asia, cultivated for a red-purple dye (alizarin) obtained from the root.


birch

birch (countable and uncountable, plural birches)

PIE word
 *bʰerHǵós
From Middle English birche, birk, from Old English birċe, bierċe, from Proto-West Germanic *birkijā, from Proto-Germanic *birkijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos.
Cognates
Compare West Frisian bjirk, German Birke, variant of *berkō (compare Dutch berk, Swedish björk, Norwegian bjørk), Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá), Lithuanian béržas, Czech bříza, Ossetian бӕрз (bærz), Russian берёза (berjóza)), Latin fraxinus (“ash tree, ash javelin”), Albanian bredh.

cog

Any of various trees of the genus Betula, native to countries in the Northern Hemisphere.


ackee

en-noun

ackee (countable and uncountable, plural ackees)

Ackee and saltfish is a traditional Jamaican dish.

The fleshy sacks that dangled down between his legs, like rotting ackees, wobbled.

2004, Andrea Levy, chapter 7, in Small Island, London: Review, pages 104–105:

The fruit of the tree, of which only the arils are edible, the remainder being poisonous.


kumquat

From Cantonese 柑橘 (gam¹ gwat¹) or 金橘 (gam¹ gwat¹, literally “golden tangerine”). Related to loquat – same second character.

A small, orange citrus-like fruit which is native to Asia (Citrus japonica, syn. Fortunella japonica).


caltrop

From Middle English calketrappe, from Old English calcatrippe (“plant that trips”), from Medieval Latin calcatrippa (“thistle”), from Latin calx or calcare + trappa.

inh

Tribulus terrestris
Tribulus terrestris#Translingual

Any of a number of flowering plants in the family Zygophyllaceae, including several members of the genus Kallstroemia and the species Tribulus terrestris, native to warm temperate and tropical regions.


keck

From earlier dialectal kex, of Celtic origin, probably from the same ultimate source as Latin cicuta (“hemlock”).

Anthriscus sylvestris
Anthriscus sylvestris#Translingual

(dialectal) The cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris).


earthnut

Inherited from Middle English erthenote, from Old English eorþhnutu, from Proto-Germanic *erþōhnuts; equivalent to earth + nut.

Bunium bulbocastanum
Bunium bulbocastanum#Translingual

Any of various roots, tubers, or pods that grow underground:

A tuber belonging to the species Conopodium majus (syns. Bunium flexuosum, Conopodium denudatum), Bunium bulbocastanum (syn. Carum bulbocastanum), or Apios americana (syn. Apios tuberosa).

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea#Translingual

The underground tuber belonging to the genus Tuber.


azarole

From French azerole, from Spanish acerola, from Andalusian Arabic الزَعْرُورَة (az-zaʕrúra), from Classical Arabic زُعْرُورَة (zuʕrūra). Doublet of acerola.

der

الزَعْرُورَة

Crataegus azarolus
Crataegus azarolus#Translingual

Any of species Crataegus azarolus of shrubs of southern Europe, related to hawthorn.


azedarach

From French azédarach, from Spanish acederaque, from Arabic أَزَادَرْخَت (ʔazādarḵat), from Persian آزاددرخت (âzâd-deraxt), from آزاد (âzâd, “noble”) + درخت (deraxt, “tree”).

أَزَادَرْخَت

Arabic أَزَادَرْخَت (ʔazādarḵat)

compound

Melia azedarach
Melia azedarach#Translingual

An Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States, commonly called bead tree, chinaberry, etc.


azalea

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀζαλέος (azaléos, “dry”), because it grows in dry soil; from ἄζω (ázō, “I dry up”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-.


ayegreen

Sempervivum tectorum
Sempervivum tectorum#Translingual


Avignon berry

The fruit of rock buckthorn, or Avignon buckthorn, of the species Rhamnus saxatilis, Rhamnus infectorius, and others of the same genus, used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow.


jazz

en-noun

jazz (usually uncountable, plural jazzes)

→ Arabic: جَاز (jāz)

→ Armenian: ջազ (ǰaz)

→ Bulgarian: джаз (džaz)

→ Catalan: jazz, džez

→ Czech: jazz

→ Danish: jazz

→ Dutch: jazz

→ Esperanto: ĵazo

→ Estonian: džäss

→ Faroese: djassur

→ Finnish: jazz, jatsi

→ French: jazz

→ Georgian: ჯაზი (ǯazi)

→ German: Jazz

→ Greek: τζαζ (tzaz)

desc

→ Hebrew: ג׳ז, ג׳אז

→ Hebrew: ג׳ז, ג׳אז

→ Hungarian: dzsessz, jazz

→ Icelandic: djass, jass

→ Italian: jazz

→ Japanese: ジャズ (jazu)

→ Korean: 재즈 (jaejeu)

→ Latvian: džezs

→ Lithuanian: džiazas

→ Macedonian: џез (džez)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jazz

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jazz

→ Persian: جاز

→ Polish: jazz, dżez

→ Portuguese: jazz

→ Romanian: jazz

→ Russian: джаз (džaz)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: џе̏з

Latin script: džȅz

→ Slovak: džez

→ Slovene: džẹ̑z

→ Spanish: jazz

→ Swedish: jazz

→ Tagalog: dyas, diyas

→ Thai: แจ๊ส (jɛ́ɛt)

→ Turkish: caz

→ Ukrainian: джаз (džaz)

→ Yiddish: דזשאַז (dzhaz)

Unknown. First attested around 1912 in a discussion of baseball; attested in reference to music around 1915. Numerous references suggest that the term may be connected to jasm and jism.

You dare to bring your jazz songs into my house!

1927, Samson Raphaelson, Alfred A. Cohn, The Jazz Singer, spoken by Jakie Rabinowitz (Al Jolson):

You all look out now, here I come, everybody step aside, I’m gonna show you where from! I'm gonna blow in this horn and make you know that jazz is the king and let it be so!

1946, Milton “Mezz” Mezzrow, Bernard Wolfe, “Not too Far Tangent”, in Really the Blues, New York, N.Y.: Random House, book 1 (1899–1923: A Nothin’ but a Child), page 30:

You see, the kids, they listen to the rap music which gives them the brain damage. With their hippin', and the hoppin', and the bippin', and the boppin', so they don't know what the jazz…is all about! You see, jazz is like the Jello Pudding Pop—no, actually, it's more like Kodak film—no, actually, jazz is like the New Coke: it'll be around forever, heh heh.

1995, Mike Reiss, Al Jean, “'Round Springfield”, in The Simpsons, season 6, episode 22, spoken by Bill Cosby:

(music) A musical art form rooted in West African cultural and musical expression and in the African American blues tradition, with diverse influences over time, commonly characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms and improvisation.

Suddenly, Bobby oozed his jazz into Gene's throat.

[…] making Glenn feel as though he could never stop shooting his jazz wildly up inside the man's brawny body!

1974, Peter Pepper, Meatslinger, page 141:

As he clung to the legs of his captor, he splayed his own out to the side, baring his groin and genitals to the eyes of all just as his jazz began to spurt out onto the stage.

2018, Bert Shrader, A Gay Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum:


lentil

From Middle English lentile, from Old French lentille from Latin lenticula, diminutive of lēns, from a pre-Indo-European substrate source shared by German Linse, Ancient Greek λάθυρος (láthuros) and Lithuanian lęšis. Doublet of lenticula.

Lens culinaris
Lens culinaris#Translingual

Any of several plants of the genus Lens, especially Lens culinaris, from southwest Asia, that have edible, lens-shaped seeds within flattened pods.


bean

→ Fiji Hindi: biin

From Middle English bene, from Old English bēan, from Proto-West Germanic *baunu, from Proto-Germanic *baunō (“bean”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰabʰ- (“bean”). Cognate with Scots bene, bein (“bean”), West Frisian bean (“bean”), Dutch boon (“bean”), German Bohne (“bean”),
Swedish böna (“bean”),
Danish bønne (“bean”), Norwegian bønne (“bean”), Icelandic baun (“bean”), Latin faba (“bean”), Russian боб (bob, “bean”), Serbo-Croatian бо̏б/bȍb. Doublet of fava.

(colloquial, chiefly in the plural) A toe bean.


beech

From Middle English beche, from Old English bēċe, from Proto-West Germanic *bōkijā (“beech”). Doublet of buky.

A beech wood with silver firs in it rolled down the face of the hill, and the maze of leafless twigs and dusky spires cut sharp against the soft blueness of the evening sky.

1907 January, Harold Bindloss, chapter 1, in The Dust of Conflict, 1st Canadian edition, Toronto, Ont.: McLeod & Allen, →OCLC:

A tree of the genus Fagus having a smooth, light grey trunk, oval, pointed leaves, and many branches.


yew

en-noun

yew (countable and uncountable, plural yews)

From Middle English ew, from Old English īw, ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *īhu, from Proto-Germanic *īhwaz (compare Icelandic ýr), masculine variant of *īwō (compare Dutch ijf, German Eibe), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-.
See also Hittite [script needed] (eja, “type of evergreen”), Welsh yw (“yews”), Irish eo [both cognates of Old English īw, Old English ēow]; and Latgalian īva (“bird cherry”), Lithuanian ievà (“bird cherry”), Russian и́ва (íva, “willow”).

cog

Old Yew, which graspest at the stones
That name the under-lying dead,
Thy fibres net the dreamless head,
Thy roots are wrapt about the bones.

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto II:

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

At Darley Dale, in Derbyshire, there is another yew about 1,000 years younger with a 32 ft girth, while a mighty yew at Goudhurst, Kent, has a bench seating 12 in its hollow trunk.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 119:

Taxus baccata
Taxus baccata#Translingual

(countable) A species of coniferous tree, Taxus baccata, with dark-green flat needle-like leaves and seeds bearing red arils, native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia.

(countable, by extension) Any tree or shrub of the genus Taxus.

Other conifers resembling plants in genus Taxus:


crab

en-noun

crab (countable and uncountable, plural crabs)

From Middle English crabbe, from Old English crabba (“crab; crayfish; cancer”), from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô, from *krabbōną (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *grobʰeh₂yéti (“scratch, claw at”), a metathesised o-grade of *gerbʰ-. More at carve.
Cognates
See also Dutch krab, Low German Krabb, Danish krabbe, Swedish krabba.
Further cognates with frequentative-infix are Saterland Frisian krabbelje (“to creep, crawl”), Dutch krabbelen (“to scratch”) and German krabbeln (“to crawl”). Possibly related to English creep and Swedish krypa (“to creep, crawl”) etc.

cog

Although crabs themselves are an easily treated inconvenience, the patient and his partner(s) clearly run major STD risks.

Pthirus pubis
Pthirus pubis#Translingual

(in plural crabs, informal) An infestation of pubic lice (Pthirus pubis).


crab

en-verb

crab (third-person singular simple present crabs, present participle crabbing, simple past and past participle crabbed)

crabs (present singular third-person)
crabbing (participle present)
crabbed (participle past)
crabbed (past)

Time slowed down then, became liquid in the aftermath of his grotesque, unfolding limbs; he crabbed his way down the faded line, rocking back and forth in braces he would use all his life.

2011, Robert Vivian, The Least Cricket of Evening, page 108:

Foot by foot, he crabbed his way down another ninety feet of rock chimney until he stood on solid ground again, still very much alive.

To move in a manner that involves keeping low and clinging to surfaces.


crab

From Middle English crabbe (“wild apple”), of Germanic origin, plausibly from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect scrabba.

The tree bearing crab apples, which has a dogbane-like bitter bark with medical use.

She swore to such things , that I could do nothing but swear and call names : upon which out bolts her husband upon me , with a fine taper crab in his hand and fell upon me with such violence , that , being half delirious , I made a full confession

A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick.


crab

Possibly a corruption of the genus name Carapa

The tree species Carapa guianensis, native to South America.


kidney bean

Wikispecies kidney bean (canonical)
kidney beans (plural)

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

A common bean of a cultivar of (Phaseolus vulgaris), with a dark-red skin.


lima bean

Named after the city of Lima, from which they were exported.

Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus lunatus#Translingual

A plant of species Phaseolus lunatus or the bean it yields.


pine

en-noun

pine (countable and uncountable, plural pines)

From Middle English pyne, from Latin pīnus, from Proto-Indo-European *peyH- (“sap, juice”). Cognate with Sanskrit पितु (pitu, “sap, juice, resin”). Doublet of pinus. Related to fat.

cog

The northern slopes were covered mainly in pine.

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963, Margery Allingham, “Miss Thyrza’s Chair”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 41:

(countable, uncountable) Any coniferous tree of the genus Pinus.

"[…] I bought a pine-apple at the same time, which I gave to Sambo. Let's have it for tiffin; very cool and nice this hot weather." Rebecca said she had never tasted a pine, and longed beyond everything to taste one.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

Linda carried the oysters in one hand and the pineapple in the other. […] [S]he put the bottle of oysters and the pine on a little carved chair.

1918 June, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “Prelude”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, chapter 7, pages 38–39:

(archaic except Caribbean, Guyana, South Africa, Australia) A pineapple.

I'll be behind the pine slinging your favorite cold ones, so come and see me!

(uncountable, colloquial) A counter or bartop.


pine

en-verb

pine (third-person singular simple present pines, present participle pining, simple past and past participle pined)

pines (present singular third-person)
pining (participle present)
pined (participle past)
pined (past)

From Middle English pinen, from Old English pīnian (“to torment”), from Proto-Germanic *pīnōną, from Proto-Germanic *pīnō (“pain, torment, torture”), from the noun (see above). Cognate with German peinigen (“to torment, torture”), Icelandic pína (“to torment”).

der

Why pine not I, and die in this distress?

c. 1589–1590 (date written), Christopher Marlo[we], edited by Tho[mas] Heywood, The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Iew of Malta. […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Nicholas Vavasour, […], published 1633, →OCLC, Act I:

[T]hou mayſt know / What miſerie th' inabſtinence of Eve / Shall bring on men. Immediately a place / Before his eyes appeard, ſad, noyſom, dark, / A Lazar-houſe it ſeemd, wherein were laid / Numbers all diſeas'd, […] / […] / Dæmoniac Phrenzie, moaping Melancholie / And Moon-ſtruck madneſs, pining Atrophie, / Maraſmus and wide-waſting Peſtilence.

1674, John Milton, “Book XI”, in Paradise Lost. […], 2nd edition, London: […] S[amuel] Simmons […], →OCLC, pages 299–300:

This night shall see the gaudy wreath decline, The roses wither and the lilies pine.

170?, Thomas Tickell, To a Lady; With a Present of Flowers:

Long lay the world in sin and error pining / Till He appear’d and the soul felt its worth

1855, John Sullivan Dwight (translator), “Oh Holy Night”, as printed in 1871, Adolphe-Charles Adam (music), “Cantique de Noël”, G. Schirmer (New York), originally by Placide Cappeau de Roquemaure, 1847

The way the story went was that the man's foot healed up all right but that he just pined away.

1994, Walter Dean Myers, The Glory Field, →ISBN, page 29:

Before I pine away (Pine away)

2001 May 15, Tool (lyrics and music), “Reflection” (track 11), in Lateralus:

(intransitive) To languish; to lose flesh or wear away through distress.


citron

en-noun

citron (countable and uncountable, plural citrons)

Borrowed from French citron (“lemon, lime”), Latin citrus (“citron tree, thuja”), probably via Etruscan derived from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros, “cedar”) (see there for further etymology).

der+

Citrus medica
Citrus medica#Translingual


skullcap

(botany) Any of several species of flowering plants of the genus Scutellaria, in the Lamiaceae family.


bay

From Middle English baye, baie, from Old English beġ (“berry”), as in beġbēam (“berry-tree”), conflated with Old French baie, from Latin bāca (“berry”).

Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilis#Translingual

Laurus nobilis, a tree or shrub of the family Lauraceae, having dark green leaves and berries.


bay leaf

A piece of marigold or bay leaf was imbedded in the metal, and over it a carbuncle or chrysolite was placed.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 155:

A herb derived from any of certain shrubs of the family Lauraceae and Myrtaceae.


chickpea

/ˈt͡ʃɪkˌpiː/

Calque of French pois chiche, from pois (“pea”) + chiche, from Latin cicer (“chickpea”).

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum#Translingual

An annual plant (Cicer arietinum) in the pea family, widely cultivated for the edible seeds in its short inflated pods.


vetch

From Middle English vecche, fecche, ficche, from Old Northern French veche, variant of Old French vece, from Latin vicia. Doublet of fitch.

Any of several leguminous plants, of the genus Vicia, often grown as green manure and for their edible seeds.


pomegranate

/ˈpɒmɪ(ˌ)ɡɹænɪt/

/ˈpɑmɪˌɡɹænɪt/

/ˈpɑməˌɡɹænət/

/ˈpɑmˌɡɹænət/

The noun is derived from Middle English pome-garnet, pome-garnete, pome garnate, pome granat, pome-granate (“pomegranate fruit; pomegranate tree; pomegranate seeds (?)”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman pome gernate, pomme gernette, Middle French pomme granade, pomme granate, pomme grenade, and Old French pome grenade, pome grenate, pomme grenate [and other forms] (modern French grenade), probably from Italian pomogranato, pomo granato (though apparently first attested later), and then either:
* from Italian pomo (“fruit, pome; apple”) + Latin (mālum) grānātum, (mālo)grānātum (“pomegranate”); or
* directly from Medieval Latin pōmum garnātum, pōmum grānātum (“pomegranate”), from Latin pōmum (“fruit; fruit tree”) + grānātum (“pomegranate”). Pōmum is possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”) (in the sense of being picked off a plant), from *h₂epó (“away; off”) + *h₁em- (“to distribute; to take”); while grānātum is derived from grānātus (“having many grains or seeds”), from grānum (“grain, seed, small kernel”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to mature, grow old”) + *-nós (suffix forming verbal adjectives)) + -ātus (suffix forming adjectives indicating the possession of a quality or thing from nouns).
The adjective is derived from the noun.

nb...

(Late Middle English) bamegarnade, (Middle English) pomegarnade, pome-garnade, pomegarnard, pome-garnard, pomegarnarde, pomegarnat, pome-garnat, pomegarnate, pome-garnate, pomegarned, pome-garned, pomegarnet, pomegarnete, pomegernade, pome-gernade, pomegernat, pome-gernat, pomegranarde, pome-granarde, pomegranate, pomegyrnat, pomgarnad, pomgarnade, pomgarnat, pomgarnate, pomgarnet, pomgarnett, pomgernad, pommegarnat, pommegarnet, pomogarnard, pongarnet, poomgarnet, poomgernett, poumbegarnet, poumegarnate, poumegarnet, poumegarnete, poumgarnet, poumgrene, poummegarnade, poungarnard, poungarned, poungarnet, poungarnett, pounkarnet, povmegarnat, powmbegarnet, powmegarnate, powmgarnet, powmgarnett, powngarned, powngarnet, poun-garnette, pumgarnade, pumgarnarde, pumgranat, pumgranate, pummegarnet, pungarnet

der

(Australia, colloquial, derogatory, obsolete) A person of British descent, especially one who has (recently) immigrated to Australia; a pom, a pommy.


bilberry

Probably of North Germanic origin (Danish bøllebær), from Old Norse bolli (Proto-Germanic *bullǭ) + ber.

Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus#Translingual

Vaccinium myrtillus, the wild European blueberry of the cowberry family.

kulumri

type of blueberry from the cowberry family — see also blueberry


chestnut tree

A tree that bears chestnuts; a tree of the genus Castanea


clove

en-noun

clove (countable and uncountable, plural cloves)

From Middle English clove, an alteration of earlier clowe, borrowed from the first component of Old French clou (de girofle) (modern French clou de girofle), from Latin clāvus (“nail”) for its shape. Also see clāva (“knotty branch, club”). Doublet of clou and clavus.

(uncountable, countable) A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree.

Syzygium aromaticum
Syzygium aromaticum#Translingual

(countable) A clove tree, of the species Syzygium aromaticum (syn. Caryophyllus aromaticus), native to the Moluccas (Indonesian islands), which produces the spice.


clove

From Middle English clove, from Old English clufu, from Proto-West Germanic *klubu, from Proto-Germanic *klubō, related to clēofan (“to cleave, split”), hence with the verbal etymology hereafter.

clove of garlic, garlic clove, clove of a sea-onion, clove of shallot, cloves of bulbs

(horticulture, cooking) One of the small bulbs formed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb.

до́лька f (dólʹka, literally “segment”) (чеснока́)


clove

Borrowed from Dutch klove (now kloof). Doublet of kloof.

(geography) A narrow valley with steep sides, used in areas of North America first settled by the Dutch


sandarac

sandarac (countable and uncountable, plural sandaracs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sandarac.wav

From Latin sandaraca, from Ancient Greek σανδαράκη (sandarákē, “realgar”).

der

(mineralogy, archaic) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic.

Sandarach is procured from common juniper; and incense from a juniper with yellow fruit.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

Oil was also used for making varnish, by dissolving sandarac in it, and as the 'vernysshe' which appears so frequently in accounts was always bought by the pound, the term was evidently applied to the sandarac, or other similar resinous substance.

1952, L.F. Salzman, Building in England, page 171:

There would have been many gums and resins in these markets for our lute-maker to bind his wood with: sandarac resin from North African pines […].

2002, Victoria Finlay, Colour, Sceptre, published 2003, page 198:

Tetraclinis articulata
Tetraclinis articulata#Translingual

(chemistry) A white or yellow resin obtained from a north African tree (Tetraclinis articulata), and pulverized for pounce; probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral.


zest

en-noun

zest (countable and uncountable, plural zests)

(slang, LGBTQ, derogatory) State of being effeminate or a flamboyant homosexual.


basil

basil (usually uncountable, plural basils)

→ Indonesian: basil

Inherited from Middle English basile, from Middle French basile, from Old French basile, from Medieval Latin basilicum, from Ancient Greek βασιλικόν (basilikón, “royal”), from βασιλεύς (basileús, “king”). Doublet of basilic, basilicon, and basilicum; further related to basileus, basilean, and basileiolatry.

doublet

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual

The leaves of this plant used as a herb.


basil

Corrupted from English basan, from French basane, from Late Latin basanium, from Arabic بِطانَة (biṭāna, “lining”).


fetid

en-adj

fetid (comparative more fetid, superlative most fetid)

more fetid (comparative)
most fetid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin fētidus (“having offensive odour”), originally fēteō (“to stink”).

bor+

I caught the fetid odor of dirty socks.

[…] this room, where misfortune seems to ooze, where speculation lurks in corners, and of which Madame Vauquer inhales the warm, fetid air without being nauseated.

1878, Henry James, “Honoré de Balzac”, in French Poets and Novelists, London: Macmillan, II, p. 122:


budda

en-noun

budda (usually uncountable, plural buddas)

Eremophila mitchellii, a sandalwood-like plant native to Australia.


balm

balm (countable and uncountable, plural balms)

→ Welsh: balm

BOM (for many speakers with the father-bother merger)

From Middle English bawme, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French baume, from Old French basme, from Latin balsamum, itself from Ancient Greek βάλσαμον (bálsamon). Spelling modified 16th c. to conform to Latin etymology. Doublet of balsam and desman.

Any of various aromatic resins exuded from certain plants, especially trees of the genus Commiphora of Africa, Arabia and India and Myroxylon of South America.


mazer

mazer (countable and uncountable, plural mazers)

From Middle English maser, mazer, masere, from Anglo-Norman mazer, Old French mazre (“a kind of maple wood”), from Frankish *masur, from Proto-Germanic *masuraz, cognate with Old High German masar (German Maser (“spot”)), Icelandic mösurr (“maple”).
It has been suggested that the English word might instead come from Old English *mæser, *maser (suggested by a putative derivative mæseren), but the evidence for this is slight and disputed.

cog

(obsolete) The maple tree, or maple wood.


haw

From Middle English hawe, from Old English haga (“enclosure, hedge”), from Proto-Germanic *hagô (compare West Frisian haach, Dutch haag, German Hag (“hedged farmland”), Norwegian Bokmål hage (“garden”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰom (compare Welsh cae (“field”), Latin caulae (“sheepfold, enclosure”), cohum (“strap between plowbeam and yoke”), Russian кош (koš, “tent”), коша́ра (košára, “sheepfold”), Sanskrit कक्ष (kakṣa, “curtain wall”)), from *kagʰ- 'to catch, grasp' (compare Welsh cau (“to clasp”), Oscan kahad (“may he seize”).


haw

en-noun

haw (countable and uncountable, plural haws)

Late Middle English (denoting a discharge from the eye), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Etymology 2 above, describing a berry.

nictitating membrane
nictitating membrane

(countable, anatomy) The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane.

(uncountable) A disease of the nictitating membrane.


althea

Any of several plants of the genus Althaea; the hollyhocks and mallows, native to Eurasia.


alder

Inherited from Middle English aldre, alder, aller, from Old English alor, from Proto-West Germanic *aluʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aluz, *alusō, *alizō, *alisō.

inh

I’ve known ere now an interfering branch / Of alder catch my lifted axe behind me. / But that was in the woods, to hold my hand / From striking at another alder’s roots, / And that was, as I say, an alder branch.

1923 October, Robert Frost, “[Notes.] The Axe-helve.”, in New Hampshire […], New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →OCLC, page 37:

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

That's what the tiercel was doing when I found him again in the alder.

1967, J. A. Baker, The Peregrine, page 40:

Any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Alnus, belonging to the birch family.


anise

en-noun

anise (countable and uncountable, plural anises)

From Middle English anys, borrowed from Old French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνισον (ánison), from Egyptian jnst.

[…] of the butcherbirds which were perched on the electric wires skirting the road must be nesting birds, and that in the absence of trees or brush they must be nesting in some of the weeds along the highway, mostly anise (Foeniculum vulgare).

1934, The Gull (Golden Gate Audubon Society), volumes 16-29, page 25

Foeniculum vulgare
Foeniculum vulgare#Translingual

(US, often qualified as "sweet anise" or "wild anise") Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare.


balsa

balsa (countable and uncountable, plural balsas)

→ Irish: balsa

Borrowed from Spanish balsa, from a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia, probably Basque [Term?] or Iberian [Term?]. Not related to balsam.

A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.


betony

betony (countable and uncountable, plural betonies)

From Middle English betayny, betanie, from Medieval Latin betōnia (possibly through Old French), from Latin betōnica or ve(t)tōnica, from Vettones, a people in Lusitania. Compare French bétoine.

Stachys officinalis
Stachys officinalis#Translingual

Stachys officinalis (syn. Betonica officinalis, an herb used in traditional European medicine.

(Canada, US) Any plant of the genus Pedicularis (louseworts).


biota

From New Latin biota, from Ancient Greek βιοτή (biotḗ), from βίος (bíos).

Although the broad macroevolutionary consequences of mass extinctions are well known (as in the dinosaurs-mammals changeover), their long-term effects on the temporal and spatial dynamics of clades and biotas are rarely investigated.

2009 February 6, Andrew Z. Krug et al., “Signature of the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction in the Modern Biota”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 767–771:

(ecology) The living organisms of a region.


cohosh

cohosh (countable and uncountable, plural cohoshes)

From an Algonquian word meaning "rough", probably Eastern Abenaki / Penobscot *kkwὰhas. Compare Massachusett kushki (“(it is) rough”). Compare English cocash.

A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), the rough rootstock of which is used in medicine.


coleus

From the genus name translingual Coleus, from Latin coleus, from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath”) in reference to the manner in which the stamens are united.

копривка

plant with bright-colored or variegated leaves

Any of certain plants in the mint family, many used as ornamentals for their colorful, variegated leaves, sometime included in genus Plectranthus (spurflowers), sometimes in their own genus Coleus,

especially, Plectranthus scutellarioides, also known as Coleus scutellarioides and Coleus blumei.


cowpea

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata#Translingual

Any of the plants in the species Vigna unguiculata, including the black-eyed pea.


bluet

From Middle English blawede, blewed, blewet, bloued, blowed, bloweth, from Middle English blewe (“blue”). Alternatively, perhaps from Old French bleuet (diminutive of bleu (“blue”)). Compare Modern French bleuet (“cornflower”).

Any of several different plants, from several genera, having bluish flowers.

Centaurea, a plant genus in the family Asteraceae


dammer

From Middle English dammer, dammar, equivalent to dam + -er.


gage

A subspecies of plum, Prunus domestica subsp. italica.


gaiter

Borrowed from French guêtre, from Middle French guiestres, guestes pl, from Old French *gueste, from Frankish *wastiju, from Proto-Germanic *wastijō (“garment; dress”).
Cognate with Middle High German wester (“a child's chrisom-cloth”), Middle High German westebarn (“godchild”), Old English wæstling (“a coverlet”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti, “garment; dress”).

cog

[He] stood and pulled up the gaiter around his neck to mask his mouth and nose. “People are careful around here, so you'll want to put your mask on,” she told Perry.

2022 June 14, D. Jackson Leigh, Forever Comes in Threes, Bold Strokes Books Inc, →ISBN:


gala

From French gala, or directly from that word's etymon, which is either Italian gala, or Spanish gala, both meaning "festive occasion", and derived from Old French gale (“rejoicing”). (The French word likely kept the final -a to avoid homophony with gale (“scabies”).) Ultimately cognate to gallant and hence probably from Frankish *wala (“good, well”).


gumbo

en-noun

gumbo (countable and uncountable, plural gumbos)

Borrowed from Louisiana French gombo, possibly via Louisiana Creole gombo, from Kimbundu ingombo, plural of kingombo (“okra”); compare Portuguese quingombó.

(countable) A soup or stew popular in Louisiana, consisting of a strong stock, meat or shellfish, a thickener (often okra), and the "Holy Trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions.


holm

From Middle English holm, holme, from Old English holm (“wave, ocean, water, sea, islet”) and Old Norse holmr, holmi (“islet”), both from the Proto-Germanic *hulmaz (“rising ground, hill, island”), from Proto-Indo-European root *kelH- (“to rise, be elevated, be prominent; hill”).
Cognate with Old Saxon holm, Middle Low German holm, German Holm, Middle Dutch holm, Danish holm, Swedish holme, Norwegian Bokmål holme, Icelandic hólmur.

der

(dialect, chiefly West Yorkshire(?), Scotland, Orkney) Any small island, but especially one near a larger island or the mainland, sometimes with holly bushes; an islet. Often the word is used in Norse-influenced place-names.

Rich flat land near a river, prone to being completely flooded; a river-meadow; bottomland.


holm

From Middle English holm, holme, alteration of Middle English holin (“holly”). Doublet of hollin and holly.

The fruitfull Oliue, and the Platane round, / The caruer Holme, the Maple, ſeeldom inward ſound.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 5:

A common evergreen oak of Europe, Quercus ilex; the holm oak.


hurtle

Possibly a clipping of hurtleberry, from Middle English hurtil-beri (“bilberry or blue whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); berry of this shrub”); further etymology unknown, compare Middle English horten, hurten (“bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)”), and Old English horte (“bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)”).

cog

Vaccinia nigra, the blacke VVhortle, or Hurtle, is a baſe and lovve tree, or vvoodie plant, bringing foorth many branches of a cubite high, ſet full of ſmall leaues, of a darke greene colour, […]

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of Whortes, or Whortle berries”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book III, page 1229:

hurtleberry

(obsolete, rare) Synonym of hurtleberry or whortleberry (“any of several shrubs belonging to the genus Vaccinium; a berry of one of these shrubs”)


jujube

From Middle English jujube, from Medieval Latin jujuba or Old French jujube, perhaps via Old Occitan from Classical Latin zīzyphum, zīzyphus, from Ancient Greek ζίζυφον (zízuphon)․ First attested in the 14th century.

The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species of small trees.

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual

Ziziphus zizyphus
Ziziphus zizyphus#Translingual

A fruit-bearing tree, Ziziphus jujuba or Ziziphus zizyphus.

Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus mauritiana#Translingual

A fruit-bearing tree, Ziziphus mauritiana.

(Canada, US) A type of candy; specific type varies by country.


jute

en-noun

jute (countable and uncountable, plural jutes)

Corchorus olitorius
Corchorus olitorius#Translingual

The coarse, strong fibre of the East Indian plants, Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis, used to make mats, paper, gunny cloth etc.


kapok

kapok (countable and uncountable, plural kapoks)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-kapok.wav

Borrowed from Malay kapuk (“silky fibre from the silk-cotton tree; Ceiba pentandra”).

bor

The moon came out of hiding and for a moment Jerry forgot his anxiety as a little grey-clad figure, small and sturdy [...], in a kapok coat and bulging proletarian cap, lowered himself over the side and leapt for the waiting arms of the sampan's crew.

1977, John Le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, Folio Society, published 2010, page 492:

You can stuff them full of kapok to make a decent cushion and there is nothing better to carry frogs in.

1985, Peter Carey, Illywhacker, Faber & Faber, published 2003, page 39:

A still summer night a world away in a house that smells of cactus and dust and musty kapok.

2014 [1993], Tim Winton, Land's Edge, Picador, page 15:

Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba pentandra#Translingual

A silky fibre obtained from seed pods of the silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) used for insulation and stuffing for mattresses, pillows, etc.

加薄棉

ka-po̍k-mî, ka-po̍h-mî, ka-poah-mî, ka-poh-mî

A cotton tree, Malabar silk-cotton tree, or red silk-cotton tree (Bombax ceiba).


kola

en-noun

kola (countable and uncountable, plural kolas)

Presumably from a West African language. Compare Hausa gōr̃ò, Bambara goro, Temne kola, Mandinka kolo (“kola nut”).

A tree, genus Cola, bearing large brown seeds ("nuts") that are the source of cola extract.


kudzu

kudzu (usually uncountable, plural kudzus)

From Japanese 葛(くず) (kuzu). The spelling kudzu (instead of kuzu) is due to historical transliteration methods of Japanese into English (compare adzuki).

By 2020, droughts and other extreme weather will be commonplace. By 2040, the Sahara will be moving into Europe, and Berlin will be as hot as Baghdad. Atlanta will end up a kudzu jungle.

2007 November 1, Jeff Goodell, “James Lovelock, the Prophet”, in Rolling Stone:

Walled off communities, private jets, private security details are spreading like kudzu around the world.

2011 August 31, Ashley Dawson, “Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor: An Interview with Rob Nixon”, in Social Text:

All the author’s familiar trademarks are here: […] shaggy-dog plotlines sprouting everywhere, like kudzu; […]

2013 September 10, Michiko Kakutani, “A Calamity Tailor-Made for Internet Conspiracy Theories”, in New York Times:

Pueraria montana var. lobata#Translingual

Pueraria lobata
Pueraria lobata#Translingual

An Asian vine (several species in the genus Pueraria, but mostly Pueraria montana var. lobata, syn. Pueraria lobata in the US), grown as a root starch, and which is a notorious invasive weed in the United States.


legume

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-legume.wav

Borrowed from French légume, from Latin legūmen (“bean”). Doublet of legumen.

(botany) Any of a large family (Fabaceae, syn. Leguminosae) of dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs, and trees having fruits that are legumes or loments, bearing nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and including important food and forage plants (as peas, beans, or clovers).


loquat

Japan Mespilus, or Loquat.

1811, William Aiton, Hortus Kewensis; or, A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, volume 3:

As far as the eye can see, one observes nothing but loquat orchards growing luxuriantly on the low, rich land, where the roots never suffer from lack of water.

1915, Ira Judson Condit, The Loquat, page 254:

I climbed up into the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) tree in our backyard to think.

2009, Howard Camner, Turbulence at 67 Inches: The Autobiography, page 61:

Eriobotrya japonica
Eriobotrya japonica#Translingual

Any of species Eriobotrya japonica of trees (Japanese medlar, Chinese plum, Japanese plum).


medlar

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-medlar.wav

From Middle English medler, medeler, from Old French medler, meslier, from medle, mesdle (“medlar fruit”), from Latin mespilum, from Ancient Greek μέσπιλον (méspilon). Related to the rare mesple, via Proto-West Germanic *mespilā.

Any tree of the genus Mespilus, now Crataegus sect. Mespilus, including many species now in other genera.

Any of several similar trees that bear similar fruit:

Mediterranean medlar or azarole (Crataegus azarolus: family Rosaceae).

Mediterranean medlar
Mediterranean medlar

Crataegus azarolus
Crataegus azarolus#Translingual

Japanese medlar or loquat (Eriobotrya japonica: family Rosaceae).

The fruit of such trees, similar to small apples:

Especially that of Crataegus sect. Mespilus, not eaten until it has begun to decay, or more specifically, to blet.


prim

en-adj

prim (comparative primmer, superlative primmest)

primmer (comparative)
primmest (superlative)

From Provençal prim (“delicate, excellent”), from Old French prim, prin, from Latin primus (“first”). Doublet of prime.

God damn it, what does she want of me, this sad, beautiful bridgeplayer of the Fifth Floor, with her air of lost love and her prim carnality?

And although Paul shares an apartment with his prim wife, aptly named Prudence, they rarely see or speak to each other.

2024 October 24, Judith Shulevitz, “Michel Houellebecq Has Some Fresh Predictions. Be Afraid.”, in The Atlantic:

prim regularity

Philemon was in great Surprize,
And hardly could believe his Eyes,
Amaz’d to ſee her look ſo prim;
And ſhe admir’d as much at him.

1708, [Jonathan Swift], “The Metamorphosis of Baucis and Philemon, Burlesqu’d; from the 8th Book of Ovid”, in Baucis and Philemon; a Poem. […], London: […] H. Hills, […], published 1709, →OCLC, page 8:

Formal; precise; affectedly neat or nice.


sage

en-noun

sage (usually uncountable, plural sages)

From Middle English sauge, from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia, from salvus (“healthy”), see safe. Doublet of salvia.

broom sage

species of Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Lorandersonia

purple sage

Salvia leucophylla; Artemisia tridentata

silvery sage

Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalis#Translingual

The plant Salvia officinalis and savory spice produced from it; also planted for ornamental purposes.


sloe

From Middle English slo, sla, sloo, from Old English slā, slāh, from Proto-West Germanic *slaihā, from Proto-Germanic *slaihǭ, *slaihwō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”). Doublet of Sliwa.

Any of various other plants of the genus Prunus, as a shrub or small tree, Prunus alleghaniensis, bearing dark-purple fruit.

luumu

tree of the genus Prunus bearing dark-purple fruit


sorb

Borrowed from Middle French sorbier (the tree), sorbe (the fruit), from Latin sorbus (the tree), sorbum (the fruit). See service tree.

Sorbus domestica
Sorbus domestica#Translingual

Any of various related trees, including the wild service tree, S. torminalis, and the rowan, S. aucuparia.

The fruit of any of these trees, especially of the service tree.


sorb

en-verb

sorb (third-person singular simple present sorbs, present participle sorbing, simple past and past participle sorbed)

sorbs (present singular third-person)
sorbing (participle present)
sorbed (participle past)
sorbed (past)

1971, E. K. Duursma, M. G. Gross, Chapter Six: Marine Sediments and Radioactivity, National Research Council (U.S.) Committee on Oceanography Panel on Radioactivity in the Marine Environment, Radioactivity in the marine environment, page 148,
In sediments with large cation exchange capacities, as calculated from the mineral composition (Duursma and Eisma, unpublished), the radionuclides were somewhat more strongly sorbed (Figure 2).

The exchange of pesticide compounds between aqueous solution and the sorbed phase in soils is not instantaneous.

2005, J. E. Barbash, “The Geochemistry of Pesticides”, in Barbara Sherwood Lollar, editor, Treatise on Geochemistry 9: Environmental Geochemistry, Second Edition, page 548:

The quantity sorbed is often found to be well represented by the combination of a compartment exhibiting linear, reversible sorption and a compartment that exhibits nonlinear and thermodynamic irreversib[l]e sorption.

2007, Danny D. Reible, “Chapter 21: Contaminant Processes in Sediments”, in Marcelo H. García, editor, Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Management, Modeling, and Practice, page 966:


soy

Etymology tree
Chinese 醬油 /酱油 (jiàngyóu)obor.
Japanese 醤油
Japanese そやbor.
Dutch sojabor.
English soy
1670s; borrowed from Dutch soja, from Satsuma Japanese 醤油 (そい, soi), variant of the standard Japanese 醤油 (しょうゆ, shōyu). Doublet of shoyu.

etymon

I like a little soy with my rice.

Pour in four tablespoonfuls of sherry and four tablespoonfuls of soy, as much vinegar as the jar will hold, and cover closely until wanted.

1902, Annie R. Gregory, Woman's Favorite Cookbook, page 381:

A common East Asian liquid sauce, made by subjecting boiled beans to long fermentation and then long digestion in salt and water.


sumac

en-noun

sumac (usually uncountable, plural sumacs)

The noun is derived from Middle English sumac, asimac, simak, sumak, symak (“portions of the shrub Rhus coriaria, chiefly used for medicinal purposes”), from Anglo-Norman sumak, symak, and Old French sumac, or directly from its etymon Medieval Latin sumach, sumac, from Arabic سُمَّاق (summāq), from Classical Syriac ܣܘܡܩܐ (summāqā, “red; sumac”). The English word is cognate with Italian sommaco, sommacco, Occitan simac, Portuguese sumagre, Spanish zumaque.
The verb is derived from the noun.

sumak

shrub or small tree of the genus Rhus, etc.

The Rhamnus of Maderaspatan, and the Trifoliate Sumachs from the Coaſt of Africa, are altogether new.

1693 January, Leonardi Plukenetii [i.e., Leonard Plukenet], “PHYTOGRAPHIA seu Plantæ quamplurimæ novæ & Literis huc usque incognitæ variis & remotissimis Provinciis ipsisq; Indiis allatæ Nomine & Iconibus. […]”, in Philosophical Transactions. Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World, volume VI, number 196, London: Printed for T. Woodward, […] and C. Davis […] printers to the Royal Society, →OCLC, page 621:

Shumack, Chapacour, and the famous Snake-root, ſo much admir'd in England for being a Cordial, and an Antidote in all Peſtilential Diſeases.

1708, J[ohn] Oldmixon, “[The History of Virginia.] Of the Climate, the Soil, and Its Productions, as Trees, Seeds, Plants, Roots, Fruits, and Flowers.”, in The British Empire in America, Containing the History of the Discovery, Settlement, Progress and Present State of All the British Colonies, on the Continent and Islands of America. In Two Volumes. […], volume I, London: Printed for John Nicholson […], Benjamin Tooke […], and Richard Parker and Ralph Smith […], →OCLC, page 308:

In the mean Time, gargle your Throat, and waſh all your Sores, and Ulcers with the ſame warm Liquor, which ought to be made freſh every 2 Days. Beſides all this, you muſt chew the Sumac Root very often, and ſwallow the healing Juice.

1734, [John Tennent], Every Man His Own Doctor: Or, The Poor Planter’s Physician. […], 2nd edition, Williamsburg, Va., Annapolis, Md.: Printed and sold by William Parks, […], →OCLC; republished Williamsburg, Va.: Printing and Post Office, Colonial Williamsburg, 1971, →OCLC, page 51:

Plant cutings of Myrtles in a bed of light rich earth, obſerving to water and ſhade them until they have taken root; and now you may plant cutings of [...] African Sumaches, and many other exotic plants, which are ſhrubby; [...]

1757, Philip Miller, “June”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-gardens, as also the Conservatory and Nursery. […], 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, […]; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, […], →OCLC, page 185:

Often, on descending into the narrow valleys, we found a little spot of cultivation, a garden, or a field hedged round with shumacs, rhododendrons, and azalias, and a cottage covered with roses.

1832, [Frances Milton] Trollope, chapter XVIII, in Domestic Manners of the Americans. […], London: Printed for Whittaker, Treacher, & Co.; […], →OCLC, page 160:

Immediately after leaving the town, on each side of the road, were the purple flowers of the iron-weed and the red shumack, under which the deer love to repose, for it conceals them from their enemies, as the variegated heath did the tartan-clad Highlanders.

1833, J[ames] E[dward] Alexander, chapter IV, in Transatlantic Sketches, Comprising Visits to the Most Interesting Scenes in North and South America, and the West Indies. […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 82:

A young forest growing up under your windows, and wild sumachs and blackberry vines breaking through into your cellar; sturdy pitch-pines rubbing and creaking against the shingles for want of room, their roots reaching quite under the house.

1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Sounds”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, page 139:

Here, be gardens of Hesperian mould, / Recesses rare, temples of birch and fern, / Preserves of light-green Sumac, Ivy thick, / And old stone-fences tottering to their fall, [...]

1858, [William Ellery Channing], Near Home. A Poem, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, page 46:

Without the wall a birch-tree shows / Its drouped and tasselled head; / Within, a stag-horned sumack grows, / Fern-leafed, with spikes of red.

1869, Israel Wilkinson, “Sixth Generation”, in Memoirs of the Wilkinson Family in America. […], Jacksonville, Ill.: Davis & Penniman, printers, →OCLC, page 201:

They plunged into the narrow path between the tall sumach bushes, and were at once hidden in the gloom.

1876, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter XXIX, in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Hartford, Conn.: The American Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 222:

He seemed like a broken reed / On the shore of a marshy lake, / In the fall when the shumacks bleed / 'Mid the withering grass of the brake.

1931, Gustav Melby, Light and Shade, St. Paul, Minn.: La Beau Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 70:

―a scattering of man-high cedars (sharp cones), antlered sumac.

1946 January, William Carlos Williams, Paterson, New York, N.Y.: New Directions, →OCLC; Christopher MacGowan, editor, Paterson, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: New Directions, April 1995, →ISBN, book I:

There was a Steinway grand piano [...] a cherrywood writing table, and an assortment of floor lamps, table lamps, and "bridge" lamps that sprang up all over the congested inscape like sumac.

1957 May 4, J[erome] D[avid] Salinger, “Zooey”, in The New Yorker, New York, N.Y.: New Yorker Magazine Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32 (start of article):

A declaration of the places whence the goods ſubſcribed doe come. [...] Sumack, from Cyprus.

1584, William Barret[t], “The Money and Measures of Babylon, Balsara, and the Indies, with the Customes, &c. Written from Aleppo in Syria, Anno 1584”, in Richard Hakluyt, The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, […], London: […] George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, deputies to Christopher Barker, […], published 1589, →OCLC, page 219:

In dying a Cotton Gown Black. [...] For a gown, take half a pint of ground shumac and put it into a sieve, and place it in a pan; then pour boiling water on it, and let the shumac water run into the pan; then put in your gown, and let it steep for six hours; [...]

1817, William Tucker, “On Dying Cottons, Dresses, Bed-furniture, &c. &c.”, in The Family Dyer and Scourer; being a Complete Treatise on the Whole Art of Cleaning and Dying: […], London: Printed for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, […], →OCLC, pages 102–103:

Long continued inability to retain the urine, more especially when associated with old age, is in general an incurable complaint. Benefit may be obtained, however, by the use of such remedies as a strong tea of sumac, aspen poplar, vegetable balsams, spirits of turpentine, and gum myrrh.

1850, J. W. Comfort, “Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder”, in The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian Principles, Adapted as well to the Use of Families as to that of the Practitioner. […], new and revised edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: For sale by A. Comfort, […], →OCLC, section VI (Incontinence of Urine. (Involuntary Flow of Urine.)), page 238:

I feel the wool give way / as if six centuries of feet / had worn it back to the hard / earth floor it was made to cover. // Six centuries of Turkish heels / on my spine-dyed back: / madder, genista, sumac— / one skin color in the soil.

1985, Peter Balakian, “The Oriental Rug”, in Robert Pack, Jay Parini, editors, Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems, Hanover, N.H., London: University Press of New England for Middlebury College Press, published 1997, →ISBN, part II, page 30:

Tannin or tannic acid is a vegetable principle produced from nut-galls, catechu, or cutch, or terra japonica, oak-bark, divi divi, or the pod of the corsalpin coriaria, valonia, or the cup of the acorn from the prickly oak, sumack, cork-tree bark, mimosa, or wattle bark, larch bark, and many other astringent vegetable substances. This vegetable principle is employed in tanning leather.

1844 September 26, Alexander Turnbull, “Specification of the Patent Granted to Alexander Turnbull, […], for a New Mode or Method of More Expeditiously and Effectually Tanning Hides and Skins, and of Extracting and Separating the Catechuic Acid from the Tannic Acid in the Catechu or Terra Japonica, Used in Tanning.— […]”, in The Repertory of Patent Inventions, and Other Discoveries and Improvements in Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture; […], volume VII (Enlarged Series), number 3, London: Published for the proprietor, by Alexander Macintosh, […]; and sold by Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., […]; J[ohn] Weale, […]; and G. Hebert, […], published March 1846, →OCLC, page 168:

A great revolution is about to be witnessed in this tanning and dyeing material. Supplies have commenced to arrive from Virginia, United States, the quality of which is the best that has ever reached Great Britain. [...] In common fairness it must be added, however, that the very worst tests of the American are superior to the best of the Sicilian; this includes not only the sumacs of Virginia, but those of Maryland, Tennessee, &c. [Quoting Alexander Mcrae.]

1870 January 10, “American Sumac”, in J. R. Dodge, editor, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1869, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 231:

[B]y tanned hides or ſkins, or by tanned pieces of hides or ſkins, are meant only ſuch as are tanned in wooſe made of the bark of trees, or ſumack, or whereof the principal ingredients ſhall be ſuch bark, or ſumack; [...]

1779, Gorges Edmond Howard, “Duties”, in An Abstract and Common Place of All the Irish, British, and English Statutes Relative to the Revenue of Ireland, and the Trade Connected therewith. […], London: Printed by the executors of David Hay, assignee of the late Boulter Grierson, […], →OCLC, page 183:

Any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Rhus and other genera in Anacardiaceae

Rhus coriaria
Rhus coriaria#Translingual

particularly, one of species Rhus coriaria (tanner's sumac)

Dried and chopped-up leaves and stems of a plant of the genus Rhus, particularly tanner's sumac (see sense 1), used for dyeing and tanning leather or for medicinal purposes.

sumak

dried and chopped-up leaves and stems of a plant of the genus Rhus, used for dyeing and tanning leather or for medicinal purposes

The spices used in this bread are zaatar and sumack. [...] Sumack is a spice derived from the berries of a bush that grows wild in all Mediterranean areas. The berries are dried and crushed to form a coarse purple-red powder. It has a sour taste.

2006, Rivka Goldman, “Bread with Spices”, in Mama Nazima’s Jewish-Iraqi Cuisine: Low-fat, Low-cholesterol: Cuisine, History, Cultural References and Survival Stories of the Jewish-Iraqi, New York, N.Y.: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, page 159:

Sumac is a berry from a bush which grows mostly in southern Italy and the Middle East. The berries are dried and crushed to make ground sumac, used in making many foods such as Yaprakh, Kinirmasee (fried artichoke) and salad.

2015, Ala Barzinji, “Simple Dishes”, in Traditional Kurdish Food: An Insight into Kurdish Culinary Heritage, Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire: Matador, →ISBN, page 172:

A sour spice popular in the Eastern Mediterranean, made from the berries of tanner's sumac.


teasel

From Middle English tasel, tesel, from Old English tǣsel, tǣsl, from Proto-West Germanic *taisilu.

Any of several plants of the genus Dipsacus.

The dried flower head of the fuller's teasel, Dipsacus fullonum, used for teasing or carding cloth.

Any contrivance intended as a substitute for teasels in dressing cloth.


tupelo

From Creek topilwa < íto 'tree' + opílwa 'swamp'.

Any of several trees of the genus Nyssa which grow in swampy regions on the eastern, southern and midwestern United States.

(in particular) Nyssa multiflora, a North American tree of the dogwood family, with brilliant, glossy foliage and acid red berries.


dill

en-noun

dill (countable and uncountable, plural dills)

From Middle English dile, from Old English dile (“dill, anise”); from Proto-Germanic *deliz, of uncertain, probably non-Indo-European origin, possibly a west European substrate.
Cognate with Old Saxon dilli, Dutch dille, Swedish dill, German Dill.

The life of one plant would be affected by another. Rue was definitely hostile to basil, rosemary to hyssop, but coriander, dill and chervil lived on the friendliest of terms[.]

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 253:

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual

Anethum graveolens (the type species of the genus Anethum), a herb, the seeds of which are moderately warming, pungent, and aromatic, formerly used as a soothing medicine for children; also known as dillseed.


furze

furze (countable and uncountable, plural furzes)

From Middle English firse, furs, from Old English fyrs (“furze, gorse, bramble”), from Old English fyres (“furze”), related to Old English fȳr (“fire”); otherwise of unknown origin.

inh

Gonz. Now would I giue a thouſand furlongs of Sea, for an Acre of barren ground : Long heath, Browne firrs, any thing;[…]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 1:

At length, receiving his quarterly allowance of fifteen guineas, instead of discharging his debts he walk'd out of town, hid his gown in a furze bush, and footed it to London, […]

1771–1790, Benjamin Franklin, “The Autobiography [Part 1]”, in John Bigelow, editor, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. […], Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co., published 1868, →OCLC, page 158:

“My Continental prominence is improving,” I commented dryly. ¶ Von Lindowe cut at a furze bush with his silver-mounted rattan. ¶ “Quite so,” he said as dryly, his hand at his mustache. “I may say if your intentions were known your life would not be worth a curse.”

1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 41:

Clumps of withered grass stood out on the hill-top; the furze bushes were black, and now and then a black shiver crossed the snow as the wind drove flurries of frozen particles before it.

1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter VIII, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC, page 97:

Ulex europaeus
Ulex europaeus#Translingual

A thorny evergreen shrub, with yellow flowers, Ulex gen. et spp., of which Ulex europaeus is particularly common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain and Ireland.


hag

From Middle English hagge, hegge (“demon, old woman”), shortening of Old English hægtesse, hægtes (“harpy, witch”), from Proto-West Germanic *hagatussjā. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Häkse (“witch”), Dutch heks, German Hexe (“witch”). Doublet of hex.

A hagdon or shearwater; one of various sea birds of the genus Puffinus.


hornbeam

c. 1570, from Old English horn + beam (“tree”)

A tree of the genus Carpinus, having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard, common along the banks of streams in the United States.


larch

From early modern German Larche, Lärche, from Middle High German larche, from Old High German larihha, early borrowing from Latin larix, itself possibly of Gaulish origin. In the first century AD, Vitruvius wrote that the tree was given the Latin name "larigna" when the Romans discovered it at the town of Larignum.

The Larch-tree, with us, groweth slowly, and to be found in few places; it hath a rugged bark, and boughts that branch in good order, with divers small yellowish bunched eminences, set thereon at several distances, from whence tufts of many small, long, and narrow smooth leaves do yearly come forth; it beareth among the green leaves many beautiful flowers, which are of a fine crimson colour […]

1665, John Rea, Flora, London: J.G. Marriott, Book III, Chapter 20, pp. 235-236:

1716, Nicholas Rowe (translator), The Ninth Book of Lucan in John Dryden, Miscellany Poems, London: Jacob Tonson, Volume 6, p. 67,
The Gummy Larch-Tree, and the Thapsos there,
Wound-wort and Maiden-weed, perfume the Air.

Thus the Birch Canoe was builded
In the valley, by the river,
In the bosom of the forest;
And the forest’s life was in it,
All its mystery and its magic,
All the lightness of the birch-tree,
All the toughness of the cedar,
All the larch’s supple sinews;

1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, Book 7:

Joan was thinking: ‘She looks like a tree […] it must be the green dress. But her eyes are like water, all greeny and shadowy and deep looking—a tree near a pool, that’s what she’s like, a tall tree. A beech tree? No, that’s too spready—a larch tree, that’s Elizabeth; a larch tree just greening over.'

1924, Radclyffe Hall, The Unlit Lamp, Chapter 5, Part 1:

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

During the early 1980s to early 1990s, and especially in the long drought period of 1982-3, extensive fires swept through natural forests in many parts of the world. While the ravaging fires in Australia and Europe received wide media coverage, 1 million hectares of larch forests were wiped out on the Ta-hsing-an-ling mountain in north-eastern China (H. Tagawa, personal communication).

1993, Nengah Wirawan, “The Hazard of Fire”, in Harold Brookfield, Yvonne Byron, editors, South-East Asia's Environmental Future: The Search for Sustainability, United Nations University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 242:

(countable) A coniferous tree, of genus Larix, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles.

ҫемҫе чӑрӑш

śemś̬e č̬ărăš


mignonette

From French mignonnette, from mignon (“dainty”) + -ette (diminutive suffix).

After amusing herself for a brief time with picking to pieces some mignonette which filled a box on the window-sill, Marie threw the flowers from her, and exclaimed,—"And here we are seated together, as we used to talk away half the night in Italy. Good Heavens! how we are altered!"

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter I, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 2:

These rooms were on a level with the apartments of our friends Bows and Costigan next door at No. 4; and by reaching over the communicating leads, Grady could command the mignonette-box which bloomed in Bows’s window.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 43, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

A plant, Reseda odorata, having greyish-green flowers with orange-coloured stamens, and exhaling a delicious fragrance. In Africa it is a low shrub, but further north it is usually an annual herb.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

шпайкове

informal: running shoes with spikes in the soles

oil of spike


marjoram

en-noun

marjoram (countable and uncountable, plural marjorams)

/ˈmɑːd͡ʒ(ə)ɹəm/

/ˈmɑɹd͡ʒəɹəm/

From Old French majorane, from Medieval Latin maiōrana.

The Lillie I condemned for thy hand, / And buds of marierom had ſtolne thy haire

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 99”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

Origanum majorana
Origanum majorana#Translingual

A herb of the mint family, Origanum majorana, having aromatic leaves.


teak

teak (usually uncountable, plural teaks)

Derived from Portuguese teca, from Malayalam തേക്ക് (tēkkŭ) / Tamil தேக்கு (tēkku).

(countable) A tree of the species in the genus Tectona.


thyme

thyme (countable and uncountable, plural thymes)

From Middle English tyme, from Old French thym, from Latin thymum, from Ancient Greek θύμον (thúmon).

Any plant of the labiate genus Thymus, such as garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris), a warm, pungent aromatic, that is much used to give a relish to seasoning and soups.

𒄩𒋗𒌑

plant of the genus Thymus — see also wild thyme


verbena

verbena (countable and uncountable, plural verbenas)

Borrowed from Latin verbēna (“leaves or twigs of olive, myrtle, laurel, or other sacred plants employed in religious ceremonies”), from Proto-Indo-European *werbʰ-. Doublet of vervain, via French.

bor

Linda pulled a piece of verbena and crumpled it, and held her hands to her mother. -

1918, Katherine Mansfield, Prelude (Selected Stories, Oxford World's Classics paperback 2002, 116)

Hidden behind a large stone urn full of verbena, Dottie watched as her enemy greeted Johnny at the door.

1988, Elizabeth Spencer, “The Legacy”, in On the Gulf (Author and Artist Series), Jackson, Miss., London: University Press of Mississippi, published 1991, →ISBN, page 49:

Verbena, a genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain.


fir

en-noun

fir (countable and uncountable, plural firs)

From Middle English firre, from Old English fyrh, furh, as in furhwudu (“pinewood”), from Proto-West Germanic *furhu, from Proto-Germanic *furhō, *furhijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥kʷeh₂, from *pérkʷus (“oak”). Possibly conflated during Middle English with Old Norse fýri (as in fýriskógr (“pine-wood”).
Germanic cognates include Dutch vuren, Low German Fuhr, German Föhre (“pine”), Danish fyr). Outside of Germanic, compare Italian (Trentino) porca (“fir”), Latin quercus (“oak”), Albanian shpardh, shparr (“Italian oak”), Punjabi ਪਰਗਾਇ (pargāī, “holm oak, Quercus baloot”)). Related to frith.

cog

we shall find a spot that is sheltered and snug enough, sir. There is a dry fir-wood just ahead, if I remember rightly.

1954, J. R. R. Tolkien, chapter 3, in The Lord of the Rings:

I can almost smell the fir scent… resinous, pungent.

1991, Paul Chadwick, Concrete: American Christmas, Dark Horse Books:

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris#Translingual

(chiefly countable) Any pinaceous conifer of related genera, especially a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga) or a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).


bablah

en-noun

bablah (usually uncountable, plural bablahs)

Compare Persian ببول (babul, “a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic”), Sanskrit बब्बुल (babbula), बब्बूल (babbūla, “species of acacia used for tanning”).

cog

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

The rind of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia, especially Vachellia nilotica, formerly Acacia arabica; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab.


garbanzo

/ɡɑɹˈbɑnzoʊ/

From Spanish garbanzo, initially borrowed as garvance in the 17th c. and anglicized as calavance (“chickpea; any kind of bean or pulse”). The original garbanzo was re-established in the 19th c., primarily via American Spanish.

dbt

America when I was seven momma took me to Communist Cell meetings they sold us garbanzos a handful per ticket a ticket costs a nickel and the speeches were free[…]

1956, Allen Ginsberg, “America”, in Howl and Other Poems (Pocket Poets Series), City Lights Books, →OCLC, page 33:

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum#Translingual

An edible pulse (Cicer arietinum), of the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae and subfamilies Faboideae or Papilionoideae, with white or purple-blue flowers and small feathery leaves on both sides of the stem and pods containing two to three peas.


melissa

From Late Latin melissa, from Ancient Greek μέλισσα (mélissa, “bee”), because the plant attracts bees.

Meliſſa, Bawme, hath an excellent vertue to alter Melancholy, bee it ſteeped in our ordinary drinke, extracted, or otherwise taken.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Alternatiues, Hearbes, Other Creatures, &c.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 4, member 1, subsection 3, page 300:

Melissa officinalis
Melissa officinalis#Translingual

A plant of the genus Melissa, especially lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), often used medicinally.


khat

en-noun

khat (countable and uncountable, plural khats)

They are chewing on khat, a small serrated, bitter leaf with remarkable stimulative properties. […] One of the great things about khat[…] is that after a good chew you need to do something—walking, running, chopping wood, vigorously reciting a poem, throwing a grenade, anything that requires boldness and physical initiative.

1967 July 9, Lawrence Fellows, “East Africa Turns On With Khat”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Of course he was an amateur of quat – hashish – which delighted the cops.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 31:

‘And skinny Arab beggars who chew qat all day long to kill their appetites and get high on the weed.’

2004, Khushwant Singh, Burial at Sea, Penguin, published 2014, page 25:

Habitually munching on narcotic leaves of khat, they are easy enough to spot, their gleaming Toyota four-wheel-drives slicing paths around beaten-up wheelbarrows and pushcarts.

2011 May 24, Jay Bahadur, “Somali pirate: 'We're not murderers… we just attack ships'”, in the Guardian:

A shrub, Catha edulis, whose leaves are used as a mild stimulant when chewed or brewed as tea; also a drug produced from this plant.


dingleberry

/ˈdɪŋɡəɫbɛɹi/

(slang, derogatory) Dried fecal matter adhering to anal hair.

баребу́х

фека́лии и́ли экскреме́нты, присо́хшие к волоса́м и́ли ше́рсти


fairy primrose

A Chinese ornamental (Primula malacoides) grown for its large, rose to pink flowers, grouped in many-flowered umbels.


rosewood

rosewood (countable and uncountable, plural rosewoods)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-rosewood.wav

A compound of rose + wood, originally so named because of the rose-scented aromatic oil derived from it; applied in later senses on account of these woods’ predominantly reddish-brown colour.

палисандр

any of many woods that resemble Dalbergia nigra

India rosewood

Dahlbergia latifolia, Acaccia melanoxylon, Dalbergia sissoo

The wood of a South American tree, Aniba rosaeodora, in the laurel family, with fragrant wood from which an essential oil is distilled.


oak tree

/ˈəʊk ˌtɹiː/

A tree of the genus Quercus, bearing acorns and having lobed leaves.


hesperidium

Linnaeus gave the name Hesperideae to an order containing the genus Citrus, in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hesperid- stem is now used to form technical terms, such as hesperidin, relating to the citrus fruits.

Any of several kinds of true berries, including citrus fruit such as the lemon and lime, which have pulpy interiors and leathery skins containing aromatic oils.


holly

holly (countable and uncountable, plural hollies)

From Middle English holly, holi, holie, a shortened variation of holin, holyn (> English dialectal hollen, holm), from Old English holeġn, holen (“holly; prince, protector”), from Proto-West Germanic *hulis (“holly”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots holin, hollin, holyn (“holly”), Dutch hulst (“holly”), German Hulst (“holly”), French houx ("holly" < Germanic), Danish hylver (“holly”), Welsh celyn (“holly”), Russian ко́лос (kólos, “ear of wheat”), Albanian kalli (“straw, chaff”), Latin culmus (“stalk, stem”), Sanskrit कटम्ब (kaṭamba, “arrow”), Old Church Slavonic класъ (klasŭ, “ear of grain”).

cog

Any of various shrubs or (mostly) small trees, of the genus Ilex, either evergreen or deciduous, used as decoration especially at Christmas.

ashe

any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Ilex


cranberry

en-noun

cranberry (countable and uncountable, plural cranberries)

→ Dutch: veenbes

→ German: Cranberry

Adapted in the 1640s from Dutch Low Saxon or German Low German Kraanbeere, from Kraan m (which means and is cognate to crane) + Beere f (which means and is cognate to berry).

mountain cranberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea; Actous alpina, syn. Arctostaphylos alpina

(countable) A shrub belonging to the section Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium.


ivy

ivy (countable and uncountable, plural ivies)

From Middle English ivi, from Old English īfiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *ibig, *ibag, *ibah, from Proto-Germanic *ibahs (compare West Flemish iefte, Low German Eiloov, Ieloof, German Efeu), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ebʰ- (compare Welsh efwr (“black elder”), Ancient Greek ἴφυον (íphuon, “spike-lavender, Lavandula Spica”)).

German ivy

Delairea odorata and Senecio mikanioides

Hidden timber elements, lintels and roof tiles have also been replaced, in addition to gaining a new paint job and guttering drainage, and the removal of ivy that was damaging the exterior.

2023 March 8, “Network News: Pwllheli 'box gets a makeover”, in RAIL, number 978, page 22:

Any of several woody, climbing, or trailing evergreen plants of the genus Hedera.


cowberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea#Translingual

A shrub native to the cool temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).


snapdragon

en-noun

snapdragon (countable and uncountable, plural snapdragons)

(1570s) From snap + dragon, from a fancied resemblance, especially by playing children that the flower is a dragon that opens its "mouth" when squeezed on the sides. Compare for this sense the etymology of Dutch leeuwenbek (“snapdragon”, literally “lion's mouth”) and German Löwenmaul. An ancient name was Old English hundeshéafod (literally “dog's head”). For the parlour game sense, the 1704 Swift quotation is apparently the earliest appearance in print.
Other animal-based names for the flower are common; compare Greek σκυλάκι (skyláki, literally “puppy”) and Finnish leijonankita (literally “lion's face”).

noncog

[…]of kitchen-gardens, and straight herb-borders, and warm snap-dragon beset by bees;

1908 October, Kenneth Grahame, “Toad's Adventures”, in The Wind in the Willows, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, page 166:

Snapdragon leaves are asymmetrical with respect to dorsal-ventral surfaces (Fig. 6.6A).

1998, Stephen H. Howell, Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Cambridge University Press, page 146:

2000, Margaret Roberts, Edible & Medicinal Flowers, New Africa Books (The Spearhead Press), page 72,
The snapdragon is indigenous to Europe and has been a much loved garden plant since before the Middle Ages, when it was considered an antidote against witchcraft.

Modern snapdragons aren't usually grown for their scent, although some do smell slightly spicy.

2006, Lynn Coulter, Gardening with Heirloom Seeds, University of North Carolina Press, page 59:

(countable) Any plant of the genus Antirrhinum, with showy yellow, white or red flowers.


orange blossom

en-noun

orange blossom (countable and uncountable, plural orange blossoms)

"How beautiful are these orange flowers!" said Francesea, pointing to a superb stand of that most lovely shrub, where the golden fruit, the snowy flower, and the polished blossom, hung together.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter V, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 47:

Citrus sinensis
Citrus sinensis#Translingual

The fragrant white flower of the orange tree, Citrus sinensis.


ladino

ladino (countable and uncountable, plural ladinos)

Borrowed from Italian ladino (“Ladin”), because the clover grows in Ladin-speaking areas.

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens#Translingual


soya bean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-soya bean.wav


bindii

(Australia) Any of several weeds with unpleasant burrs:

(Australia) puncture vine, Tribulus terrestris

Tribulus terrestris
Tribulus terrestris#Translingual


plantain

Inherited from Middle English planteyne, planteyn, from Anglo-Norman plainteine et al., Old French plaintain, from Latin plantāgō, from planta (“sole of the foot”), a nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat; to spread”), because of the broad, flat shape of the plantain leaves.

der

The roots of Plantain and Pellitory of Spain beaten to powder and put into hollow teeth, takes away the pains of them.

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 225:

The paths too are overgrown, but easily identified by the presence on them of round-leaved plantains.

2003, Ernst Jünger, translated by Michael Hofmann, Storm of Steel, Penguin, published 2004, page 41:

A plant of the genus Plantago, with a rosette of sessile leaves about 10 cm (4") long with a narrow part instead of a petiole, and with a spike inflorescence with the flower spacing varying widely among the species. See also psyllium.

Indian plantain

Arnoglossum spp.; Plantago ovata, Cacalia spp.

water plantain

Alisma spp.; Baldellia spp.; Sagittaria secundifolia