jꜣṯ

i-A-T-D57 3-lit. (canonical)
jꜣṯ (infinitive)
jꜣṯw (infinitive negative)
jꜣṯ (infinitive negative)
jꜣṯt (infinitive)
jꜣṯ (imperative infinitive singular)
jꜣṯ (imperative infinitive plural)
jꜣṯ (stative)
ḥr jꜣṯ (imperfective)
m jꜣṯ (imperfective)
r jꜣṯ (prospective)
jꜣṯ.n (active perfect)
jꜣṯ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
jꜣṯt (active terminative)
jꜣṯ (active perfective)
jꜣṯ.ḫr (active obligative)
jꜣṯ (active imperfective)
jꜣṯ (active prospective)
jꜣṯ.kꜣ (active potential)
jꜣṯ (active subjunctive)
jꜣṯ.n (active participle perfect)
jꜣṯ (active participle perfective)
jꜣṯ (participle passive perfective)
jꜣṯw (participle passive perfective)
jꜣṯy (participle passive perfective)
jꜣṯ (active imperfective participle)
jꜣṯy (active imperfective participle)
jꜣṯw (active imperfective participle)
jꜣṯj (active imperfective participle)
jꜣṯ (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣṯw (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣṯ (active participle prospective)
jꜣṯtj (active participle prospective)
jꜣṯtj (participle prospective)
jꜣṯt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to be(come) injured, to be(come) mutilated

(intransitive) to hurt, to be(come) painful

(intransitive) to be(come) missing, to abate or disappear (+ r: from)


wpw ḥr

(at the start of a clause) in particular, particularly


znmwt

pH:D54-n:n:Z2-pH-w&y-wA-wA-t:xAst-z:n-X5:D54-n:n:Z2-z:n-mwt-t:xAst

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 8–10

We have reached the end of Lower Nubia, and we have passed by Bigeh.

Bigeh, an island at the first cataract of the Nile where Osiris was said to be buried


jrj ḫprw

(chiefly of gods and the dead) to take on a new form (+ m: to assume the form of, to transform into, to manifest as)

to grow up (somewhere), to undergo one’s upbringing (in some place)


nb-mꜣꜥt-rꜥ

From nb-mꜣꜥt (“possessor of righteousness/truth”) + rꜥ + [Term?] (“Ra”), a nominal sentence meaning ‘Ra is the possessor of righteousness/truth’. Contemporary cuneiform transcriptions of the name include Akkadian 𒉌𒅁𒈬𒀀𒊑𒀀 (ni-ib-mu-a-ri-a) and Hurrian 𒉌𒅎𒈬𒌋𒊑𒄿𒀸 (ni-im-mu-u-ri-i-a[š] /nimmōrīa-/).

cog

A throne name notably borne by Amenhotep III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


šnꜥ

Sn:n-a:D54 3-lit. (canonical)
šnꜥ (infinitive)
šnꜥw (infinitive negative)
šnꜥ (infinitive negative)
šnꜥt (infinitive)
šnꜥ (imperative infinitive singular)
šnꜥ (imperative infinitive plural)
šnꜥ (stative)
ḥr šnꜥ (imperfective)
m šnꜥ (imperfective)
r šnꜥ (prospective)
šnꜥ.n (active perfect)
šnꜥw (passive perfect)
šnꜥ (passive perfect)
šnꜥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
šnꜥt (terminative)
šnꜥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
šnꜥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
šnꜥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
šnꜥ (active prospective)
šnꜥꜥ (passive prospective)
šnꜥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
šnꜥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
šnꜥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
šnꜥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
šnꜥ (active participle perfective)
šnꜥ (participle passive perfective)
šnꜥw (participle passive perfective)
šnꜥy (participle passive perfective)
šnꜥ (active imperfective participle relative)
šnꜥy (active imperfective participle relative)
šnꜥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
šnꜥ (active imperfective participle)
šnꜥj (active imperfective participle)
šnꜥy (active imperfective participle)
šnꜥ (imperfective participle passive)
šnꜥw (imperfective participle passive)
šnꜥ (active participle prospective relative)
šnꜥtj (active participle prospective relative)
šnꜥtj (participle prospective)
šnꜥt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

šnꜥt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

Coptic: ϣⲱⲱⲛⲉ (šōōne), ϣⲟⲟⲛ⸗ (šoon⸗)

(transitive) to drive off, to repulse, to repel (people, animals, bad weather, etc.)

(transitive) to hold (someone) off, to keep (someone) away (+ ḥr: from (a person); + r: from (a place))

(transitive) to expel, to banish (someone)

(transitive) to hamper (someone’s steps)


𓌡

Biliteral phonogram for wꜥ, including in the word wꜥ.


jꜣm

i-A-m-V1 3-lit. (canonical)
jꜣm (infinitive)
jꜣmw (infinitive negative)
jꜣm (infinitive negative)
jꜣmt (infinitive)
jꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
jꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
jꜣm (stative)
ḥr jꜣm (imperfective)
m jꜣm (imperfective)
r jꜣm (prospective)
jꜣm.n (active perfect)
jꜣmw (passive perfect)
jꜣm (passive perfect)
jꜣm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
jꜣmt (terminative)
jꜣm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
jꜣm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
jꜣm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
jꜣm (active prospective)
jꜣmm (passive prospective)
jꜣm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
jꜣm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
jꜣm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
jꜣm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
jꜣm (active participle perfective)
jꜣm (participle passive perfective)
jꜣmw (participle passive perfective)
jꜣmy (participle passive perfective)
jꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
jꜣmy (active imperfective participle relative)
jꜣmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
jꜣm (active imperfective participle)
jꜣmj (active imperfective participle)
jꜣmy (active imperfective participle)
jꜣm (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣmw (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣm (active participle prospective relative)
jꜣmtj (active participle prospective relative)
jꜣmtj (participle prospective)
jꜣmt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to bind (cattle) for sacrifice


jꜣm

Alternative form of jmꜣ (“to be(come) kindly, friendly, or gracious”)


jꜣm

Alternative form of jmꜣ (“a kind of tree”)


sjp

s-i-p:Y1 caus. 2-lit. (canonical)
sjpt (infinitive)
sjp (infinitive)
sjpw (infinitive negative)
sjp (infinitive negative)
sjp (imperative infinitive singular)
sjp (imperative infinitive plural)
sjp (stative)
ḥr sjp (imperfective)
m sjp (imperfective)
r sjp (prospective)
sjp.n (active perfect)
sjpw (passive perfect)
sjp (passive perfect)
sjp.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
sjpt (terminative)
sjp (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sjp.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sjp (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sjpw (active prospective)
sjp (active prospective)
sjpy (active prospective)
sjpw (passive prospective)
sjp (passive prospective)
sjpy (passive prospective)
sjp.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sjp (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sjp.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sjp (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sjp (active participle perfective)
sjp (participle passive perfective)
sjpw (participle passive perfective)
sjpy (participle passive perfective)
sjp (active imperfective participle relative)
sjpy (active imperfective participle relative)
sjpw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
sjp (active imperfective participle)
sjpj (active imperfective participle)
sjpy (active imperfective participle)
sjp (imperfective participle passive)
sjpw (imperfective participle passive)
sjp (active participle prospective relative)
sjptj (active participle prospective relative)
sjpwtj (participle prospective)
sjptj (participle prospective)
sjpt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-caus-x-lit

causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.

egy-conj-table

sjpt

sjpw.tj1, sjp.tj1, sjpy.tj1, sjpw.tw2, sjp.tw2, sjpy.tw2

s- (causative prefix) + jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”).

af

(transitive) to deliver, to give over (a person) (+ n: to (another person, a fate, life, execution, etc.))

(transitive) to assign, allot, deliver, entrust (a thing) (+ n: to (a person))

(transitive) to check, examine, inspect (a person or thing)

(transitive) to visit, to come see, to check in on (someone)

(transitive) to manage, to organize (a land, a household, etc.)

(intransitive) to check up, to check and revise something


sjp

sjp (singular)
sjpwj (dual)
sjpw (plural)


ẖꜣk-jb

ẖꜣk-jb (singular)
ẖꜣkwj-jb (dual)
ẖꜣkw-jb (plural)

ẖꜣk (“to be(come) cunning, devious”) + jb (“heart, mind”), literally ‘devious of mind’.

(usually in the plural) rebel, malcontent


ḥꜣb-zkr

ḥꜣb (“festival”) + zkr (“Sokar”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Festival of Sokar’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

the Festival of Sokar, a festival consisting of the dragging of the Sokar-bark and a procession called pẖr ḥꜣ jnbw (“circling around the walls”), celebrated on the 25th (later 26th) of Choiak


qꜣw

qꜣw (singular)
qꜣwwj (dual)
qꜣww (plural)

qꜣj (“to be(come) high, tall, loud”) + -w.

af

(usually of the sky) height, distance above the ground

height, distance from base to top, tallness (as a dimension)


qꜣw

q-A-w-q (canonical masculine)
qꜣw (singular)
qꜣwwj (dual)
qꜣww (plural)


ẖꜣk

XA-A-k 3-lit. (canonical)
ẖꜣk (infinitive)
ẖꜣkw (infinitive negative)
ẖꜣk (infinitive negative)
ẖꜣkt (infinitive)
ẖꜣk (imperative infinitive singular)
ẖꜣk (imperative infinitive plural)
ẖꜣk (stative)
ḥr ẖꜣk (imperfective)
m ẖꜣk (imperfective)
r ẖꜣk (prospective)
ẖꜣk.n (active perfect)
ẖꜣk.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ẖꜣkt (active terminative)
ẖꜣk (active perfective)
ẖꜣk.ḫr (active obligative)
ẖꜣk (active imperfective)
ẖꜣk (active prospective)
ẖꜣk.kꜣ (active potential)
ẖꜣk (active subjunctive)
ẖꜣk.n (active participle perfect)
ẖꜣk (active participle perfective)
ẖꜣk (participle passive perfective)
ẖꜣkw (participle passive perfective)
ẖꜣky (participle passive perfective)
ẖꜣk (active imperfective participle)
ẖꜣky (active imperfective participle)
ẖꜣkw (active imperfective participle)
ẖꜣkj (active imperfective participle)
ẖꜣk (imperfective participle passive)
ẖꜣkw (imperfective participle passive)
ẖꜣk (active participle prospective)
ẖꜣktj (active participle prospective)
ẖꜣktj (participle prospective)
ẖꜣkt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to be(come) cunning, devious (+ r: to be hostile against)


𓉺

Triliteral and logogram for jwn (“pillar”).


𓅨

Biliteral phonogram for wr, including in the word wr.


rwD

Manuel de Codage transliteration of rwḏ.


𓆛

Representing a fish with prominent fins, probably a Nile tilapia (jnt). Compare the Chinese character 魚 ("fish") and Epigraphic Mayan (ka, "fish").

Determinative used in the words for various fish.


𓐙

Triliteral for mꜣꜥ, e.g. for the word mꜣꜥ in mꜣꜥ-ḫrw.


jbs

i-b-s- (canonical masculine)
jbs (singular)
jbswj (dual)
jbsw (plural)

a kind of royal headdress, the ibes-crown


nnwt

W24*W24*W24:N1-N35A X1:H8-B1 (canonical feminine)


𓀐

Representing a fallen man with blood streaming from his head. This and other glyphs depicting men conventionally color the skin red; the hair is typically black, and the clothing white (sometimes with black outlines or details). The blood is red. Some scribes reinterpreted or depicted the blood as an axe, with a red (wood) handle and white (simple stone) axehead.

egy-hiero-color-men

Determinative for death, as in mwt (“to die”).

Determinative for enemies, as in ḫftj (“enemy”).


srx

Manuel de Codage transliteration of srḫ.


nTri

Manuel de Codage transliteration of nṯrj.


jtwnj-rꜥꜣ-yh

Schneider reconstructs the name as Northwest Semitic *ʾadōnī-rōʿē-yāh, "My lord is the shepherd of Yah"; both Schneider and Shalomi Hen identify *-yāh with an abbreviated form of the toponym yhwꜣ, attested to during the 13th century BCE, whose relationship to the theonym Yahweh is still debated. Schneider takes the phrase *rōʿē-yāh as a whole as a divine epithet for Yahweh in his association with the toponym.


ptn

egy-det

p*t:n f pl proximaldemonstrative determiner

pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jptntj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jptftj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jptwtj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptwt (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nw (determiner plural pronoun)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (masculine)
tꜣy (feminine)
nꜣy (plural)
dj (adverb)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

(Old Egyptian) Alternative form of jptn (“these, those”)


yhwꜣ

Debated. Some have hypothesized a derivation from the theonym Yahweh, that is, Biblical Hebrew יַהְוֶה (YHWH).

an unidentified place, possibly located in the region of Edom, often reconstructed as Yahu.

the penultimate glyph is miscopied from an earlier source

Attested twice on the southern towerof the first pylon at Medinet Habu


ytwꜥw-bꜥr

The second element is a rendering of the Semitic theonym Baal, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *baʕl- (“lord”); see also Egyptian bꜥr (“Baal”) as a loanword. The first element may be a transcription of a word derived from a Semitic root for ‘to know’ also reflected in יָדַע. The meaning of the whole is then perhaps ‘Acquaintance of Baal’.


ṯwpꜣjr

ṯwpꜣjr (singular)
ṯwpꜣjrwj (dual)
ṯwpꜣjrw (plural)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

From Canaanite *sōpir-. Semitic translation of Egyptian zẖꜣw.


mn-pḥtj-rꜥ

From mn (“to become established or fixed”) + pḥtj (“might”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘The might of Ra is firmly established’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A throne name notably borne by Ramesses I, a pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty


jbšꜣ

From Semitic, sometimes equated with Hebrew אבישי (Abishai).

S38-N29:N25-i*b:SA*Z1
ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣst jbšꜣ

c. 1900 BCE, Procession of the Aamu, Tomb of Khnumhotep II, Beni Hasan


𓀂

Representing a man sitting on his heel. This and other glyphs depicting men conventionally color the skin red; the hair is typically black, and the clothing white (sometimes with black outlines or details).


𓂻

Representing a pair of forward-facing walking legs. From the Old Kingdom (Dynasties 3–6) onward this glyph would sometimes include a kilt. This glyph was conventionally colored red. Sometimes the space between the legs was painted white.

egy-hiero-color

Determinative for movement, as in šmj (“to go”).

Determinative for lack of movement, as in ꜣb (“to stop”).

(Old Kingdom, when elongated) Alternative form of 𓏎 (ini).

Old Kingdom; when elongated; Old Kingdom; when elongated


jꜣb

(Pyramid Texts) Alternative form of jꜣbt (“east wind”)


jkw

jkw (singular)
jkwwj (dual)
jkww (plural)


jꜣk

jꜣk (singular)
jꜣkwj (dual)
jꜣkw (plural)

old man, particularly as an experienced person


jꜣkw

jꜣkw (singular)
jꜣkwwj (dual)
jꜣkww (plural)

Alternative form of jkw (“stone quarry”)


jꜣkby

i-A-k-b-i-i- -D3 (canonical masculine)
jꜣkby (singular)
jꜣkbywj (dual)
jꜣkbyw (plural)

From jꜣkb (“to mourn”) + -y (agent nominalizer).


jꜣrr

i-A-r:*r-D7 3ae gem. (canonical)
jꜣrr (infinitive)
jꜣrr (infinitive negative)
jꜣrrt (infinitive)
jꜣrr (imperative infinitive singular)
jꜣrr (imperative infinitive plural)
jꜣrr (stative)
ḥr jꜣrr (imperfective)
m jꜣrr (imperfective)
r jꜣrr (prospective)
jꜣrr.n (active perfect)
jꜣrr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
jꜣrrt (active terminative)
jꜣrr (active perfective)
jꜣrr.ḫr (active obligative)
jꜣrr (active imperfective)
jꜣrrw (active prospective)
jꜣrr (active prospective)
jꜣrr.kꜣ (active potential)
jꜣrr (active subjunctive)
jꜣrr.n (active participle perfect)
jꜣrr (active participle perfective)
jꜣrr (participle passive perfective)
jꜣrrw (participle passive perfective)
jꜣrry (participle passive perfective)
jꜣrr (active imperfective participle)
jꜣrry (active imperfective participle)
jꜣrrw (active imperfective participle)
jꜣrrj (active imperfective participle)
jꜣrr (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣrrw (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣrr (active participle prospective)
jꜣrrtj (active participle prospective)
jꜣrrwtj (participle prospective)
jꜣrrtj (participle prospective)
jꜣrrt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

jꜣrrt

jꜣrrw.tj1, jꜣrr.tj1, jꜣrrw.tw2, jꜣrr.tw2

(intransitive, of eyes) to be(come) dim, clouded, weak

(intransitive, of the heart) to be(come) weak

(intransitive, of poison) to be(come) ineffectual


jꜣdt

i-A-d:t-idt (canonical feminine)
jꜣdt (singular)
jꜣdtj (dual)
jꜣdwt (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱϯ (iōti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ (eiōte)

‘dew’ or ‘sweat’ of a god, in figurative reference to the god’s pleasant scent


jꜣdt

jꜣdt (singular)
jꜣdtj (dual)
jꜣdwt (plural)

From jꜣd (“to suffer, to experience a lack”) + -t (feminine suffix).


jꜣdt

i-A-d:t- (canonical feminine)
jꜣdt (singular)
jꜣdtj (dual)
jꜣdwt (plural)

Perhaps compare jꜣd (“kind of cord on a door-bolt”), jwd (“to ensnare”).

net, especially one used for fishing or fowling


jꜣdt

(in the plural) pastures for livestock, pastureland


jꜣd

i-A-d:nDs 3-lit. (canonical)
jꜣd (infinitive)
jꜣdw (infinitive negative)
jꜣd (infinitive negative)
jꜣdt (infinitive)
jꜣd (imperative infinitive singular)
jꜣd (imperative infinitive plural)
jꜣd (stative)
ḥr jꜣd (imperfective)
m jꜣd (imperfective)
r jꜣd (prospective)
jꜣd.n (active perfect)
jꜣdw (passive perfect)
jꜣd (passive perfect)
jꜣd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
jꜣdt (terminative)
jꜣd (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
jꜣd.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
jꜣd (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
jꜣd (active prospective)
jꜣdd (passive prospective)
jꜣd.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
jꜣd (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
jꜣd.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
jꜣd (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
jꜣd (active participle perfective)
jꜣd (participle passive perfective)
jꜣdw (participle passive perfective)
jꜣdy (participle passive perfective)
jꜣd (active imperfective participle relative)
jꜣdy (active imperfective participle relative)
jꜣdw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
jꜣd (active imperfective participle)
jꜣdj (active imperfective participle)
jꜣdy (active imperfective participle)
jꜣd (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣdw (imperfective participle passive)
jꜣd (active participle prospective relative)
jꜣdtj (active participle prospective relative)
jꜣdtj (participle prospective)
jꜣdt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to experience a lack or deficiency (+ ḥr: of)

(transitive) to torment, to hurt, to make suffer


jꜣd

i-A-d:nDs (canonical masculine)
jꜣd (singular)
jꜣdwj (dual)
jꜣdw (plural)


jw zp

jw (“comes”) + zp (“time, matter, misdeed”), literally ‘(one’s) misdeed comes’.

ii-w-z:p*zp-f

(with following suffix pronoun, usually negated) to be found responsible for faults or misdeeds, to have fault found with one


jꜥ

i- a (canonical masculine)
jꜥ (singular)
jꜥwj (dual)
jꜥw (plural)


jꜥ

Alternative form of jꜥr (“to ascend, to approach”)


wn mꜣꜥ

(with attached suffix pronoun) one’s proper place or worth


n wn mꜣꜥ

nj wn mꜣꜥ (masculine singular)
n wn mꜣꜥ (masculine singular)
nt wn mꜣꜥ (feminine singular)
njwj wn mꜣꜥ (dual masculine)
nwj wn mꜣꜥ (dual masculine)
ntj wn mꜣꜥ (dual feminine)
njw wn mꜣꜥ (masculine plural)
nw wn mꜣꜥ (masculine plural)
nwt wn mꜣꜥ (feminine plural)
nt wn mꜣꜥ (feminine plural)

/ɛn wɛn mɑʔɑː/

n(j) (“of”) + wn mꜣꜥ (“reality, true quality”).


ḫww

From ḫwj (“to protect, to avoid, to prevent”) + -w.

particularly, evil deeds, baseness, wrongdoing


šww

a kind of edible plant or herb, also used medicinally in rubbing down a sick ox. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


šww

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲟⲩⲓⲉ (šouie)


tḫw

tḫw (singular)
tḫwwj (dual)
tḫww (plural)

epithet of two cleaner-priests (wꜥb) at the Min-festival


ḏꜣm

ḏꜣm (singular)
ḏꜣmwj (dual)
ḏꜣmw (plural)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱⲙ (čōm)

(collective) male children or youths, boys, young men

(collective) (male) youth of a particular place

(collective) men as opposed to women or children

(collective) coming generation, generation yet to be born

(collective) peers, cohort, generation, people of the same age


ḏꜣm

(collective) young cattle, larger calves


zf

z:f-D19-A2 2-lit. (canonical)
zf (infinitive)
zfw (infinitive negative)
zf (infinitive negative)
zft (infinitive)
zf (imperative infinitive singular)
j.zf (imperative infinitive singular)
zf (imperative infinitive plural)
j.zf (imperative infinitive plural)
zf (stative)
ḥr zf (imperfective)
m zf (imperfective)
r zf (prospective)
zf.n (active perfect)
zf.jn (active consecutive contingent)
zft (active terminative)
zf (active perfective)
zf.ḫr (active obligative)
zf (active imperfective)
j.zf (active imperfective)
zf (active prospective)
zf.kꜣ (active potential)
zf (active subjunctive)
j.zf (active subjunctive)
zf.n (active participle perfect)
zf (active participle perfective)
zff (participle passive perfective)
zffj (participle passive perfective)
zf (participle passive perfective)
zfw (participle passive perfective)
zfy (participle passive perfective)
j.zf (active imperfective participle)
zf (active imperfective participle)
zfy (active imperfective participle)
zfw (active imperfective participle)
j.zfw (active imperfective participle)
zfj (active imperfective participle)
zf (imperfective participle passive)
zfw (imperfective participle passive)
zf (active participle prospective)
zftj (active participle prospective)
zftj (participle prospective)
zft (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to be(come) gentle or mild


szf

z:z-f-D20-A2 caus. 2-lit. (canonical)
szft (infinitive)
szf (infinitive)
szfw (infinitive negative)
szf (infinitive negative)
szf (imperative infinitive singular)
szf (imperative infinitive plural)
szf (stative)
ḥr szf (imperfective)
m szf (imperfective)
r szf (prospective)
szf.n (active perfect)
szfw (passive perfect)
szf (passive perfect)
szf.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
szft (terminative)
szf (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
szf.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
szf (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
szfw (active prospective)
szf (active prospective)
szfy (active prospective)
szfw (passive prospective)
szf (passive prospective)
szfy (passive prospective)
szf.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
szf (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
szf.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
szf (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
szf (active participle perfective)
szf (participle passive perfective)
szfw (participle passive perfective)
szfy (participle passive perfective)
szf (active imperfective participle relative)
szfy (active imperfective participle relative)
szfw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
szf (active imperfective participle)
szfj (active imperfective participle)
szfy (active imperfective participle)
szf (imperfective participle passive)
szfw (imperfective participle passive)
szf (active participle prospective relative)
szftj (active participle prospective relative)
szfwtj (participle prospective)
szftj (participle prospective)
szft (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

szft

szfw.tj1, szf.tj1, szfy.tj1, szfw.tw2, szf.tw2, szfy.tw2

s- (causative prefix) + zf (“to be(come) mild, merciful”).

af

m-A-t-w-I3-r-i-H_SPACE:W-f-F51:Z2-r-gs-Z1-s-k\:n-I3-A1-O43-p:a-a:f-n:k\-!-m-w-i-in:n-a-s-t-k\-A-A2-z:z-f:t-D20-A2-p-W
(j)m ꜣtw r jwf r gs skn šzp dj.f n.k (j)m wjn st kꜣ szft pw

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.9–1.10

Don’t raven after meat next to a voracious man; partake when he gives to you. Don’t reject it; then it will be something soothing.

(transitive, hapax) to mollify, to soothe, to agree well with


jdn

i-d:n-idn:Y1 3-lit. (canonical)
jdn (infinitive)
jdnw (infinitive negative)
jdn (infinitive negative)
jdnt (infinitive)
jdn (imperative infinitive singular)
jdn (imperative infinitive plural)
jdn (stative)
ḥr jdn (imperfective)
m jdn (imperfective)
r jdn (prospective)
jdn.n (active perfect)
jdnw (passive perfect)
jdn (passive perfect)
jdn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
jdnt (terminative)
jdn (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
jdn.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
jdn (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
jdn (active prospective)
jdnn (passive prospective)
jdn.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
jdn (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
jdn.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
jdn (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
jdn (active participle perfective)
jdn (participle passive perfective)
jdnw (participle passive perfective)
jdny (participle passive perfective)
jdn (active imperfective participle relative)
jdny (active imperfective participle relative)
jdnw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
jdn (active imperfective participle)
jdnj (active imperfective participle)
jdny (active imperfective participle)
jdn (imperfective participle passive)
jdnw (imperfective participle passive)
jdn (active participle prospective relative)
jdntj (active participle prospective relative)
jdntj (participle prospective)
jdnt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to serve in place of (someone), to represent or replace; to be a lieutenant, deputy, or proxy for

(transitive, with st as object) to take (someone’s place), to serve in (someone’s role or position)

(transitive, figuratively) to serve as (something), to take the role of (something)


jdn

idn (canonical masculine)
jdn (singular)
jdnwj (dual)
jdnw (plural)


th-mtn

th (“(one) transgressing, violating, deviating from”) + mtn (“way, road, path”), thus literally ‘one deviating from the path’. This term is not attested with the older writing of mtn, namely mṯn.

transgressor, wrongdoer, one who violates one’s social obligations

(with following genitive) one who is disloyal, rebellious, insubordinate against (someone), one who violates one’s social obligations to (another)


dꜣr jb

From dꜣr (“to ward off, subdue”) + jb (“heart, mind, appetite, will”).


jkꜣnꜣ

i-kA:n-A- (canonical masculine)
jkꜣnꜣ (singular)
jkꜣnꜣwj (dual)
jkꜣnꜣw (plural)

>? Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϭⲟⲛ (acon)

Compare the earlier Middle Egyptian jkn (“cup”), but also (separately) Hebrew אַגָּן (ʾaggā́n, “ritual- or banquet-bowl”), Phoenician 𐤀𐤂𐤍 (ʾgn, “bowl”), Ugaritic 𐎀𐎂𐎐 (ảgn, “basin”), Warka Aramaic ag-gan-nu, ag-ga-nu (“basin or bowl”), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic גָנייא דקדשׁ (“basins of Qadesh”), Classical Syriac ܐܓܢܐ (ʾaggānā, “water pitcher”), Arabic إجّانَة (ʔijjāna, “large bowl”), Akkadian [Term?] (/agannu/, “large bowl of copper or silver”). The equivalent of the Egyptian term is also attested in cuneiform transcription in the Amarna letters as [script needed] (a-ku-nu /akūnu/), with Albright, Lambdin, and the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary claiming this to be Egyptian in origin; Hoch argues that the reverse is true, and Egyptian borrowed the word from Semitic. In Egyptian, the word appears in lists of items from Syria-Palestine, while in the Amarna letters the word appears in lists of items sent from Egypt; the word is, however, much more widely attested in Semitic languages than in Egyptian. Hoch consequently thinks that the direction of borrowing was into Egyptian, and that the word may not be connected with Middle Egyptian jkn (“cup”).

cog

גָנייא דקדשׁ

a kind of large vessel or jar, usually made of metal and used to hold fragrant oil or water, exported to and taken as tribute from Syria


nḏdḏd

n-D:d-D:d 5-lit. (canonical)
nḏdnḏd (infinitive)
nḏdnḏdw (infinitive negative)
nḏdnḏd (infinitive negative)
nḏdnḏdt (infinitive)
nḏdnḏd (imperative infinitive singular)
nḏdnḏd (imperative infinitive plural)
nḏdnḏd (stative)
ḥr nḏdnḏd (imperfective)
m nḏdnḏd (imperfective)
r nḏdnḏd (prospective)
nḏdnḏd.n (active perfect)
nḏdnḏd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
nḏdnḏdt (active terminative)
nḏdnḏd (active perfective)
nḏdnḏd.ḫr (active obligative)
nḏdnḏd (active imperfective)
nḏdnḏdw (active prospective)
nḏdnḏd (active prospective)
nḏdnḏd.kꜣ (active potential)
nḏdnḏd (active subjunctive)
nḏdnḏd.n (active participle perfect)
nḏdnḏd (active participle perfective)
nḏdnḏd (participle passive perfective)
nḏdnḏdw (participle passive perfective)
nḏdnḏdy (participle passive perfective)
nḏdnḏd (active imperfective participle)
nḏdnḏdy (active imperfective participle)
nḏdnḏdw (active imperfective participle)
nḏdnḏdj (active imperfective participle)
nḏdnḏd (imperfective participle passive)
nḏdnḏdw (imperfective participle passive)
nḏdnḏd (active participle prospective)
nḏdnḏdtj (active participle prospective)
nḏdnḏdwtj (participle prospective)
nḏdnḏdtj (participle prospective)
nḏdnḏdt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

nḏdnḏdt

nḏdnḏdw.tj1, nḏdnḏd.tj1, nḏdnḏdw.tw2, nḏdnḏd.tw2

/nɛd͡ʒɛdd͡ʒɛd/

Reduplication of *nḏd, from n- (intransitivizer) + ḏdj (“to endure”).


ꜥḫj

a:x- 3ae inf. (canonical)
ꜥḫt (infinitive)
ꜥḫj (infinitive)
ꜥḫw (infinitive negative)
ꜥḫ (infinitive negative)
ꜥḫwt (infinitive)
ꜥḫyt (infinitive)
ꜥḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥḫy (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥḫ (stative)
ꜥḫḫ (stative)
ḥr ꜥḫt (imperfective)
ḥr ꜥḫj (imperfective)
m ꜥḫt (imperfective)
m ꜥḫj (imperfective)
r ꜥḫt (prospective)
r ꜥḫj (prospective)
ꜥḫ.n (active perfect)
ꜥḫw (passive perfect)
ꜥḫ (passive perfect)
ꜥḫy (passive perfect)
ꜥḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜥḫt (terminative)
ꜥḫyt (terminative)
ꜥḫ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜥḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜥḫ (active imperfective)
ꜥḫy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜥḫw (active prospective)
ꜥḫ (active prospective)
ꜥḫy (active prospective)
ꜥḫw (passive prospective)
ꜥḫ (passive prospective)
ꜥḫy (passive prospective)
ꜥḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜥḫ (active subjunctive)
ꜥḫy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜥḫ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜥḫw (active participle perfective relative)
ꜥḫy (active participle perfective relative)
ꜥḫ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜥḫ (active participle perfective)
ꜥḫy (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḫ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḫḫ (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḫḫy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḫḫw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ꜥḫḫ (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḫḫj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḫḫy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḫḫ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥḫḫw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥḫw (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫy (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫ (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫwtj (participle prospective)
ꜥḫtj (participle prospective)
ꜥḫt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ꜥḫt, ꜥḫyt

ḥr ꜥḫt, ḥr ꜥḫj

ꜥḫw, ꜥḫ, ꜥḫy

ꜥḫw, ꜥḫ, ꜥḫy

ꜥḫw, ꜥḫ, ꜥḫy

ꜥḫw.tj1, ꜥḫ.tj1, ꜥḫy.tj1, ꜥḫw.tw2, ꜥḫ.tw2, ꜥḫy.tw2

ꜥḫw1, ꜥḫy, ꜥḫ

ꜥḫḫ, ꜥḫḫy, ꜥḫḫw5

ꜥḫḫ, ꜥḫḫj6, ꜥḫḫy6

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

Demotic: ꜥḫj

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⳉⲉ (eixe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓϣⲓ (iši)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓϣⲓ (iši)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓϣⲉ (eiše)

(transitive) to raise (something, especially the sky) up

(reflexive) to raise oneself, to rise up, to ascend

(reflexive, of fleeing enemies) to leave, to slip away


ꜥḫj

a:x-H5 3ae inf. (canonical)
ꜥḫt (infinitive)
ꜥḫj (infinitive)
ꜥḫw (infinitive negative)
ꜥḫ (infinitive negative)
ꜥḫwt (infinitive)
ꜥḫyt (infinitive)
ꜥḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥḫy (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥḫ (stative)
ꜥḫḫ (stative)
ḥr ꜥḫt (imperfective)
ḥr ꜥḫj (imperfective)
m ꜥḫt (imperfective)
m ꜥḫj (imperfective)
r ꜥḫt (prospective)
r ꜥḫj (prospective)
ꜥḫ.n (active perfect)
ꜥḫw (passive perfect)
ꜥḫ (passive perfect)
ꜥḫy (passive perfect)
ꜥḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜥḫt (terminative)
ꜥḫyt (terminative)
ꜥḫ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜥḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜥḫ (active imperfective)
ꜥḫy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜥḫw (active prospective)
ꜥḫ (active prospective)
ꜥḫy (active prospective)
ꜥḫw (passive prospective)
ꜥḫ (passive prospective)
ꜥḫy (passive prospective)
ꜥḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜥḫ (active subjunctive)
ꜥḫy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜥḫ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜥḫw (active participle perfective relative)
ꜥḫy (active participle perfective relative)
ꜥḫ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜥḫ (active participle perfective)
ꜥḫy (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḫ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḫḫ (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḫḫy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḫḫw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ꜥḫḫ (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḫḫj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḫḫy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḫḫ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥḫḫw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥḫw (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫy (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫ (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḫwtj (participle prospective)
ꜥḫtj (participle prospective)
ꜥḫt (participle prospective)

ꜥḫt, ꜥḫyt

ḥr ꜥḫt, ḥr ꜥḫj

ꜥḫw, ꜥḫ, ꜥḫy

ꜥḫw, ꜥḫ, ꜥḫy

ꜥḫw, ꜥḫ, ꜥḫy

ꜥḫw1, ꜥḫy, ꜥḫ

ꜥḫḫ, ꜥḫḫy, ꜥḫḫw5

ꜥḫḫ, ꜥḫḫj6, ꜥḫḫy6

Alternative form of ꜥẖj (“to fly, to fly away”)


ḫfꜣt

ḫfꜣ (“to nourish oneself, to feed”) + -t.


bw ḏsr

bw (“place, thing, -ness”) + ḏsr (“sacred”).

sanctum, sanctuary, sacred room in a temple


bw nfr

bw (“place, thing, -ness”) + nfr (“pleasing, fine, good”).


ḫfꜣ

x:f-A-A2 3-lit. (canonical)
ḫfꜣ (infinitive)
ḫfꜣw (infinitive negative)
ḫfꜣ (infinitive negative)
ḫfꜣt (infinitive)
ḫfꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫfꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫfꜣ (stative)
ḥr ḫfꜣ (imperfective)
m ḫfꜣ (imperfective)
r ḫfꜣ (prospective)
ḫfꜣ.n (active perfect)
ḫfꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḫfꜣt (active terminative)
ḫfꜣ (active perfective)
ḫfꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
ḫfꜣ (active imperfective)
ḫfꜣ (active prospective)
ḫfꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
ḫfꜣ (active subjunctive)
ḫfꜣ.n (active participle perfect)
ḫfꜣ (active participle perfective)
ḫfꜣ (participle passive perfective)
ḫfꜣw (participle passive perfective)
ḫfꜣy (participle passive perfective)
ḫfꜣ (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣy (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣw (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣj (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
ḫfꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫfꜣ (active participle prospective)
ḫfꜣtj (active participle prospective)
ḫfꜣtj (participle prospective)
ḫfꜣt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to nourish oneself, to feed (+ m: on, from)


ḫfꜣj

x:f-A-D54 4ae inf. (canonical)
ḫfꜣ (infinitive)
ḫfꜣw (infinitive negative)
ḫfꜣyw (infinitive negative)
ḫfꜣ (infinitive negative)
ḫfꜣt (infinitive)
ḫfꜣwt (infinitive)
ḫfꜣyt (infinitive)
ḫfꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫfꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫfꜣy (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫfꜣ (stative)
ḥr ḫfꜣ (imperfective)
m ḫfꜣ (imperfective)
r ḫfꜣ (prospective)
ḫfꜣ.n (active perfect)
ḫfꜣw (passive perfect)
ḫfꜣ (passive perfect)
ḫfꜣy (passive perfect)
ḫfꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḫfꜣt (terminative)
ḫfꜣ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḫfꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḫfꜣ (active imperfective)
ḫfꜣy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḫfꜣw (active prospective)
ḫfꜣ (active prospective)
ḫfꜣy (active prospective)
ḫfꜣꜣ (passive prospective)
ḫfꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḫfꜣ (active subjunctive)
ḫfꜣy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḫfꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḫfꜣw (active participle perfective relative)
ḫfꜣy (active participle perfective relative)
ḫfꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḫfꜣ (active participle perfective)
ḫfꜣy (participle passive perfective)
ḫfꜣ (participle passive perfective)
ḫfꜣꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫfꜣꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫfꜣꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ḫfꜣꜣ (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣꜣj (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣꜣy (active imperfective participle)
ḫfꜣꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
ḫfꜣꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫfꜣw (active participle prospective relative)
ḫfꜣy (active participle prospective relative)
ḫfꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
ḫfꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
ḫfꜣwtj (participle prospective)
ḫfꜣtj (participle prospective)
ḫfꜣt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḫfꜣt

ḫfꜣw.tj1, ḫfꜣ.tj1, ḫfꜣy.tj1, ḫfꜣw.tw2, ḫfꜣ.tw2, ḫfꜣy.tw2

ḫfꜣꜣ, ḫfꜣꜣy, ḫfꜣꜣw5

ḫfꜣꜣ, ḫfꜣꜣj6, ḫfꜣꜣy6

ḫfꜣꜣ, ḫfꜣꜣw5

# Only in the masculine singular
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

x:f-A&t-D54:pr*Z1-p:n-i-N-i-mn:n-nb:g*g:g-N17:N17-F15-f-nfr-H_SPACE:r:*t-H-n:a-ra:Z1-A40-
-s-w-xA-w-N2-f-H-n:a-G26-t:kA-Q7-M-HD-t:ra-H-b-z-S28:H_SPACE*Z2ss-M:G11*G11-t:D40
ḫfꜣ.t(w) pr pn jn jmn nb-nswt-tꜣwy wp.f rnpt nfrt ḥnꜥ rꜥ swḫꜣ.f ḥnꜥ ḏḥwtj tkꜣ(w) m ḥḏt ḥbsw m rḫt

c. 1290–1279 BCE (reign of Seti I), Temple of Karnak, Great Hypostyle Hall, B 327: east wall, north wing, fourth register, seventh scene from the north (KIU 889), lines 1–3

May this house be illuminated by Amun, lord of the thrones of the Two Lands when he [op]ens a good year together with Re, when he passes the night together with Thoth and a taper consisting of white (fat) and cleaned cloth. (translation by Brand et al.)

-A-W:H_SPACE-Q7-a:t*F51-n-G3-W:Y1-V6-nw-
-t*t:xAst-x:F51-Q7-pr-Z1-p:n
tkꜣw ꜥt n(j) mꜣw(t) ḥbs nw(j) b(ꜣ)ẖtt ḫf(ꜣ) pr pn

c. 51–30 BCE (reign of Cleopatra VII), Temple of Hathor at Dendera, roof kiosk (chamber W'), east gate, inner side, right (south) door post, D 8, 17.7

Taper of fresh fat and brilliant cloth, illuminate this house!

(transitive) to illuminate (something), to brighten, to fill with light


ẖz

From ẖzj (“to be(come) failing, wretched”).

-X:z-nDs:A1-p-W-H-Hn-n:t-I3-A24-n:X-t*Z1:f-s-wA-A-N31-t:*r-M6-ra-!-s-m-x-D35:n-f-w-s-t:n-D54-X:t*Z1-m-pr-Z1-s-n:Z2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.6–1.7

He who is greedy for the sake of his belly when the proper time passes, having forgotten those in whose house his belly roams free, is a wretch.

ẖz pw ḥnt n ẖt.f swꜣ tr smḫ.n.f wstn ẖt m pr.sn


whj

w-h:nDs 3ae inf. (canonical)
wht (infinitive)
whj (infinitive)
whw (infinitive negative)
wh (infinitive negative)
whwt (infinitive)
whyt (infinitive)
wh (imperative infinitive singular)
wh (imperative infinitive plural)
why (imperative infinitive plural)
wh (stative)
whh (stative)
ḥr wht (imperfective)
ḥr whj (imperfective)
m wht (imperfective)
m whj (imperfective)
r wht (prospective)
r whj (prospective)
wh.n (active perfect)
wh.jn (active consecutive contingent)
wht (active terminative)
whyt (active terminative)
wh (active perfective)
wh.ḫr (active obligative)
wh (active imperfective)
why (active imperfective)
whw (active prospective)
wh (active prospective)
why (active prospective)
wh.kꜣ (active potential)
wh (active subjunctive)
why (active subjunctive)
wh.n (active participle perfect)
whw (active participle perfective)
why (active participle perfective)
wh (active participle perfective)
why (participle passive perfective)
wh (participle passive perfective)
whh (active imperfective participle)
whhy (active imperfective participle)
whhw (active imperfective participle)
whhj (active imperfective participle)
whh (imperfective participle passive)
whhw (imperfective participle passive)
whw (active participle prospective)
why (active participle prospective)
wh (active participle prospective)
whtj (active participle prospective)
whwtj (participle prospective)
whtj (participle prospective)
wht (participle prospective)

wht, whyt

whw.tj1, wh.tj1, why.tj1, whw.tw2, wh.tw2, why.tw2

(intransitive) to escape, to slip away (+ m or ḥr: from, out of)

(intransitive, of people or arrows) to miss the target (in shooting)

(intransitive, of people or plans) to fail, to not succeed (+ m: in, at, because of)

(intransitive) to fail, to come to ruin, be undone


ḥntj

ends, far reaches, span (of time)
span, term, duration of time

long time, eternity (+ genitive: endlessly many of (some span of time), an eternity of)

ends, far reaches, span (of time)
future, time to come

ends, far reaches, span (of time)
(negated) ends, limits of time

ends, far reaches, span (of time)
ends, limits of time

(with genitive) lifetime, lifespan (of someone)

ends, far reaches, span (of time)
lifetime, lifespan (of someone)

(uncommon) ends, far reaches, span (of space)

uttermost ends, furthest reaches (of the sky)

ends, far reaches, span (of space)
span, space (of a unit of length)

ends, far reaches, span (of space)
two sides (of a river)


ḥntj

H-Hn:n-t:I3-A24 4ae inf. (canonical)
ḥnt (infinitive)
ḥntw (infinitive negative)
ḥntyw (infinitive negative)
ḥnt (infinitive negative)
ḥntt (infinitive)
ḥntwt (infinitive)
ḥntyt (infinitive)
ḥnt (imperative infinitive singular)
ḥnt (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥnty (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥnt (stative)
ḥr ḥnt (imperfective)
m ḥnt (imperfective)
r ḥnt (prospective)
ḥnt.n (active perfect)
ḥnt.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḥntt (active terminative)
ḥnt (active perfective)
ḥnt.ḫr (active obligative)
ḥnt (active imperfective)
ḥnty (active imperfective)
ḥntw (active prospective)
ḥnt (active prospective)
ḥnty (active prospective)
ḥnt.kꜣ (active potential)
ḥnt (active subjunctive)
ḥnty (active subjunctive)
ḥnt.n (active participle perfect)
ḥntw (active participle perfective)
ḥnty (active participle perfective)
ḥnt (active participle perfective)
ḥnty (participle passive perfective)
ḥnt (participle passive perfective)
ḥntt (active imperfective participle)
ḥntty (active imperfective participle)
ḥnttw (active imperfective participle)
ḥnttj (active imperfective participle)
ḥntt (imperfective participle passive)
ḥnttw (imperfective participle passive)
ḥntw (active participle prospective)
ḥnty (active participle prospective)
ḥnt (active participle prospective)
ḥnttj (active participle prospective)
ḥntwtj (participle prospective)
ḥnttj (participle prospective)
ḥntt (participle prospective)

ḥntt

ḥntw.tj1, ḥnt.tj1, ḥnty.tj1, ḥntw.tw2, ḥnt.tw2, ḥnty.tw2

(intransitive) to be greedy or covetous (+ ḥr: after, over)


nhnh

n:h-n:h-A 4-lit. (canonical)
nhnh (infinitive)
nhnhw (infinitive negative)
nhnh (infinitive negative)
nhnht (infinitive)
nhnh (imperative infinitive singular)
nhnh (imperative infinitive plural)
nhnh (stative)
ḥr nhnh (imperfective)
m nhnh (imperfective)
r nhnh (prospective)
nhnh.n (active perfect)
nhnh.jn (active consecutive contingent)
nhnht (active terminative)
nhnh (active perfective)
nhnh.ḫr (active obligative)
nhnh (active imperfective)
nhnhw (active prospective)
nhnh (active prospective)
nhnh.kꜣ (active potential)
nhnh (active subjunctive)
nhnh.n (active participle perfect)
nhnh (active participle perfective)
nhnh (participle passive perfective)
nhnhw (participle passive perfective)
nhnhy (participle passive perfective)
nhnh (active imperfective participle)
nhnhy (active imperfective participle)
nhnhw (active imperfective participle)
nhnhj (active imperfective participle)
nhnh (imperfective participle passive)
nhnhw (imperfective participle passive)
nhnh (active participle prospective)
nhnhtj (active participle prospective)
nhnhwtj (participle prospective)
nhnhtj (participle prospective)
nhnht (participle prospective)

nhnht

nhnhw.tj1, nhnh.tj1, nhnhw.tw2, nhnh.tw2

(intransitive, hapax) to quake with fear


m wsṯn

m (“in”) + wsṯn (“going freely, unhindered”).

af

freely, unhindered, unobstructed, with free access


pr.sn

pr (“house”) + .sn (“their”), thus literally ‘their house’. The word in the sense of ‘home’ is distinguished from a simple reading of ‘their house’ by the lack of any antecedent to the suffix pronoun .sn (“their”).

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see pr, .sn.


pr ẖrj

lower floor of a building, ground floor, downstairs


grg pr

grg (“to set up, to found”) + pr (“house, household”).

to establish a house (+ ḥr: on (a foundation))


pr ḥrj

pr ḥrj (singular)
prwj ḥrjwj (dual)
prwj ḥrwj (dual)
prw ḥrjw (plural)
prw ḥrw (plural)

(usually in the plural) upper floor of a building, upstairs


ḥr-m-pr.f

ḥr (“Horus”) + m (“in”) + pr (“house, palace”) + .f (“his”), thus “Horus in his house”. Compare ḥr-m-ꜥḥ.f.


pr nfr

pr nfr (singular)
prwj nfrwj (dual)
prw nfrw (plural)

From pr (“house”) + nfr (“pleasing, fine, good”).

q:r-s*w:Q5-m:a-S:M41:xt-wAD-D:Y3-Y2:xt:x*t:Y2-m:HAt-
a Z1
-w-i-A53-m:nbw-N33C:Z3-n-s-T:n:T14*G41-X:k:r-M1-m:x-s*b:D:N33C*Z2ss-mAa:a:mi*i-ir:r:t:n-x*Ax:a:p-r:apr:Y2
qrsw m ꜥš wꜣḏ zẖꜣ(.w) ḫt(.w) m ḥꜣt-ꜥ pr nfr wj m nbw n(j) sṯn ẖkr(.w) m ḫsbḏ mꜣꜥ mj jrrt n ꜣḫ ꜥpr(.w)

c. 2035–1990 BCE, late 11th Dynasty, Stele of Abkau (Louvre C15), line x+9

A sarcophagus of fresh Cilician fir, painted and engraved as the foremost one of the funerary workshop, and a golden mummy case of distinction, decorated with true lapis lazuli, like what is done for an equipped akh-spirit.

funerary workshop, mortuary, place where bodies are embalmed


pr n nḥḥ

pr n nḥḥ (singular)
prwj nwj nḥḥ (dual)
prw nw nḥḥ (plural)

pr (“house”) + n(j) (“of”) + nḥḥ (“eternity”).


pr-ꜥnḫ

pr-ꜥnḫ (singular)
prwj-ꜥnḫ (dual)
prw-ꜥnḫ (plural)

pr (“house”) + ꜥnḫ (“life”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of life’.


wḥꜣtjw

wḥꜣt (“oasis”) + -j (nisba ending) + -w (plural suffix).


pr-mḏꜣt

pr-mḏꜣt (singular)
prwj-mḏꜣt (dual)
prw-mḏꜣt (plural)

pr (“house”) + mḏꜣt (“book, scroll, document”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of the scroll’, ‘house of the book’.


pr-nbw

pr-nbw (singular)
prwj-nbw (dual)
prw-nbw (plural)

pr (“house”) + nbw (“gold”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of gold’.


pr-bjtj

pr (“house, palace”) + bjtj (“king (of Lower Egypt)”) in a direct genitive construction.

(rare) a kind of royal palace contrasted with pr-nswt, traditionally rendered as ‘palace of the king of Lower Egypt’


m prwj

m (“in”) + prwj (“two houses, two estates”), thus ‘in the two houses’.

an element appended to various official titles


pr-ꜥḥꜣw

pr-ꜥḥꜣw (singular)
prwj-ꜥḥꜣw (dual)
prw-ꜥḥꜣw (plural)

pr (“house”) + ꜥḥꜣw (“weapons”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of weapons’.


pr-šnꜥ

pr:Sna (canonical masculine)
prwj-šnꜥ (singular)
pr-šnꜥ (dual)
prw-šnꜥ (plural)

pr (“house”) + šnꜥw (“labor camp, storehouse”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of the labor camp’, ‘house of the storehouse’.

forced labor camp or workshop, labor establishment, often for captives and slaves


smsw-pr

smsw-pr (singular)
smswwj-pr (dual)
smsww-pr (plural)

smsw (“eldest”) + pr (“house, estate”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘eldest of the house, eldest of the estate’.

an official title: ‘elder of the domain’


jtnw n h

jtnw (“dust, ground”) + n(j) (“of”) + h (“courtyard”).

a magical substance, ‘dust of the courtyard’


pr-ḫntj

pr-ḫntj (singular)
prwj-ḫntj (dual)
prw-ḫntj (plural)


pr-mꜣ

pr-mA-pr (canonical masculine)
pr-mꜣ (singular)
prwj-mꜣ (dual)
prw-mꜣ (plural)


pr-ḫnr

pr-ḫnr (singular)
prwj-ḫnr (dual)
prw-ḫnr (plural)

pr (“house”) + ḫnr (“harem”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of the harem’. Since the 19th Dynasty the second element is sometimes written and reanalyzed as ḫntj (“foremost”), thus ‘foremost house’.


zꜣ-pr

zA-pr (canonical masculine)
zꜣ-pr (singular)
zꜣwj-pr (dual)
zꜣw-pr (plural)

zꜣ(w) (“guardian”) + pr (“house”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘guardian of the house’.


pr-dwꜣt

pr-dwꜣt (singular)
prwj-dwꜣt (dual)
prw-dwꜣt (plural)

pr (“house”) + dwꜣt (“morning”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of the morning’.

room for performing ablutions and ceremonially donning clothes and adornments, and where the Opening of the Mouth ritual is conducted; dressing room, robing room


pr-ms

pr-ms (singular)
prwj-ms (dual)
prw-ms (plural)

pr (“house”) + ms (later form of mst, the infinitive of msj (“to give birth”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘house of birth’.

mammisi, a subsidiary chapel attached to a larger temple and associated with the nativity of a god


pr-dšr

pr (“house”) + dšr (“red”), thus ‘red house’; compare pr-ḥḏ (“treasury”, literally “house of silver, white house”).


pryt

(collective) collection of houses, settlement, compound


bhꜣ

b-h-A-D54 3-lit. (canonical)
bhꜣ (infinitive)
bhꜣw (infinitive negative)
bhꜣ (infinitive negative)
bhꜣt (infinitive)
bhꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
bhꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
bhꜣ (stative)
ḥr bhꜣ (imperfective)
m bhꜣ (imperfective)
r bhꜣ (prospective)
bhꜣ.n (active perfect)
bhꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
bhꜣt (active terminative)
bhꜣ (active perfective)
bhꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
bhꜣ (active imperfective)
bhꜣ (active prospective)
bhꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
bhꜣ (active subjunctive)
bhꜣ.n (active participle perfect)
bhꜣ (active participle perfective)
bhꜣ (participle passive perfective)
bhꜣw (participle passive perfective)
bhꜣy (participle passive perfective)
bhꜣ (active imperfective participle)
bhꜣy (active imperfective participle)
bhꜣw (active imperfective participle)
bhꜣj (active imperfective participle)
bhꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
bhꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
bhꜣ (active participle prospective)
bhꜣtj (active participle prospective)
bhꜣtj (participle prospective)
bhꜣt (participle prospective)

Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *-bâh- (“to go secretively”) + *r; as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.


bhꜣ

bhꜣ (singular)
bhꜣwj (dual)
bhꜣw (plural)


ꜥt-jwf

ꜥt-jwf (singular)
ꜥtj-jwf (dual)
ꜥwt-jwf (plural)

ꜥt (“room”) + jwf (“meat”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘chamber of meat’.


nṯrwj

the fifth nome of Upper Egypt, centered at Coptos and also containing Dendera and Naqada


sšwj

s-Sw-w-nDs caus. 3ae inf. (canonical)
sšwt (infinitive)
sšwj (infinitive)
sšww (infinitive negative)
sšw (infinitive negative)
sšwwt (infinitive)
sšwyt (infinitive)
sšw (imperative infinitive singular)
sšw (imperative infinitive plural)
sšwy (imperative infinitive plural)
sšw (stative)
ḥr sšwt (imperfective)
ḥr sšwj (imperfective)
m sšwt (imperfective)
m sšwj (imperfective)
r sšwt (prospective)
r sšwj (prospective)
sšw.n (active perfect)
sšww (passive perfect)
sšw (passive perfect)
sšwy (passive perfect)
sšw.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
sšwt (terminative)
sšw (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sšw.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sšw (active imperfective)
sšwy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sšww (active prospective)
sšw (active prospective)
sšwy (active prospective)
sšww (passive prospective)
sšw (passive prospective)
sšwy (passive prospective)
sšw.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sšw (active subjunctive)
sšwy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sšw.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sšww (active participle perfective relative)
sšwy (active participle perfective relative)
sšw (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sšw (active participle perfective)
sšwy (participle passive perfective)
sšw (participle passive perfective)
sšww (active imperfective participle relative)
sšwwy (active imperfective participle relative)
sšwww (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
sšww (active imperfective participle)
sšwwj (active imperfective participle)
sšwwy (active imperfective participle)
sšww (imperfective participle passive)
sšwww (imperfective participle passive)
sšww (active participle prospective relative)
sšwy (active participle prospective relative)
sšw (active participle prospective relative)
sšwtj (active participle prospective relative)
sšwwtj (participle prospective)
sšwtj (participle prospective)
sšwt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

sšwt

causative third weak / caus. 3ae inf. / caus. III. inf.

sšww.tj1, sšw.tj1, sšwy.tj1, sšww.tw2, sšw.tw2, sšwy.tw2

Coptic: ϣⲟⲩⲟ (šouo), ϣⲟⲩⲱ⸗ (šouō⸗)

s- (causative prefix) + šwj (“to be empty, devoid”).

af

(transitive) to deprive (someone) (+ m: of (something))

(transitive) to unload (goods) (+ m: from (a ship))

(transitive) to empty in the abstract sense, to make devoid or free (+ m: of (a quality, typically a negative one))

(transitive) to lose (something) by theft


mḏd

m-D:d-Aa23 3-lit. (canonical)
mḏd (infinitive)
mḏdw (infinitive negative)
mḏd (infinitive negative)
mḏdt (infinitive)
mḏd (imperative infinitive singular)
mḏd (imperative infinitive plural)
mḏd (stative)
ḥr mḏd (imperfective)
m mḏd (imperfective)
r mḏd (prospective)
mḏd.n (active perfect)
mḏdw (passive perfect)
mḏd (passive perfect)
mḏd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
mḏdt (terminative)
mḏd (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
mḏd.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
mḏd (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
mḏd (active prospective)
mḏdd (passive prospective)
mḏd.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
mḏd (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
mḏd.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
mḏd (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
mḏd (active participle perfective)
mḏd (participle passive perfective)
mḏdw (participle passive perfective)
mḏdy (participle passive perfective)
mḏd (active imperfective participle relative)
mḏdy (active imperfective participle relative)
mḏdw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
mḏd (active imperfective participle)
mḏdj (active imperfective participle)
mḏdy (active imperfective participle)
mḏd (imperfective participle passive)
mḏdw (imperfective participle passive)
mḏd (active participle prospective relative)
mḏdtj (active participle prospective relative)
mḏdtj (participle prospective)
mḏdt (participle prospective)

The proper noun is derived from the participle of the verb, thus perhaps meaning ‘the one who hits the mark’, ‘the true-striking’.

(transitive) to physically strike (someone or something) with an arrow or spear

(transitive) to physically strike with (an arrow or spear)

(intransitive, in fixed expressions) to hit the target when shooting arrows

(transitive) to drive in (a stake or pale)

(transitive) to symbolically drive an implement, originally one’s little finger, into (the mouth) of the deceased in the Opening of the Mouth ritual

(transitive) to press hard on, as if to drive in

(transitive) to obey, to follow (an order)

(transitive) to follow, to stay true to (a path)

(transitive) to distribute, to share out to the proper target

(transitive) to impose (something) as a duty in the form of corvee labor or taxes


mḏd

mḏd (singular)
mḏdwj (dual)
mḏdw (plural)

dues or obligations in the form of corvee labor or taxes


mḏd

→ English: Medjed

→ Japanese: メジェド (Mejedo)

D35:n-h-A-i-i-D54-A1-r:k:t-w-t:Aa2-N34:Z2-z:n:Z2-
-Hr-Z1-n:t**t-w&t-A1-r:x--Y1:k--w-A1-s-H_SPACE:t-r:x-Y1:k-w-A1-m-a-D:d-Aa24-H_SPACE:p-w-i-i-
-i-imi-m-y:H_SPACE-z:n:Z2-n:pr*Z1-st:ir-A40-F29-t:T11:D40-m-ir:t*Z1-f:D35-U2:ir-A-n:t-w-f-
-F46-n:D54-p*t:pt-m-n:ns:z-Q7-n:r*Z1:f-s-mi-i-A2-H-a:p-N36:N35B-A40-D35-U2:ir-A-n:t-w-f
nn hꜣy.j r ktwt.sn ḥr ntt {t}wj rḫ.kw st rḫ.kw mḏd pwy jmj.sn n(j) pr-wsjr stt m jrt.f nj mꜣ.n.tw.f pẖr.n pt m ns(rt) n(j) rꜣ.f smj ḥꜥpj nj mꜣ.n.tw.f

c. 1478 BCE – 1397 BCE, Book of the Dead of Nu (pLondon British Museum EA 10477) chapter 17, lines 76–79

I will not fall into their cauldron, for I know it, and I know of that Medjed among them of the House of Osiris who shoots from his eye without being able to be seen, with the flame of whose mouth the sky is encircled, whom Hapi announces without his being able to be seen.

Medjed, a minor god mentioned in the Book of the Dead


prt-tpt

the First Procession, a festival featuring a procession led by the god Wepwawet and enacting a part of the mysteries of Osiris


prt-ꜥꜣt

/pɛrɛt ɑːʔɑt/

i-w-ir:n-A1-pr:r:*t-aA:t-Sms-A1-nTr-r:D54*Z2ss:f-D37:n-A1-s-P11-P1-nTr-d:p*t-P3-G26-Hr:Z1-U5:a--s-qd-d:N33C--w&t-P1:Z2
jw jr.n.j prt-ꜥꜣt šms.j nṯr r nmtt.f dj.n.j sqd dpt-nṯr ḏḥwtj ḥr mꜣꜥ [sqd]wt

Reign of Senusret III, c. 1878–1839 BCE, Stela of Ikhernofret (Berlin ÄM 1204), lines 18–19

I undertook the Great Procession, following the god at his travels; I made the god’s boat sail, with Thoth directing the sailing.

the Great Procession, a festival in which (a representation of) the body of Osiris was conveyed from his temple to his tomb in a funerary barque


prt-wp-wꜣwt

prt (“procession”) + wp-wꜣwt (“Wepwawet”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Procession of Wepwawet’.

(rare) Synonym of prt-tpt (“the First Procession, a festival featuring a procession led by the god Wepwawet and enacting a part of the mysteries of Osiris”)


prt-mnw

prt (“procession”) + mnw (“Min”) in a direct genitive construction.

the Procession of Min, a harvest or fertility festival in which (a statue of) the god Min was conveyed out of his temple accompanied by a white bull


sḫm-n-sḫmw

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + n(j) (“of”) + sḫmw (plural of sḫm).

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">sḫm</i>


sḫm-nṯrw

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + nṯrw (plural of nṯr (“god”)).

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nṯr</i> (“god”)

standard-like object in the form of a sekhem scepter with two eyes painted on the upper section


sḫm-n-rꜥ

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + n(j) (“of”) + rꜥ (“Ra”).


sḫm-n-jnpw

sḫm-n-jnpw (singular)
sḫmwj-nwj-jnpw (dual)
sḫmw-nw-jnpw (plural)

sḫm (“power, cult image”) + n(j) (“of”) + jnpw (“Anubis”).

standard crowned with a sekhem scepter and a cult image of Anubis

cult image or incarnation of Anubis in general


sḫm-pt

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + pt (“sky”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Power of the sky’.


sḫm-tꜣwj

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands, Egypt”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Power of the Two Lands’.

epithet for various gods, especially Wepwawet


sḫm-ꜥnḫ-jmn

desc

εἰκὼν ζῶσα τοῦ Διός

→ Ancient Greek: εἰκὼν ζῶσα τοῦ Διός (eikṑn zôsa toû Diós) (calque)

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jmn (“Amun”), thus ‘living image of Amun’.

af

epithet used as part of the name of various Ptolemaic pharaohs


ḏd pw

introduces explanatory glosses to a text; that is to say …; it means …


bht

bht (singular)
bhtj (dual)
bhwt (plural)

fan, flabellum made of ostrich feathers or flowers


bht

bht (singular)
bhtwj (dual)
bhtw (plural)

From bhd (“to inhale, to cense”); the expected form *bhd of this noun is unattested.

fragrant substance or perfume with which the eye is made full


ḥbs bht

ḥbs (“to clothe, to cover”) + bht (“fan, flabellum”).


ḥbs bht

ḥbs bht (singular)
ḥbswj bht (dual)
ḥbsw bht (plural)


ḥbs-bꜣg

From ḥbs (“(one that) clothes, covers, hides”) + bꜣg (“the weary”), thus ‘veiler of the weary’, with ‘the weary’ a euphemism for the dead.


ḥbs bhn

ḥbs (“to clothe, to cover, to protect”) + bhn (an article of clothing).


ḥbs ḥr r

ḥbs (“to clothe, to cover, to hide”) + ḥr (“face”) + r (“facing, against”), thus ‘to cover the face toward’.

to not want to see (someone), to be inaccessible to (someone’s) pleas

to be miserly or ungenerous toward (those in need)


ḥbs-nṯr

nTr-H-b-s (canonical masculine)
ḥbs-nṯr (singular)
ḥbswj-nṯr (dual)
ḥbsw-nṯr (plural)

ḥbs (“garment”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘garment of the god’.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see ḥbs, nṯr.


ḥbswt

ḥbswt (singular)
ḥbswtj (dual)
ḥbswwt (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲉⲃⲥⲱ (hebsō)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲃ̄ⲥⲱ (hb̄sō)


ḥbs-ḫprw

ḥbs-ḫprw (singular)
ḥbswj-ḫprw (dual)
ḥbsw-ḫprw (plural)

ḥbs (“clothed, covered, hidden”) + ḫprw (“form”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘(the one) veiled of form’.


mdw-ḥr

mdw (“staff”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff of Horus’.


mdw-rḫyt

mdw-rḫyt (singular)
mdwwj-rḫyt (dual)
mdww-rḫyt (plural)

mdw (“staff, custodian”) + rḫyt (“common people”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff/custodian of the common people’.


mdw-kꜣ-ḥḏ

mdw-kꜣ-ḥḏ (singular)
mdwwj-kꜣ-ḥḏ (dual)
mdww-kꜣ-ḥḏ (plural)

mdw (“staff, custodian”) + kꜣ (“bull”) + ḥḏ (“white”) with the first two elements in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff/custodian of the white bull’.

a priestly title: ‘herdsman of the white bull’


mdw šps n spꜣt

md- -S:p:z-n:T-spAt:t*Z1 (canonical masculine)
mdw šps n spꜣt (singular)
mdwwj špswj nwj spꜣt (dual)
mdww špsw nw spꜣt (plural)

From mdw (“staff”) + šps (“noble, august”) + n(j) (“of”) + spꜣt (“nome”), thus ‘noble staff of the nome’.

sacred standard bearing the sign of a particular nome, especially of Dendera


mdt

Alternative transliteration of mdwt (“words, speech”).


mdw-ḥp

mdw-ḥp (singular)
mdwwj-ḥp (dual)
mdww-ḥp (plural)

mdw (“staff, custodian”) + ḥp (“Apis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff/custodian of Apis’.


mdw šps

md-Z1- -A51-s (canonical masculine)
mdw šps (singular)
mdwwj špswj (dual)
mdww špsw (plural)

(with following indirect genitive of name of a god) sacred staff revered as a symbol or scepter of a particular god, often bearing the head of that god


mdw n š

mdw (“staff”) + n(j) (“of”) + š (“lake”), thus ‘staff of the lake’.


bḥw

bḥ (“to be obligated to perform corvee labor”) + -w.


m sḫm

m (“in, by means of”) + sḫm (“power, violence”).

(with suffix pronoun, of an action) through (one’s) power

(with suffix pronoun, of a quality) by virtue of (one’s) power


nbt-sḫm

nbt (“lady, possessor”) + sḫm (“power, capacity to overpower”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of overmastering power’.


bhn

bhn (singular)
bhnwj (dual)
bhnw (plural)

a kind of article of clothing. The meaning of this term is uncertain.


nb-sḫm

nb (“lord, possessor”) + sḫm (“power, capacity to overpower”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of overmastering power’.


bḥnt

bḥnt (singular)
bḥntj (dual)
bḥnwt (plural)

bḥnj (“to dismember, to punish, to eliminate”) + -t.


bḥn

From bḥnj (“to dismember, to punish, to eliminate”).


bḥn

bḥn (singular)
bḥnwj (dual)
bḥnw (plural)

From bḥnw (“to bark”) (unattested underlying form probably *bḥn), thus literally ‘barker’.


zẖꜣw-mdw-nṯr

/zɛçɑuː mɛduː nɛt͡ʃɛr/

zẖꜣw (“writings”) + mdw-nṯr (“sacred writings, hieroglyphic script”, literally “god’s word”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘writings of the god’s word’.


nb-mdw-nṯr

nb (“lord, possessor”) + mdw-nṯr (“sacred writings, hieroglyphic script”, literally “god’s word”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘lord of the god’s word’, i.e. ‘master of sacred writings’.


sḫm-ẖt

sḫm (“powerful”) + ẖt (“torso”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘(the one who is) powerful of torso’. Alternatively, but perhaps less likely, if ẖt is to be interpreted with its other meaning of ‘group of gods’, the intended sense may be ‘powerful one of the group of gods (i.e. the Ennead)’.

A serekh name notably borne by Sekhemkhet, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


ḫꜥ-bꜣ

ḫꜥ (“rising, shining forth, appearing in glory”) + bꜣ (“active or efficacious power”) in a direct genitive construction, thus loosely ‘one whose active power appears in glory’ (literally ‘(one) appearing-in-glory of active power’).

A serekh name notably borne by Khaba, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


zꜣ-nḫt

zꜣ (“protector”) + nḫt (“strong, victorious”), thus ‘strong/victorious protector’.

A serekh name notably borne by Sanakht, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


nb-kꜣ

nb (“lord, possessor”) + kꜣ (“life-force, sustenance”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of life-force/sustenance’.

A throne name notably borne by Nebka, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


nṯrj-ẖt

nṯrj (“divine”) + ẖt (“torso”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘(the one who is) divine of torso’. Alternatively, but perhaps less likely, if ẖt is to be interpreted with its other meaning of ‘group of gods’, the intended sense may be ‘divine one of the group of gods (i.e. the Ennead)’.

A serekh name notably borne by Djoser, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Djoser, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


bḥ

b-H-Y1-A24 2-lit. (canonical)
bḥ (infinitive)
bḥw (infinitive negative)
bḥ (infinitive negative)
bḥt (infinitive)
bḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
j.bḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
bḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
j.bḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
bḥ (stative)
ḥr bḥ (imperfective)
m bḥ (imperfective)
r bḥ (prospective)
bḥ.n (active perfect)
bḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
bḥt (active terminative)
bḥ (active perfective)
bḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
bḥ (active imperfective)
j.bḥ (active imperfective)
bḥ (active prospective)
bḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
bḥ (active subjunctive)
j.bḥ (active subjunctive)
bḥ.n (active participle perfect)
bḥ (active participle perfective)
bḥḥ (participle passive perfective)
bḥḥj (participle passive perfective)
bḥ (participle passive perfective)
bḥw (participle passive perfective)
bḥy (participle passive perfective)
j.bḥ (active imperfective participle)
bḥ (active imperfective participle)
bḥy (active imperfective participle)
bḥw (active imperfective participle)
j.bḥw (active imperfective participle)
bḥj (active imperfective participle)
bḥ (imperfective participle passive)
bḥw (imperfective participle passive)
bḥ (active participle prospective)
bḥtj (active participle prospective)
bḥtj (participle prospective)
bḥt (participle prospective)

(intransitive, Late Egyptian) to be(come) obligated to perform corvee labor


bḥ

(Late Egyptian) an agent for tanning leather


nswt-ḥw

nswt (“king”) + ḥw (“hitting, striking”), thus ‘the striking king’.

A throne name notably borne by Huni, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


ḥwnj

From ḥwj (“to hit, to strike”) + nj (an unidentified element).
The proper noun comes from the participle of the verb, thus ‘the hitting one’, ‘the striking one’, a posthumous variant of the king’s attested lifetime throne name nswt-ḥw (literally “the striking king”).

(transitive) to hit, to strike (+ ḥr: upon (the back))


sḫm-jr.f

sḫm (“power, powerful”) + jr (“do, act”) + .f (third-person masculine singular suffix pronoun); the exact interpretation is not altogether clear. Taking sḫm as a noun and jr.f as a modifier, a meaning such as ‘acting power’ is sometimes suggested; this, however, fails to explain the suffix pronoun, which rather suggests an interpretation of jr as a relative form instead of a participle, in which case the sense would be something like ‘the power that he makes’. Alternatively, some have taken sḫm as a participle and jr as a writing of the noun jrw (“visible form”) for an overall sense of ‘powerful of visible form’.

potentate, very powerful person or ruler, especially one of the feudal lords of the Middle Kingdom


qꜣ-ḥḏt

qꜣ (“high”) + ḥḏt (“White Crown”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘(the one who is) high of White Crown’, i.e. ‘he whose White Crown is high’.

A serekh name notably borne by Qahedjet, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj

From nb-mꜣꜥt (“possessor of righteousness/truth”) + snfr (“to make pleasing, fine, beautiful”) + wj (“me”), thus ‘the possessor of righteousness has made me fine’.

A serekh name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


nb-mꜣꜥt

nb-mꜣꜥt (singular)
nbwj-mꜣꜥt (dual)
nbw-mꜣꜥt (plural)

From nb (“lord, possessor”) + mꜣꜥt (“righteousness, truth”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of righteousness/truth’.

(literally) honest person, one who does what is right

epithet for various gods, especially Ptah

s-H-ww-Y1:n:f-DA-DA-nw:t-U5:a:t-N9*t:Z2-nTr-nb:r-Dr:r-D&z&f-nb:w*Z2ss-mAat-zmA-i-i-Y1:Z2-i-m-s-
-M:a:k-HA-i-i-w-tp:Z2ss-i-s-f:t:nDs-s-nDm-w-m-
n
t
-gb-b-r:*r:a:t-O44-t*Z1:n:nb-s-sw-i-H_SPACE:t-i-n:U5:a-t:z:n:f
sḥww n.f ḏꜣḏꜣt mꜣꜥt psḏt nb-r-ḏr ḏs.f nbw-mꜣꜥt zmꜣyw jm.s mkḥꜣyw jsft snḏmw m wsḫt nt gbb r rdjt jꜣwt n nb.s (n)syt n mꜣꜥt.s n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 17–18

The Tribunal of Maat was convened for him: the Ennead, the Lord of All himself, and the possessors of righteousness who were united in it, who scorn wrongdoing, sitting in the hall of Geb to give the office to its owner and the kingship to the one to whom it justly belonged.

(in the plural) epithet for gods who pass judgement collectively


nb-mꜣꜥt

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


r mḏdw n jb n

From r (“regarding, according to”) + mḏdw (“(that which is) being followed or struck”, passive participle of mḏd) + n(j) (“of”) + jb (“heart, mind, will”) + n(j) (“of”).

mḏd <alt:mḏdw><t:(that which is) being followed or struck><pos:passive participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mḏd</i>>


st-r-mḏd

st (“shooting”) + r (“in order to”) + mḏd (“hit the mark”), thus ‘(one) who shoots to hit’, i.e. ‘one who shoots unerringly’.


rnpt-mḏd-ꜥ

rnpt-mḏd-ꜥ (singular)
rnptj-mḏd-ꜥ (dual)
rnpwt-mḏd-ꜥ (plural)

rnpt (“year”) + mḏd (“driving in, striking true, staying true to”) + ꜥ (“arm”) in two direct genitive constructions, thus perhaps ‘year of the driving in of the arm’(?). The exact sense of mḏd intended here is unclear.


mḏdt

mḏdt (singular)
mḏdtj (dual)
mḏdwt (plural)


mḏd wꜣt

to be loyal or obedient (+ genitive: to (someone))


mḏd mṯn

/mɛd͡ʒɛd mɛt͡ʃɛn/


mḏdw

From mḏd (“to strike true, to stay true to, to drive in, to share out, to impose as an obligation”) + -w. The exact sense is disputed, with a number of proposed hypotheses, but it must certainly be related to Khufu’s Two Ladies name mḏd-r-nbtj, itself of disputed interpretation. Baud takes the term as an active participle synonymous with the epithet šzp-mḏd.f (“(he who) receives his dues”), or alternatively suggests an interpretation such as ‘he who reaches the goal’, but rejects earlier suggestions by Montet (‘he who imposes’), Sethe (‘faithful, attached’), Barta (‘he who is guided, directed’), and Gundlach (‘he who shares out’). Leprohon interprets it as a passive participle, ‘[he] who has been adhered to/followed’ (= ‘stayed true to’).

A serekh name notably borne by Khufu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


ẖnmw-ḫw.f-wj

ẖnmw (“Khnum”) + ḫw (“shall protect”, subjunctive mood of ḫwj (“to protect”)) + .f (“he”) + wj (“me”), thus literally ’Khnum, he shall protect me’.

subjunctive mood of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ḫwj</i> (“to protect”)

A throne name notably borne by Khufu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


mḏd-r-nbtj

From mḏd (“to strike true, to stay true to, to drive in, to share out, to impose as an obligation”) + r (“concerning, according to, facing, against, etc.”) + nbtj (“the Two Ladies, i.e. the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet”). The exact sense is disputed, with a number of proposed hypotheses, but it must certainly be related to Khufu’s serekh name mḏdw, itself of disputed interpretation; a phrase attested in the Coffin Texts CT VI, §307x–308b, may also feature a related construction: jn [N.N.] jr mḏdwt nbtj (“It was [N.N.] who undertook the sharing out of the two crowns (literally, “Two Ladies”)”). Gundlach proposed a meaning of ‘he who shares out in accordance with the Two Ladies’, which Baud rejected in favor of ‘he who receives his dues in accordance with the Two Ladies’. Leprohon instead suggested ‘[he] who has adhered to the Two Ladies’, though this interpretation leaves the preposition unexplained, as mḏd normally takes the thing being stayed true to as a direct object.

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Khufu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


rꜥ-ḏd.f

/rɑː d͡ʒɛdʔɛf/

From rꜥ (“Ra”) + ḏd (“stability, lastingness”) + .f (“his”), thus ‘Ra is his lastingness’. Possibly, if the name is written with honorific transposition, it could also be ḏd (“endures”) + .f (“he”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘He endures, (namely) Ra’; however, both the Greek rendering of the name and the meaning support the former interpretation.

A throne name notably borne by Djedefre, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


mn-kꜣw-rꜥ

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μυκερῖνος (Mukerînos), Μεγχέρης (Menkhérēs)

→ Latin: Mycerīnus

mn (“established”) + kꜣw (“life-forces”) + rꜥ (“Ra”) in two direct genitive constructions, thus ‘the established (one) of the life-forces of Ra’.

af

A throne name notably borne by Menkaure, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


špss-kꜣ.f

špss (“to be noble, august”) + kꜣ (“life-force, sustenance”) + .f (“his”), thus ‘his life-force is noble’.

A throne name notably borne by Shepseskaf, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


wsr-kꜣ.f

wsr (“to be(come) powerful”) + kꜣ (“life-force”) + .f (“his”), thus ‘his life-force is powerful’.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Userkaf, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


sꜣḥ-wj-rꜥ

Leprohon interprets the name as sꜣḥ (“to endow”) + wj (“me”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘Ra has endowed me’; others have interpreted the first part as a single passive participle, with a reading along the lines of sꜣḥw (“arrived at, reached”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘(he who is) reached by Ra’.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Sahure, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


nfr-jr-kꜣ-rꜥ

nfr (“pleasing, fine, good”) + jr (perfective relative form of jrj (“to do, to make”)) + kꜣ (“life-force, sustenance”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘the fine one whom the life-force of Ra made’.

perfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">jrj</i> (“to do, to make”)

A throne name notably borne by Neferirkare Kakai, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


kꜣkꜣj

Unclear. Like many fifth-dynasty pharaohs’ birth names, this name may simply be a diminutive without any meaning of its own, perhaps of the pharaoh’s throne name nfr-jr-kꜣ-rꜥ (in which case it may not be the actual name given at birth). Alternatively, some have tentatively attempted to explain it as kꜣ (“life-force, sustenance”) + kꜣ + .j (“my”), thus ‘my life-force is a life-force’.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Neferirkare Kakai, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


špss-kꜣ-rꜥ

špss (“to be noble, august”) + kꜣ (“life-force, sustenance”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘the noble (one) of the life-force of Ra’.

A throne name notably borne by Shepseskare, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


jzj

Unclear. Like many fifth-dynasty pharaohs’ birth names, this name may simply be a diminutive without any meaning of its own.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Neferefre, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


jkꜣw

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Menkauhor Kaiu, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


n-wsr-rꜥ

n(j) (“of, belonging to”) + wsr (“power”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘(one) belonging to the power of Ra’.

A throne name notably borne by Nyuserre Ini, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


jzzj

Uncertain. Like many fifth-dynasty pharaohs’ birth names, this name may simply be a diminutive without any meaning of its own. Alternatively, some have tentatively attempted to explain it as derived from the imperative verb jz (“go!”) as an expression possibly uttered by a midwife at the time of birth.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Djedkare Isesi, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


jkꜣw-ḥr

Uncertain. Like many fifth-dynasty pharaohs’ birth names, this name may simply be a diminutive without any meaning of its own, perhaps of the pharaoh’s throne name mn-kꜣw-ḥr (in which case it may not be the actual name given at birth).


ḏd-kꜣ-ḥr

ḏd (“enduring, lasting”) + kꜣ (“life-force”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in two direct genitive constructions, thus ‘the enduring (one) of the life-force of Horus’.

A throne name notably borne by Djedkare Isesi, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


ḏd-kꜣ-rꜥ

/d͡ʒɛd kɑ rɑː/

ḏd (“enduring, lasting”) + kꜣ (“life-force”) + rꜥ (“Ra”) in two direct genitive constructions, thus ‘the enduring (one) of the life-force of Ra’.


mn-kꜣw-ḥr

mn (“established”) + kꜣw (“life-forces”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in two direct genitive constructions, thus ‘the established (one) of the life-forces of Horus’.

A throne name notably borne by Menkauhor Kaiu, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


nfr.f-rꜥ

The reading and interpretation of this name are disputed. Depending on the presence or absence of honorific transposition, rꜥ may be read as either following or preceding nfr.f. Furthermore, it is unclear if the f in this name is to be read as a suffix pronoun .f (“he, his”) or simply a phonetic complement to the sign for nfr. Verner has proposed that the name was originally intended to be read as rꜥ-nfr (“Ra is beautiful”) but was soon misconstrued as rꜥ-nfr.f (“Ra, he is beautiful”). Leprohon accepts this idea of a later misconstrual but reads the name with rꜥ at the end, so that the king’s name does not focus on the sun god but rather on the king himself; he proposes an analysis following the sequence of nfr (“to be pleasing, fine, good”) + .f (“he”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘he is perfect [= fine] (in the manner of) Ra’ (from an original form nfr-rꜥ (“the perfection of Ra”)).

A throne name notably borne by Neferefre, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


qḥqḥ

q-H-q-H-D51:D40 4-lit. (canonical)
qḥqḥ (infinitive)
qḥqḥw (infinitive negative)
qḥqḥ (infinitive negative)
qḥqḥt (infinitive)
qḥqḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
qḥqḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
qḥqḥ (stative)
ḥr qḥqḥ (imperfective)
m qḥqḥ (imperfective)
r qḥqḥ (prospective)
qḥqḥ.n (active perfect)
qḥqḥw (passive perfect)
qḥqḥ (passive perfect)
qḥqḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
qḥqḥt (terminative)
qḥqḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
qḥqḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
qḥqḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
qḥqḥw (active prospective)
qḥqḥ (active prospective)
qḥqḥw (passive prospective)
qḥqḥ (passive prospective)
qḥqḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
qḥqḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
qḥqḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
qḥqḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
qḥqḥ (active participle perfective)
qḥqḥ (participle passive perfective)
qḥqḥw (participle passive perfective)
qḥqḥy (participle passive perfective)
qḥqḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
qḥqḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
qḥqḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
qḥqḥ (active imperfective participle)
qḥqḥj (active imperfective participle)
qḥqḥy (active imperfective participle)
qḥqḥ (imperfective participle passive)
qḥqḥw (imperfective participle passive)
qḥqḥ (active participle prospective relative)
qḥqḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
qḥqḥwtj (participle prospective)
qḥqḥtj (participle prospective)
qḥqḥt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

qḥqḥt

qḥqḥw.tj1, qḥqḥ.tj1, qḥqḥw.tw2, qḥqḥ.tw2

Demotic: qḥqḥ

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁϩⲕϩ̄ (kahkh̄)

Reduplication of qḥ (“to break stones”).

(transitive) to hammer, to beat (metal: copper, gold, or silver) into a sheet

(transitive) to hammer at, to carve (a sculpture)


jqḥ

i-q-H-D54 3-lit. (canonical)
jqḥ (infinitive)
jqḥw (infinitive negative)
jqḥ (infinitive negative)
jqḥt (infinitive)
jqḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
jqḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
jqḥ (stative)
ḥr jqḥ (imperfective)
m jqḥ (imperfective)
r jqḥ (prospective)
jqḥ.n (active perfect)
jqḥw (passive perfect)
jqḥ (passive perfect)
jqḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
jqḥt (terminative)
jqḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
jqḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
jqḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
jqḥ (active prospective)
jqḥḥ (passive prospective)
jqḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
jqḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
jqḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
jqḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
jqḥ (active participle perfective)
jqḥ (participle passive perfective)
jqḥw (participle passive perfective)
jqḥy (participle passive perfective)
jqḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
jqḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
jqḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
jqḥ (active imperfective participle)
jqḥj (active imperfective participle)
jqḥy (active imperfective participle)
jqḥ (imperfective participle passive)
jqḥw (imperfective participle passive)
jqḥ (active participle prospective relative)
jqḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
jqḥtj (participle prospective)
jqḥt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to come across to meet (someone)

(transitive, of rays of the sun, etc.) to illuminate, to shine on

(intransitive, with r or m) to go to (a place)

(intransitive, with r or m, of floodwater and rays of the sun) to reach, to touch (a place)

(intransitive, with ḫr, of a fragrance) to reach (someone)


wsr-kꜣ-rꜥ

wsr (“powerful”) + kꜣ (“life-force”) + rꜥ (“Ra”) in two direct genitive constructions, thus ‘the powerful (one) of the life-force of Ra’.

af

A throne name notably borne by Userkare, a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty


nb-ꜥḥ

nb (“lord”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”) in a direct genitive construction, thus “lord of the palace”.


ḥr-nb-ꜥḥ

ḥr (“Horus”) + nb (“lord”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”), thus “Horus, lord of the palace”.


jmj-ꜥḥ

jmj (“being in”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”), thus “(the one) being in the palace”.


ḥr-m-ꜥḥ.f

ḥr (“Horus”) + m (“in”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”) + .f (“his”), thus “Horus in his palace”. Compare ḥr-m-pr.f.


ꜥḥ-rmyt

ꜥḥ (“wiped away”) + rmyt (“tears”), thus ‘(he) whose tears are wiped away’.


ꜥḥ-wr

aH-wr:r-pr (canonical masculine)
ꜥḥ-wr (singular)
ꜥḥwj-wrwj (dual)
ꜥḥw-wrw (plural)

ꜥḥ (“palace, temple”) + wr (“big, great”).


ḥwt-ḥr-ḥrw

ḥwt (“enclosure”) + ḥr-ḥrw (“Horus of the Horuses”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘the enclosure of Horus of the Horuses’.


ḥr-ḥrw

ḥr (“Horus”) + ḥrw (“Horuses, lesser Horus-gods”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Horus of the Horuses’.

epithet for various gods with a royal function

(usually) epithet for Horus in various forms, especially as Horus of Edfu

epithet for Ra in various forms, including Sobek-Ra and Ra of Edfu

(rare, attested only once) epithet for Osiris


ḥr-zmꜣ-tꜣwj

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁρσομτους (Harsomtous)

ḥr (“Horus”) + zmꜣ (“uniting”) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands, Egypt”), thus ‘Horus who unites the Two Lands (Egypt)’.


ḥr-pꜣ-ẖrd

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁρποκράτης (Harpokrátēs)

→ English: Harpocrates

ḥr (“Horus”) + pꜣ (“the”) + ẖrd (“child”), thus ‘Horus the Child’.


ḥr-nḏ-jt.f

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁρενδώτης (Harendṓtēs)

ḥr (“Horus”) + nḏ (“protecting”) + jt (“father”) + .f (“his”), thus ‘Horus who protects his father’.


ḥr-wr

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁροῆρις (Haroêris)

ḥr (“Horus”) + wr (“great, elder”), thus ‘the elder Horus’, ‘Horus the Elder’.


mꜣꜣt-ḥr-stẖ

mꜣꜣt (“seeing”, feminine imperfective active participle of mꜣꜣ) + ḥr (“Horus”) + stẖ (“Set”), thus ‘(the one) seeing Horus-Set’, with ‘Horus-Set’ a reference to the king.

feminine imperfective active participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mꜣꜣ</i>


ḥrtj

Hr:r-t:y-D54 4ae inf. (canonical)
ḥrt (infinitive)
ḥrtw (infinitive negative)
ḥrtyw (infinitive negative)
ḥrt (infinitive negative)
ḥrtt (infinitive)
ḥrtwt (infinitive)
ḥrtyt (infinitive)
ḥrt (imperative infinitive singular)
ḥrt (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥrty (imperative infinitive plural)
ḥrt (stative)
ḥr ḥrt (imperfective)
m ḥrt (imperfective)
r ḥrt (prospective)
ḥrt.n (active perfect)
ḥrt.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ḥrtt (active terminative)
ḥrt (active perfective)
ḥrt.ḫr (active obligative)
ḥrt (active imperfective)
ḥrty (active imperfective)
ḥrtw (active prospective)
ḥrt (active prospective)
ḥrty (active prospective)
ḥrt.kꜣ (active potential)
ḥrt (active subjunctive)
ḥrty (active subjunctive)
ḥrt.n (active participle perfect)
ḥrtw (active participle perfective)
ḥrty (active participle perfective)
ḥrt (active participle perfective)
ḥrty (participle passive perfective)
ḥrt (participle passive perfective)
ḥrtt (active imperfective participle)
ḥrtty (active imperfective participle)
ḥrttw (active imperfective participle)
ḥrttj (active imperfective participle)
ḥrtt (imperfective participle passive)
ḥrttw (imperfective participle passive)
ḥrtw (active participle prospective)
ḥrty (active participle prospective)
ḥrt (active participle prospective)
ḥrttj (active participle prospective)
ḥrtwtj (participle prospective)
ḥrttj (participle prospective)
ḥrtt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ḥrtt

ḥrtw.tj1, ḥrt.tj1, ḥrty.tj1, ḥrtw.tw2, ḥrt.tw2, ḥrty.tw2


ḥrtj

ḥrt (“sky”) + -j (nisba suffix), thus ‘the celestial (one)’.


𓈗

A depiction of three ripples of water, identical in appearance to the glyph n (𓈖) written three times in vertical sequence. Compare the Chinese character 巛.

Uniliteral phonogram for m in group-writing.

Determinative for water, liquid, and activities related to water.

Used in mw-N36:N23 or mw-N36, a composite determinative for bodies of water.


𓁚

Representing a god with sun and uraeus on its head.

Ideogram or Determinative in rꜥ (“the sun-god”).


𓁣

Representing a god with the head of a Seth-animal 𓃩 (E20).


𓁢

Representing a god with the head of a dog 𓃢 (E15).

Ideogram or determinative in jnpw (“Anubis”) as well as wp-wꜣwt (“Wepwawet”).


𓁥

Representing a goddess with sun and horns.

Ideogram or Determinative in ḥwt-ḥr (“Hathor”).


𓁤

Representing ithyphallic god with feathers, uplifted arm, and flagellum S45.

Ideogram or Determinative in mnw (“Min”).


𓁠

Representing a god with the head of a ram, 𓃝 (E10).

Ideogram or determinative in ẖnmw (“Chnum”).


𓀃

Representing a man with his arms raised. This and other glyphs depicting men conventionally color the skin red; the hair is typically black, and the clothing white (sometimes with black outlines or details).

egy-hiero-color-men

Determinative meaning "supplicate", such as in dwꜣ (“praise”).

Determinative meaning "hide", such as in sdgꜣ (“be hidden”), and jmn (“hide”).


𓁟

Representing a god with the head of an ibis, 𓅝 (G26) or 𓅞 (G26A).

Ideogram or determinative in ḏḥwtj (“Thoth”).


𓀾

Determinative for "mummy", such as in wj (“mummy”).

Determinative for "statue" or "likeness", such as in twt (“statue”).

Determinative for "form" or "shape", such as in qj (“form”) and ḫprw (“forms, stages of growth”).


𓁡

The same as 𓁠 (C4), but holding 𓋹 (S34).

Ideogram or determinative in ẖnmw (“Chnum”) (same as C4)


𓂸

Representing a human phallus. During the Old Kingdom, this glyph was used to represent the organ and the concepts it represented, while 𓂺 D53 was used to represent the actions the organ performed or the substances issued from it. During the Middle Kingdom, usage of these two signs differed and became less consistent. This glyph was conventionally colored red.

egy-hiero-color

Determinative for "male", such as in ɾꜣ (“ass”), ṯꜣy (“male, man”), and kꜣ (“bull”).

Phonetic mt, such as in mtwt (“poison”) and ḫmt (“three”)


sdgꜣ

S29-D46:W11-G1-A4-D54 3ae inf. (canonical)
sdgꜣt (infinitive)
sdgꜣj (infinitive)
sdgꜣw (infinitive negative)
sdgꜣ (infinitive negative)
sdgꜣwt (infinitive)
sdgꜣyt (infinitive)
sdgꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
sdgꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
sdgꜣy (imperative infinitive plural)
sdgꜣ (stative)
ḥr sdgꜣt (imperfective)
ḥr sdgꜣj (imperfective)
m sdgꜣt (imperfective)
m sdgꜣj (imperfective)
r sdgꜣt (prospective)
r sdgꜣj (prospective)
sdgꜣ.n (active perfect)
sdgꜣw (passive perfect)
sdgꜣ (passive perfect)
sdgꜣy (passive perfect)
sdgꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
sdgꜣt (terminative)
sdgꜣyt (terminative)
sdgꜣ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sdgꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sdgꜣ (active imperfective)
sdgꜣy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sdgꜣw (active prospective)
sdgꜣ (active prospective)
sdgꜣy (active prospective)
sdgꜣw (passive prospective)
sdgꜣ (passive prospective)
sdgꜣy (passive prospective)
sdgꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sdgꜣ (active subjunctive)
sdgꜣy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sdgꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sdgꜣw (active participle perfective relative)
sdgꜣy (active participle perfective relative)
sdgꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sdgꜣ (active participle perfective)
sdgꜣy (participle passive perfective)
sdgꜣ (participle passive perfective)
sdgꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
sdgꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
sdgꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
sdgꜣ (active imperfective participle)
sdgꜣj (active imperfective participle)
sdgꜣy (active imperfective participle)
sdgꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
sdgꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
sdgꜣw (active participle prospective relative)
sdgꜣy (active participle prospective relative)
sdgꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
sdgꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
sdgꜣwtj (participle prospective)
sdgꜣtj (participle prospective)
sdgꜣt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

sdgꜣt, sdgꜣyt

sdgꜣ.tj1, sdgꜣy.tj1, sdgꜣ.tw2, sdgꜣy.tw2

sdgꜣw.tj1, sdgꜣ.tj1, sdgꜣy.tj1, sdgꜣw.tw2, sdgꜣ.tw2, sdgꜣy.tw2

(transitive) & (intransitive) to hide one's self from


𓊂

Representing a façade of a palace or tomb 𓊁 (O33) rotated ninety degrees.

Alternative form of 𓊁 (O33) used when enclosing the serekh name of a king in text written in horizontal rows rather than columns


sꜣkꜣmꜣ

Aa18-Z1-k:A-mA-A-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew שְׁכֶם (šəḵem).

Shechem (an ancient Canaanite city in Samaria; modern Nablus)


jpq

i-p*q:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew אֲפֵק (ʾăp̄ḗq).

Aphek (an ancient Canaanite city, known as Antipatris during the Roman period)


jbsꜣ

jbsꜣ (singular)
jbsꜣwj (dual)
jbsꜣw (plural)

desc

>? Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲃⲥⲱⲛ (absōn), ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛ (auson, “wild mint”)

a kind of plant found in the Wadi Natrun, used medicinally


brwgtj

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲃⲉⲣⲏϫ (aberēč)

Borrowed from Semitic; compare Hebrew בָּרֶקֶת (bāréqet) and Akkadian [Term?] (/barraqtu/), as well as other loanwords from Semitic, such as Sanskrit मरकत (marakata) and Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos), the latter ultimately the source of English emerald.

(rare) A kind of semi-precious stone. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


qꜣḏꜣr

q-A-DA-A-r:Z1-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew גֶּזֶר (gézer).

Gezer (an ancient Canaanite city in the Shephelah region)


ꜥqy

ꜥqy (singular)
ꜥqywj (dual)
ꜥqyw (plural)

Demotic: ꜥyq

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲓⲕ (aik)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲉⲓⲕ (aeik)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲉⲓⲕ (aeik)

(Late Egyptian, hapax) ceremonial entrance of the king


knj

k:n-i m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew גִּנָּה (ginnāh).

Gina (an ancient Canaanite settlement, identified with modern-day Jenin)


ḥwḏꜣr

Hw:Y1-DA-A-r*Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew חָצוֹר (ḥāṣôr).

bor

Hebrew חָצוֹר (ḥāṣôr)

Hazor (an important ancient Canaanite city in the Upper Galilee)


gꜣḏꜣty

g-A-DA-A-ti-i-i-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew עַזָּה (ʿazzāh).


rkjšꜣ

r-Z1-k:y-SA-A-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew לָכִישׁ (lāḵīš).

Hebrew לָכִישׁ (lāḵīš)


bꜣtj-šꜣr

b-bA-A-ti-i-pr:SA-A-r:Z1-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew בֵּית שְׁאָן (bêṯ šəʾān).

בֵּית שְׁאָן

Hebrew בֵּית שְׁאָן (bêṯ šəʾān)

Beit She'an (an ancient Canaanite city in northern Israel)


šꜣrḥꜣnꜣ

SA-r:Z1-HA-n:A m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew שָׁרוּחֶן (šārûḥen).

Hebrew שָׁרוּחֶן (šārûḥen)

Sharuhen (an ancient Hyksos settlement in the Negev)


sꜣwkꜣ

Aa18-w-kA*Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew שֹׂכֹה (śōḵōh).

Hebrew שֹׂכֹה (śōḵōh)

The vulture glyph may bean error for a quail chick


twjꜣr

t-w-i-A-r*Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew דֹּאר (dōʾr).