tw.tn

egy-pron

t:W-t:n:Z2 pl 2. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

t:W-t:n:Z2 pl 2. proclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

In origin from tj (“while”) + ṯn (second-person plural dependent pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk. Later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .tn.


tw.n

egy-pron

t:W-n:Z2 pl 1. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

t:W-n:Z2 pl 1. proclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

In origin from tj (“while”) + n (first-person plural dependent pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk. Later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .n.


wꜣḏ-wr

Ancient Greek: -γετοῦ (-getoû)

/wəˈetʼwəɾə/

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

/wəˈetʼwəɾə/

wꜣḏ (“green”) + wr (“great”), thus literally ‘The Great Green’.

aHa-a:n-A1-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-iw:N23*Z1-i:n-wA-A-w-mw-n-M14-wr-r:N36
ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41

Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.

the Sea, encompassing both the Red and Mediterranean Seas


ḥr ntt

From ḥr (“upon, because”) + ntt (“that”).


r ntt

Late Egyptian: r-ntj

r (“concerning, with respect to”) + ntt (“that”).


rmṯ

r:T-A1 mf (canonical)
rmṯ (singular)
rmṯwj (dual)
rmṯw (plural)
rmt (singular)
rmtj (dual)
rmwt (plural)

Demotic: (rmt) (see there for further descendants)

usual singular outside the Pyramid Texts.Reading disputed

(with following genitive) person in (someone’s) service, commissioner, agent (of someone)

(with following genitive) member (of a group or organization)

(in the plural, with following genitive) household; housemates or relatives (of someone)

(in the plural, with following genitive) population, dwellers, inhabitants (of a particular place)

(in the plural) Egyptians in contrast to Libyans, Nubians, Asiatics, etc.


nbw

nbw (singular)
nbwwj (dual)
nbww (plural)

Demotic: (nbw)

Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲃ (noub)

→ Old Nubian: ⳟⲁⲡ (ŋap)

Nobiin: náb


ḥnwt

ḥnwt (singular)
ḥnwtj (dual)
ḥnwwt (plural)


ḥnwt

H-Hn:n-nw:t-db (canonical feminine)
ḥnwt (singular)
ḥnwtj (dual)
ḥnwwt (plural)


wsḫt

wsḫt (singular)
wsḫtj (dual)
wsḫwt (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏϣⲥⲓ (ouēšsi), ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲓ (ouešsi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲓ (ouešsi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁϣⲥⲉ (ouašse), ⲟⲩⲟϣⲥⲉ (ouošse), ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲉ (ouešse), ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥ (ouešs)


wsḫt

w-s-x:t- (canonical feminine)
wsḫt (singular)
wsḫtj (dual)
wsḫwt (plural)

s-H-ww-Y1:n:f-DA-DA-nw:t-U5:a:t-N9*t:Z2-nTr-nb:r-Dr:r-D&z&f-nb:w*Z2ss-mAat-zmA-i-i-Y1:Z2-i-m-s-
-M:a:k-HA-i-i-w-tp:Z2ss-i-s-f:t:nDs-s-nDm-w-m-
n
t
-gb-b-r:*r:a:t-O44-t*Z1:n:nb-s-sw-i-H_SPACE:t-i-n:U5:a-t:z:n:f
sḥww n.f ḏꜣḏꜣt mꜣꜥt psḏt nb-r-ḏr ḏs.f nbw-mꜣꜥt zmꜣyw jm.s mkḥꜣyw jsft snḏmw m wsḫt nt gbb r rdjt jꜣwt n nb.s (n)syt n mꜣꜥt.s n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 17–18

The Tribunal of Maat was convened for him: the Ennead, the Lord of All himself, and the possessors of righteousness who were united in it, who scorn wrongdoing, sitting in the hall of Geb to give the office to its owner and the kingship to the one to whom it justly belonged.


ntj

n:t*y (canonical)
ntj (masculine singular)
ntt (feminine singular)
ntjwj (dual masculine)
ntwj (dual masculine)
nttj (dual feminine)
ntjw (masculine plural)
ntw (masculine plural)
ntwt (feminine plural)
ntt (feminine plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲧ- (et-)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲧ- (et-), ⲉⲑ- (eth-)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲧ- (et-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲧ- (et-)

⇒ Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)

⇒ Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)

⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)

Formed from nt + -j (nisba ending), where nt is a nominalized use of the feminine form of the genitival adjective n(j). The noun ntj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective ntj.

relative adjective
relative adjective#English

the relative adjective — allows a clause to serve as a relative clause, usually with an adverbial or verbal predicate

(introducing a direct relative clause, with ntj serving in place of a subject) which is, who is, being

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) such that, for which, concerning which


ntj

(introducing a direct relative clause) he who is, one who is, that which is

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom, one for whom, one such that, that for which

(without a following relative clause) he who exists, one who exists, that which exists


ḥꜥw

Coptic: ϩⲱⲱ⸗ (hōō⸗)

flesh of a body, sometimes as opposed to bones or organs

n:ns-sw-w-mH:a-V20*V20:V20-x-b-z:w-t:D3-f-wr:r-s-r-mH:a-Z1-Z1-!-H-a:F51-Z2:f-z:x:r-w-T11-A24-m-nbw-N33C:Z2-i-in:n-D13:y-f:y-m-x-s-b-d-N33C:Z2-mA-mAa:a-H2:Y2-!-a:r-q-arq:Y2-sw-w-r-W18-n:t
n(j)-sw mꜥbꜣ mḥ ḫbzwt.f wr s(j) r mḥ snwj ḥꜥw.f sḫr.w m nbw jnḥwj.fj m ḫsbd mꜣꜥ ꜥrq sw r ḫnt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 62–66

He measured (literally, “belonged to”) thirty cubits, his beard, it was greater than two cubits, his body was plated with gold, his eyebrows were true lapis lazuli, and he was arched forward.

(in the plural) body parts, limbs (collectively)


ḥꜥw

ḥꜥw (singular)
ḥꜥwwj (dual)
ḥꜥww (plural)

a:A1-ini-n:t-n:k\-H-a-w-P1:Z2-A-t:p-w-A2-A24-Xr:r-A51-s-s-Y2:Z2-nb:n-km-m-t-niwt:t*Z1-!-mi-i-ir:r-t:n-nTr-Z1-U7:r-r-A2-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-!-m-tA:N23*Z1-wA-A-N31-D35-r:x-Y2-sw-W-r-T-A1-B1-Z2ss
dj.j jn.t(w) n.k ḥꜥw ꜣtp.w ẖr špssw nb n(j) kmt mj jrrt n nṯr mrr r(m)ṯ m tꜣ wꜣ nj rḫ sw r(m)ṯ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 146–148

I will have them bring you a fleet laden with every finery of Egypt, like what is done for a god beloved by people in a faraway land people don’t know.


mrt

mrt (singular)
mrtj (dual)
mrwt (plural)

From mr (“to be sick, to be painful”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

something bad inflicted on someone, evil, misfortune


mrt

Feminine singular of the perfective passive participle of mrj, thus literally ‘the beloved’.


šmsw

Sms-w (canonical masculine)
šmsw (singular)
šmswwj (dual)
šmsww (plural)

aHa-a:n-aq-q-D54-k\-w-A1-Hr-Z1-I3-I3-G7-!-m:a-O35-n:A1-n:f-ini-N33C:Z2ss-p:n-ini-n:n-A1-m-Xn-n:nw-W-pr:n-N18:N23*Z1-p:n--…--!-aHa-a:n-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-Sms-W-A1-s-sA-A-H-D63-Y2:k\-w-A1-m-tp-A1*B1:Z2-V1-V1
ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) ꜥq.kw ḥr jtj mz.n.j n.f jnw pn jn.n.j m ẖnw n(j) jw pn […] ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) rdj.kw r šmsw sꜣḥ.kw m štj tpw

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 174–175, 177–179

Then I entered before the sovereign and presented him with those gifts (literally, “this getting”) that I had gotten within that island. […] Then I was appointed as a retainer and endowed with two hundred servants (literally, “heads”).


šmsw

šmsw (singular)
šmswwj (dual)
šmsww (plural)


wsḫ

w-s-x:W10 3-lit. (canonical)
wsḫ (infinitive)
wsḫw (infinitive negative)
wsḫ (infinitive negative)
wsḫt (infinitive)
wsḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
wsḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
wsḫ (stative)
ḥr wsḫ (imperfective)
m wsḫ (imperfective)
r wsḫ (prospective)
wsḫ.n (active perfect)
wsḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
wsḫt (active terminative)
wsḫ (active perfective)
wsḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
wsḫ (active imperfective)
wsḫ (active prospective)
wsḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
wsḫ (active subjunctive)
wsḫ.n (active participle perfect)
wsḫ (active participle perfective)
wsḫ (participle passive perfective)
wsḫw (participle passive perfective)
wsḫy (participle passive perfective)
wsḫ (active imperfective participle)
wsḫy (active imperfective participle)
wsḫw (active imperfective participle)
wsḫj (active imperfective participle)
wsḫ (imperfective participle passive)
wsḫw (imperfective participle passive)
wsḫ (active participle prospective)
wsḫtj (active participle prospective)
wsḫtj (participle prospective)
wsḫt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

wsḫt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

Demotic: wsh̭, wsš

Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϣⲥ̄ (ouōšs̄), ⲟⲩⲱⲥⳉ (ouōsx)

Sometimes hypothesized to be from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *wsɣ; compare Arabic وَسُعَ (wasuʕa), وَسِعَ (wasiʕa, “to be wide”).

wn-n:O31-a-Xn:n-S28-n-g-r-w-A2-A1-!-w-z:x-W10-Y1-st-t-pr-n:t-h-r-Y1-A1-m-md-d-w-w-A2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.1–1.2

The tent is open to the quiet man; the place of the man calm in speech is broad.

(intransitive) to be(come) broad, to be(come) wide

(intransitive, of movements) to be(come) extensive, wide-ranging

(intransitive) to be(come) abundant, extensive, rich (+ m: in)

(intransitive, of names) to be(come) renowned, widely known, famous

(intransitive, impersonal, with n) to have space for (someone)


wsḫ

wsḫ (masculine singular)
wsḫt (feminine singular)
wsḫwj (dual masculine)
wsḫtj (dual feminine)
wsḫw (masculine plural)
wsḫwt (feminine plural)
wsḫt (feminine plural)
wsḫ (masculine singular)
wsḫj (masculine singular)
wsḫy (masculine singular)
wsḫt (feminine singular)
wsḫwj (dual masculine)
wsḫjwj (dual masculine)
wsḫywj (dual masculine)
wsḫtj (dual feminine)
wsḫw (masculine plural)
wsḫjw (masculine plural)
wsḫyw (masculine plural)
wsḫwt (feminine plural)
wsḫt (feminine plural)

imperfective active participle of wsḫ; broad, wide


wsḫ

wsḫ (singular)
wsḫwj (dual)
wsḫw (plural)


rmn

rmn (singular)
rmnwj (dual)
rmnw (plural)

shoulder, arm
(often in the dual) shoulder, upper arm

(often in the dual) arm of a person in general, especially when in reference to moving it into a particular configuration

shoulder, arm
(in the dual) arms of a balance scale

side, half
side of a place, person, mountain, etc.

side, half
one side or half of a body of water

row of rowers along one side of a boat, one side of a rowing crew

(in the dual) side rails (uprights) of a ladder

side, half
side rails (uprights) of a ladder


rmn

a measure of length equivalent to 20 ḏbꜥw (“digits”), 5 šzpw (“palms”), or ⁵⁄₇ of a mḥ (“cubit”) (about 37.6 centimetres)

a measure of length equivalent to ¹⁄₂ of a ḫt (“rod”) or 50 mḥw (“cubits”) (about 26.25 metres)


rmn

a measure of area equivalent to ¹⁄₂ of a sṯꜣt (“aroura”) or 50 mḥw-tꜣ (“centarouras”) (about 0.14 hectares)


rmn

(usually in the plural) bearer, carrier, supporter (usually a priest), especially of a sacred object such as a cultic image or chapel

(in the plural) the supports imagined to hold up the sky


tw.j

egy-pron

t:W-A1 sg 1. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

t:W-A1 sg 1. proclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

Loprieno suggests an origin from tj (“while”) + wj (first-person pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk. Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development from ntt (complementizer) + wj (first-person pronoun) with subsequent reanalysis. Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .j.


ꜥpr

apr-r:Y1 3-lit. (canonical)
ꜥpr (infinitive)
ꜥprw (infinitive negative)
ꜥpr (infinitive negative)
ꜥprt (infinitive)
ꜥpr (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥpr (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥpr (stative)
ḥr ꜥpr (imperfective)
m ꜥpr (imperfective)
r ꜥpr (prospective)
ꜥpr.n (active perfect)
ꜥprw (passive perfect)
ꜥpr (passive perfect)
ꜥpr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜥprt (terminative)
ꜥpr (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜥpr.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜥpr (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜥpr (active prospective)
ꜥprr (passive prospective)
ꜥpr.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜥpr (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜥpr.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜥpr (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜥpr (active participle perfective)
ꜥpr (participle passive perfective)
ꜥprw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥpry (participle passive perfective)
ꜥpr (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥpry (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥprw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ꜥpr (active imperfective participle)
ꜥprj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥpry (active imperfective participle)
ꜥpr (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥprw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥpr (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥprtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥprtj (participle prospective)
ꜥprt (participle prospective)

(transitive, in the stative) to master (a skill or craft)

(intransitive) to be(come) equipped (+ m: to be equipped with)


jwtj

jwtj (masculine singular)
jwtt (feminine singular)
jwtjwj (dual masculine)
jwtwj (dual masculine)
jwttj (dual feminine)
jwtjw (masculine plural)
jwtw (masculine plural)
jwtwt (feminine plural)
jwtt (feminine plural)

Demotic: jwṱ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-), ⲁⲑ- (ath-)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-), ⲁⲧⲉ- (ate-)

From jwt (negation particle) + -j (nisba ending). The noun jwtj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective jwtj.

the negative relative adjective — allows a clause to serve as a negated relative clause, usually with an adverbial or verbal predicate

(introducing a direct relative clause, with jwtj serving in place of a subject) which is not, who is not, not being

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) such that it is not the case that, for which it is not the case that

(introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) which has no, who has no, not having, without


jwtj

(introducing a direct relative clause) he who is not, one who is not, that which is not

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom it is not the case that, one for whom it is not the case that, that for which it is not the case that

dispossessed person (literally, “one without a thing/possession of his”)

(introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) he who doesn’t have, one not having, one without

(without a following relative clause or noun phrase) he who doesn’t exist, one who doesn’t exist, that which doesn’t exist


jwꜥ

jwꜥ (singular)
jwꜥwj (dual)
jwꜥw (plural)


jwꜥ

E9:a-iwa 3-lit. (canonical)
jwꜥ (infinitive)
jwꜥw (infinitive negative)
jwꜥ (infinitive negative)
jwꜥt (infinitive)
jwꜥ (imperative infinitive singular)
jwꜥ (imperative infinitive plural)
jwꜥ (stative)
ḥr jwꜥ (imperfective)
m jwꜥ (imperfective)
r jwꜥ (prospective)
jwꜥ.n (active perfect)
jwꜥw (passive perfect)
jwꜥ (passive perfect)
jwꜥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
jwꜥt (terminative)
jwꜥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
jwꜥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
jwꜥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
jwꜥ (active prospective)
jwꜥꜥ (passive prospective)
jwꜥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
jwꜥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
jwꜥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
jwꜥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
jwꜥ (active participle perfective)
jwꜥ (participle passive perfective)
jwꜥw (participle passive perfective)
jwꜥy (participle passive perfective)
jwꜥ (active imperfective participle relative)
jwꜥy (active imperfective participle relative)
jwꜥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
jwꜥ (active imperfective participle)
jwꜥj (active imperfective participle)
jwꜥy (active imperfective participle)
jwꜥ (imperfective participle passive)
jwꜥw (imperfective participle passive)
jwꜥ (active participle prospective relative)
jwꜥtj (active participle prospective relative)
jwꜥtj (participle prospective)
jwꜥt (participle prospective)

(intransitive) to be(come) an heir, to receive one’s inheritance

(intransitive) to act as heir in performing the funerary duties for one’s predecessor

(transitive) to inherit from, to succeed (someone)

(transitive) to endow, to present, to reward (someone) (+ m: with (something))


tw.t

egy-pron

t:W-B1 f sg 2. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

t:W-B1 f sg 2. proclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

Loprieno suggests an origin from tj (“while”) + ṯn (second-person feminine dependent pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk. Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development from ntt (complementizer) + .t (second-person feminine suffix pronoun) with subsequent reanalysis. Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .t.


štꜣ

S:t*U30-A 3-lit. (canonical)
štꜣ (infinitive)
štꜣw (infinitive negative)
štꜣ (infinitive negative)
štꜣt (infinitive)
štꜣ (imperative infinitive singular)
štꜣ (imperative infinitive plural)
štꜣ (stative)
ḥr štꜣ (imperfective)
m štꜣ (imperfective)
r štꜣ (prospective)
štꜣ.n (active perfect)
štꜣw (passive perfect)
štꜣ (passive perfect)
štꜣ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
štꜣt (terminative)
štꜣ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
štꜣ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
štꜣ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
štꜣ (active prospective)
štꜣꜣ (passive prospective)
štꜣ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
štꜣ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
štꜣ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
štꜣ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
štꜣ (active participle perfective)
štꜣ (participle passive perfective)
štꜣw (participle passive perfective)
štꜣy (participle passive perfective)
štꜣ (active imperfective participle relative)
štꜣy (active imperfective participle relative)
štꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
štꜣ (active imperfective participle)
štꜣj (active imperfective participle)
štꜣy (active imperfective participle)
štꜣ (imperfective participle passive)
štꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
štꜣ (active participle prospective relative)
štꜣtj (active participle prospective relative)
štꜣtj (participle prospective)
štꜣt (participle prospective)

i-nD-D:Hr:k-Q2:ir-nb:H*ra*H-sw-t:Z2ss-nTr-I1S:Z2-r:n:nw*Z2ss-Dsr:r-xpr-Z3-S:t*U30-i-ir:w-m-r:Z1-pr:Z1*Z2ss
j.nḏ ḥr.k wsjr nb nḥḥ nswt nṯr(w) ꜥšꜣ rnw ḏsr ḫprw štꜣ jrw m rw-prw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 1

Hail to you, Osiris, lord of eternity, king of gods, numerous of names, sacred of developments, secret of rites in temples!

(intransitive) to be(come) hidden or secret


štꜣ

štꜣ (masculine singular)
štꜣt (feminine singular)
štꜣwj (dual masculine)
štꜣtj (dual feminine)
štꜣw (masculine plural)
štꜣwt (feminine plural)
štꜣt (feminine plural)

Old Coptic: ϣⲱⲧ (šōt)

perfective active participle of štꜣ: hidden, secret


rḫ

r:x:Y1 2-lit. (canonical)
rḫ (infinitive)
rḫw (infinitive negative)
rḫ (infinitive negative)
rḫt (infinitive)
rḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
j.rḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
rḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
j.rḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
rḫ (stative)
ḥr rḫ (imperfective)
m rḫ (imperfective)
r rḫ (prospective)
rḫ.n (active perfect)
rḫw (passive perfect)
rḫ (passive perfect)
rḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
rḫt (terminative)
rḫ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
rḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
rḫ (active imperfective)
j.rḫ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
rḫ (active prospective)
rḫḫ (passive prospective)
rḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
rḫ (active subjunctive)
j.rḫ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
rḫ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
rḫ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
rḫ (active participle perfective)
rḫḫ (participle passive perfective)
rḫḫj (participle passive perfective)
rḫ (participle passive perfective)
rḫw (participle passive perfective)
rḫy (participle passive perfective)
j.rḫ (active imperfective participle relative)
rḫ (active imperfective participle relative)
rḫy (active imperfective participle relative)
rḫw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.rḫ (active imperfective participle)
j.rḫw (active imperfective participle)
rḫ (active imperfective participle)
rḫj (active imperfective participle)
rḫy (active imperfective participle)
rḫ (imperfective participle passive)
rḫw (imperfective participle passive)
rḫ (active participle prospective relative)
rḫtj (active participle prospective relative)
rḫtj (participle prospective)
rḫt (participle prospective)

Demotic: rḫ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲱϣ (rōš)

(transitive) to learn, to come to know or experience

D35-r:x-Y1-n:t-w-xpr-r:*t-Z2:ir-r:*t-nTr-Z1-x*t:f-U35-A24-f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.2

One cannot know what might come to be or what the god might do when he punishes.

(transitive, in the stative or perfect) to know (something)

i-w-d:p-t:P1-r-ii-i-t:D54-m-Xn:n-nw-w-pr-s-qd-d-A30-A1:Z2-i-m-s-r:x-Y2:n-k\

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 119–121

A boat is to come from home with sailors in it whom you know.

(transitive, in the stative or perfect) to be acquainted or familiar with (someone)

(catenative, in the stative or perfect, with a verb in the infinitive) to know how to, to be able to


rḫ

knowledgeable or wise man, scholar, often seen as living according to Maat (virtue/truth/cosmic order)


ꜥḥ

aH-a:pr m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)
ꜥḥ (singular)
ꜥḥwj (dual)
ꜥḥw (plural)

palace; building housing the king or his administration

O12-pr-nTr-t:*r ― ꜥḥ ntr(j) ― divine temple


ꜥḥ

a-H-T24 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜥḥ (infinitive)
ꜥḥw (infinitive negative)
ꜥḥ (infinitive negative)
ꜥḥt (infinitive)
ꜥḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜥḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜥḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥḥ (stative)
ḥr ꜥḥ (imperfective)
m ꜥḥ (imperfective)
r ꜥḥ (prospective)
ꜥḥ.n (active perfect)
ꜥḥw (passive perfect)
ꜥḥ (passive perfect)
ꜥḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜥḥt (terminative)
ꜥḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜥḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜥḥ (active imperfective)
j.ꜥḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜥḥ (active prospective)
ꜥḥḥ (passive prospective)
ꜥḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜥḥ (active subjunctive)
j.ꜥḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜥḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜥḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜥḥ (active participle perfective)
ꜥḥḥ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḥḥj (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḥ (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḥw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥḥy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜥḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜥḥ (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜥḥw (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḥ (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḥj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḥy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥḥ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥḥw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥḥ (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥḥtj (participle prospective)
ꜥḥt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to snare; to capture (game) with a net or rope

(transitive, figuratively) to capture or seize (enemies, body parts, etc.)

(transitive, figuratively) to enclose (someone with one’s arms, a settlement with a ditch, etc.)


ꜥḥ

(transitive) to wipe off, to wipe away (moisture, tears, dirt, etc.)


prj

pr:r-D54 3ae inf. (canonical)
prt (infinitive)
prj (infinitive)
prw (infinitive negative)
pr (infinitive negative)
prwt (infinitive)
pryt (infinitive)
pr (imperative infinitive singular)
pr (imperative infinitive plural)
pry (imperative infinitive plural)
pr (stative)
prr (stative)
ḥr prt (imperfective)
ḥr prj (imperfective)
m prt (imperfective)
m prj (imperfective)
r prt (prospective)
r prj (prospective)
pr.n (active perfect)
pr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
prt (active terminative)
pryt (active terminative)
pr (active perfective)
pr.ḫr (active obligative)
pr (active imperfective)
pry (active imperfective)
prw (active prospective)
pr (active prospective)
pry (active prospective)
pr.kꜣ (active potential)
pr (active subjunctive)
pry (active subjunctive)
pr.n (active participle perfect)
prw (active participle perfective)
pry (active participle perfective)
pr (active participle perfective)
pry (participle passive perfective)
pr (participle passive perfective)
prr (active imperfective participle)
prry (active imperfective participle)
prrw (active imperfective participle)
prrj (active imperfective participle)
prr (imperfective participle passive)
prrw (imperfective participle passive)
prw (active participle prospective)
pry (active participle prospective)
pr (active participle prospective)
prtj (active participle prospective)
prwtj (participle prospective)
prtj (participle prospective)
prt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

prt, pryt

prw.tj1, pr.tj1, pry.tj1, prw.tw2, pr.tw2, pry.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓⲣⲓ (phiri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲉⲓⲣⲉ (peire)

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *par-/*pir- (“to go out”).

inh

pr:r:D54-n:f:S10-H-w-m-wD-n:gb-b-O43:p-D40:n:f-HqA-t*Z1:N21:N21-HDt-mn:n:Y1-ti-i-m-tp*Z1:f
pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19

He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.

(intransitive) to emerge, to come out, to come forth, to go forth (+ m: from; + r: to, into (a place), against (someone); + n: to (someone); + ḥr: through (a door))

(intransitive, of besieged people) to come out, to surrender

(intransitive, Late Egyptian, of land) to emerge or reappear after a flood, to no longer be flooded

(intransitive) to escape (+ m or ẖr: from (fire, custody, danger in war, etc.))

pr-r:f-r:f-i-r-p*t:pt-m-m-s-b-sbA-sbA-sbA-m-m-i-x:m-D35-w-s-k-i--sbA-sbA-sbA--
-A-t:F9-<-p-p-i-i->-tp:p-f-S:a-t:*T30-f:r-gs:gs-f-H-kA-kA-kA-f-i-r--rd--rd--f-

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 474.4–474.5 (Pyr. 940a–940c), P

pr.f r.f jr pt mm sbꜣw mm j.ḫmw-skj ꜣt ppy tp.f šꜥt.f r gswj.f ḥkꜣw.f jr rd[wj.f]

(intransitive) to ascend, to go up (+ r: to (a place); + tp or r tp: onto; + ḫr or n: to (someone); + r, m, or ḥr: up (a stairway))

(intransitive, of celestial bodies, gods, kings, and the dead) to appear, to emerge, to manifest (+ m: from, out of)

gods; kings; and the dead; gods; kings; and the dead

(intransitive, of fire, voices, wind, storms, etc.) to break out, to burst forth, to emerge

voices; wind; storms; voices; wind; storms

(intransitive) to be divinely created, to emerge (+ m: by, from (a god), from (a body part of a god))

(intransitive) to be born (+ m: from (a person, a god, a belly, an egg, etc.))

(intransitive, of goods, with m) to originate in (a place), to have one’s source or origin in

(intransitive, of goods and offerings) to be produced, supplied, provided (+ m: by, from (a place); + n: to (someone))

i-M-m:a-pr-r-D54-r:n-k\-i-w-g-r-A2-k\-m-r-Z1-k\:n-i-s-t-A2-k\
jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1

Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.

(intransitive, of people and names) to become well known, renowned, to come to stand out

(intransitive, mathematics) to be subtracted


prj

prj (singular)
prjwj (dual)
prjw (plural)


tm

t:tm-m 2-lit. (canonical)
tm (infinitive)
tmw (infinitive negative)
tm (infinitive negative)
tmt (infinitive)
tm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.tm (imperative infinitive singular)
tm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.tm (imperative infinitive plural)
tm (stative)
ḥr tm (imperfective)
m tm (imperfective)
r tm (prospective)
tm.n (active perfect)
tmw (passive perfect)
tm (passive perfect)
tm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
tmt (terminative)
tm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
tm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
tm (active imperfective)
j.tm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
tm (active prospective)
tmm (passive prospective)
tm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
tm (active subjunctive)
j.tm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
tm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
tm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
tm (active participle perfective)
tmm (participle passive perfective)
tmmj (participle passive perfective)
tm (participle passive perfective)
tmw (participle passive perfective)
tmy (participle passive perfective)
j.tm (active imperfective participle relative)
tm (active imperfective participle relative)
tmy (active imperfective participle relative)
tmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.tm (active imperfective participle)
j.tmw (active imperfective participle)
tm (active imperfective participle)
tmj (active imperfective participle)
tmy (active imperfective participle)
tm (imperfective participle passive)
tmw (imperfective participle passive)
tm (active participle prospective relative)
tmtj (active participle prospective relative)
tmtj (participle prospective)
tmt (participle prospective)

Compare with Hebrew תַּם (tam, “to be complete, finished”), Arabic تمام (tamām, “complete; completeness”).

cog

(catenative, with a verb in the negatival complement) to not do, to not be


tm

t:tm-m (canonical masculine)
tm (singular)
tmwj (dual)
tmw (plural)


ywd-hmꜥrwk

i-i-w-d:h-im:a-rw:k-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

A compound of ywd (“hand, monument”) + (h)mꜥrwk (“king”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Monument of the King’. Both components are borrowings from Semitic, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *yad- and *malk-; it may be the entire place name was directly borrowed from Semitic. The h in the Egyptian form reflects a Semitic definite article: compare Hebrew הַ־.
Earlier hypotheses interpreting the word as ‘king of Judah’ are now largely rejected.


ywdh mꜥrwk

Alternative transliteration of ywd-hmꜥrwk.


tꜣ-šꜣsw-yhwꜣ

From tꜣ (“land”) + šꜣsw (“Shasu”) + yhwꜣ, with the first two elements in a direct genitive construction and the last in apposition, thus literally ‘yhwꜣ, the land of the Shasu’. yhwꜣ is apparently a toponym; some have hypothesized the toponym to be derived from a theonym, which would make it one of the earliest known references to Yahweh.

a region near Edom inhabited by a tribe of Shasu (Semitic nomads)

the penultimate glyph is miscopied from an earlier source


tyts

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Titus, notably borne by Titus, a Roman emperor who ruled from 79 to 81 CE.


snfr-wj

→ English: Sneferu, Snofru

→ Ancient Greek: Σῶρις (Sôris)

snfr (“to make pleasing, fine, beautiful”) + wj (“me”), thus ‘[he] has made me fine’; compare the longer form in the serekh name nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj (literally “the possessor of righteousness has made me fine”).

aHa-a:n-s-aHa-a:D54-U36-Z1:n-sw-bit-t:t-<-s-nfr-f:r-w->-!-m-sw-t:n-G7-mn:n-x-mnx-Y1-m-tA:N23*Z1-p:n-r-Dr:r-f
ꜥḥꜥ.n sꜥḥꜥ ḥm n(j) nswt-bjtj snfr-w(j) m nswt mnḫ m tꜣ pn r ḏr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.8

Then the majesty of the Dual King Sneferu was raised up as splendid king in this entire land.

A throne name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


šꜣsw

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ϣⲁⲥ (šas, “herd, shepherd”)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲥ (šōs, “herd, shepherd”)

Probably from šꜣs (“to travel, to wander”). A borrowing derived from Hebrew שָׁסָה (šāsā) or שָׁסַס (šāsas, “to plunder”) has also been suggested.

bor

Hebrew שָׁסָה (šāsā)

the Shasu, Semitic nomads originally from the area around Edom and Mount Seir, later also throughout southern Canaan

the land of the Shasu, the area around Edom and Mount Seir


ḫꜥ.f-rꜥ

→ English: Khafre, Khafra

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Χεφρήν (Khephrḗn), Κεφρήν (Kephrḗn), Κερφέρης (Kerphérēs), Χαβρύης (Khabrúēs)

→ English: Chephren

→ Ancient Greek: Σοῦφις (Soûphis), Σαῶφις (Saôphis)

/xɑːʔɛf rɑː/

From ḫꜥ (“to appear”) + .f (“he”) + rꜥ (“sun, Ra”), thus meaning ‘he appears as Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

A throne name notably borne by Khafre or Khafra, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


jdwmꜥ

i-A2-d-W-m:a-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Compare Hebrew אֱדוֹם (’eḏōm), Akkadian 𒌑𒁺𒈪 (Udumi), Edomite 𐤀𐤃𐤌 (ʾdm)

-t-W-n:Z2--g:r-H-D41:Y1-n:Z2-m-D37:Ba15s*t*Ba15as-z:S-Z9:D54-n:A-m:a-h-i-w:t-T14-A1:Ba15s*Z2*Ba15as-SA-A-sw-W-T14-A1:Z2-n-i-A2-!-d-W-m:a-T14-N25-G41-A-x:Ba15s*t*Ba15as-m-W-S20-pr:Ba15s*n*Ba15as-<-U7:n-p:t-H-G7-Htp:t-p-Hr-Z1-U5:a*t-H6->-G7-anx-DA-s-n:t*y-T:k-W-T14-N25-!-r-n:A-b-G41-A-y:r-Z1-k:A-b-W-ti-i-mw-N36:N23-Z2:n-pr-Z1-t:tm:Ba15s*im*Ba15as-G7--n-<--U7:Ba15s*n*Ba15as-p:t-H-G7-Htp:t-p-Hr-Z1-U5:a*t-H6->-!-n:t*y-T:k-W-T14-N25:r-s-anx-n:x-n:A-i-i-W-Z3A-r-s-anx-n:x-n:A-i-i-W-Z3A-!-i-A-w:t-O44-F28-Z3A-m-G41-A-kA-Z1-G7-aA:Y1:n-aA:pr*pr*G7-anx-DA-s-G41-A-ra-G7-!-nfr-f:r-n:tA:Z1*N23-nb:t
[tw.n] grḥ.(wj)n m ḏj[.t] sš nꜣ mhjwt šꜣsw n jdwmꜥ pꜣ ḫ[t]m [n] mrj.n-ptḥ-ḥtp-ḥr-mꜣꜥt ꜥnḫ-(w)ḏꜣ-s(nb) ntj ṯkw r nꜣ bꜣjrkꜣ{bw}tjw n pr tm [n] mrj.[n]-ptḥ-ḥtp-ḥr-mꜣꜥt ntj ṯkw r sꜥnḫ.w r sꜥnḫ nꜣy.w jꜣwt m pꜣ kꜣ ꜥꜣ n pr-ꜥꜣ ꜥnḫ-(w)ḏꜣ-s(nb) pꜣ rꜥ nfr n tꜣ nb{t}

c. 1213-1203 BCE, Letter of a Frontier Official in Papyrus Anastasi VI (British Museum EA 10245) (trans. James Henry Breasted)

We have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the Fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma, L.P.H., in Theku, to the pools of Pithom, of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their herds in the domain of Pharaoh, L.P.H., the good Sun of every land.


qysrs

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Καῖσαρ (Kaîsar), from Latin Caesar.


ꜣwtqrtr

Borrowed from Latin autocrator or Ancient Greek αὐτοκράτωρ (autokrátōr).

autocrator (usually as a title of a Roman emperor)


𓊗

Representing a circular threshing floor covered with grain kernels. Sometimes it appears as two concentric circles, but more detailed renderings show tiny oblong kernels of grain in the inner circle and green markings on the outer circle. Late forms of the glyph render it as two short diagonal lines inside a circle. The phonogrammatic value of zp is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a determinative for a threshing floor, zpt.

Biliteral phonogram for zp, as in zp (“time”).

Determinative in zpt (“threshing floor”).

Used in zp:Z1*Z1, a logogram for zpwj snwj (“twice”) that also functions as an iteration mark.


qrwjwꜣpꜣdrꜣt

Alternative spelling of qrwjwꜣpꜣdrꜣ (“Cleopatra”)


wrr

wr:r-r 2ae gem. (canonical)
wrr (infinitive)
wrr (infinitive negative)
wrrt (infinitive)
wrr (imperative infinitive singular)
wr (imperative infinitive singular)
wrr (imperative infinitive plural)
wr (imperative infinitive plural)
wrr (stative)
wr (stative)
ḥr wrr (imperfective)
m wrr (imperfective)
r wrr (prospective)
wrr.n (active perfect)
wr.n (active perfect)
wr.jn (active consecutive contingent)
wrrt (active terminative)
wr (active perfective)
wrr.ḫr (active obligative)
wrr (active imperfective)
wrr (active prospective)
wr.kꜣ (active potential)
wr (active subjunctive)
wr.n (active participle perfect)
wr (active participle perfective)
wr (participle passive perfective)
wrw (participle passive perfective)
wry (participle passive perfective)
wrr (active imperfective participle)
wrry (active imperfective participle)
wrrw (active imperfective participle)
wrrj (active imperfective participle)
wrr (imperfective participle passive)
wrrw (imperfective participle passive)
wr (active participle prospective)
wrtj (active participle prospective)
wrrtj (participle prospective)
wrrt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

wrrt

wrr.n.tj1, wr.n.tj1, wrr.n.tw2, wr.n.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">wr</i> before suffix pronouns.

(intransitive, of festivals) to be(come) great, magnificent

(intransitive) to be(come) physically big, large

(intransitive) to be(come) much, numerous, many in number or great in quantity

(intransitive, of abstract things) to be(come) great in degree or magnitude, strong, extreme

(intransitive, of time, rare) to be(come) long

(intransitive, of people) to be(come) older, senior, the elder among several

(intransitive, usually of people, royal possessions or sacred animals) to be(come) great, important, distinguished, exalted

(intransitive, of people, in titles) to be(come) the chief or main one

(intransitive, of the Nile) to be(come) high, swollen with floodwater, to be in inundation


wꜣḥ

wAH-H-Y1V 3-lit. (canonical)
wꜣḥ (infinitive)
wꜣḥw (infinitive negative)
wꜣḥ (infinitive negative)
wꜣḥt (infinitive)
wꜣḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
wꜣḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
wꜣḥ (stative)
ḥr wꜣḥ (imperfective)
m wꜣḥ (imperfective)
r wꜣḥ (prospective)
wꜣḥ.n (active perfect)
wꜣḥw (passive perfect)
wꜣḥ (passive perfect)
wꜣḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
wꜣḥt (terminative)
wꜣḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
wꜣḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
wꜣḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
wꜣḥ (active prospective)
wꜣḥḥ (passive prospective)
wꜣḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
wꜣḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
wꜣḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
wꜣḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
wꜣḥ (active participle perfective)
wꜣḥ (participle passive perfective)
wꜣḥw (participle passive perfective)
wꜣḥy (participle passive perfective)
wꜣḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
wꜣḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
wꜣḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
wꜣḥ (active imperfective participle)
wꜣḥj (active imperfective participle)
wꜣḥy (active imperfective participle)
wꜣḥ (imperfective participle passive)
wꜣḥw (imperfective participle passive)
wꜣḥ (active participle prospective relative)
wꜣḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
wꜣḥtj (participle prospective)
wꜣḥt (participle prospective)

Demotic: wꜣḥ

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh), ⲟⲩϩⲱ (ouhō)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟϩ (ouoh), ⲟⲩⲁϩ (ouah), ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)

(transitive) to lay (down), to put, to set (down)

(intransitive, as a non-attributive relative/emphatic form) used in introductory formulae for oaths, usually with a king or god as subject: As long as … endures, …


nb-r-ḏr

nb (“lord”) + r ḏr (“whole, to the limit”), thus meaning ‘Lord to the Limit’, i.e. ‘Lord of All’.


pḏt psḏt

Alternative transliteration of psḏt pḏt.


mn-ḫpr-rꜥ

From mn (“established, enduring”) + ḫpr (“manifestation, form”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘the Established One of the Manifestation of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A throne name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


psḏt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲯⲓϯ (psiti)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲯⲓⲥⲉ (psise), ⲯⲓⲧⲉ (psite)


psḏt

psḏt (singular)
psḏtj (dual)
psḏwt (plural)

the (Great) Ennead; the collection of nine gods worshipped at Heliopolis and taking part in the Heliopolitan creation myth, together representing the sum of all the elements of the created world: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.


ḏḥwtj-ms

ḏḥwtj (“Thoth”) + ms (“to give birth”) + (.w) (masculine third-person singular stative ending), thus ‘Thoth is born’.

af

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


kꜣ-nḫt-ḫꜥ-m-wꜣst

/kaʔ ˈnoːχə ˈχeʕjə mə ˈwoːsə/

kꜣ (“bull”) + nḫt (“strong, victorious”) + ḫꜥ (“to appear”) + m (“in”) + wꜣst (“Thebes”), thus literally ‘The Victorious Bull Appearing in Thebes’.

compound

A serekh name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


sḫm-pḥtj-ḏsr-ḫꜥw

sḫm (“powerful”) + pḥtj (“strength”) + ḏsr (“sacred”) + ḫꜥw (“appearances”), thus literally ‘Powerful of Strength, Sacred of Appearances’.

A gold name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


wꜣḥ-nsyt-mj-rꜥ-m-pt

wꜣḥ (“to endure”) + nsyt (“kingship”) + mj (“like”) + rꜥ (“the sun, Ra”) + m (“in”) + pt (“sky”), thus literally ‘Enduring of Kingship like the Sun (Ra) in the Sky’.

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


nbtj

The Two Ladies; the goddesses Wadjet and Nekhbet.

Conventionally written before a king’s Two Ladies name.


tfnwt

Ancient Greek: -θφηνις (-thphēnis)

Old Coptic: ⲧϥⲏⲛⲉ (tfēne)