tꜣy

t-A-i-i f sg demonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

⇒ Coptic: ⲧⲁ- (ta-), ⲧⲉⲕ- (tek-), ⲧⲟⲩ- (tou-), ⲧⲉϥ- (tef-), ⲧⲉⲥ- (tes-), ⲧⲉⲛ- (ten-), ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄- (tetn̄-), ⲧⲉⲩ- (teu-)


pn

egy-det

p:n m sg proximaldemonstrative determiner

pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


nf

n:f distal demonstrative pronoun (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


nf

aHa-a:n-s-b-t:bH-A2-n:f-i-m-A1-m-M22-M22-D:d-n:A1-m-n:f-nDs-m-ib-Z1-f-!-D:d-f:n-A1-D35-wr-r-n:k\-a:n-tyw-W23:Z2ss-xpr-r:*t-nb-nTr-sn-n:t-r-tr-N33C:Z2ss
ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntr
Then he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150


jpn

i-p:n m pl proximaldemonstrative determiner

Old Coptic: ⲉⲓⲡⲛ (eipn)


pf

p:f m sg distaldemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


twy

t-w-i-i f sg copular/vocativedemonstrative determiner

t-w-i-i f sg copular (canonical)
vocativedemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

(Middle Egyptian) O (vocative reference)


jpw

i-p-w m pl proximal, later vocativedemonstrative determiner

i-p-w m pl proximal (canonical)
later vocativedemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

(Middle Egyptian, archaizing) O (vocative reference)


jpw

i-p-w-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: jpw

Akhmim or Panopolis, a city in Upper Egypt


jpw

jpw (singular)
jpwwj (dual)
jpww (plural)

From jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”) + -w.

af

(chiefly Late Egyptian) inventory, list, tax record


jptw

egy-det

i-p:t-w f pl proximal, later vocativedemonstrative determiner

i-p:t-w f pl proximal (canonical)
later vocativedemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


jptn

i-p*t:n f pl proximaldemonstrative determiner


tf

t:f f sg distaldemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


tf

t:f-D26 2-lit. (canonical)
tf (infinitive)
tfw (infinitive negative)
tf (infinitive negative)
tft (infinitive)
tf (imperative infinitive singular)
j.tf (imperative infinitive singular)
tf (imperative infinitive plural)
j.tf (imperative infinitive plural)
tf (stative)
ḥr tf (imperfective)
m tf (imperfective)
r tf (prospective)
tf.n (active perfect)
tf.jn (active consecutive contingent)
tft (active terminative)
tf (active perfective)
tf.ḫr (active obligative)
tf (active imperfective)
j.tf (active imperfective)
tf (active prospective)
tf.kꜣ (active potential)
tf (active subjunctive)
j.tf (active subjunctive)
tf.n (active participle perfect)
tf (active participle perfective)
tff (participle passive perfective)
tffj (participle passive perfective)
tf (participle passive perfective)
tfw (participle passive perfective)
tfy (participle passive perfective)
j.tf (active imperfective participle)
tf (active imperfective participle)
tfy (active imperfective participle)
tfw (active imperfective participle)
j.tfw (active imperfective participle)
tfj (active imperfective participle)
tf (imperfective participle passive)
tfw (imperfective participle passive)
tf (active participle prospective)
tftj (active participle prospective)
tftj (participle prospective)
tft (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

tft

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

(intransitive) to spit (+ m: to spit (something) out)


tf

t:f- (canonical masculine)
tf (singular)
tfwj (dual)
tfw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲁϥ (thaf), ⲑⲏϥ (thēf)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲁϥ (taf)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE


pr-aA

Manuel de Codage transliteration of pr-ꜥꜣ.


mSa

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mšꜥ.


qbH-snwf

Manuel de Codage transliteration of qbḥ-snw.f.


qbḥ

q-b-H-W15 3-lit. (canonical)
qbḥ (infinitive)
qbḥw (infinitive negative)
qbḥ (infinitive negative)
qbḥt (infinitive)
qbḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
qbḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
qbḥ (stative)
ḥr qbḥ (imperfective)
m qbḥ (imperfective)
r qbḥ (prospective)
qbḥ.n (active perfect)
qbḥw (passive perfect)
qbḥ (passive perfect)
qbḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
qbḥt (terminative)
qbḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
qbḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
qbḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
qbḥ (active prospective)
qbḥḥ (passive prospective)
qbḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
qbḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
qbḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
qbḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
qbḥ (active participle perfective)
qbḥ (participle passive perfective)
qbḥw (participle passive perfective)
qbḥy (participle passive perfective)
qbḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
qbḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
qbḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
qbḥ (active imperfective participle)
qbḥj (active imperfective participle)
qbḥy (active imperfective participle)
qbḥ (imperfective participle passive)
qbḥw (imperfective participle passive)
qbḥ (active participle prospective relative)
qbḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
qbḥtj (participle prospective)
qbḥt (participle prospective)


jmḏr

jmḏr (singular)
jmḏrwj (dual)
jmḏrw (plural)

From Proto-Afroasiatic [Term?]. Compare Phoenician 𐤂𐤃𐤓 (gdr), Hebrew גָּדֵר (gadér), and Arabic جِدَار (jidār).


ḏryt

ḏryt (singular)
ḏrytj (dual)
ḏrywt (plural)


ḏfḏ

ḏfḏ (singular)
ḏfḏwj (dual)
ḏfḏw (plural)


dšr

d:S-r-G27 3-lit. (canonical)
dšr (infinitive)
dšrw (infinitive negative)
dšr (infinitive negative)
dšrt (infinitive)
dšr (imperative infinitive singular)
dšr (imperative infinitive plural)
dšr (stative)
ḥr dšr (imperfective)
m dšr (imperfective)
r dšr (prospective)
dšr.n (active perfect)
dšr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
dšrt (active terminative)
dšr (active perfective)
dšr.ḫr (active obligative)
dšr (active imperfective)
dšr (active prospective)
dšr.kꜣ (active potential)
dšr (active subjunctive)
dšr.n (active participle perfect)
dšr (active participle perfective)
dšr (participle passive perfective)
dšrw (participle passive perfective)
dšry (participle passive perfective)
dšr (active imperfective participle)
dšry (active imperfective participle)
dšrw (active imperfective participle)
dšrj (active imperfective participle)
dšr (imperfective participle passive)
dšrw (imperfective participle passive)
dšr (active participle prospective)
dšrtj (active participle prospective)
dšrtj (participle prospective)
dšrt (participle prospective)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲣⲟϣ (throš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲣⲟϣ (troš)

(intransitive, of gods, faces, eyes, and hearts) to be(come) red with fury, to be(come) apoplectic

faces; eyes; and hearts; faces; eyes; and hearts


dšr

dšr (masculine singular)
dšrt (feminine singular)
dšrwj (dual masculine)
dšrtj (dual feminine)
dšrw (masculine plural)
dšrwt (feminine plural)
dšrt (feminine plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲣϣ (tōrš)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲱⲣϣ (thōrš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲣϣ (tōrš)

perfective active participle of dšr: red


dšr

dšr (singular)
dšrwj (dual)
dšrw (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (etēši), ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (eteši)


jsṯ

converts a nonverbal sentence into a dependent adverbial (circumstantial) clause; while, when, although


jsw

Demotic: js

Coptic: ⲉⲓⲥ (eis, “behold”)


jsw

jsw (singular)
jswwj (dual)
jsww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲥⲟⲩ (esou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲥⲟⲩ (esou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲥⲟⲩ (asou)


jn

introduces the agent of a passive construction, when not a personal pronoun; by

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 1

Recitation by an excellent retainer: […]

dwA-Q2:ir-i-N-ns:Z2:E1--n-i-mn:n-i-mn:n--ms-nb:t:pr*Z1-nfr:t-i-r:y
dwꜣ wsjr jn jmj-r mnmnt [n(t) jmn jmn-]ms nbt-pr nfrt-jrj […]

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 1

Worship of Osiris by the overseer of the cattle [of Amon, Amen]mose, and the mistress of the house Nefertari […]

introduces the agent of an infinitive, when not a personal pronoun

introduces an emphasized subject (one that serves as the rheme of the clause), when not a personal pronoun

introduces the emphasized (non-participial) element in a participial statement, when not a personal pronoun


jn

i:n quotative (canonical)
i-n (masculine singular)
etc. (masculine singular)
jn (masculine singular)
j-jn (masculine singular)
i-t-i-n (feminine singular)
j.t-jn (feminine singular)
i-n-s-n:y (dual masculine)
j.n.snj (dual masculine)
i-n-s-n:y (dual feminine)
j.n.snj (dual feminine)
j.n.sn (masculine plural)
j.n.sn (feminine plural)

Univerbation of j (“to say”) + (.w) (third-person masculine singular stative ending) + jn (“by”, the preposition above). The feminine form is a univerbation of j (“to say”) + .t(j) (third-person feminine singular stative ending) + jn (“by”, the preposition above), and the plural and dual are derived from the perfect of the verb j (“to say”) with a third-person plural or dual suffix pronoun (.sn or .snj, respectively).

af

(with following noun indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said


jw

Coptic: ⲉ- (e-)

⇒ Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)

⇒ Coptic: ⲣⲉϥ- (ref-)

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) asserts the reality of a following statement with a verb in the perfect, perfect passive, or imperfective, or else with an adverbial or adjectival predicate, probably serving as a realis modal particle; see usage notes

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) introduces an adverbial clause with a pronominal subject; see usage notes

(chiefly Old Egyptian, rare, with a following bare noun phrase) there is, there are; introduces an independent existential clause

(Late Egyptian) introduces a subordinate circumstantial clause

(Late Egyptian) introduces a sentence in the third future


jw

Bohairic Coptic: -ⲓ- (-i-) in ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕϩ (pilakh)

aHa-a:n-A1-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-iw:N23*Z1-i:n-wA-A-w-mw-n-M14-wr-r:N36
ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41

Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.

(in the plural) regions, lands (+ genitive: of (the earth, Egypt, etc.))


jw

E9-w-T30 2-lit. (canonical)
jw (infinitive)
jww (infinitive negative)
jw (infinitive negative)
jwt (infinitive)
jw (imperative infinitive singular)
j.jw (imperative infinitive singular)
jw (imperative infinitive plural)
j.jw (imperative infinitive plural)
jw (stative)
ḥr jw (imperfective)
m jw (imperfective)
r jw (prospective)
jw.n (active perfect)
jww (passive perfect)
jw (passive perfect)
jw.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
jwt (terminative)
jw (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
jw.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
jw (active imperfective)
j.jw (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
jw (active prospective)
jww (passive prospective)
jw.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
jw (active subjunctive)
j.jw (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
jw.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
jw (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
jw (active participle perfective)
jww (participle passive perfective)
jwwj (participle passive perfective)
jw (participle passive perfective)
jwy (participle passive perfective)
j.jw (active imperfective participle relative)
jw (active imperfective participle relative)
jwy (active imperfective participle relative)
jww (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.jw (active imperfective participle)
j.jww (active imperfective participle)
jw (active imperfective participle)
jwj (active imperfective participle)
jwy (active imperfective participle)
jw (imperfective participle passive)
jww (imperfective participle passive)
jw (active participle prospective relative)
jwtj (active participle prospective relative)
jwtj (participle prospective)
jwt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to sever, to cut off (something) (+ r: from (something else))

(transitive) to sever, to cut through (something)


jw

jw (masculine singular)
jwy (masculine singular)
jwt (feminine singular)
jwyt (feminine singular)
jwwj (dual masculine)
jwywj (dual masculine)
jwtj (dual feminine)
jwytj (dual feminine)
jww (masculine plural)
jwyw (masculine plural)
jwwt (feminine plural)
jwt (feminine plural)
jwywt (feminine plural)
jwyt (feminine plural)

perfective passive participle of jwj (“to leave boatless, to strand”): boatless


jw

E9-w-A2 2-lit. (canonical)
jw (infinitive)
jww (infinitive negative)
jw (infinitive negative)
jwt (infinitive)
jw (imperative infinitive singular)
j.jw (imperative infinitive singular)
jw (imperative infinitive plural)
j.jw (imperative infinitive plural)
jw (stative)
ḥr jw (imperfective)
m jw (imperfective)
r jw (prospective)
jw.n (active perfect)
jw.jn (active consecutive contingent)
jwt (active terminative)
jw (active perfective)
jw.ḫr (active obligative)
jw (active imperfective)
j.jw (active imperfective)
jw (active prospective)
jw.kꜣ (active potential)
jw (active subjunctive)
j.jw (active subjunctive)
jw.n (active participle perfect)
jw (active participle perfective)
jww (participle passive perfective)
jwwj (participle passive perfective)
jw (participle passive perfective)
jwy (participle passive perfective)
j.jw (active imperfective participle)
jw (active imperfective participle)
jwy (active imperfective participle)
jww (active imperfective participle)
j.jww (active imperfective participle)
jwj (active imperfective participle)
jw (imperfective participle passive)
jww (imperfective participle passive)
jw (active participle prospective)
jwtj (active participle prospective)
jwtj (participle prospective)
jwt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to wail, to lament (+ n: for, over (someone))

(intransitive, with ḥr) to compain about (someone)


mnḏt

mnḏt (singular)
mnḏtj (dual)
mnḏwt (plural)


mnḏ

mnḏ (singular)
mnḏwj (dual)
mnḏw (plural)

Demotic: mnṱ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲛⲟⲧ (mnot)


hbj

hbj (singular)
hbjwj (dual)
hbjw (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: ἶβις (îbis)

→ Latin: ībis (see there for further descendants)

Demotic: hb

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲓⲡ (hip)


ṯz

Tz:z (canonical masculine)
ṯz (singular)
ṯzwj (dual)
ṯzw (plural)


ṯz

Tz:z-W:D40 2-lit. (canonical)
ṯz (infinitive)
ṯzw (infinitive negative)
ṯz (infinitive negative)
ṯzt (infinitive)
ṯz (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ṯz (imperative infinitive singular)
ṯz (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ṯz (imperative infinitive plural)
ṯz (stative)
ḥr ṯz (imperfective)
m ṯz (imperfective)
r ṯz (prospective)
ṯz.n (active perfect)
ṯzw (passive perfect)
ṯz (passive perfect)
ṯz.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ṯzt (terminative)
ṯz (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ṯz.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ṯz (active imperfective)
j.ṯz (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ṯz (active prospective)
ṯzz (passive prospective)
ṯz.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ṯz (active subjunctive)
j.ṯz (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ṯz.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ṯz (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ṯz (active participle perfective)
ṯzz (participle passive perfective)
ṯzzj (participle passive perfective)
ṯz (participle passive perfective)
ṯzw (participle passive perfective)
ṯzy (participle passive perfective)
j.ṯz (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯz (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯzy (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯzw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ṯz (active imperfective participle)
j.ṯzw (active imperfective participle)
ṯz (active imperfective participle)
ṯzj (active imperfective participle)
ṯzy (active imperfective participle)
ṯz (imperfective participle passive)
ṯzw (imperfective participle passive)
ṯz (active participle prospective relative)
ṯztj (active participle prospective relative)
ṯztj (participle prospective)
ṯzt (participle prospective)
ṯꜣz (infinitive)
ṯꜣzw (infinitive negative)
ṯꜣz (infinitive negative)
ṯꜣzt (infinitive)
ṯꜣz (imperative infinitive singular)
ṯꜣz (imperative infinitive plural)
ṯꜣz (stative)
ḥr ṯꜣz (imperfective)
m ṯꜣz (imperfective)
r ṯꜣz (prospective)
ṯꜣz.n (active perfect)
ṯꜣzw (passive perfect)
ṯꜣz (passive perfect)
ṯꜣz.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ṯꜣzt (terminative)
ṯꜣz (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ṯꜣz.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ṯꜣz (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ṯꜣz (active prospective)
ṯꜣzz (passive prospective)
ṯꜣz.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ṯꜣz (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ṯꜣz.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ṯꜣz (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ṯꜣz (active participle perfective)
ṯꜣz (participle passive perfective)
ṯꜣzw (participle passive perfective)
ṯꜣzy (participle passive perfective)
ṯꜣz (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯꜣzy (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯꜣzw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ṯꜣz (active imperfective participle)
ṯꜣzj (active imperfective participle)
ṯꜣzy (active imperfective participle)
ṯꜣz (imperfective participle passive)
ṯꜣzw (imperfective participle passive)
ṯꜣz (active participle prospective relative)
ṯꜣztj (active participle prospective relative)
ṯꜣztj (participle prospective)
ṯꜣzt (participle prospective)

Bohairic Coptic: ϭⲱⲥ (cōs)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱⲥ (čōs)

s-r:w-d:T12:n-gm:t*n-w:z-T:nDs-V14:z:Tz:n-gm:t*n-f:d:q-V1-mH:Y1:n-gm:t*n-i*A:T
srwd.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) wzṯ(.w) ṯz.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) fdq(.w) mḥ.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) jꜣṯ(.w)

c. 2112–2063 BCE (reign of Intef II), Funerary stele of Rediu-Khnum from his tomb at Dendera (UE 6) (Cairo CG 20543), line A13–A14

I made firm what I found dilapidated; I joined together what I found cut apart; I replenished what I found injured.

(transitive) to organise or marshal, especially of troops

(transitive) to levy (troops or laborers)


m-xt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of m ḫt.


jmjtw

Probably originally a derivative of m (“in”); compare jmj (“being in”).

(with a dual object or two objects separated by r) between

(with a plural object) among, amidst, in the midst of


ḥꜣ

Perhaps from ḥww (“to proclaim, to utter”) + ꜣ (intensifying particle).

if only, would that; expresses a wish, with uncertainty about it coming true, or a polite request


ḥnꜥ

Demotic: ḥnꜥ
Old Coptic: ⳍⲗ- (ḥl-)

i-w-d:p-t:P1-r-ii-i-t:D54-m-Xn:n-nw-w-pr-s-qd-d-A30-A1:Z2-i-m-s-r:x-Y2:n-k\-!-Sm-m-D54:k\-H-n:a-s-n:Z2-r-Xn:n-nw-w-pr-m-t:Z6-k\-m-niwt:t*Z1-k\
jw dpt r jjt m ẖnw sqdw jm.s rḫ.n.k šm.k ḥnꜥ.sn r ẖnw m(w)t.k m nwt.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 119–123

A boat is to come from home with sailors in it whom you know. You will go home with them, and you will die in your (own) town.

i-r-s-wr-r-i-A2-k\-H-n:a-t:x-w-W22-A1-O43-p-a:k\-i-w-ib-Z1-f-Htp:t-p-w-Y1

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.8–1.9

If you drink with a drunkard, you should partake when his heart is satisfied.

M17-Z7:f-m-N35:I10-s-G37:A1-N35-M4-t:100-10-M17-Z7:f-Hr-Z1-M42-m-A2-t:X2-X4:Z2-100-100-100:100-100-r-mn:N35-D41:F51-N35-E1-Z1-m-M17-Z7:f-F51:Z2-!H-N35:D36-s-G36:r-M17-N35A-A2-H-q:X1-Hnqt:Z2-d:z-Hnqt-100-r-mn:N35-Y1-m-h-r-Z7-N5-Z1-p:N35
jw.f m nḏs n(j) rnpt 110 jw.f ḥr wnm t 500 rmn n(j) jḥ m jwf ḥnꜥ zwrj ḥ(n)qt ds 100 r-mn-m hrw pn

c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 7, lines 1-4

He is a commoner a hundred and ten years old, who eats five hundred loaves of bread, a shoulder of beef for meat and drinks a hundred jars of beer, up to this day.


ḥnꜥ

Abbreviated form of ḥnꜥw (“along with them”)


nḥḥ

⇒ Demotic: nḥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (anēhe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (anēhe)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh), ⲉⲛⲉϩⲉ (enehe), ⲉⲛⲏϩⲉ (enēhe)

n(j) (“(one) of, belonging to”) + ḥḥ (“million”), thus literally ‘(the one) belonging to a million (of years)’.


nḥḥ

Demotic: nḥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛϩ (nh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

(Late Egyptian) (sesame) oil, used for cooking, as a salve, and as fuel for lamps


ḏt

A serekh name notably borne by Djet, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


ḏt

D:t:tA (canonical feminine)
ḏt (singular)
ḏtj (dual)
ḏwt (plural)


ḏt

Demotic: ḏjṱ

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱⲓⲧ (čōit)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲁⲓⲧ (čait)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ (čoeit)

Borrowed from Semitic; compare Ugaritic 𐎇𐎚 (zt), Phoenician 𐤆𐤉𐤕 (zyt), Galilean Aramaic זֵיתָא (zētā), Classical Syriac ܙܝܬܐ (zaytā), Amharic ዘይት (zäyt, “olive oil”), Arabic زَيْتُون (zaytūn, “olive”), زَيْت (zayt, “oil, olive oil”), Hebrew זַיִת (záyit).


prt

pr:r-t:ra (canonical feminine)
prt (singular)
prtj (dual)
prwt (plural)

Demotic: prt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲣⲟⲩ (prou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲣⲱ (phrō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲣⲱ (prō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲡⲣⲱ (prō)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲣⲱ (prō)

→ English: Peret

‘Emergence’, the growing season; one of three Egyptian seasons, spanning from November to March


prt

pr:r:*t (canonical feminine)
prt (singular)
prtj (dual)
prwt (plural)

i-w-ir:n-A1-pr:r:*t-aA:t-Sms-A1-nTr-r:D54*Z2ss:f-D37:n-A1-s-P11-P1-nTr-d:p*t-P3-G26-Hr:Z1-U5:a--s-qd-d:N33C--w&t-P1:Z2
jw jr.n.j prt-ꜥꜣt šms.j nṯr r nmtt.f dj.n.j sqd dpt-nṯr ḏḥwtj ḥr mꜣꜥ [sqd]wt

Reign of Senusret III, c. 1878–1839 BCE, Stela of Ikhernofret (Berlin ÄM 1204), lines 18–19

I undertook the Great Procession, following the god at his travels; I made the god’s boat sail, with Thoth directing the sailing.

ritual procession of a god (+ m: from; + r: to)

(in names of festivals) festival centered around such a procession


prt

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲣⲁ (ebra), ⲃⲣⲁ (bra)

From prj (“to emerge”); the different Coptic descendants show that the derivation is not the same as that of prt (“season of Emergence”). Compare Hebrew פְּרִי (pri, “fruit”).


ḏdw

Dd-d:O49-w m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

an Old Kingdom necropolis complex situated near modern Cairo: Djedu (now Abusir)

Q1-ir:nb-A40-Dd-Dd-w-O49:t*Z1-nTr-aA
wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ […]

12th Dynasty, Stela of Nakhti, British Museum EA 143

Osiris, Lord of Djedu, the elder god […]


wnn-nfr

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲛⲟϥⲉⲣ (benofer)

Old Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁϥⲣ (ouenafr)

Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (ouenabre)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (ouenofre)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀνούφριος (Onoúphrios)

Greek: Ονούφριος (Onoúfrios)

→ English: Onuphrius

→ Italian: Onofrio

→ Romanian: Onufrie

→ Russian: Онуфрий (Onufrij)

→ Spanish: Onofre

→ Portuguese: Onofre

→ Arabic: ابو نفر (ʔabū nufir), ابو نوفر (ʔabū nūfir), نوفير (nūfir)

wnn (“(one who) continually exists”) + nfr (“to be good, perfect, beautiful”) + (.w) (third-person masculine stative ending), thus literally ‘one who continually exists in being good/perfect/beautiful’.

compound

an epithet or alternative name for the god Osiris.


srw

s-r:w-gb (canonical masculine)
srw (singular)
srwwj (dual)
srww (plural)

i-w-A1-Hr:Z1-m-a:q-Dr:r-p-pA-t:X6:Z2! D35-U2:ir-A1-mi-t:y-z:r-w-p:n!
jw.j ḥr mꜥq ḏr pꜣwt

12th Dynasty, rock tombs at Meir, tomb chapel B4 of Ukhhotep III, inner room, east wall, north of entrance, register 2

I have been roasting since the beginning of time,
but I have never seen the like of this goose.

Alopochen aegyptiaca
Alopochen aegyptiaca#Translingual


ḥwt-ḥr

→ Ancient Greek: Ἅθωρ (Háthōr)

→ English: Hathor

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦴𐦫𐦢 (atri /atari/)

From ḥwt (“mansion”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Mansion of Horus’.


ḥwt-ḥr

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁθύρ (Hathúr)

→ English: Hathyr

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲑⲱⲣ (athōr)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲗ (hathōl)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ (hathōr)

→ Ge'ez: አኀቱር (ʾäḫätur), አሕቱር (ʾäḥtur)

→ Minaean: 𐩢𐩩𐩢𐩧 (ḥtḥr)

tḫj

Middle Kingdom (Memphite) Egyptian calendar months

ḏḥwtj

New Kingdom (Theban) Egyptian calendar months


qrst

qrst (singular)
qrstj (dual)
qrswt (plural)

q*Z1:r-s-t:Q6 nfr-f:r:t m i-iz-s-pr:f nfr-f:r:n-
[…] qrst nfrt m jz.f nfr n ẖrt-nṯr […]

12th Dynasty, coffin of Nakhtankh, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 35285

[…] a good burial in his wonderful tomb of the necropolis […]


pAt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of pꜣt.


jꜥr

i-a:r-O41 3-lit. (canonical)
jꜥr (infinitive)
jꜥrw (infinitive negative)
jꜥr (infinitive negative)
jꜥrt (infinitive)
jꜥr (imperative infinitive singular)
jꜥr (imperative infinitive plural)
jꜥr (stative)
ḥr jꜥr (imperfective)
m jꜥr (imperfective)
r jꜥr (prospective)
jꜥr.n (active perfect)
jꜥr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
jꜥrt (active terminative)
jꜥr (active perfective)
jꜥr.ḫr (active obligative)
jꜥr (active imperfective)
jꜥr (active prospective)
jꜥr.kꜣ (active potential)
jꜥr (active subjunctive)
jꜥr.n (active participle perfect)
jꜥr (active participle perfective)
jꜥr (participle passive perfective)
jꜥrw (participle passive perfective)
jꜥry (participle passive perfective)
jꜥr (active imperfective participle)
jꜥry (active imperfective participle)
jꜥrw (active imperfective participle)
jꜥrj (active imperfective participle)
jꜥr (imperfective participle passive)
jꜥrw (imperfective participle passive)
jꜥr (active participle prospective)
jꜥrtj (active participle prospective)
jꜥrtj (participle prospective)
jꜥrt (participle prospective)

Demotic: ꜥl, ꜥr

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏⲓ (alēi), ⲱⲗⲓ (ōli)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏ (alē), ⲱⲗ (ōl)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉ (ale), ⲱⲗ (ōl)

Speculatively, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʕal-; as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. If so, perhaps compare Hebrew עָלָה (ʕālā, “to ascend, rise, go up”), Arabic عَلِيَ (ʕaliya, “to be high, exalted”), عَلَى (ʕalā, “to climb”), Tarifit aři (“to climb, ascend”), Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰⵍⵢ (aly, “to climb, go up”)

cog

(intransitive) to ascend (+ r: to (a place or (less often) person); + n to (a person or (less often) place))

(intransitive, of royal dignity) to arise

(intransitive, of a wound) to extend, to penetrate (+ n: to (bone, etc.))

(intransitive, with n, m, or ḫr) to approach, to come to (someone or something)

(transitive) to approach, to come to (someone or something)

(transitive) to take up (someone or something) to oneself, to lift


smḥ

s- mH (canonical masculine)
smḥ (singular)
smḥwj (dual)
smḥw (plural)

s-p:t-s-
mH


smḥ

s-m-H caus. 2-lit. (canonical)
smḥt (infinitive)
smḥ (infinitive)
smḥw (infinitive negative)
smḥ (infinitive negative)
smḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
smḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
smḥ (stative)
ḥr smḥ (imperfective)
m smḥ (imperfective)
r smḥ (prospective)
smḥ.n (active perfect)
smḥw (passive perfect)
smḥ (passive perfect)
smḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
smḥt (terminative)
smḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
smḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
smḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
smḥw (active prospective)
smḥ (active prospective)
smḥy (active prospective)
smḥw (passive prospective)
smḥ (passive prospective)
smḥy (passive prospective)
smḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
smḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
smḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
smḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
smḥ (active participle perfective)
smḥ (participle passive perfective)
smḥw (participle passive perfective)
smḥy (participle passive perfective)
smḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
smḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
smḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
smḥ (active imperfective participle)
smḥj (active imperfective participle)
smḥy (active imperfective participle)
smḥ (imperfective participle passive)
smḥw (imperfective participle passive)
smḥ (active participle prospective relative)
smḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
smḥwtj (participle prospective)
smḥtj (participle prospective)
smḥt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-caus-x-lit

causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.

egy-conj-table

smḥt

smḥw.tj1, smḥ.tj1, smḥy.tj1, smḥw.tw2, smḥ.tw2, smḥy.tw2

(transitive) A verb relating to the building of wooden ships. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


smḥ

s-m-mH caus. 2-lit. (canonical)
smḥt (infinitive)
smḥ (infinitive)
smḥw (infinitive negative)
smḥ (infinitive negative)
smḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
smḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
smḥ (stative)
ḥr smḥ (imperfective)
m smḥ (imperfective)
r smḥ (prospective)
smḥ.n (active perfect)
smḥw (passive perfect)
smḥ (passive perfect)
smḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
smḥt (terminative)
smḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
smḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
smḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
smḥw (active prospective)
smḥ (active prospective)
smḥy (active prospective)
smḥw (passive prospective)
smḥ (passive prospective)
smḥy (passive prospective)
smḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
smḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
smḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
smḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
smḥ (active participle perfective)
smḥ (participle passive perfective)
smḥw (participle passive perfective)
smḥy (participle passive perfective)
smḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
smḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
smḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
smḥ (active imperfective participle)
smḥj (active imperfective participle)
smḥy (active imperfective participle)
smḥ (imperfective participle passive)
smḥw (imperfective participle passive)
smḥ (active participle prospective relative)
smḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
smḥwtj (participle prospective)
smḥtj (participle prospective)
smḥt (participle prospective)

(transitive) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


smḥ

s- -H-Z7:M3 (canonical masculine)
smḥ (singular)
smḥwj (dual)
smḥw (plural)

(in compound words) A bunch of dates (fruit)


Hry

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḥry.


ḥrt-pr

ḥrt (“(one) being above”) + pr (“house”), thus ‘one who is above the house’.

af

(female) majordomo, head domestic servant


ḥrj-pr

ḥrj (“(one) being above”) + pr (“house”), thus ‘one who is above the house’.


nfrt

12th Dynasty, coffin of Nakhtankh, British Museum EA 35285


nfrt

nfr-f:r:t (canonical feminine)
nfrt (singular)
nfrtj (dual)
nfrwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (nofre)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ (nofri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (nofre)

D35:n-n:t:t-D35:n-s-t-m-Xn:n-nw-w-pr:f-i-w-f-mH:Y2-Xr:r-nfr-f:r:t-Y2:Z2-nb:t
nn ntt nn st m ẖnw.f jw.f mḥ(.w) ẖr nfrwt nbt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 115–116

There isn’t a thing that isn’t inside it, and it is full of all fine things.

i-w-nfr-f:r-t:Y1-i-d:n-idn-Y1-b-W-nfr-f:r-i-w-n:h-nDs:n-k\:t-t:nDs-i-d:n-idn-Y1-wr-r
jw nfrt jdn bw nfr jw nh(j) n(j) ktt jdn wr

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 1.6

For a good thing serves for goodness, for a bit of a little thing serves for a big thing.

something pleasing, beautiful, or good; good thing, fine thing


nfrt

nfrt (singular)
nfrtj (dual)
nfrwt (plural)

maiden, lass; nubile or marriageable young woman


pḏt 9

Alternative transliteration of psḏt pḏt.


hmhmt

(uncountable) roaring sound (of lions, thunder, etc.)

(uncountable) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

battle cry, particularly of the king or a god

fame, renown, particularly of the king or a god

di-A40-h-m-h-m&t-Hm-Z1*A40:V31-M3:Aa1*X1-D54-T10:t*Z2ss:Z2ss*Z2ss
dj(.j) hmhmt ḥm.k ḫt psḏt pḏt

c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

I made the war-cry of Your Majesty throughout the Nine Bows.


pḏt

pḏt (singular)
pḏtj (dual)
pḏwt (plural)

Demotic: ptyt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (pite)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓϯ (phiti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (pite)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *pVg-. Equivalent to pḏ (“to stretch”) + -t (feminine suffix).


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:pt (canonical feminine)
ḥrj (masculine singular)
ḥrt (feminine singular)
ḥrjwj (dual masculine)
ḥrwj (dual masculine)
ḥrtj (dual feminine)
ḥrjw (masculine plural)
ḥrw (masculine plural)
ḥrwt (feminine plural)
ḥrt (feminine plural)

ḥr (“upon, atop”) + -t (feminine nisba ending), thus ‘(the one) being atop’. Some early writings of the sense ‘sky’ use determinatives that perhaps instead suggest a connection with the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”).


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:pt (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

sky as the dwelling-place of gods and the dead king

(figuratively, with following genitive) temple, earthly dwelling-place (of a god)


ḥrt

(female) supervisor, boss (+ genitive: of (wet nurses, harem women, a household, etc.))


ḥrt

ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:xAst (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

particularly, one of the rock-cut royal tombs of the New Kingdom, such as those at the Valley of the Kings


ḥrt

conventional term introducing the serekh name of female pharaohs


ḥrt

desc

>? Coptic: ϩⲓⲏ (hiē), (plural) ϩⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ (hiooue)

(rare) road, path, specifically one by land as opposed to water


zẖꜣ

Y3-Y1V 3-lit. (canonical)
zẖꜣ (infinitive)
zẖꜣw (infinitive negative)
zẖꜣ (infinitive negative)
zẖꜣt (infinitive)
zẖꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
zẖꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
zẖꜣ (stative)
ḥr zẖꜣ (imperfective)
m zẖꜣ (imperfective)
r zẖꜣ (prospective)
zẖꜣ.n (active perfect)
zẖꜣw (passive perfect)
zẖꜣ (passive perfect)
zẖꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
zẖꜣt (terminative)
zẖꜣ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
zẖꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
zẖꜣ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
zẖꜣ (active prospective)
zẖꜣꜣ (passive prospective)
zẖꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
zẖꜣ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
zẖꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
zẖꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
zẖꜣ (active participle perfective)
zẖꜣ (participle passive perfective)
zẖꜣw (participle passive perfective)
zẖꜣy (participle passive perfective)
zẖꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
zẖꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
zẖꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
zẖꜣ (active imperfective participle)
zẖꜣj (active imperfective participle)
zẖꜣy (active imperfective participle)
zẖꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
zẖꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
zẖꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
zẖꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
zẖꜣtj (participle prospective)
zẖꜣt (participle prospective)

Demotic: sẖ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⳉⲉⲉⲓ (sxeei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥϧⲁⲓ (sxai)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥϩⲉⲓ (shei)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥϩⲉⲉⲓ (sheei)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥϩⲁⲓ (shai)


zẖꜣ

zẖꜣ (singular)
zẖꜣwj (dual)
zẖꜣw (plural)

Dr-r:n-D&d-n:f-H_SPACE:n-s-n:Z2-i-r-n:t**t-nb:t-m-zS-Y1-Hr-Z1-p-G41-A-S-f:d-w-arq-
-sDm-m-s-t-mi-i-D&d-A1-s-t-m-z:n-X4-Y1-HA-A-Y1:Z2-Hr-Z1-SA-A-A-t-Y1:Z2
ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5

In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.


dn

d:n-T30 2-lit. (canonical)
dn (infinitive)
dnw (infinitive negative)
dn (infinitive negative)
dnt (infinitive)
dn (imperative infinitive singular)
j.dn (imperative infinitive singular)
dn (imperative infinitive plural)
j.dn (imperative infinitive plural)
dn (stative)
ḥr dn (imperfective)
m dn (imperfective)
r dn (prospective)
dn.n (active perfect)
dnw (passive perfect)
dn (passive perfect)
dn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dnt (terminative)
dn (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dn.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dn (active imperfective)
j.dn (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dn (active prospective)
dnn (passive prospective)
dn.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dn (active subjunctive)
j.dn (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dn.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dn (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dn (active participle perfective)
dnn (participle passive perfective)
dnnj (participle passive perfective)
dn (participle passive perfective)
dnw (participle passive perfective)
dny (participle passive perfective)
j.dn (active imperfective participle relative)
dn (active imperfective participle relative)
dny (active imperfective participle relative)
dnw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.dn (active imperfective participle)
j.dnw (active imperfective participle)
dn (active imperfective participle)
dnj (active imperfective participle)
dny (active imperfective participle)
dn (imperfective participle passive)
dnw (imperfective participle passive)
dn (active participle prospective relative)
dntj (active participle prospective relative)
dntj (participle prospective)
dnt (participle prospective)

c. 1450 BC, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

[…] it severs the heads of the Asiatics.


dn

A serekh name notably borne by Den, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty, literally ‘The Severer (of Heads)’.


swḏ

s-wD-D:Y1 caus. 2-lit. (canonical)
swḏt (infinitive)
swḏ (infinitive)
swḏw (infinitive negative)
swḏ (infinitive negative)
swḏ (imperative infinitive singular)
swḏ (imperative infinitive plural)
swḏ (stative)
ḥr swḏ (imperfective)
m swḏ (imperfective)
r swḏ (prospective)
swḏ.n (active perfect)
swḏw (passive perfect)
swḏ (passive perfect)
swḏ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
swḏt (terminative)
swḏ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
swḏ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
swḏ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
swḏw (active prospective)
swḏ (active prospective)
swḏy (active prospective)
swḏw (passive prospective)
swḏ (passive prospective)
swḏy (passive prospective)
swḏ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
swḏ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
swḏ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
swḏ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
swḏ (active participle perfective)
swḏ (participle passive perfective)
swḏw (participle passive perfective)
swḏy (participle passive perfective)
swḏ (active imperfective participle relative)
swḏy (active imperfective participle relative)
swḏw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
swḏ (active imperfective participle)
swḏj (active imperfective participle)
swḏy (active imperfective participle)
swḏ (imperfective participle passive)
swḏw (imperfective participle passive)
swḏ (active participle prospective relative)
swḏtj (active participle prospective relative)
swḏwtj (participle prospective)
swḏtj (participle prospective)
swḏt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

swḏt

swḏw.tj1, swḏ.tj1, swḏy.tj1, swḏw.tw2, swḏ.tw2, swḏy.tw2

From s- (causative prefix) + wḏ (“to command”).

prefix

s-wD-D:w-T:n:Z2 O44-t:Z1:Z2-T:n:Z2 n:X-r:d-Xrd:Z2-T:n:Z2 mi-i D:d-T:n:Z2
[…] swḏ.ṯn jꜣwt.ṯn n ẖrdw.ṯn mj ḏd.ṯn […]

c. 13th Dynasty, Naos of Hori, Kunsthistorisches Museum 186, Vienna

[… as] you wish to bequeath your offices to your children, so you should say […]


Hnk

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḥnk.


wnn

E34:n:n 2ae gem. (canonical)
wnn (infinitive)
wnn (infinitive negative)
wnnt (infinitive)
wnn (imperative infinitive singular)
wn (imperative infinitive singular)
wnn (imperative infinitive plural)
wn (imperative infinitive plural)
wnn (stative)
wn (stative)
ḥr wnn (imperfective)
m wnn (imperfective)
r wnn (prospective)
wn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
wnt (active terminative)
wn (active perfective)
wn.ḫr (active obligative)
wnn.ḫr (active obligative)
wnn (active imperfective)
wnn (active prospective)
wn.kꜣ (active potential)
wn (active subjunctive)
wn.n (active participle perfect)
wn (active participle perfective)
wn (participle passive perfective)
wnw (participle passive perfective)
wny (participle passive perfective)
wnn (active imperfective participle)
wnny (active imperfective participle)
wnnw (active imperfective participle)
wnnj (active imperfective participle)
wnn (imperfective participle passive)
wnnw (imperfective participle passive)
wn (active participle prospective)
wntj (active participle prospective)
wnntj (participle prospective)
wnnt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

wnt

irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">wn</i> before suffix pronouns.
# Only common starting with New Kingdom texts.

Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲛ (ouon)

i-W-wn:n-n:D-s-nDs:A1-Dd-Dd-i-Y1:A1-r:n-A2-f
[…] jw wn nḏs ḏdj rn.f […]

c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 6, line 26 to column 7, line 1

[…] there is a commoner called Djedi […]


𓁹

Representing the human eye. Compare the Chinese character 目. The hieroglyph was given a somewhat elongated appearance with the iris partly covered by the upper lid. The outline of the eye was generally black; the sclera was white; the iris was often red (sometimes with a black pupil), but sometimes black. The phonogrammatic value of jr is derived by the rebus principle from the glyph’s use as the logogram for jrt (“eye”).

Determinative for words relating to sight and the eye.

Part of the combination U2:ir, a biliteral phonogram for mꜣ.

Part of the combination ir:ir, a logogram for mꜣꜣ (“to see”).


𓁶

Representing a male head wearing a wig, in profile, typically bearded. The style of the wig varies by time period; the earlier style, from the Old Kingdom, is longer. Sometimes there is no beard. The skin is conventionally colored red; the hair is black; in detailed examples, the sclera is white and the eye and other facial features are outlined in black.

Determinative for a number of words relating to the head or actions implying movement of the head.

Determinative in gwꜣ (“to pull together”).


tꜣwj

→ Akkadian: -𒋫𒀀𒉿 (-ta-a-wa)

→ Ancient Greek: -τους (-tous)

tA:tA:dmD-Hr:Z1-r:t:a:n:f-i-A-A30-m-U35-w-Hm-Z1:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286)

The assembled Two Lands (Egypt) are giving him praise at the approach of his majesty.

S43-D*i-S3-i-mn:n:ra*Z1 nb:W11*W11*W11:N17:N17 N21:N21

c. 1479–1425 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

A recitation by Amun-Ra, Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands.

(dual only) Upper and Lower Egypt, considered as a single entity: Egypt.


-wj

-w (“masculine plural ending”) + -j (“dual ending”).

Used to form regular masculine dual forms of nouns and adjectives

bnr-w&y-U7:t:f-x:r:n:Z2
bnrwj mr(w)t.f ḫr.n

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 21

Attaches to the adjective in an adjectival predicate to give its clause admirative exclamatory force: How very… ! How… !


snDw

Manuel de Codage transliteration of snḏw.


ḏꜥm

A-r:H_SPACE-i-i-t:md-A1-m-hb-n:M3-s-wab-t-m-S40*m:nbw:N33A
[…] ꜣryt.j m hbnj swꜥbt m ḏꜥm […]

c. 1951 BCE, Stela of Ity (British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 586), lines 3–4

[…] and my staff in ebony decorated with electrum […]


snḏw

snḏw (singular)
snḏwwj (dual)
snḏww (plural)


snḏw

w-DA-A-Y1-snD-w-A2-A1-H-Hz-z:Y1-D52:t-Dba-Dba-Y1

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 1.1

The deferential man is sound; the scrupulous man is honored.


Ddw

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḏdw.


pDt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of pḏt.


anx

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ꜥnḫ.


Hrt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḥrt.


Dam

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḏꜥm.


st-a

Manuel de Codage transliteration of st-ꜥ.


tp-a

Manuel de Codage transliteration of tp ꜥ.


Abw

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ꜣbw.


Snbt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of šnbt.


nDm

Manuel de Codage transliteration of nḏm.


Dba

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḏbꜥ.


imA

Manuel de Codage transliteration of jmꜣ.


šnbt

šnbt (singular)
šnbtj (dual)
šnbwt (plural)

M29-m-Y1V-w*y-M1-m*t-Y1:Z2-V31:r-sS:n-b-t:G11

The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

How pleasant is your grace to my breast!

The front of the upper body; the chest or breast


bAst

Manuel de Codage transliteration of bꜣst.


dSr

Manuel de Codage transliteration of dšr.


bAstt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of bꜣstt.


bddw kA

Manuel de Codage transliteration of bddw-kꜣ.


-wt

-w (“plural suffix”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

Used to form feminine plural forms of nouns and adjectives


-wt

Compare Hebrew ־וּת (-út, “abstract/collective nouns-forming suffix”).

sbꜣ (“star”) → sbꜣwt (“constellation”)


-wt

complementary infinitive
complementary infinitive#English

Forms the complementary infinitive of weak verbs.


diw Hryw rnpt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of djw ḥrjw rnpt.


psḏt pḏt

/pɛsɛd͡ʒɛt pɛd͡ʒɛt/

Possibly a reinterpretation of earlier simple psḏt (“nine, nineness, ennead”), feminine of psḏw (“nine”), when written with nine bow signs.
The reinterpretation consists of psḏt + pḏt (“bow”).

di-A40-h-m-h-m*t-Hm-Z1*A40:V31-M3:Aa1*X1-D54-T10:t*Z2ss:Z2ss*Z2ss
dj(.j) hmhmt ḥm.k ḫt psḏt pḏt

The Nine Bows; a generic term for the enemies of Egypt.


Aby

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ꜣby.


-w

Possibly derived from a lengthened form of Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case marker).

inh

Used to form the masculine plural forms of nouns and adjectives


-w

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case marker).

ḥfꜣ- → ḥfꜣw (“(male) snake”)

Forms a-stem masculine nouns from roots.

hrw- → hrw(w) (“day”)

Forms u-stem masculine nouns from roots.


-w

Forms adverbs from certain adjectives; -ly

prepositional adverbs
w:Prepositional adverb

Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.


-w

negatival complement
negatival complement#English

Forms the negatival complement of all verbs except geminate and anomalous verbs.


-w

Forms the prospective of all verbs except second geminate, strong bi- and triliteral, and (usually) anomalous verbs.

Forms the prospective passive of all verbs except fourth weak, strong bi- and triliteral, and (usually) anomalous verbs.

Forms the perfect passive of all verbs except second geminate verbs.


-w

Optionally marks the masculine singular imperfective passive participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

Optionally marks the masculine singular imperfective relative form of all verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


-w

Optionally marks the masculine singular perfective passive participle of strong verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


jmꜣ

i-mA-M1 3-lit. (canonical)
jmꜣ (infinitive)
jmꜣw (infinitive negative)
jmꜣ (infinitive negative)
jmꜣt (infinitive)
jmꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
jmꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
jmꜣ (stative)
ḥr jmꜣ (imperfective)
m jmꜣ (imperfective)
r jmꜣ (prospective)
jmꜣ.n (active perfect)
jmꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
jmꜣt (active terminative)
jmꜣ (active perfective)
jmꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
jmꜣ (active imperfective)
jmꜣ (active prospective)
jmꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
jmꜣ (active subjunctive)
jmꜣ.n (active participle perfect)
jmꜣ (active participle perfective)
jmꜣ (participle passive perfective)
jmꜣw (participle passive perfective)
jmꜣy (participle passive perfective)
jmꜣ (active imperfective participle)
jmꜣy (active imperfective participle)
jmꜣw (active imperfective participle)
jmꜣj (active imperfective participle)
jmꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
jmꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
jmꜣ (active participle prospective)
jmꜣtj (active participle prospective)
jmꜣtj (participle prospective)
jmꜣt (participle prospective)

having a friendly face (literally, “friendly of face”)

x-r-r-M6-nDs:n-Hr-Z1-r-d:f-A-G42-Y1-ib-Z1-
-i-mA-A-m-iAm-Y1:n-f-k\-A-h-s-E21-A24-r-mwt-t*B1:f
ḫr (tw)r n(j) ḥr r dfꜣ jb jmꜣ n.f kꜣhs r mwt.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.11–1.12

One who is averted of face against feeding the heart (i.e. one who doesn’t indulge himself), the harsh man has to be more kindly to him than his (own) mother.

(intransitive) to be(come) kindly, friendly, gracious, or amiable (+ n: toward)

(intransitive, with n) to be(come) popular with, favored by, beloved by

(intransitive) to be(come) charming or pleasing (+ n: toward)

(intransitive, with r) to be(come) charmed, pleased, delighted with


jmꜣ

jmꜣ (masculine singular)
jmꜣt (feminine singular)
jmꜣwj (dual masculine)
jmꜣtj (dual feminine)
jmꜣw (masculine plural)
jmꜣwt (feminine plural)
jmꜣt (feminine plural)

perfective active participle of jmꜣ: kindly, friendly, gracious


jmꜣ

jmꜣ (singular)
jmꜣwj (dual)
jmꜣw (plural)

a kind of fruit-bearing tree; the meaning of this term is uncertain.

the wood of this tree, used for making statues and tools


jmꜣ

Alternative transliteration of jꜣmw (“tent”).


nḏm

nDm-m 3-lit. (canonical)
nḏm (infinitive)
nḏmw (infinitive negative)
nḏm (infinitive negative)
nḏmt (infinitive)
nḏm (imperative infinitive singular)
nḏm (imperative infinitive plural)
nḏm (stative)
ḥr nḏm (imperfective)
m nḏm (imperfective)
r nḏm (prospective)
nḏm.n (active perfect)
nḏmw (passive perfect)
nḏm (passive perfect)
nḏm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
nḏmt (terminative)
nḏm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
nḏm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
nḏm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
nḏm (active prospective)
nḏmm (passive prospective)
nḏm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
nḏm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
nḏm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
nḏm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
nḏm (active participle perfective)
nḏm (participle passive perfective)
nḏmw (participle passive perfective)
nḏmy (participle passive perfective)
nḏm (active imperfective participle relative)
nḏmy (active imperfective participle relative)
nḏmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
nḏm (active imperfective participle)
nḏmj (active imperfective participle)
nḏmy (active imperfective participle)
nḏm (imperfective participle passive)
nḏmw (imperfective participle passive)
nḏm (active participle prospective relative)
nḏmtj (active participle prospective relative)
nḏmtj (participle prospective)
nḏmt (participle prospective)

Coptic:

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲙ̄ (noutm̄)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉⲙ (noutem)

Perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *nx̣m. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *nʿm-.

(intransitive) to smell sweet or pleasant

M29-m-Y1V-w*y-M1-m*t-Y1:Z2s-V31:r-sS:n-b-t:G11-

(intransitive, often of air, water, or temperature) to be(come) pleasant or refreshing

b-w-nb:x:n:t-S:fnD:Y1-ib:Z2ss-nDm-HAt:ib*Z2ss-Xr:r-r:S-w&t
bw-nb ḫntš(.w) jbw nḏm(.w) ḥꜣtjw ẖr ršwt

Everybody is glad, minds are sweet, hearts are in joy.

(intransitive, of people) to be(come) healthy or well


nḏm

nDm-m (canonical)
nḏm (masculine singular)
nḏmt (feminine singular)
nḏmwj (dual masculine)
nḏmtj (dual feminine)
nḏmw (masculine plural)
nḏmwt (feminine plural)
nḏmt (feminine plural)

perfective active participle of nḏm: sweet, pleasant


jmn-rꜥ

/ʔaˈmaːnə ˈɾeːʕə/

/ʔaˈmoːn ˈɾeːʕ/

/ʔaˈmaːnə ˈɾeːʕə/

/ʔaˈmoːn ˈɾeːʕ/

md-D-i-N-i-mn:n:ra*Z1-nb:W11*W11*W11:N17:N17-N21:N21

c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III, Part I (Cairo Museum 34010)


ddw

d:d-w-O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


jt

Demotic:  (jṱ)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (eiōt)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱⲧ (iōt)


iaH

Manuel de Codage transliteration of jꜥḥ.


r n kmt

/ˈɾaʔ nə ˈkeːmə/

/ˈɾaʔ nə ˈkeːmə/

From r(ꜣ) (“mouth, speech”) + n(j) (“of”) + kmt (“Egypt”).


spꜣt

spꜣt (singular)
spꜣtj (dual)
spꜣwt (plural)


spꜣt

qn:t*niwt (canonical feminine)
spꜣt (singular)
spꜣtj (dual)
spꜣwt (plural)


wr

wr:r (canonical)
wr (masculine singular)
wrt (feminine singular)
wrwj (dual masculine)
wrtj (dual feminine)
wrw (masculine plural)
wrwt (feminine plural)
wrt (feminine plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲣ (ouēr)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲣ (ouēr), ⲃⲏⲣ (bēr)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲗ (ouēl), ⲟⲩⲏⲣ (ouēr)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲣ (ouēr)

Old Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲣ (ouēr)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲣ (ouēr), ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲣ (ouēēr)

perfective active participle of wrr: big, great, important, chief


wr

D:d-t:n:f-M18-i-w-m-R4:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jj.w m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

12th Dynasty, Stela of Amenemhat, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, E567

May "welcome in peace" be said to him by the great ones of Abydos.

-W:A1:Z2-p*x:d:xr-Hr*Z1:D&d-SA:A-r:M:a-A4:Z2
wrw p(ꜣ)ḫd ḥr ḏd šꜣrm

c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, line 26

The overthrown princes are saying ‘Peace!’ (lit. ‘Shalom!’)

a chief or leader of a (generally foreign) group of people


ꜣbḏw

Ab-b-Dw:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄβῡδος (Ábūdos)
Greek: Άβυδος (Ávydos)
→ Latin: Abȳdus, Abidos, Aboedos

Old Coptic: ⲁⲃⲱⲧ (abōt), ⲁⲃⲟⲧ (abot)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲱⲧ (ebōt)

Uncertain. A development from ꜣbw (“elephant”) + ḏw (“mountain”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘elephant of the mountain’ in reference to the local topography, has been suggested.

D:d-t:n:f-M18-i-w-m-R4:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw(j) m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

May "welcome in peace" be said to him by the great of Abydos.


ꜣbḏw

(hapax) Abydenes, the people of Abydos collectively


ꜣbḏw

Ab-b-Dw-w-ad (canonical masculine)
ꜣbḏw (singular)
ꜣbḏwwj (dual)
ꜣbḏww (plural)

a kind of fish, often used medicinally, and mythologically said to pilot the solar barque or, in later times, to be a form of the sun god


spj

s-p:V1 3ae inf. (canonical)
spt (infinitive)
spj (infinitive)
spw (infinitive negative)
sp (infinitive negative)
spwt (infinitive)
spyt (infinitive)
sp (imperative infinitive singular)
sp (imperative infinitive plural)
spy (imperative infinitive plural)
sp (stative)
spp (stative)
ḥr spt (imperfective)
ḥr spj (imperfective)
m spt (imperfective)
m spj (imperfective)
r spt (prospective)
r spj (prospective)
sp.n (active perfect)
spw (passive perfect)
sp (passive perfect)
spy (passive perfect)
sp.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
spt (terminative)
spyt (terminative)
sp (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sp.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sp (active imperfective)
spy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
spw (active prospective)
sp (active prospective)
spy (active prospective)
spw (passive prospective)
sp (passive prospective)
spy (passive prospective)
sp.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sp (active subjunctive)
spy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sp.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
spw (active participle perfective relative)
spy (active participle perfective relative)
sp (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sp (active participle perfective)
spy (participle passive perfective)
sp (participle passive perfective)
spp (active imperfective participle relative)
sppy (active imperfective participle relative)
sppw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
spp (active imperfective participle)
sppj (active imperfective participle)
sppy (active imperfective participle)
spp (imperfective participle passive)
sppw (imperfective participle passive)
spw (active participle prospective relative)
spy (active participle prospective relative)
sp (active participle prospective relative)
sptj (active participle prospective relative)
spwtj (participle prospective)
sptj (participle prospective)
spt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

spt, spyt

spw.tj1, sp.tj1, spy.tj1, spw.tw2, sp.tw2, spy.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

s-p:t-s-
mH


bjn

b-i-n:G37 3-lit. (canonical)
bjn (infinitive)
bjnw (infinitive negative)
bjn (infinitive negative)
bjnt (infinitive)
bjn (imperative infinitive singular)
bjn (imperative infinitive plural)
bjn (stative)
ḥr bjn (imperfective)
m bjn (imperfective)
r bjn (prospective)
bjn.n (active perfect)
bjn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
bjnt (active terminative)
bjn (active perfective)
bjn.ḫr (active obligative)
bjn (active imperfective)
bjn (active prospective)
bjn.kꜣ (active potential)
bjn (active subjunctive)
bjn.n (active participle perfect)
bjn (active participle perfective)
bjn (participle passive perfective)
bjnw (participle passive perfective)
bjny (participle passive perfective)
bjn (active imperfective participle)
bjny (active imperfective participle)
bjnw (active imperfective participle)
bjnj (active imperfective participle)
bjn (imperfective participle passive)
bjnw (imperfective participle passive)
bjn (active participle prospective)
bjntj (active participle prospective)
bjntj (participle prospective)
bjnt (participle prospective)

(intransitive, of people) to acquire or have bad qualities

(intransitive) to be(come) bad or evil (+ ḥnꜥ: toward (someone))

(intransitive) to be(come) useless or good for nothing

to acquire or have bad qualities
to be(come) useless or good for nothing

(intransitive) to be(come) in a miserable or wretched state

(intransitive, of animals and things) to be(come) harmful

(intransitive, of periods of time) to be(come) unpropitious or calamitous

(intransitive, of milk) to sour, to go bad


bjn

bjn (masculine singular)
bjnt (feminine singular)
bjnwj (dual masculine)
bjntj (dual feminine)
bjnw (masculine plural)
bjnwt (feminine plural)
bjnt (feminine plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲃⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲉ (bououne)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲱⲛ (bōn)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲱⲱⲛ (bōōn)

Old Coptic: ⲃⲱⲛ (bōn)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲱⲱⲛ (bōōn), ⲃⲱⲱⲛⲉ (bōōne)

perfective active participle of bjn: bad, evil


ḏd

D:d 2-lit. (canonical)
ḏd (infinitive)
ḏdw (infinitive negative)
ḏd (infinitive negative)
ḏdt (infinitive)
ḏd (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ḏd (imperative infinitive singular)
ḏd (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ḏd (imperative infinitive plural)
ḏd (stative)
ḥr ḏd (imperfective)
m ḏd (imperfective)
r ḏd (prospective)
ḏd.n (active perfect)
ḏdw (passive perfect)
ḏd (passive perfect)
ḏd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḏdt (terminative)
ḏd (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḏd.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḏd (active imperfective)
j.ḏd (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḏd (active prospective)
ḏdd (passive prospective)
ḏd.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḏd (active subjunctive)
j.ḏd (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḏd.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḏd (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḏd (active participle perfective)
ḏdd (participle passive perfective)
ḏddj (participle passive perfective)
ḏd (participle passive perfective)
ḏdw (participle passive perfective)
ḏdy (participle passive perfective)
j.ḏd (active imperfective participle relative)
ḏd (active imperfective participle relative)
ḏdy (active imperfective participle relative)
ḏdw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ḏd (active imperfective participle)
j.ḏdw (active imperfective participle)
ḏd (active imperfective participle)
ḏdj (active imperfective participle)
ḏdy (active imperfective participle)
ḏd (imperfective participle passive)
ḏdw (imperfective participle passive)
ḏd (active participle prospective relative)
ḏdtj (active participle prospective relative)
ḏdtj (participle prospective)
ḏdt (participle prospective)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲟⲩ (čou)

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō), ϫⲟⲩ (čou), ϫⲟⲟⲩⲉ (čooue)

Old Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

D:d-t:n:f-M18-i-w-m-R4:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

May “welcome in peace” be said to him by the great of Abydos.

D:d-n:A1-d:p-t:ns-A2-m-t-Z6-M22-M22
[…] ḏd.n.j dpt mwt nn […]

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 23

[…] I said “this is the taste of death.” […]

Dr-r:n-D&d-n:f-H_SPACE:n-s-n:Z2-i-r-n:t**t-nb:t-m-zS-Y1-Hr-Z1-p-G41-A-S-f:d-w-arq-
-sDm-m-s-t-mi-i-D&d-A1-s-t-m-z:n-X4-Y1-HA-A-Y1:Z2-Hr-Z1-SA-A-A-t-Y1:Z2
ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.

(transitive) to say, to speak (words, names, praises, reports, speech, etc., including direct quotes) (+ n or (archaic) ḫft: to; + ḥr: to (someone of high standing); + r: against, about, to (someone); + n: for the sake of (someone); + m: with, from (the mouth))

ir-r:k\-m-x:r-t:Y2:Z2-ib*Z1:k\-s-wr-r:d-nDs-p-W-D:d-n:k\

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–21

Well, do whatever you want (literally, “as your desire”). It’s tiring to talk to you.

(intransitive) to talk, to speak (+ n: to)

(transitive) to speak (good, evil, truth, falsehood, etc.)

(transitive) to narrate, to tell, to report (events or experiences)

(transitive) to tell about (a person or thing) (+ n: to)

(transitive) to recite (a spell or other text) (+ ḥr: over (an amulet, etc.))

(transitive) to intone, to sing (a song) aloud

(transitive) to give away, to tell (a secret)

(transitive, law, of witnesses and the accused) to testify

(transitive) to give or report (someone’s) name (+ n: to (someone else))

(transitive) to call (+ n or r: (someone)) by (a name), to refer to as

(transitive) to sing the praises of (something, someone’s power, etc.), to mention with praise

(transitive, of people or hearts/minds, with sentence as object) to think to, to intend to (do something)


ḏd

D:d (canonical masculine)
ḏd (singular)
ḏdwj (dual)
ḏdw (plural)

infinitive of ḏd: manner of speech, language


ḏd

Coptic: ϫⲉ- (če-)

(Late Egyptian) Alternative form of r ḏd (introduces a direct quotation or object clause)


ḏd

Old Coptic: ⲧⲁⲧ (tat)

epithet of the gods Ptah (in earlier writings) and Osiris (later)


Sma

Manuel de Codage transliteration of šmꜥ.


šmꜥ

Traditionally considered a shortening of jt-šmꜥ (“Upper Egyptian barley”). Allen instead suggests that the word is a nominalized nisba adjective formed from šmꜥ (“thin”) + -(j) (nisba ending), referring to barley with fewer grains than jt-mḥ (“full barley”).

barley of some kind; see the etymology section above for discussion


šmꜥ

Sma-a:A2 3-lit. (canonical)
šmꜥ (infinitive)
šmꜥw (infinitive negative)
šmꜥ (infinitive negative)
šmꜥt (infinitive)
šmꜥ (imperative infinitive singular)
šmꜥ (imperative infinitive plural)
šmꜥ (stative)
ḥr šmꜥ (imperfective)
m šmꜥ (imperfective)
r šmꜥ (prospective)
šmꜥ.n (active perfect)
šmꜥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
šmꜥt (active terminative)
šmꜥ (active perfective)
šmꜥ.ḫr (active obligative)
šmꜥ (active imperfective)
šmꜥ (active prospective)
šmꜥ.kꜣ (active potential)
šmꜥ (active subjunctive)
šmꜥ.n (active participle perfect)
šmꜥ (active participle perfective)
šmꜥ (participle passive perfective)
šmꜥw (participle passive perfective)
šmꜥy (participle passive perfective)
šmꜥ (active imperfective participle)
šmꜥy (active imperfective participle)
šmꜥw (active imperfective participle)
šmꜥj (active imperfective participle)
šmꜥ (imperfective participle passive)
šmꜥw (imperfective participle passive)
šmꜥ (active participle prospective)
šmꜥtj (active participle prospective)
šmꜥtj (participle prospective)
šmꜥt (participle prospective)


ḥtp

Htp:t*p 3-lit. (canonical)
ḥtp (infinitive)
ḥtpw (infinitive negative)
ḥtp (infinitive negative)
ḥtpt (infinitive)
ḥtp (imperative infinitive singular)
ḥtp (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥtp (stative)
ḥr ḥtp (imperfective)
m ḥtp (imperfective)
r ḥtp (prospective)
ḥtp.n (active perfect)
ḥtpw (passive perfect)
ḥtp (passive perfect)
ḥtp.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḥtpt (terminative)
ḥtp (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḥtp.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḥtp (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḥtp (active prospective)
ḥtpp (passive prospective)
ḥtp.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḥtp (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḥtp.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḥtp (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḥtp (active participle perfective)
ḥtp (participle passive perfective)
ḥtpw (participle passive perfective)
ḥtpy (participle passive perfective)
ḥtp (active imperfective participle relative)
ḥtpy (active imperfective participle relative)
ḥtpw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ḥtp (active imperfective participle)
ḥtpj (active imperfective participle)
ḥtpy (active imperfective participle)
ḥtp (imperfective participle passive)
ḥtpw (imperfective participle passive)
ḥtp (active participle prospective relative)
ḥtptj (active participle prospective relative)
ḥtptj (participle prospective)
ḥtpt (participle prospective)

Demotic: ḥtp

Coptic: ϩⲱⲧⲡ̄ (hōtp̄), ϩⲱⲡⲧ̄ (hōpt̄)

→ English: hotep

i-r-s-wr-r-i-A2-k\-H-n:a-t:x-w-W22-A1-O43-p-a:k\-i-w-ib-Z1-f-Htp:t-p-w-Y1

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.8–1.9

If you drink with a drunkard, you should partake when his heart is satisfied.

(intransitive) to be(come) content or satisfied (+ ḥr or m or (rarely, Late Period) r or (rarely, Greco-Roman Period) n: with)

(transitive, rare) to be(come) content or satisifed with

(intransitive) to be(come) propitious, gracious, favorable, not hostile (+ n: to)

(intransitive) to be(come) peaceable, pacified, propitiated, not hostile (+ n: to)

(intransitive) to reconcile with each other, to come to terms, to make peace

(intransitive, of a besieged city) to surrender (+ n: to)

to be(come) peaceful
to surrender (+ n: to)

(intransitive, of natural phenomena) to be(come) peaceful, calm, not stormy or raging

(intransitive, of years) to be(come) peaceful, not characterized by war

(intransitive) to (come to) rest, to settle, to (stop and) rest (+ m: in, at (a place); ḥr: upon)

(intransitive, with r) to come to, to get to (a place)

(transitive) to assume, to take (a seat or place)

(transitive) to settle at, in, or on; to rest at (a place)

(intransitive, of celestial bodies) to set (+ m: on (the horizon), in (the west), etc.)

(transitive, rare) to satisfy, to make content

(transitive, rare) to reconcile (hostile parties) with each other


ḥtp

D:d-t:n:f-ii-i-w-m-Htp:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw


ḥtp

ḥtp (singular)
ḥtpwj (dual)
ḥtpw (plural)


ḥtp

sw-t:Htp-di-ir:st-A40-nb-Dd-d:O49-w-nTr-O29V-nb-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḥtp ḏj nswt wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ nb-ꜣbḏw […]

An offering given by the king and Osiris, the Lord of Djedu, the Elder God, the Lord of Abydos […]


mSrw

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mšrw.


nHH

Manuel de Codage transliteration of nḥḥ.


nwt

nwt (singular)
nwtj (dual)
nwwt (plural)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲉ (ne)

[Old and Middle Kingdom, Greco-Roman Period]


nwt

Coptic: ⲛⲏ (nē)

→ Hebrew: נֹא (nōʾ)

→ Middle Babylonian: [script needed] (nu-)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒉌𒀪 (né-eʾ, ni-iʾ)


nwt

→ English: Nut


Htp

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ḥtp.


wHm

Manuel de Codage transliteration of wḥm.


wḥm

wHm-m (canonical masculine)
wḥm (singular)
wḥmwj (dual)
wḥmw (plural)


wḥm

wHm-m 3-lit. (canonical)
wḥm (infinitive)
wḥmw (infinitive negative)
wḥm (infinitive negative)
wḥmt (infinitive)
wḥm (imperative infinitive singular)
wḥm (imperative infinitive plural)
wḥm (stative)
ḥr wḥm (imperfective)
m wḥm (imperfective)
r wḥm (prospective)
wḥm.n (active perfect)
wḥmw (passive perfect)
wḥm (passive perfect)
wḥm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
wḥmt (terminative)
wḥm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
wḥm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
wḥm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
wḥm (active prospective)
wḥmm (passive prospective)
wḥm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
wḥm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
wḥm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
wḥm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
wḥm (active participle perfective)
wḥm (participle passive perfective)
wḥmw (participle passive perfective)
wḥmy (participle passive perfective)
wḥm (active imperfective participle relative)
wḥmy (active imperfective participle relative)
wḥmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
wḥm (active imperfective participle)
wḥmj (active imperfective participle)
wḥmy (active imperfective participle)
wḥm (imperfective participle passive)
wḥmw (imperfective participle passive)
wḥm (active participle prospective relative)
wḥmtj (active participle prospective relative)
wḥmtj (participle prospective)
wḥmt (participle prospective)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙⲉ (ouōhme)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩⲉⲙ (ouōhem), ⲃⲱϩⲉⲙ (bōhem), ⲟⲩⲟϩⲉⲙ (ouohem)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩⲉⲙ (ouōhem), ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙ (ouōhm)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙⲉ (ouōhme), ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙ (ouōhm)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙ (ouōhm)

i-w wHm*m:n W14-z:t-A1 x:r-M23-t:n
jw wḥm.n(.j) ḥzt ḫr nswt […]

Stela of Ity, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, 586

(transitive) to repeat, to do or say again


mnD

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mnḏ.


swD

Manuel de Codage transliteration of swḏ.


mA-HsA

Manuel de Codage transliteration of m3-ḥs3.


mAt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mꜣt.


msH

Manuel de Codage transliteration of msḥ.


mAi

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mꜣj.


mAtt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mꜣtt.


mAy

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mꜣy.


msDr

Manuel de Codage transliteration of msḏr.


m Ht

Manuel de Codage transliteration of m ḥt.


mA-HD

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mꜣ-ḥḏ.


mnDt

Manuel de Codage transliteration of mnḏt.


ṯꜣw

TAw-w (canonical masculine)
ṯꜣw (singular)
ṯꜣwwj (dual)
ṯꜣww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲏⲟⲩ (thēou)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu)

Old Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu), ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

D54-w-t:n-k:q-b-H-w-W15-mw-G39:Z2-m-x-xA-A-w:Z2-!-wA-A-H-sk-Y2:n-Hr-Z1-!-wA-A-t:N31-k-!-q:U2-A-T14-Y2:n-k:a-m:a-A-t-T14-k:r-s-!-xA-Z1-p-w-x:r-A15:Hr*Ba15s*Z1*Ba15as-Ba15s*x*Ba15as:r-xrw-w-A2-TAw-w-s
jwt n.k qbḥw m ḫꜣw wꜣḥ.n ḥr wꜣt.k qmꜣ n.k ꜥmꜥꜣt.k r.s ḫꜣ pw ḫr ḥr [ḫ]rw ṯꜣw.s

c. 1950 BCE, outer coffin of Amenemhat (Cairo 28092, B10Cᶜ), Coffin Texts Spell 62, I269e–I269i

Waterfowl will come to you in thousands and settle on your path. When you throw your throwstick at them, there’ll be a thousand fallen at the sound of its wind.