ẖrj

Xr:r-y (canonical)
ẖrj (masculine singular)
ẖrt (feminine singular)
ẖrjwj (dual masculine)
ẖrwj (dual masculine)
ẖrtj (dual feminine)
ẖrjw (masculine plural)
ẖrw (masculine plural)
ẖrwt (feminine plural)
ẖrt (feminine plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲣⲏⲓ (xrēi)

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲣⲏⲓ (xrēi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲗⲏⲓ (hlēi)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲣⲏⲓ (hrēi), ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ (hrēei)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲣⲁⲓ (hrai)

b-w-Xr:r-s ― bw ẖr(j).s ― the place where she is


ḏr

Dr:r (canonical masculine)
ḏr (singular)
ḏrwj (dual)
ḏrw (plural)


ḏr

(often with a verb in the terminative as object) since, because


ḏr

A serekh name notably borne by Djer, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


ḫr

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲁ- (ha-), ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗ (haro⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁ- (ha-), ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗ (haro⸗)


ḫr

(with following subjunctive or nonverbal predicate) then, and then, so; introduces a subordinate clause describing the inevitable result of an action in a preceding clause

(with following suffix pronoun/subject and imperfective) must, has to; introduces a subordinate clause describing a necessity

(introducing a prepositional phrase) then; also functions as a converter to allow a prepositional phrase to begin a sentence


ḫr

(with following suffix pronoun, and optionally also noun, indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said


ḫr

x:r-A15 2-lit. (canonical)
ḫr (infinitive)
ḫrw (infinitive negative)
ḫr (infinitive negative)
ḫrt (infinitive)
ḫr (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ḫr (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫr (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ḫr (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫr (stative)
ḥr ḫr (imperfective)
m ḫr (imperfective)
r ḫr (prospective)
ḫr.n (active perfect)
ḫrw (passive perfect)
ḫr (passive perfect)
ḫr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḫrt (terminative)
ḫr (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḫr.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḫr (active imperfective)
j.ḫr (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḫr (active prospective)
ḫrr (passive prospective)
ḫr.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḫr (active subjunctive)
j.ḫr (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḫr.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḫr (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḫr (active participle perfective)
ḫrr (participle passive perfective)
ḫrrj (participle passive perfective)
ḫr (participle passive perfective)
ḫrw (participle passive perfective)
ḫry (participle passive perfective)
j.ḫr (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫr (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫry (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫrw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ḫr (active imperfective participle)
j.ḫrw (active imperfective participle)
ḫr (active imperfective participle)
ḫrj (active imperfective participle)
ḫry (active imperfective participle)
ḫr (imperfective participle passive)
ḫrw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫr (active participle prospective relative)
ḫrtj (active participle prospective relative)
ḫrtj (participle prospective)
ḫrt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḫrt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

Compare Arabic خَرَّ (ḵarra, “to fall”).

U5:a-N-s-n:Z2:n-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-st-t:H8-x*t:f-A13:f-xr:n-q:n:nDs-f
mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22

To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.


r ḏbꜣ

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE


ḥꜣtj-ꜥ

ḥꜣtj-ꜥ (singular)
ḥꜣtjwj-ꜥ (dual)
ḥꜣtjw-ꜥ (plural)

ḥꜣtj (“frontal”) + ꜥ (“arm”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘frontal of arm’, i.e. ‘one whose arm is in front’.


mjtw

mi-t-w (canonical masculine)
mjtw (singular)
mjtwwj (dual)
mjtww (plural)

mjt (“similarity”) + -w, ultimately from mj (“like”).

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.


mjtj

mi-t:y (canonical)
mjtj (masculine singular)
mjtt (feminine singular)
mjtjwj (dual masculine)
mjtwj (dual masculine)
mjttj (dual feminine)
mjtjw (masculine plural)
mjtw (masculine plural)
mjtwt (feminine plural)
mjtt (feminine plural)

mjt (“similarity”) + -j (“nisba ending”), ultimately from mj (“like”).


mjtj

mi-t:y (canonical masculine)
mjtj (singular)
mjtjwj (dual)
mjtjw (plural)


mjtj

mjtj (singular)
mjtjwj (dual)
mjtjw (plural)


mjt

mi-t (canonical feminine)
mjt (singular)
mjtj (dual)
mjwt (plural)

A nominalized nisba adjective, from mj (“like”) + -t (“feminine nisba ending”).


ḫrj

x:r (canonical)
ḫrj (masculine singular)
ḫrt (feminine singular)
ḫrjwj (dual masculine)
ḫrwj (dual masculine)
ḫrtj (dual feminine)
ḫrjw (masculine plural)
ḫrw (masculine plural)
ḫrwt (feminine plural)
ḫrt (feminine plural)

ḫr (“in the presence of”) + -j (“nisba ending”).


ḥnꜥj

H-n:a (canonical)
ḥnꜥj (masculine singular)
ḥnꜥt (feminine singular)
ḥnꜥjwj (dual masculine)
ḥnꜥwj (dual masculine)
ḥnꜥtj (dual feminine)
ḥnꜥjw (masculine plural)
ḥnꜥw (masculine plural)
ḥnꜥwt (feminine plural)
ḥnꜥt (feminine plural)


ḥꜣj

HA-A (canonical)
ḥꜣj (masculine singular)
ḥꜣt (feminine singular)
ḥꜣjwj (dual masculine)
ḥꜣwj (dual masculine)
ḥꜣtj (dual feminine)
ḥꜣjw (masculine plural)
ḥꜣw (masculine plural)
ḥꜣwt (feminine plural)
ḥꜣt (feminine plural)

ḥꜣ (“behind, around”) + -j (“nisba ending”).


ḥꜣj

HA-A-S28 3ae inf. (canonical)
ḥꜣt (infinitive)
ḥꜣj (infinitive)
ḥꜣw (infinitive negative)
ḥꜣ (infinitive negative)
ḥꜣwt (infinitive)
ḥꜣyt (infinitive)
ḥꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
ḥꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥꜣy (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥꜣ (stative)
ḥr ḥꜣt (imperfective)
ḥr ḥꜣj (imperfective)
m ḥꜣt (imperfective)
m ḥꜣj (imperfective)
r ḥꜣt (prospective)
r ḥꜣj (prospective)
ḥꜣ.n (active perfect)
ḥꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḥꜣt (active terminative)
ḥꜣyt (active terminative)
ḥꜣ (active perfective)
ḥꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
ḥꜣ (active imperfective)
ḥꜣy (active imperfective)
ḥꜣw (active prospective)
ḥꜣ (active prospective)
ḥꜣy (active prospective)
ḥꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
ḥꜣ (active subjunctive)
ḥꜣy (active subjunctive)
ḥꜣ.n (active participle perfect)
ḥꜣw (active participle perfective)
ḥꜣy (active participle perfective)
ḥꜣ (active participle perfective)
ḥꜣy (participle passive perfective)
ḥꜣ (participle passive perfective)
ḥꜣ (active imperfective participle)
ḥꜣy (active imperfective participle)
ḥꜣw (active imperfective participle)
ḥꜣj (active imperfective participle)
ḥꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
ḥꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
ḥꜣw (active participle prospective)
ḥꜣy (active participle prospective)
ḥꜣ (active participle prospective)
ḥꜣtj (active participle prospective)
ḥꜣwtj (participle prospective)
ḥꜣtj (participle prospective)
ḥꜣt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḥꜣt, ḥꜣyt

ḥr ḥꜣt, ḥr ḥꜣj

ḥꜣw, ḥꜣ, ḥꜣy

ḥꜣw, ḥꜣ, ḥꜣy

ḥꜣw, ḥꜣ, ḥꜣy

ḥꜣw.tj1, ḥꜣ.tj1, ḥꜣy.tj1, ḥꜣw.tw2, ḥꜣ.tw2, ḥꜣy.tw2

ḥꜣw1, ḥꜣy, ḥꜣ

ḥꜣ, ḥꜣy, ḥꜣw5

ḥꜣ, ḥꜣj6, ḥꜣy6

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.


jrj-ꜥt

jrj-ꜥt (singular)
jrjwj-ꜥt (dual)
jrjw-ꜥt (plural)

jrj (“(one) pertaining to”) + ꜥt (“room”).


tpj-ḏw.f

Old Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tbaitōou)

tpj (“(one) standing atop”) + ḏw (“mountain”) + .f (“his”), thus literally ‘he who stands atop his mountain’.


tpj

tp:p*y (canonical)
tpj (masculine singular)
tpt (feminine singular)
tpjwj (dual masculine)
tpwj (dual masculine)
tptj (dual feminine)
tpjw (masculine plural)
tpw (masculine plural)
tpwt (feminine plural)
tpt (feminine plural)

Old Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁⲓ- (tbai-)


ꜥt

a:t*pr (canonical feminine)
ꜥt (singular)
ꜥtj (dual)
ꜥwt (plural)

(ꜥ.wy, “house”)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

Old Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)


ḫntj-jmntjw

Old Coptic: ⳓⲛⲧⲉⲙⲛⲧ (ḫntemnt)

ḫntj (“foremost”) + jmntjw (“westerners, i.e. the dead”), plural of jmntj (“western(er)”).
The word is first attested in the tombs of First Dynasty kings Den (dn) and Qaa (qꜣ-ꜥ), where it is associated with the dead kings. However, there is no certain evidence that it referred to a separate deity (rather than being an epithet for other deities) until the second half of the Fifth Dynasty.

s-HD-D:ra-SPACE-SPACE-k:k:t-N2-z:r-q:Y2-k-H-st:t-tm-m-t:gb-pr-!-a:r-N31:k-SPACE-SPACE-m-r:n-k:n-r:a-ra*Z1:r-b-w-Xr:r-st:ir-xnt-n:t*y-imnt-tyw-N33B:N33B:N33B-A40
sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8

Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.

Foremost of the Westerners, an epithet used for various gods of the dead such as Osiris and Anubis

Khentiamentiu, a god of the dead and patron god of the necropolis at Abydos


ẖrj-nṯr

/çəˈɾej ˈnoːtə/

/çəˈɾej ˈnoːtə/

ẖrj (“lying under, being the place of”) + nṯr (“god”), thus literally ‘that which is under the god’ or ’place where the god is’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


ẖrj-ḥꜣb

ẖrj-ḥꜣb (singular)
ẖrjwj-ḥꜣb (dual)
ẖrjw-ḥꜣb (plural)

ẖrj (“(one) bearing”) + ḥꜣb (“festival scroll”).


jmt-pr

jmt-pr (singular)
jmtj-pr (dual)
jmwt-pr (plural)

A nominalized nisba adjective in a reverse nisba construction, jmt (“being in”) + pr (“house, estate”), literally ‘what the estate is in’.

inventory of a house’s or estate’s property and goods

Szp:p-D40-imi-m&t-pr:Z1 ― šzp jmt-pr ― to receive a bequest (+ m-ꜥ: from)

r:D37-m-imi-m&t-pr:Z1 ― rḏj (m) jmt-pr ― to bequeath property as a bequest (+ n: to (someone))

specifically, such property as a bequeathed legacy or estate; bequest

to make a will (+ n: in (someone)’s favor; + m: about)

will, last will and testament (document)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see jmj, pr.


bw

b-w (canonical masculine)
bw (singular)
bwwj (dual)
bww (plural)

Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *bǔ (“place”) and compares Arabic بِـ (bi-, “in, with, by”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.

(with following genitive) position, location where someone or something is

(with following adjective) forms abstract nouns; -ness


bw

Coptic: ⲙⲉ⸗ (me⸗)

Related to (and probably developed from) earlier nj (“not”). The spelling with b- may reflect a graphic phenomenon rather than a sound change. Compare the Late Egyptian development of bn from Earlier Egyptian nn.

(Late Egyptian, with following verb in the sdm.f form) not; forms the negative aorist of verbs

(Late Egyptian, with following verb in the sdmt.f form (from the Middle Egyptian terminative)) not yet

(Late Egyptian, chiefly literary, with following verb in the sdm.f form) not; forms the negative preterite of verbs


bꜣk jm

(idiomatic) a humble reference to the speaker; yours truly, your humble servant


jmj-r-pr

m-r:pr (canonical masculine)
jmj-r-pr (singular)
jmjwj-r-pr (dual)
jmjw-r-pr (plural)

jmj-r (“overseer”) + pr (“house”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the house’.

steward; administrator of an estate/house, wealth, property, etc.


ḫntj

xnt-n:t*y (canonical)
ḫntj (masculine singular)
ḫntt (feminine singular)
ḫntjwj (dual masculine)
ḫntwj (dual masculine)
ḫnttj (dual feminine)
ḫntjw (masculine plural)
ḫntw (masculine plural)
ḫntwt (feminine plural)
ḫntt (feminine plural)

ḫnt (“at the head of”) + -j (nisba ending).


ḫntj

xnt-n:t-P1 4ae inf. (canonical)
ḫnt (infinitive)
ḫntw (infinitive negative)
ḫntyw (infinitive negative)
ḫnt (infinitive negative)
ḫntt (infinitive)
ḫntwt (infinitive)
ḫntyt (infinitive)
ḫnt (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫnt (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫnty (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫnt (stative)
ḥr ḫnt (imperfective)
m ḫnt (imperfective)
r ḫnt (prospective)
ḫnt.n (active perfect)
ḫnt.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḫntt (active terminative)
ḫnt (active perfective)
ḫnt.ḫr (active obligative)
ḫnt (active imperfective)
ḫnty (active imperfective)
ḫntw (active prospective)
ḫnt (active prospective)
ḫnty (active prospective)
ḫnt.kꜣ (active potential)
ḫnt (active subjunctive)
ḫnty (active subjunctive)
ḫnt.n (active participle perfect)
ḫntw (active participle perfective)
ḫnty (active participle perfective)
ḫnt (active participle perfective)
ḫnty (participle passive perfective)
ḫnt (participle passive perfective)
ḫntt (active imperfective participle)
ḫntty (active imperfective participle)
ḫnttw (active imperfective participle)
ḫnttj (active imperfective participle)
ḫntt (imperfective participle passive)
ḫnttw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫntw (active participle prospective)
ḫnty (active participle prospective)
ḫnt (active participle prospective)
ḫnttj (active participle prospective)
ḫntwtj (participle prospective)
ḫnttj (participle prospective)
ḫntt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḫntt

ḫntw.tj1, ḫnt.tj1, ḫnty.tj1, ḫntw.tw2, ḫnt.tw2, ḫnty.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

(intransitive) to go forward, to advance, to be(come) foremost

(intransitive) to go upstream, to go southwards


jmj-r-mšꜥ

jmj-r-mšꜥ (singular)
jmjwj-r-mšꜥ (dual)
jmjw-r-mšꜥ (plural)

Coptic: ⲗⲉⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (lemēēše, “warrior”)

→⇒ Ancient Greek: λεμεισα (lemeisa)

→⇒ Meroitic: 𐦧𐦡𐦬𐦨𐦣𐦯 (pelmos /pəlamusa/)

From jmj-r (“overseer”) + mšꜥ (“army, workgang, expedition”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the army/workgang/expedition’.


jmy

Probably originally a derivative of m (“in”); compare jmj (“being in”).

a child of his (literally, “child to him belonging”)

(following n (“to, for”) with an attached suffix pronoun) of, belonging to


tnw

tnw (singular)
tnwwj (dual)
tnww (plural)


ꜥꜣw

ꜥꜣ (“big”) + -w (“adverbializing suffix”).


ḫft jrj

ḫft (“across from, in accordance with”) + jrj (“regarding it”).


grw

grw (singular)
grwwj (dual)
grww (plural)

From gr (“to be still, to be silent”) + -w.

nw:k-g:r-w-A2-m-m-s-r:A21-Z3--…--s-s-b-q:Y1:n-sw-t:n-
-xnt-n:t:tA:tA-mH:ib*Z1-Y1:f-xnt-n:t:r-x:G24-A1-Z2ss:t:f
jnk grw mm srw […] ssbq.n nswt ḫnt tꜣwj mḥ-jb.f ḫnt rḫwt.f

c. 1928–1924 BCE, Stele of Wepwawetaa (Leiden V4/AP 63), lines 9–10

I was a silent/dispassionate one among the officials, […] whom the king honored in front of the Two Lands (Egypt), his confidant at the fore of his subjects

wn-n:O31-a-Xn:n-S28-n-g-r-w-A2-A1-
-w-z:x-W10-Y1-st-t-pr-n:t-h-r-Y1-A1-m-md-d-w-w-A2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.1–1.2

The tent is open to the quiet man; the place of the man calm in speech is broad.

a calm, dispassionate, and self-effacing person, seen as wisely living according to Maat (virtue/truth/cosmic order)


grw

Coptic: ϭⲉ (ce)

Compare the (mostly Old Egyptian) enclitic particle gr.


ḏs

D-s (canonical masculine)
ḏs (singular)
ḏswj (dual)
ḏsw (plural)


jmj-r

jmj-r (singular)
jmjwj-r (dual)
jmwj-r (dual)
jmjw-r (plural)
jmw-r (plural)

Demotic: mr, mry

A ‘reverse nisba’ construction from jmj (“(one) being in”) + r (“mouth”), thus literally ‘one in whom the mouth is’, implying ‘one who gives commands’. The written form is abbreviated to omit the weak consonants.

overseer, chief administrator, superintendent


jmj-r

From jmj (“(one) being in”) + r (“mouth”), literally “the one in the mouth”. The components are the same as in the etymology above, but the grammatical construction is different.


-nw

nw (canonical)
nw (masculine singular)
nw:t (feminine singular)
nwt (feminine singular)

Added to the roots of cardinal numbers to form the ordinal numbers second through ninth.


jfdnw

jfdnw (masculine singular)
jfdnwt (feminine singular)
jfdnwwj (dual masculine)
jfdnwtj (dual feminine)
jfdnww (masculine plural)
jfdnwwt (feminine plural)
jfdnwt (feminine plural)


djnw

djnw (masculine singular)
djnwt (feminine singular)
djnwwj (dual masculine)
djnwtj (dual feminine)
djnww (masculine plural)
djnwwt (feminine plural)
djnwt (feminine plural)


sfḫnw

sfḫnw (masculine singular)
sfḫnwt (feminine singular)
sfḫnwwj (dual masculine)
sfḫnwtj (dual feminine)
sfḫnww (masculine plural)
sfḫnwwt (feminine plural)
sfḫnwt (feminine plural)


ḫmtnw

ḫmtnw (masculine singular)
ḫmtnwt (feminine singular)
ḫmtnwwj (dual masculine)
ḫmtnwtj (dual feminine)
ḫmtnww (masculine plural)
ḫmtnwwt (feminine plural)
ḫmtnwt (feminine plural)


wꜥ wꜥ

Reduplication of wꜥ (“one”). The written form consists of wꜥ (“one”) + zpwj snwj (“twice, repeated”).


ḫmnnw

ḫmnnw (masculine singular)
ḫmnnwt (feminine singular)
ḫmnnwwj (dual masculine)
ḫmnnwtj (dual feminine)
ḫmnnww (masculine plural)
ḫmnnwwt (feminine plural)
ḫmnnwt (feminine plural)


psḏnw

psḏnw (masculine singular)
psḏnwt (feminine singular)
psḏnwwj (dual masculine)
psḏnwtj (dual feminine)
psḏnww (masculine plural)
psḏnwwt (feminine plural)
psḏnwt (feminine plural)


snnw

snnw (masculine singular)
snnwt (feminine singular)
snnwwj (dual masculine)
snnwtj (dual feminine)
snnww (masculine plural)
snnwwt (feminine plural)
snnwt (feminine plural)


snnw

ir:n-A1-h:r-w-hrw-Z1-Z1-Z1-wa:a-Z1*nDs:k\-W-A1-ib-Z1-A1-m-sn-n:nw-w-A1-Z1-Z1-A1-!-z-Dr:r-A55:k\-w-A1-m-Xn:n-nw*W:pr-n:k\-A-p:V19-pr:n-xt:t*Z1-q:n-i-D32-a:n-A1-H6A-W-i-i-t-ra
jr.n.j ḫmtw hrw wꜥ.kw jb.j m snnw.j sḏr.kw m ẖnw n(j) kꜣp n(j) ḫt qnj.n.j šwyt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 41–45

I spent three days alone, my heart my only companion (literally, “my second”), lying inside a shelter of wood, having embraced the shadows.


wꜥ n

wꜥ nj (masculine singular)
wꜥ n (masculine singular)
wꜥt nt (feminine singular)


sjsnw

sjsnw (masculine singular)
sjsnwt (feminine singular)
sjsnwwj (dual masculine)
sjsnwtj (dual feminine)
sjsnww (masculine plural)
sjsnwwt (feminine plural)
sjsnwt (feminine plural)


jbd

Alternative transliteration of ꜣbd (“month”).


wꜥ m

wꜥ m (masculine singular)
wꜥt m (feminine singular)


zp

z:p*zp (canonical masculine)
zp (singular)
zpwj (dual)
zpw (plural)

Demotic: sp

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲡ (sop)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲡ (sop)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲡ (sap)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲁⲡ (sap)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲡ (sap)

alsocommon in other uses duringthe Greco-Roman Period

time (as in the first time or many times), occurrence, instance

E9:a-w-iwa:H_SPACE-gb-b-sw-i-i-t:Y1:tA:tA-U3:f-Ax-x:H_SPACE-Y1:Z2:f-s-V25-w-Y1:n:f:n:f-s-T32:m-tA:tA:tA:n-m:a-r:wAH-n:z:p-zp:Z2ss-ir:*n:f
jwꜥw gbb (n)syt tꜣwj mꜣ.f ꜣḫw.f swḏ.n.f n.f sšm tꜣw n mꜥr n(j) zpw jr.n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 10–11

the heir of Geb in the kingship of the Two Lands (Egypt), whose prowess he (Geb) saw, to whom he has bequeathed the guidance of the lands because of the success of the deeds he has done.

ir:Dw-t-w-r:Sd:d-xrw-w-w-d:Z9:D40-q:n:nDs-z:p*zp:f-spr:r:D54-r:f
jr ḏwt r šd-ḫrw wd qn zp.f spr(.w) r.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 22

Evil has been done to the Disturber (Set), he who committed violence; his misdeed has caught up with him.

(usually in the plural) medicinal concoction, medicine, remedy, dose


zp

Demotic: sp


ꜥrqy

arq:q-i-i-ra (canonical masculine)
ꜥrqy (singular)
ꜥrqywj (dual)
ꜥrqyw (plural)

Demotic: ꜥrqy

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲕⲉ (alke), ⲁⲗⲕⲏ (alkē)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲕⲉ (alke), ⲁⲗⲕⲏ (alkē)

From ꜥrq (“to tie on, to complete, to stop”) + -y.


mrnptḥ

Alternative transliteration of mry-n-ptḥ.


msdmt

msdmt (singular)
msdmtj (dual)
msdmwt (plural)

Demotic: mstm, mstme.t, smṱ

>? Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲥⲑⲏⲙ (esthēm)

desctree

→ Arabic: إثمد (ʾiṯmid)
→ Latin: antimonium
→ English: antimony

>? Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲧⲏⲙ (stēm)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: στίμμι (stímmi), στίβι (stíbi)

→ Latin: stibium

→ English: stibium, stibnite

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + sdm (“makeup; to put on makeup”) + -t (feminine suffix).

af

also used as an abbreviationfor the word

a black mineral pigment used as eye makeup and in medicinal preparations for treating eye disease; mesdemet

the mineral material from which this pigment is made, as used for making small cultic images and other objects


𓃾

Proto-Sinaitic:

Proto-Canaanite:

desctree

Phoenician script: 𐤀
Greek script: Α
Coptic script: Ⲁ
Cyrillic script: А
Gothic script: 𐌰
Old Italic script: 𐌀
Latin script: A
Runic script: ᚨ
Imperial Aramaic script: 𐡀
Hebrew script: א
Syriac script: ܐ
Pahlavi:
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠
Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭀
Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀
Avestan script: 𐬀, 𐬁
Nabataean script: 𐢀, 𐢁
Arabic script: ا
N'Ko script: ߊ
Mandaic script: ࡀ
Hatran script: 𐣠
Palmyrene script: 𐡠
Elymaic script: 𐿠
Kharoshthi script: 𐨀
>? Brahmi script: 𑀅 (see there for further descendants)

Ancient South Arabian script: 𐩱
Ethiopic script: አ

Ancient North Arabian script: 𐪑

Representing the head of an ox. Compare cuneiform 𒄞 and the Chinese character 牛.

offering formula
offering formula#English

Form of E1 used in the offering formula as a logogram for kꜣw (“oxen”).


bꜣjr

bꜣjr (singular)
bꜣjrwj (dual)
bꜣjrw (plural)

> Demotic: br (inherited)

> Coptic: ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare), ⲃⲁⲣⲓ (bari) — Bohairic (inherited)
→ Ancient Greek: βᾶρις (bâris)
→ English: baris (learned)
→ Latin: bāris (see there for further descendants)

(Late Egyptian) baris (a type of flat-bottomed freighter used on the Nile)


r šꜣꜥ

Coptic: ϣⲁ (ša, “to, toward”)


mrj

U7:r-A2 3ae inf. (canonical)
mrt (infinitive)
mrj (infinitive)
mrw (infinitive negative)
mr (infinitive negative)
mrwt (infinitive)
mryt (infinitive)
mr (imperative infinitive singular)
mr (imperative infinitive plural)
mry (imperative infinitive plural)
mr (stative)
mrr (stative)
ḥr mrt (imperfective)
ḥr mrj (imperfective)
m mrt (imperfective)
m mrj (imperfective)
r mrt (prospective)
r mrj (prospective)
mr.n (active perfect)
mrw (passive perfect)
mr (passive perfect)
mry (passive perfect)
mr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
mrt (terminative)
mryt (terminative)
mr (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
mr.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
mr (active imperfective)
mry (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
mrw (active prospective)
mr (active prospective)
mry (active prospective)
mrw (passive prospective)
mr (passive prospective)
mry (passive prospective)
mr.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
mr (active subjunctive)
mry (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
mr.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
mrw (active participle perfective relative)
mry (active participle perfective relative)
mr (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
mr (active participle perfective)
mry (participle passive perfective)
mr (participle passive perfective)
mrr (active imperfective participle relative)
mrry (active imperfective participle relative)
mrrw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
mrr (active imperfective participle)
mrrj (active imperfective participle)
mrry (active imperfective participle)
mrr (imperfective participle passive)
mrrw (imperfective participle passive)
mrw (active participle prospective relative)
mry (active participle prospective relative)
mr (active participle prospective relative)
mrtj (active participle prospective relative)
mrwtj (participle prospective)
mrtj (participle prospective)
mrt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

mrt, mryt

mrw.tj1, mr.tj1, mry.tj1, mrw.tw2, mr.tw2, mry.tw2

Demotic: mr

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓⲉ (meie)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓ (mei)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲓ (mēi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲉ (me)

→? Hebrew: מרים (miryám)

ir:t-n:n:f-zA:f-mr-A19-i*i:f-d:b*i
jrt.n n.f zꜣ.f smsw.f mr(j).f dbj

The Stela of Inhuretnakht, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 1783

What his eldest beloved son Debi made for him.

(transitive, of family members, rulers and subjects, or people and gods) to love (someone), to have affection for, to be fond of

rulers and subjects; or people and gods; rulers and subjects; or people and gods

(transitive) to love (something abstract: truth, life, goodness, battle, etc.)

(transitive) to be fond of, to love (something one possesses)

(transitive) to want, to desire (something one does not possess)

(transitive) to desire to be in (a place)

(transitive, with infinitive) to want (to do something)

(transitive, with sḏm.f) to want, to wish (that something be done)


ꜥḥꜣwtj

ꜥḥꜣwtj (singular)
ꜥḥꜣwtjwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜣwtjw (plural)

Demotic: ḥwt(j)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲁⲩⲧ (haut)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲱⲟⲩⲧ (hōout)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲟⲩⲧ (haout)

Old Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩⲛⲧ (hoount)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ (hoout)

(Late Egyptian, often attributive) male
man, male human

(Late Egyptian, often attributive) male
gander

(Late Egyptian, often attributive) male
male god


ꜥḥꜣwtj

(Late Egyptian, intransitive) to be(come) quarrelsome, to quarrel (+ m-dj: to quarrel with (someone))


zp 2

Alternative transliteration of zpwj snwj.


zpwj snwj

zpwj, dual of zp (“time, occasion”), + snwj (“two”).


ḥrrt

Hr:r-r:*t-Hn (canonical feminine)
ḥrrt (singular)
ḥrrtj (dual)
ḥrrwt (plural)

Demotic: (ḥrry)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲣⲏⲣⲓ (hrēri)

desctree

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri)
→? Proto-Albanian: *lulā
Albanian: lule
>? Greek: λουλούδι (louloúdi)
→ Ancient Greek: λείριον (leírion)
Greek: λειρί (leirí, “cock's comb”)
→ Latin: līlium (see there for further descendants)
→ Translingual: Lilium
→ Serbo-Croatian: lijȇr

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)


ḥrrt

a hostile snake in the Duat (underworld)


pr-m-ws

→? Ancient Greek: πυραμίς (puramís)

Greek: πυραμίδα (pyramída)

→ Latin: pyramis

Galician: pirámide

Italian: piramide

Old French: piramide

French: pyramide

→ English: pyramid

Portuguese: pirâmide

Spanish: pirámide

pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”).

compound

Ab-m:r-O24-pr-r:D54-m-w-s-pr-n:f-i-m-i-i-m-V20-Z1-Z1

c. 1550 B.C.E., Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, problem 59

(in mathematical papyri) height of a pyramid


sḫnt

perfective of sḫntj (“to promote, to advance”)


swnw

s-wn:n-nw:W-T11:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Ancient Greek: Συήνη (Suḗnē)

→ Latin: Syēnē

→ Hebrew: סונה

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ (souan)

→ Egyptian Arabic: أسوان (Aswān)

→ English: Aswan

→ French: Assouan

→ Greek: Ασσουάν (Assouán)

→ English: Assuan, Assouan

→ Italian: Assuan

→ Hebrew: אַסְוָאן (Asvan)

Possibly related to swn (“to trade, to buy”), swnt (“trade, price”).


zft

z:f:t-T30 fm (canonical)
zft (singular)
zftj (dual)
zfwt (plural)
zft (singular)
zftwj (dual)
zftw (plural)

Demotic:  (sfy)

Coptic: ⲥⲏϥⲉ (sēfe) (Sahidic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan), ⲥⲏϥⲓ (sēfi) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

→ Ancient Greek: ξίφος (xíphos)

Related to zf (“to slaughter, cut up”), zfṯ (“to slaughter”). Also compare Arabic سيف (sayf), Amharic ሰይፍ (säyf), Ancient Greek ξίφος (xíphos).


mryt

mryt (singular)
mrytj (dual)
mrywt (plural)

Demotic: mrt, mr

Coptic: ⲙⲣⲱ (mrō) (Sahidic), ⲉⲙⲣⲱ (emrō) (Bohairic)

→ Egyptian Arabic: دَمْرُوء (Damrūʔ)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μάρεια (Máreia), Μᾰρεῶτῐς (Mareôtis)

Compare Beja mari (“side, direction”). Suffixed with -t (feminine ending). Related to mrj (“to run aground, to strand (a ship)”), but most likely this verb was derived from the noun.

Černý considers this a variant ofmrw rather than mryt

shore or riverbank with a natural embankment or levee

a landing place for ships on shore; wharf, quay


sbn

sbn (singular)
sbnwj (dual)
sbnw (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: σάβανον (sábanon) (see there for further descendants)

Demotic: sbn, snb

Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛ (seben) (Bohairic)

(linen) bandage, especially as a wrapping for a mummy


šnḏwt

→ Ancient Greek: σινδών (sindṓn)

→ Classical Syriac: ܣܕܘܢܐ

→ Latin: sindon

→ English: sindon

Demotic: šnt (“costume, kilt”)

Coptic: ϣⲛ̄ⲧⲱ (šn̄tō, “(linen) sheet, robe”) (Sahidic), ϣⲉⲛⲧⲱ (šentō) (Bohairic)

kilt made of šmꜥ-linen, especially the king’s kilt


jnst

jnst (singular)
jnstj (dual)
jnswt (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: ἄνισον (ánison) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain etymology. With different determinatives the word is associated with the soles of a human foot or the hoof of an animal, perhaps suggesting a correlation to its known anti-fungal properties, anethole still being used to treat athlete's foot and thrush.

(medicine or literary) an edible plant, possibly anise, used medicinally


jnst

k-A-p-Z5:D40-ir:ir-s-y--Hr-Z1-i-in:n-s-t-D56-F51:Z2-n:t-g:n-i-i-w-G39:Z2

c. 1800 BCE, Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (UC 32057), page 1, line 4


hꜣ

(chiefly in religious texts) O! (vocative interjection)

with influence from thewriting of the verb hꜣj


ꜣwšꜣmm

Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From a West Semitic compound of *uru (“house, town”) and *salim, which meant either "peace" or "Shalim" (Canaanite god of twilight). For more information see Jerusalem.

HqA-q:n-Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25-i-i-i-q-A-a-mw-A14A-D39:A1*Z2ss-nb-w-n:t-w-H-n:a-f
ḥq(ꜣ) n(j) ꜣwšꜣmm jy-qꜣꜥ-mw mḥnkw nbw nt(j)w ḥnꜥ.f

18th century BCE, Berlin execration texts, e27

The ruler of Jerusalem, Yaqar-ʿAmmu, and all the confidants who are with him


𓂁

Traditionally considered to represent a piece of the Eye of Horus or wḏꜣt (literally “Intact One”) D10 (𓂀), and specifically the forward-facing part of the white of the eye. In Egyptian mythology, the eye was torn out and dismembered by Set, and subsequently pieced back together and restored by Thoth. The series of Egyptian fractional measures of grain would then be either directly based on the pieces of the eye or would have eventually come to be interpreted as such.
In fact, however, while the hieroglyphic signs certainly represent pieces of the eye, their usage as measures is uncertain, as the evidence mainly comes from votive cubits whose texts are extremely difficult to interpret; meanwhile, the hieratic forms of the signs are well attested as measures, but their earlier forms do not closely resemble pieces of the eye. The equivalence of the hieratic and hieroglyphic signs has thus become questionable, and the direct origin of the measures as pieces of the eye is not likely, although their later reinterpretation as such is possible.

Egyptian eye fraction

Used as a numeral for ¹⁄₂ in (mostly hieratic) measures of grain.


𓂂

Traditionally considered to represent a piece of the Eye of Horus or wḏꜣt (literally “Intact One”) D10 (𓂀), and specifically the pupil of the eye. In Egyptian mythology, the eye was torn out and dismembered by Set, and subsequently pieced back together and restored by Thoth. The series of Egyptian fractional measures of grain would then be either directly based on the pieces of the eye or would have eventually come to be interpreted as such.
In fact, however, while the hieroglyphic signs certainly represent pieces of the eye, their usage as measures is uncertain, as the evidence mainly comes from votive cubits whose texts are extremely difficult to interpret; meanwhile, the hieratic forms of the signs are well attested as measures, but their earlier forms do not closely resemble pieces of the eye. The equivalence of the hieratic and hieroglyphic signs has thus become questionable, and the direct origin of the measures as pieces of the eye is not likely, although their later reinterpretation as such is possible.

Used as a numeral for ¹⁄₄ in (mostly hieratic) measures of grain.

Determinative in ḏfḏ (“pupil (of the eye)”).


𓂄

Traditionally considered to represent a piece of the Eye of Horus or wḏꜣt (literally “Intact One”) D10 (𓂀), and specifically the rearward-facing part of the white of the eye. In Egyptian mythology, the eye was torn out and dismembered by Set, and subsequently pieced back together and restored by Thoth. The series of Egyptian fractional measures of grain would then be either directly based on the pieces of the eye or would have eventually come to be interpreted as such.
In fact, however, while the hieroglyphic signs certainly represent pieces of the eye, their usage as measures is uncertain, as the evidence mainly comes from votive cubits whose texts are extremely difficult to interpret; meanwhile, the hieratic forms of the signs are well attested as measures, but their earlier forms do not closely resemble pieces of the eye. The equivalence of the hieratic and hieroglyphic signs has thus become questionable, and the direct origin of the measures as pieces of the eye is not likely, although their later reinterpretation as such is possible.

Used as a numeral for ¹⁄₁₆ in (mostly hieratic) measures of grain.


𓂃

Traditionally considered to represent a piece of the Eye of Horus or wḏꜣt (literally “Intact One”) D10 (𓂀), and specifically its eyebrow. In Egyptian mythology, the eye was torn out and dismembered by Set, and subsequently pieced back together and restored by Thoth. The series of Egyptian fractional measures of grain would then be either directly based on the pieces of the eye or would have eventually come to be interpreted as such.
In fact, however, while the hieroglyphic signs certainly represent pieces of the eye, their usage as measures is uncertain, as the evidence mainly comes from votive cubits whose texts are extremely difficult to interpret; meanwhile, the hieratic forms of the signs are well attested as measures, but their earlier forms do not closely resemble pieces of the eye. The equivalence of the hieratic and hieroglyphic signs has thus become questionable, and the direct origin of the measures as pieces of the eye is not likely, although their later reinterpretation as such is possible.

Used as a numeral for ¹⁄₈ in (mostly hieratic) measures of grain.

Determinative in jnḥ (“eyebrow”) and some other words relating to eyebrows.


𓂅

Traditionally considered to represent a piece of the Eye of Horus or wḏꜣt (literally “Intact One”) D10 (𓂀), and specifically one of the markings of a falcon’s head found below the eye. In Egyptian mythology, the eye was torn out and dismembered by Set, and subsequently pieced back together and restored by Thoth. The series of Egyptian fractional measures of grain would then be either directly based on the pieces of the eye or would have eventually come to be interpreted as such.
In fact, however, while the hieroglyphic signs certainly represent pieces of the eye, their usage as measures is uncertain, as the evidence mainly comes from votive cubits whose texts are extremely difficult to interpret; meanwhile, the hieratic forms of the signs are well attested as measures, but their earlier forms do not closely resemble pieces of the eye. The equivalence of the hieratic and hieroglyphic signs has thus become questionable, and the direct origin of the measures as pieces of the eye is not likely, although their later reinterpretation as such is possible.

Used as a numeral for ¹⁄₃₂ in (mostly hieratic) measures of grain.


𓂆

Used as a numeral for ¹⁄₆₄ in (mostly hieratic) measures of grain.


mswt-stẖ

mswt (“birth”) + stẖ (“Set”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Set’.

The third of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-nbt-ḥwt

mswt (“birth”) + nbt-ḥwt (“Nephthys”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Nephthys’.

The fifth and last of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-ꜣst

mswt (“birth”) + ꜣst (“Isis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Isis’.

The fourth of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-wsjr

mswt (“birth”) + wsjr (“Osiris”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Osiris’.

The first of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-ḥr

mswt (“birth”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Horus’.

The second of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


𓂀

Representing the Eye of Horus or wḏꜣt (literally “Intact One”) in the form of a human eye with the markings of a falcon’s head. The vertical stripe represents the dark spot found beneath the falcon’s eye, while the spiral stylizes the feather pattern behind this spot.


ẖnt-ḥwt-ḥr

ẖnt + ḥwt-ḥr in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘water-procession of Hathor’.

tḫj

Middle Kingdom (Memphite) Egyptian calendar months

ḏḥwtj

New Kingdom (Theban) Egyptian calendar months


nḥb-kꜣw

nḥb + kꜣw, plural of kꜣ, in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Apportioner of kas’.


šf-bdt

šf + bdt in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Swelling of emmer’.


rkḥ-ꜥꜣ

/ˌɾakaħˈʕaʀ/

/rɛkɛh ɑːʔɑ/

rkḥ (“fire, burning”) + ꜥꜣ (“great”), thus literally ‘Great Burning’.


rkḥ-nḏs

rkḥ (“fire, burning”) + nḏs (“small”), thus literally ‘Small Burning’.


jpt-ḥmt

From jpt (meaning disputed) + ḥmt (“female ‘Majesty’ or ‘Incarnation’ (pharaoh, goddess)”), sometimes also found with suffixed .s (“her”). The first element, jpt, has been interpreted in various ways; the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae takes it as the name of the goddess Ipet, so that the whole phrase can be rendered “Ipet, her Majesty”, while Allen takes it to mean “select”, so that the phrase can be rendered “(She who is) Select of Incarnation”.

af

ḥmt <t:female ‘Majesty’ or ‘Incarnation’ (pharaoh, goddess)>

the festival of Epiphi, taking place on the first or second day of the next month, Mesore


mnḫt

mnḫt (singular)
mnḫtj (dual)
mnḫwt (plural)

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + wnḫ (“to clothe”) + -t (feminine suffix).


ẖrw

ẖrw (singular)
ẖrwwj (dual)
ẖrww (plural)

An abstract noun formed from ẖr (“under”).


tḫj

X1:Aa1-W22 3ae inf. (canonical)
tḫt (infinitive)
tḫj (infinitive)
tḫw (infinitive negative)
tḫ (infinitive negative)
tḫwt (infinitive)
tḫyt (infinitive)
tḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
tḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
tḫy (imperative infinitive plural)
tḫ (stative)
tḫḫ (stative)
ḥr tḫt (imperfective)
ḥr tḫj (imperfective)
m tḫt (imperfective)
m tḫj (imperfective)
r tḫt (prospective)
r tḫj (prospective)
tḫ.n (active perfect)
tḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
tḫt (active terminative)
tḫyt (active terminative)
tḫ (active perfective)
tḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
tḫ (active imperfective)
tḫy (active imperfective)
tḫw (active prospective)
tḫ (active prospective)
tḫy (active prospective)
tḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
tḫ (active subjunctive)
tḫy (active subjunctive)
tḫ.n (active participle perfect)
tḫw (active participle perfective)
tḫy (active participle perfective)
tḫ (active participle perfective)
tḫy (participle passive perfective)
tḫ (participle passive perfective)
tḫḫ (active imperfective participle)
tḫḫy (active imperfective participle)
tḫḫw (active imperfective participle)
tḫḫj (active imperfective participle)
tḫḫ (imperfective participle passive)
tḫḫw (imperfective participle passive)
tḫw (active participle prospective)
tḫy (active participle prospective)
tḫ (active participle prospective)
tḫtj (active participle prospective)
tḫwtj (participle prospective)
tḫtj (participle prospective)
tḫt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

tḫt, tḫyt

tḫw.tj1, tḫ.tj1, tḫy.tj1, tḫw.tw2, tḫ.tw2, tḫy.tw2

Demotic: tẖy

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⳉⲉ (tixe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲓϧⲓ (thixi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯϩⲓ (tihi)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯϩⲉ (tihe)


tḫj

A nominalized nisba adjective, formed from tḫ (“plumb bob”) + -j (“nisba ending”), thus literally ‘(the one) of the plumb bob’, an epithet of Thoth.


wḏꜣt

w-DA-A-t-wDAt (canonical feminine)
wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)

From wḏꜣ (“to be intact”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

(originally) the (dismembered and subsequently restored) Eye of Horus, a mythological conception of the full moon

epithet for various goddesses as the personified eyes of a god

an amulet in the form of the Eye of Horus

(in the dual) the actual eyes of a god or person


wḏꜣt

wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)

(Late Egyptian) a volumetric measure of grain, possibly equivalent to the ḥqꜣt (“heqat”)


wḏꜣt

wDAt-pt (canonical feminine)
wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)


wḏꜣt

Alternative transliteration of bꜣqt (“an epithet for Egypt”).


ẖrt

ẖrt (singular)
ẖrtj (dual)
ẖrwt (plural)

ẖr (“having”) + -t (“feminine nisba ending”), probably to be interpreted as a nominalized ‘reverse nisba’, i.e. as ‘that which is had’.

i-p:n:f-tA:N21*Z1:r-Xr:r:t:f-pt:tA:Xr:r-st-Hr*Z1:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19

The land was accounted as his possession, and the sky and the land were under his care.


aAmw

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ꜥꜣmw.


pꜥt

Old Coptic: ⲡⲏ (pē)

s-V25-w-Y1:n:f-t*nr:Z2-H_SPACE:t-G23-Z2ss:H_SPACE-p:a:t*F51A-N8:M:M-t:Z2ss-tA:U7:r-i-tr-niwt-HA-nb:nb:nb
swḏ n.f rmt rḫyt pꜥt ḥnmmt tꜣ-mrj ḥꜣ(w)-nbw(t)

Humankind was bequeathed to him, the commoners and patricians, the sunfolk of the Beloved Land (Egypt) and the Aegean islanders.

(collective) social stratum of nobility: elite, patricians


pꜥt

pꜥt (singular)
pꜥtj (dual)
pꜥwt (plural)


sbꜣyt

Demotic:  (sbꜣ.t)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲟⲩ (sbou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō), ⲥⲃⲟⲩ (sbou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)


jmw

jmw (singular)
jmwwj (dual)
jmww (plural)


wrrt

From wrr (“to be great”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

-pr:r:D54-n:f:S10-H-w-m-wD-n:gb-b-O43:p-D40:n:f-HqA-t*Z1:N21:N21-HDt-mn:n:Y1-ti-i-m-tp*Z1:f
pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19

He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.


wrrt

→ Ancient Greek: οὐραῖος (ouraîos)

→ Latin: uraeus

→ English: uraeus


nmw

n-mw (canonical masculine)
nmw (singular)
nmwwj (dual)
nmww (plural)

a dwarf figurine associated with the god Ptah and conventionally called a Pataikos


nmj

Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)


nmj

n-nm-m-i-D54 3-lit. (canonical)
nmj (infinitive)
nmjw (infinitive negative)
nmj (infinitive negative)
nmjt (infinitive)
nmj (imperative infinitive singular)
nmj (imperative infinitive plural)
nmj (stative)
ḥr nmj (imperfective)
m nmj (imperfective)
r nmj (prospective)
nmj.n (active perfect)
nmjw (passive perfect)
nmj (passive perfect)
nmj.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
nmjt (terminative)
nmj (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
nmj.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
nmj (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
nmj (active prospective)
nmj (passive prospective)
nmj.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
nmj (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
nmj.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
nmj (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
nmj (active participle perfective)
nmj (participle passive perfective)
nmjw (participle passive perfective)
nmjy (participle passive perfective)
nmj (active imperfective participle relative)
nmjy (active imperfective participle relative)
nmjw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
nmj (active imperfective participle)
nmjj (active imperfective participle)
nmjy (active imperfective participle)
nmj (imperfective participle passive)
nmjw (imperfective participle passive)
nmj (active participle prospective relative)
nmjtj (active participle prospective relative)
nmjtj (participle prospective)
nmjt (participle prospective)


ḏfd

Alternative form of ḏfḏ (“pupil (of the eye)”)


twt-ꜥnḫ-jtn

From twt (“image”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jtn (“Aten”), with twt and jtn in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Tutankhaten, notably borne by Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamon), a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty


twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw

twt (“image”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jmn (“Amun”) + ḥqꜣ (“ruler”) + jwnw-šmꜥw (“Thebes”, literally “Heliopolis of Upper Egypt”), thus literally meaning ‘The Living Image of Amun, Ruler of the Heliopolis of Upper Egypt [i.e. Thebes]’. The compound is based on the pharaoh’s earlier name, twt-ꜥnḫ-jtn (literally “living image of the Aten”). A shorter form of twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw is found as twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn (“Tutankhamon”).

compound

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Tutankhamon-Heqaiunushemau, notably borne by Tutankhamon-Heqaiunushemau, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty


twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn

→ English: Tutankhamun (learned)

/təˈwaːtə ˈʕaːnəχ ʔaˈmaːnə/

/təˈwaːtə ˈʕaːnəχ ʔaˈmaːnə/

twt (“image”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jmn (“Amun”), with twt and jmn in a direct genitive construction. The compound is based on the pharaoh’s earlier name, twt-ꜥnḫ-jtn (literally “living image of the Aten”). A longer form of twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn is found as twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw.

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Tutankhamon, notably borne by Tutankhamon, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, literally ‘The Living Image of Amun’.


ꜣhw

(uncountable) sadness, sorrow, misery, trouble


ꜣhw

ꜣhw (singular)
ꜣhwwj (dual)
ꜣhww (plural)


špst

špst (singular)
špstj (dual)
špswt (plural)

Old Coptic: ϭⲁⲡϭⲓ (capci)

Old Coptic: ϣⲁⲡϣⲓ (šapši)

šps (“nobleman”) + -t (feminine ending).


ꜣbwt

Sometimes hypothesized to be from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab-, in which case it would perhaps be cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (“father”).

(collective) extended family, relatives, people of a household


ꜣbwt

ꜣbwt (singular)
ꜣbwtj (dual)
ꜣbwwt (plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to ꜣbt (“brand, branding iron”), ꜣbw (“brand, branding iron”). Less likely, some authors have connected it with ꜣbj (“to desire”), thus ‘desirable image’, or to jꜣbt (“left side”) because enemies were associated with the left.

(often followed by ‘the enemy’ in a genitive construction) the symbol or effigy of an enemy to be ritually destroyed, often in the form of a sacrifical animal


ꜣwt

From ꜣwj (“to be long, to extend (a hand), to give an offering”).


ꜣwt

ꜣwt (singular)
ꜣwtj (dual)
ꜣwwt (plural)

offering, gift, donation (particularly of bread)


ꜣwt

a hidden chamber in a temple containing cult images

With the wrong determinative?Or a separate word meaning ‘wall’?


ꜣwt

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜣbt

ꜣbt (singular)
ꜣbtj (dual)
ꜣbwt (plural)


ꜣbt

an Abydene reliquary for the head of Osiris: the object depicted by the hieroglyph R17.


msj

ms-s 3ae inf. (canonical)
mst (infinitive)
msj (infinitive)
msw (infinitive negative)
ms (infinitive negative)
mswt (infinitive)
msyt (infinitive)
ms (imperative infinitive singular)
ms (imperative infinitive plural)
msy (imperative infinitive plural)
ms (stative)
mss (stative)
ḥr mst (imperfective)
ḥr msj (imperfective)
m mst (imperfective)
m msj (imperfective)
r mst (prospective)
r msj (prospective)
ms.n (active perfect)
msw (passive perfect)
ms (passive perfect)
msy (passive perfect)
ms.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
mst (terminative)
msyt (terminative)
ms (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ms.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ms (active imperfective)
msy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
msw (active prospective)
ms (active prospective)
msy (active prospective)
msw (passive prospective)
ms (passive prospective)
msy (passive prospective)
ms.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ms (active subjunctive)
msy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ms.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
msw (active participle perfective relative)
msy (active participle perfective relative)
ms (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ms (active participle perfective)
msy (participle passive perfective)
ms (participle passive perfective)
mss (active imperfective participle relative)
mssy (active imperfective participle relative)
mssw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
mss (active imperfective participle)
mssj (active imperfective participle)
mssy (active imperfective participle)
mss (imperfective participle passive)
mssw (imperfective participle passive)
msw (active participle prospective relative)
msy (active participle prospective relative)
ms (active participle prospective relative)
mstj (active participle prospective relative)
mswtj (participle prospective)
mstj (participle prospective)
mst (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

mst, msyt

msw.tj1, ms.tj1, msy.tj1, msw.tw2, ms.tw2, msy.tw2

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲥⲓ (misi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲥⲓ (misi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲥⲉ (mise)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲓⲥⲉ (mise)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲥⲉ (mise)

nw:k-A1-G5-A40-ms-s-n-F51:t-B1-ir-i-i-m-D38:k-t:D40-N33A:f-m-Xn:nw*pr-s-w-H-t:H8-!-D35-A-d-w-I3-i-A1-h:h-Q7-n:r*Z1-T:n-D35:p-H-pH-D54:n-w-i-A1-D:d-t-T:n-r-i-A1
jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122

I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

(transitive) to form, to create, to produce


ꜣb

Ab-b-D54 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣb (infinitive)
ꜣbw (infinitive negative)
ꜣb (infinitive negative)
ꜣbt (infinitive)
ꜣb (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣb (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣb (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣb (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣb (stative)
ḥr ꜣb (imperfective)
m ꜣb (imperfective)
r ꜣb (prospective)
ꜣb.n (active perfect)
ꜣbw (passive perfect)
ꜣb (passive perfect)
ꜣb.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜣbt (terminative)
ꜣb (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜣb.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜣb (active imperfective)
j.ꜣb (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜣb (active prospective)
ꜣbb (passive prospective)
ꜣb.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜣb (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣb (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜣb.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜣb (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜣb (active participle perfective)
ꜣbb (participle passive perfective)
ꜣbbj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣb (participle passive perfective)
ꜣbw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣby (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣb (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣb (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣby (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣbw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜣb (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣbw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣb (active imperfective participle)
ꜣbj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣby (active imperfective participle)
ꜣb (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣbw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣb (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣbtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣbtj (participle prospective)
ꜣbt (participle prospective)

+obj

inf/:r<l:in the <<Greco-Roman Period>>>/:m/:n(inf)<doing something>

(in the Greco-Roman Period) r m n (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’

(transitive) to cease or stop [with infinitive or (in the Greco-Roman Period) r or m or n (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’]

(intransitive) to tarry or stay for a while [with ḥr ‘with someone’]

(intransitive) to part with, to separate from [with r]


ꜣb

Demotic: yb

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲃ (eib), ⲓⲉⲓⲃ (ieib)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲉⲃ (ieb), ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓϥ (if)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲃ (eib), ⲉⲓⲉⲓⲃ (eieib), ⲉⲓⲉⲃ (eieb)

Likely related to ꜣbw (“elephant, ivory, tusk”).


mwjbw

mw-i-b-w-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


jsqꜣrwnj

i-s-q-A-rw:n:y-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Alternative reading of jsqꜣrnj (“Ashkelon”)


rbw

Ancient Greek: Λιβύη (Libúē) (see there for further descendants)

pA-
-X:z:nDs-x:r:A14-n:r*Z1:b*W*T14:N25-W:a:r-rd:D54-im:nfr-Z1:Y1:Z2-g:r:H*N2-n:wa:a*Z1:nDs:f
pꜣ wr ẖz ḫr(w) n(j) rbw wꜥr(.w) m nfrw grḥ n wꜥꜥw.f

The wretched prince, the enemy belonging to the Libu, has fled in the emptiness of night alone.


ḫtꜣ

x:t-U30-A-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

x:f:V12:D40-n-ti-H-n:nw:W-T14:xAst-x*t:U30*T14:N25-Htp:t*p:Y1
ḫf.n ṯḥnw ḫtꜣ ḥtp(.w)

c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, line 26

Libya has been brought to ruin, and Hatti is pacified.


ḏꜣhꜣ

DA*h-A-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Arsinoë II's letter of offerings to Ptolemy IV


ḥwj ꜣ

Alternative form of ḥꜣ (“if only, would that”)


wꜣs

wA-s-wAs (canonical masculine)
wꜣs (singular)
wꜣswj (dual)
wꜣsw (plural)


rk

r:k-hrw (canonical masculine)
rk (singular)
rkwj (dual)
rkw (plural)


qsnt

q-s-qs-n:t-nDs (canonical feminine)
qsnt (singular)
qsntj (dual)
qsnwt (plural)


jwms

jwms (singular)
jwmswj (dual)
jwmsw (plural)

Univerbation of jw (sentence-initial particle) + ms (“surely”). The phrase jw ms was so often used to begin sentences intended to persuade that it became an idiom for untruth or exaggeration.

compound

untruthfully; with fabrication or exaggeration

he’s not lying (literally, “there is no nonsense to him”)


ḥwrw

ḥwrw (singular)
ḥwrwwj (dual)
ḥwrww (plural)

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.


mḥtj

mḥtj (masculine singular)
mḥtt (feminine singular)
mḥtjwj (dual masculine)
mḥtwj (dual masculine)
mḥttj (dual feminine)
mḥtjw (masculine plural)
mḥtw (masculine plural)
mḥtwt (feminine plural)
mḥtt (feminine plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ (emhit)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲛϩⲓⲧ (menhit), ⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ (emhit), ⲙⲉϩⲓⲧ (mehit)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲉϩⲓⲧ (mehit)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙϩⲓⲧ (mhit), ⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ (emhit)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙϩⲉⲓⲧ (mheit), ⲙⲉϩⲓⲧ (mehit), ⲙϩⲓⲧ (mhit)

From mḥt (“Nile delta”) + -j (nisba ending).


m-ꜥ

m (“in”) + ꜥ (“hand”), literally ‘in the hand’.

i-a:N35B-a:t*W-i-im:m-a-mw-Hr-Z1-Dba-Z2:k\-i-x-Y2-w-S-b-A2-k\-w-Sd-d:t-A2-k\-!-md-d-w-A2-k\:n-sw-t:n-G7-ib*Z1:k\-m-a:k\-w-S-b-A2-k\-D35:n-n-i-t-i-t-A2
jꜥ tw jmj mw ḥr ḏbꜥw.k jḫ wšb.k wšd.t(w).k mdw.k n nswt jb.k m-ꜥ.k wšb.k nn njtjt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 13–17

Wash yourself, put water on your fingers,
so you might answer when you are addressed, speak to the king with your mind in your possession, and answer without stammering.

N17:N21*p:n-M:a:f-N35B:f-TAw:f-s-M21:M-Hn:f-mn:n:mn:n-t:E1:f-nb:t-pA-i-i-t:nb:t-H_SPACE:x-t:xn-N35C:nb:t-D&d:f:t-I14:Z2:f-qmA-w&t-E29*Z2ss:f-xAst:t*Z1-!-s-U4:a-w-N-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-nw*t:pt-tA:tA:N21*N21-h:r-w-Hr:r:z
tꜣ pn m-ꜥ.f mw.f ṯꜣw.f sm(w).f mnmnt.f nbt pꜣyt nbt ḫnnt nbt ḏdfwt.f ꜥwt.f ḫꜣst smꜣꜥ.w n zꜣ nwt tꜣwj hr.w ḥr.s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 11–12

This land is in his hand — its water and its wind, its plants and all its cattle, all that flies and all that lands, its creeping creatures and its quadrupeds of the desert, were given to the son of Nut, and the Two Lands (Egypt) are pleased with it.

D35:n-N42-m-m-s:a-H-w-<-wn:n-i-s->-m-a:f

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 273–274.58 (Pyr. 411c), W

aHa-a:n-s-b-A-sbA-ra-h-A-W-D54-!-pr-r-D54:n-n:A-m-x:t-Q7-m-a:f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 129–130

Then a star fell. They went up in flames because of it.

s-wr-r:d-nDs-p-W-D:d-n:k\-!-s-D:d-A1-r:f-n:k\-mi-i-t*t:Y2-i-r:y-xpr:r-m:a-A1-D:z-A1
swrd pw ḏd n.k sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–23

It’s tiring to talk to you. Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.

Used after ḫpr (“to happen”) to indicate whom the action happened to; to

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see m, ꜥ.


jt-nṯrw

/ˌʔatənəˈtuːɾə/

/ˌʔatənəˈteːɾ/

/ˌʔatənəˈtuːɾə/

/ˌʔatənəˈteːɾ/

jt (“father”) + nṯrw, plural of nṯr (“god”), in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Father of the Gods’.


wꜣt

wꜣt (singular)
wꜣtj (dual)
wꜣwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓ (ouaei), ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (ouai)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲓ (ouoi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (ouai)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲉ (ouaeie)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲟⲩⲁⲓ̈ (ouaï)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓ (ouoei), ⲟⲩⲟⲓ (ouoi)

N31:t*Z1-z:S:Z9*D54-ti-i-m:a-T:n:nw-w-Z2ss:H_SPACE-wn:O31
wꜣt zš.tj mṯnw wn(.w)

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 23

The road is traversable, the paths are open.


ḫmnyw

the Ogdoad, the group of eight gods representing aspects of the primeval waters worshipped at Hermopolis


ḥḥw

Possibly related to ḥḥ, in either its meaning of endlessness or floodwater.

the god Heh or Huh, personification of an aspect of the primeval waters, possibly their infinity


jzft

i-z:f:t-nDs (canonical feminine)
jzft (singular)
jzftj (dual)
jzfwt (plural)

s-H-ww-Y1:n:f-DA-DA-nw:t-U5:a:t-N9*t:Z2-nTr-nb:r-Dr:r-D&z&f-nb:w*Z2ss-mAat-zmA-i-i-Y1:Z2-i-m-s-
-M:a:k-HA-i-i-w-tp:Z2ss-i-s-f:t:nDs-s-nDm-w-m-
n
t
-gb-b-r:*r:a:t-O44-t*Z1:n:nb-s-sw-i-H_SPACE:t-i-n:U5:a-t:z:n:f
sḥww n.f ḏꜣḏꜣt mꜣꜥt psḏt nb-r-ḏr ḏs.f nbw-mꜣꜥt zmꜣyw jm.s mkḥꜣyw jsft snḏmw m wsḫt nt gbb r rdjt jꜣwt n nb.s (n)syt n mꜣꜥt.s n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 17–18

The Tribunal of Maat was convened for him: the Ennead, the Lord of All himself, and the possessors of righteousness who were united in it, who scorn wrongdoing, sitting in the hall of Geb to give the office to its owner and the kingship to the one to whom it justly belonged.

disorder or chaos in the state or cosmos


ṯnm

T:n-m (canonical masculine)
ṯnm (singular)
ṯnmwj (dual)
ṯnmw (plural)

a kind of drink, in later times certainly beer


nfr-tm

The god Nefertum, personification of the first plant, a lotus, that mythically bloomed after the primeval waters receded and gave rise to the sun.


mꜣꜥtj

mꜣꜥtj (masculine singular)
mꜣꜥtt (feminine singular)
mꜣꜥtjwj (dual masculine)
mꜣꜥtwj (dual masculine)
mꜣꜥttj (dual feminine)
mꜣꜥtjw (masculine plural)
mꜣꜥtw (masculine plural)
mꜣꜥtwt (feminine plural)
mꜣꜥtt (feminine plural)

mꜣꜥt (“truth, righteousness”) + -j (nisba ending).


mꜣꜥtj

mꜣꜥt (“truth, righteousness”) + -j (dual ending).

(dual only) two goddesses present at the judgement of the dead

A51-s-s-kA:Z1-p-w-xnt-Dd-Dd-wr:r-Xr:r:t-m-R22:x-m-pr:H_SPACE-nb:h-n:nw*w-A32-m-A21:R12-t*y:N36-xnt-D:f:X4-m-iwn-nw:niwt-!-nb-s-xA-w-m-Sw-Sw-H_SPACE:R7-bA-Z1:H_SPACE-S:t*U30-nb:q:r-r:t*O49-D45:r-m-inb-HD-H_SPACE:R7-bA-Z1:H_SPACE-r:a:ra-D:t*Z1:f-D&z&f
špss kꜣ pw ḫnt(j) ḏdw wr ẖrt m ḫm nb hnw m ꜥnḏtj ḫnt(j) ḏf(ꜣ) m jwnw nb sḫꜣw m mꜣꜥtj bꜣ štꜣ nb qrrt ḏsr m jnb-ḥḏ bꜣ rꜥ ḏt.f ḏs.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 1–2

He is noble of ka, this foremost one of Busiris, great of possessions in Letopolis, possessor of acclaim in (the nome of) Anedjti, foremost of provisions in Heliopolis, possessor of remembrance in the Two Truths (Hall of Judgement), the secret ba, lord of the Cavern, sacred in Memphis, the ba of Ra, his very body (literally, “his body/self of himself”), […]

(dual only, ellipsis for wsḫt nt mꜣꜥtj) The hall of judgement of the dead


nj js

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

and not, but not, rather than; introduces a word or phrase negated in contrast to the preceding word or phrase.

s-p-d-M44-Y1-d-s-W-T30:Z2-r-t:h-rd-D54-m:a-t:n-T14-G41-nDs-D35:n-H-Hn-n:D54-D35-i-s-Hr-Z1-z:p-zp:f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.2–1.3

Sharp are the knives against one who transgresses the path; there is no haste except at its proper time.


tnmw

the god Tenemu, personification of the ‘lostness’ of the primeval waters


mḫꜣt

mḫꜣt (singular)
mḫꜣtj (dual)
mḫꜣwt (plural)

Demotic: mḫj, mḫjt, mḫꜥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁⳉⲉ (maxe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁϣⲓ (maši)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁϣⲉ (maše)

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + ḫꜣj (“to measure”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

(figuratively) fair measurer of rightness or worth, especially in reference to fair-dealing officials


tnm

t:n-nm-m-D55 3-lit. (canonical)
tnm (infinitive)
tnmw (infinitive negative)
tnm (infinitive negative)
tnmt (infinitive)
tnm (imperative infinitive singular)
tnm (imperative infinitive plural)
tnm (stative)
ḥr tnm (imperfective)
m tnm (imperfective)
r tnm (prospective)
tnm.n (active perfect)
tnm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
tnmt (active terminative)
tnm (active perfective)
tnm.ḫr (active obligative)
tnm (active imperfective)
tnm (active prospective)
tnm.kꜣ (active potential)
tnm (active subjunctive)
tnm.n (active participle perfect)
tnm (active participle perfective)
tnm (participle passive perfective)
tnmw (participle passive perfective)
tnmy (participle passive perfective)
tnm (active imperfective participle)
tnmy (active imperfective participle)
tnmw (active imperfective participle)
tnmj (active imperfective participle)
tnm (imperfective participle passive)
tnmw (imperfective participle passive)
tnm (active participle prospective)
tnmtj (active participle prospective)
tnmtj (participle prospective)
tnmt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to go astray, to be(come) lost


kkw

Demotic: kky

Old Coptic:

desc

→ Ancient Greek: ἀκακία (akakía, “acacia”) (see there for further descendants)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲁⲕⲓ (khaki)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲕⲉ (kake)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (keke), ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (kekei)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (keke), ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (kekei)

xa:Hr*g-n:t:t:f-mi-i-C1-w-b-n:ra:f-m-Axt:t-r:a:f-O43:p-ra:n-Hr:Z1-k:k-N3-!-s-HD-D&ra-n:f-Sw-w-ra:H_SPACE-m-S9-f:y-G32-n:f-tA:tA:N21*N21-mi-i-i-T:n:ra-m-tp*Z1:dwA-i-i-t:ra
ḫꜥ ḥr nst nt (j)t.f mj rꜥ wbn.f m ꜣḫt rdj.f šsp n ḥr(j) kkw sḥḏ.n.f šw m šwtj.fj bꜥḥ.n.f tꜣwj mj jṯn m tp-dwꜣyt

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 12–13

One shining forth on the throne of his father like Ra when he rises in the Akhet, he gave light to what was covered by darkness, having brightened the air with his two plumes, having flooded the Two Lands (Egypt) like the sun disk at the break of dawn.


kkw

→ Ancient Greek: χοῦχ (khoûkh)

the god Kek or Kuk, personification of the darkness of the primeval waters


tꜣ-ṯnn

From tꜣ (“land”) + ṯnn (or possibly ṯnnj abbreviated), an inflection of ṯnj (“to lift up, to be distinguished”), thus literally meaning “land that is raised” or “land that becomes distinct”.

the god Tatenen, personification of the primeval mound, the first land that arose from the primeval waters at the creation of the world


nnj

M22-M22-n:n-A7 3ae inf. (canonical)
nnt (infinitive)
nnj (infinitive)
nnw (infinitive negative)
nn (infinitive negative)
nnwt (infinitive)
nnyt (infinitive)
nn (imperative infinitive singular)
nn (imperative infinitive plural)
nny (imperative infinitive plural)
nn (stative)
nnn (stative)
ḥr nnt (imperfective)
ḥr nnj (imperfective)
m nnt (imperfective)
m nnj (imperfective)
r nnt (prospective)
r nnj (prospective)
nn.n (active perfect)
nn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
nnt (active terminative)
nnyt (active terminative)
nn (active perfective)
nn.ḫr (active obligative)
nn (active imperfective)
nny (active imperfective)
nnw (active prospective)
nn (active prospective)
nny (active prospective)
nn.kꜣ (active potential)
nn (active subjunctive)
nny (active subjunctive)
nn.n (active participle perfect)
nnw (active participle perfective)
nny (active participle perfective)
nn (active participle perfective)
nny (participle passive perfective)
nn (participle passive perfective)
nnn (active imperfective participle)
nnny (active imperfective participle)
nnnw (active imperfective participle)
nnnj (active imperfective participle)
nnn (imperfective participle passive)
nnnw (imperfective participle passive)
nnw (active participle prospective)
nny (active participle prospective)
nn (active participle prospective)
nntj (active participle prospective)
nnwtj (participle prospective)
nntj (participle prospective)
nnt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

nnt, nnyt

nnw.tj1, nn.tj1, nny.tj1, nnw.tw2, nn.tw2, nny.tw2


ṯms

T-m-s-Y4 3-lit. (canonical)
ṯms (infinitive)
ṯmsw (infinitive negative)
ṯms (infinitive negative)
ṯmst (infinitive)
ṯms (imperative infinitive singular)
ṯms (imperative infinitive plural)
ṯms (stative)
ḥr ṯms (imperfective)
m ṯms (imperfective)
r ṯms (prospective)
ṯms.n (active perfect)
ṯms.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ṯmst (active terminative)
ṯms (active perfective)
ṯms.ḫr (active obligative)
ṯms (active imperfective)
ṯms (active prospective)
ṯms.kꜣ (active potential)
ṯms (active subjunctive)
ṯms.n (active participle perfect)
ṯms (active participle perfective)
ṯms (participle passive perfective)
ṯmsw (participle passive perfective)
ṯmsy (participle passive perfective)
ṯms (active imperfective participle)
ṯmsy (active imperfective participle)
ṯmsw (active imperfective participle)
ṯmsj (active imperfective participle)
ṯms (imperfective participle passive)
ṯmsw (imperfective participle passive)
ṯms (active participle prospective)
ṯmstj (active participle prospective)
ṯmstj (participle prospective)
ṯmst (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to be(come) red (of a particular shade, perhaps that of red ink for writing)


ṯms

(medicine) redness (as a symptom of illness)


ẖntj

ẖntj (singular)
ẖntjwj (dual)
ẖntjw (plural)


mḏꜣt

mḏꜣt (singular)
mḏꜣtj (dual)
mḏꜣwt (plural)


qrft

qrft (singular)
qrftj (dual)
qrfwt (plural)

>? Coptic: ⲕⲗⲁϥⲧ (klaft) (see there for further descendants)


srt

srt (singular)
srtj (dual)
srwt (plural)

Demotic: swr.t

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲉⲣⲟϫⲓ (seroči)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲉ (soure)


ntj nb

n:t*y:nb (canonical masculine)
ntj nb (masculine singular)
ntt nbt (feminine singular)
ntjwj nbwj (dual masculine)
ntwj nbwj (dual masculine)
nttj nbtj (dual feminine)
ntjw nbw (masculine plural)
ntw nbw (masculine plural)
ntwt nbwt (feminine plural)
ntt nbt (feminine plural)

ntj (“one who is, that which is”) + nb (“all, every”).

compound

whoever (is), anyone who is, everyone who is, everything that is


ntj n.f

n:t*y-n:f (canonical masculine)
ntj n.f (singular)
ntjwj n.snj (dual)
ntwj n.snj (dual)
ntjw n.sn (plural)
ntw n.sn (plural)

ntj (“one for whom”) + n (“to, for”) + .f (“him”), thus literally ‘one for whom (there is something) for him’.


jwtj-sw

jwtj-sw (singular)
jwtjwj-snj (dual)
jwtwj-snj (dual)
jwtjw-sn (plural)
jwtw-sn (plural)

From jwtj (“one for whom it is not the case that”) + sw (“him”). Allen considers the syntax of this term not satisfactorily explained.

af

Synonym of jwtj-n.f (“one who has nothing”)


jwtj-n.f

jwtj-n.f (singular)
jwtjwj-n.snj (dual)
jwtwj-n.snj (dual)
jwtjw-n.sn (plural)
jwtw-n.sn (plural)

From jwtj (“one for whom it is not the case that”) + n (“to, for”) + .f (“him”), thus literally ‘one for whom (there is) not (something) for him’.

one who has nothing, one of the have-nots, dispossessed person, poor person


dmj

dmj (singular)
dmjwj (dual)
dmjw (plural)

Demotic: tmj

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲙⲉ (time)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ϯⲙⲓ (timi), ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (timi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯⲙⲓ (timi), ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (timi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϯⲙⲉ (time)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯⲙⲉ (time), ⲧⲓⲙⲉ (time)

⇒? Coptic: ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ (tamiati)

i-r-s-q-d:d-N33C:P1-Xr:r-f:D35-s-sA-A-H-D61-D54-n:f-tA:N23*Z1-D35-mn:n-i-T14-P1:n-d-p-W:t-P1:f-r:d-mi-i-N23-s

c. 1859 BCE – 1800 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B2 (pAmherst 2 and pBerlin 3025) lines 101–103

As for him who sails with it, he cannot set foot on land, and his boat cannot moor at its harbor.

jr sqdd ẖr.f nj sꜣḥ.n.f tꜣ nj mjn.n dpwt.f r dmj.s

-s-Dr:r-D37:A55-z:A1-H-q:r-w-nDs-r:d-mi-i-N23-A1

c. 1944 BCE, (year 17 of the reign of Senusret I), Stela of Mentuwoser (MMA 12.184), lines 11–12

No one went to bed hungry in my district.


dmj

d-mi-i-D41 3-lit. (canonical)
dmj (infinitive)
dmjw (infinitive negative)
dmj (infinitive negative)
dmjt (infinitive)
dmj (imperative infinitive singular)
dmj (imperative infinitive plural)
dmj (stative)
ḥr dmj (imperfective)
m dmj (imperfective)
r dmj (prospective)
dmj.n (active perfect)
dmjw (passive perfect)
dmj (passive perfect)
dmj.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dmjt (terminative)
dmj (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dmj.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dmj (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dmj (active prospective)
dmj (passive prospective)
dmj.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dmj (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dmj.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dmj (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dmj (active participle perfective)
dmj (participle passive perfective)
dmjw (participle passive perfective)
dmjy (participle passive perfective)
dmj (active imperfective participle relative)
dmjy (active imperfective participle relative)
dmjw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
dmj (active imperfective participle)
dmjj (active imperfective participle)
dmjy (active imperfective participle)
dmj (imperfective participle passive)
dmjw (imperfective participle passive)
dmj (active participle prospective relative)
dmjtj (active participle prospective relative)
dmjtj (participle prospective)
dmjt (participle prospective)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉ (toume)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲙⲓ (tōmi), ⲧⲟⲙ- (tom-), ⲧⲉⲙ- (tem-), ⲧⲟⲙ⸗ (tom⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲱⲙⲉ (tōōme), ⲧⲱⲙⲉ (tōme)

wn-n:k\-r:f-d-U2-A-U32-Y2-k\-W-A1-Hr-Z1-X:t*Z1-A1-
-d-mi-i-D41:n-A1-z:zA-A-t-w-N23:Z2ss-m-b-bA-A-H-D53-Y2:f
wn.k(w) r.f dmꜣ.kw ḥr ẖt.j dmj.n.j zꜣtw m bꜣḥ.f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 136–138

At that I was stretched out on my belly, having touched the ground before him,

(transitive) to join with, to attach oneself to (someone)

(transitive) to take part in (jubilation)

(transitive) to salve (+ n: someone) with (a salve)


m-ꜥ ntt

m-ꜥ (“in the possession”) + ntt (“that”).


ḫft ntt

considering that, in view of the fact that


nrw

nrw (singular)
nrwwj (dual)
nrww (plural)


mnḫ

mn:n-x*U22:Y1 3-lit. (canonical)
mnḫ (infinitive)
mnḫw (infinitive negative)
mnḫ (infinitive negative)
mnḫt (infinitive)
mnḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
mnḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
mnḫ (stative)
ḥr mnḫ (imperfective)
m mnḫ (imperfective)
r mnḫ (prospective)
mnḫ.n (active perfect)
mnḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
mnḫt (active terminative)
mnḫ (active perfective)
mnḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
mnḫ (active imperfective)
mnḫ (active prospective)
mnḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
mnḫ (active subjunctive)
mnḫ.n (active participle perfect)
mnḫ (active participle perfective)
mnḫ (participle passive perfective)
mnḫw (participle passive perfective)
mnḫy (participle passive perfective)
mnḫ (active imperfective participle)
mnḫy (active imperfective participle)
mnḫw (active imperfective participle)
mnḫj (active imperfective participle)
mnḫ (imperfective participle passive)
mnḫw (imperfective participle passive)
mnḫ (active participle prospective)
mnḫtj (active participle prospective)
mnḫtj (participle prospective)
mnḫt (participle prospective)


mnḫ

mnḫ (masculine singular)
mnḫt (feminine singular)
mnḫwj (dual masculine)
mnḫtj (dual feminine)
mnḫw (masculine plural)
mnḫwt (feminine plural)
mnḫt (feminine plural)

perfective active participle of mnḫ: effective, worthwhile


nmḥ

nmḥ (singular)
nmḥwj (dual)
nmḥw (plural)


ẖnw

Xn:n-nw-w-pr (canonical masculine)
ẖnw (singular)
ẖnwwj (dual)
ẖnww (plural)

Demotic:  (ẖn)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲟⲩⲛ (xoun)

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲟⲩⲛ (xoun)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲛ (houn)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲛ (houn)

interior, inside (of a place, building, body part, etc.)

(Late Egyptian, as a genitive modifying another noun) inner, covering the interior

space between any number of points, enclosed space

p-H-pH-D54-k\-Xn-n:nw-w-pr-wn-n:k\-i-m-f-m-q-A-b-F48-D54:n-sn-n:nw-w-A1*B1:Z2-k\
pḥ.k ẖnw wn.k jm.f m qꜣb n(j) snw.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 135–136

You will reach home and be there in the midst of your siblings.

w-U29-A-Y2-ib*Z1:k\-HAt:a-A1-m-a:k\-pH:D54-n:n:Z2-Xn:n-nw-w-pr
wḏꜣ jb.k ḥꜣt(j)-ꜥ m.k pḥ.n.n ẖnw

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 1–3

Satisfy yourself (literally, “May your heart be sound”), high official: look, we have reached home.

residence of the king, with its associated administrative complex; palace, capitol, capital city, ‘the Residence’

temple or shrine as the residence of a god

goods that a land or mountain contains or produces; products, contents, abundance


tw.k

egy-pron

t*W:k m sg 2. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

t*W:k m sg 2. proclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

Loprieno suggests an origin from tj (“while”) + ṯw (second-person masculine dependent pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk. Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development from ntt (complementizer) + .k (second-person masculine suffix pronoun) with subsequent reanalysis. Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .k.