šnbt

šnbt (singular)
šnbtj (dual)
šnbwt (plural)

M29-m-Y1V-w*y-M1-m*t-Y1:Z2-V31:r-sS:n-b-t:G11

The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

How pleasant is your grace to my breast!

The front of the upper body; the chest or breast


jmꜣ

jmꜣ (singular)
jmꜣwj (dual)
jmꜣw (plural)

a kind of fruit-bearing tree; the meaning of this term is uncertain.

the wood of this tree, used for making statues and tools


jt

Demotic:  (jṱ)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (eiōt)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱⲧ (iōt)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE


ḏd

D:d (canonical masculine)
ḏd (singular)
ḏdwj (dual)
ḏdw (plural)

infinitive of ḏd: manner of speech, language


ḏd

Old Coptic: ⲧⲁⲧ (tat)

epithet of the gods Ptah (in earlier writings) and Osiris (later)


spꜣt

spꜣt (singular)
spꜣtj (dual)
spꜣwt (plural)


spꜣt

qn:t*niwt (canonical feminine)
spꜣt (singular)
spꜣtj (dual)
spꜣwt (plural)


r n kmt

/ˈɾaʔ nə ˈkeːmə/

/ˈɾaʔ nə ˈkeːmə/

From r(ꜣ) (“mouth, speech”) + n(j) (“of”) + kmt (“Egypt”).


wr

D:d-t:n:f-M18-i-w-m-R4:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jj.w m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

12th Dynasty, Stela of Amenemhat, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, E567

May "welcome in peace" be said to him by the great ones of Abydos.

-W:A1:Z2-p*x:d:xr-Hr*Z1:D&d-SA:A-r:M:a-A4:Z2
wrw p(ꜣ)ḫd ḥr ḏd šꜣrm

c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, line 26

The overthrown princes are saying ‘Peace!’ (lit. ‘Shalom!’)

a chief or leader of a (generally foreign) group of people


ꜣbḏw

Uncertain. A development from ꜣbw (“elephant”) + ḏw (“mountain”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘elephant of the mountain’ in reference to the local topography, has been suggested.

(hapax) Abydenes, the people of Abydos collectively


ꜣbḏw

Ab-b-Dw-w-ad (canonical masculine)
ꜣbḏw (singular)
ꜣbḏwwj (dual)
ꜣbḏww (plural)

a kind of fish, often used medicinally, and mythologically said to pilot the solar barque or, in later times, to be a form of the sun god


šmꜥ

Traditionally considered a shortening of jt-šmꜥ (“Upper Egyptian barley”). Allen instead suggests that the word is a nominalized nisba adjective formed from šmꜥ (“thin”) + -(j) (nisba ending), referring to barley with fewer grains than jt-mḥ (“full barley”).

barley of some kind; see the etymology section above for discussion


ḥtp

D:d-t:n:f-ii-i-w-m-Htp:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

May "welcome in peace" be said to him by the great of Abydos.


ḥtp

ḥtp (singular)
ḥtpwj (dual)
ḥtpw (plural)


ḥtp

sw-t:Htp-di-ir:st-A40-nb-Dd-d:O49-w-nTr-O29V-nb-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḥtp ḏj nswt wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ nb-ꜣbḏw […]

An offering given by the king and Osiris, the Lord of Djedu, the Elder God, the Lord of Abydos […]


ṯꜣw

TAw-w (canonical masculine)
ṯꜣw (singular)
ṯꜣwwj (dual)
ṯꜣww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲏⲟⲩ (thēou)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu)

Old Coptic: ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu), ⲧⲏⲟⲩ (tēou)

D54-w-t:n-k:q-b-H-w-W15-mw-G39:Z2-m-x-xA-A-w:Z2-!-wA-A-H-sk-Y2:n-Hr-Z1-!-wA-A-t:N31-k-!-q:U2-A-T14-Y2:n-k:a-m:a-A-t-T14-k:r-s-!-xA-Z1-p-w-x:r-A15:Hr*Ba15s*Z1*Ba15as-Ba15s*x*Ba15as:r-xrw-w-A2-TAw-w-s
jwt n.k qbḥw m ḫꜣw wꜣḥ.n ḥr wꜣt.k qmꜣ n.k ꜥmꜥꜣt.k r.s ḫꜣ pw ḫr ḥr [ḫ]rw ṯꜣw.s

c. 1950 BCE, outer coffin of Amenemhat (Cairo 28092, B10Cᶜ), Coffin Texts Spell 62, I269e–I269i

Waterfowl will come to you in thousands and settle on your path. When you throw your throwstick at them, there’ll be a thousand fallen at the sound of its wind.


nwt

nwt (singular)
nwtj (dual)
nwwt (plural)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲉ (ne)

[Old and Middle Kingdom, Greco-Roman Period]


wḥm

wHm-m (canonical masculine)
wḥm (singular)
wḥmwj (dual)
wḥmw (plural)


bjnt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲟⲛⲓ (boni)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲁⲛⲓ (bani)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (boone)

bjn (“bad, evil”) + -t (“feminine ending”)


bjnt

b-i-n:t-xt (canonical feminine)
bjnt (singular)
bjntj (dual)
bjnwt (plural)

Demotic: bynt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ (ouōini)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲟⲓⲛⲉ (boine)


nḏs

nḏs (singular)
nḏswj (dual)
nḏsw (plural)

nw:k n:D-s-A1 i-q:r D:d m r:Z1-f
jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f

Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II, c. 1929–1878 BCE, Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78)

I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his [own] mouth.


rwd

rwd (singular)
rwdwj (dual)
rwdw (plural)


ḥꜣb

ḥꜣb (singular)
ḥꜣbwj (dual)
ḥꜣbw (plural)

Demotic: ḥb

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲟⲡ (hop)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲁⲡ (haap)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲁⲡ (hap)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲡ (hoop), ϩⲟⲡ (hop)


sqr

sqr (singular)
sqrwj (dual)
sqrw (plural)

Compare with Akkadian 𒄿𒊕𒄫 (i-šaq-qir /šaqāru, išaqqir/, “to pierce, to decimate”) and Arabic سَقَرَ (saqara, “to strike with hot heat, sunstroke, to burn up or scorch, to hurt or damage especially with heat”).


grg

grg (singular)
grgwj (dual)
grgw (plural)

Demotic: glk

Akhmimic Coptic: ϭⲁⲗ (cal)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϭⲁⲗ (cal)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϭⲁⲗ (cal)

Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲟⲗ (col)

D35-r:x-Y1:n-t-W-mA:mAa-a:t*Z5-Y1:Z2-r-g:r-grg-G37:Z2

c. 1650 BCE – 1550 BCE, Tales from Papyrus Westcar (pWestcar/pBerlin 3033) column 6, line 24

One cannot distinguish truth from falsehood.

unjust, unfair, or wrong way of thinking


ꜥḥꜣ

ꜥḥꜣ (singular)
ꜥḥꜣwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜣw (plural)


ꜣpd

ꜣpd (singular)
ꜣpdwj (dual)
ꜣpdw (plural)

Demotic: jpt

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱⲃⲉⲧ (ōbet)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲃⲧ (ōbt)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲃⲧ (ōbt), ⲱϥⲧ (ōft)

→ Ancient Greek: -ωβτ (-ōbt)

a-m-a-A-T14 r:G38-Z3

small waterfowl, perhaps particularly a duck


wsr

wsr (singular)
wsrwj (dual)
wsrw (plural)


jtn

i-t:n-ra (canonical masculine)
jtn (singular)
jtnwj (dual)
jtnw (plural)

→ English: Aten, Aton

the disc of any celestial body, including the sun, the moon, the stars, and the planets

Sn*t:n-W:D40:n-i-T:n:ra-Xr:r-s-x:r:Z2:f-mH:t:TAw-i-t:r:N36-n:U19:*nw-w-i-i-N35B:N36-xt:t*Z1:n-anx-Hn:Z2ss-M7-t*M39:nb:t
šnwt n(j) jṯn ẖr sḫrw.f mḥ(y)t jtr(w) nwy ḫt n(j) ꜥnḫ rnp(w)t nbt

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 19–20

What the sun disk encircles is under his directions, the north wind, the river, and water, grain and all fresh plants.

the Aten; the disc of the sun in particular, often as the manifestation of the solar god


spt

spt (singular)
sptj (dual)
spwt (plural)

Demotic: spy, sby

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲡⲓ (sōpi)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲡⲉ (sōpe), ⲥⲱⲃⲉ (sōbe)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *śapat (“lips”). Compare Proto-Semitic *śapat-.


šw

Sw-w-arq (canonical masculine)
šw (singular)
šwwj (dual)
šww (plural)


šw

destitute or needy person, one who has nothing


šw

light (of the sun or moon) falling on things, light as opposed to shadow; sunlight or moonlight


jꜣr

jꜣr (singular)
jꜣrwj (dual)
jꜣrw (plural)


ḥm-nṯr

nTr-Hm (canonical masculine)
ḥm-nṯr (singular)
ḥmwj-nṯr (dual)
ḥmw-nṯr (plural)

Demotic: ḥm-nṱr

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲛⲧ (hont)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦩𐦴 (ant /annata/)

From ḥm (“servant”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘servant of the god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


ḏd-mdw

Demotic: ḏd-mdt, ḏd-md

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲉⲙⲧⲁⲩ (čemtau)

/t͡ʃʼəməˈtʼøww/

/t͡ʃʼəməˈtʼøww/

ḏd (“to say”) + mdw (“speech, words”), with ḏd in the infinitive.

md-D*i-N-i-mn:n:ra*Z1-nb:W11*W11*W11:N17:N17-N21:N21

c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

A recitation by Amun-Ra, Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands.

(singular only) recitation (+ jn or (since the 19th Dynasty) n: by; + ḥr: about; + ḫft: when doing); used as a title to introduce various kinds of text to be recited

introduces the words spoken by a particular god in temple inscriptions, monuments, and old religious texts

introduces the main bulk of a religious spell or utterance, after any prologues

introduces a line of text in general in some collections of religious utterances

introduces the name of a god, without any following text to be recited

(uncommon) written in place of omitted text; ‘the usual (words to recite)’

(rare, only attested in a single manuscript) introduces explanatory glosses to a text

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see ḏd, mdw.


ḫꜣy

ḫꜣy (singular)
ḫꜣywj (dual)
ḫꜣyw (plural)


ḫꜣwt

ḫꜣwt (singular)
ḫꜣwtj (dual)
ḫꜣwwt (plural)


ḫt n ꜥnḫ

ḫt n ꜥnḫ (singular)
ḫtwj nwj ꜥnḫ (dual)
ḫtw nw ꜥnḫ (plural)

ḫt + n(j) + ꜥnḫ, literally “the wood of life”.

(idiomatic, a kenning) plant-based food, often specifically corn or grain as food for humans in opposition to herbs (smw) for cattle


bjt

Heavily disputed. The final -t is usually considered a separate feminine ending in origin rather than a part of the root, but this is not wholly certain. Etymological hypotheses include:
* Cognate with Beja wíyu.
* From an earlier form *brt, in which case there are a number of mutually exclusive possibilities:
** Cognate with El Molo póruat (“bee”).
** Cognate with Western Rift *baʾara (“bee”) and its descendants: Iraqw baʾārmō (“bee”), Burunge băʾălĭmŭ (“bee”), Alagwa baʾaramo (“fly, bee”).
** Cognate with Mofu-Gudur béber (“horsefly”).
** Cognate with Pévé b̰úr (“honey (?)”)
* From an earlier form *blt, cognate with Kulere ʾabyál (“honey”), Mazagway bŏlŏ́m (“honey”), Musey mbulyuma (“honey”), Lele (Chad) bùlò (“hive”).
Several linguists have also proposed an areal connection with Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”), noting the existence of a number of parallels between Afroasiatic and Indo-European bee-keeping terminology.


bjt

Demotic:  (jby)

Coptic: ⲉⲃⲓⲱ (ebiō)


bjt

bjt (singular)
bjtj (dual)
bjwt (plural)

flat cake (of some given substance) in general


jkn

jkn (singular)
jknwj (dual)
jknw (plural)

i-w-i-k\:n-W10:n-mw-a:x-m-Q7-mw-f-i-b-t-E8-
-i-w-mH:t-Y1-r-Z1-m-H6A-w-w-Hn-Z2ss-s-mn:n-Y1:f-ib-Z1
jw jkn n(j) mw ꜥḫm.f jbt jw mḥ{t}⟨w⟩ r(ꜣ) m šww smn.f jb

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.5–1.6

For a cup of water quenches thirst, for a mouthful of šww-herbs makes the heart firm.


ḥꜥpj

ḥꜥpj (singular)
ḥꜥpjwj (dual)
ḥꜥpjw (plural)

(often in the plural) inundation of the Nile


nšt

nšt (singular)
nštj (dual)
nšwt (plural)


ḥnqt

ḥnqt (singular)
ḥnqtj (dual)
ḥnqwt (plural)

Demotic: ḥnq, ḥnqe, ḥnqy, ḥq

Coptic: ϩⲛⲕⲉ (hnke) (Sahidic), ϩⲉⲙⲕⲓ (hemki) (Bohairic)

xA-m-X2:W22-F1:H1-n:kA:n-ns:a
ḫꜣ m t ḥnqt kꜣw ꜣpdw n kꜣ n jmj-r […]

The Stela of Sa-Setet/Sa-Satis (Louvre Museum 271)

Thousand of bread and beer, cattle and fowl for the ka of the overseer […]


jrp

jrp (singular)
jrpwj (dual)
jrpw (plural)

Demotic: jrp

Coptic: ⲏⲣⲡ (ērp) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ⲏⲗⲡ (ēlp) (Fayyumic)

→ Old Nubian: ⲟⲣⲡⲁ (orpa)

→ Ancient Greek: ἕρπις (hérpis)

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 82


mw

Demotic: mw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (maou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲱⲟⲩ (mōou)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲟⲩ (moou)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: μῶυ (môu), μῶϋ (môü), μῶς (môs), -μοου (-moou)

An origin in a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *maʔ- has been suggested, but as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking; compare Proto-Semitic *māy-. The word is a frozen plural, with an original root *m or *mj, the latter of which is supported by the phonetic use of the hieroglyph to write nmjw (“dwarf”).

only attested in the Tale ofthe Eloquent Peasant

area covered by water, water as opposed to land or sky

wr:r-D-Y2:a-t*F51B:Z2-m-F51B:r-A40-D35-wr:r-D-Y2:zp*y-
-D35-H-wA-A-Aa2-s-n:Z2-A-d:Aa2-s-n:Z2-D35-HASH-HASH-HASH-HASH-ir-mw-Dw-w-Aa2-Z3A
wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [bn.sn nj] jr mw ḏw

c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755

The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, [they] won’t [swell up, won’t] make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).

s-T:z:t-U39-M22-M22-nw-w-A7:Z2-n:wr:r:d-A7:ib*Z1-x:n:p:t*fnD-N35B:f-ir:t:E9-a:w*F44-
-Sd:d:t*D27-n:x:n-Xrd-m-wa:a:a-w-D35:r:x:Y1-b-w:f-i-m-b-s-t:K5:D54-sw-w-a*Z1:f-n&xt-w-m-Xn-nw:pr-
-gb-b
sṯzt nnw n(j) wrd(w)-jb ḫnpt mw.f jrt jwꜥw šdt nḫn m wꜥꜥw nj rḫ bw.f jm bst sw ꜥ.f nḫtw m ẖnw wsḫt gbb

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 16–17

who raised the limpness of the weary-hearted, who took in his water (semen), who made an heir, who suckled the child in solitude where his location was unknown, who introduced him when his arm grew strong into the hall of Geb.


ꜣt

A-t:Z5-ra-p-W-k\:t-t:nDs-d-A-i-r-rwd-A24-ib-Z1-x-a-w-nDs-p-W-A-f:a-
-i-w-Dba-a:t-A2-i-m
ꜣt pw ktt dꜣjr jb ḫw(w) pw ꜣfꜥ jw ḏbꜥ.t(w) jm

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.4–1.5

Controlling oneself (lit. Subduing the heart) is a little moment; gluttony is something to be precluded, as it is pointed to in reproach.

a small unit of time, smaller than an hour (wnwt) but larger than a ḥꜣt; approximately a minute


ꜣt

pr-r:f-r:f-i-r-p*t:pt-m-m-s-b-sbA-sbA-sbA-m-m-i-x:m-D35-w-s-k-i--sbA-sbA-sbA--
-A-t:F9-<-p-p-i-i->-tp:p-f-S:a-t:*T30-f:r-gs:gs-f-H-kA-kA-kA-f-i-r--rd--rd--f-

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 474.4–474.5 (Pyr. 940a–940c), P

pr.f r.f jr pt mm sbꜣw mm j.ḫmw-skj ꜣt ppy tp.f šꜥt.f r gswj.f ḥkꜣw.f jr rd[wj.f]

striking power, readiness or ferocity to strike


ꜣt

Late Egyptian form of jꜣt (“back, spine”)


ꜣt

Late Egyptian form of jꜣt (“standard for carrying cult images”)


ꜣꜣt

Alternative form of jꜣꜣt (“a type of club or scepter”)


ꜣjwj

(medicine, dual only) (pair of) bandages to hold together a gaping wound


ꜣjs

ꜣjs (singular)
ꜣjswj (dual)
ꜣjsw (plural)

(medicine) viscera in general (both of humans and of animals), including the brain

(derogatory) scum, contemptible person; a term of abuse


ꜥꜣꜥ

a kind of noxious substance that acts as a factor of illness in the belly, heart, or limbs, said to be brought about by the dead or by malevolent gods


ꜥꜣꜥ

(hapax) A symptom of illness relating to hair loss. The meaning of this term is uncertain.


ꜥꜣꜥ

a-A- a (canonical masculine)
ꜥꜣꜥ (singular)
ꜥꜣꜥwj (dual)
ꜥꜣꜥw (plural)


ꜥꜣꜥ

D35-pA-zp:p-xpr-Dr-r:k-Y1-ra-C1-m-a-A-a-mw-n-[&-DA-A-m-A1-Z3-n-Ba16a-mH:ib*Z1-A1-n&xt-A24
nj pꜣ zp ḫpr ḏr rk rꜥ m ꜥꜣꜥ n(j) ⟨ḏꜣm n⟩ mḥ jb nḫt
It has never happened since the time of Ra through the valor of the trusty victorious ⟨recruits⟩.

c. 2100 BCE, Tomb of Ankhtifi, quoted in Gardiner 1948


ꜣꜥꜥ

ꜣꜥꜥ (singular)
ꜣꜥꜥwj (dual)
ꜣꜥꜥw (plural)

According to the Rösslerian school of Egyptian comparison, from earlier *lꜥꜥ, from Proto-Afroasiatic *laɣ- (?) (“to speak”); compare Proto-Semitic *lɣz, Arabic لَغَزَ (laḡaza, “to speak enigmatically, to use puzzling or riddle-like language”), Hebrew לעז (“to speak a foreign language”).

cog

(Late Egyptian) speaker of a foreign language, generally a foreigner or interpreter


ꜣꜥꜥt

ꜣꜥꜥt (singular)
ꜣꜥꜥtj (dual)
ꜣꜥꜥwt (plural)

aD:d-W-nw-V25-Z5-mn:n-t:Z9-nw-.-.-.-.-.-V1*V1*V1:V1*V1*V1:V1*V1*V1-V20-Z1-!-aD:d-W-nw-r-Z1-G38-mn:n-t:Z9-nw-.-.-V1*V1*V1-V20*V20*V20*V20:V20*V20*V20*V20-Z1*Z1*Z1:Z1*Z1-!-s-mi-i-i-nw-mn:n-t:Z9-nw-.-.-.-.-.-.-V20:V20-!-Y1:Z91-A-a:a-t-W24-d:n-s-mn:n-U32:O39-.-M12*M12*M12:M12*M12*M12:M12*M12*M12-V1-V20:V20-Z1*Z1*Z1:Z1*Z1
…
ꜥḏw ⸢ḥḏ⸣ mnt-.-.-911
ꜥḏw rꜣ mnt-.-.-385
smy mnt-.-.-20
dmḏ ꜣꜥꜥt dns-.-.-9125
…
⸢White⸣ fat: 911 jars

c. 1150 BCE, Papyrus Harris I, plate 15a, lines 7–10

Goose fat: 385 jars
Curds: 20 jars
Total of weighted jars: 9125


ꜣꜥꜥnj

ꜣꜥꜥnj (singular)
ꜣꜥꜥnjwj (dual)
ꜣꜥꜥnjw (plural)


ꜣꜥw

ꜣꜥw (singular)
ꜣꜥwwj (dual)
ꜣꜥww (plural)

storage case for scribal materials, papyri, and other implements


ꜣꜥw

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜣꜥbt

ꜣꜥbt (singular)
ꜣꜥbtj (dual)
ꜣꜥbwt (plural)

harm, oppression, especially of the poor and unfortunate


swnt

swnt (singular)
swntj (dual)
swnwt (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ (souen)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲛⲧ (sount)


ẖrd

X:r:d-Xrd (canonical masculine)
ẖrd (singular)
ẖrdwj (dual)
ẖrdw (plural)

Demotic: ẖrtṱ

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲣⲟϯ (xroti) (only attested in the plural)

⇒ Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲗⲁϯ (hlati) (only attested in the plural)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲁⲧ (rat), ϧⲣⲱⲧ (xrōt)

s-wD-D:w-T:n:Z2 O44-t:Z1:Z2-T:n:Z2 n:X-r:d-Xrd:Z2-T:n:Z2 mi-i D:d-T:n:Z2
[…] swḏ.ṯn jꜣwt.ṯn n ẖrdw.ṯn mj ḏd.ṯn […]

c. 13th Dynasty, Naos of Hori, Kunsthistorisches Museum 186, Vienna

[… as] you wish to bequeath your offices to your children, so you should say […]


wꜣḏ

wAD (canonical masculine)
wꜣḏ (singular)
wꜣḏwj (dual)
wꜣḏw (plural)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *wrḳ-. If so, cognate with Proto-Semitic *waraq- (“green”).


wꜣḏ

wꜣḏ (singular)
wꜣḏwj (dual)
wꜣḏw (plural)

(usually in the plural) a papyriform column or pillar


wꜣḏ

a papyrus-stem-shaped amulet conveying freshness and vigour


wꜣḏ

offspring, generally in reference to the king as son of a god or Horus as son of Osiris


nb-ḫꜥw

From nb (“lord, possessor”) + ḫꜥw (“appearance in glory, shining-forth”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of appearances in glory’. Sometimes the second part is instead interpreted as ḫꜥw (“crown”), etymologically the same word.

compound

a common epithet for the king: ‘Lord of Appearances’

nb:tA:tA-<-ra-Dsr-kA->-nb:xa*Z2ss-<-i-mn:n-Htp:t*p->
nb-tꜣwj ḏsr-kꜣ-rꜥ nb-ḫꜥw jmn-ḥtp […]

20th Dynasty, c. 1150 BCE, Votive bust of a ram ([www.khm.at/de/object/318393/ Kunsthistorisches Museum 1029])

The Lord of the Two Lands, Djeserkare, Lord of Appearances, Amenhotep […]

used as a title preceding the fifth (given) name in the royal titulary


wꜥb

wꜥb (singular)
wꜥbwj (dual)
wꜥbw (plural)

Demotic:  (wꜥb)

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲓⲉⲓⲃⲉ (ouieibe), ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲃⲉ (oueibe), ⲟⲩⲓⲃⲉ (ouibe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲃ (ouēb)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲃ (ouēēb), ⲟⲩⲏⲃ (ouēb), ⲟⲩⲉⲃ (oueb), ⲟⲩⲉϥ (ouef), ⲟⲩⲏⲉⲃ (ouēeb)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲃ (ouēēb)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲃ (ouēēb)

i-A1-anx-w-A1-Z3-tp:p-w-tA:N23
wn-n:n:t-s-m-S-s-Sms-n:xnt-t-R13-tyw-A44-n:wp-N31:N31:N31-E16-U7:r:r-w-anx-n:x-ms-D:D-w-x:p-t:D54
A6-A1-Z3-nw-w-nTr-O29V-A40-nTr-Hm-A1-Z3-nb:n-Ab-b-Dw:niwt
j ꜥnḫw tp(j)w tꜣ
wnnt(j).s⟨n⟩ m šmsw n(j) ḫnt(j)-jmntjw n(j) wp-wꜣwt mrrw ꜥnḫ msḏḏw ḫpt

c. 2015 B.C.E., Meru, Stela of Meru (Turin 1447), textfield lines 2-4

O living ones who are on the earth,
who will be in the retinue of Khentamentiu and Wepwawet, who love life and hate dying,
cleaner-priests of the elder god and all priests of Abydos!

the lowest level of priest, literally a “cleaner”, responsible for cleaning and purifying the temple and preparing ritual offerings


jz

i-iz-z:pr (canonical masculine)
jz (singular)
jzwj (dual)
jzw (plural)

r-di-Hm-f-
--s--f:T-W1-x-w-z-A34-n:Ba15s*f*Ba15as-
-i-iz-z-
-i-n-iz-iz-iz-n:t-
-qd-A1-A1-A1
rḏj ḥm.f [s]fṯ ḫwz n[.f] jz jn jzwt nt (j)qdw

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 6–9

His Majesty gave pine oil and (ordered) that a tomb be built for him by a gang of builders.

q*Z1:r-s-t:Q6 nfr-f:r:t m i-iz-s-pr:f nfr-f:r:n-

12th Dynasty, coffin of Nakhtankh, British Museum EA 35285

[…] a good burial in his wonderful tomb of the necropolis […]

D35:n-i-iz-pr*Z1:n-s-b-i-A13-Hr:Z1-Hm-Z1:f-i-w-XA:t-Aa2:f-m-q:H_SPACE-T14-Y1:n-mw

c. 1859 BCE – 1813 BCE, The Loyalist Teaching (Stele of Sehetepibre/Cairo CG 20538 Verso) line 19

There is no tomb for a rebel against His Majesty; his corpse is thrown to the water.

tomb (including both walled structures and rock-cut tombs)

Y4-stp:p-W-Y1:A1-HAt:t*y-ib-Z1-wAH-H-Y1-nD-nw-nD-nw-A2-r-Z1-A2--…--
-Hm-Z1-A1:n-nb-Z94*Z94-n:nw*W-niwt-m-i-iz-s-y-Hn-pr:n-Y4-W-V12:Z1
zẖꜣw stpw ḥꜣtj wꜣḥ nḏnḏ r […] ḥm n(j) nb ḫmnw m jsj n(j) zẖꜣw

c. 1203 BCE – 1189 BCE, Satirical Letter of Hori (pAnastasi I/British Museum EA 10247) lines 1.1–1.2

The scribe, choicest of mind and enduring of advice, [is …] a servant of the lord of Hermopolis in the bureau of writings, […]

(often dual during the Old Kingdom) administrative chamber, bureau

U2:ir-A-A-kA:t-A9-m-i-iz-z:pr:n-N42:t-U25-A1-nb-i-n-pr:aA-s-HD-
ir
-Xnm-n-anx
mꜣꜣ kꜣt m jz n(j) ḥmwt nb(t) jn sḥḏ jr(w)-ꜥnt pr-ꜥꜣ n(j)-ꜥnḫ-ẖnm(w)

5th Dynasty, late 25th Century BCE, Saqqara, mortuary complex of Unas, mastaba of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, east wall of the rock chamber, south section, top right, scene 30.B, caption in front of Niankhkhnum

Viewing of the work in the workshop of all craftsmen by the inspector of manicurists of the palace, Niankhkhnum.

workshop, especially for the preparation of ointments


gs

g-s-gs (canonical masculine)
gs (singular)
gswj (dual)
gsw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲟⲥ (čos)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϭⲁⲥ (cas)

Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲟⲥ (cos)


ws

w-s-pr (canonical masculine)
ws (singular)
wswj (dual)
wsw (plural)

(only used in the phrase pr-m-ws) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

crack or some other reference point from which the height of a pyramid is measured


ꜥḥꜥ

ꜥḥꜥ (singular)
ꜥḥꜥwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜥw (plural)

i:n zA-Z1-s-n:Z2 mr:r-s-n:Z2 A21-w-s-n:Z2 s-anx-n:x r:n-s-n:Z2 Hr:Z1 aHa-Z1:O39 p:n
[…] jn sꜣ.sn mr.sn šmsw.sn sꜥnḫ rnw.sn ḥr ꜥḥꜥ pn […]

Early Middle Kingdom, Stela of Inher-hotep, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ÄS 90

[…] by their beloved eldest son, who makes their names live on before this stela […]


mꜥḥꜥt

m-aHa-t:pr (canonical feminine)
mꜥḥꜥt (singular)
mꜥḥꜥtj (dual)
mꜥḥꜥwt (plural)

⇒ Demotic: mḥw, mẖw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙϩⲱ (mhō)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙϩⲁⲩ (mhau), ⲉⲙϩⲁⲩ (emhau)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲙϩⲉⲟⲩ (emheou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙϩⲉⲉⲩ (mheeu)

Old Coptic: ⲙϩⲁⲟⲩⲉ (mhaoue)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙϩⲁⲁⲩ (mhaau), ⲙϩⲁⲟⲩ (mhaou), ⲙϩⲁⲩⲉ (mhaue)


wḥꜣt

wḥꜣt (singular)
wḥꜣtj (dual)
wḥꜣwt (plural)

cauldron in the afterworld in which evildoers are punished


nṯr

nṯr (singular)
nṯrwj (dual)
nṯrw (plural)

Demotic:  (ntr)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (noute), ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (nounte)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϯ (nouti)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩϯ (nouti)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (noute)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (noute)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (noute)

nṯrtj

implement for; opening the mouth” of the deceased”

D35-r:x-Y1-n:t-w-xpr-r:*t-Z2:ir-r:*t-nTr-Z1-x*t:f-U35-A24-f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.2

One cannot know what might come to be or what the god might do when he punishes.


ꜣtp

m:a-t:n:Z2-D35:t*t-nDs-m-rd-s-H_SPACE:W-xt-s-m-nb:t-A-t:p-A9-xt-
-gm-m-H-t:D6-Hr-Z1-s-m-mw-m-nb:t-anx-Z1-N34
m.tn jwtt {m} pdsw.s m nbt ꜣtp gmḥt ḥr.s m mw m nbt ꜥnḫ

c. 1295 BCE – 1186 BCE, The Admonitions of Ipuwer (pLeiden I 344 Recto) line 8.5

Look, she who had no box is the owner of a chest; she who observed her face in the water is the owner of a mirror.


ṯzt

T:z-t-Tz (canonical feminine)
ṯzt (singular)
ṯztj (dual)
ṯzwt (plural)

ṯz (“to tie, to knot, to marshal”) + -t (“feminine suffix”)


ṯzt

ṯzt (singular)
ṯztj (dual)
ṯzwt (plural)


ṯzt

Tz:t:xAst (canonical feminine)
ṯzt (singular)
ṯztj (dual)
ṯzwt (plural)


ꜣkr

ꜣkr (singular)
ꜣkrwj (dual)
ꜣkrw (plural)

(usually in the plural) one of many gods representing forces of the earth, often imagined as serpents


jmnt

From jmn (“western”) + -t (feminine ending).


bḥz

bḥz (singular)
bḥzwj (dual)
bḥzw (plural)


ḏꜣḏꜣ

Demotic: ḏꜣḏꜣ, ḏḏ

Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲱ⸗ (čō⸗)

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱϫ (čōč), ϫⲱ⸗ (čō⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲱϫ (čōč), ϫⲱ⸗ (čō⸗)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϫⲱϫ (čōč), ϫⲱ⸗ (čō⸗)

Old Coptic: ϫⲱ⸗ (čō⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱϫ (čōč), ϫⲱ⸗ (čō⸗)

/ˈt͡ʃʼaʀt͡ʃʼaʀ/

/ˈt͡ʃʼaːt͡ʃʼə/

/ˈt͡ʃʼoːt͡ʃʼ/

/ˈt͡ʃʼaʀt͡ʃʼaʀ/

/ˈt͡ʃʼaːt͡ʃʼə/

/ˈt͡ʃʼoːt͡ʃʼ/

Related to Arabic جُمْجُمَة (jumjuma, “skull”) and Biblical Hebrew גֻּלְגֹּלֶת (gulgṓleṯ, “skull”).


ꜣ

A (canonical masculine)
A (singular)
ꜣ (singular)
ꜣwj (dual)
ꜣw (plural)

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔay- (“bird of prey”). Compare also Proto-Semitic *ʔayy- (“bird of prey”).

inh

D-tp:Z1:n-<-ra:mr-i-i->-p:n-m-A-pr:r-f:r-f:S-Sw-w-i-i-f-r:f-i-r:p-t:pt

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 539.1–539.2 (Pyr. 1303a–1303b), P

ḏd-(mdw) tp n(j) mry-rꜥ pn m ꜣ pr.f r.f šwy.f r.f jr pt

s-Dr:r-A55-n-D-H-w&t-n:xt:x*t-p:n-m-wr:r-A40-p:f-x:r-A15:Hr-gs:Z1:f-
-wr:r-S:N8-f-A-i-s-snD-w-s-sxm-x-m-m-tp:p-t:f-A40
sḏr.n ḏḥwt(j)-nḫt pn m wr pf ḫr ḥr gs.f wrš.f ꜣ j.snḏw sḫm m tpt.f

c. 2050 BCE – 1950 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1Bo (outer coffin of Djehutinakht, Boston 20.1822–27) line 323–324, spell 677

Translation by Faulkner
Djehutinakht has spent the night as yonder Great One who fell on his side, he passes the day as the vulture which is feared, being mighty by means of what is on him (i.e. his protective amulets).

Neophron percnopterus
Neophron percnopterus#Translingual

the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)

i-w-r:x:Y1-k:w-Sm:t-t:w-H_SPACE:t-A53-D54:t:Z1-
-a:xrp:a-[sic]-w-nw:Z1-A-Z1:H_SPACE-mD:Z1
jw(.j) rḫ.kw šmt twt nmtt rpwt ꜥḥꜥw nw ꜣ mḏw-wꜥ

c. 2061–2010 BCE, Stela of Irtisen (Louvre C14), lines 9–10

I know the gait of a male figure, the stride of a female figure, and the stances of the eleven birds.


ꜥ

Demotic: ꜥ (“state, condition”)

Demotic:  (ꜥ.wy, “arms, portion, pair”)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi, “pair, couple”)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi, “pair, couple”)

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-, collective numeral prefix; place-name prefix)

⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-, collective numeral prefix; place-name prefix)

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *yad- (“hand”).

wn:n-O31:a-N33A:n-[&-A1-Ba16a-a*Z1:a*Z1-T:n:N33A-b-n-tyw-
N33A
wn n⟨.j⟩ ꜥwj.ṯn bntjw
Open your arms to ⟨me⟩, baboons!

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 4

‘hand’ of an animal: hoof of a cow, foot of a crocodile, etc.

specific measure of a substance such as food, liquid, or myrrh; portion

individual item of something countable, item, piece

pair of something generally found in pairs

area, region, portion (of a country, piece of land, or building)

region of the sky where something, particularly the sun, is located

(chiefly Late Egyptian) state, condition

(chiefly Late Egyptian, with following infinitive as a genitive) manner (of doing something, such as moving or flying)


ꜥ

Demotic: ꜥ.t


ꜥ

(chiefly Late Egyptian) wooden shaft, particularly as a carriage pole or drawbar


ꜥ

Demotic:  (ꜥ.wy, “house”)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

Old Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

From earlier a:t*pr (ꜥt, “room”), or else a formation from the same root.


ꜥwꜣy

ꜥwꜣy (singular)
ꜥwꜣywj (dual)
ꜥwꜣyw (plural)


ꜥwꜣy

the hippopotamus and crocodile, seen as enemies of Horus


twt

twt (singular)
twtwj (dual)
twtw (plural)

Demotic: twtw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ (thouōt)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ (touōt)


hb

h-b-hb (canonical masculine)
hb (singular)
hbwj (dual)
hbw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲉⲃⲓ (hebi)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲃ̄ⲃⲉ (hb̄be)

s-kA-hb-wAH-h-b-hb

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), upper register, caption above plowman


znf

znf (singular)
znfwj (dual)
znfw (plural)

Demotic:  (snf)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁϥ (snaf)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲟϥ (snof)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁϥ (snaf), ⲥⲛⲟϥ (snof)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁϥ (snaf)

Old Coptic: ⲥⲛⲟⲃ (snob)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲟϥ (snof), ⲥⲛⲟⲃ (snob)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *ʒin- with an uncertain suffix -f, according to Orel and Stolbova’s very tentative reconstruction. If so, perhaps cognate with West Chadic *ʒin- (“blood”), whence Hausa jini.


stp

stp (singular)
stpwj (dual)
stpw (plural)

h-A-D54:k\-w-A1-r-M14-wr-r:N36-m-d:p*t-P1-n:t-mH:a-V1-V20:V20-m-Aw-W-s-!-mH:a-V20:V20-V20:V20-m-s-x-w-D32-s-s-qd-d-A30-A1-V1-V20:V20-i-m-s-m-stp:Y2-n:km-m-t:niwt
hꜣ.kw r wꜣḏ-wr m dpt nt št-mḏwtj mḥ m ꜣw.s ḥmw mḥ m sḫw.s št-mḏwtj sqd jm.s m stp n(j) kmt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 24–28

I had gone down to the sea in a boat of a hundred twenty cubits in length and forty cubits in breadth, with a hundred twenty sailors in it of the choice of Egypt.

the choice(st), the select; the best or most preferable one


mdw-nṯr

nTr-md (canonical masculine)
nTr-md (singular)
mdw-nṯr (singular)
nTr-md-y (dual)
mdwj-nṯr (dual)
mdw-nṯr (plural)

From mdw (“word”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the god’s word’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

mDAt:t*Z1-arq:Z2-n:t-nTr-md-Z3 ― mḏꜣwt n(w)t mdw-nṯr ― books of sacred writings

sacred literature traditionally written in hieroglyphic writing

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see mdw, nṯr.


kꜣmn

kꜣmn (singular)
kꜣmnwj (dual)
kꜣmnw (plural)


bwt

bwt (singular)
bwtj (dual)
bwwt (plural)

abomination, loathsome or detested thing, anathema


jꜣꜣt

jꜣꜣt (singular)
jꜣꜣtj (dual)
jꜣꜣwt (plural)


jꜣꜣt

i-A-A-t:Hn (canonical feminine)
jꜣꜣt (singular)
jꜣꜣtj (dual)
jꜣꜣwt (plural)


jꜣꜣyt

Alternative form of jꜣꜣt (“rod, branch”)


jꜣjw

(plural only) an epithet for braids of hair, probably meaning “dancers”


jꜣꜥ

i-A-a (canonical masculine)
jꜣꜥ (singular)
jꜣꜥwj (dual)
jꜣꜥw (plural)


jry

jry (singular)
jrywj (dual)
jryw (plural)


ꜥꜣmt

ꜥꜣmt (singular)
ꜥꜣmtj (dual)
ꜥꜣmwt (plural)

Demotic: ꜥꜣm.t

From ꜥꜣm (“Semite”) + -t (feminine ending).


wfj

wfj (singular)
wfjwj (dual)
wfjw (plural)


ꜣꜥz

ꜣꜥz (singular)
ꜣꜥzwj (dual)
ꜣꜥzw (plural)

(hapax) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜣd

to put an end to or fend off (someone’s) fury


mꜣ

U2:ir- -Z1 (canonical masculine)
mꜣ (singular)
mꜣwj (dual)
mꜣw (plural)


mdwt

Demotic: mt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ- (mn̄t-)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲧ- (met-)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲧ- (met-)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ- (mn̄t-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ- (mn̄t-)

words constituting the contents of something specified; wording, text (of a command, letter, etc.)

(of the heart/mind) thoughts, words thought internally

matter, affair, issue (+ genitive: of, concerning (someone or something))

(with following term) forms abstract nouns; -ness

used as a generic object for certain verbs such as wḏ (“to command”) and wḏꜥ (“to judge”)


nṯrt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲑⲱⲣⲓ (enthōri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ (ntōre)

From nṯr (“god”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).


mꜣꜥt

mꜣꜥt (singular)
mꜣꜥtj (dual)
mꜣꜥwt (plural)

Demotic: mꜣꜥt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲉ (mēe), ⲙⲓⲉ (mie)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲓ (mēi), ⲙⲉⲓ (mei)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓ (mei), ⲙⲉⲉⲓ (meei), ⲙⲏⲓ (mēi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲏⲉ (mēe)

Old Coptic: ⲙⲉ (me)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲉ (me), ⲙⲉⲉ (mee), ⲙⲏⲉ (mēe)

→ English: maat

An abstract noun formed from mꜣꜥ (“to direct, to be just, to be true”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

s-mn:n:Y1-mAat-n:nb:z-r:a-w-Aa18*Z1:r-i-s-f:t:nDs

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 23–24

Righteousness has been established for its possessor, and the back is turned on wrong.


znt

znt (singular)
zntj (dual)
znwt (plural)

→ English: senet

znt nt ḥꜥb

literally the full Egyptian name of senet


dwꜣt

Old Coptic: ⲧⲏ (tē)

→ English: duat

s-q:Aa7-T2-n:k-r:d-rd-rd-rd-d-A-t:dwAt-i-r-b-w-n:t-s-sAH-dwA-i-m-
-O43:p-i-H-F1-p*t:pt-dwA-a:Z1-k

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 610.20–610.21 (Pyr. 1717a–1717b), M

sqr n.k r(w)dw ⟨jr⟩ d(w)ꜣt jr bw nt(j) sꜣḥ jm šzp jḥ-pt ꜥ.k

In early conceptions, the region in the eastern sky where the sun and stars rise, which serves as the abode of the dead king

imi:Z2ss-dwA:t*pr-m-z:n:fnD:N17:N21*Z1-Tz:t-tyw-Z2ss:H_SPACE-m-k:A16*Z3-
-Dr:r-tyw-Z2ss:H_SPACE-m-T:H-w-bH:Z2-U3-z:n:Z2-sw-w-n:t-tyw-Z2ss:H_SPACE-i-m-A51-Z3-Hr:Z1-n:r:nr-D40:n:f
jmjw dwꜣt m sn-tꜣ ṯztjw m ksw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 6–7

Those in the afterworld kiss the earth, and those in the desert hills bow down.
The ancestors are in joy when they see him, and the dead are in awe of him.

Szp:p-D40:n-n:z-dwA-t:pr-i-f:F51*Z1:N33A-A40-i-r-p*t:pt-
-r:Y1-anx-n:x-k-i-f:F51*Z1:N33A-A40-m-tA:N23*Z1-d:z:r-Y1-n:k
šzp.n n.s dwꜣt j(w)f jr(j) pt r ꜥnḫ.k j(w)f m tꜣ dsr n.k

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) Second Hour, closing text

The afterworld has received to itself the flesh belonging to the sky in order that you live, flesh, in the ground set aside for you.

Later, the region underneath the earth through which the sun passes at night, in which Osiris and the dead dwell

The underworld of a city as a place of dead gods

Epithet for the crypt in the Temple of Dendera


dwꜣt

dwꜣt (singular)
dwꜣtj (dual)
dwꜣwt (plural)


dwꜣt

d:wA-dwA:t (canonical feminine)
dwꜣt (singular)
dwꜣtj (dual)
dwꜣwt (plural)


dwꜣt

Used in the phrase pr:Z1-d-wA-dwA:t-pr pr-dwꜣt (“‘House of Morning’, a place of purification”)

Used in the phrase Hr:r-s-S:t*U30-n-pr:Z1-d-wA-dwA*t:pr, referring to a royal cloakroom official


dꜣt

Later form of dwꜣt (“the afterworld (Duat)”)


wprt

wprt (singular)
wprtj (dual)
wprwt (plural)

a sidelock of hair, the traditional hairstyle of children


wprt

a type of priestess of a particular district


wp-hrw

wp (“opener”) + hrw (“day”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘opener of day’.


ḫꜣt

ḫꜣt (singular)
ḫꜣtj (dual)
ḫꜣwt (plural)


ꜥnḫwj

anx-anx-sDm-sDm (canonical dual masculine)


sḥd

sḥd (singular)
sḥdwj (dual)
sḥdw (plural)


ꜣḫ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓϧ (ix, “demon”)

→ English: akh

ghost, spectre, spirit of the dead interfering with the living

Used as an epithet for certain lesser gods and demons


ꜣḫ

r:n-f-nfr-m-r:Z1-anx-w-Z2ss:H_SPACE-s-xA-t-A2-f-H_SPACE:x-Ax-Y1:f-n-D:t:N17
rn.f nfr m r(ꜣ) ꜥnḫw sḫꜣt.f ꜣḫ.f n ḏt

c. 1458 BCE, Biography of Ineni inscribed on a memorial stele in his tomb in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, line 20

His good name will be in the mouths of the living; his memory and his spiritual completeness are for eternity.

the state of being an akh or qualities pertaining to that state: spiritual power or dignity


ꜥꜣdt

ꜥꜣdt (singular)
ꜥꜣdtj (dual)
ꜥꜣdwt (plural)

t:X2-D41:n-F36-A&t-.-.-.-m-.-.-X2:Z2
.-aA:a-A-d:t-.-.-a:m-.-.-X2:Z2
.-h-r:*r-.-.-.-.-a:m-.-.-X2:Z2
t rmn zmꜣt-.-.-m ꜥmꜥm
ꜥꜣdt
hrr
bread, armful of eating:-.-in a bread container
ꜥꜣdt-bread

c. 1825 B.C.E., Kahun papyrus VI. 10. verso, lines 10-12


ḥm

Hm (canonical masculine)
ḥm (singular)
ḥmwj (dual)
ḥmw (plural)

the king of Egypt as a particular individual who serves as an incarnation of kingship

an incarnation of a god (e.g. as a statue)


ṯꜣtt

TA-t:t (canonical feminine)
ṯꜣtt (singular)
ṯꜣttj (dual)
ṯꜣtwt (plural)

From ṯꜣtj (“vizier”) + -t (feminine ending).

an epithet for the queen and for Hathor; literally, ‘female vizier’


ḫftj

ḫftj (singular)
ḫftjwj (dual)
ḫftjw (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲉϥⲧ (xeft)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲁϥϯ (šafti)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉϥϯ (šefti)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲁϥⲧⲉ (šafte)

From ḫft (“facing, opposite”) + -j (“nisba ending”); the noun is simply a nominalized use of the nisba adjective.

U5:a-N-s-n:Z2:n-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-st-t:H8-x*t:f-A13:f-xr:n-q:n:nDs-f
mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22

To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.

z:U5-a-xrw-Y2:k-r:x-t:f-A14-N33A:k
smꜣꜥ-ḫrw.k r ḫft(j)w.k

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 13

May you be vindicated against your enemies!


ḫftt

ḫftt (singular)
ḫfttj (dual)
ḫftwt (plural)

From ḫft (“facing, opposite”) + -t (“feminine nisba ending”); the noun is simply a nominalized use of the nisba adjective.


ḥfꜣt

ḥfꜣt (singular)
ḥfꜣtj (dual)
ḥfꜣwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲩ (hbou)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩϥⲱ (hfō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲃⲱ (hbō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲃⲱ (hbō)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩϥⲱ (hfō), ϩⲃⲱ (hbō)

ḥfꜣw (“snake”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).


jḫt

Old Kingdom form of ḫt (“thing, property, something”)


nfrw

Related to nfr (“not even, not at all”).

zero; used when a subtraction results in zero in accounts and mathematical texts, or to mark a baseline for construction


mdw

Demotic: mdt, md

(from the plural) ⇒ Coptic: ⲙⲧⲁⲩ (mtau)

to convey (someone’s) words (+ n: to (a superior))

used as a generic object for certain verbs such as wḏ (“to command”) and wḏꜥ (“to judge”)


mdw

mdw (singular)
mdwwj (dual)
mdww (plural)

staff as a kind of scepter, staff of authority, baton; also given as a grave good

sacred staff with the head of a god, revered as a symbol of a particular god or nome

used in various titles: custodian, attendant, maintainer


ḫprw

ḫprw (singular)
ḫprwwj (dual)
ḫprww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲣⲃⲉ (xrbe), ⲣⲃⲉ (rbe)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲉⲣⲉⲃ (xereb), ⲭⲉⲣⲉⲃ (khereb)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲣⲃ (hrb), ϩⲣⲃⲉ (hrbe)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲣⲃ (hrb)

thing that has come into being, creation, development, creature

transformation, metamorphosis (usually of the dead)


jḥ

Demotic: jḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉϩⲉ (ehe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉϩⲉ (ehe)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϩⲏ (ahē)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉϩⲉ (ehe)


rꜣ

Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro)

an item of baked goods shaped like a goose


zẖꜣw

zẖꜣw (singular)
zẖꜣwwj (dual)
zẖꜣww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⳉ (sax)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϧ (sax)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉϩ (seh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲁϩ (sah)

Old Coptic: ⲥⲁϩ (sah)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁϩ (sah)


tꜣšj

tꜣšj (singular)
tꜣšjwj (dual)
tꜣšjw (plural)

Demotic:  (tše)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲉϣⲉ (theše)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲉϣⲉ (teše)


ꜣbd

iaH:sbA (canonical masculine)
ꜣbd (singular)
ꜣbdwj (dual)
ꜣbdw (plural)

Demotic: jbt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (ebat)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲃⲟⲧ (abot)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (ebat), ⲁⲃⲁⲧ (abat)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (ebat)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲟⲧ (ebot)

spr:r-D54-n:n-Z2:r-Xn-n:nw-W-pr-Hr-Z1-N12:sbA-d:ra*Z1*Z1-mi-i-D:d-t:n:f-nb:t

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 173–174

We arrived home in two months like everything he had said.

spr.n.n r ẖnw ḥr ꜣbd snwj mj ḏdt.n.f nbt


ꜣbd

iaH:sbA-d:Hb (canonical masculine)
ꜣbd (singular)
ꜣbdwj (dual)
ꜣbdw (plural)

festival of the second day of the lunar month


šzp

šzp (singular)
šzpwj (dual)
šzpw (plural)

Demotic: šp

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲟⲡ (šop)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲟⲡ (šop)

palm, a measure of length equivalent to 4 ḏbꜥw (“digits”) or ¹⁄₇ of a mḥ (“cubit”) (about 7.5 centimetres)


šzp

image, portrayal, representation (+ n(j): of (a god))


nswt

sw-t:n (canonical masculine)
nswt (singular)
njw-swt (plural)
nswtyw (plural)

Traditionally (since Sethe 1911) derived from n(j) (“of, belonging”) + swt (“sedge”) in a direct genitive construction with n(j) used as a noun, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge’, i.e. ‘the one to whom Upper Egypt belongs’, the sedge being an emblem of Upper Egypt. The odd glyph order in the written form is probably due to a preference for forming compact groups of hieroglyphs.
However, this interpretation has been challenged, as Helck, Schenkel, and others have argued that the plant represented by swt is not the emblem of Upper Egypt at all; Schenkel also suggests the reconstructed vocalization of the word does not support such an etymology. Peust goes so far as to say the word has no special connection with Upper Egypt, and derives it as borrowed from Sumerian 𒉺𒋼𒋛 (ensi₂) with the Egyptian noun-forming suffix -w. This might also be suggested by the alternate reading nzw and the cuneiform rendering 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 (in-si-ib-ia) for the compound form nswt-bjtj from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter.

i-w wHm*m:n W14-z:t-A1 x:r-M23-t:n
jw wḥm.n(.j) ḥzt ḫr nswt […]

Stela of Ity, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, 586

king of (Upper and Lower) Egypt, especially as a divine power (as opposed to ḥm, which refers to a particular incarnation that holds that power)


nswt

nswt (singular)
nswtj (dual)
nswwt (plural)


zꜣ-nswt

sw-zA (canonical masculine)
zꜣ-nswt (singular)
zꜣwj-nswt (dual)
zꜣw-nswt (plural)

⇒ Demotic: pꜣ-sy-nsy

desctree

→ Meroitic: 𐦧𐦡𐦱𐦶 (peseto /pəsəntu/)
→ Ancient Greek: ψεντης (psentēs)
→ Demotic: p(ꜣ)-sntj

From zꜣ (“son”) + nswt (“king”) in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


zꜣt-nswt

zꜣt-nswt (singular)
zꜣtj-nswt (dual)
zꜣwt-nswt (plural)

From zꜣt (“daughter”) + nswt (“king”) in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


nbt

nb:t (canonical feminine)
nbt (singular)
nbtj (dual)
nbwt (plural)

Demotic: (nb)

mistress, lady (woman with authority over something)


nbt

nbt (singular)
nbtj (dual)
nbwt (plural)


jnr

jnr (singular)
jnrwj (dual)
jnrw (plural)

Demotic: jny

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲛⲉ (ōne)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲛⲓ (ōni)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱⲛⲓ (ōni), ⲱⲛⲉ (ōne)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲛⲉ (ōne)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲛⲉ (ōne)

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁⲙⲏⲓ (anamēi)


stt

stt (singular)
sttj (dual)
stwt (plural)


mry

Alternative form of mr (“(fighting) bull”)


ḥm-nṯr tpj

nTr-Hm-tp*p:y (canonical masculine)
ḥm-nṯr tpj (singular)
ḥmwj-nṯr tpjwj (dual)
ḥmw-nṯr tpjw (plural)

From ḥm-nṯr (“servant of god, priest”) + tpj (“first”), literally ‘first servant of the god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

high priest; the head of the priestly hierarchy of a temple during the New Kingdom.


ꜣḥt

ꜣḥt (singular)
ꜣḥtj (dual)
ꜣḥwt (plural)

Demotic: ꜣḥ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲟϩⲓ (iohi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲱϩⲓ (iōhi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱϩⲉ (eiōhe)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: -αχῆς (-akhês), -χῆς (-khês)

earth or soil from arable land (used in brickmaking)


sḫtj

sḫtj (singular)
sḫtjwj (dual)
sḫtjw (plural)


sḫtj

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁϩⲧ (saht), ⲥⲁϣⲧ (sašt)


sḫt

sḫt (singular)
sḫtj (dual)
sḫwt (plural)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲱϣⲓ (šōši)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱϣⲉ (sōše)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲥⲱⳋⲉ (sōçe)

n-kA*Z1:k-ini-n:w-n-sxt-t:Z1
n kꜣ.k jnw n(j) sḫt

c. 1900 BCE, Tomb of Djehutihotep II at Deir el-Bersha, published in Newberry, Percy E., El Bersheh I: The tomb of Tehuti-Hetep, pl. 20

The produce of the field is for your ka.


jmj

jmj (singular)
jmjwj (dual)
jmwj (dual)
jmjw (plural)
jmw (plural)

From m (“in”) + -j (nisba ending). For the initial j-, compare the adverbial and pre-pronominal form of m, jm.


šnw

šnw (singular)
šnwwj (dual)
šnww (plural)


šnw

Akhmimic Coptic: ϣⲛⲉ (šne)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲛⲉ (šne), ϣⲛⲏ (šnē)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲛⲏ (šnē)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲛⲉ (šne)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲛⲉ (šne), ϣⲛⲏ (šnē)


bjtj

bjtj (singular)
bjtjwj (dual)
bjtjw (plural)

Nominalized from bjt (“bee”) + -j (“nisba ending”), literally ’the one of the bee’, the bee being an emblem of Lower Egypt.


nswt-bjtj

/ʔənˈsiːʔ bəˈjaːtə/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjoːt/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ bəˈjaːtə/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjoːt/

nswt + bjtj, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge, the one of the bee’, or, more simply, ‘he of the sedge and the bee’, the sedge and the bee being emblems of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively, according to the traditional etymology. Sometimes it is instead read as n(j) + swt + bjt, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge and of the bee’, thus ultimately expressing the same meaning. In recent times the derivation and reading of nswt has been questioned; if it is not in fact derived from swt (“sedge”), then nswt-bjtj may just be a compound of two words meaning ‘king’. The term is also attested in cuneiform script as 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 (in-si-ib-ia) from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter.

dual king of Upper and Lower Egypt; pharaoh

Conventionally written before the cartouche containing a king’s praenomen.


zꜣ-rꜥ

zꜣ-rꜥ (singular)
zꜣwj-rꜥ (dual)
zꜣw-rꜥ (plural)

From zꜣ (“son”) + rꜥ (“Ra”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Son of Ra’.

Conventionally written before the cartouche containing a king’s nomen.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see zꜣ, rꜥ.


jty

jty (singular)
jtywj (dual)
jtyw (plural)

Possibly from jt(j) (“father”) + -j (“nisba ending”).

aHa-a:n-aq-q-D54-k\-w-A1-Hr-Z1-I3-I3-G7-!-m:a-O35-n:A1-n:f-ini-N33C:Z2ss-p:n-ini-n:n-A1-m-Xn-n:nw-W-pr:n-N18:N23*Z1-p:n
ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) ꜥq.kw ḥr jtj mz.n.j n.f jnw pn jn.n.j m ẖnw n(j) jw pn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 174–175

Then I entered before the sovereign and presented him with those gifts (literally, “this getting”) that I had gotten within that island.


nb-tꜣwj

From nb (“lord”) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lord of the Two Lands’, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt.


sḫr

sḫr (singular)
sḫrwj (dual)
sḫrw (plural)

r:a-i-n-TA-t:A1-n-i-s-t-A2-n-A-i-i-f:n-X:r-d-w-A17A-A1:Z2-!-m-xt:x*t-D54-a:r-q-arq-A2-f-z:x-r-Y1-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-b-M17-t:W10-bH-A2-s-n:Z2-m-ii-i-t:D54-Hr-Z1-r:f
rdj.jn ṯꜣt(j) njs.t(w) nꜣy.f n(j) ẖrdw m ḫt ꜥrq.f sḫr r(m)ṯw bj(ꜣ)t.sn m jjt ḥr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.3–2.4

So the vizier let his children be summoned after he understood the conduct of people, their character being what had come upon him.


šwt

šwt (singular)
šwtj (dual)
šwwt (plural)

st-t:H8-x-Ax-t:H_SPACE--…--ir:t-Sw-w&t-ra:Z2ss-m-Sw-w-t:H5:Z2:z-s-xpr:t-TAw-m-H5:H5:z
ꜣst ꜣḫt […] jrt šwt m šwwt.s sḫprt ṯꜣw m ḏnḥwj.s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 14–15

capable Isis […] who made shade with her feathers, who brought about breath with her wings


jrt

jrt (singular)
jrtj (dual)
jrwt (plural)

Demotic: jrt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲉⲧ⸗ (eiet⸗)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲉⲣ- (ier-), ⲓⲁⲧ⸗ (iat⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲉⲣ- (ier-), ⲓⲏⲧ⸗ (iēt⸗)

Old Coptic: ⲓⲉⲧ⸗ (iet⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲁ (eia), ⲉⲓⲉⲣ- (eier-), ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲧ⸗ (eiaat⸗), ⲉⲓⲁⲧ⸗ (eiat⸗)


ḫnt

ḫnt (singular)
ḫntwj (dual)
ḫntw (plural)


ḏr

Dr:r (canonical masculine)
ḏr (singular)
ḏrwj (dual)
ḏrw (plural)


ḥꜣtj-ꜥ

ḥꜣtj-ꜥ (singular)
ḥꜣtjwj-ꜥ (dual)
ḥꜣtjw-ꜥ (plural)

ḥꜣtj (“frontal”) + ꜥ (“arm”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘frontal of arm’, i.e. ‘one whose arm is in front’.


mjtw

mi-t-w (canonical masculine)
mjtw (singular)
mjtwwj (dual)
mjtww (plural)

mjt (“similarity”) + -w, ultimately from mj (“like”).

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.


mjtj

mi-t:y (canonical masculine)
mjtj (singular)
mjtjwj (dual)
mjtjw (plural)

mjt (“similarity”) + -j (“nisba ending”), ultimately from mj (“like”).


mjtj

mjtj (singular)
mjtjwj (dual)
mjtjw (plural)


mjt

mi-t (canonical feminine)
mjt (singular)
mjtj (dual)
mjwt (plural)

A nominalized nisba adjective, from mj (“like”) + -t (“feminine nisba ending”).


ꜥt

a:t*pr (canonical feminine)
ꜥt (singular)
ꜥtj (dual)
ꜥwt (plural)

(ꜥ.wy, “house”)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

Old Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)


jrj-ꜥt

jrj-ꜥt (singular)
jrjwj-ꜥt (dual)
jrjw-ꜥt (plural)

jrj (“(one) pertaining to”) + ꜥt (“room”).


ẖrj-ḥꜣb

ẖrj-ḥꜣb (singular)
ẖrjwj-ḥꜣb (dual)
ẖrjw-ḥꜣb (plural)

ẖrj (“(one) bearing”) + ḥꜣb (“festival scroll”).


ẖrj-nṯr

/çəˈɾej ˈnoːtə/

/çəˈɾej ˈnoːtə/

ẖrj (“lying under, being the place of”) + nṯr (“god”), thus literally ‘that which is under the god’ or ’place where the god is’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


bw

b-w (canonical masculine)
bw (singular)
bwwj (dual)
bww (plural)

Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *bǔ (“place”) and compares Arabic بِـ (bi-, “in, with, by”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.

(with following genitive) position, location where someone or something is

(with following adjective) forms abstract nouns; -ness


jmt-pr

jmt-pr (singular)
jmtj-pr (dual)
jmwt-pr (plural)

A nominalized nisba adjective in a reverse nisba construction, jmt (“being in”) + pr (“house, estate”), literally ‘what the estate is in’.

inventory of a house’s or estate’s property and goods

Szp:p-D40-imi-m&t-pr:Z1 ― šzp jmt-pr ― to receive a bequest (+ m-ꜥ: from)

r:D37-m-imi-m&t-pr:Z1 ― rḏj (m) jmt-pr ― to bequeath property as a bequest (+ n: to (someone))

specifically, such property as a bequeathed legacy or estate; bequest

to make a will (+ n: in (someone)’s favor; + m: about)

will, last will and testament (document)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see jmj, pr.


jmj-r

jmj-r (singular)
jmjwj-r (dual)
jmwj-r (dual)
jmjw-r (plural)
jmw-r (plural)

Demotic: mr, mry

A ‘reverse nisba’ construction from jmj (“(one) being in”) + r (“mouth”), thus literally ‘one in whom the mouth is’, implying ‘one who gives commands’. The written form is abbreviated to omit the weak consonants.

overseer, chief administrator, superintendent


jmj-r

From jmj (“(one) being in”) + r (“mouth”), literally “the one in the mouth”. The components are the same as in the etymology above, but the grammatical construction is different.


jmj-r-pr

m-r:pr (canonical masculine)
jmj-r-pr (singular)
jmjwj-r-pr (dual)
jmjw-r-pr (plural)

jmj-r (“overseer”) + pr (“house”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the house’.

steward; administrator of an estate/house, wealth, property, etc.


jmj-r-mšꜥ

jmj-r-mšꜥ (singular)
jmjwj-r-mšꜥ (dual)
jmjw-r-mšꜥ (plural)

Coptic: ⲗⲉⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (lemēēše, “warrior”)

→⇒ Ancient Greek: λεμεισα (lemeisa)

→⇒ Meroitic: 𐦧𐦡𐦬𐦨𐦣𐦯 (pelmos /pəlamusa/)

From jmj-r (“overseer”) + mšꜥ (“army, workgang, expedition”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the army/workgang/expedition’.


bꜣk jm

(idiomatic) a humble reference to the speaker; yours truly, your humble servant


grw

grw (singular)
grwwj (dual)
grww (plural)

From gr (“to be still, to be silent”) + -w.

nw:k-g:r-w-A2-m-m-s-r:A21-Z3--…--s-s-b-q:Y1:n-sw-t:n-
-xnt-n:t:tA:tA-mH:ib*Z1-Y1:f-xnt-n:t:r-x:G24-A1-Z2ss:t:f
jnk grw mm srw […] ssbq.n nswt ḫnt tꜣwj mḥ-jb.f ḫnt rḫwt.f

c. 1928–1924 BCE, Stele of Wepwawetaa (Leiden V4/AP 63), lines 9–10

I was a silent/dispassionate one among the officials, […] whom the king honored in front of the Two Lands (Egypt), his confidant at the fore of his subjects

wn-n:O31-a-Xn:n-S28-n-g-r-w-A2-A1-
-w-z:x-W10-Y1-st-t-pr-n:t-h-r-Y1-A1-m-md-d-w-w-A2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.1–1.2

The tent is open to the quiet man; the place of the man calm in speech is broad.

a calm, dispassionate, and self-effacing person, seen as wisely living according to Maat (virtue/truth/cosmic order)


tnw

tnw (singular)
tnwwj (dual)
tnww (plural)


ḏs

D-s (canonical masculine)
ḏs (singular)
ḏswj (dual)
ḏsw (plural)


snnw

ir:n-A1-h:r-w-hrw-Z1-Z1-Z1-wa:a-Z1*nDs:k\-W-A1-ib-Z1-A1-m-sn-n:nw-w-A1-Z1-Z1-A1-!-z-Dr:r-A55:k\-w-A1-m-Xn:n-nw*W:pr-n:k\-A-p:V19-pr:n-xt:t*Z1-q:n-i-D32-a:n-A1-H6A-W-i-i-t-ra
jr.n.j ḫmtw hrw wꜥ.kw jb.j m snnw.j sḏr.kw m ẖnw n(j) kꜣp n(j) ḫt qnj.n.j šwyt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 41–45

I spent three days alone, my heart my only companion (literally, “my second”), lying inside a shelter of wood, having embraced the shadows.


zp

z:p*zp (canonical masculine)
zp (singular)
zpwj (dual)
zpw (plural)

Demotic: sp

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲡ (sop)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲡ (sop)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲡ (sap)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲁⲡ (sap)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲡ (sap)

alsocommon in other uses duringthe Greco-Roman Period

time (as in the first time or many times), occurrence, instance

E9:a-w-iwa:H_SPACE-gb-b-sw-i-i-t:Y1:tA:tA-U3:f-Ax-x:H_SPACE-Y1:Z2:f-s-V25-w-Y1:n:f:n:f-s-T32:m-tA:tA:tA:n-m:a-r:wAH-n:z:p-zp:Z2ss-ir:*n:f
jwꜥw gbb (n)syt tꜣwj mꜣ.f ꜣḫw.f swḏ.n.f n.f sšm tꜣw n mꜥr n(j) zpw jr.n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 10–11

the heir of Geb in the kingship of the Two Lands (Egypt), whose prowess he (Geb) saw, to whom he has bequeathed the guidance of the lands because of the success of the deeds he has done.

ir:Dw-t-w-r:Sd:d-xrw-w-w-d:Z9:D40-q:n:nDs-z:p*zp:f-spr:r:D54-r:f
jr ḏwt r šd-ḫrw wd qn zp.f spr(.w) r.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 22

Evil has been done to the Disturber (Set), he who committed violence; his misdeed has caught up with him.

(usually in the plural) medicinal concoction, medicine, remedy, dose


zp

Demotic: sp


ꜥrqy

arq:q-i-i-ra (canonical masculine)
ꜥrqy (singular)
ꜥrqywj (dual)
ꜥrqyw (plural)

Demotic: ꜥrqy

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲕⲉ (alke), ⲁⲗⲕⲏ (alkē)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲕⲉ (alke), ⲁⲗⲕⲏ (alkē)

From ꜥrq (“to tie on, to complete, to stop”) + -y.


msdmt

msdmt (singular)
msdmtj (dual)
msdmwt (plural)

Demotic: mstm, mstme.t, smṱ

>? Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲥⲑⲏⲙ (esthēm)

desctree

→ Arabic: إثمد (ʾiṯmid)
→ Latin: antimonium
→ English: antimony

>? Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲧⲏⲙ (stēm)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: στίμμι (stímmi), στίβι (stíbi)

→ Latin: stibium

→ English: stibium, stibnite

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + sdm (“makeup; to put on makeup”) + -t (feminine suffix).

af

also used as an abbreviationfor the word

a black mineral pigment used as eye makeup and in medicinal preparations for treating eye disease; mesdemet

the mineral material from which this pigment is made, as used for making small cultic images and other objects


bꜣjr

bꜣjr (singular)
bꜣjrwj (dual)
bꜣjrw (plural)

> Demotic: br (inherited)

desctree

> Coptic: ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare), ⲃⲁⲣⲓ (bari) — Bohairic (inherited)
→ Ancient Greek: βᾶρις (bâris)
→ English: baris (learned)
→ Latin: bāris (see there for further descendants)

(Late Egyptian) baris (a type of flat-bottomed freighter used on the Nile)


ḥrrt

Hr:r-r:*t-Hn (canonical feminine)
ḥrrt (singular)
ḥrrtj (dual)
ḥrrwt (plural)

Demotic: (ḥrry)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲣⲏⲣⲓ (hrēri)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri)
→? Proto-Albanian: *lulā
Albanian: lule
>? Greek: λουλούδι (louloúdi)
→ Ancient Greek: λείριον (leírion)
Greek: λειρί (leirí, “cock's comb”)
→ Latin: līlium (see there for further descendants)
→ Translingual: Lilium
→ Serbo-Croatian: lijȇr

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)


ꜥḥꜣwtj

ꜥḥꜣwtj (singular)
ꜥḥꜣwtjwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜣwtjw (plural)

Demotic: ḥwt(j)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲁⲩⲧ (haut)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲱⲟⲩⲧ (hōout)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲟⲩⲧ (haout)

Old Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩⲛⲧ (hoount)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ (hoout)

(Late Egyptian, often attributive) male
man, male human

(Late Egyptian, often attributive) male
gander

(Late Egyptian, often attributive) male
male god


zpwj snwj

zpwj, dual of zp (“time, occasion”), + snwj (“two”).


pr-m-ws

→? Ancient Greek: πυραμίς (puramís)

Greek: πυραμίδα (pyramída)

→ Latin: pyramis

Galician: pirámide

Italian: piramide

Old French: piramide

French: pyramide

→ English: pyramid

Portuguese: pirâmide

Spanish: pirámide

pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”).

compound

Ab-m:r-O24-pr-r:D54-m-w-s-pr-n:f-i-m-i-i-m-V20-Z1-Z1

c. 1550 B.C.E., Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, problem 59

(in mathematical papyri) height of a pyramid


zft

z:f:t-T30 fm (canonical)
zft (singular)
zftj (dual)
zfwt (plural)
zft (singular)
zftwj (dual)
zftw (plural)

Demotic:  (sfy)

Coptic: ⲥⲏϥⲉ (sēfe) (Sahidic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan), ⲥⲏϥⲓ (sēfi) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

→ Ancient Greek: ξίφος (xíphos)

Related to zf (“to slaughter, cut up”), zfṯ (“to slaughter”). Also compare Arabic سيف (sayf), Amharic ሰይፍ (säyf), Ancient Greek ξίφος (xíphos).


mryt

mryt (singular)
mrytj (dual)
mrywt (plural)

Demotic: mrt, mr

Coptic: ⲙⲣⲱ (mrō) (Sahidic), ⲉⲙⲣⲱ (emrō) (Bohairic)

→ Egyptian Arabic: دَمْرُوء (Damrūʔ)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μάρεια (Máreia), Μᾰρεῶτῐς (Măreôtĭs)

Compare Beja mari (“side, direction”). Suffixed with -t (feminine ending). Related to mrj (“to run aground, to strand (a ship)”), but most likely this verb was derived from the noun.

Černý considers this a variant ofmrw rather than mryt

shore or riverbank with a natural embankment or levee

a landing place for ships on shore; wharf, quay


sbn

sbn (singular)
sbnwj (dual)
sbnw (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: σάβανον (sábanon) (see there for further descendants)

Demotic: sbn, snb

Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛ (seben) (Bohairic)

(linen) bandage, especially as a wrapping for a mummy


šnḏwt

→ Ancient Greek: σινδών (sindṓn)

→ Classical Syriac: ܣܕܘܢܐ

→ Latin: sindon

→ English: sindon

Demotic: šnt (“costume, kilt”)

Coptic: ϣⲛ̄ⲧⲱ (šn̄tō, “(linen) sheet, robe”) (Sahidic), ϣⲉⲛⲧⲱ (šentō) (Bohairic)

kilt made of šmꜥ-linen, especially the king’s kilt


jnst

jnst (singular)
jnstj (dual)
jnswt (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: ἄνισον (ánison) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain etymology. With different determinatives the word is associated with the soles of a human foot or the hoof of an animal, perhaps suggesting a correlation to its known anti-fungal properties, anethole still being used to treat athlete's foot and thrush.

(medicine or literary) an edible plant, possibly anise, used medicinally


jnst

k-A-p-Z5:D40-ir:ir-s-y--Hr-Z1-i-in:n-s-t-D56-F51:Z2-n:t-g:n-i-i-w-G39:Z2

c. 1800 BCE, Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (UC 32057), page 1, line 4


wḏꜣt

wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)

From wḏꜣ (“to be intact”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

(Late Egyptian) a volumetric measure of grain, possibly equivalent to the ḥqꜣt (“heqat”)


wḏꜣt

wDAt-pt (canonical feminine)
wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)


mnḫt

mnḫt (singular)
mnḫtj (dual)
mnḫwt (plural)

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + wnḫ (“to clothe”) + -t (feminine suffix).


ẖrw

ẖrw (singular)
ẖrwwj (dual)
ẖrww (plural)

An abstract noun formed from ẖr (“under”).


ẖrt

ẖrt (singular)
ẖrtj (dual)
ẖrwt (plural)

ẖr (“having”) + -t (“feminine nisba ending”), probably to be interpreted as a nominalized ‘reverse nisba’, i.e. as ‘that which is had’.

suffix

i-p:n:f-tA:N21*Z1:r-Xr:r:t:f-pt:tA:Xr:r-st-Hr*Z1:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19

The land was accounted as his possession, and the sky and the land were under his care.


pꜥt

Old Coptic: ⲡⲏ (pē)

s-V25-w-Y1:n:f-t*nr:Z2-H_SPACE:t-G23-Z2ss:H_SPACE-p:a:t*F51A-N8:M:M-t:Z2ss-tA:U7:r-i-tr-niwt-HA-nb:nb:nb
swḏ n.f rmt rḫyt pꜥt ḥnmmt tꜣ-mrj ḥꜣ(w)-nbw(t)

Humankind was bequeathed to him, the commoners and patricians, the sunfolk of the Beloved Land (Egypt) and the Aegean islanders.

(collective) social stratum of nobility: elite, patricians


pꜥt

pꜥt (singular)
pꜥtj (dual)
pꜥwt (plural)


jmw

jmw (singular)
jmwwj (dual)
jmww (plural)


wrrt

→ Ancient Greek: οὐραῖος (ouraîos)

→ Latin: uraeus

→ English: uraeus

From wrr (“to be great”) + -t (“feminine ending”).


sbꜣyt

Demotic:  (sbꜣ.t)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲟⲩ (sbou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō), ⲥⲃⲟⲩ (sbou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)


nmw

n-mw (canonical masculine)
nmw (singular)
nmwwj (dual)
nmww (plural)

a dwarf figurine associated with the god Ptah and conventionally called a Pataikos


ḏfd

Alternative form of ḏfḏ (“pupil (of the eye)”)


ꜣwt

From ꜣwj (“to be long, to extend (a hand), to give an offering”).


ꜣwt

ꜣwt (singular)
ꜣwtj (dual)
ꜣwwt (plural)

offering, gift, donation (particularly of bread)


ꜣwt

a hidden chamber in a temple containing cult images

With the wrong determinative?Or a separate word meaning ‘wall’?


ꜣwt

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜣb

Demotic: yb

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲃ (eib), ⲓⲉⲓⲃ (ieib)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲉⲃ (ieb), ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓϥ (if)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲃ (eib), ⲉⲓⲉⲓⲃ (eieib), ⲉⲓⲉⲃ (eieb)

Likely related to ꜣbw (“elephant, ivory, tusk”).


ꜣbwt

Sometimes hypothesized to be from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab-, in which case it would perhaps be cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (“father”).

(collective) extended family, relatives, people of a household


ꜣbwt

ꜣbwt (singular)
ꜣbwtj (dual)
ꜣbwwt (plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to ꜣbt (“brand, branding iron”), ꜣbw (“brand, branding iron”). Less likely, some authors have connected it with ꜣbj (“to desire”), thus ‘desirable image’, or to jꜣbt (“left side”) because enemies were associated with the left.

(often followed by ‘the enemy’ in a genitive construction) the symbol or effigy of an enemy to be ritually destroyed, often in the form of a sacrifical animal


ꜣbt

ꜣbt (singular)
ꜣbtj (dual)
ꜣbwt (plural)


ꜣbt

an Abydene reliquary for the head of Osiris: the object depicted by the hieroglyph R17.


ꜣhw

(uncountable) sadness, sorrow, misery, trouble


ꜣhw

ꜣhw (singular)
ꜣhwwj (dual)
ꜣhww (plural)


špst

špst (singular)
špstj (dual)
špswt (plural)

Old Coptic: ϭⲁⲡϭⲓ (capci)

Old Coptic: ϣⲁⲡϣⲓ (šapši)

šps (“nobleman”) + -t (feminine ending).


wꜣs

wA-s-wAs (canonical masculine)
wꜣs (singular)
wꜣswj (dual)
wꜣsw (plural)


dmj

dmj (singular)
dmjwj (dual)
dmjw (plural)

Demotic: tmj

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲙⲉ (time)

Bohairic Coptic: ϯⲙⲓ (timi), ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (timi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯⲙⲓ (timi), ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (timi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϯⲙⲉ (time)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯⲙⲉ (time), ⲧⲓⲙⲉ (time)

⇒? Coptic: ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ (tamiati)

i-r-s-q-d:d-N33C:P1-Xr:r-f:D35-s-sA-A-H-D61-D54-n:f-tA:N23*Z1-D35-mn:n-i-T14-P1:n-d-p-W:t-P1:f-r:d-mi-i-N23-s

c. 1859 BCE – 1800 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B2 (pAmherst 2 and pBerlin 3025) lines 101–103

As for him who sails with it, he cannot set foot on land, and his boat cannot moor at its harbor.

jr sqdd ẖr.f nj sꜣḥ.n.f tꜣ nj mjn.n dpwt.f r dmj.s

-s-Dr:r-D37:A55-z:A1-H-q:r-w-nDs-r:d-mi-i-N23-A1

c. 1944 BCE, (year 17 of the reign of Senusret I), Stela of Mentuwoser (MMA 12.184), lines 11–12

No one went to bed hungry in my district.


jwms

jwms (singular)
jwmswj (dual)
jwmsw (plural)

Univerbation of jw (sentence-initial particle) + ms (“surely”). The phrase jw ms was so often used to begin sentences intended to persuade that it became an idiom for untruth or exaggeration.

compound

untruthfully; with fabrication or exaggeration

he’s not lying (literally, “there is no nonsense to him”)


jzft

i-z:f:t-nDs (canonical feminine)
jzft (singular)
jzftj (dual)
jzfwt (plural)

s-H-ww-Y1:n:f-DA-DA-nw:t-U5:a:t-N9*t:Z2-nTr-nb:r-Dr:r-D&z&f-nb:w*Z2ss-mAat-zmA-i-i-Y1:Z2-i-m-s-
-M:a:k-HA-i-i-w-tp:Z2ss-i-s-f:t:nDs-s-nDm-w-m-
n
t
-gb-b-r:*r:a:t-O44-t*Z1:n:nb-s-sw-i-H_SPACE:t-i-n:U5:a-t:z:n:f
sḥww n.f ḏꜣḏꜣt mꜣꜥt psḏt nb-r-ḏr ḏs.f nbw-mꜣꜥt zmꜣyw jm.s mkḥꜣyw jsft snḏmw m wsḫt nt gbb r rdjt jꜣwt n nb.s (n)syt n mꜣꜥt.s n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 17–18

The Tribunal of Maat was convened for him: the Ennead, the Lord of All himself, and the possessors of righteousness who were united in it, who scorn wrongdoing, sitting in the hall of Geb to give the office to its owner and the kingship to the one to whom it justly belonged.

disorder or chaos in the state or cosmos


wsḫt

wsḫt (singular)
wsḫtj (dual)
wsḫwt (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲏϣⲥⲓ (ouēšsi), ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲓ (ouešsi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲓ (ouešsi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁϣⲥⲉ (ouašse), ⲟⲩⲟϣⲥⲉ (ouošse), ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲉ (ouešse), ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥ (ouešs)


wsḫt

w-s-x:t- (canonical feminine)
wsḫt (singular)
wsḫtj (dual)
wsḫwt (plural)


ṯms

(medicine) redness (as a symptom of illness)


wsḫ

wsḫ (singular)
wsḫwj (dual)
wsḫw (plural)

Sometimes hypothesized to be from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *wsɣ; compare Arabic وَسُعَ (wasuʕa), وَسِعَ (wasiʕa, “to be wide”). Also compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⵙⵙⵉⵖ (ssiɣ, “to pass, give, extend, expand”).


rmn

rmn (singular)
rmnwj (dual)
rmnw (plural)

shoulder, arm
(often in the dual) shoulder, upper arm

(often in the dual) arm of a person in general, especially when in reference to moving it into a particular configuration

shoulder, arm
(in the dual) arms of a balance scale

side, half
side of a place, person, mountain, etc.

side, half
one side or half of a body of water

row of rowers along one side of a boat, one side of a rowing crew

(in the dual) side rails (uprights) of a ladder

side, half
side rails (uprights) of a ladder


rmn

a measure of length equivalent to 20 ḏbꜥw (“digits”), 5 šzpw (“palms”), or ⁵⁄₇ of a mḥ (“cubit”) (about 37.6 centimetres)

a measure of length equivalent to ¹⁄₂ of a ḫt (“rod”) or 50 mḥw (“cubits”) (about 26.25 metres)


rmn

a measure of area equivalent to ¹⁄₂ of a sṯꜣt (“aroura”) or 50 mḥw-tꜣ (“centarouras”) (about 0.14 hectares)


rmn

(usually in the plural) bearer, carrier, supporter (usually a priest), especially of a sacred object such as a cultic image or chapel

(in the plural) the supports imagined to hold up the sky


ḥwrw

ḥwrw (singular)
ḥwrwwj (dual)
ḥwrww (plural)

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f


mḫꜣt

mḫꜣt (singular)
mḫꜣtj (dual)
mḫꜣwt (plural)

Demotic: mḫj, mḫjt, mḫꜥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁⳉⲉ (maxe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁϣⲓ (maši)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁϣⲉ (maše)

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + ḫꜣj (“to measure”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

(figuratively) fair measurer of rightness or worth, especially in reference to fair-dealing officials


wꜣt

wꜣt (singular)
wꜣtj (dual)
wꜣwt (plural)

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓ (ouaei), ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (ouai)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲓ (ouoi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (ouai)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲉ (ouaeie)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲟⲩⲁⲓ̈ (ouaï)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓ (ouoei), ⲟⲩⲟⲓ (ouoi)

N31:t*Z1-z:S:Z9*D54-ti-i-m:a-T:n:nw-w-Z2ss:H_SPACE-wn:O31
wꜣt zš.tj mṯnw wn(.w)

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 23

The road is traversable, the paths are open.


qsnt

q-s-qs-n:t-nDs (canonical feminine)
qsnt (singular)
qsntj (dual)
qsnwt (plural)


rk

r:k-hrw (canonical masculine)
rk (singular)
rkwj (dual)
rkw (plural)


kkw

Demotic: kky

Old Coptic:

→ Ancient Greek: ἀκακία (akakía, “acacia”) (see there for further descendants)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲁⲕⲓ (khaki)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲕⲉ (kake)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (keke), ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (kekei)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (keke), ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (kekei)

xa:Hr*g-n:t:t:f-mi-i-C1-w-b-n:ra:f-m-Axt:t-r:a:f-O43:p-ra:n-Hr:Z1-k:k-N3-!-s-HD-D&ra-n:f-Sw-w-ra:H_SPACE-m-S9-f:y-G32-n:f-tA:tA:N21*N21-mi-i-i-T:n:ra-m-tp*Z1:dwA-i-i-t:ra
ḫꜥ ḥr nst nt (j)t.f mj rꜥ wbn.f m ꜣḫt rdj.f šsp n ḥr(j) kkw sḥḏ.n.f šw m šwtj.fj bꜥḥ.n.f tꜣwj mj jṯn m tp-dwꜣyt

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 12–13

One shining forth on the throne of his father like Ra when he rises in the Akhet, he gave light to what was covered by darkness, having brightened the air with his two plumes, having flooded the Two Lands (Egypt) like the sun disk at the break of dawn.


ṯnm

T:n-m (canonical masculine)
ṯnm (singular)
ṯnmwj (dual)
ṯnmw (plural)

a kind of drink, in later times certainly beer


ntj

Formed from nt + -j (nisba ending), where nt is a nominalized use of the feminine form of the genitival adjective n(j). The noun ntj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective ntj.

(introducing a direct relative clause) he who is, one who is, that which is

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom, one for whom, one such that, that for which

(without a following relative clause) he who exists, one who exists, that which exists


mrt

mrt (singular)
mrtj (dual)
mrwt (plural)

From mr (“to be sick, to be painful”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

something bad inflicted on someone, evil, misfortune


ẖntj

ẖntj (singular)
ẖntjwj (dual)
ẖntjw (plural)


ꜥḥ

aH-a:pr m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)
ꜥḥ (singular)
ꜥḥwj (dual)
ꜥḥw (plural)

palace; building housing the king or his administration

O12-pr-nTr-t:*r ― ꜥḥ ntr(j) ― divine temple


ḥnwt

ḥnwt (singular)
ḥnwtj (dual)
ḥnwwt (plural)


ḥnwt

H-Hn:n-nw:t-db (canonical feminine)
ḥnwt (singular)
ḥnwtj (dual)
ḥnwwt (plural)


rmṯ

r:T-A1 mf (canonical)
rmṯ (singular)
rmṯwj (dual)
rmṯw (plural)
rmt (singular)
rmtj (dual)
rmwt (plural)

Demotic: (rmt) (see there for further descendants)

usual singular outside the Pyramid Texts.Reading disputed

(with following genitive) person in (someone’s) service, commissioner, agent (of someone)

(with following genitive) member (of a group or organization)

(in the plural, with following genitive) household; housemates or relatives (of someone)

(in the plural, with following genitive) population, dwellers, inhabitants (of a particular place)

(in the plural) Egyptians in contrast to Libyans, Nubians, Asiatics, etc.


ntj nb

n:t*y:nb (canonical masculine)
ntj nb (masculine singular)
ntt nbt (feminine singular)
ntjwj nbwj (dual masculine)
ntwj nbwj (dual masculine)
nttj nbtj (dual feminine)
ntjw nbw (masculine plural)
ntw nbw (masculine plural)
ntwt nbwt (feminine plural)
ntt nbt (feminine plural)

ntj (“one who is, that which is”) + nb (“all, every”).

compound

whoever (is), anyone who is, everyone who is, everything that is


ntj n.f

n:t*y-n:f (canonical masculine)
ntj n.f (singular)
ntjwj n.snj (dual)
ntwj n.snj (dual)
ntjw n.sn (plural)
ntw n.sn (plural)

ntj (“one for whom”) + n (“to, for”) + .f (“him”), thus literally ‘one for whom (there is something) for him’.


ẖnw

Xn:n-nw-w-pr (canonical masculine)
ẖnw (singular)
ẖnwwj (dual)
ẖnww (plural)

Demotic:  (ẖn)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲟⲩⲛ (xoun)

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲟⲩⲛ (xoun)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲛ (houn)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲩⲛ (houn)

interior, inside (of a place, building, body part, etc.)

(Late Egyptian, as a genitive modifying another noun) inner, covering the interior

space between any number of points, enclosed space

p-H-pH-D54-k\-Xn-n:nw-w-pr-wn-n:k\-i-m-f-m-q-A-b-F48-D54:n-sn-n:nw-w-A1*B1:Z2-k\
pḥ.k ẖnw wn.k jm.f m qꜣb n(j) snw.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 135–136

You will reach home and be there in the midst of your siblings.

w-U29-A-Y2-ib*Z1:k\-HAt:a-A1-m-a:k\-pH:D54-n:n:Z2-Xn:n-nw-w-pr
wḏꜣ jb.k ḥꜣt(j)-ꜥ m.k pḥ.n.n ẖnw

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 1–3

Satisfy yourself (literally, “May your heart be sound”), high official: look, we have reached home.

residence of the king, with its associated administrative complex; palace, capitol, capital city, ‘the Residence’

temple or shrine as the residence of a god

goods that a land or mountain contains or produces; products, contents, abundance


jwtj

From jwt (negation particle) + -j (nisba ending). The noun jwtj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective jwtj.

af

(introducing a direct relative clause) he who is not, one who is not, that which is not

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom it is not the case that, one for whom it is not the case that, that for which it is not the case that

dispossessed person (literally, “one without a thing/possession of his”)

(introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) he who doesn’t have, one not having, one without

(without a following relative clause or noun phrase) he who doesn’t exist, one who doesn’t exist, that which doesn’t exist


jwtj-n.f

jwtj-n.f (singular)
jwtjwj-n.snj (dual)
jwtwj-n.snj (dual)
jwtjw-n.sn (plural)
jwtw-n.sn (plural)

From jwtj (“one for whom it is not the case that”) + n (“to, for”) + .f (“him”), thus literally ‘one for whom (there is) not (something) for him’.

one who has nothing, one of the have-nots, dispossessed person, poor person


jwtj-sw

jwtj-sw (singular)
jwtjwj-snj (dual)
jwtwj-snj (dual)
jwtjw-sn (plural)
jwtw-sn (plural)

From jwtj (“one for whom it is not the case that”) + sw (“him”). Allen considers the syntax of this term not satisfactorily explained.

Synonym of jwtj-n.f (“one who has nothing”)


mḏꜣt

mḏꜣt (singular)
mḏꜣtj (dual)
mḏꜣwt (plural)


qrft

qrft (singular)
qrftj (dual)
qrfwt (plural)

>? Coptic: ⲕⲗⲁϥⲧ (klaft) (see there for further descendants)


nbw

nbw (singular)
nbwwj (dual)
nbww (plural)

Demotic: (nbw)

Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲃ (noub)

→ Old Nubian: ⳟⲁⲡ (ŋap)

Nobiin: náb


srt

srt (singular)
srtj (dual)
srwt (plural)

Demotic: swr.t

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲉⲣⲟϫⲓ (seroči)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲉ (soure)


ḥꜥw

Coptic: ϩⲱⲱ⸗ (hōō⸗)

flesh of a body, sometimes as opposed to bones or organs

n:ns-sw-w-mH:a-V20*V20:V20-x-b-z:w-t:D3-f-wr:r-s-r-mH:a-Z1-Z1-!-H-a:F51-Z2:f-z:x:r-w-T11-A24-m-nbw-N33C:Z2-i-in:n-D13:y-f:y-m-x-s-b-d-N33C:Z2-mA-mAa:a-H2:Y2-!-a:r-q-arq:Y2-sw-w-r-W18-n:t
n(j)-sw mꜥbꜣ mḥ ḫbzwt.f wr s(j) r mḥ snwj ḥꜥw.f sḫr.w m nbw jnḥwj.fj m ḫsbd mꜣꜥ ꜥrq sw r ḫnt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 62–66

He measured (literally, “belonged to”) thirty cubits, his beard, it was greater than two cubits, his body was plated with gold, his eyebrows were true lapis lazuli, and he was arched forward.

(in the plural) body parts, limbs (collectively)


ḥꜥw

ḥꜥw (singular)
ḥꜥwwj (dual)
ḥꜥww (plural)

a:A1-ini-n:t-n:k\-H-a-w-P1:Z2-A-t:p-w-A2-A24-Xr:r-A51-s-s-Y2:Z2-nb:n-km-m-t-niwt:t*Z1-!-mi-i-ir:r-t:n-nTr-Z1-U7:r-r-A2-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-!-m-tA:N23*Z1-wA-A-N31-D35-r:x-Y2-sw-W-r-T-A1-B1-Z2ss
dj.j jn.t(w) n.k ḥꜥw ꜣtp.w ẖr špssw nb n(j) kmt mj jrrt n nṯr mrr r(m)ṯ m tꜣ wꜣ nj rḫ sw r(m)ṯ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 146–148

I will have them bring you a fleet laden with every finery of Egypt, like what is done for a god beloved by people in a faraway land people don’t know.


rḫ

knowledgeable or wise man, scholar, often seen as living according to Maat (virtue/truth/cosmic order)


nrw

nrw (singular)
nrwwj (dual)
nrww (plural)


nmḥ

nmḥ (singular)
nmḥwj (dual)
nmḥw (plural)


šmsw

Sms-w (canonical masculine)
šmsw (singular)
šmswwj (dual)
šmsww (plural)

aHa-a:n-aq-q-D54-k\-w-A1-Hr-Z1-I3-I3-G7-!-m:a-O35-n:A1-n:f-ini-N33C:Z2ss-p:n-ini-n:n-A1-m-Xn-n:nw-W-pr:n-N18:N23*Z1-p:n--…--!-aHa-a:n-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-Sms-W-A1-s-sA-A-H-D63-Y2:k\-w-A1-m-tp-A1*B1:Z2-V1-V1
ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) ꜥq.kw ḥr jtj mz.n.j n.f jnw pn jn.n.j m ẖnw n(j) jw pn […] ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) rdj.kw r šmsw sꜣḥ.kw m štj tpw

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 174–175, 177–179

Then I entered before the sovereign and presented him with those gifts (literally, “this getting”) that I had gotten within that island. […] Then I was appointed as a retainer and endowed with two hundred servants (literally, “heads”).


šmsw

šmsw (singular)
šmswwj (dual)
šmsww (plural)


prj

prj (singular)
prjwj (dual)
prjw (plural)


jwꜥ

jwꜥ (singular)
jwꜥwj (dual)
jwꜥw (plural)


tm

t:tm-m (canonical masculine)
tm (singular)
tmwj (dual)
tmw (plural)

Compare with Hebrew תַּם (tam, “to be complete, finished”), Arabic تمام (tamām, “complete; completeness”).


ꜣwtqrtr

Borrowed from Latin autocrator or Ancient Greek αὐτοκράτωρ (autokrátōr).

autocrator (usually as a title of a Roman emperor)


gꜣš

gꜣš (singular)
gꜣšwj (dual)
gꜣšw (plural)

Demotic:  (gš)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲉϣ (keš)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲕⲁϣ (kaš)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲕⲉϣ (keš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁϣ (kaš)


smn

smn (singular)
smnwj (dual)
smnw (plural)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ (smoune)


ꜣḫꜣḫ

(uncountable) Part of a ship’s sailing equipment. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜣzḫ

ꜣzḫ (singular)
ꜣzḫwj (dual)
ꜣzḫw (plural)


jšš

i-S:S- (canonical masculine)
jšš (singular)
jššwj (dual)
jššw (plural)


jꜣḫw

jꜣḫw (singular)
jꜣḫwwj (dual)
jꜣḫww (plural)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲓⲁϩ (eiah), ⲣⲓⲁϩ (riah)

used as an epithet for various gods, particularly Ra


gbb

gb-b (canonical masculine)
gbb (singular)
gbbwj (dual)
gbbw (plural)


ꜣḫtj

Axt:t*y (canonical masculine)
ꜣḫtj (singular)
ꜣḫtjwj (dual)
ꜣḫtjw (plural)

dweller of the Akhet, the region where the sun rises or sets; chiefly used as an epithet for gods


ꜣḫw

An abstract noun derived from ꜣḫ (“to be effective”) + -w.

D35:n-U24-w-w-A1:a-p-r-apr-Y1-Ax-x-w-Y1-Z2:f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) line 5.9, D56

There is no artisan who has fully mastered his skills.

ir:n-sn-t*B1:f-m:a-k:t:Y1:f-s-Hr:r-i-i-t:N31-xrw-w-A13:Z2-s-N41-m-t:D55-z:p*zp:H_SPACE*Z2ss-Sd:d:D40-xrw-w-m-Ax-x:H_SPACE-Y1:Z2:r*Z1-s
jr.n snt.f mkt.f sḥr{y}t ḫrww sḥmt zpw šd-ḫrw m ꜣḫw r(ꜣ).s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 13–14

His sister has served as his protector, she who drove off the enemies, who put an end to the deeds of the Disturber (Set) by the magical prowess of her mouth


ꜣḫw

ꜣḫw (singular)
ꜣḫwwj (dual)
ꜣḫww (plural)

Middle Kingdom and later form of of jꜣḫw (“sunlight, radiance, divine epithet”)


ḥkꜣ

ḥkꜣ (singular)
ḥkꜣwj (dual)
ḥkꜣw (plural)

Coptic: ϩⲓⲕ (hik)

(usually in the plural) magic, magic spell or act, sorcery


sjꜣ

perception, particularly the ability to see what must be done

(medicine) prognostication, ability to determine the prognosis


znḥm

znḥm (singular)
znḥmwj (dual)
znḥmw (plural)

>? Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲛⲛⲉϩ (sanneh)

Perhaps from a Proto-Afroasiatic *sulx̣am, cognate with Hebrew סָלְעָם (solʿām, “locust”).


ḥḏ

Demotic: (ḥt)

Coptic: ϩⲁⲧ (hat)


jrṯt

jrṯt (singular)
jrṯtj (dual)
jrṯwt (plural)

Demotic:  (jrt)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲣⲱϯ (erōti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ (erōte)


pꜣ-jḥ-mw

pꜣ-jḥ-mw (singular)
nꜣ-nj-jḥwj-mw (dual)
nꜣ-nj-jḥw-mw (plural)

From pꜣ (“definite article”) + jḥ (“ox, cattle”) + mw (“water”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘the ox of [the] water’.


ḥm-kꜣ

ḥm-kꜣ (singular)
ḥmwj-kꜣ (dual)
ḥmw-kꜣ (plural)

ḥm (“servant”) + kꜣ (“ka”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘servant of the ka’.

funerary priest; priest who supervised the cult of the dead and, under contract, supplied offerings to the kas of the dead


mꜣqꜣrꜣ

mꜣqꜣrꜣ (singular)
mꜣqꜣrꜣwj (dual)
mꜣqꜣrꜣw (plural)

Borrowed from Semitic, probably Hebrew מַקֵּל (maqqēl).


mnw

Uncertain, possibly a loanword from Semitic; compare Hebrew מָן (mān). Alternatively, possibly connected to mnw (“trees, orchard, plantation”).

a white aromatic plant smelling of ꜥntjw (myrrh)


mnw

mn:nw*nw*nw (canonical masculine)
mnw (singular)
mnwwj (dual)
mnww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲉⲓⲛⲉ (meeine)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ (mēini)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲉⲓⲛ (mēein)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲛ (maein)


zꜣṯ

z:T- (canonical masculine)
zꜣṯ (singular)
zꜣṯwj (dual)
zꜣṯw (plural)


zꜣṯ

z:T- -O39 (canonical masculine)
zꜣṯ (singular)
zꜣṯwj (dual)
zꜣṯw (plural)


jꜣkb

jꜣkb (singular)
jꜣkbwj (dual)
jꜣkbw (plural)


mrḥt

Egyptian: mrḥ m (“asphalt”)

Demotic: mrḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲣⲏϩⲉ (amrēhe)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲣⲉϩⲓ (mrehi), ⲉⲙⲣⲉϩⲓ (emrehi), ⲙⲃⲣⲉϩⲓ (mbrehi), ⲃⲣⲉϩⲓ (brehi), ⲉⲣⲡⲣⲉϩⲓ (erprehi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲣⲉϩⲓ (amrehi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲣⲏϩⲉ (amrēhe), ⲁⲙⲣⲉϩⲉ (amrehe)

m- (noun-forming prefix) + wrḥ (“to anoint”) + -t (feminine suffix)

af

anointing oil, also used medicinally or as an offering


nsyt

nsyt (singular)
nsytj (dual)
nsywt (plural)


ꜥḥꜥw

ꜥḥꜥw (singular)
ꜥḥꜥwwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜥww (plural)


ꜥḥꜥw

aHa-a-w-hrw (canonical masculine)
ꜥḥꜥw (singular)
ꜥḥꜥwwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜥww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁϩⲉ (ahe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϩⲓ (ahi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉϩⲓ (ehi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϩⲉ (ahe)

span of time, duration (+ r: duration of …, span lasting …)


mrwt

mrwt (singular)
mrwtj (dual)
mrwwt (plural)


kꜣt

kꜣt (singular)
kꜣtj (dual)
kꜣwt (plural)


sꜣḥ

sꜣḥ (singular)
sꜣḥwj (dual)
sꜣḥw (plural)


pẖrt

pẖrt (singular)
pẖrtj (dual)
pẖrwt (plural)

Demotic: [script needed] (pẖr.t)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲁⳉⲣⲉ (paxre)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲁϧⲣⲓ (phaxri)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲉϩⲗⲓ (pehli)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁϩⲣⲉ (pahre)


smꜣ

smꜣ (singular)
smꜣwj (dual)
smꜣw (plural)


wbꜣ

wbA-bA (canonical masculine)
wbꜣ (singular)
wbꜣwj (dual)
wbꜣw (plural)


ꜥfꜣy

a:f-A-i-i-pr (canonical masculine)
ꜥfꜣy (singular)
ꜥfꜣywj (dual)
ꜥfꜣyw (plural)


zwr

z:wr- (canonical masculine)
zwr (singular)
zwrwj (dual)
zwrw (plural)

>? Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲣ (sir)

desctree

→ Arabic: زِير (zīr)
Maltese: żir
→ English: zir
→ Italian: ziro

→? Hebrew: סִיר


snḏ

snḏ (singular)
snḏwj (dual)
snḏw (plural)


nḫt

nḫt (singular)
nḫtwj (dual)
nḫtw (plural)


pšn

pšn (singular)
pšnwj (dual)
pšnw (plural)


ḏnnt

D-n:n:t*tp (canonical feminine)
ḏnnt (singular)
ḏnntj (dual)
ḏnnwt (plural)


pꜣqt

pꜣqt (singular)
pꜣqtj (dual)
pꜣqwt (plural)

Formed from pꜣqj (“to be thin”) + -t (feminine nominal ending).

suffix

a flat piece or object; plate
plate of the skull

a flat piece or object; plate
(officinal) turtle shell

a flat piece or object; plate
turtle shell


ꜣšr

ꜣšr (singular)
ꜣšrwj (dual)
ꜣšrw (plural)


sꜣgꜣ

sꜣgꜣ (singular)
sꜣgꜣwj (dual)
sꜣgꜣw (plural)

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲕ (sok), ⲥⲁⲕ (sak)

an inferior kind of cloth, most likely sackcloth


ḥmwt

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁⲙ (ham, “artisan”)


wr-ḫrp-ḥmwt

wr (“great”) + ḫrp (“(those) directing”) + ḥmwt (“craftsmanship”), with the first two elements in a direct genitive construction indicating the superlative, thus meaning “the greatest of the directors of craftsmanship”.


tjt

tjt (singular)
tjtj (dual)
tjwt (plural)

hieroglyph, sign, character, letter, grapheme


ꜣjs n ḏnnt

ꜣjs (“viscera”) + n(j) (“of”) + ḏnnt (“skull”), thus literally ‘viscera of the skull’.


jꜥb

jꜥb (singular)
jꜥbwj (dual)
jꜥbw (plural)

bowl, especially a small bowl used for incense (attached to a censer’s handle) or a scribe’s water bowl


ḫnd

ḫnd (singular)
ḫndwj (dual)
ḫndw (plural)


jꜥnt

i-a:n:t (canonical feminine)
jꜥnt (singular)
jꜥntj (dual)
jꜥnwt (plural)

Demotic: ꜥꜥn, ꜥꜥn.t


ꜣfꜥ

A-f:a- (canonical masculine)
ꜣfꜥ (singular)
ꜣfꜥwj (dual)
ꜣfꜥw (plural)

Probably from ꜣfj (“to gorge oneself, to be greedy”).

-i-F39:x--x:r-G5-H-A24-G23-Z2ss:H_SPACE-r:p:a-HAt:a-M1:a-mn:n-rd-rd-S:Sw*w-m-
-Hr:Z1-U7:r:f-niwt:t:Z1-i-mn:n-i-i-m-HAt:t*Z1-mAa:a-P8
[jmꜣḫ] ḫr ḥr ḥ(w) rḫyt (j)r(j)-pꜥ(t) ḥꜣt(j)-ꜥ jꜣm-ꜥ mn rdwj šw m ꜣfꜥ ḥr mr.f nwt jmny-m-ḥꜣt mꜣꜥ-ḫrw

c. 1928 BCE, tomb no. 2 (of Amenemhat) at Beni Hasan, northern architrave, western half

[Revered one] in the presence of Horus who strikes the people, hereditary prince, nomarch, gracious of arm, firm of feet, devoid of greed because of his love for the city, Amenyemhat, justified.

A-t:Z5-ra-p-W-k\:t-t:nDs-d-A-i-r-rwd-A24-ib-Z1-x-a-w-nDs-p-W-A-f:a-
-i-w-Dba-a:t-A2-i-m
ꜣt pw ktt dꜣjr jb ḫw(w) pw ꜣfꜥ jw ḏbꜥ.t(w) jm

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.4–1.5

Controlling oneself (lit. Subduing the heart) is a little moment; gluttony is something to be precluded, as it is pointed to in reproach.


ꜣfꜥ

A-f:a- -A1 (canonical masculine)
ꜣfꜥ (singular)
ꜣfꜥwj (dual)
ꜣfꜥw (plural)

i-r-N41-m-s-B4-k-H-n:a-A-f:a-
-A1-imi-A2-k-A-x-f-Y1:f-s-wA-A-N31
jr ḥms.k ḥnꜥ ꜣfꜥ wnm.k ꜣḫf.f swꜣ(.w)

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.7–1.8

If you sit with a glutton, you should eat when his burning appetite has passed.


ḫꜣst

ḫꜣst (singular)
ḫꜣstj (dual)
ḫꜣswt (plural)


ꜥqw

Demotic: ꜥq

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲉⲓⲕ (aeik)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲓⲕ (ōik)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲉⲓⲕ (aeik), ⲁⲓⲕ (aik)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲉⲓⲕ (aeik)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲉⲓⲕ (oeik)

(collective) monthly provisions of food, given both as salary and as rations


wpwtj

wpwtj (singular)
wpwtjwj (dual)
wpwtjw (plural)

Demotic:  (wpṱ)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦧𐦣𐦵 (apote /aput(ə)/)

Nominalized from wpwt (“message, task”) + -j (nisba ending).

suffix

one entrusted with a message or task, messenger, envoy, emissary

(by extension) a spirit that brings death


sbḥ

sbḥ (singular)
sbḥwj (dual)
sbḥw (plural)

Possibly related to Arabic سَبَّحَ (sabbaḥa, “to praise, to glorify”) and Hebrew שבח (shibéakh, “to praise, to appreciate”).


rwt

rwt (singular)
rwtj (dual)
rwwt (plural)


bꜣk

bꜣk (singular)
bꜣkwj (dual)
bꜣkw (plural)

Demotic: (bk)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲱⲕ (bōk)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲱⲕ (bōk)


jꜣw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲁⲩ (eau)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲟⲩ (ōou)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲁⲩ (eau)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲟⲟⲩ (eoou)

A30-T-w-nTr-n:T-r:*t-I12:N33A-wr:r-n:Ba17s*n*Ba17as:Ba16s*z*Ba16as-[&-mw-Ba16a-i-A-w-A28:N33A-n:k-n-h:n-w-i-i-t-I12:N33A
dwꜣ ṯw nṯrwt wrn{n}⟨z⟩ jꜣw n.k n(j) hnwyt
The goddesses of Wern⟨es⟩ praise you; the adoration of the rejoicing ones is yours.

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 12–13


jꜣw

jꜣw (singular)
jꜣwwj (dual)
jꜣww (plural)


ꜥmꜥm

ꜥmꜥm (singular)
ꜥmꜥmwj (dual)
ꜥmꜥmw (plural)

t:X2-D41:n-F36-A&t-.-.-.-m-.-.-X2:Z2
.-aA:a-A-d:t-.-.-a:m-.-.-X2:Z2
.-h-r:*r-.-.-.-.-a:m-.-.-X2:Z2
t rmn zmꜣt-.-.-m ꜥmꜥm
ꜥꜣdt
hrr
bread, armful of eating:-.-in a bread container
ꜥꜣdt-bread

c. 1825 B.C.E., Kahun papyrus VI. 10. verso, lines 10-12


ḫrw

ḫrw (singular)
ḫrwwj (dual)
ḫrww (plural)

Demotic: ḫrw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲣⲁⲩ (xrau)

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ (xrōou)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲗⲁⲩ (hlau), ϩⲣⲁⲁⲩ (hraau)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲣⲁⲩ (hrau)

Coptic Dialect P: ϧⲣⲁⲩ (xrau)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ (hroou)


ḫrw

x:r-w-xr (canonical masculine)
ḫrw (singular)
ḫrwwj (dual)
ḫrww (plural)


r-jb

r-jb (singular)
rwj-jb (dual)
rw-jb (plural)

r (“mouth, opening, passage”) + jb (“heart”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the mouth of the heart’, or perhaps less literally ‘the passage of the interior’, with jb used as it is in ḥr jb (“in the midst of”).

compound

(chiefly medicine) the digestive tract, seen as also connected with other organs and capable of influencing them medically


dwꜣw

dwꜣw (singular)
dwꜣwwj (dual)
dwꜣww (plural)

dwꜣ (“to rise early, to praise”) + -w (noun-forming suffix).


sḫry

sḫry (singular)
sḫrywj (dual)
sḫryw (plural)


srḫ

srḫ (singular)
srḫwj (dual)
srḫw (plural)

From s- (causative prefix) + rḫ (“to know, to learn”). The noun is derived from the verb.

prefix

i-r-H6A-w-w-nDs-m-s-r:x-A2-n:t*X4:X2*Z2-D35-sxm-m-A24-n-md-d:t-A2-nb:t-i-m-f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.10–1.11

As for one who is free of notoriety regarding bread, no word can take control of him.

notoriety, infamy, bad reputation (+ ḫr: before (someone))


srḫ

→ English: serekh

palace façade, particularly as a seat for the Horus-falcon and as an enclosure containing the serekh name

(by extension) throne, seat of a king or god


jfd

jfd (singular)
jfdwj (dual)
jfdw (plural)

Demotic: jft, ꜣft

rectangle, rectangular form (as opposed to dbn (“round”))


jfd

i-f:d- (canonical masculine)
jfd (singular)
jfdwj (dual)
jfdw (plural)


tꜣ-tmw

tꜣ (“land”) + tmw (“complete”), a form of tm (“to be complete”).


mww

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


rḥw

(dual and plural only) companions, comrades; used by workmates to address each other, and by the king to address his officials


rḥwj

The dual form of the defective noun rḥw (“companions, comrades”), thus literally ‘The Two Companions’, restricted in historical times to particular uses.

an epithet of the pair of gods Horus and Set, rarely also used of other pairs of gods


ṯbwt

ṯbwt (singular)
ṯbwtj (dual)
ṯbwwt (plural)


mꜣꜥ

mꜣꜥ (singular)
mꜣꜥwj (dual)
mꜣꜥw (plural)


spr

s-p:r-spr (canonical masculine)
spr (singular)
sprwj (dual)
sprw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲫⲓⲣ (sphir)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲡⲓⲣ (spir)


mjtt

mjtt (singular)
mjttj (dual)
mjtwt (plural)

Derived from mjtj (“similar”) + -t, with mjtj itself ultimately derived from mj (“like”).

s-wr-r:d-nDs-p-W-D:d-n:k\-!-s-D:d-A1-r:f-n:k\-mi-i-t*t:Y2-i-r:y-xpr:r-m:a-A1-D:z-A1
swrd pw ḏd n.k sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–23

It’s tiring to talk to you. Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.


ḥbs

ḥbs (singular)
ḥbswj (dual)
ḥbsw (plural)

Demotic: ḥbs

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ (hboos)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲥ (hbos), ϩⲃⲱⲥ (hbōs)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲃⲁⲥ (hbas)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ (hboos), ϩⲃⲁⲥ (hbas)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ (hboos), ϩⲃⲟⲥ (hbos), ϩⲃⲱⲥ (hbōs)

Compare Arabic حَبَّسَ (ḥabbasa), Hebrew חָבַשׁ (ḥāḇáš).

cog

Hebrew חָבַשׁ (ḥāḇáš)

straining cloth, cloth through which a substance is strained, pressed, or sieved

cloth as a material, as used for wicks, sails, tents, bandages, etc.


jꜥnw

greetings, cry of respect (+ n: to (someone))


wꜣw

wA-A-w-mw (canonical masculine)
wꜣw (singular)
wꜣwwj (dual)
wꜣww (plural)

aHa-a:n-A1-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-iw:N23*Z1-i:n-wA-A-w-mw-n-M14-wr-r:N36
ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41

Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.


ṯb

T-b- (canonical masculine)
ṯb (singular)
ṯbwj (dual)
ṯbw (plural)


mꜣꜥ-ḫrw

/mɑʔɑː xɛruː/

mꜣꜥ (“(to be) true, just”) + ḫrw (“voice”), thus literally ‘(to be) true of voice’.


jt-šmꜥ

jt (“barley”) + šmꜥ (“Upper Egypt”) in a direct genitive construction. Allen instead apparently considers the second element a nisba adjective, *šmꜥj (“Upper Egyptian”), with unwritten weak j.


skt

skt (singular)
sktj (dual)
skwt (plural)


ꜥḥꜣw

ꜥḥꜣw (singular)
ꜥḥꜣwwj (dual)
ꜥḥꜣww (plural)


sḏr

sḏr (singular)
sḏrwj (dual)
sḏrw (plural)


bnr

b-n:r-bnr (canonical masculine)
bnr (singular)
bnrwj (dual)
bnrw (plural)

Demotic: bn, bne, bny

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (bnne)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (bnne)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (bnne)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲛⲓ (beni)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (bēni), ⲃⲏⲛⲛⲓ (bēnni)

→ Old Nubian: ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲓ (penti)

Nobiin: féntí

→ Midob: péendí

→ Old Dongolawi: [Term?]

Dongolawi: benti

→ Nyima:

Afitti: fɛ́nd̪a

Nyimang: fɛ̍nd̪i̍

→ Proto-Berber: *te-βăyne


šꜥt

šꜥt (singular)
šꜥtj (dual)
šꜥwt (plural)


kꜣp

kꜣp (singular)
kꜣpwj (dual)
kꜣpw (plural)

ir:n-A1-h:r-w-hrw-Z1-Z1-Z1-wa:a-Z1*nDs:k\-W-A1-ib-Z1-A1-m-sn-n:nw-w-A1-Z1-Z1-A1-!-z-Dr:r-A55:k\-w-A1-m-Xn:n-nw*W:pr-n:k\-A-p:V19-pr:n-xt:t*Z1-q:n-i-D32-a:n-A1-H6A-W-i-i-t-ra
jr.n.j ḫmtw hrw wꜥ.kw jb.j m snnw.j sḏr.kw m ẖnw n(j) kꜣp n(j) ḫt qnj.n.j šwyt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 41–45

I spent three days alone, my heart my only companion (literally, “my second”), lying inside a shelter of wood, having embraced the shadows.


ḥqr

q

Coptic: ϩⲕⲟ (hko) (Sahidic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan, Bohairic)


ḥqr

ḥqr (singular)
ḥqrwj (dual)
ḥqrw (plural)

Coptic: ϩⲏⲕⲉ (hēke) (Sahidic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan)


stp-zꜣ

stp-zꜣ (singular)
stpwj-zꜣ (dual)
stpw-zꜣ (plural)

T:z-m-E14-M42-n:n-stp-V16:r-Hm-f-
-a-b-w-tyw-E14:r-n:f

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 1–2

The hound that was the protector of His Majesty. His name is Abutiu.

a title used for a bodyguard of the king during his travels, literally protector

used as a component of various other titles; see the Derived Terms section below


stp-zꜣ

the palace or court together with its inhabitants

a temple or part of a temple in which a god is enthroned or in which a god’s image is set up

(Late Egyptian) the judgement hall in the afterlife


pr-nswt

/pəɾənəˈsiːʔə/

/pəɾənəˈsiːʔ/

/pəɾənəˈsiːʔə/

/pəɾənəˈsiːʔ/

pr (“house, palace”) + nswt (“king”) in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

(rare) a kind of royal palace contrasted with pr-bjtj, traditionally rendered as ‘palace of the king of Upper Egypt’

royal court, king together with his household and entourage


mdwt m ḥr

mdwt m ḥr (singular)
mdwtj m ḥr (dual)
mdwwt m ḥr (plural)

mdwt (“matter”) + m (“in”) + ḥr (“face”).

compound

a responsibility, something one is responsible for


jzwt

jzwt (singular)
jzwtj (dual)
jzwwt (plural)

r-di-Hm-f-
--s--f:T-W1-x-w-z-A34-n:Ba15s*f*Ba15as-
-i-iz-z-
-i-n-iz-iz-iz-n:t-
-qd-A1-A1-A1
rḏj ḥm.f [s]fṯ ḫwz n[.f] jz jn jzwt nt (j)qdw

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 6–9

His Majesty gave pine oil and (ordered) that a tomb be built for him by a gang of builders.

iz-w:*t-A1-Z2ss-T:n:Z2-ii-i-t:D54-aD:d-t:Y2-D35:n-n:h-w-nDs:n-mSa-A1-Z2ss-n:Z2
jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 7–8

Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.

crew of a boat, especially the solar barque


ꜣmm

ꜣmm (singular)
ꜣmmwj (dual)
ꜣmmw (plural)


qnj

qnj (singular)
qnjwj (dual)
qnjw (plural)


ḥknw

r:a-H-k\:n-nw-W-A2-nTr-dwA-A-A30-A2-z:A1*Z1-nb:Hr*Z1-H-p:t-D32:a-sn-n:nw-w-A1-Z1-Z1-f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 5–6

Praise has been given, the god has been thanked, and every man is embracing his fellow (lit. his second).


ḥknw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϭⲓⲛ (acin)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁϭⲓⲛ (hacin)

a:A1-ini-n:t-n:k\-i-b-E8-i-N33C:Z2ss-H-k\:n-nw-W-N33C:Z2ss-D54-w-d:n-b-N33C:Z2ss-X:z-A-i-i-t-N33C:Z2ss-!-sn-n:t-r-tr-N33C:Z2ss-n-Aa16*Z1:Z2-pr-Z2ss-s-Htp:t-p-w-Y2-nTr-Z1-nb-i-m-f
dj.j jn.t(w) n.k jbj ḥknw jwdnb ẖsꜣyt sntr n(j) gsw prw sḥtpw nṯr nb jm.f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 140–142

I will have them bring you labdanum, ḥknw-oil, jwdnb-incense, cassia, and the incense of the temple storerooms, with which every god is made content.

one of the seven sacred oils used in mortuary rituals, made of myrrh, styrax resin, and acacia seeds


mṯn

mṯn (singular)
mṯnwj (dual)
mṯnw (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲧ (maeit)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲱⲓⲧ (mōit)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲓⲧ (mait)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲉⲓⲧ (moeit)

N31:t*Z1-z:S:Z9*D54-ti-i-m:a-T:n:nw-w-Z2ss:H_SPACE-wn:O31
wꜣt zš.tj mṯnw wn(.w)

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 23

The road is traversable, the paths are open.

way, road, path (+ genitive: leading to (a place), followed by (a person))

course, path, trajectory (of the stars in the sky, etc.)

way of leading one’s life, particularly the right way


mṯn

sheikh, leader of a band of desert nomads or bedouins


jnw

jnw (singular)
jnwwj (dual)
jnww (plural)

aHa-a:n-aq-q-D54-k\-w-A1-Hr-Z1-I3-I3-G7-!-m:a-O35-n:A1-n:f-ini-N33C:Z2ss-p:n-ini-n:n-A1-m-Xn-n:nw-W-pr:n-N18:N23*Z1-p:n
ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) ꜥq.kw ḥr jtj mz.n.j n.f jnw pn jn.n.j m ẖnw n(j) jw pn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 174–175

Then I entered before the sovereign and presented him with those gifts (literally, “this getting”) that I had gotten within that island.

cargo, delivery; produce, gifts, or supplies brought


ḏwt

Nominalized from ḏw (“evil, bad, wicked”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

ir:Dw-t-w-r:Sd:d-xrw-w-w-d:Z9:D40-q:n:nDs-z:p*zp:f-spr:r:D54-r:f
jr ḏwt r šd-ḫrw wd qn zp.f spr(.w) r.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 22

Evil has been done to the Disturber (Set), he who committed violence; his misdeed has caught up with him.


ḏwt

→ Arabic: طَوْد (ṭawd)

Alternative form of Dw:Z1 (ḏw, “mountain”)


ḥwnt

ḥwnt (singular)
ḥwntj (dual)
ḥwnwt (plural)


msyt

msyt (singular)
msytj (dual)
msywt (plural)


ḫꜣwj

ḫꜣwj (singular)
ḫꜣwjwj (dual)
ḫꜣwjw (plural)

Compare Arabic غُرُوب (ḡurūb, “sunset”) and Hebrew עֶרֶב (érev, “evening, night”).


nfr-jb

From nfr (“pleasingness, goodness”) + jb (“heart, mind”) in a direct genitive construction with the first element nominalized, thus literally ‘goodness of heart/mind’.


smj

smj (singular)
smjwj (dual)
smjw (plural)


sdb

sdb (singular)
sdbwj (dual)
sdbw (plural)


ꜥfḏt

ꜥfḏt (singular)
ꜥfḏtj (dual)
ꜥfḏwt (plural)


ꜥrt

ꜥrt (singular)
ꜥrtj (dual)
ꜥrwt (plural)


ꜥrt

a:r:*t-pH (canonical feminine)
ꜥrt (singular)
ꜥrtj (dual)
ꜥrwt (plural)


ꜥrt

a:r:*t-Hn (canonical feminine)
ꜥrt (singular)
ꜥrtj (dual)
ꜥrwt (plural)


jwꜥt

jwꜥt (singular)
jwꜥtj (dual)
jwꜥwt (plural)

the inheritance of the Two Lands (Egypt)

to bequeath an inheritance (+ n: to (someone))


ṯnṯꜣt

ṯnṯꜣt (singular)
ṯnṯꜣtj (dual)
ṯnṯꜣwt (plural)

/t͡ʃɛnt͡ʃɑt/

Probably derived from ṯnj (“to elevate, to be distinguished”).

throne dais of a king or god, especially the dais of Horus

throne hall, especially in the context of the Sed festival


ẖꜣyt

xpr-r:n-r-s-D35:n-w-A1-H-n:a-A-m-Q7-n:y-D35:n-w-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2-
-aHa-a:n-A1-m-t:Z6-k\-W-A1-n-s-n:Z2-gm-m-n:A1-s-t-m-XA-A-i-i-t-Aa2:Z2ss-wa-a:t*Z1
ḫpr.n r.s nn wj ḥnꜥ(w) ꜣm.nj nn wj m ḥr(j) jb.sn ꜥḥꜥ.n.j m(w)t.kw n.sn gm.n.j st m ẖꜣyt wꜥt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 130–132

But it happened while I wasn’t with them, and they burned up while I wasn’t in their midst. Then I died for them, having found them as a single heap of corpses.


ḫnws

x:n-nw-W-s-nDs (canonical masculine)
ḫnws (singular)
ḫnwswj (dual)
ḫnwsw (plural)


jdw

i-d-Xrd (canonical masculine)
jdw (singular)
jdwwj (dual)
jdww (plural)


jdw

jdw (singular)
jdwwj (dual)
jdww (plural)


jdw

(hapax) a kind of bird or other flying animal


jhm

Demotic: jhm, ꜣhm

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉϩⲁⲙ (eham)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϩⲟⲙ (ahom)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϩⲁⲙ (aham)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉϩⲁⲙ (eham), ⲁϩⲁⲙ (aham)

Old Coptic: ⲉϩⲟⲙ (ehom)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϩⲟⲙ (ahom)

(chiefly in the plural) sorrow, suffering


mdwt nfrt

mdwt (“words, speech”) + nfrt (feminine of nfr (“good, fine, beautiful”)).

af

feminine of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nfr</i> (“good, fine, beautiful”)


sbj

sbj (singular)
sbjwj (dual)
sbjw (plural)

Demotic: sbj

ⲥⲏⲃ (sēb) (Old Coptic)

D35:n-i-iz-pr*Z1:n-s-b-i-A13-Hr:Z1-Hm-Z1:f-i-w-XA:t-Aa2:f-m-q:H_SPACE-T14-Y1:n-mw

c. 1859 BCE – 1813 BCE, The Loyalist Teaching (Stele of Sehetepibre/Cairo CG 20538 Verso) line 19

There is no tomb for a rebel against His Majesty; his corpse is thrown to the water.


ḫwd

ḫwd (singular)
ḫwdwj (dual)
ḫwdw (plural)


nꜥr

n:a- r (canonical masculine)
nꜥr (singular)
nꜥrwj (dual)
nꜥrw (plural)


ḥzmn

Coptic: ϩⲟⲥⲙ (hosm)


ḥzmn

cog

Hebrew חַשְׁמַל


jꜣt

i-A-t:iAt (canonical feminine)
jꜣt (singular)
jꜣtj (dual)
jꜣwt (plural)

mound, especially as a sacred site or location in the Afterworld

(chiefly in the plural, expressively) regions, lands, foreign lands


jꜣt

jꜣt (singular)
jꜣtj (dual)
jꜣwt (plural)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲱ⸗ (ōō⸗) (in ϩⲓⲱⲱ⸗ (hiōō⸗), pronominal state of ϩⲓ (hi))

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲧ⸗ (ōt⸗) (in ϩⲓⲱⲧ⸗ (hiōt⸗), pronominal state of ϩⲓ (hi))

(figuratively) middle of a body of water (lake or river)


jꜣt

standard for carrying cultic images and objects


jꜣt

wn:n-i-i-O31:O31-p*t:D6\*D6-z:n:X4-i-i-O31:O31-i-A-t:S-M44-Xr-r:*t

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 519.8 (Pyr. 1203c), P

-<-ra-mr-i-i->-p-w-i-r--i-A-t-M44-Xr-r:*t-H-kA:Y1--pr:r-i-i--f:r-f:S-Sw-w-i-i-f-r:f-i-r:p-t:pt

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 539.84–85 (Pyr. 1324c–1324d), P

[mry-rꜥ pw jr(j)] jꜣt ẖrt ḥkꜣ [pry].f r.f šwy.f r.f jr pt

M42:n-i-i-O31:O31-p:t-D6\-D6-z:n:X4-i-i-O31:O31-i-A-t:S-M44-Xr:r-t

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 519.8 (Pyr. 1203c), M

M42:n-O31:O31-p*t:D6\*D6-z:n:X4-i-i-O31:O31-i-A-t:N36-M44-Xr:r-t

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 519.8 (Pyr. 1203c), N

Part of a place name in the Afterworld. The meaning of this term is uncertain.


jꜣt

New Kingdom form of ꜣꜣ (“mound of ruins”)