gp

g:p-mw 2-lit. (canonical)
gp (infinitive)
gpw (infinitive negative)
gp (infinitive negative)
gpt (infinitive)
gp (imperative infinitive singular)
j.gp (imperative infinitive singular)
gp (imperative infinitive plural)
j.gp (imperative infinitive plural)
gp (stative)
ḥr gp (imperfective)
m gp (imperfective)
r gp (prospective)
gp.n (active perfect)
gp.jn (active consecutive contingent)
gpt (active terminative)
gp (active perfective)
gp.ḫr (active obligative)
gp (active imperfective)
j.gp (active imperfective)
gp (active prospective)
gp.kꜣ (active potential)
gp (active subjunctive)
j.gp (active subjunctive)
gp.n (active participle perfect)
gp (active participle perfective)
gpp (participle passive perfective)
gppj (participle passive perfective)
gp (participle passive perfective)
gpw (participle passive perfective)
gpy (participle passive perfective)
j.gp (active imperfective participle)
gp (active imperfective participle)
gpy (active imperfective participle)
gpw (active imperfective participle)
j.gpw (active imperfective participle)
gpj (active imperfective participle)
gp (imperfective participle passive)
gpw (imperfective participle passive)
gp (active participle prospective)
gptj (active participle prospective)
gptj (participle prospective)
gpt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

gpt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.


my

From mj (“like”) + -j (adverbializing suffix).


ant

Manuel de Codage transliteration of ꜥnt.


j

Old Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)


j

ini&n-m-i-n:f-d:Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1-i-p-w-i-A-t:iAt-tyw-
-N41-s-Q2-w-Hr-D:a-b-s-n:pr-r:*r-i-w-m-gs-iAb-n:p-t:pt-
-w-T:z-U39-s-n-i-

Allen, James (2005) The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, page 230

jn m j n (j)fd(w) jpw jꜣtjw
ḥmsw ḥr ḏꜥb.sn prrjw m gs jꜣb n(j) pt
wṯz.sn j.k pn nfr n nḥb-kꜣw
ḏd.n n.k zꜣt.k jdt
wṯz nḥb-kꜣw j.k pn nfr n psḏtj

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 609.18–22 (Pyr. 1708a–1708f), N

[jn jj]j n(j) ppy [nfr]-kꜣ-[rꜥ n jfdw jpw jꜣtjw
ḥmsw ḥr ḏꜥb.sn prrjw m] gs jꜣb n(j) pt
[wṯz].sn jjj n(j) [ppy] nfr-kꜣ-[rꜥ] pn nfr n nḥ[b-kꜣw]
[… p]py [nfr]-kꜣ-[rꜥ] ḏ[d.n n.k zꜣt].k [jd]t
wṯz nḥb-kꜣw jj[j n(j)] ppy nfr-kꜣ-rꜥ pn [nfr n psḏtj]

(rare) statement, report, word (about someone’s good qualities)


j

some part of a reed, likely panicles or leaves


r

Demotic: rꜣ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲉ- (re-), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲁ (la), ⲗⲉ- (le-), ⲗⲱ⸗ (lō⸗)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲁ- (ra-), ⲣⲉ- (re-), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

modern Egyptological, as pronounced by Americans

The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ. The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods, or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.

[Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period]

nw:k n:D-s-A1 i-q:r D:d m r:Z1-f
jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f

Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II, c. 1929–1878 BCE, Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78)

I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his own mouth.

(figuratively, chiefly in titles) speaker, mouthpiece

bodily orifice, opening of the human body in general, including eyes, ears, nostrils, the vulva, and open wounds

i-w-h-i-i-Y2:n-r:a-ra*Z1-r:r*Z1-O31:O31-tA:N23*Z1-
-h-nw-W-A4-n:k-z:r-q:Y2-Ax-x-H_SPACE:ra-w-aq-q:H_SPACE-k-dwA-pr:n-wr:r-t:xAst
jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9

May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).

entrance to a building or other enclosed structure, doorway

(especially in compounds) place or thing seen as an opening from one point to another, passage, thoroughfare

a measure of volume equivalent to ¹⁄₃₂ of a hnw or ¹⁄₃₂₀ of a ḥqꜣt (about 15 millilitres); mouthful

r:V1*V1*V1-V20*V20*V20:V20*V20*V20
r(ꜣ) ḫmtw-št sjsjw
¹⁄₃₆₀

12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh

(mathematics) used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.


r

Demotic: r, jw, jr⸗, r.r⸗, r.ḥr⸗, r.jr⸗, r.j.jr⸗

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲗⲁ⸗ (ela⸗)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁ- (a-)

Old Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)

Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, until, near”).

regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to

(with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb

(with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards

(in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for

roles; or functions; roles; or functions

(after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to

(generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as

(with a verb in the terminative as object) until


r

(with attached suffix pronoun) so, regarding (that, you, me, etc.), as for (that, you, me, etc.)


p

p:S (canonical masculine)
p (singular)
pwj (dual)
pw (plural)


p

p:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Pe, a city in Lower Egypt, where the Pharaohs were crowned.


p

p m sg proximaldemonstrative determiner (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

(Old Egyptian) Alternative form of pj (“this”)


t

abbreviation in namesof types of ritual loaves


w

(Old Egyptian) not; used to negate the subjunctive or prospective in wishes and commands


m

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

Often suggested to be cognate to Hebrew בְּ־ (bə-), Arabic بِـ (bi-); however, more recent scholarship disputes this on phonological grounds, as Egyptian m is not held to regularly correspond with Semitic *b by either the traditional school of Egyptian comparison or the Rösslerian school.

(with most verbs of motion) from within, out of, from

(of contents, e.g. of a group) consisting of, comprising

in the capacity of, in the role of, as, being

(with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic imperfective of a verb


m

Possibly originally a verb form, an imperative meaning ‘see’.

(chiefly Old and Middle Egyptian, with a suffix pronoun) behold, lo, look

(without a suffix pronoun) whether, although


m

imperative of jmj (“to not be, to not do”): don't


h

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


n

Cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⵏ (n, “of”) and Proto-Semitic *lV-, whence Hebrew לְ־ (lə-, “to, for, of”) and Arabic لِـ (li-, “to, for, belonging to”).


n

Abbreviation of nj (“of, belonging to (genitival adjective)”).


n

egy-pron

n:Z2 pl 1. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

n:Z2 pl 1. enclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)


z

Coptic: ⲥⲁ- (sa-)

Speculatively, Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *ji (one, someone, somebody); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. Compare Hebrew זֶה.

inh

-s-Dr:r-D37:A55-z:A1-H-q:r-w-nDs-r:d-mi-i-N23-A1

c. 1944 BCE, (year 17 of the reign of Senusret I), Stela of Mentuwoser (MMA 12.184), lines 11–12

No one went to bed hungry in my district.


s

The object depicted in the hieroglyph s. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


s

A type of waterfowl, perhaps the Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), especially as an offering for the dead

Alternative form of sr (“type of goose”)


s

Abbreviation of snb (“health”) in the formula ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb (“life, prosperity, health”)


s

egy-pron

s f sg 3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun


s

s m sg 3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun


km

km-m 2-lit. (canonical)
km (infinitive)
kmw (infinitive negative)
km (infinitive negative)
kmt (infinitive)
km (imperative infinitive singular)
j.km (imperative infinitive singular)
km (imperative infinitive plural)
j.km (imperative infinitive plural)
km (stative)
ḥr km (imperfective)
m km (imperfective)
r km (prospective)
km.n (active perfect)
kmw (passive perfect)
km (passive perfect)
km.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
kmt (terminative)
km (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
km.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
km (active imperfective)
j.km (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
km (active prospective)
kmm (passive prospective)
km.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
km (active subjunctive)
j.km (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
km.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
km (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
km (active participle perfective)
kmm (participle passive perfective)
kmmj (participle passive perfective)
km (participle passive perfective)
kmw (participle passive perfective)
kmy (participle passive perfective)
j.km (active imperfective participle relative)
km (active imperfective participle relative)
kmy (active imperfective participle relative)
kmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.km (active imperfective participle)
j.kmw (active imperfective participle)
km (active imperfective participle)
kmj (active imperfective participle)
kmy (active imperfective participle)
km (imperfective participle passive)
kmw (imperfective participle passive)
km (active participle prospective relative)
kmtj (active participle prospective relative)
kmtj (participle prospective)
kmt (participle prospective)

km-m-Y2:n-n:Z2-H-f-A-W-I14-V20*V20*V20*V20:V20*V20*V20-Z1*Z1*Z1:Z1*Z1-m-ms-s-w-A1*B1:Z2-A1-H-n:a-sn-n:nw-w-A1*B1:Z2-A1

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 127–128

We totalled seventy-five snakes, comprising my children along with my siblings.


km

km-m (canonical)
km (masculine singular)
kmt (feminine singular)
kmwj (dual masculine)
kmtj (dual feminine)
kmw (masculine plural)
kmwt (feminine plural)
kmt (feminine plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲁⲙⲉ (khame), ⲭⲉⲙⲓ (khemi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲙⲓ (kemi), ⲕⲉⲙ (kem)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲙⲉ (kame), ⲕⲙⲙⲉ (kmme), ⲕⲁⲙ (kam)

perfective active participle of kmm: black


mm

Both Gardiner and Allen suggest the preposition could be a reduplication of m (“in”). Gardiner takes the adverb separately and considers it apparently an 18th Dynasty development from jmj.


rd

r:d-rd (canonical masculine)
rd (singular)
rdwj (dual)
rdw (plural)

Demotic: rt

Coptic:

ⲣⲁⲧ⸗ (rat⸗) (Sahidic, Bohairic)

ⲗⲉⲧ⸗ (let⸗) (Fayyumic)

q

ⲣⲉⲧ⸗ (ret⸗) (Akhmimic, Lycopolitan, Fayyumic, Old Coptic)

ⲣⲉⲉⲧ⸗ (reet⸗) (Akhmimic)

aHa-a:n-d-wn:n-D54:n-A1-r:d-rd-rd-A1-r:*r-x:Y2-a:t-A1-m-r-Z1-A1
ꜥḥꜥ.n dwn.n.j rdwj.j r rḫ djt.j m r(ꜣ).j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 45–46

Then I stretched out my legs to learn what I might put in my mouth.


rd

r:d-M30 2-lit. (canonical)
rd (infinitive)
rdw (infinitive negative)
rd (infinitive negative)
rdt (infinitive)
rd (imperative infinitive singular)
j.rd (imperative infinitive singular)
rd (imperative infinitive plural)
j.rd (imperative infinitive plural)
rd (stative)
ḥr rd (imperfective)
m rd (imperfective)
r rd (prospective)
rd.n (active perfect)
rd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
rdt (active terminative)
rd (active perfective)
rd.ḫr (active obligative)
rd (active imperfective)
j.rd (active imperfective)
rd (active prospective)
rd.kꜣ (active potential)
rd (active subjunctive)
j.rd (active subjunctive)
rd.n (active participle perfect)
rd (active participle perfective)
rdd (participle passive perfective)
rddj (participle passive perfective)
rd (participle passive perfective)
rdw (participle passive perfective)
rdy (participle passive perfective)
j.rd (active imperfective participle)
rd (active imperfective participle)
rdy (active imperfective participle)
rdw (active imperfective participle)
j.rdw (active imperfective participle)
rdj (active imperfective participle)
rd (imperfective participle passive)
rdw (imperfective participle passive)
rd (active participle prospective)
rdtj (active participle prospective)
rdtj (participle prospective)
rdt (participle prospective)


gr

g:r-A2 2-lit. (canonical)
gr (infinitive)
grw (infinitive negative)
gr (infinitive negative)
grt (infinitive)
gr (imperative infinitive singular)
j.gr (imperative infinitive singular)
gr (imperative infinitive plural)
j.gr (imperative infinitive plural)
gr (stative)
ḥr gr (imperfective)
m gr (imperfective)
r gr (prospective)
gr.n (active perfect)
gr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
grt (active terminative)
gr (active perfective)
gr.ḫr (active obligative)
gr (active imperfective)
j.gr (active imperfective)
gr (active prospective)
gr.kꜣ (active potential)
gr (active subjunctive)
j.gr (active subjunctive)
gr.n (active participle perfect)
gr (active participle perfective)
grr (participle passive perfective)
grrj (participle passive perfective)
gr (participle passive perfective)
grw (participle passive perfective)
gry (participle passive perfective)
j.gr (active imperfective participle)
gr (active imperfective participle)
gry (active imperfective participle)
grw (active imperfective participle)
j.grw (active imperfective participle)
grj (active imperfective participle)
gr (imperfective participle passive)
grw (imperfective participle passive)
gr (active participle prospective)
grtj (active participle prospective)
grtj (participle prospective)
grt (participle prospective)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϭⲟⲩ (cou)

Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲱ (cō)

i-M-m:a-pr-r-D54-r:n-k\-i-w-g-r-A2-k\-m-r-Z1-k\:n-i-s-t-A2-k\
jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1

Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.

(intransitive) to be(come) calm, still, dispassionate


gr

Abbreviation of grw (“also, furthermore, any more”).


dm

d-m-T30 2-lit. (canonical)
dm (infinitive)
dmw (infinitive negative)
dm (infinitive negative)
dmt (infinitive)
dm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.dm (imperative infinitive singular)
dm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.dm (imperative infinitive plural)
dm (stative)
ḥr dm (imperfective)
m dm (imperfective)
r dm (prospective)
dm.n (active perfect)
dmw (passive perfect)
dm (passive perfect)
dm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dmt (terminative)
dm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dm (active imperfective)
j.dm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dm (active prospective)
dmm (passive prospective)
dm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dm (active subjunctive)
j.dm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dm (active participle perfective)
dmm (participle passive perfective)
dmmj (participle passive perfective)
dm (participle passive perfective)
dmw (participle passive perfective)
dmy (participle passive perfective)
j.dm (active imperfective participle relative)
dm (active imperfective participle relative)
dmy (active imperfective participle relative)
dmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.dm (active imperfective participle)
j.dmw (active imperfective participle)
dm (active imperfective participle)
dmj (active imperfective participle)
dmy (active imperfective participle)
dm (imperfective participle passive)
dmw (imperfective participle passive)
dm (active participle prospective relative)
dmtj (active participle prospective relative)
dmtj (participle prospective)
dmt (participle prospective)


dm

d-m-T30-A2 2-lit. (canonical)
dm (infinitive)
dmw (infinitive negative)
dm (infinitive negative)
dmt (infinitive)
dm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.dm (imperative infinitive singular)
dm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.dm (imperative infinitive plural)
dm (stative)
ḥr dm (imperfective)
m dm (imperfective)
r dm (prospective)
dm.n (active perfect)
dmw (passive perfect)
dm (passive perfect)
dm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dmt (terminative)
dm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dm (active imperfective)
j.dm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dm (active prospective)
dmm (passive prospective)
dm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dm (active subjunctive)
j.dm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dm (active participle perfective)
dmm (participle passive perfective)
dmmj (participle passive perfective)
dm (participle passive perfective)
dmw (participle passive perfective)
dmy (participle passive perfective)
j.dm (active imperfective participle relative)
dm (active imperfective participle relative)
dmy (active imperfective participle relative)
dmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.dm (active imperfective participle)
j.dmw (active imperfective participle)
dm (active imperfective participle)
dmj (active imperfective participle)
dmy (active imperfective participle)
dm (imperfective participle passive)
dmw (imperfective participle passive)
dm (active participle prospective relative)
dmtj (active participle prospective relative)
dmtj (participle prospective)
dmt (participle prospective)

Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *dûm-; as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.

E31-Ax-x:H_SPACE-xnt-E31:Z2-wAH-O44-t:Z1-z:mn:n-HqA-t:Z1-sxm-H_SPACE:Z1-nfr-n:N9:t-H_SPACE:Z2ss-nTr-!-M1-Y1:Hr*Z1-U7:r:r-U3:n:f-r:a:snD-f:m-tA:tA:tA:nb-n:U7:r:*t-d:m-T30:A2-z:n:r:n:f-r:HAt:t*Z1
sꜥḥ ꜣḫ ḫnt sꜥḥw wꜣḥ jꜣwt smn ḥqꜣt sḫm nfr n(j) psḏt jmꜣ ḥr mrr mꜣ n.f rdj snḏ.f m tꜣw nb(w) n mr(w)t dm.sn rn.f r ḥꜣt […]

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 7–8

Effective dignitary, foremost of dignitaries, enduring of office, established of reign, the fair power of the Ennead, gracious of face, the sight of whom is beloved, the awe of whom is set in all lands in order that they pronounce his name first, […]


sn

Demotic:  (sn)

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲛ (son) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ⲥⲁⲛ (san) (Fayyumic, Akhmimic)

Related to snwj (“two”). Compare with Migaama sin and Blin šan.

(by extension) any closely related male family member, such as a cousin, uncle, or nephew

(usually in the plural) a person of equal status who belongs to the same group or shares common characteristics; fellow

one of two opposing disputants in court, litigant


sn

egy-pron

s-n:Z2 pl 3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

s-n:Z2 pl 3. enclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)


sn

sn-n:D19 2-lit. (canonical)
sn (infinitive)
snw (infinitive negative)
sn (infinitive negative)
snt (infinitive)
sn (imperative infinitive singular)
j.sn (imperative infinitive singular)
sn (imperative infinitive plural)
j.sn (imperative infinitive plural)
sn (stative)
ḥr sn (imperfective)
m sn (imperfective)
r sn (prospective)
sn.n (active perfect)
snw (passive perfect)
sn (passive perfect)
sn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
snt (terminative)
sn (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sn.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sn (active imperfective)
j.sn (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sn (active prospective)
snn (passive prospective)
sn.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sn (active subjunctive)
j.sn (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sn.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sn (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sn (active participle perfective)
snn (participle passive perfective)
snnj (participle passive perfective)
sn (participle passive perfective)
snw (participle passive perfective)
sny (participle passive perfective)
j.sn (active imperfective participle relative)
sn (active imperfective participle relative)
sny (active imperfective participle relative)
snw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.sn (active imperfective participle)
j.snw (active imperfective participle)
sn (active imperfective participle)
snj (active imperfective participle)
sny (active imperfective participle)
sn (imperfective participle passive)
snw (imperfective participle passive)
sn (active participle prospective relative)
sntj (active participle prospective relative)
sntj (participle prospective)
snt (participle prospective)

Compare with Hausa sansana (“to smell”).

i-r-q:n-A24-n:k\-rwD-A24-ib*Z1:k\-mH:Y2-k\-q:n-i-D32-k\-m-Xrd-A1*B1:Z2-k\-!-s-n-fnD-A2-k\-N42-t-B1-k\-U2:ir-A-k\-pr-Z1-k\
jr qn{n}.k rwḏ jb.k mḥ.k qnj.k m ẖrdw.k sn.k ḥmt.k mꜣ.k pr.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 132–134

If you are stalwart, with your mind firm, you will fill your embrace with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home.


mt

Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲧ (mout)


ky

k-i-i mf (canonical)
k-i-i (dual masculine)
ky (dual masculine)
k:t (dual feminine)
k:t-i-i (dual feminine)
kt (dual feminine)
kty (dual feminine)
k:y-w&y (masculine plural)
k-w&y (masculine plural)
k-w (masculine plural)
kjwj (masculine plural)
kwj (masculine plural)
kw (masculine plural)
k:t (feminine plural)
kt (feminine plural)

egy-decl-adj

<hiero>k:y-w&y</hiero>, <hiero>k-w&y</hiero>, <hiero>k-w</hiero>, <hiero>k-w-Z1:Z1*Z1</hiero>

Coptic: ⲕⲉ- (ke-), ⲕⲉ (ke), ⲕⲉⲧ (ket), (plural) ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (kooue)


py

p-i-i (canonical masculine)
py (singular)
pywj (dual)
pyw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲉⲓ (phei)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲏⲓ (pēi)


py

According to von Beckerath, from Meroitic *𐦧𐦢 (*pi, “to live”), with the ankh glyph in the name merely serving as a determinative. Leprohon instead interprets the name as pꜣ (“O”) + ꜥnḫy (“living one”), but notes that the reading is uncertain and considers it possible that the ankh is to be read as a prospective form of the verb ꜥnḫ (“to live”). In this case the name is indeed simply py and the ankh is not a part of it.

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Piye, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty


py

egy-det

p-i-i m sg proximaldemonstrative determiner

pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)


-y

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the plural imperative of verbs, particularly weak verbs.

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Optionally used to form the subjunctive of weak verbs.


-y

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


-y

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Optionally marks the masculine singular perfective passive participle of strong verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


-y

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Optionally marks the perfective passive participle of weak verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Optionally marks the perfective relative form of weak verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

(Late Egyptian) Marks the perfective passive participle of mostly third-weak transitive verbs, following the stem.

(Late Egyptian) Occasionally marks the perfective active participle of mostly third-weak transitive verbs, following the stem.


-y

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Rarely marks the imperfective relative form of all verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


twr

t-wr:r 3-lit. (canonical)
twr (infinitive)
twrw (infinitive negative)
twr (infinitive negative)
twrt (infinitive)
twr (imperative infinitive singular)
twr (imperative infinitive plural)
twr (stative)
ḥr twr (imperfective)
m twr (imperfective)
r twr (prospective)
twr.n (active perfect)
twrw (passive perfect)
twr (passive perfect)
twr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
twrt (terminative)
twr (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
twr.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
twr (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
twr (active prospective)
twrr (passive prospective)
twr.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
twr (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
twr.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
twr (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
twr (active participle perfective)
twr (participle passive perfective)
twrw (participle passive perfective)
twry (participle passive perfective)
twr (active imperfective participle relative)
twry (active imperfective participle relative)
twrw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
twr (active imperfective participle)
twrj (active imperfective participle)
twry (active imperfective participle)
twr (imperfective participle passive)
twrw (imperfective participle passive)
twr (active participle prospective relative)
twrtj (active participle prospective relative)
twrtj (participle prospective)
twrt (participle prospective)

only attested in theInstruction of Amenemope

(transitive) to show respect to (people or statues of the dead), to treat reverently

(intransitive) to act respectful, to show respect (+ ḥr: to)

(transitive) to worship, to honor (a god)

(transitive, of a priest or son of the dead) to honor (the dead)

(transitive, of the king) to honor, to magnify, to bestow honors on (one’s officials)

x:p-D54:n-A1-z:A1*Z1-aHa-a:D54-m-r-Z1-wA-A-t-N31-t:*r-M6-Y1:n-f-w-A1-snD-A2-n:f
ḫp.n.j z ꜥḥꜥ(.w) m r(ꜣ)-wꜣt t(w)r.n.f wj snḏ(.j) n.f

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) lines 10–11

I crossed a man standing on the road and he saluted me, but I feared him.

(transitive) to hail, to greet respectfully

(intransitive, with r) to keep one’s distance from or respect (someone’s possessions), to not violate (someone’s property)


twr

t-wr:r- 3-lit. (canonical)
twr (infinitive)
twrw (infinitive negative)
twr (infinitive negative)
twrt (infinitive)
twr (imperative infinitive singular)
twr (imperative infinitive plural)
twr (stative)
ḥr twr (imperfective)
m twr (imperfective)
r twr (prospective)
twr.n (active perfect)
twrw (passive perfect)
twr (passive perfect)
twr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
twrt (terminative)
twr (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
twr.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
twr (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
twr (active prospective)
twrr (passive prospective)
twr.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
twr (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
twr.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
twr (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
twr (active participle perfective)
twr (participle passive perfective)
twrw (participle passive perfective)
twry (participle passive perfective)
twr (active imperfective participle relative)
twry (active imperfective participle relative)
twrw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
twr (active imperfective participle)
twrj (active imperfective participle)
twry (active imperfective participle)
twr (imperfective participle passive)
twrw (imperfective participle passive)
twr (active participle prospective relative)
twrtj (active participle prospective relative)
twrtj (participle prospective)
twrt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to turn away, to reject (someone unwanted as a companion, something unwanted to drink, etc.)


twr

(transitive) to make (something sacred) ritually clean with water, natron, or incense; to cleanse, to purify (+ r: of (evil, pollution, etc.))

(intransitive) to be(come) ritually pure or clean

(intransitive, of the sky) to be(come) clear (+ r: of (clouds))


twr

twr (singular)
twrwj (dual)
twrw (plural)


twr

a kind of plant, possibly a kind of reed, used medicinally and said to be given to the dead in the afterworld


bin

Manuel de Codage transliteration of bjn.


bint

Manuel de Codage transliteration of bjnt.


-t

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-t, *-Vt (feminine suffix). See also Arabic ـَة (-a).

inh

Used to form feminine singular forms of nouns.

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Used to form feminine singular forms of adjectives.

(Late Egyptian) An unpronounced graphical suffix occasionally added to adjectives without regard for gender.


-t

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending) + the ancestor of the above suffix -t (feminine ending).

Converts nouns and prepositions into feminine adjectives: the feminine nisba adjective ending.


-t

Forms adverbs from certain adjectives; -ly


-t

Egyptian: -j (infinitival ending)

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.

pronominal state
pronominal state#English

(Late Egyptian) Forms the pronominal state of the infinitive of transitive third-weak verbs, and occasionally also biliteral and triliteral verbs, used when a suffix pronoun is attached to the infinitive.


-t

complementary infinitive
complementary infinitive#English

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the complementary infinitive of all verbs.


-t

Forms the subjunctive of the irregular verb jnj and the anomalous verb jwj.


-t

(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the terminative of all verbs.


s-

From Proto-Afroasiatic *s- (causative prefix).

Used to form a causative verb from a non-causative verb.


st

egy-pron

s-t c pl and f sg3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

s-t c pl and f sg3. enclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

she, her, it, they, them; by Middle Egyptian often, but not exclusively, used for inanimate objects (see usage notes)

later also forthe singular by confusion with the plural


st

s-t c pl and f sg3. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

s-t c pl and f sg3. proclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)


st

Coptic: ⲥⲉ- (se-) in ⲥⲉⲙⲓⲥⲓ (semisi, “birthing stool”)

Ancient Greek: -σης (-sēs) in Νεφερσης (Nephersēs, epithet of Isis)

throne of the king or of a god seen as a king

seat of the dead in the heavens or in the sun-god’s barque

(with a god’s name) temple or home of a god in the sky or duat

xpr-r-i-s-E9-w-d-D54-k\-t-w-r-st-t:pr-t:n-
-D35:z-p:zp-U2:ir-A-k\-N18:N23*Z1-p:n-xpr-r-m-n:U19-nw-W-i-i-mw
ḫpr js jwd.k tw r st pn nj zp mꜣ.k jw pn ḫpr(.w) m nwy

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 153–154

When your parting from this place comes to pass, you will never again see this island, which will have turned into water.

t*F7:Htp-n:s-st-t*pr:z-f:Aw-w-mn:n:Y1-r:h*p-w-Y1:Z2:f
šfyt ḥtp.n.s st.s fꜣw mn(.w) r hpw.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 22–23

Dignity, it has taken its seat, and magnificence is established according to his laws.


-j

Marks the dual form of nouns and adjectives. Attaches to the singular form if feminine or the plural form if masculine.

Sometimes added to suffix pronouns attached to dual nouns.


-j

Hypothesized to be from Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending).

Converts nouns (including proper nouns and nisbas used nominally), prepositions, independent pronouns, and numerals into masculine adjectives: the masculine nisba adjective ending.


-j

Hypothesized to be from earlier *-iu or *-iju, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case ending) attached to a root ending in *-i or *-ij.

inh

Forms i-stem masculine nouns from roots.


-j

prepositional adverbs
w:Prepositional adverb

Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.


-j

From the earlier infinitival ending -t; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by -j.


-j

Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


-j

Optionally marks the masculine geminated perfective passive participle of strong biliteral verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.


swab

Manuel de Codage transliteration of swꜥb.


ḫpr

xpr:r 3-lit. (canonical)
ḫpr (infinitive)
ḫprw (infinitive negative)
ḫpr (infinitive negative)
ḫprt (infinitive)
ḫpr (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫpr (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫpr (stative)
ḥr ḫpr (imperfective)
m ḫpr (imperfective)
r ḫpr (prospective)
ḫpr.n (active perfect)
ḫpr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḫprt (active terminative)
ḫpr (active perfective)
ḫpr.ḫr (active obligative)
ḫpr (active imperfective)
ḫpr (active prospective)
ḫpr.kꜣ (active potential)
ḫpr (active subjunctive)
ḫpr.n (active participle perfect)
ḫpr (active participle perfective)
ḫpr (participle passive perfective)
ḫprw (participle passive perfective)
ḫpry (participle passive perfective)
ḫpr (active imperfective participle)
ḫpry (active imperfective participle)
ḫprw (active imperfective participle)
ḫprj (active imperfective participle)
ḫpr (imperfective participle passive)
ḫprw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫpr (active participle prospective)
ḫprtj (active participle prospective)
ḫprtj (participle prospective)
ḫprt (participle prospective)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲉ (šōpe)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲉ (šōpe)

Proto-Lycopolitan Coptic: ⳃⲱⲡⲉ (çōpe)

Coptic Dialect P: ⳋⲱⲡⲉ (çōpe)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲡⲉ (xōpe)

z:t-Q7-N33A:n-A1-ir-w-N33A:Ba17s*N33A*Ba17as-n:A1-!-z:T30-m-D54:N33A-w-A1-xpr:r-w:N33A-m-H-a-F51*Z1:N33A-A1

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 1–2

Illuminate for me, those whom I made! Lead me, those who came into being through my flesh!

(intransitive) to come into being, to start to exist

s-D:d-A1-r:f-n:k\-mi-i-t*t:Y2-i-r:y-xpr:r-m:a-A1-D:z-A1
sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 21–23

Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.

D35-r:x-Y1-n:t-w-xpr-r:*t-Z2:ir-r:*t-nTr-Z1-x*t:f-U35-A24-f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.2

One cannot know what might come to be or what the god might do when he punishes.

D37:A1-sDm-m-Hm-Z1-G7-k-b-i-W10:F18-i*i-t:Z5-Y1:Z2-xpr-r:*t
ḏj.j sḏm ḥm.k bjꜣyt ḫprt […]

c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 4, line 18

I will let Your Majesty hear a wonder that happened […]

(intransitive) to come to exist or take place (in the currently relevant context); to occur, to happen, to appear, to arise (+ m-ꜥ: to happen to)

i-w-wp:p-Z10:n-f-r*Z1:f-r-A1-i-W-A1-Hr*Z1-X:t*Z1-A1-m-b-bA-A-H-D53-Y2:f-!-D:d-f-n:A1-n-m:a-ini-n:t-w-zp*y:n-D:z-nDs-A1-n-m:a-ini-n:t-w-!-i-r-w-d:f-G38-D54:k\-m-D:d-n:A1-ini-n:t-w-r-iw:N23*Z1-p:n-!-r:a-A1-r:x-Y2:k\-t-w-i-w-k\-m-z:z-Q7-xpr:r&t-m-n:t*y-D35-U2:ir-A-t:f
jw wp.n.f r(ꜣ).f r.j jw.j ḥr ẖt.j m bꜣḥ.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n-mj jn tw zpwj snwj nḏs (j)n-mj jn tw jr wdf.k m ḏd n.j jn tw r jw pn rdj.j rḫ.k tw jw.k m ss⟨f⟩ ḫpr.t(j) m ntj nj mꜣ.t(w).f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 67–73

He opened his mouth at me while I was on my belly before him, saying to me:
―Who brought you, who brought you, little man? Who brought you? If you delay in telling me who brought you to this island, I will make you know yourself as ashes, transformed into that which cannot be seen.

aHa-a:n-s-b-t:bH-A2-n:f-i-m-A1-m-M22-M22-D:d-n:A1-m-n:f-nDs-m-ib-Z1-f-!-D:d-f:n-A1-D35-wr-r-n:k\-a:n-tyw-W23:Z2ss-xpr-r:*t-nb-nTr-sn-n:t-r-tr-N33C:Z2ss
ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntr
Then he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150

(intransitive) to evolve, to develop, to transform (+ m: to turn into, to become)

(intransitive, of time) to come, to arrive


ḫpr

A serekh name notably borne by Djedefre, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


tp

aHa-a:n-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-Sms-W-A1-s-sA-A-H-D63-Y2:k\-w-A1-m-tp-A1*B1:Z2-V1-V1
ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) rdj.kw r šmsw sꜣḥ.kw m štj tpw

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 177–179

Then I was appointed as a retainer and endowed with two hundred servants (literally, “heads”).

individual person, (if possessed) servant


zr

Old Coptic: ⲥⲣⲟ (sro)


md

Alternative spelling of mdw (“word, speech”)


pt

Demotic:  (p(.t))

Coptic: ⲡⲉ (pe) (Sahidic), ⲫⲉ (phe) (Bohairic), ⲡⲏ (pē) (Fayyumic, Akhmimic)


db

Uncertain. Possibly related to db (“horn, tusk”); compare the possible relation between ḫꜣb (“hippopotamus”) and ḫꜣb (“to be bent”) (in reference to the animal’s tusks).

skin or fat of the hippopotamus, used medicinally


db

d-b-db (canonical masculine)
db (singular)
dbwj (dual)
dbw (plural)

Demotic: tp

Coptic: ⲧⲁⲡ (tap)

Possibly a doublet of ꜥb (“horn”), according to the Rösslerian school of Egyptian comparison.

hollowed-out horn for holding oil, used by Asiatics


rn

Demotic: rn

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲉⲛ (ren), ⲣⲛⲧ⸗ (rnt⸗)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲁⲛ (ran), ⲣⲉⲛ- (ren-), ⲣⲉⲛ⸗ (ren⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲉⲛ (len), ⲣⲉⲛ (ren)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲉⲛ (ren)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲉⲛ (ren), ⲣⲁⲛ (ran), ⲣⲓⲛ⸗ (rin⸗), ⲣⲉⲛ⸗ (ren⸗)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲣⲓⲛ (rin)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲁⲛ (ran), ⲣⲓⲛ (rin), ⲣⲉⲛ- (ren-), ⲣⲛⲧ⸗ (rnt⸗), ⲣⲉⲛⲧ⸗ (rent⸗), ⲣⲓⲛⲧ⸗ (rint⸗), ⲣⲁⲛⲧ⸗ (rant⸗), ⲣⲓⲛ⸗ (rin⸗)

→ English: ren

T:z-m-E14-M42-n:n-stp-V16:r-Hm-f-
-a-b-w-tyw-E14:r-n:f

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 1–2

The hound that was the protector of His Majesty. His name is Abutiu.

i:n G39-Z1-s-n:Z2 mr:r-s-n:Z2 A21-w-s-n:Z2 s-anx-n:x r:n-s-n:Z2 Hr:Z1 P6-Z1:O39 p:n
[…] jn zꜣ.sn mr.sn šmsw.sn sꜥnḫ rnw.sn ḥr ꜥḥꜥ pn […]

Early Middle Kingdom, Stela of Inher-hotep, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ÄS 90

[…] by their beloved eldest son, who makes their names live on before this stela […]

i-nD-D:Hr:k-Q2:ir-nb:H*ra*H-sw-t:Z2ss-nTr-I1S:Z2-r:n:nw*Z2ss-Dsr:r-xpr-Z3-S:t*U30-i-ir:w-m-r:Z1-pr:Z1*Z2ss-
-A51-s-s-kA:Z1-p-w-xnt-Dd-Dd-wr:r-Xr:r:t-m-R22:x-m-pr:H_SPACE-nb:h-n:nw*w-A32-m-A21:R12-t*y:N36-xnt-D:f:X4-m-iwn-nw:niwt--…--
-Dd-Dd-r:n:M-r:Z1:n-t*nr:Z2-pA-t:X6:X6-n:N17:N17:t:tm-D:f:X4-kA:Z2ss-xnt-N9:t:Z2ss-nTr-Ax-Z1:H_SPACE-mn:n:x*mnx-M:M:a-Ax-Z2ss:H_SPACE
j.nḏ ḥr.k wsjr nb nḥḥ nswt nṯr(w) ꜥšꜣ rnw ḏsr ḫprw štꜣ jrw m rw-prw špss kꜣ pw ḫnt(j) ḏdw wr ẖrt m ḫm nb hnw m ꜥnḏtj ḫnt(j) ḏf(ꜣ) m jwnw […] ḏd rn m r(ꜣ) n(j) rmt pꜣ(w)tj n(j) tꜣwj tm ḏf(ꜣ) kꜣw ḫnt psḏt ꜣḫ mnḫ mmj ꜣḫw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 1–4

Hail to you, Osiris, lord of eternity, king of gods, numerous of names, sacred of developments, secret of rites in temples! He is noble of ka, this foremost one of Busiris, great of possessions in Letopolis, possessor of acclaim in (the nome of) Anedjti, foremost of provisions in Heliopolis, […] whose name endures (literally, “enduring of name”) in the mouth of people, primaeval one of the Two Lands (Egypt), complete of food and sustenance at the head of the Ennead, potent akh among the akhs.

E31-Ax-x:H_SPACE-xnt-E31:Z2-wAH-O44-t:Z1-z:mn:n-HqA-t:Z1-sxm-H_SPACE:Z1-nfr-n:N9:t-H_SPACE:Z2ss-nTr-
-M1-Y1:Hr*Z1-U7:r:r-U3:n:f-r:a:snD-f:m-tA:tA:tA:nb-n:U7:r:*t-d:m-T30:A2-z:n:r:n:f-r:HAt:t*Z1
sꜥḥ ꜣḫ ḫnt sꜥḥw wꜣḥ jꜣwt smn ḥqꜣt sḫm nfr n(j) psḏt jmꜣ ḥr mrr mꜣ n.f rdj snḏ.f m tꜣw nb(w) n mr(w)t dm.sn rn.f r ḥꜣt […]

zA-Z1:H_SPACE-st-t:H8-nD-nw*t:n:f-i-t:f-s-Dsr:r-w-s-mn:n:x*mnx-w-r:n:f
zꜣ ꜣst nḏ{t}.n.f jt.f sḏsrw smnḫw rn.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22

The son of Isis, he has avenged his father; his name has been hallowed and made splendid.

s-HD-D:ra-SPACE-SPACE-k:k:t-N2-z:r-q:Y2-k-H-st:t-tm-m-t:gb-pr-
-a:r-N31:k-SPACE-SPACE-m-r:n-k:n-r:a-ra*Z1:r-b-w-Xr:r-st:ir-xnt-n:t*y-imnt-tyw-N33B:N33B:N33B-A40
sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8

Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.

aHa-a:n-D:d-n:f-n:A1-s-n:b*t-zp:y-n:D-z:nDs-A1-r-pr-Z1-k\--…--
-i-M-m:a-r:n-A1-nfr-f:r-m-niwt:t*Z1-k\-
-m-a:k\-Xr:r&t-Y2:Z2-A1-p-W-i-m-k\
ꜥḥꜥ.n ḏd.n.f n.j snb.t(j) zpwj snwj nḏs r pr.k […] jmj rn.j nfr m nwt.k m.k ẖrt.j pw jm.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 158–160

Then he said to me, Safe travels, safe travels, little man, to your house! […] Set my good name in your city. Look, that is what I need from you.

i-M-m:a-pr-r-D54-r:n-k\-i-w-g-r-A2-k\-m-r-Z1-k\:n-i-s-t-A2-k\
jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1

Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.


rn

r:n (canonical masculine)
rn (singular)
rnwj (dual)
rnw (plural)

s-x:p-D54-t-
-r:n-mA-HD

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Men Bringing Desert Animals (Cleveland 1930.734), caption above oryx


tꜣ

Demotic: tꜣ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲟ (tho)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to)

Old Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to), ⲑⲟ (tho), ⲧⲱ (tō), ⲑⲱ (thō)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to)

a:A1-ini-n:t-n:k\-H-a-w-P1:Z2-A-t:p-w-A2-A24-Xr:r-A51-s-s-Y2:Z2-nb:n-km-m-t-niwt:t*Z1-!-mi-i-ir:r-t:n-nTr-Z1-U7:r-r-A2-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-!-m-tA:N23*Z1-wA-A-N31-D35-r:x-Y2-sw-W-r-T-A1-B1-Z2ss
dj.j jn.t(w) n.k ḥꜥw ꜣtp.w ẖr špssw nb n(j) kmt mj jrrt n nṯr mrr r(m)ṯ m tꜣ wꜣ nj rḫ sw r(m)ṯ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 146–148

I will have them bring you a fleet laden with every finery of Egypt, like what is done for a god beloved by people in a faraway land people don’t know.

aHa-a:n-s-aHa-a:D54-U36-Z1:n-sw-bit-t:t-<-s-nfr-f:r-w->-!-m-sw-t:n-G7-mn:n-x-mnx-Y1-m-tA:N23*Z1-p:n-r-Dr:r-f
ꜥḥꜥ.n sꜥḥꜥ ḥm n(j) nswt-bjtj snfr-w(j) m nswt mnḫ m tꜣ pn r ḏr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.8

Then the majesty of the Dual King Sneferu was raised up as splendid king in this entire land.

N17:N21*p:n-M:a:f-N35B:f-TAw:f-s-M21:M-Hn:f-mn:n:mn:n-t:E1:f-nb:t-pA-i-i-t:nb:t-H_SPACE:x-t:xn-N35C:nb:t-D&d:f:t-I14:Z2:f-qmA-w&t-E29*Z2ss:f-xAst:t*Z1-!-s-U4:a-w-N-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-nw*t:pt-tA:tA:N21*N21-h:r-w-Hr:r:z
tꜣ pn m-ꜥ.f mw.f ṯꜣw.f sm(w).f mnmnt.f nbt pꜣyt nbt ḫnnt nbt ḏdfwt.f ꜥwt.f ḫꜣst smꜣꜥ.w n zꜣ nwt tꜣwj hr.w ḥr.s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 11–12

This land is in his hand — its water and its wind, its plants and all its cattle, all that flies and all that lands, its creeping creatures and its quadrupeds of the desert, were given to the son of Nut, and the Two Lands (Egypt) are pleased with it.

nTr-dwA-A-A30-t-w-n:k\-m-niwt:t*Z1-x*t:f-Hr-Z1-q:n-b-t-O38-A1:Z2ss-tA:N23*Z1-r-Dr:r-f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 143–144

They will thank the god for you in the city in front of the council and the entire land.

dwꜣ.tw-nṯr n.k m nwt ḫft ḥr qnbt tꜣ r ḏr.f

(by extension) the collective people of a land or country

i-p:n:f-tA:N21*Z1:r-Xr:r:t:f-pt:tA:Xr:r-st-Hr*Z1:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19

The land was accounted as his possession, and the sky and the land were under his care.

O43-p:a-x:r-p*W:xt-H-A25-A24-mn:n-i-t-T14-xt-HAt:t*t-V1-r:a-t-Hr*Z1-tA:N23*Z1
šzp ḫrpw ḥw mjnt ḥꜣtt rḏj.t(j) ḥr tꜣ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 3–5

The mallet has been taken, the mooring post has been struck, and the prow rope is set on land.

D:a-P5-pr:r-D54-i-w-n:Z2-m-M14-wr-r:N36-tp*Z1-a:Z1-D63:Y2-n:Z2-tA:N23*Z1
ḏꜥ pr(.w) jw.n m wꜣḏ-wr tp ꜥ sꜣḥ.n tꜣ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 32–34

A stormwind emerged while we were at sea, before we could set foot on land.


tꜣ

egy-det

t-A f sg anaphoricdemonstrative determiner

Demotic: tꜣ

q

Coptic: ⲧ- (t-) (Sahidic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan), ⲧⲉ- (te-) (Sahidic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan), ϯ- (ti-) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

(Old and Late Egyptian) O (vocative reference)

(Middle Egyptian) the aforementioned, the said

(Late Egyptian) the definite article; the

(Late Egyptian, with following noun) she of, this of, that of


ds

Speculatively, Orel and Stolbova claim a derivation from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *dac- (“flint knife”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.