.tw

t-W sg 2. stative ending (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

(Late Egyptian, Neo-Middle Egyptian, attached to a stative verb form) Alternative form of .tj (“you, she, her”)

Neo-Middle Egyptian; attached to a stative verb form; Neo-Middle Egyptian; attached to a stative verb form

(Late Egyptian, attached to a stative verb form) the general (unmarked) stative ending, used with all genders and numbers


.sn

s-n:Z2 pl 3. suffix pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE


fn

f:n-nDs 2-lit. (canonical)
fn (infinitive)
fnw (infinitive negative)
fn (infinitive negative)
fnt (infinitive)
fn (imperative infinitive singular)
j.fn (imperative infinitive singular)
fn (imperative infinitive plural)
j.fn (imperative infinitive plural)
fn (stative)
ḥr fn (imperfective)
m fn (imperfective)
r fn (prospective)
fn.n (active perfect)
fn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
fnt (active terminative)
fn (active perfective)
fn.ḫr (active obligative)
fn (active imperfective)
j.fn (active imperfective)
fn (active prospective)
fn.kꜣ (active potential)
fn (active subjunctive)
j.fn (active subjunctive)
fn.n (active participle perfect)
fn (active participle perfective)
fnn (participle passive perfective)
fnnj (participle passive perfective)
fn (participle passive perfective)
fnw (participle passive perfective)
fny (participle passive perfective)
j.fn (active imperfective participle)
fn (active imperfective participle)
fny (active imperfective participle)
fnw (active imperfective participle)
j.fnw (active imperfective participle)
fnj (active imperfective participle)
fn (imperfective participle passive)
fnw (imperfective participle passive)
fn (active participle prospective)
fntj (active participle prospective)
fntj (participle prospective)
fnt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

fnt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

(intransitive) to be(come) miserable or weak


hy

(vocative, before the name of the person called) O, hey, hail


hy

i-w-h-i-i-Y2:n-r:a-ra*Z1-r:r*Z1-O31:O31-tA:N23*Z1-!-h-nw-W-A4-n:k-z:r-q:Y2-Ax-x-H_SPACE:ra-w-aq-q:H_SPACE-k-dwA-pr:n-wr:r-t:xAst
jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9

May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).


nTr

Manuel de Codage transliteration of nṯr.


ḥnk

H-Hn:n-k:D39 3-lit. (canonical)
ḥnk (infinitive)
ḥnkw (infinitive negative)
ḥnk (infinitive negative)
ḥnkt (infinitive)
ḥnk (imperative infinitive singular)
ḥnk (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥnk (stative)
ḥr ḥnk (imperfective)
m ḥnk (imperfective)
r ḥnk (prospective)
ḥnk.n (active perfect)
ḥnkw (passive perfect)
ḥnk (passive perfect)
ḥnk.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḥnkt (terminative)
ḥnk (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḥnk.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḥnk (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḥnk (active prospective)
ḥnkk (passive prospective)
ḥnk.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḥnk (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḥnk.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḥnk (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḥnk (active participle perfective)
ḥnk (participle passive perfective)
ḥnkw (participle passive perfective)
ḥnky (participle passive perfective)
ḥnk (active imperfective participle relative)
ḥnky (active imperfective participle relative)
ḥnkw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ḥnk (active imperfective participle)
ḥnkj (active imperfective participle)
ḥnky (active imperfective participle)
ḥnk (imperfective participle passive)
ḥnkw (imperfective participle passive)
ḥnk (active participle prospective relative)
ḥnktj (active participle prospective relative)
ḥnktj (participle prospective)
ḥnkt (participle prospective)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲱⲛⲕ (hōnk)


wrt

wr (“great”) + -t (adverbializing suffix).


wrt

wr:r-t (canonical feminine)
wrt (singular)
wrtj (dual)
wrwt (plural)

(female) great one (common epithet for goddesses)

used with unclear meaning in jmj wrt and related terms


wrt

Alternative form of wrrt (“the White Crown”)


bik

Manuel de Codage transliteration of bjk.


tj

egy-det

ti-i f sg proximaldemonstrative determiner

pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


tj

Loprieno considers tj a development of (j)sṯ, stj (“while”), from Old Egyptian sk. Allen instead sees it as related to tjw (“yes”).

converts a sentence with adverbial or verbal predicate into a dependent adverbial (circumstantial) clause; yea, while, when, although


tj

egy-pron

ti-i c sg 2. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

ti-i c sg 2. enclitic pronoun (canonical)


maq

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mꜥq.


nhw

n:h-w-nDs (canonical masculine)
nhw (singular)
nhwwj (dual)
nhww (plural)

iz-w:*t-A1-Z2ss-T:n:Z2-ii-i-t:D54-aD:d-t:Y2-D35:n-n:h-w-nDs:n-mSa-A1-Z2ss-n:Z2
jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 7–8

Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.


mwy

(intransitive, of a wound) to be(come) watery, moist


snt

snt (singular)
sntj (dual)
snwt (plural)

Demotic: snt

Coptic: ⲥⲱⲛⲉ (sōne) (Sahidic, Akhmimic), ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (sōni) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

sn (“brother”) + -t (“feminine ending”), related to snwj (“two”).


hrm

h:r:M-t*t:xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē), from Latin Rōma.

ir:*n:f-Xn:n:nw*W-t:pr-O29V-wr:r-i-w-h:r:M-t*t:xAst-A46-
xpr xpr
-<-A-W:H_SPACE-d:W*g:r-d:rw->-
I3
-<-k:i*i-z:A-rw:z->-anx--D&t&tA-
jr.n.f ẖnw ꜥꜣ wr r hrm nswt-bjtj nb-tꜣwj ꜣwdwgrdrw zꜣ-rꜥ nb-ḫꜥw kysꜣrws ꜥnḫ [ḏt]

c. 27 BCE–14 CE, Opet Temple at Karnak, north exterior wall, base, second register, 232.4–232.5 [Cfeetk 149365/KIU 3946]

He made a very great residence for Rome, the Dual King, the Lord of the Two Lands, Autocrator, Son of Ra, Lord of Appearances, Caesar, alive [forever].


n-

forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs


n-

Alternative form of m- (noun-forming prefix) before labial consonants


sf

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲉϥ (sef)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϥ (saf)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉϥ (sef)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁϥ (saf)


jwt

(chiefly Old Egyptian) introduces a negated noun clause with realis mood; that not


nxt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of nḫt.


dnd

d:n-d:T31 3-lit. (canonical)
dnd (infinitive)
dndw (infinitive negative)
dnd (infinitive negative)
dndt (infinitive)
dnd (imperative infinitive singular)
dnd (imperative infinitive plural)
dnd (stative)
ḥr dnd (imperfective)
m dnd (imperfective)
r dnd (prospective)
dnd.n (active perfect)
dndw (passive perfect)
dnd (passive perfect)
dnd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dndt (terminative)
dnd (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dnd.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dnd (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dnd (active prospective)
dndd (passive prospective)
dnd.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dnd (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dnd.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dnd (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dnd (active participle perfective)
dnd (participle passive perfective)
dndw (participle passive perfective)
dndy (participle passive perfective)
dnd (active imperfective participle relative)
dndy (active imperfective participle relative)
dndw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
dnd (active imperfective participle)
dndj (active imperfective participle)
dndy (active imperfective participle)
dnd (imperfective participle passive)
dndw (imperfective participle passive)
dnd (active participle prospective relative)
dndtj (active participle prospective relative)
dndtj (participle prospective)
dndt (participle prospective)


xai

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḫꜥj.


pwy

egy-det

p-w-i-i m sg copular/vocativedemonstrative determiner

p-w-i-i m sg copular (canonical)
vocativedemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

(Middle Egyptian) O (vocative reference)


hp

Demotic: hp

Coptic: ϩⲁⲡ (hap)

cord used for determining guidelines in construction

t*F7:Htp-n:s-st-t*pr:z-f:Aw-w-mn:n:Y1-r:h*p-w-Y1:Z2:f
šfyt ḥtp.n.s st.s fꜣw mn(.w) r hpw.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 22–23

Dignity, it has taken its seat, and magnificence is established according to his laws.


nn

M22-M22 proximal demonstrative pronoun (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

aHa-a:n-s-b-t:bH-A2-n:f-i-m-A1-m-M22-M22-D:d-n:A1-m-n:f-nDs-m-ib-Z1-f-!-D:d-f:n-A1-D35-wr-r-n:k\-a:n-tyw-W23:Z2ss-xpr-r:*t-nb-nTr-sn-n:t-r-tr-N33C:Z2ss
ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntr
Then he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150


nn

>? Late Egyptian: bn

Oréal hypothesizes an origin in a contraction of nj (negative particle) + wn (“exists”), following Vergote and rejecting an earlier hypothesis by Osing and Loprieno that would suggest an origin in nj (negative particle) + jn.

wa:a-A1-Z1-i-m-nb-m-a:k\-A-A24-ib*Z1:f-n&xt-A24-a*Z1:f-r-sn-n:nw-w-A1-Z1-Z1-f-!-D35:n-w-xA-A-nDs-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2
wꜥ jm nb mꜥkꜣ jb.f nḫt ꜥ.f r snnw.f nn wḫꜣ m ḥr(j) jb.sn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 99–101

Each one of them, his mind was more observant and his arm was stronger than his fellow’s. There was no fool in their midst.

D35:n-i-iz-pr*Z1:n-s-b-i-A13-Hr:Z1-Hm-Z1:f-i-w-XA:t-Aa2:f-m-q:H_SPACE-T14-Y1:n-mw

c. 1859 BCE – 1813 BCE, The Loyalist Teaching (Stele of Sehetepibre/Cairo CG 20538 Verso) line 19

There is no tomb for a rebel against His Majesty; his corpse is thrown to the water.

(since Middle Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) there is no, there are no; introduces an independent negated existential clause

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 6–8

(since Middle Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) without; there not being any …; introduces a subordinated negated existential clause

xpr-r:n-r-s-D35:n-w-A1-H-n:a-A-m-Q7-n:y-D35:n-w-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2
ḫpr.n r.s nn wj ḥnꜥ(w) ꜣm.nj nn wj m ḥr(j) jb.sn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 130–131

But it happened while I wasn’t with them, and they burned up while I wasn’t in their midst.

(since Middle Egyptian) not; negates an adverbial or adjectival sentence

(since Middle Egyptian) not; negates a subjunctive main clause with future meaning

(since Middle Egyptian, uncommon) not; negates a nominal sentence

(since Middle Egyptian, used without anything negated following) or not; contrasts with a preceding clause or phrase


pwnt

Punt, an ancient Kingdom southeast of Egypt by the Red Sea.


wnb

wnb (singular)
wnbwj (dual)
wnbw (plural)


bjk

bjk (singular)
bjkwj (dual)
bjkw (plural)

Demotic: bk

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲏϫ (bēč), ⲃⲉϫⲓ (beči)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲏϭ (bēc), ⲃⲓϭ (bic)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲏϭ (bēc), ⲃⲉϭ (bec), ⲃϭ (bc)

b-i-k-G6-a:X-H5:f-H-n:a-T18-s--W-D54:A1--Z2:f-D35:n-r:D37-t:r*-x:Y1-s*t-A12-A1:Z2-f
bjk ꜥẖ.f ḥnꜥ šms[w].f nn rḏjt rḫ st mšꜥ.f

c. 1800 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version R (pRamesseum A/pBerlin 10499, Verso) lines 21–22

The falcon flew off together with his retinue without letting his army know about it.


gḥs

gḥs (singular)
gḥswj (dual)
gḥsw (plural)

Coptic: ϭϩⲟⲥ (chos) (Sahidic), ⲭⲁⲥ (khas) (Akhmimic)


jꜥḥ

Demotic: jꜥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲟϩ (ooh)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲟϩ (ioh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲁϩ (aah), ⲁϩ (ah)

Old Coptic: ⲱϩ (ōh), ⲓⲱϩ (iōh)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟϩ (ooh), ⲟϩ (oh), ⲱϩ (ōh)

→ Egyptian Arabic: أيوحا m

Compare Proto-Semitic *warḫ- (“moon, month”) and Proto-Berber *a-ʔyur.

the god Iah, personification of the moon


msḏr

msḏr (singular)
msḏrwj (dual)
msḏrw (plural)
msḏrt (singular)
msḏrtj (dual)
msḏrwt (plural)

Demotic: msḏr, msḏꜥ

Coptic: ⲙⲁⲁϫⲉ (maače) (Sahidic), ⲙⲁϣϫ (mašč) (Bohairic), ⲙⲉϫⲉ (meče) (Fayyumic, Oxyrhynchite), ⲙⲉⲉϫⲉ (meeče) (Fayyumic), ⲙⲁϣⲧⲁ (mašta) (Dialect P)

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + sḏr (“to lie down”).


ḥꜣtj

HAt:t*y (canonical)
ḥꜣtj (masculine singular)
ḥꜣtt (feminine singular)
ḥꜣtjwj (dual masculine)
ḥꜣtwj (dual masculine)
ḥꜣttj (dual feminine)
ḥꜣtjw (masculine plural)
ḥꜣtw (masculine plural)
ḥꜣtwt (feminine plural)
ḥꜣtt (feminine plural)

Demotic: ḥꜣṱ

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ (houit)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧ (houeit), ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ (houit)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ (houit)

Old Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ (houit)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧ (houeit)

From ḥꜣt (“front”) + -j (nisba ending).
The noun is traditionally regarded as simply a nominalized use of this nisba adjective, thus literally ‘the frontal (organ)’. However, note the different developments in Coptic. Some have instead suggested an Indo-European source for the noun; compare Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.


ḥꜣtj

ḥꜣtj (singular)
ḥꜣtjwj (dual)
ḥꜣtjw (plural)

Demotic: ḥꜣṱ

Coptic: ϩⲏⲧ (hēt)

rḏj ḥꜣtj m sꜣ

to worry oneself about... (to put one's heart to the back)

mind, where thought and emotions are experienced


ḫꜣb

ḫꜣb (singular)
ḫꜣbwj (dual)
ḫꜣbw (plural)

According to one suggestion, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ḫab- (compare Akkadian 𒀖𒀠 (/upātum, ubātum/, “pregnant or fat cow”)). However, an internal origin has also been proposed, from ḫꜣb (“to be bent”) in reference to the animal’s bent tusks; compare the relation between db (“hippopotamus”) and db (“horn, tusk”).


ḫꜣb

x-xA-A-b-Z9 3-lit. (canonical)
ḫꜣb (infinitive)
ḫꜣbw (infinitive negative)
ḫꜣb (infinitive negative)
ḫꜣbt (infinitive)
ḫꜣb (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫꜣb (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫꜣb (stative)
ḥr ḫꜣb (imperfective)
m ḫꜣb (imperfective)
r ḫꜣb (prospective)
ḫꜣb.n (active perfect)
ḫꜣb.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḫꜣbt (active terminative)
ḫꜣb (active perfective)
ḫꜣb.ḫr (active obligative)
ḫꜣb (active imperfective)
ḫꜣb (active prospective)
ḫꜣb.kꜣ (active potential)
ḫꜣb (active subjunctive)
ḫꜣb.n (active participle perfect)
ḫꜣb (active participle perfective)
ḫꜣb (participle passive perfective)
ḫꜣbw (participle passive perfective)
ḫꜣby (participle passive perfective)
ḫꜣb (active imperfective participle)
ḫꜣby (active imperfective participle)
ḫꜣbw (active imperfective participle)
ḫꜣbj (active imperfective participle)
ḫꜣb (imperfective participle passive)
ḫꜣbw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫꜣb (active participle prospective)
ḫꜣbtj (active participle prospective)
ḫꜣbtj (participle prospective)
ḫꜣbt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to be(come) bent, to bend


fnḏ

fnḏ (singular)
fnḏwj (dual)
fnḏw (plural)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *funVg-, according to Orel and Stolbova’s very tentative reconstruction. If so, perhaps cognate with Lowland East Cushitic *fung- (“nose”), whence Oromo fuññaan.


fnḏ

f:n:d-D19 3-lit. (canonical)
fnḏ (infinitive)
fnḏw (infinitive negative)
fnḏ (infinitive negative)
fnḏt (infinitive)
fnḏ (imperative infinitive singular)
fnḏ (imperative infinitive plural)
fnḏ (stative)
ḥr fnḏ (imperfective)
m fnḏ (imperfective)
r fnḏ (prospective)
fnḏ.n (active perfect)
fnḏ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
fnḏt (active terminative)
fnḏ (active perfective)
fnḏ.ḫr (active obligative)
fnḏ (active imperfective)
fnḏ (active prospective)
fnḏ.kꜣ (active potential)
fnḏ (active subjunctive)
fnḏ.n (active participle perfect)
fnḏ (active participle perfective)
fnḏ (participle passive perfective)
fnḏw (participle passive perfective)
fnḏy (participle passive perfective)
fnḏ (active imperfective participle)
fnḏy (active imperfective participle)
fnḏw (active imperfective participle)
fnḏj (active imperfective participle)
fnḏ (imperfective participle passive)
fnḏw (imperfective participle passive)
fnḏ (active participle prospective)
fnḏtj (active participle prospective)
fnḏtj (participle prospective)
fnḏt (participle prospective)


ḫprr

x:p-r*:r-xpr (canonical masculine)
ḫprr (singular)
ḫprrwj (dual)
ḫprrw (plural)


rꜥ

r:a-ra (canonical masculine)
rꜥ (singular)
rꜥwj (dual)
rꜥw (plural)

(in fixed expressions) day (period of daylight)


rꜥ

Demotic:  (rꜥ)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲓ (ri), ⲣⲉⲓ (rei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲣⲉ (re)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē), ⲣⲉ (re)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē)

→ English: Re

→ English: Ra

(only in the plural) one of a number of minor ‘Ra-gods’ or sun gods


zꜣt

zꜣt (singular)
zꜣtj (dual)
zꜣwt (plural)


swḥt

swḥt (singular)
swḥtj (dual)
swḥwt (plural)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲟⲩϩⲉ (soouhe), Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲟⲩϩⲓ (sōouhi)


šn

Coptic: ϣⲏⲛ (šēn)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣϣⲏⲛ (ššēn)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉⲛ (šen), ϣϣⲉⲛ (ššen)


qs

q-s-qs (canonical masculine)
qs (singular)
qswj (dual)
qsw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥ (kas)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥ (kas)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲥ (kes), ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (kees)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (kees)

Speculatively, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ḳas-; as with all attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. Compare with Tarifit iɣəss and Hausa ƙàshī.

md-D-i-h-i-i-h-i-T:z-U39-T-w-<-t:t-i->-p-w-O43:p-n:k-tp:k-i-n:q-D32-n:k-q-s-T20-T20-T20-k-!-s-A-q-D32-n:k--a:t--F44:F44-F44:k-w-x-xA-A-n:k-tA-i-r-i-f:F51-k

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 373.1–373.4 (Pyr. 654a–654d), T

ḏd-mdw jhj jhj ṯz ṯw ttj pw šzp n.k tp.k jnq n.k qsw.k sꜣq n.k [ꜥ]w[t].k wḫꜣ n.k tꜣ jr j(w)f.k


sḏm

s-D:sDm-m 3-lit. (canonical)
sḏm (infinitive)
sḏmw (infinitive negative)
sḏm (infinitive negative)
sḏmt (infinitive)
sḏm (imperative infinitive singular)
sḏm (imperative infinitive plural)
sḏm (stative)
ḥr sḏm (imperfective)
m sḏm (imperfective)
r sḏm (prospective)
sḏm.n (active perfect)
sḏmw (passive perfect)
sḏm (passive perfect)
sḏm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
sḏmt (terminative)
sḏm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sḏm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sḏm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sḏm (active prospective)
sḏmm (passive prospective)
sḏm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sḏm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sḏm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sḏm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sḏm (active participle perfective)
sḏm (participle passive perfective)
sḏmw (participle passive perfective)
sḏmy (participle passive perfective)
sḏm (active imperfective participle relative)
sḏmy (active imperfective participle relative)
sḏmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
sḏm (active imperfective participle)
sḏmj (active imperfective participle)
sḏmy (active imperfective participle)
sḏm (imperfective participle passive)
sḏmw (imperfective participle passive)
sḏm (active participle prospective relative)
sḏmtj (active participle prospective relative)
sḏmtj (participle prospective)
sḏmt (participle prospective)

Demotic: stm

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ (sōtm̄)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem)

Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲥⲟⲧⲙ (sotm)

Hermopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲏⲙ (sōtēm)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ (sōtme), ⲥⲱⲧⲙ (sōtm)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ (sōtme)

Compare Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- (“to hear, to listen”). Apparently unrelated to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).

noncog

Dr-r:n-D&d-n:f-H_SPACE:n-s-n:Z2-i-r-n:t**t-nb:t-m-zS-Y1-Hr-Z1-p-G41-A-S-f:d-w-arq-
-sDm-m-s-t-mi-i-D&d-A1-s-t-m-z:n-X4-Y1-HA-A-Y1:Z2-Hr-Z1-SA-A-A-t-Y1:Z2
ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5

In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.

(intransitive) to listen (+ n: to (someone))


sbtj

sbtj (singular)
sbtjwj (dual)
sbtjw (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲧⲉ (sabte)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃ̄ⲧ (sob̄t)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃ̄ⲧ (sob̄t)

fortification wall (of a city, temple district, etc.)

temporarily raised wall to trap wildlife or close off a besieged city

Figuratively used of kings and gods as a ‘wall’ or ‘fortress’


hrw

h:r-w-hrw (canonical masculine)
h:r-w-ra (singular)
hrw (singular)
hárwuw (singular)
h:r-w-w-y:ra (dual)
hrwwj (dual)
harúwwaj (dual)
hrw (plural)
harúww (plural)

Demotic: hrw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (ehoou)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩ (hoou)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲟⲩ (haou), ϩⲁⲩ (hau), ϩⲁⲁⲟⲩ (haaou), ϩⲁⲁⲩ (haau), ϩⲟⲟⲩ (hoou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩ (hoou), ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (hooue)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (hooue), ϩⲱⲟⲩⲉ (hōoue)

h:r-w-ra:H_SPACE-nfr-p
hrw nfr p(j)

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), lower register, caption above farmer with outstretched arms

iTi-t:a-k-g:r-H-N2-ini-n:t:k-h:r-H_SPACE:ra-w

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 11

May you take away the night; may you bring the day.


hrw

h:r-Y1V 3ae inf. (canonical)
hrt (infinitive)
hrj (infinitive)
hrw (infinitive negative)
hr (infinitive negative)
hrwt (infinitive)
hryt (infinitive)
hr (imperative infinitive singular)
hr (imperative infinitive plural)
hry (imperative infinitive plural)
hr (stative)
hrr (stative)
ḥr hrt (imperfective)
ḥr hrj (imperfective)
m hrt (imperfective)
m hrj (imperfective)
r hrt (prospective)
r hrj (prospective)
hr.n (active perfect)
hr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
hrt (active terminative)
hryt (active terminative)
hr (active perfective)
hr.ḫr (active obligative)
hr (active imperfective)
hry (active imperfective)
hrw (active prospective)
hr (active prospective)
hry (active prospective)
hr.kꜣ (active potential)
hr (active subjunctive)
hry (active subjunctive)
hr.n (active participle perfect)
hrw (active participle perfective)
hry (active participle perfective)
hr (active participle perfective)
hry (participle passive perfective)
hr (participle passive perfective)
hrr (active imperfective participle)
hrry (active imperfective participle)
hrrw (active imperfective participle)
hrrj (active imperfective participle)
hrr (imperfective participle passive)
hrrw (imperfective participle passive)
hrw (active participle prospective)
hry (active participle prospective)
hr (active participle prospective)
hrtj (active participle prospective)
hrwtj (participle prospective)
hrtj (participle prospective)
hrt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

hrt, hryt

hrw.tj1, hr.tj1, hry.tj1, hrw.tw2, hr.tw2, hry.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲉⲣⲓ (heri)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲣⲣⲉ (hrre)

(intransitive) to be(come) calm, patient, at peace

(intransitive) to be(come) satisfied, at peace, content (+ ḥr: with)

(intransitive) to be(come) happy (+ ḥr: about)

(intransitive, of words and objects) to be(come) pleasant, pleasing


kmt

Demotic: kmj

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (khēmi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (kēme)

→ Ancient Greek: Χημία (Khēmía)

From km (“black”) + -t, interpreted as a reference to the fertile black soil of the Nile Delta.

m-a:t-W-A1-m-h-A-t:D54-r-km:t*niwt-r-ini-n:t-aq-W:H_SPACE-X4:Z2-i-m-n-Xrd-W-A1:B1-Z2ss:A1

c. 1850 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version R (pRamesseum A/Berlin 10499 recto), 1.2–1.3, trans. Allen

Look, I am going down to Egypt to get provisions there for my children.

m.t wj m hꜣt r kmt r jnt ꜥqw jm n ẖrdw.j


kmt

kmt (singular)
kmtj (dual)
kmwt (plural)


nḥbt

nḥbt (singular)
nḥbtj (dual)
nḥbwt (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲁϩⲃⲓ (nahbi), ⲛⲁϩⲟⲩⲓ (nahoui)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩⲃⲓ (nehbi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲁϩⲃ (nahb), ⲛⲁϩϥ (nahf), ⲛⲁϩⲃⲉ (nahbe)


ḥr

Demotic: ḥr

Coptic: ϩⲟ (ho), ϩⲁ (ha), ϩⲱ (hō)

Possibly cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʕalay-; compare Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā, “on, over”), Hebrew עַל (ʿal, “on”), Aramaic עַל (ʿal, “on”). If so, perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *x̣al. However, some authors consider such a correspondence irregular.

front surface (of a building, door, etc.)


ḥr

Coptic: ϩⲓ- (hi-)

⇒ Coptic: ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ (khoiak)

marked with, under (someone’s name or seal)

(with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic imperfective of a verb

(contracted from ḥr ḏd) saying; introduces a direct quotation


ḥr

Coptic: ϩⲱⲣ (hōr), (in compounds) ϩⲁⲣ- (har-)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὧρος (Hôros), (in compounds) Ἁρ- (Har-)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦫 (ar /ara/)

According to Loprieno, formed from a stem ḥaru- + the Proto-Afroasiatic nominative case marker *-u; in Egyptian, Proto-Afroasiatic case markers were generally lost, but *-u became a glide -w instead when the stem ended in a vowel. The stem is probably related either to the preposition ḥr (“above”), with the theonym thus meaning ‘the One Above’, or to the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”), with the theonym meaning ‘the Distant One’, or to both.

ḥr-jwn-mwt.f

Her-iunmutef (Horus, Pillar of His Mother)

ḥr-wps-tꜣwj

Her-wepes-tawy (Horus who illuminates the Two Lands)

ḥr-zmꜣ-tꜣwj

Her-sema-tawy (Horus Uniter of the Two Lands)

nw:k-A1-G5-A40-ms-s-n-F51:t-B1-ir-i-i-m-D38:k-t:D40-N33A:f-m-Xn:nw*pr-s-w-H-t:H8-!-D35-A-d-w-I3-i-A1-h:h-Q7-n:r*Z1-T:n-D35:p-H-pH-D54:n-w-i-A1-D:d-t-T:n-r-i-A1
jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122

I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

gm:M-n:t*w-G5-xrw-f:mAa:a-w-r:a-w-n:f-t-O44-Z1-n:t:t:f-!-pr:r:D54-n:f:S10-H-w-m-wD-n:gb-b-O43:p-D40:n:f-HqA-t*Z1:N21:N21-HDt-mn:n:Y1-ti-i-m-tp*Z1:f
gm.n.tw ḥr ḫrw.f mꜣꜥ.w rdjw n.f jꜣwt nt (j)t.f
pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19

Horus was found justified; the office of his father was given to him. He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.

Horus, the falcon-headed Egyptian god of kingship

epithet for the currently reigning (living) pharaoh

conventional term introducing the serekh name of most pharaohs

(only in the plural) one of a number of minor Horus-gods


mꜣꜣ

U2:D4-A-A 2ae gem. (canonical)
mꜣꜣ (infinitive)
mꜣ (infinitive)
mꜣn (infinitive)
mꜣꜣ (infinitive negative)
mꜣꜣt (infinitive)
mꜣꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
mꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
mꜣꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
mꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
mꜣꜣ (stative)
mꜣ (stative)
ḥr mꜣꜣ (imperfective)
m mꜣꜣ (imperfective)
r mꜣꜣ (prospective)
mꜣ.n (active perfect)
mꜣꜣ.n (active perfect)
mꜣ (passive perfect)
mꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
mꜣꜣt (terminative)
mꜣ (active perfective)
mꜣn (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
mꜣꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
mꜣꜣ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
mꜣꜣ (active prospective)
mꜣꜣ (passive prospective)
mꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
mꜣ (active subjunctive)
mꜣn (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
mꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
mꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
mꜣ (active participle perfective)
mꜣ (participle passive perfective)
mꜣw (participle passive perfective)
mꜣy (participle passive perfective)
mꜣꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
mꜣꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
mꜣꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
mꜣꜣ (active imperfective participle)
mꜣꜣj (active imperfective participle)
mꜣꜣy (active imperfective participle)
mꜣꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
mꜣꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
mꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
mꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
mꜣꜣtj (participle prospective)
mꜣꜣt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

mꜣꜣt

irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.

mꜣ.n.tj1, mꜣꜣ.n.tj1, mꜣ.n.tw2, mꜣꜣ.n.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Not used before suffix pronouns.

Compare with Arabic أَمَرَ (ʔamara, “to instruct, to show how or what to do”) and Akkadian 𒅆 (amārum, “to look at, to see, to learn by experience”).

cog

U2:ir-A-s-n:Z2-p:t:pt-U2:ir-A-s-n:Z2-tA:N23*Z1-m-a:k\-A-a:ib*Z1-s-n:Z2-r-U2:ir-A-w-F27:Z2
mꜣ.sn pt mꜣ.sn tꜣ mꜥkꜣ jb.sn r mꜣ(j)w

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 28–30

(Whether) they saw sky or they saw land, their minds were more observant than lions.

U2:ir-A-w-A1-r-sA--Z1--s-sA-A-H-D63-Y2-A1-tA:N23*Z1-r:sA*Z1-U2:ir-A-A1-d:p*t-ns-A2-n:A1

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 179–181

See me after setting foot on land, after seeing what I’ve experienced!

(transitive) to look at, to see (+ m: as)


mꜣꜣ

mꜣꜣ (singular)
mꜣꜣwj (dual)
mꜣꜣw (plural)


ḥmt

ḥmt (singular)
ḥmtj (dual)
ḥmwt (plural)

Demotic: ḥm.t

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲏⲙ (hēm)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime)

Old Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime), ϩⲓⲙ (him)

i-r-q:n-A24-n:k\-rwD-A24-ib*Z1:k\-mH:Y2-k\-q:n-i-D32-k\-m-Xrd-A1*B1:Z2-k\-!-s-n-fnD-A2-k\-N42-t-B1-k\-U2:ir-A-k\-pr-Z1-k\
jr qn{n}.k rwḏ jb.k mḥ.k qnj.k m ẖrdw.k sn.k ḥmt.k mꜣ.k pr.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 132–134

If you are stalwart, with your mind firm, you will fill your embrace with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home.


ḥmt

Hm-t (canonical masculine)
ḥmt (singular)
ḥmtj (dual)
ḥmwt (plural)

From ḥm (“incarnation”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

the (female) pharaoh of Egypt as a particular individual who serves as an incarnation of kingship

an incarnation of a goddess (e.g. as a statue)


ḥmt

From ḥm (“servant”) + -t (feminine ending).


ꜥšꜣ

aSA:Z2 3-lit. (canonical)
ꜥšꜣ (infinitive)
ꜥšꜣw (infinitive negative)
ꜥšꜣ (infinitive negative)
ꜥšꜣt (infinitive)
ꜥšꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥšꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥšꜣ (stative)
ḥr ꜥšꜣ (imperfective)
m ꜥšꜣ (imperfective)
r ꜥšꜣ (prospective)
ꜥšꜣ.n (active perfect)
ꜥšꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜥšꜣt (active terminative)
ꜥšꜣ (active perfective)
ꜥšꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜥšꜣ (active imperfective)
ꜥšꜣ (active prospective)
ꜥšꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜥšꜣ (active subjunctive)
ꜥšꜣ.n (active participle perfect)
ꜥšꜣ (active participle perfective)
ꜥšꜣ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥšꜣw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥšꜣy (participle passive perfective)
ꜥšꜣ (active imperfective participle)
ꜥšꜣy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥšꜣw (active imperfective participle)
ꜥšꜣj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥšꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥšꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥšꜣ (active participle prospective)
ꜥšꜣtj (active participle prospective)
ꜥšꜣtj (participle prospective)
ꜥšꜣt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ꜥšꜣt

ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣy, ꜥšꜣw5

ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣw5, ꜥšꜣy5

ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣj6, ꜥšꜣy6

ꜥšꜣtj4, ꜥšꜣt4

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁϣⲉⲓ (ašei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϣⲁⲓ (ašai)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓ (ašeei), ⲁϣⲉⲓ (ašei)

Old Coptic: ⲁϣⲏⲉⲓ (ašēei)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϣⲁⲓ (ašai)

(intransitive) to be(come) many or much, to be(come) numerous or abundant

(intransitive) to have many or much, to be(come) rich or abounding (+ m: in/with)

(intransitive) to be(come) of many kinds, varied, multifarious

(intransitive) to be(come) common, usual, ordinary

(intransitive, Late Egyptian) to be(come) too much, to be(come) excessive


ꜥšꜣ

ꜥšꜣ (masculine singular)
ꜥšꜣt (feminine singular)
ꜥšꜣwj (dual masculine)
ꜥšꜣtj (dual feminine)
ꜥšꜣw (masculine plural)
ꜥšꜣwt (feminine plural)
ꜥšꜣt (feminine plural)

perfective active participle of ꜥšꜣ: many, numerous


ꜥšꜣ

ꜥšꜣ (singular)
ꜥšꜣwj (dual)
ꜥšꜣw (plural)


ḏꜣjs

ḏꜣjs (singular)
ḏꜣjswj (dual)
ḏꜣjsw (plural)


ḏꜣjs

DA-A-i-s-A2 4-lit. (canonical)
ḏꜣjs (infinitive)
ḏꜣjsw (infinitive negative)
ḏꜣjs (infinitive negative)
ḏꜣjst (infinitive)
ḏꜣjs (imperative infinitive singular)
ḏꜣjs (imperative infinitive plural)
ḏꜣjs (stative)
ḥr ḏꜣjs (imperfective)
m ḏꜣjs (imperfective)
r ḏꜣjs (prospective)
ḏꜣjs.n (active perfect)
ḏꜣjsw (passive perfect)
ḏꜣjs (passive perfect)
ḏꜣjs.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḏꜣjst (terminative)
ḏꜣjs (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḏꜣjs.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḏꜣjs (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḏꜣjsw (active prospective)
ḏꜣjs (active prospective)
ḏꜣjsw (passive prospective)
ḏꜣjs (passive prospective)
ḏꜣjs.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḏꜣjs (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḏꜣjs.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḏꜣjs (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḏꜣjs (active participle perfective)
ḏꜣjs (participle passive perfective)
ḏꜣjsw (participle passive perfective)
ḏꜣjsy (participle passive perfective)
ḏꜣjs (active imperfective participle relative)
ḏꜣjsy (active imperfective participle relative)
ḏꜣjsw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ḏꜣjs (active imperfective participle)
ḏꜣjsj (active imperfective participle)
ḏꜣjsy (active imperfective participle)
ḏꜣjs (imperfective participle passive)
ḏꜣjsw (imperfective participle passive)
ḏꜣjs (active participle prospective relative)
ḏꜣjstj (active participle prospective relative)
ḏꜣjswtj (participle prospective)
ḏꜣjstj (participle prospective)
ḏꜣjst (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḏꜣjst

ḏꜣjsw.tj1, ḏꜣjs.tj1, ḏꜣjsw.tw2, ḏꜣjs.tw2


wrḥ

wr:r-H (canonical masculine)
wrḥ (singular)
wrḥwj (dual)
wrḥw (plural)


wrḥ

wr:r-H-W23:D40 3-lit. (canonical)
wrḥ (infinitive)
wrḥw (infinitive negative)
wrḥ (infinitive negative)
wrḥt (infinitive)
wrḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
wrḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
wrḥ (stative)
ḥr wrḥ (imperfective)
m wrḥ (imperfective)
r wrḥ (prospective)
wrḥ.n (active perfect)
wrḥw (passive perfect)
wrḥ (passive perfect)
wrḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
wrḥt (terminative)
wrḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
wrḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
wrḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
wrḥ (active prospective)
wrḥḥ (passive prospective)
wrḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
wrḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
wrḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
wrḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
wrḥ (active participle perfective)
wrḥ (participle passive perfective)
wrḥw (participle passive perfective)
wrḥy (participle passive perfective)
wrḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
wrḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
wrḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
wrḥ (active imperfective participle)
wrḥj (active imperfective participle)
wrḥy (active imperfective participle)
wrḥ (imperfective participle passive)
wrḥw (imperfective participle passive)
wrḥ (active participle prospective relative)
wrḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
wrḥtj (participle prospective)
wrḥt (participle prospective)


zꜣw

zꜣw (singular)
zꜣwwj (dual)
zꜣww (plural)

i:r-n:U19-nw-W-D37:D37-W-T11:nw*Z1-A1-nb-sxm-x:t-Z5-wab-mw-!-A1-nb-V17-w-A1-nb-a:a-Dba-Dba-Dba-f-Hr:Z1-tp:Z1-Hr:Z1-m-a:k-M16-A-tp-Hr:Z1-d:t*Z2-Hr:Z1-st-t:pr-ib:Z1-Hr:Z1-!-a:Z1-W:y-Hr:Z1-rd-rd-nb-xA-A-A-a:f-n-HAt:t*y-ib
jr nw rḏjw zjnw nb sḫmt-wꜥb
nb zꜣw nb ꜥwj ḏbꜥw.f ḥr tp ḥr mkḥꜣ ḥr ḏrwt ḥr st jb ḥr

As for these [the blood vessels], if any doctor, any wab-priest of Sekhmet,
or any magician places two hands or his fingers on the head, or on the back of the head, or on the hands, or on the place of the heart, or on
the two arms, or on each of the two legs, he examines the heart [i.e. the pulse].


zꜣw

A47-A-w-A24 3ae inf. (canonical)
zꜣt (infinitive)
zꜣj (infinitive)
zꜣw (infinitive negative)
zꜣ (infinitive negative)
zꜣwt (infinitive)
zꜣyt (infinitive)
zꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
zꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
zꜣy (imperative infinitive plural)
zꜣ (stative)
zꜣꜣ (stative)
ḥr zꜣt (imperfective)
ḥr zꜣj (imperfective)
m zꜣt (imperfective)
m zꜣj (imperfective)
r zꜣt (prospective)
r zꜣj (prospective)
zꜣ.n (active perfect)
zꜣw (passive perfect)
zꜣ (passive perfect)
zꜣy (passive perfect)
zꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
zꜣt (terminative)
zꜣyt (terminative)
zꜣ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
zꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
zꜣ (active imperfective)
zꜣy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
zꜣw (active prospective)
zꜣ (active prospective)
zꜣy (active prospective)
zꜣw (passive prospective)
zꜣ (passive prospective)
zꜣy (passive prospective)
zꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
zꜣ (active subjunctive)
zꜣy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
zꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
zꜣw (active participle perfective relative)
zꜣy (active participle perfective relative)
zꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
zꜣ (active participle perfective)
zꜣy (participle passive perfective)
zꜣ (participle passive perfective)
zꜣꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
zꜣꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
zꜣꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
zꜣꜣ (active imperfective participle)
zꜣꜣj (active imperfective participle)
zꜣꜣy (active imperfective participle)
zꜣꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
zꜣꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
zꜣw (active participle prospective relative)
zꜣy (active participle prospective relative)
zꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
zꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
zꜣwtj (participle prospective)
zꜣtj (participle prospective)
zꜣt (participle prospective)

zꜣt, zꜣyt

zꜣw.tj1, zꜣ.tj1, zꜣy.tj1, zꜣw.tw2, zꜣ.tw2, zꜣy.tw2

(reflexive) to beware, to guard oneself against

m-aA:a-A-Y1-ib-Z1-k\-Hr-Z1-x-p-S-xpS-A24-m-Hr:r-ib-DA-A-m-A17A-A1:Z2-k\-!-z:zA-A-W-A47-A24-i-t:n-D20-A24-k\
(j)m ꜥꜣ jb.k ḥr ḫpš m ḥr(j) jb ḏꜣmw.k zꜣw jtn.k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.1–2.2

Don’t grow arrogant (lit. don’t make your heart big) on account of (your) strength in the midst of your cohort, lest you be challenged.

(transitive, in a noun clause, with a subjunctive verb as object) lest


zꜣw

z:zA-A-w-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

desc

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌷𒊓𒀀𒀀 (^(ālu)sa-a-a /*saya/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σάϊς (Sáïs)
Greek: Σάις (Sáis)
→ Latin: Saïs

Demotic: sy

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁ (sa)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲓ (sai)

Most likely derived from a form of the verb zꜣw (“to guard, to protect”), perhaps via an earlier form *zꜣjw, for which see the reconstructed pronunciation.


nfr

nfr-f:r 3-lit. (canonical)
nfr (infinitive)
nfrw (infinitive negative)
nfr (infinitive negative)
nfrt (infinitive)
nfr (imperative infinitive singular)
nfr (imperative infinitive plural)
nfr (stative)
ḥr nfr (imperfective)
m nfr (imperfective)
r nfr (prospective)
nfr.n (active perfect)
nfr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
nfrt (active terminative)
nfr (active perfective)
nfr.ḫr (active obligative)
nfr (active imperfective)
nfr (active prospective)
nfr.kꜣ (active potential)
nfr (active subjunctive)
nfr.n (active participle perfect)
nfr (active participle perfective)
nfr (participle passive perfective)
nfrw (participle passive perfective)
nfry (participle passive perfective)
nfr (active imperfective participle)
nfry (active imperfective participle)
nfrw (active imperfective participle)
nfrj (active imperfective participle)
nfr (imperfective participle passive)
nfrw (imperfective participle passive)
nfr (active participle prospective)
nfrtj (active participle prospective)
nfrtj (participle prospective)
nfrt (participle prospective)

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *fir- (“to be good”) with an additional *nV- prefix. Compare also Tamahaq ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔ (ifrar, “best”) and Saho feer (“good”).

q*Z1:r-s-t:Q6 nfr-f:r:t m i-iz-s-pr:f nfr-f:r:n-
[…] qrst nfrt m jz.f nfr n ẖrt-nṯr […]

12th Dynasty, coffin of Nakhtankh, British Museum EA 35285

[…] a good burial in his wonderful tomb of the necropolis […]

(intransitive) to be(come) of superior or admirable quality, to be(come) fine, good, or wonderful

(intransitive) to be(come) pleasant or gratifying to the senses

(intransitive) to be(come) beautiful or fair, to look good

(intransitive, of scents and flowers) to smell good

(intransitive, of food and drinks) to taste good

(intransitive, of periods of time) to be(come) pleasant or enjoyable to live through

(intransitive, of people) to acquire or have good or pleasant qualities, to be capable, agreeable, or benevolent

(intransitive, of work) to be done well or competently

(intransitive, of medicine) to be(come) effective

(intransitive, of names) to acquire or have a good reputation


nfr

nfr-f:r (canonical)
nfr (masculine singular)
nfrt (feminine singular)
nfrwj (dual masculine)
nfrtj (dual feminine)
nfrw (masculine plural)
nfrwt (feminine plural)
nfrt (feminine plural)

Demotic: nfr

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (noufe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (noufi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (noufi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (noufe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (noufe)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (noufe)

perfective active participle of nfr: fine, beautiful, pleasant, etc.


nfr

nfr-f:r (canonical masculine)
nfr (singular)
nfrwj (dual)
nfrw (plural)

(with following genitive) benefactor (of someone), welldoer

(with following plural genitive) the best (person) among…, the best one of…


nfr

good, goodness, pleasingness (in opposition to bjn)

something fine, good, beautiful, pleasing


nst

n:ns-t:g (canonical feminine)
nst (singular)
nstj (dual)
nswt (plural)

Demotic: nsꜣt

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲏⲥⲉ (nēse)


ṯzm

ṯzm (singular)
ṯzmwj (dual)
ṯzmw (plural)

→ English: Tesem

From Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognates include Kabyle aqjun, Blin ግድጝ (gédéň) and Birgit kájàŋ.

T:z-m-E14-M42-n:n-stp-V16:r-Hm-f-!-a-b-w-tyw-E14:r-n:f

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 1–2

The hound that was the protector of His Majesty. His name is Abutiu.

hound (variously described as “greyhound”, “basenji”, etc.)


sbꜣ

sbꜣ (singular)
sbꜣwj (dual)
sbꜣw (plural)

Demotic: sw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲉⲩ (seu), ⲥⲓⲩ (siu)

Old Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩ (sioou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

S1-f:d:M-T30:n:z-Hr*r:t:pt-sn-sn-
n
z
sbA

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 13

His White Crown, it has pierced the sky, it has fraternized with the stars.

aHa-a:n-s-b-A-sbA-ra-h-A-W-D54-pr-r-D54:n-n:A-m-x:t-Q7-m-a:f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 129–130

Then a star fell. They went up in flames because of it.


sbꜣ

s-b-sbA-A-pr (canonical masculine)
sbꜣ (singular)
sbꜣwj (dual)
sbꜣw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲏ (sbē)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

wn:n-O31:a-N33A:n-A1-sbA-w-pr:N33A-T:n:N33A-
-z:n-S:O31-a:N33A-n:A1-a:r:r-w-i-i-t:pr:N33A-T:n:N33A
wn n.j sbꜣw.ṯn

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 1

Open your doors to me!
Unstop your gates for me!


sbꜣ

s-b-sbA-A24 3-lit. (canonical)
sbꜣ (infinitive)
sbꜣw (infinitive negative)
sbꜣ (infinitive negative)
sbꜣt (infinitive)
sbꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
sbꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
sbꜣ (stative)
ḥr sbꜣ (imperfective)
m sbꜣ (imperfective)
r sbꜣ (prospective)
sbꜣ.n (active perfect)
sbꜣw (passive perfect)
sbꜣ (passive perfect)
sbꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
sbꜣt (terminative)
sbꜣ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sbꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sbꜣ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sbꜣ (active prospective)
sbꜣꜣ (passive prospective)
sbꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sbꜣ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sbꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sbꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sbꜣ (active participle perfective)
sbꜣ (participle passive perfective)
sbꜣw (participle passive perfective)
sbꜣy (participle passive perfective)
sbꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
sbꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
sbꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
sbꜣ (active imperfective participle)
sbꜣj (active imperfective participle)
sbꜣy (active imperfective participle)
sbꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
sbꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
sbꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
sbꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
sbꜣtj (participle prospective)
sbꜣt (participle prospective)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃ- (seb-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲟ (sbo), ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo), ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)


zꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲥⲓ (si), ⲥⲓ- (si-)

→ Akkadian: 𒋛𒉿 (/-sija-/) in 𒄯 𒋛𒉿 𒂊𒋗 (/har-sija-ēšu/, “Horus, son of Isis”)

→ Ancient Greek: -σι- (-si-) in Ἁρσιησις (Harsiēsis, “Horus, son of Isis”)

→ Ancient Greek: Σι- (Si-) in Σισρω (Sisrō, “the thirtieth decan”), Σισεσμε (Sisesme, “the twenty-fourth decan”), Σικετ (Siket, “the second decan”)

ir:t-n:n:f-zA:f-mr-A19-i*i:f-d:b*i
jrt.n n.f zꜣ.f smsw.f mr(j).f dbj

The Stela of Inhuretnakht, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 1783

What his eldest beloved son Debi made for him.


zꜣ

a measure of area equivalent to one eighth of a sṯꜣt (“arura”) (about 345 square metres).

(Late Period, in the direct genitive construction G39-N21:Z1-A-H-N21:Z1 (sṯꜣt-ꜣḥt)) Abbreviation of sṯꜣt (“arura”).


zꜣ

a god who personifies a certain body of water


zꜣ

the object depicted in the hieroglyph V17, a type of shepherd’s mat


zꜣ

association of people in some particular occupation


zꜣ

Used in reference to cattle. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


zꜣ

The object depicted in the hieroglyph V16. The meaning of this term is uncertain.


zꜣ

perfective of zꜣw (“to greet, watch for”)


ẖt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲉⲓ (xei)

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲏⲧ⸗ (xēt⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲏ (hē), ϩⲏⲧ⸗ (hēt⸗)

Has been compared with Proto-Central Chadic *ḫway- (“stomach, belly, intestines”), which would imply a tentative Proto-Afroasiatic *ḫVwVy- (“stomach”).

cog

wn-n:k\-r:f-d-U2-A-U32-Y2-k\-W-A1-Hr-Z1-X:t*Z1-A1-!-d-mi-i-D41:n-A1-z:zA-A-t-w-N23:Z2ss-m-b-bA-A-H-D53-Y2:f
wn.k(w) r.f dmꜣ.kw ḥr ẖt.j dmj.n.j zꜣtw m bꜣḥ.f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 136–138

At that I was stretched out on my belly, having touched the ground before him.

stomach, belly as the place where eaten food goes

-X:z-nDs:A1-p-W-H-Hn-n:t-I3-A24-n:X-t*Z1:f-s-wA-A-N31-t:*r-M6-ra-!-s-m-x-D35:n-f-w-s-t:n-D54-X:t*Z1-m-pr-Z1-s-n:Z2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.6–1.7

He who is greedy for the sake of his belly when the proper time passes, having forgotten those in whose house his belly roams free, is a wretch.

ẖz pw ḥnt n ẖt.f swꜣ tr smḫ.n.f wstn ẖt m pr.sn

(figuratively) desire for food, hunger, gluttony

trunk of the body as the seat of breath, life-force (ka), thoughts, emotions, etc.

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ẖt

group of people or (especially) gods, body, corporation

group more generally, e.g. of stars, jackals, etc.


grḥ

grḥ (singular)
grḥwj (dual)
grḥw (plural)


grḥ

g:r-H 3-lit. (canonical)
grḥ (infinitive)
grḥw (infinitive negative)
grḥ (infinitive negative)
grḥt (infinitive)
grḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
grḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
grḥ (stative)
ḥr grḥ (imperfective)
m grḥ (imperfective)
r grḥ (prospective)
grḥ.n (active perfect)
grḥw (passive perfect)
grḥ (passive perfect)
grḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
grḥt (terminative)
grḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
grḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
grḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
grḥ (active prospective)
grḥḥ (passive prospective)
grḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
grḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
grḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
grḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
grḥ (active participle perfective)
grḥ (participle passive perfective)
grḥw (participle passive perfective)
grḥy (participle passive perfective)
grḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
grḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
grḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
grḥ (active imperfective participle)
grḥj (active imperfective participle)
grḥy (active imperfective participle)
grḥ (imperfective participle passive)
grḥw (imperfective participle passive)
grḥ (active participle prospective relative)
grḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
grḥtj (participle prospective)
grḥt (participle prospective)


grḥ

Demotic: grḥ

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ (ečōrh), ϫⲱⲣϩ (čōrh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϭⲱⲣϩ (cōrh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϭⲱⲣϩ (cōrh)

Old Coptic: ϫⲱⲣϩ (čōrh)

Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲱⲣϩ (cōrh), ϭⲱⲣⲁϩ (cōrah)

iTi-t:a-k-g:r-H-N2-ini-n:t:k-h:r-H_SPACE:ra-w

May you take away the night; may you bring the day.


dpy

dpy (singular)
dpywj (dual)
dpyw (plural)


ꜥnḏw

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ (hitaue)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ (tooui)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲧⲁⲩⲉ (htaue), ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ (hitaue), ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩ (hitau)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (htooue), ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (tooue)


ꜣm

A-m-Q7 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣm (infinitive)
ꜣmw (infinitive negative)
ꜣm (infinitive negative)
ꜣmt (infinitive)
ꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣm (stative)
ḥr ꜣm (imperfective)
m ꜣm (imperfective)
r ꜣm (prospective)
ꜣm.n (active perfect)
ꜣmw (passive perfect)
ꜣm (passive perfect)
ꜣm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜣmt (terminative)
ꜣm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜣm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜣm (active imperfective)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜣm (active prospective)
ꜣmm (passive prospective)
ꜣm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜣm (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜣm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜣm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜣm (active participle perfective)
ꜣmm (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmmj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣm (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣmy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣmw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣm (active imperfective participle)
ꜣmj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣmy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣm (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣmw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣm (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣmtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣmtj (participle prospective)
ꜣmt (participle prospective)

pr-r-D54:n-n:A-m-x:t-Q7-m-a:f-
-xpr-r:n-r-s-D35:n-w-A1-H-n:a-A-m-Q7-n:y-D35:n-w-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2
pr.n nꜣ m ḫt m-ꜥ.f ḫpr.n r.s nn wj ḥnꜥ(w) ꜣm.nj nn wj m ḥr(j) jb.sn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 130–131

They went up in flames because of it. But it happened while I wasn’t with them, and they burned up while I wasn’t in their midst.

(intransitive) to be consumed by fire, to burn (+ m: to be burned by (fire))

(transitive) to cause to be consumed by fire, to burn (+ m: to burn with (fire))


ꜣm

the Seizer: epithet for various divine entities in lion-like forms

epithet of Horus in the form of a hieracosphinx

epithet of the king, presumably as Horus

used in reference to a gargoyle or waterspout, presumably in the form of Horus as a lion


m ḫm

m (“in”) + ḫm (“to remain ignorant of, to not know”).


m-dj

(Late Egyptian, before an infinitive) and


ẖꜣrt

ẖꜣrt (singular)
ẖꜣrtj (dual)
ẖꜣrwt (plural)


rm

Demotic:  (rm)

Coptic: ⲣⲁⲙⲉ (rame)

→? Ancient Greek: ἀβραμίς (abramís)


šmw

šmw (singular)
šmwwj (dual)
šmww (plural)


šmw

Coptic: ϣⲱⲙ (šōm)

→ English: Shemu, Shomu

the harvest season; one of three Egyptian seasons, spanning from March to July.


zt

Coptic: ⲥⲁ (sa)


zt

From earlier zꜣt (“type of fowl”), from zꜣ + -t.

a type of goose or duck, as a living creature or as food for the dead and the gods


ḫbj

x-b-A32 3ae inf. (canonical)
ḫbt (infinitive)
ḫbj (infinitive)
ḫbw (infinitive negative)
ḫb (infinitive negative)
ḫbwt (infinitive)
ḫbyt (infinitive)
ḫb (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫb (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫby (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫb (stative)
ḫbb (stative)
ḥr ḫbt (imperfective)
ḥr ḫbj (imperfective)
m ḫbt (imperfective)
m ḫbj (imperfective)
r ḫbt (prospective)
r ḫbj (prospective)
ḫb.n (active perfect)
ḫb.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḫbt (active terminative)
ḫbyt (active terminative)
ḫb (active perfective)
ḫb.ḫr (active obligative)
ḫb (active imperfective)
ḫby (active imperfective)
ḫbw (active prospective)
ḫb (active prospective)
ḫby (active prospective)
ḫb.kꜣ (active potential)
ḫb (active subjunctive)
ḫby (active subjunctive)
ḫb.n (active participle perfect)
ḫbw (active participle perfective)
ḫby (active participle perfective)
ḫb (active participle perfective)
ḫby (participle passive perfective)
ḫb (participle passive perfective)
ḫbb (active imperfective participle)
ḫbby (active imperfective participle)
ḫbbw (active imperfective participle)
ḫbbj (active imperfective participle)
ḫbb (imperfective participle passive)
ḫbbw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫbw (active participle prospective)
ḫby (active participle prospective)
ḫb (active participle prospective)
ḫbtj (active participle prospective)
ḫbwtj (participle prospective)
ḫbtj (participle prospective)
ḫbt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḫbt, ḫbyt

ḫbw.tj1, ḫb.tj1, ḫby.tj1, ḫbw.tw2, ḫb.tw2, ḫby.tw2


ḏw

Demotic: tw

Coptic: ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (toou) (Sahidic), ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tōou) (Bohairic), ⲧⲁⲩ (tau) (Akhmimic, Fayyumic)


ḏw

ḏw (masculine singular)
ḏwt (feminine singular)
ḏwwj (dual masculine)
ḏwtj (dual feminine)
ḏww (masculine plural)
ḏwwt (feminine plural)
ḏwt (feminine plural)

⇒ Demotic: ḏwṱ (“impure”)

desc

Coptic: ϫⲟⲟⲩⲧ (čoout, “base, lowly, rejected (one)”)

perfective active participle of ḏwj: evil, bad, wicked


ḏḥwtj

Coptic: ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ (thōout)

→ Phoenician: *𐤈𐤇𐤅𐤕 (*ṭḥwt)

→ Ancient Greek: Τάαυτος (Táautos)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Θώθ (Thṓth)
→ Greek: Θωθ (Thoth)
→ Latin: Thōth
→ English: Thoth

n:t:k-sn-n:nw*W-A1-Z1-Z1-n-G26:t*y-G7-Aa21-Y1-D35:n-r:a-t-Hr-Z1-gs-Z1

c. 1800 BCE, The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant (trans. Nederhof)

You are the equal of Thoth, who judges without being partial.


ḏḥwtj

Coptic: ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ (thōout)

→ Ancient Greek: Θώθ (Thṓth)

→ English: Thoth

tḫj

Middle Kingdom (Memphite) Egyptian calendar months


ḏs.f

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.


tmt

t:tm-m-t:xt (canonical feminine)
tmt (singular)
tmtj (dual)
tmwt (plural)


bḥs

b-H-s-D40 3-lit. (canonical)
bḥs (infinitive)
bḥsw (infinitive negative)
bḥs (infinitive negative)
bḥst (infinitive)
bḥs (imperative infinitive singular)
bḥs (imperative infinitive plural)
bḥs (stative)
ḥr bḥs (imperfective)
m bḥs (imperfective)
r bḥs (prospective)
bḥs.n (active perfect)
bḥsw (passive perfect)
bḥs (passive perfect)
bḥs.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
bḥst (terminative)
bḥs (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
bḥs.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
bḥs (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
bḥs (active prospective)
bḥss (passive prospective)
bḥs.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
bḥs (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
bḥs.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
bḥs (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
bḥs (active participle perfective)
bḥs (participle passive perfective)
bḥsw (participle passive perfective)
bḥsy (participle passive perfective)
bḥs (active imperfective participle relative)
bḥsy (active imperfective participle relative)
bḥsw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
bḥs (active imperfective participle)
bḥsj (active imperfective participle)
bḥsy (active imperfective participle)
bḥs (imperfective participle passive)
bḥsw (imperfective participle passive)
bḥs (active participle prospective relative)
bḥstj (active participle prospective relative)
bḥstj (participle prospective)
bḥst (participle prospective)


ꜥnḫ

anx-n:x 3-lit. (canonical)
ꜥnḫ (infinitive)
ꜥnḫw (infinitive negative)
ꜥnḫ (infinitive negative)
ꜥnḫt (infinitive)
ꜥnḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥnḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥnḫ (stative)
ḥr ꜥnḫ (imperfective)
m ꜥnḫ (imperfective)
r ꜥnḫ (prospective)
ꜥnḫ.n (active perfect)
ꜥnḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜥnḫt (active terminative)
ꜥnḫ (active perfective)
ꜥnḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜥnḫ (active imperfective)
ꜥnḫ (active prospective)
ꜥnḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜥnḫ (active subjunctive)
ꜥnḫ.n (active participle perfect)
ꜥnḫ (active participle perfective)
ꜥnḫ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥnḫw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥnḫy (participle passive perfective)
ꜥnḫ (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫw (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥnḫw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥnḫ (active participle prospective)
ꜥnḫtj (active participle prospective)
ꜥnḫtj (participle prospective)
ꜥnḫt (participle prospective)

Demotic: ꜥnḫ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲛⳉ (ōnx)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲛϧ (ōnx)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱⲛϩ (ōnh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲛϩ (ōnh)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲱⲳϧ (ōnx)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲛϩ (ōnh)

(intransitive) to live, to be(come) alive

to live, to be(come) alive
to subsist or live on (something)

to live, to be(come) alive
to dwell in (some place)

(+ ḥr) to occupy (a throne) or dwell in (a foreign land)

m-a:k\-nTr-Z1-r:a-n:f-anx-n:x-k\-ini-n:f-t-w-r-iw:N23*Z1-p:n-n:kA*Z1
m.k nṯr rḏj.n.f ꜥnḫ.k jn.f tw r jw pn n(j) kꜣ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 113–114

Look, the god, he has let you live, as he has brought you to this island of the ka.

(intransitive, of the dead) to come to life or live again after death in an afterlife

(intransitive, figuratively) to ‘come to life’ (wake up or regain liveliness) upon the rising of the sun or upon seeing the sun

(intransitive, figuratively) to ‘come to life’ whenever one’s name is pronounced

(intransitive, of a name) to still be remembered

(intransitive, especially of body parts) to be vigorous or full of vitality

(intransitive, medicine, of food) to be fresh

(intransitive, as a non-attributive relative/emphatic form) used in introductory formulae for oaths, usually with a king or god as subject: As long as … lives, …

used at the beginning of inscriptions before the names of kings and gods: originally ‘May … live’, later meaningless


ꜥnḫ

anx-n:x (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)


ꜥnḫ

ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)

i-A2 anx-w-Z3 tp:Z1 N17:N21*Z1 H-Xr-b-W3-A1-Z3 nb wab-A1 nb
j ꜥnḫw tp(j)w tꜣ ẖrw-ḥbt nb wꜥbw nb […]

c. 13th Dynasty, Naos of Hori, Kunsthistorisches Museum 186, Vienna

O living ones upon the earth, all lector-priests, all temple-cleaners […]

someone who lives, a living person or dweller


ꜥnḫ

anx (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)

→ English: ankh

The meaning of this term is uncertain. It is a piece of equipment illustrated among coffin offerings, at the foot end of the mummy, and depicted in the hieroglyph used to write its name. Possibilities include:


ꜥnḫ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁⳉ (anax)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁϣ (anaš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁϣ (anaš)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲉϣ (aneš), ⲁⲛⲏϣ (anēš)

(usually with pꜣ in Late Egyptian) oath, vow


ꜥnḫ

anx-n:x-A2 3-lit. (canonical)
ꜥnḫ (infinitive)
ꜥnḫw (infinitive negative)
ꜥnḫ (infinitive negative)
ꜥnḫt (infinitive)
ꜥnḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥnḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥnḫ (stative)
ḥr ꜥnḫ (imperfective)
m ꜥnḫ (imperfective)
r ꜥnḫ (prospective)
ꜥnḫ.n (active perfect)
ꜥnḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜥnḫt (active terminative)
ꜥnḫ (active perfective)
ꜥnḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜥnḫ (active imperfective)
ꜥnḫ (active prospective)
ꜥnḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜥnḫ (active subjunctive)
ꜥnḫ.n (active participle perfect)
ꜥnḫ (active participle perfective)
ꜥnḫ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥnḫw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥnḫy (participle passive perfective)
ꜥnḫ (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫw (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥnḫ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥnḫw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥnḫ (active participle prospective)
ꜥnḫtj (active participle prospective)
ꜥnḫtj (participle prospective)
ꜥnḫt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to swear (an oath); (with m) to swear by (someone)


ꜥnḫ

bouquet or garland of flowers, typically as an offering


ꜥnḫ

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜥnḫ

m:a-t:n:Z2-D35:t*t-nDs-m-rd-s-H_SPACE:W-xt-s-m-nb:t-A-t:p-A9-xt-
-gm-m-H-t:D6-Hr-Z1-s-m-mw-m-nb:t-anx-Z1-N34
m.tn jwtt {m} pdsw.s m nbt ꜣtp gmḥt ḥr.s m mw m nbt ꜥnḫ

c. 1295 BCE – 1186 BCE, The Admonitions of Ipuwer (pLeiden I 344 Recto) line 8.5

Look, she who had no box is the owner of a chest; she who observed her face in the water is the owner of a mirror.


ꜥnḫ

anx- (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)

a vessel in the form of an ankh, from which the gods pour life


ꜥnḫ

-anx- (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)


ḫpš

ḫpš (singular)
ḫpšwj (dual)
ḫpšw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲃϣ (šōbš), ϣⲱⲡϣ (šōpš)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡϣ (šōpš)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲡϣ (xōpš)

m-aA:a-A-Y1-ib-Z1-k\-Hr-Z1-x-p-S-xpS-A24-m-Hr:r-ib-DA-A-m-A17A-A1:Z2-k\-
-z:zA-A-W-A47-A24-i-t:n-D20-A24-k\
(j)m ꜥꜣ jb.k ḥr ḫpš m ḥr(j) jb ḏꜣmw.k zꜣw jtn.k


ḫpš

(astronomy) the Big Dipper (literally “the Foreleg”)