h

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


j

ini&n-m-i-n:f-d:Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1-i-p-w-i-A-t:iAt-tyw-
-N41-s-Q2-w-Hr-D:a-b-s-n:pr-r:*r-i-w-m-gs-iAb-n:p-t:pt-
-w-T:z-U39-s-n-i-

Allen, James (2005) The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, page 230

jn m j n (j)fd(w) jpw jꜣtjw
ḥmsw ḥr ḏꜥb.sn prrjw m gs jꜣb n(j) pt
wṯz.sn j.k pn nfr n nḥb-kꜣw
ḏd.n n.k zꜣt.k jdt
wṯz nḥb-kꜣw j.k pn nfr n psḏtj

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 609.18–22 (Pyr. 1708a–1708f), N

[jn jj]j n(j) ppy [nfr]-kꜣ-[rꜥ n jfdw jpw jꜣtjw
ḥmsw ḥr ḏꜥb.sn prrjw m] gs jꜣb n(j) pt
[wṯz].sn jjj n(j) [ppy] nfr-kꜣ-[rꜥ] pn nfr n nḥ[b-kꜣw]
[… p]py [nfr]-kꜣ-[rꜥ] ḏ[d.n n.k zꜣt].k [jd]t
wṯz nḥb-kꜣw jj[j n(j)] ppy nfr-kꜣ-rꜥ pn [nfr n psḏtj]

(rare) statement, report, word (about someone’s good qualities)


j

some part of a reed, likely panicles or leaves


p

p:S (canonical masculine)
p (singular)
pwj (dual)
pw (plural)


r

Demotic: rꜣ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲉ- (re-), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲁ (la), ⲗⲉ- (le-), ⲗⲱ⸗ (lō⸗)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲁ- (ra-), ⲣⲉ- (re-), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

modern Egyptological, as pronounced by Americans

The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ. The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods, or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.

[Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period]

nw:k n:D-s-A1 i-q:r D:d m r:Z1-f
jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f

Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II, c. 1929–1878 BCE, Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78)

I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his own mouth.

(figuratively, chiefly in titles) speaker, mouthpiece

bodily orifice, opening of the human body in general, including eyes, ears, nostrils, the vulva, and open wounds

i-w-h-i-i-Y2:n-r:a-ra*Z1-r:r*Z1-O31:O31-tA:N23*Z1-
-h-nw-W-A4-n:k-z:r-q:Y2-Ax-x-H_SPACE:ra-w-aq-q:H_SPACE-k-dwA-pr:n-wr:r-t:xAst
jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9

May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).

entrance to a building or other enclosed structure, doorway

(especially in compounds) place or thing seen as an opening from one point to another, passage, thoroughfare

a measure of volume equivalent to ¹⁄₃₂ of a hnw or ¹⁄₃₂₀ of a ḥqꜣt (about 15 millilitres); mouthful

r:V1*V1*V1-V20*V20*V20:V20*V20*V20
r(ꜣ) ḫmtw-št sjsjw
¹⁄₃₆₀

12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh

(mathematics) used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.


s

The object depicted in the hieroglyph s. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


s

A type of waterfowl, perhaps the Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), especially as an offering for the dead

Alternative form of sr (“type of goose”)


s

Abbreviation of snb (“health”) in the formula ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb (“life, prosperity, health”)


t

abbreviation in namesof types of ritual loaves


z

Coptic: ⲥⲁ- (sa-)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

Speculatively, Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *ji (one, someone, somebody); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. Compare Hebrew זֶה.

inh

-s-Dr:r-D37:A55-z:A1-H-q:r-w-nDs-r:d-mi-i-N23-A1

c. 1944 BCE, (year 17 of the reign of Senusret I), Stela of Mentuwoser (MMA 12.184), lines 11–12

No one went to bed hungry in my district.


rd

r:d-rd (canonical masculine)
rd (singular)
rdwj (dual)
rdw (plural)

Demotic: rt

Coptic:

ⲣⲁⲧ⸗ (rat⸗) (Sahidic, Bohairic)

ⲗⲉⲧ⸗ (let⸗) (Fayyumic)

q

ⲣⲉⲧ⸗ (ret⸗) (Akhmimic, Lycopolitan, Fayyumic, Old Coptic)

ⲣⲉⲉⲧ⸗ (reet⸗) (Akhmimic)

aHa-a:n-d-wn:n-D54:n-A1-r:d-rd-rd-A1-r:*r-x:Y2-a:t-A1-m-r-Z1-A1
ꜥḥꜥ.n dwn.n.j rdwj.j r rḫ djt.j m r(ꜣ).j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 45–46

Then I stretched out my legs to learn what I might put in my mouth.


sn

Demotic:  (sn)

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲛ (son) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ⲥⲁⲛ (san) (Fayyumic, Akhmimic)

Related to snwj (“two”). Compare with Migaama sin and Blin šan.

(by extension) any closely related male family member, such as a cousin, uncle, or nephew

(usually in the plural) a person of equal status who belongs to the same group or shares common characteristics; fellow

one of two opposing disputants in court, litigant


mt

Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲧ (mout)


ky

k-i-i mf (canonical)
k-i-i (dual masculine)
ky (dual masculine)
k:t (dual feminine)
k:t-i-i (dual feminine)
kt (dual feminine)
kty (dual feminine)
k:y-w&y (masculine plural)
k-w&y (masculine plural)
k-w (masculine plural)
kjwj (masculine plural)
kwj (masculine plural)
kw (masculine plural)
k:t (feminine plural)
kt (feminine plural)

egy-decl-adj

<hiero>k:y-w&y</hiero>, <hiero>k-w&y</hiero>, <hiero>k-w</hiero>, <hiero>k-w-Z1:Z1*Z1</hiero>

Coptic: ⲕⲉ- (ke-), ⲕⲉ (ke), ⲕⲉⲧ (ket), (plural) ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (kooue)


py

p-i-i (canonical masculine)
py (singular)
pywj (dual)
pyw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲉⲓ (phei)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲏⲓ (pēi)


twr

twr (singular)
twrwj (dual)
twrw (plural)


twr

a kind of plant, possibly a kind of reed, used medicinally and said to be given to the dead in the afterworld


st

Coptic: ⲥⲉ- (se-) in ⲥⲉⲙⲓⲥⲓ (semisi, “birthing stool”)

Ancient Greek: -σης (-sēs) in Νεφερσης (Nephersēs, epithet of Isis)

throne of the king or of a god seen as a king

seat of the dead in the heavens or in the sun-god’s barque

(with a god’s name) temple or home of a god in the sky or duat

xpr-r-i-s-E9-w-d-D54-k\-t-w-r-st-t:pr-t:n-
-D35:z-p:zp-U2:ir-A-k\-N18:N23*Z1-p:n-xpr-r-m-n:U19-nw-W-i-i-mw
ḫpr js jwd.k tw r st pn nj zp mꜣ.k jw pn ḫpr(.w) m nwy

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 153–154

When your parting from this place comes to pass, you will never again see this island, which will have turned into water.

t*F7:Htp-n:s-st-t*pr:z-f:Aw-w-mn:n:Y1-r:h*p-w-Y1:Z2:f
šfyt ḥtp.n.s st.s fꜣw mn(.w) r hpw.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 22–23

Dignity, it has taken its seat, and magnificence is established according to his laws.


tp

aHa-a:n-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-Sms-W-A1-s-sA-A-H-D63-Y2:k\-w-A1-m-tp-A1*B1:Z2-V1-V1
ꜥḥꜥ.n(.j) rdj.kw r šmsw sꜣḥ.kw m štj tpw

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 177–179

Then I was appointed as a retainer and endowed with two hundred servants (literally, “heads”).

individual person, (if possessed) servant


mn

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲛ (man)

substitute for an unknown male name; so-and-so, N.N.


zr

Old Coptic: ⲥⲣⲟ (sro)


db

Uncertain. Possibly related to db (“horn, tusk”); compare the possible relation between ḫꜣb (“hippopotamus”) and ḫꜣb (“to be bent”) (in reference to the animal’s tusks).

skin or fat of the hippopotamus, used medicinally


db

d-b-db (canonical masculine)
db (singular)
dbwj (dual)
dbw (plural)

Demotic: tp

Coptic: ⲧⲁⲡ (tap)

Possibly a doublet of ꜥb (“horn”), according to the Rösslerian school of Egyptian comparison.

hollowed-out horn for holding oil, used by Asiatics


sr

Demotic: srj

Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩⲣ (siour, “eunuch”)


sr

Coptic: ⲥⲓⲣ (sir)


nb

Demotic: (nb)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲏⲃ (nēb)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲏⲃ (nēb)

Ehret attempts to derive this term from a Proto-Afroasiatic *ruub- (“to send”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking, and in this case the derivation is not particularly plausible.

Q1-ir:nb-A40-Dd-Dd-w-O49:t*Z1-nTr-aA
wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ […]

12th Dynasty, Stela of Nakhti, British Museum EA 143

Osiris, Lord of Djedu, the elder god […]

E9-w-i-i-t:nDs-O35:nDs-s-y:E9-w-r:ww-D54-tA:m-Htp:Z2-Xr:r-nb:Z1:f
jwyt zb(.w) sjw(w) rw.w tꜣ m ḥtpw ẖr nb.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 23

Wrongdoing has gone, the Slanderer has departed, and the land is in peace under its lord.

lord, master, ruler (of a place or people)

(without following genitive noun, often as a term of address) master, superior

s-mn:n:Y1-mAat-n:nb:z-r:a-w-Aa18*Z1:r-i-s-f:t:nDs

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 23–24

Righteousness has been established for its possessor, and the back is turned on wrong.

an epithet of various gods, especially Osiris


nb

Demotic:  (nby),  (nbe.t)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲁⲃⲉ (nabe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲃⲓ (nobi)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲁⲃⲓ (nabi), ⲛⲁϥⲓ (nafi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲛⲁⲃⲉ (nabe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲃⲉ (nobe)

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + *bw(j) (“abomination”) with regular dissimilation of m- to n- before a labial; for the stem, compare bwt (“abomination”), bwj (“to abominate”).


rn

Demotic: rn

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲉⲛ (ren), ⲣⲛⲧ⸗ (rnt⸗)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲁⲛ (ran), ⲣⲉⲛ- (ren-), ⲣⲉⲛ⸗ (ren⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲉⲛ (len), ⲣⲉⲛ (ren)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲉⲛ (ren)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲉⲛ (ren), ⲣⲁⲛ (ran), ⲣⲓⲛ⸗ (rin⸗), ⲣⲉⲛ⸗ (ren⸗)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲣⲓⲛ (rin)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲁⲛ (ran), ⲣⲓⲛ (rin), ⲣⲉⲛ- (ren-), ⲣⲛⲧ⸗ (rnt⸗), ⲣⲉⲛⲧ⸗ (rent⸗), ⲣⲓⲛⲧ⸗ (rint⸗), ⲣⲁⲛⲧ⸗ (rant⸗), ⲣⲓⲛ⸗ (rin⸗)

→ English: ren

T:z-m-E14-M42-n:n-stp-V16:r-Hm-f-
-a-b-w-tyw-E14:r-n:f

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 1–2

The hound that was the protector of His Majesty. His name is Abutiu.

i:n G39-Z1-s-n:Z2 mr:r-s-n:Z2 A21-w-s-n:Z2 s-anx-n:x r:n-s-n:Z2 Hr:Z1 P6-Z1:O39 p:n
[…] jn zꜣ.sn mr.sn šmsw.sn sꜥnḫ rnw.sn ḥr ꜥḥꜥ pn […]

Early Middle Kingdom, Stela of Inher-hotep, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ÄS 90

[…] by their beloved eldest son, who makes their names live on before this stela […]

i-nD-D:Hr:k-Q2:ir-nb:H*ra*H-sw-t:Z2ss-nTr-I1S:Z2-r:n:nw*Z2ss-Dsr:r-xpr-Z3-S:t*U30-i-ir:w-m-r:Z1-pr:Z1*Z2ss-
-A51-s-s-kA:Z1-p-w-xnt-Dd-Dd-wr:r-Xr:r:t-m-R22:x-m-pr:H_SPACE-nb:h-n:nw*w-A32-m-A21:R12-t*y:N36-xnt-D:f:X4-m-iwn-nw:niwt--…--
-Dd-Dd-r:n:M-r:Z1:n-t*nr:Z2-pA-t:X6:X6-n:N17:N17:t:tm-D:f:X4-kA:Z2ss-xnt-N9:t:Z2ss-nTr-Ax-Z1:H_SPACE-mn:n:x*mnx-M:M:a-Ax-Z2ss:H_SPACE
j.nḏ ḥr.k wsjr nb nḥḥ nswt nṯr(w) ꜥšꜣ rnw ḏsr ḫprw štꜣ jrw m rw-prw špss kꜣ pw ḫnt(j) ḏdw wr ẖrt m ḫm nb hnw m ꜥnḏtj ḫnt(j) ḏf(ꜣ) m jwnw […] ḏd rn m r(ꜣ) n(j) rmt pꜣ(w)tj n(j) tꜣwj tm ḏf(ꜣ) kꜣw ḫnt psḏt ꜣḫ mnḫ mmj ꜣḫw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 1–4

Hail to you, Osiris, lord of eternity, king of gods, numerous of names, sacred of developments, secret of rites in temples! He is noble of ka, this foremost one of Busiris, great of possessions in Letopolis, possessor of acclaim in (the nome of) Anedjti, foremost of provisions in Heliopolis, […] whose name endures (literally, “enduring of name”) in the mouth of people, primaeval one of the Two Lands (Egypt), complete of food and sustenance at the head of the Ennead, potent akh among the akhs.

E31-Ax-x:H_SPACE-xnt-E31:Z2-wAH-O44-t:Z1-z:mn:n-HqA-t:Z1-sxm-H_SPACE:Z1-nfr-n:N9:t-H_SPACE:Z2ss-nTr-
-M1-Y1:Hr*Z1-U7:r:r-U3:n:f-r:a:snD-f:m-tA:tA:tA:nb-n:U7:r:*t-d:m-T30:A2-z:n:r:n:f-r:HAt:t*Z1
sꜥḥ ꜣḫ ḫnt sꜥḥw wꜣḥ jꜣwt smn ḥqꜣt sḫm nfr n(j) psḏt jmꜣ ḥr mrr mꜣ n.f rdj snḏ.f m tꜣw nb(w) n mr(w)t dm.sn rn.f r ḥꜣt […]

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 7–8

Effective dignitary, foremost of dignitaries, enduring of office, established of reign, the fair power of the Ennead, gracious of face, the sight of whom is beloved, the awe of whom is set in all lands in order that they pronounce his name first, […]

zA-Z1:H_SPACE-st-t:H8-nD-nw*t:n:f-i-t:f-s-Dsr:r-w-s-mn:n:x*mnx-w-r:n:f
zꜣ ꜣst nḏ{t}.n.f jt.f sḏsrw smnḫw rn.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22

The son of Isis, he has avenged his father; his name has been hallowed and made splendid.

s-HD-D:ra-SPACE-SPACE-k:k:t-N2-z:r-q:Y2-k-H-st:t-tm-m-t:gb-pr-
-a:r-N31:k-SPACE-SPACE-m-r:n-k:n-r:a-ra*Z1:r-b-w-Xr:r-st:ir-xnt-n:t*y-imnt-tyw-N33B:N33B:N33B-A40
sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8

Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.

aHa-a:n-D:d-n:f-n:A1-s-n:b*t-zp:y-n:D-z:nDs-A1-r-pr-Z1-k\--…--
-i-M-m:a-r:n-A1-nfr-f:r-m-niwt:t*Z1-k\-
-m-a:k\-Xr:r&t-Y2:Z2-A1-p-W-i-m-k\
ꜥḥꜥ.n ḏd.n.f n.j snb.t(j) zpwj snwj nḏs r pr.k […] jmj rn.j nfr m nwt.k m.k ẖrt.j pw jm.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 158–160

Then he said to me, Safe travels, safe travels, little man, to your house! […] Set my good name in your city. Look, that is what I need from you.

i-M-m:a-pr-r-D54-r:n-k\-i-w-g-r-A2-k\-m-r-Z1-k\:n-i-s-t-A2-k\
jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1

Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.


rn

r:n (canonical masculine)
rn (singular)
rnwj (dual)
rnw (plural)

s-x:p-D54-t-
-r:n-mA-HD

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Men Bringing Desert Animals (Cleveland 1930.734), caption above oryx


tꜣ

Demotic: tꜣ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲟ (tho)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to)

Old Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to), ⲑⲟ (tho), ⲧⲱ (tō), ⲑⲱ (thō)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to)

a:A1-ini-n:t-n:k\-H-a-w-P1:Z2-A-t:p-w-A2-A24-Xr:r-A51-s-s-Y2:Z2-nb:n-km-m-t-niwt:t*Z1-!-mi-i-ir:r-t:n-nTr-Z1-U7:r-r-A2-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-!-m-tA:N23*Z1-wA-A-N31-D35-r:x-Y2-sw-W-r-T-A1-B1-Z2ss
dj.j jn.t(w) n.k ḥꜥw ꜣtp.w ẖr špssw nb n(j) kmt mj jrrt n nṯr mrr r(m)ṯ m tꜣ wꜣ nj rḫ sw r(m)ṯ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 146–148

I will have them bring you a fleet laden with every finery of Egypt, like what is done for a god beloved by people in a faraway land people don’t know.

aHa-a:n-s-aHa-a:D54-U36-Z1:n-sw-bit-t:t-<-s-nfr-f:r-w->-!-m-sw-t:n-G7-mn:n-x-mnx-Y1-m-tA:N23*Z1-p:n-r-Dr:r-f
ꜥḥꜥ.n sꜥḥꜥ ḥm n(j) nswt-bjtj snfr-w(j) m nswt mnḫ m tꜣ pn r ḏr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.8

Then the majesty of the Dual King Sneferu was raised up as splendid king in this entire land.

N17:N21*p:n-M:a:f-N35B:f-TAw:f-s-M21:M-Hn:f-mn:n:mn:n-t:E1:f-nb:t-pA-i-i-t:nb:t-H_SPACE:x-t:xn-N35C:nb:t-D&d:f:t-I14:Z2:f-qmA-w&t-E29*Z2ss:f-xAst:t*Z1-!-s-U4:a-w-N-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-nw*t:pt-tA:tA:N21*N21-h:r-w-Hr:r:z
tꜣ pn m-ꜥ.f mw.f ṯꜣw.f sm(w).f mnmnt.f nbt pꜣyt nbt ḫnnt nbt ḏdfwt.f ꜥwt.f ḫꜣst smꜣꜥ.w n zꜣ nwt tꜣwj hr.w ḥr.s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 11–12

This land is in his hand — its water and its wind, its plants and all its cattle, all that flies and all that lands, its creeping creatures and its quadrupeds of the desert, were given to the son of Nut, and the Two Lands (Egypt) are pleased with it.

nTr-dwA-A-A30-t-w-n:k\-m-niwt:t*Z1-x*t:f-Hr-Z1-q:n-b-t-O38-A1:Z2ss-tA:N23*Z1-r-Dr:r-f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 143–144

They will thank the god for you in the city in front of the council and the entire land.

dwꜣ.tw-nṯr n.k m nwt ḫft ḥr qnbt tꜣ r ḏr.f

(by extension) the collective people of a land or country

i-p:n:f-tA:N21*Z1:r-Xr:r:t:f-pt:tA:Xr:r-st-Hr*Z1:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19

The land was accounted as his possession, and the sky and the land were under his care.

O43-p:a-x:r-p*W:xt-H-A25-A24-mn:n-i-t-T14-xt-HAt:t*t-V1-r:a-t-Hr*Z1-tA:N23*Z1
šzp ḫrpw ḥw mjnt ḥꜣtt rḏj.t(j) ḥr tꜣ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 3–5

The mallet has been taken, the mooring post has been struck, and the prow rope is set on land.

D:a-P5-pr:r-D54-i-w-n:Z2-m-M14-wr-r:N36-tp*Z1-a:Z1-D63:Y2-n:Z2-tA:N23*Z1
ḏꜥ pr(.w) jw.n m wꜣḏ-wr tp ꜥ sꜣḥ.n tꜣ

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 32–34

A stormwind emerged while we were at sea, before we could set foot on land.


pr

Demotic: (pr)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲉⲣ- (per-), -ⲡⲱⲣ (-pōr)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *par- (“house”). Compare also Proto-Berber *farr (“enclosure”).

aHa-a:n-D:d-n:f-n:A1-s-n:b*t-zp:y-n:D-z:nDs-A1-r-pr-Z1-k\
ꜥḥꜥ.n ḏd.n.f n.j snb.t(j) zpwj snwj nḏs r pr.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 158

Then he said to me, Safe travels, safe travels, little man, to your house!

household, inhabitants of a house collectively

property collectively, possessions, estate

(Late Egyptian) garden or estate as a piece of land

(of gods) temple property and administration, temple estate

(usually with qualifying word) building with some other particular use

case, chest, holder (for ointments, bows, mirrors, etc.)


sm

s-m (canonical masculine)
sm (singular)
smwj (dual)
smw (plural)

a type of priest that played a role in funerary ritual, notably performing the opening of the mouth ceremony


pt

Demotic:  (p(.t))

Coptic: ⲡⲉ (pe) (Sahidic), ⲫⲉ (phe) (Bohairic), ⲡⲏ (pē) (Fayyumic, Akhmimic)


md

Alternative spelling of mdw (“word, speech”)


ds

Speculatively, Orel and Stolbova claim a derivation from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *dac- (“flint knife”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.


ds

s-p-d-M44-Y1-d-s-W-T30:Z2-r-t:h-rd-D54-m:a-t:n-T14-G41-nDs-D35:n-H-Hn-n:D54-D35-i-s-Hr-Z1-z:p-zp:f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.2–1.3

Sharp are the knives against one who transgresses the path; there is no haste except at its proper time.


ms

ms-s-Xrd (canonical masculine)
ms (singular)
mswj (dual)
msw (plural)

Demotic: ms

Coptic: ⲙⲁⲥ (mas)

Possibly related to Central Atlas Tamazight ⵎⵙ (ms, “to be from, be related to, be a close relative/descendant of”).


ms

Demotic: ms

Coptic: ⲙⲁⲥⲉ (mase)


tr

Demotic: tꜣ, ṯꜣ

Coptic: ⲧⲏ (tē), ⲧⲉ (te)

point or span of time, particular time (+ genitive: time of (a season, a part of the day, a date, a festival, an event, etc.))

duration of time (+ genitive: lasting, consisting of (some measure))

-X:z-nDs:A1-p-W-H-Hn-n:t-I3-A24-n:X-t*Z1:f-s-wA-A-N31-t:*r-M6-ra-!-s-m-x-D35:n-f-w-s-t:n-D54-X:t*Z1-m-pr-Z1-s-n:Z2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.6–1.7

He who is greedy for the sake of his belly when the proper time passes, having forgotten those in whose house his belly roams free, is a wretch.

ẖz pw ḥnt n ẖt.f swꜣ tr smḫ.n.f wstn ẖt m pr.sn

time when something will reach fulfilment, particularly of the end of pregnancy or death

time when someone is alive, lifetime (of people, gods, ancestors)


sd

s-d:sd (canonical masculine)
sd (singular)
sdwj (dual)
sdw (plural)

Coptic: ⲥⲁⲧ (sat)


sw

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

used with an ordinal number, indicates a day of the month

This was the usual writing before the Late Period


ḥrj

ḥrj (singular)
ḥrjwj (dual)
ḥrjw (plural)

Demotic: (ḥry)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: ρι- (ri-), φρι- (phri-)


st-ꜥ

From st (“seat, place”) + ꜥ (“arm”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally “place of the arm”.


st-jb

st-t:ib (canonical feminine)
st-jb (singular)
stj-jb (dual)
swt-jb (plural)

From st (“seat, place, residence”) + jb (“heart, mind”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘residence of the heart/mind’.


m ḫt

(relative) future, later time, hereafter


pꜣwt

pꜣwt (singular)
pꜣwtj (dual)
pꜣwwt (plural)

a kind of baked goods used as an offering, considered the food of gods and the dead


pꜣwt

i-w-A1-Hr:Z1-m-a:q-Dr:r-p-pA-t:X6:Z2
D35-U2:ir-A1-mi-t:y-z:r-w-p:n
jw.j ḥr mꜥq ḏr pꜣwt

12th Dynasty, rock tombs at Meir, tomb chapel B4 of Ukhhotep III, inner room, east wall, north of entrance, register 2

I have been roasting since the beginning of time,
but I have never seen the like of this goose.


mšꜥ

mšꜥ (singular)
mšꜥwj (dual)
mšꜥw (plural)

Demotic: mšꜥ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲏϣ (mēš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (mēēše)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲏϣⲓ (mēēši), ⲙⲉϣⲓ (meši)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (mēēše), ⲙⲏϣⲉ (mēše)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲉⲓϣⲉ (mieiše), ⲙⲓϣⲉ (miše)


šsr

šsr (singular)
šsrwj (dual)
šsrw (plural)


ꜥꜣm

ꜥꜣm (singular)
ꜥꜣmwj (dual)
ꜥꜣmw (plural)

Demotic: ꜥꜣm

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲏ (amē)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲉ (ame)

w-h-[{-m-}]-G37-ib*Z1:k-i-r:f-T14-m-A14A:X-z:G37-
-m-a:k-s-wr:r-i-mw-A1:gs-i-r:p*nw-n:k-A-m-w-pr:k-
-m-a:t**x-A38-n:A1-T14-m-w-A14A:Z2-n:M16*A-q:A1
wh{m} jb.k jr.f ꜥꜣm ẖz m.k swrj.j m jrp n(j) kꜣmw.k m ꜥtḫ n.j ꜥꜣmw n(j) ḥꜣq.j

May your heart fail, you wretched Asiatic! Look, I drink of the wine of your vineyard, which the Asiatics I have captured press for me.

A member of one of the foreign Asian peoples living north and east of the Egyptian borders; Asian, Semite


ẖrj-ꜥ

ẖrj-ꜥ (singular)
ẖrjwj-ꜥ (dual)
ẖrjw-ꜥ (plural)


ꜥ-ẖnwtj

audience chamber
part of the apartments of the king


mjnb

mjnb (singular)
mjnbwj (dual)
mjnbw (plural)


sgr

sgr (singular)
sgrwj (dual)
sgrw (plural)

s- (causative prefix) + gr (“to be silent”).


pr-ꜥꜣ

pr:aA (canonical masculine)
pr:aA (singular)
pr-ꜥꜣ (singular)
prwj-ꜥꜣwj (dual)
prw-ꜥꜣw (plural)

Demotic:  (pr-ꜥꜣ)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (ouro), ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ (pouro)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲁ (rra), ⲉⲣⲣⲁ (erra), ⲓⲣⲣⲁ (irra), ⲉⲣⲁ (era)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro)

Old Coptic: ⲉⲣⲟ (ero)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro), ⲉⲣⲟ (ero), ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (ouro)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒉿𒅕𒀪𒌑 (pi-ir-ʾu-u₂ /pirʾū/)

→ Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה (parʿṓ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), Φαραών (Pharaṓn), Φαραώθης (Pharaṓthēs), φαραώ (pharaṓ) — alternative capitalization
Greek: φαραώ (faraó)
→ Chinese:
Mandarin: 法老 (fǎlǎo)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ (pharaō)
→ Ge'ez: ፈርዖን (färʿon)
→ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉 (faraō), 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉𐌽𐌹 (faraōni, dative)
→ Latin: Pharaō (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Armenian: Փարաւոն (Pʻarawon)
Armenian: փարավոն (pʻaravon)
→ Old Church Slavonic: фараѡ́нъ (faraónŭ), фараонъ (faraonŭ), фараосъ (faraosŭ)
Bulgarian: фарао́н (faraón)
Church Slavonic: фарао (farao)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: фара̀о̄н m
Latin script: faràōn m
→ Old East Slavic: фараонъ (faraonŭ), фарао (farao), ѳараонъ (θaraonŭ)
Belarusian: фарао́н (faraón)
Russian: фарао́н (faraón)
Ukrainian: фарао́н (faraón)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܶܪܥܽܘܢ, ܦܸܪܥܘܿܢ (perʿūn)

desctree

→ Arabic: فِرْعَوْن (firʕawn)
Hijazi Arabic: فرعون (firʕōn)
Maltese: fergħun
→ Bashkir: фирғәүен (firğəwen)
→ Bengali: ফেরাউন (pheraun)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: फ़िरौन (firaun)
Urdu: فرعون (firaun)
→ Malay: firaun
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرعون (firʼavun)
Turkish: firavun
→ Persian: فرعون (fer'own)
→ Swahili: firauni
→ Tajik: фиръавн (firʾavn)
→ Uzbek: firʼavn


hbnj

Demotic: hbyn

Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲓⲛⲉ (hboine)

→ Ancient Greek: ἔβενος (ébenos), ἔβελος (ébelos), ἐβένη (ebénē)
Greek: έβενος (évenos)
→ Armenian: էբենոս (ēbenos)
→ Latin: hebenus, ebenus (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Persian: ʾpnws (abnūs)
Persian: ابنوس (abnus), آبنوس (ābnūs, ābenūs), آبنوز (ābnūz) (see there for further descendants)
→ Classical Syriac: ܐܒܢܘܣܐ (ʾaḇnūsāʾ)
→ Old Armenian: եբենոս (ebenos), ոպնիազ (opniaz)
Armenian: եբենոս (ebenos)

→ Hebrew: הָבְנֶה (hovne)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎅𐎁𐎐 (hbn)

A-r:H_SPACE-i-i-t:md-A1-m-hb-n:M3-s-wab-t-m-S40*m:nbw:N33A
[…] ꜣryt.j m hbnj swꜥbt m ḏꜥm […]

c. 1951 BCE, Stela of Ity (British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 586), lines 3–4

[…] and my staff in ebony decorated with electrum […]


šꜣq

šꜣq (singular)
šꜣqwj (dual)
šꜣqw (plural)


šꜣq

SA-A-q:W-xt (canonical masculine)
šꜣq (singular)
šꜣqwj (dual)
šꜣqw (plural)

(Late Egyptian) a container for arrows, perhaps a quiver

(Late Egyptian) part of a column made out of gold wire with inlays of various stones


ym

Demotic: ym

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲁⲙ (eiam), ⲓⲁⲙ (iam)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲟⲙ (iom)

→⇒ Arabic: الفَيُّوم (al-fayyūm)

→ English: Fayum, Faiyum, Fayyum

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲁⲙ (iam)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲙ (eiom), ⲓⲟⲙ (iom)

Borrowed from Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew יָם (yām) and cognates listed at that entry.


ns

Demotic:  (ls)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲗⲉⲥ (les)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲗⲁⲥ (las)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲉⲥ (les)

Old Coptic: ⲗⲁⲥ (las)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲗⲁⲥ (las)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *lis- (“tongue”). Cognate with Proto-Semitic *lišān- and Proto-Berber *iləs.


hy

i-w-h-i-i-Y2:n-r:a-ra*Z1-r:r*Z1-O31:O31-tA:N23*Z1-!-h-nw-W-A4-n:k-z:r-q:Y2-Ax-x-H_SPACE:ra-w-aq-q:H_SPACE-k-dwA-pr:n-wr:r-t:xAst
jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9

May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).


wrt

wr:r-t (canonical feminine)
wrt (singular)
wrtj (dual)
wrwt (plural)

(female) great one (common epithet for goddesses)

used with unclear meaning in jmj wrt and related terms


nhw

n:h-w-nDs (canonical masculine)
nhw (singular)
nhwwj (dual)
nhww (plural)

iz-w:*t-A1-Z2ss-T:n:Z2-ii-i-t:D54-aD:d-t:Y2-D35:n-n:h-w-nDs:n-mSa-A1-Z2ss-n:Z2
jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 7–8

Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.


snt

snt (singular)
sntj (dual)
snwt (plural)

Demotic: snt

Coptic: ⲥⲱⲛⲉ (sōne) (Sahidic, Akhmimic), ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (sōni) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

sn (“brother”) + -t (“feminine ending”), related to snwj (“two”).


hp

Demotic: hp

Coptic: ϩⲁⲡ (hap)

cord used for determining guidelines in construction

t*F7:Htp-n:s-st-t*pr:z-f:Aw-w-mn:n:Y1-r:h*p-w-Y1:Z2:f
šfyt ḥtp.n.s st.s fꜣw mn(.w) r hpw.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 22–23

Dignity, it has taken its seat, and magnificence is established according to his laws.


msḏr

msḏr (singular)
msḏrwj (dual)
msḏrw (plural)
msḏrt (singular)
msḏrtj (dual)
msḏrwt (plural)

Demotic: msḏr, msḏꜥ

Coptic: ⲙⲁⲁϫⲉ (maače) (Sahidic), ⲙⲁϣϫ (mašč) (Bohairic), ⲙⲉϫⲉ (meče) (Fayyumic, Oxyrhynchite), ⲙⲉⲉϫⲉ (meeče) (Fayyumic), ⲙⲁϣⲧⲁ (mašta) (Dialect P)

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈmest͡ʃʼəʕ/

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + sḏr (“to lie down”).


bjk

bjk (singular)
bjkwj (dual)
bjkw (plural)

Demotic: bk

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲏϫ (bēč), ⲃⲉϫⲓ (beči)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲏϭ (bēc), ⲃⲓϭ (bic)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲏϭ (bēc), ⲃⲉϭ (bec), ⲃϭ (bc)

b-i-k-G6-a:X-H5:f-H-n:a-T18-s--W-D54:A1--Z2:f-D35:n-r:D37-t:r*-x:Y1-s*t-A12-A1:Z2-f
bjk ꜥẖ.f ḥnꜥ šms[w].f nn rḏjt rḫ st mšꜥ.f

c. 1800 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version R (pRamesseum A/pBerlin 10499, Verso) lines 21–22

The falcon flew off together with his retinue without letting his army know about it.


fnḏ

fnḏ (singular)
fnḏwj (dual)
fnḏw (plural)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *funVg-, according to Orel and Stolbova’s very tentative reconstruction. If so, perhaps cognate with Lowland East Cushitic *fung- (“nose”), whence Oromo fuññaan. Also compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰⴳⵏⴼⵓⵔ (agnfur, “muzzle, snout”).


hrw

h:r-w-hrw (canonical masculine)
h:r-w-ra (singular)
hrw (singular)
hárwuw (singular)
h:r-w-w-y:ra (dual)
hrwwj (dual)
harúwwaj (dual)
hrw (plural)
harúww (plural)

Demotic: hrw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (ehoou)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩ (hoou)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲟⲩ (haou), ϩⲁⲩ (hau), ϩⲁⲁⲟⲩ (haaou), ϩⲁⲁⲩ (haau), ϩⲟⲟⲩ (hoou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩ (hoou), ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (hooue)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (hooue), ϩⲱⲟⲩⲉ (hōoue)

h:r-w-ra:H_SPACE-nfr-p
hrw nfr p(j)

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), lower register, caption above farmer with outstretched arms

iTi-t:a-k-g:r-H-N2-ini-n:t:k-h:r-H_SPACE:ra-w

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 11

May you take away the night; may you bring the day.


gḥs

gḥs (singular)
gḥswj (dual)
gḥsw (plural)

Coptic: ϭϩⲟⲥ (chos) (Sahidic), ⲭⲁⲥ (khas) (Akhmimic)


rꜥ

r:a-ra (canonical masculine)
rꜥ (singular)
rꜥwj (dual)
rꜥw (plural)

(in fixed expressions) day (period of daylight)


sḏm

Compare Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- (“to hear, to listen”). Apparently unrelated to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).


ḥr

Demotic: ḥr

Coptic: ϩⲟ (ho), ϩⲁ (ha), ϩⲱ (hō)

Possibly cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʕalay-; compare Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā, “on, over”), Hebrew עַל (ʿal, “on”), Aramaic עַל (ʿal, “on”). If so, perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *x̣al. However, some authors consider such a correspondence irregular.

front surface (of a building, door, etc.)


ḫꜣb

ḫꜣb (singular)
ḫꜣbwj (dual)
ḫꜣbw (plural)

According to one suggestion, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ḫab- (compare Akkadian 𒀖𒀠 (/upātum, ubātum/, “pregnant or fat cow”)). However, an internal origin has also been proposed, from ḫꜣb (“to be bent”) in reference to the animal’s bent tusks; compare the relation between db (“hippopotamus”) and db (“horn, tusk”).


ḥꜣtj

ḥꜣtj (singular)
ḥꜣtjwj (dual)
ḥꜣtjw (plural)

Demotic: ḥꜣṱ

Coptic: ϩⲏⲧ (hēt)

From ḥꜣt (“front”) + -j (nisba ending).
The noun is traditionally regarded as simply a nominalized use of this nisba adjective, thus literally ‘the frontal (organ)’. However, note the different developments in Coptic. Some have instead suggested an Indo-European source for the noun; compare Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

rḏj ḥꜣtj m sꜣ

to worry oneself about... (to put one's heart to the back)

mind, where thought and emotions are experienced


wnb

wnb (singular)
wnbwj (dual)
wnbw (plural)


ḥmt

ḥmt (singular)
ḥmtj (dual)
ḥmwt (plural)

Demotic: ḥm.t

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲏⲙ (hēm)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime)

Old Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲓⲙⲉ (hime), ϩⲓⲙ (him)

i-r-q:n-A24-n:k\-rwD-A24-ib*Z1:k\-mH:Y2-k\-q:n-i-D32-k\-m-Xrd-A1*B1:Z2-k\-!-s-n-fnD-A2-k\-N42-t-B1-k\-U2:ir-A-k\-pr-Z1-k\
jr qn{n}.k rwḏ jb.k mḥ.k qnj.k m ẖrdw.k sn.k ḥmt.k mꜣ.k pr.k

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 132–134

If you are stalwart, with your mind firm, you will fill your embrace with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home.


ḥmt

Demotic: ḥm.t

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲙⲛ̅ⲧ (homn̅t)


ḥmt

Hm-t (canonical masculine)
ḥmt (singular)
ḥmtj (dual)
ḥmwt (plural)

From ḥm (“incarnation”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

the (female) pharaoh of Egypt as a particular individual who serves as an incarnation of kingship

an incarnation of a goddess (e.g. as a statue)


ḥmt

From ḥm (“servant”) + -t (feminine ending).


ḫprr

x:p-r*:r-xpr (canonical masculine)
ḫprr (singular)
ḫprrwj (dual)
ḫprrw (plural)


ꜥnḫ

anx-n:x (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)


ꜥnḫ

ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)

i-A2 anx-w-Z3 tp:Z1 N17:N21*Z1 H-Xr-b-W3-A1-Z3 nb wab-A1 nb
j ꜥnḫw tp(j)w tꜣ ẖrw-ḥbt nb wꜥbw nb […]

c. 13th Dynasty, Naos of Hori, Kunsthistorisches Museum 186, Vienna

O living ones upon the earth, all lector-priests, all temple-cleaners […]

someone who lives, a living person or dweller


ꜥnḫ

anx (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)

→ English: ankh

The meaning of this term is uncertain. It is a piece of equipment illustrated among coffin offerings, at the foot end of the mummy, and depicted in the hieroglyph used to write its name. Possibilities include:


ꜥnḫ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁⳉ (anax)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁϣ (anaš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲁϣ (anaš)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲉϣ (aneš), ⲁⲛⲏϣ (anēš)

(usually with pꜣ in Late Egyptian) oath, vow


ꜥnḫ

bouquet or garland of flowers, typically as an offering


ꜥnḫ

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ꜥnḫ

m:a-t:n:Z2-D35:t*t-nDs-m-rd-s-H_SPACE:W-xt-s-m-nb:t-A-t:p-A9-xt-
-gm-m-H-t:D6-Hr-Z1-s-m-mw-m-nb:t-anx-Z1-N34
m.tn jwtt {m} pdsw.s m nbt ꜣtp gmḥt ḥr.s m mw m nbt ꜥnḫ

c. 1295 BCE – 1186 BCE, The Admonitions of Ipuwer (pLeiden I 344 Recto) line 8.5

Look, she who had no box is the owner of a chest; she who observed her face in the water is the owner of a mirror.


ꜥnḫ

anx- (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)

a vessel in the form of an ankh, from which the gods pour life


ꜥnḫ

-anx- (canonical masculine)
ꜥnḫ (singular)
ꜥnḫwj (dual)
ꜥnḫw (plural)


zꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲥⲓ (si), ⲥⲓ- (si-)

→ Akkadian: 𒋛𒉿 (/-sija-/) in 𒄯 𒋛𒉿 𒂊𒋗 (/har-sija-ēšu/, “Horus, son of Isis”)

→ Ancient Greek: -σι- (-si-) in Ἁρσιησις (Harsiēsis, “Horus, son of Isis”)

→ Ancient Greek: Σι- (Si-) in Σισρω (Sisrō, “the thirtieth decan”), Σισεσμε (Sisesme, “the twenty-fourth decan”), Σικετ (Siket, “the second decan”)

ir:t-n:n:f-zA:f-mr-A19-i*i:f-d:b*i
jrt.n n.f zꜣ.f smsw.f mr(j).f dbj

The Stela of Inhuretnakht, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 1783

What his eldest beloved son Debi made for him.


zꜣ

a measure of area equivalent to one eighth of a sṯꜣt (“arura”) (about 345 square metres).

(Late Period, in the direct genitive construction G39-N21:Z1-A-H-N21:Z1 (sṯꜣt-ꜣḥt)) Abbreviation of sṯꜣt (“arura”).


zꜣ

the object depicted in the hieroglyph V17, a type of shepherd’s mat


zꜣ

association of people in some particular occupation


zꜣ

Used in reference to cattle. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


zꜣ

The object depicted in the hieroglyph V16. The meaning of this term is uncertain.


zꜣt

zꜣt (singular)
zꜣtj (dual)
zꜣwt (plural)


šn

Coptic: ϣⲏⲛ (šēn)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣϣⲏⲛ (ššēn)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉⲛ (šen), ϣϣⲉⲛ (ššen)


ḏꜣjs

ḏꜣjs (singular)
ḏꜣjswj (dual)
ḏꜣjsw (plural)


ꜥšꜣ

ꜥšꜣ (singular)
ꜥšꜣwj (dual)
ꜥšꜣw (plural)


qs

q-s-qs (canonical masculine)
qs (singular)
qswj (dual)
qsw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥ (kas)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥ (kas)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲥ (kes), ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (kees)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (kees)

Speculatively, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ḳas-; as with all attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. Compare with Tarifit iɣəss and Hausa ƙàshī.

md-D-i-h-i-i-h-i-T:z-U39-T-w-<-t:t-i->-p-w-O43:p-n:k-tp:k-i-n:q-D32-n:k-q-s-T20-T20-T20-k-!-s-A-q-D32-n:k--a:t--F44:F44-F44:k-w-x-xA-A-n:k-tA-i-r-i-f:F51-k

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 373.1–373.4 (Pyr. 654a–654d), T

ḏd-mdw jhj jhj ṯz ṯw ttj pw šzp n.k tp.k jnq n.k qsw.k sꜣq n.k [ꜥ]w[t].k wḫꜣ n.k tꜣ jr j(w)f.k


zꜣw

zꜣw (singular)
zꜣwwj (dual)
zꜣww (plural)

i:r-n:U19-nw-W-D37:D37-W-T11:nw*Z1-A1-nb-sxm-x:t-Z5-wab-mw-!-A1-nb-V17-w-A1-nb-a:a-Dba-Dba-Dba-f-Hr:Z1-tp:Z1-Hr:Z1-m-a:k-M16-A-tp-Hr:Z1-d:t*Z2-Hr:Z1-st-t:pr-ib:Z1-Hr:Z1-!-a:Z1-W:y-Hr:Z1-rd-rd-nb-xA-A-A-a:f-n-HAt:t*y-ib
jr nw rḏjw zjnw nb sḫmt-wꜥb
nb zꜣw nb ꜥwj ḏbꜥw.f ḥr tp ḥr mkḥꜣ ḥr ḏrwt ḥr st jb ḥr

As for these [the blood vessels], if any doctor, any wab-priest of Sekhmet,
or any magician places two hands or his fingers on the head, or on the back of the head, or on the hands, or on the place of the heart, or on
the two arms, or on each of the two legs, he examines the heart [i.e. the pulse].


wrḥ

wr:r-H (canonical masculine)
wrḥ (singular)
wrḥwj (dual)
wrḥw (plural)


sbꜣ

sbꜣ (singular)
sbꜣwj (dual)
sbꜣw (plural)

Demotic: sw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲉⲩ (seu), ⲥⲓⲩ (siu)

Old Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩ (sioou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

S1-f:d:M-T30:n:z-Hr*r:t:pt-sn-sn-
n
z
sbA

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 13

His White Crown, it has pierced the sky, it has fraternized with the stars.

aHa-a:n-s-b-A-sbA-ra-h-A-W-D54-pr-r-D54:n-n:A-m-x:t-Q7-m-a:f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 129–130

Then a star fell. They went up in flames because of it.


sbꜣ

s-b-sbA-A-pr (canonical masculine)
sbꜣ (singular)
sbꜣwj (dual)
sbꜣw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲏ (sbē)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

wn:n-O31:a-N33A:n-A1-sbA-w-pr:N33A-T:n:N33A-
-z:n-S:O31-a:N33A-n:A1-a:r:r-w-i-i-t:pr:N33A-T:n:N33A
wn n.j sbꜣw.ṯn

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 1

Open your doors to me!
Unstop your gates for me!


mꜣꜣ

mꜣꜣ (singular)
mꜣꜣwj (dual)
mꜣꜣw (plural)

Compare with Arabic أَمَرَ (ʔamara, “to instruct, to show how or what to do”) and Akkadian 𒅆 (amārum, “to look at, to see, to learn by experience”).


nḥbt

nḥbt (singular)
nḥbtj (dual)
nḥbwt (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲁϩⲃⲓ (nahbi), ⲛⲁϩⲟⲩⲓ (nahoui)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩⲃⲓ (nehbi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲁϩⲃ (nahb), ⲛⲁϩϥ (nahf), ⲛⲁϩⲃⲉ (nahbe)


nfr

nfr-f:r (canonical masculine)
nfr (singular)
nfrwj (dual)
nfrw (plural)

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *fir- (“to be good”) with an additional *nV- prefix. Compare also Tamahaq ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔ (ifrar, “best”) and Saho feer (“good”).

(with following genitive) benefactor (of someone), welldoer

(with following plural genitive) the best (person) among…, the best one of…


nfr

good, goodness, pleasingness (in opposition to bjn)

something fine, good, beautiful, pleasing


swḥt

swḥt (singular)
swḥtj (dual)
swḥwt (plural)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲟⲩϩⲉ (soouhe), Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲟⲩϩⲓ (sōouhi)


sbtj

sbtj (singular)
sbtjwj (dual)
sbtjw (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲧⲉ (sabte)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃ̄ⲧ (sob̄t)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃ̄ⲧ (sob̄t)

fortification wall (of a city, temple district, etc.)

temporarily raised wall to trap wildlife or close off a besieged city

Figuratively used of kings and gods as a ‘wall’ or ‘fortress’


kmt

kmt (singular)
kmtj (dual)
kmwt (plural)

From km (“black”) + -t, interpreted as a reference to the fertile black soil of the Nile Delta.


nst

n:ns-t:g (canonical feminine)
nst (singular)
nstj (dual)
nswt (plural)

Demotic: nsꜣt

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲏⲥⲉ (nēse)


ṯzm

ṯzm (singular)
ṯzmwj (dual)
ṯzmw (plural)

→ English: Tesem

From Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognates include Kabyle aqjun, Blin ግድጝ (gédéň) and Birgit kájàŋ.

T:z-m-E14-M42-n:n-stp-V16:r-Hm-f-!-a-b-w-tyw-E14:r-n:f

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 1–2

The hound that was the protector of His Majesty. His name is Abutiu.

hound (variously described as “greyhound”, “basenji”, etc.)


mr

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Possible Berber cognates include the forms represented by Kabyle u-mr-an (“sorrows”), a-mur (“colic, stomachache”), and a-mrir (“embarrassment, great difficulty”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Oromo marar (“to be sick”), Baiso marni (“to be sad”), and Sidamo marar-s (“to be sick”). A proposed Omotic cognate is Yemsa mer-o (“illness”). Also compare the root Arabic م ر ض (m-r-ḍ, “related to ailment”).


mr

Demotic: mꜣ, m

⇒? Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ (amēiri)

⇒? Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ (emēre)

Possibly from a Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r (“river, channel”). Compare South Omotic *mir- (“river”), with reflexes including Aari mɨri (“river, stream”) and Dime mɪ́rɛ (“river”). A possible Semitic cognate is Sabaean 𐩣𐩧 (mr, “part of an irrigation system”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Borana Oromo mērī (“watering trough”), Tsamai mīre (“pond”), and possible Chadic cognates include Fali mirə̂ (“river”), Muskum mìrà (“oxbow lake, marigot”).

cog

M18-n-<-wn:n-i-s->-r-mr-r:S-Z2:f-Z11-w-i-d:b-N20:A-g-b-mw-m-mH:t-mw-wr:r:t-
-r-st-t:pr-Htp:t*p-w:Y1-wA-D-wAD-t-s-x:t-sxt-Z3A-Z11-t-Ax-x*t:N18

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 317.4–5 (Pyr. 508a–508b), W

jj.n wnjs r mrw.f jm(j)w jdb ꜣgb(w) mḥt wrt
r st ḥtpw wꜣḏt sḫwt jmt ꜣḫt

pond or pool, especially an artificial one


mr

Demotic: mr

Highly disputed etymology. Hypotheses include:
* From Proto-Afroasiatic, cognate with Arabic أَمَرَة (ʔamara, “heap of stones, mound, esp. as a way-marker”), Akkadian 𒀯 (amartu, “dividing wall”), 𒋞 (amaru, “pile of bricks”), Hebrew אָמִיר (ʾāmīr, “treetop, mountain summit”).
* Metathesized from earlier *rm, from Proto-Afroasiatic *rim- (“to be raised, high, long”), cognate with Proto-Semitic *rayam- (“to be high”); compare Arabic رَيْم (raym, “abundance, hill, tumulus, step”)
* From a possible Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r (“heap of stones”), cognate with Tashelhit i-miri (“heap of stones, wall of dry stone”), a-mra (“stone buttress of a terraced field”), Central Atlas Tamazight i-mr-an (“large half-buried stones that mark off property boundaries”), Mofu-Gudur mémeré (“low stone terrace wall”).
* Related to a Semitic root *m-w-r, as in Qatabanian 𐩣𐩥𐩧𐩩𐩬 (mwrtn, “tower”), Arabic مَارَ (māra, “to come to a high place or plateau”).

cog

Ab-m:r-O24-pr-r:D54-m-w-s-pr-n:f-i-m-i-i-m-V20-Z1-Z1

c. 1550 B.C.E., Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, problem 59

p*t:r-i*M7-D6-b*i-n:nDs-i*m-W*Z2ss:r-q*A28-Y1:n-p*t:pt-n:U19-nw*W*W:D40-t*tyw-i*i-W*Z2ss:W-D52:t-A1*Z3-
-Hr*Z1-st-t:pr-pA:z-G3-im:T30--W*Z2ss:z:t*Z2ss--ir-w*m-U23-im:Ba15s*r*Ba15as-O24-Ba15s*Z1*Ba15as:Z1*Z1-Hr*Z1-pA-W*Z2ss-
-t*zA*W-N21*Z1:im-t*tyw-pH-t*y:n-sw-t-A42-q:n-D40:im-H-a:F51*F51*F51-f:nb-A40*T21-sxm-im:t-y:D40-mi-t:t-Y1V-
-mn:n:T-W*A40-sw:t-bit:t-<-ra-wsr*mAat-N36-i-mn:n->-zA-ra-<-C2*ms-z:z-HqA-iwn->
ptrj bjn jm.w r qꜣ n(j) pt nw tꜣy.w wmt ḥr st pꜣ smꜣ.w st jrw m mrw ḥr pꜣ.w zꜣtw m tꜣ pḥtj n(j) nswt qn m ḥꜥw.f nb wꜥ sḫmtj mjtj mnṯw nswt-bjtj wsr-mꜣꜥt-rꜥ-mr(y)-jmn zꜣ-rꜥ rꜥ-ms-s(w)-ḥqꜣ-jwnw

c. 1180 B.C.E., Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, Inscription of the Year 5, lines 35-36

Behold, they were in woe to the height of the sky, as their thick crowd was collected upon the place of their slaughter, and they were made into corpse-heaps on their soil by the might of the king, valiant in his limbs, the only lord, powerful like Montu, Dual King Usermaatre-Meryamun, Son of Ra Ramesses, Ruler of Heliopolis.


mr

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mir(Vʔ)- (“bull”): compare Akkadian 𒈪𒅕𒋾 (mīrtu, “young cow”), 𒄞𒀖 (mīru, “young bull”), Hebrew מְרִיא (mərīʾ, “fatted steer”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Hadiyya mōr-â (“bull”), Mbugu ki-mole, ki-more (“ox, bull”), possible Omotic cognates include Wolaytta mārā (“young bull”), Yemsa omoru (“bull”), and possible Chadic cognates include Mafa maray (“sacrificial bull”), Mofu-Gudur maray (“fattened bull”), Mafa mari (“bull”).


grḥ

grḥ (singular)
grḥwj (dual)
grḥw (plural)


grḥ

Demotic: grḥ

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ (ečōrh), ϫⲱⲣϩ (čōrh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϭⲱⲣϩ (cōrh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϭⲱⲣϩ (cōrh)

Old Coptic: ϫⲱⲣϩ (čōrh)

Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲱⲣϩ (cōrh), ϭⲱⲣⲁϩ (cōrah)

iTi-t:a-k-g:r-H-N2-ini-n:t:k-h:r-H_SPACE:ra-w


ẖt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲉⲓ (xei)

Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲏⲧ⸗ (xēt⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲏ (hē), ϩⲏⲧ⸗ (hēt⸗)

Has been compared with Proto-Central Chadic *ḫway- (“stomach, belly, intestines”), which would imply a tentative Proto-Afroasiatic *ḫVwVy- (“stomach”).

cog

wn-n:k\-r:f-d-U2-A-U32-Y2-k\-W-A1-Hr-Z1-X:t*Z1-A1-!-d-mi-i-D41:n-A1-z:zA-A-t-w-N23:Z2ss-m-b-bA-A-H-D53-Y2:f
wn.k(w) r.f dmꜣ.kw ḥr ẖt.j dmj.n.j zꜣtw m bꜣḥ.f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 136–138

At that I was stretched out on my belly, having touched the ground before him.

stomach, belly as the place where eaten food goes

-X:z-nDs:A1-p-W-H-Hn-n:t-I3-A24-n:X-t*Z1:f-s-wA-A-N31-t:*r-M6-ra-!-s-m-x-D35:n-f-w-s-t:n-D54-X:t*Z1-m-pr-Z1-s-n:Z2

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.6–1.7

He who is greedy for the sake of his belly when the proper time passes, having forgotten those in whose house his belly roams free, is a wretch.

(figuratively) desire for food, hunger, gluttony

trunk of the body as the seat of breath, life-force (ka), thoughts, emotions, etc.

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ẖt

group of people or (especially) gods, body, corporation

group more generally, e.g. of stars, jackals, etc.


ꜥnḏw

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ (hitaue)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ (tooui)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲧⲁⲩⲉ (htaue), ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ (hitaue), ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩ (hitau)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (htooue), ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (tooue)


dpy

dpy (singular)
dpywj (dual)
dpyw (plural)


ḏꜥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲟ (čo)

z:r-E20-A2-s-n:Z2-D:a-P5-D35-ii-i-t:D54-n:S-n:y-E20-A24-D35:xpr-r&t:f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 30–32

They could predict a stormwind before it came or a thunderstorm before it happened.

(Late Egyptian) altercation; fierce exchange of words


ḏꜥ

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


rm

Demotic:  (rm)

Coptic: ⲣⲁⲙⲉ (rame)

→? Ancient Greek: ἀβραμίς (abramís)


zt

Coptic: ⲥⲁ (sa)


zt

From earlier zꜣt (“type of fowl”), from zꜣ + -t.

a type of goose or duck, as a living creature or as food for the dead and the gods


šmw

šmw (singular)
šmwwj (dual)
šmww (plural)


šmw

Coptic: ϣⲱⲙ (šōm)

→ English: Shemu, Shomu

the harvest season; one of three Egyptian seasons, spanning from March to July.


sꜥḥ

sꜥḥ (singular)
sꜥḥwj (dual)
sꜥḥw (plural)


sꜥḥ

E31-Ax-x:H_SPACE-xnt-E31:Z2-wAH-O44-t:Z1-z:mn:n-HqA-t:Z1-sxm-H_SPACE:Z1-nfr-n:N9:t-H_SPACE:Z2ss-nTr-!-M1-Y1:Hr*Z1-U7:r:r-U3:n:f-r:a:snD-f:m-tA:tA:tA:nb-n:U7:r:*t-d:m-T30:A2-z:n:r:n:f-r:HAt:t*Z1
sꜥḥ ꜣḫ ḫnt sꜥḥw wꜣḥ jꜣwt smn ḥqꜣt sḫm nfr n(j) psḏt jmꜣ ḥr mrr mꜣ n.f rdj snḏ.f m tꜣw nb(w) n mr(w)t dm.sn rn.f r ḥꜣt […]

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 7–8

Effective dignitary, foremost of dignitaries, enduring of office, established of reign, the fair power of the Ennead, gracious of face, the sight of whom is beloved, the awe of whom is set in all lands in order that they pronounce his name first, […]

dignitary, privileged or distinguished person


ḫpš

ḫpš (singular)
ḫpšwj (dual)
ḫpšw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲃϣ (šōbš), ϣⲱⲡϣ (šōpš)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡϣ (šōpš)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲡϣ (xōpš)

m-aA:a-A-Y1-ib-Z1-k\-Hr-Z1-x-p-S-xpS-A24-m-Hr:r-ib-DA-A-m-A17A-A1:Z2-k\-
-z:zA-A-W-A47-A24-i-t:n-D20-A24-k\
(j)m ꜥꜣ jb.k ḥr ḫpš m ḥr(j) jb ḏꜣmw.k zꜣw jtn.k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.1–2.2

Don’t grow arrogant (lit. don’t make your heart big) on account of (your) strength in the midst of your cohort, lest you be challenged.


ḏw

Demotic: tw

Coptic: ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (toou) (Sahidic), ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tōou) (Bohairic), ⲧⲁⲩ (tau) (Akhmimic, Fayyumic)


ḥꜣt

ḥꜣt (singular)
ḥꜣtj (dual)
ḥꜣwt (plural)

Coptic: ϩⲏ (hē)

(usually of animals) front part of the body, forepart

beginning, point of time when something starts

place where a locality begins; outer limits

(of people) first (among some group), chief, foremost, most distinguished one


ḥꜣt

HA-A-t:ra (canonical feminine)
ḥꜣt (singular)
ḥꜣtj (dual)
ḥꜣwt (plural)

a small unit of time, smaller than a ꜣt but larger than a ꜥnt; approximately a second


ḫt

x*t:Y1 fm (canonical)
jḫt (singular)
jḫtj (dual)
jḫwt (plural)
jḫt (singular)
jḫtwj (dual)
jḫtw (plural)

(feminine) thing, goods, possession, property


ḫt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲉ (xe)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲉ (še)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉ (še), ϣⲏ (šē)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲉ (še)

Old Coptic: ϣⲉ (še)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲉ (še), ϣⲏ (šē), ϣⲓ (ši)

xt:t*Z1-Z2:Hr*Z1-gm-m-gm-m-Z10-tA:N23*Z1-Hr-Z1-mn:n-mn:n-D54

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 59–60

Trees were breaking, the ground was quaking.

a rod, a measure of length equivalent to 100 mḥw, or 52.5 metres. In full ḫt n nwḥ.


ḫt

(only in set phrases; see derived terms below) rear; what is behind or after

only in set phrases; see derived terms below; only in set phrases; see derived terms below

jmj ḫt

being behind or after; attendant, aftercomer


ḫt

Sd:d-t:a-A1-U29-A-Z9:xt-s-xpr-r:n-A1-x-t-Q7-ir:n-A1-O35:nDs-n:Z9*t-Q7-n-nTr-Z1:Z2ss

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 54–56

I took a fire-stick, I made a fire, and I made a burnt offering to the gods.

šdt.j ḏꜣ sḫpr.n.j ḫt jr.n.j zj n sḏt n nṯrw


ẖꜣrt

ẖꜣrt (singular)
ẖꜣrtj (dual)
ẖꜣrwt (plural)


jm

i-m-im (canonical masculine)
jm (singular)
jmwj (dual)
jmw (plural)

side, side of ribs (as a body part or as food)


jm

a material of which twt-images can consist, which can also be used for ‘filling’ walls; the meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

a kind of plaster or similarly plastic material, possibly gesso

abraded material (crumbs, fragments) from statuettes of protective deities and other sacred images


jb

Demotic: jb

Speculatively, from Proto-Afroasiatic *lib- (“heart”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. If so, perhaps cognate with Proto-Semitic *libb- and Proto-Berber *ulβ.

heart (blood-pumping organ of a person or animal)

s-mn:n-U32-Y1-U5:a-t-Sw-Y1:Z2-m-ib-Z1-ib-Z1-ib-Z1-r:T-A1*B1:Z2
smn mꜣꜥt m jbw rmṯ […]

c. 1292-1189 BCE, (19th Dynasty), The Hymn to the Nile flood (Papyrus Chester Beatty V)

mind; seat of thoughts, emotions, character, personality, etc.

i-a:N35B-a:t*W-i-im:m-a-mw-Hr-Z1-Dba-Z2:k\-i-x-Y2-w-S-b-A2-k\-w-Sd-d:t-A2-k\-
-md-d-w-A2-k\:n-sw-t:n-G7-ib*Z1:k\-m-a:k\-w-S-b-A2-k\-D35:n-n-i-t-i-t-A2
jꜥ tw jmj mw ḥr ḏbꜥw.k jḫ wšb.k wšd.t(w).k mdw.k n nswt jb.k m-ꜥ.k wšb.k nn njtjt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 13–17

Wash yourself, put water on your fingers,
so you might answer when you are addressed, speak to the king with your mind in your possession, and answer without stammering.

ib-Z1-tm-m-W-nDs:D35-s-xA-A-A2-n:f-S30-ra

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) line 5.1

The mind is done with, not being able to remember yesterday.

c. 1876 BCE, after year 2 of Amenemhat II, Stele of Wepwawetaa (Leiden V4/AP 63), line 6

It was my mind that advanced my position.

s-HASH-m-ib*Z1:p-w-D:a:r:f-zH:Z1*pr-x:p-p:t-w-Z2ss:H_SPACE-mi-i-n:t*y:ib*Z1-x*t:f:z-
-gm:Tz-z:W*A2-ti-sw-w-m-gm:D3-nb:s*Aa18-r:t*A2-mH:Y1:ib*Z1-i-ti-i-i-A23
s[ḏ]m jb pw ḏꜥr.f zḥ ḫppwt mj ntj jb ḫft.s gm ṯz tj sw m gm-wš nb sꜣrt mḥ-jb jty

c. 1391–1353 BCE, reign of Amenhotep III, Statue E of Amenhotep son of Hapu (Cairo CG 583 + 835), line 7

He is one who listens to the mind when he investigates the counsel of strange things no less than that with which the mind accords, one who finds the expression when it is found blank, a possessor of wisdom, the confidant of the sovereign, […]

intellect, understanding, mind, capacity for thought

i-r-s-wr-r-i-A2-k\-H-n:a-t:x-w-W22-A1-O43-p-a:k\-i-w-ib-Z1-f-Htp:t-p-w-Y1

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.8–1.9

If you drink with a drunkard, you should partake when his heart is satisfied.

x-r-r-M6-nDs:n-Hr-Z1-r-d:f-A-G42-Y1-ib-Z1-
-i-mA-A-m-iAm-Y1:n-f-k\-A-h-s-E21-A24-r-mwt-t*B1:f
ḫr (tw)r n(j) ḥr r dfꜣ jb jmꜣ n.f kꜣhs r mwt.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.11–1.12

One who is averted of face against feeding the heart (i.e. one who doesn’t indulge himself), the harsh man has to be more kindly to him than his (own) mother.

appetite; will or desire for gratification

wn:n-i-n-Hm-Z1-G7-f-ib-Z1-f-N31:r-Dw-W:t-nDs:Z2-Hr:r-s-
-D:d-i-n-Dd-Dd-i-Y1:A1-p:t*y-tr-A2-i-r:f-G41-A-ib-Z1-i-A2-ti-i-i-G7-anx-DA-s-nb-G7-A1
wn.jn ḥm.f jb.f wꜣ(.w) r ḏwt ḥr.s dḏ.jn ḏdj ptj jr.f pꜣ jb j (j)ty ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb nb.j

c. 1650 BCE – 1550 BCE, Tales from Papyrus Westcar (pWestcar/pBerlin 3033) lines 9.12–9.13

Then, (as for) His Majesty, his mood fell into a bad state over this. Then Djedi said, Now what is this mood, O sovereign (life, prosperity, health!), my lord?

gm-m-n:f-r:d-rwD-Y1-Dd-d:t*B1-N41:z-A7-ti-i-
-tp-Z1-s-Hr-Z1-U1-A-st-t-rd-s-ib-Z1-s-Dw-Z9:nDs-r-x:t-Y1:Z2-nb:t-
-aHa-a:n-D&d:n-f-n:z-H-nw:t-B1:A1-ir:r-t-G41-A-ib-Z1-Hr-Z1-m:a
gm.n.f rwd-ḏdt ḥms.tj tp.s ḥr mꜣst.s jb.s ḏw(.w) r ḫt nbt ꜥḥꜥ.n ḏd.n.f n.s ḥnwt.j jrr.t pꜣ jb ḥr mj

c. 1650 BCE – 1550 BCE, Tales from Papyrus Westcar (pWestcar/pBerlin 3033) lines 12.20–12.22

He found Ruddjedet sitting, her head on her knees and her mood worse than anything. Then he said to her, My lady, why are you engaging in this mood?


jb

Demotic: yb


jb

Demotic: jb

perfective active participle of jbj (“to be(come) thirsty”).


tmt

t:tm-m-t:xt (canonical feminine)
tmt (singular)
tmtj (dual)
tmwt (plural)


jnb

i-in:n-b-inb (canonical masculine)
jnb (singular)
jnbwj (dual)
jnbw (plural)


ḫꜥw

(uncountable) rising of a celestial body; sunrise, moonrise, starrise

appearance of the image of a god during a festival or procession

(uncountable) appearance in glory
accession of a king to the throne


ḫꜥw

ḫꜥw (singular)
ḫꜥwwj (dual)
ḫꜥww (plural)


ḫꜥw

From the plural of ḫꜥ (“a kind of hoe”).

(plural only) equipment, tools, implements

equipment, tools, implements
farm implements

equipment, tools, implements
cutlery, serving utensils

equipment, tools, implements
tackle of a ship

equipment, tools, implements
musical instruments


bkꜣ

bkꜣ (singular)
bkꜣwj (dual)
bkꜣw (plural)


jrj

jrj (singular)
jrjwj (dual)
jrjw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲣ (ēr)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲉⲓ (rei)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (erēu), ⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ (erēou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ (erēou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (erēu)

From r (“regarding, with respect to”) + -j (“nisba ending”). The noun is simply a nominalized use of the nisba adjective.


hh

i-D46A-Ax-x*t:N18:n-G5-O48-G7-n-s-r-Q7-n:h*h-Q7--s-r:T:n--HA-w-kA-A-r-O18-!-x:f-x:f:t-mw-h-h-Q7-s-r:T:n-U39-w-z-w-wr-r:*t

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 255.2–255.4 (Pyr. 295b–295d), W

jd ꜣḫt n ḥr-nḫn(j) nsr n(j) hh[.s r.ṯn] ḥꜣ(j)w kꜣr ḫfḫft hh.s r.ṯn wṯzw wrt

nw:k-A1-G5-A40-ms-s-n-F51:t-B1-ir-i-i-m-D38:k-t:D40-N33A:f-m-Xn:nw*pr-s-w-H-t:H8-!-D35-A-d-w-I3-i-A1-h:h-Q7-n:r*Z1-T:n-D35:p-H-pH-D54:n-w-i-A1-D:d-t-T:n-r-i-A1
jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122

I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

hot or burning breath, particularly of supernatural beings

rush of hot air
steam from freshly baked bread

(figuratively) fever or hot breath as a symptom of disease


hj

Demotic:  (hy)

Coptic: ϩⲁⲓ (hai)


mnt

From mn (“so-and-so”) + -t (feminine ending).

substitute for an unknown female name; so-and-so, N.N.


mnt

mn:n:t-rd (canonical feminine)
mnt (singular)
mntj (dual)
mnwt (plural)

(in the dual) lap (upper legs of a seated person)


mnt

mn:n-t:wr (canonical feminine)
mnt (singular)
mntj (dual)
mnwt (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (bēni)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲏⲛⲉ (bēne)


rw

Cognate to Proto-Semitic *ʔarway- (“wild beast; lion”).

cog

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 294.2 (Pyr. 436b), W


nwy

aHa-a:n-D:d-n:f-n:A1-n-m:a-ini-n:t*W-zp*y:n-D:z-nDs-A1-!-n-m:a-ini-n:t-w-r-iw:N23*Z1-p:n:n-M14-wr-r:N36-n:t*y-Aa16-Z1-f:y-m-n&U19&nw-i-i-mw
ꜥḥꜥ.n ḏd.n.f n.j (j)n-mj jn tw zpwj snwj nḏs (j)n-mj jn tw r jw pn n(j) wꜣḏ-wr ntj gs(wj).fj m nwy

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 83–86

Then he said to me,
―Who brought you, who brought you, little man? Who brought you to this island of the sea, both of whose sides are in the water?


mrw

mrw (singular)
mrwwj (dual)
mrww (plural)

Coptic: ⲙⲏⲣ (mēr)


tfn

tfn (singular)
tfnwj (dual)
tfnw (plural)


ꜣḫt

ꜣḫt (singular)
ꜣḫtj (dual)
ꜣḫwt (plural)

→ English: Akhet

Akhet; the region in the sky in which the sun tarries just before it rises (later also the region in which it tarries just after it sets), giving rise to the twilight


ꜣḫt

→ English: Akhet

inundation season; the first of the three Egyptian seasons, spanning from July to November.


ꜣḫt

From ꜣḫ (“to be effective, to be useful”) + -t.

af

zA-nD-nw:t:y-ir:f-H_SPACE:x-Ax-t:H_SPACE-Z2:n-t:f-t:f-t:f-f-t-w&t-D52-sw-w
zꜣ nḏ.tj jr.f ꜣḫt n jtw.f twt(w) sw

c. 1477 BCE, Year 2 inscription of Thutmose III on the eastern outer wall of the oldest part of the temple of Semne, line 4

A solicitous son does good for his fathers who formed him


ꜣḫt

n:p:r-i-A40-D37:f-s-sm:M-Hn:f:nb-D:f:X4-n:N21*Ax*Z1-b-s-K5:D54:f-s-s-Aa18-w-A2-D37:f-sw-w-m-tA:tA:tA:nb
nprj dj.f sm(w).f nb ḏf(ꜣ) n(j) ꜣḫt bs.f ssꜣw dj.f sw m tꜣw nb(w)

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 20

Nepri gives all his plants, the provisions of the field, bringing forth satiety and giving it to all lands.


dpt

dpt (singular)
dptj (dual)
dpwt (plural)

h-A-D54:k\-w-A1-r-M14-wr-r:N36-m-d:p*t-P1-n:t-mH:a-V1-V20:V20-m-Aw-W-s-!-mH:a-V20:V20-V20:V20-m-s-x-w-D32-s-s-qd-d-A30-A1-V1-V20:V20-i-m-s-m-stp:Y2-n:km-m-t:niwt
hꜣ.kw r wꜣḏ-wr m dpt nt št-mḏwtj mḥ m ꜣw.s ḥmw mḥ m sḫw.s št-mḏwtj sqd jm.s m stp n(j) kmt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 24–28

I had gone down to the sea in a boat of a hundred twenty cubits in length and forty cubits in breadth, with a hundred twenty sailors in it of the choice of Egypt.

mi-i d:p:t-P1 D35:n s*x:r-i-i-Y1-A1 i-m-s
[…] mj dpt nn sḫry jm.s […]

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B1 (pAmherst 1 and pBerlin 3023) lines 221–222

i-r-s-q-d:d-N33C:P1-Xr:r-f:D35-s-sA-A-H-D61-D54-n:f-tA:N23*Z1-D35-mn:n-i-T14-P1:n-d-p-W:t-P1:f-r:d-mi-i-N23-s

c. 1859 BCE – 1800 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B2 (pAmherst 2 and pBerlin 3025) lines 101–103

As for him who sails with it, he cannot set foot on land, and his boat cannot moor at its harbor.

jr sqdd ẖr.f nj sꜣḥ.n.f tꜣ nj mjn.n dpwt.f r dmj.s


dpt

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Bohairic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

D:d-n:A1-d:p-t:ns-A2-m-t-Z6-M22-M22
[…] ḏd.n.j dpt mwt nn […]

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 23

[…] I said “this is the taste of death.” […]

taste (sensations produced by the tongue)


dpt

Possibly related to dpt (“taste”); see above.

(usually in the dual) a kind of baked goods


dpt

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Bohairic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

(originally in medical papyri) an edible doubled body part; conventionally rendered as loins, but possibly also the kidneys


wn

wn:n-nDs (canonical masculine)
wn (singular)
wnwj (dual)
wnw (plural)


mkt

mkt (singular)
mktj (dual)
mkwt (plural)

mkj (“to protect”) + -t. Compare with Hebrew מגדּלה and Ugaritic 𐎎𐎂𐎄𐎍 (mgdl).

cog

Hebrew מגדּלה

ir:n-sn-t*B1:f-m:a-k:t:Y1:f-s-Hr:r-i-i-t:N31-xrw-w-A13:Z2-s-N41-m-t:D55-z:p*zp:H_SPACE*Z2ss-Sd:d:D40-xrw-w-m-Ax-x:H_SPACE-Y1:Z2:r*Z1-s
jr.n snt.f mkt.f sḥr{y}t ḫrww sḥmt zpw šd-ḫrw m ꜣḫw r(ꜣ).s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 13–14

His sister has served as his protector, she who drove off the enemies, who put an end to the deeds of the Disturber (Set) by the magical prowess of her mouth

protection, especially magical protection


ḥwt

Hwt-t:pr (canonical feminine)
ḥwt (singular)
ḥwtj (dual)
ḥwwt (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: -ὡς (-hōs)

q

Coptic: ϩⲱ (hō) (Bohairic, Sahidic, Dialect K, Old Coptic)


ḥwt

ḥwt (singular)
ḥwtj (dual)
ḥwwt (plural)

Coptic: ϩⲱⲟⲩ (hōou) (Akhmimic, Fayyumic, Sahidic)


jwꜣ

jwꜣ (singular)
jwꜣwj (dual)
jwꜣw (plural)

(in the plural) long-horned cattle in contrast to wnḏw (“short-horned cattle”)

(with following genitive of an antelope, gazelle, ibex, etc.) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


jḥw

i-H-w-pr (canonical masculine)
jḥw (singular)
jḥwwj (dual)
jḥww (plural)


ḏrt

ḏrt (singular)
ḏrtj (dual)
ḏrwt (plural)

Demotic: trt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (tōri)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (tōre), ⲧⲟⲣⲉ (tore)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (tōri), ⲧⲱⲗⲓ (tōli), ⲧⲟⲗⲓ (toli), ⲧⲟⲣⲓ (tori)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (tōre)

→ Hebrew: זֶרֶת (zereṯ)

→ Classical Syriac: ܙܪܬܐ (zartå)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡆࡉࡓࡕࡀ

→ Ugaritic: 𐎏𐎗𐎚 (ḏrt)


ḥḏt

ḥḏt (singular)
ḥḏtj (dual)
ḥḏwt (plural)


ḥtrj

Demotic:  (ḥtr)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲑⲟ (htho)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲧⲟ (hto)

→ Arabic: حَنْطُور (ḥanṭūr)

→ Arabic: حَنْطُور (ḥanṭūr)

team or yoke of animals, particularly oxen


mnmnt

mnmnt (singular)
mnmntj (dual)
mnmnwt (plural)

N17:N21*p:n-M:a:f-N35B:f-TAw:f-s-M21:M-Hn:f-mn:n:mn:n-t:E1:f-nb:t-pA-i-i-t:nb:t-H_SPACE:x-t:xn-N35C:nb:t-D&d:f:t-I14:Z2:f-qmA-w&t-E29*Z2ss:f-xAst:t*Z1-!-s-U4:a-w-N-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-nw*t:pt-tA:tA:N21*N21-h:r-w-Hr:r:z
tꜣ pn m-ꜥ.f mw.f ṯꜣw.f sm(w).f mnmnt.f nbt pꜣyt nbt ḫnnt nbt ḏdfwt.f ꜥwt.f ḫꜣst smꜣꜥ.w n zꜣ nwt tꜣwj hr.w ḥr.s

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 11–12

This land is in his hand — its water and its wind, its plants and all its cattle, all that flies and all that lands, its creeping creatures and its quadrupeds of the desert, were given to the son of Nut, and the Two Lands (Egypt) are pleased with it.


ꜥwt

N17:N21*p:n-M:a:f-N35B:f-TAw:f-s-M21:M-Hn:f-mn:n:mn:n-t:E1:f-nb:t-pA-i-i-t:nb:t-H_SPACE:x-t:xn-N35C:nb:t-D&d:f:t-I14:Z2:f-qmA-w&t-E29*Z2ss:f-xAst:t*Z1-
-s-U4:a-w-N-zA-Z1:H_SPACE-nw*t:pt-tA:tA:N21*N21-h:r-w-Hr:r:z
tꜣ pn m-ꜥ.f mw.f ṯꜣw.f sm(w).f mnmnt.f nbt pꜣyt nbt ḫnnt nbt ḏdfwt.f ꜥwt.f ḫꜣst smꜣꜥ.w n zꜣ nwt tꜣwj hr.w ḥr.s

(collective) four-legged animals in general, quadrupeds

(collective) sheep or goats, small livestock


jdr

jdr (singular)
jdrwj (dual)
jdrw (plural)

herd, flock (generally any large group of animals)


jdr

i-d:r-idr (canonical masculine)
jdr (singular)
jdrwj (dual)
jdrw (plural)


ssm

ssm (singular)
ssmwj (dual)
ssmw (plural)

A Northwest Semitic loanword. Compare with Ugaritic 𐎝𐎝𐎆 (s̀ūs̀awu).


ssmt

ssmt (singular)
ssmtj (dual)
ssmwt (plural)


mꜣj-ḥzꜣ

mꜣj-ḥzꜣ (singular)
mꜣjwj-ḥzꜣwj (dual)
mꜣjw-ḥzꜣw (plural)


mmj

mmj (singular)
mmjwj (dual)
mmjw (plural)


zꜣb

zꜣb (singular)
zꜣbwj (dual)
zꜣbw (plural)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *ǯiʔib- (“beast of prey”). Compare Hebrew זְאֵב (zǝʾēḇ) and Arabic ذِئْب (ḏiʔb) from Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- (“wolf”), as well as Chadic ǯib- “civet”.

cog

Hebrew זְאֵב (zǝʾēḇ)


zꜣb

Hebrew זְאֵב (zǝʾēḇ)


ꜣbw

ꜣbw (singular)
ꜣbwwj (dual)
ꜣbww (plural)

cessation (+ m: cessation of (something))


ꜣbw

→? Ancient Greek: ἐλέφας (eléphas) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *leb- (compare Tangale labata, Mukulu ʾelbi).
Likely related to ꜣb (“fingernail”) via the ‘ivory, tusk’ sense.


ꜣbw

Ab-b-w-qs (canonical masculine)
Ab-b-w-qs (singular)
ꜣbw (singular)
ꜣbwwj (dual)
ꜣbww (plural)

Demotic: yb

→ Latin: ebur

⇒ Anglo-Norman: ivurie

→ Middle English: ivorie

English: ivory


bꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲃⲁⲓ (bai)

working power, active power, efficacy in acting on and influencing the external world and enforcing order, especially as possessed by a god

(by extension) the dead, seen as possessed of such power and needing offerings to sustain it; efficacious soul, ba


bꜣ

⇒ Demotic: bj-ꜥꜣ-n-pt (“he-goat”)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ (baampe)


ngꜣw

ngꜣw (singular)
ngꜣwwj (dual)
ngꜣww (plural)


mjw

mjw (singular)
mjwwj (dual)
mjww (plural)

→ English: Mau

Most likely onomatopoeic, from the animal’s cry (meow). Compare Chinese 貓 /猫 (māo), Lao ແມວ (mǣu).
Other hypotheses connect it to Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r or *m-l, the former on the basis of Alagwa mariy-amo (“wild cat”), Lamé Ngete mēr (“serval”) and méríán (“wild cat”), Pévé merian (“wild cat, serval”), Zime-Dari Pévé mīēr (“genette”), and the latter on the basis of Musgu ámíl (“African civet”), Bedanga Sokoro melā (“cat”). Either one of these could also be plausibly connected with the ancestor of Egyptian mꜣj (“lion”).

nw:k-Z1-mi-i-w-E13-p:f-i-i-aA:a:Y1-n:t*y-Hr*Z1:p-S:t*Z1-i-S:d-M1-r:Aa16*Z1-f:im-iwn-nw:niwt-g:r-H-w-N2-ra*Z1-p:f-i-i-n:aHA-Z9:D40-a:Z1-ir:t-A47-A-W-D40-s-b-i-w
A13:Z2-h:r-w-ra*Z1-p:f-i-i-n-H*st-m-gb-t:nDs-x:f:t-A14:Z2-nw*Z1:nb-Dr:r-A40-i-m-f
jnk mjw pfy ꜥꜣ ntj ḥr p(s)št jšd r-gs.f m jwnw grḥ pfy n(j) ꜥḥꜣ-ꜥ(w) jrt zꜣw(t) sbjw
hrw pfy n(j) ḥtmt ḫftjw nw nb-(r)-ḏr jm.f

c. 332-30 BCE, Book of the Dead of Iuefankh, chapter 17, lines 45-46 (pTurin Museo Egizio 1791)

I am that great tomcat beside whom the desert date tree was split in Heliopolis on that night of battle and the guarding of rebels,
on that day on which the enemies of the Lord of All were destroyed.


mjw

mi-i-w (canonical masculine)
mjw (singular)
mjwwj (dual)
mjww (plural)


mꜣj

mꜣj (singular)
mꜣjwj (dual)
mꜣjw (plural)

Demotic: mꜣj

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲓ (moui)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (mouei)


mꜣy

mꜣy (singular)
mꜣywj (dual)
mꜣyw (plural)


kꜣ

→ English: ka

c. 24th century BCE, Pyramid of King Unas, south wall of the burial chamber, column 15, Pyramid Text spell 215, section 35

You will not perish; your ka will not perish. You are the ka.

z-b-
-nfr-n:k-k:k-T:n
zb(ꜣ) nfr n k(ꜣ)w.ṯn

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), middle register, captions around flute-player

ka (Something like "life-force"; the part of the soul which the living have and the dead do not)


kꜣ

Coptic Dialect K: ⲕⲟ (ko)

z:f-t:*T30-A24-A1-n:k\-D52-E1-Z1:Z2ss-m-O35-nDs:n-Z9-t-Q7-
-w-S:n-H1:a-n:A1-n:k\-A-p-d-w-G38:Z2ss

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 144–146

I will slaughter bulls for you as a burnt offering, having wrung the necks of birds for you.

zft.j n.k kꜣw m zj n sḏt wšn.n.j n.k ꜣpdw


gmt

g-m-t (canonical feminine)
g-m-t (singular)
gmt (singular)
gmtj (dual)
gmwt (plural)


ḫnms

ḫnms (singular)
ḫnmswj (dual)
ḫnmsw (plural)


mꜣ-ḥḏ

mꜣ-ḥḏ (singular)
mꜣwj-ḥḏwj (dual)
mꜣw-ḥḏw (plural)


mꜣt

mꜣt (singular)
mꜣtj (dual)
mꜣwt (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲏ (miē), ⲙⲟⲩⲓⲏ (mouiē), ⲙⲩⲏ (muē), ⲙⲓⲉ (mie)


mꜣtt

mꜣtt (singular)
mꜣttj (dual)
mꜣtwt (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲙⲓⲧ (emit)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲓⲧ (mit)


sꜣbt

sꜣbt (singular)
sꜣbtj (dual)
sꜣbwt (plural)


ꜣby

ꜣby (singular)
ꜣbywj (dual)
ꜣbyw (plural)

a lithe spotted big cat, including both leopards and cheetahs; ‘panther’ .


ꜥꜣ

s-D:d-A2-A1-G30-Y2:Z2-k\:n-I3-I3-G7-a:A1-z:S-A-Y2:f-m-aA:a-A-Y1-k\

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 139–140

I will recount your ba-power to the sovereign and make him aware of your greatness.

greatness; prestige and power or importance


ꜥꜣ

aA:a-A (canonical masculine)
ꜥꜣ (singular)
ꜥꜣwj (dual)
ꜥꜣw (plural)

⇒ Demotic: ꜥꜣ n

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-)

distinguished or respected person or god, great one


ꜥꜣ

Demotic: ꜥꜣ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲓⲟⲩ (iou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱ (iō), ⲉⲱ (eō), ⲓⲁⲱ (iaō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲱ (iō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ (eiō)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ (eiō), ⲓⲱ (iō), ⲉⲉⲓⲱ (eeiō), ⲉⲓⲟⲩ (eiou), ⲉⲱ (eō), ⲉⲟⲩ (eou), ⲓⲁⲱ (iaō)

Possibly onomatopoeic, from the animal’s cry (hee-haw).


ꜥꜣ

wn:n-O31:a-n:k-i-mn:n-t:Y2-S:tA-t:Y2-ir-w-A53-Y2:N33A-z:n:S-O31:a-n:k-O31:O31-niwt-wr:r-t:xAst

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 7

As the hidden region, secret of forms, is opened to you, so the double doors of the Great City are unstopped for you.

wn n.k jmnt štꜣt jrww snš n.k ꜥꜣwj nwt wrt


ḥqꜣt

ḥqꜣt (singular)
ḥqꜣtj (dual)
ḥqꜣwt (plural)

ḥqꜣ (“ruler; to rule”) + -t (“feminine ending”).


ḥqꜣt

→ English: heqat

a dry measure of volume equivalent to 10 hnw, or 4.8 litres.


hnw

hnw (singular)
hnwwj (dual)
hnww (plural)

→ Hebrew: הִֽין

→ Latin: hin

→ English: hin

a liquid measure of volume equivalent to 32 r(ꜣ)w or ¹⁄₁₀ of a ḥqꜣt (about 0.48 litres).


hnw

i-w-h-i-i-Y2:n-r:a-ra*Z1-r:r*Z1-O31:O31-tA:N23*Z1-!-h-nw-W-A4-n:k-z:r-q:Y2-Ax-x-H_SPACE:ra-w-aq-q:H_SPACE-k-dwA-pr:n-wr:r-t:xAst
jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9

May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).

acclaim, praise, worship (of man or god)


jpt

jpt (singular)
jptj (dual)
jpwt (plural)

Demotic: jpy.t, jpy, jp.t

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲉⲓⲡⲉ (aeipe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲓⲡⲓ (ōipi)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲓⲡⲓ (aipi), ⲁⲓⲡⲉ (aipe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲉⲓⲡⲉ (oeipe), ⲟⲓⲡⲉ (oipe), ⲉⲓⲟⲡⲉ (eiope)

→ Arabic: وَيْبَة (wayba)

Maltese: wejba

→ Ancient Greek: οἰφί (oiphí), ἴφι (íphi)

→ Hebrew: אֵיפָה (ʾêp̄â)

→ Hebrew: אֵיפָה (ʾêp̄â)

From jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”) + -t.

af

m-i-p:t*Z5-Z3 ― m jpt ― in units of an oipe, in oipes

oipe, a dry measure of volume equivalent to 4 ḥqꜣwt (about 19.2 litres or 0.54 bushels)


jpt

Demotic: jp, jp.t, jpy.t

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲏⲡⲉ (ēpe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲡⲓ (ēpi)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲏⲡⲓ (ēpi), ⲏⲡⲉ (ēpe), ⲏⲏⲡⲉ (ēēpe)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲏⲡⲉ (ēpe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲡⲉ (ēpe), ⲏⲏⲡⲉ (ēēpe)

From jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”) + -t; as shown by the Coptic descendants, the construction is not the same as in the term of measurement above.

i-w-ir:n-m-XA:A-P1:n-niwt:t*Z1-z:H*i*i-t:P1:r-Sms-s-D54:nb-i-p:t:Y2-H-n:a-wr:r-A1:Z2ss-tr-Z1-nb:n-s-T33:m-Y2:h-A-b
jw jr.n(.j) mẖꜣ n nwt(.j) zḥyt r šms nb jpt ḥnꜥ wrw tr nb n(j) sšm hꜣb

c. 2112–2063 BCE, reign of Intef II, Stele of Tjetji (British Museum EA 614), line 11

I made a marsh-boat for my city, a booth-boat for every service: the accounting with the nobles, and every occasion of a task or mission.

accounting, reckoning, weighing up of accounts (literal or figurative) (+ ḥnꜥ: with)


jpt

Demotic: jpy, jp

inner or private chamber of a building in general


jpt

Demotic: jpt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲫⲟⲧ (aphot)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲡⲁⲧ (apat)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲡⲟⲧ (apot)


ẖꜣr

ẖꜣr (singular)
ẖꜣrwj (dual)
ẖꜣrw (plural)

a dry measure of volume equivalent to 10 ḥqꜣwt (about 48 litres) .

a dry measure of volume equivalent to 4 jpwt or 16 ḥqꜣwt (about 76.8 litres)


šnꜥtj

šnꜥtj (singular)
šnꜥtjwj (dual)
šnꜥtjw (plural)

a measure of weight equivalent to ¹⁄₁₂ dbn, or 7.58 grams .


qdt

qdt (singular)
qdtj (dual)
qdwt (plural)

Demotic: qt

Coptic: ⲕⲓⲧⲉ (kite)

→ English: kite

→ English: qite

a qite, a measure of weight equivalent to ¹⁄₁₀ dbn, or 9.1 grams .


dbn

dbn (singular)
dbnwj (dual)
dbnw (plural)

the metal counterweight in balance scales

an (earlier) deben, a measure of weight equivalent to about 13.6 grams.

a (later) deben, a measure of weight equivalent to 12 šnꜥtjw (“rings”) or 10 qdwt (“qites”) (about 91 grams).


sṯꜣt

sṯꜣt (singular)
sṯꜣtj (dual)
sṯꜣwt (plural)

Demotic: stꜣ

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧ (sōt)

an aroura, a measure of area equivalent to 100 mḥw-tꜣ (“centarouras”) or 10 000 square mḥw (“cubits”) (about 0.28 hectares).


mḥ

Demotic: mḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁϩⲉ (mahe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁϩⲓ (mahi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉϩⲓ (mehi), ⲙⲁϩⲓ (mahi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁϩⲉ (mahe)

h-A-D54:k\-w-A1-r-M14-wr-r:N36-m-d:p*t-P1-n:t-mH:a-V1-V20:V20-m-Aw-W-s-!-mH:a-V20:V20-V20:V20-m-s-x-w-D32-s-s-qd-d-A30-A1-V1-V20:V20-i-m-s-m-stp:Y2-n:km-m-t:niwt
hꜣ.kw r wꜣḏ-wr m dpt nt št-mḏwtj mḥ m ꜣw.s ḥmw mḥ m sḫw.s št-mḏwtj sqd jm.s m stp n(j) kmt

a cubit, a measure of length equivalent to 28 ḏbꜥw (“digits”) or 7 šzpw (“palms”) (about 52.5 centimetres).


mrrt

mrrt (singular)
mrrtj (dual)
mrrwt (plural)


ḏbꜥ

Dba (canonical masculine)
ḏbꜥ (singular)
ḏbꜥwj (dual)
ḏbꜥw (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲉⲓⲃⲉ (tieibe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲃ (tēb)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (teebe)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲏⲃⲉ (tēbe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ (tēēbe)

Compare with Arabic إصبع (ʔiṣbaʕ, “finger”) and Mina dzəbuŋ (“five”).

(anatomy) finger (inclusive of the thumb)

(anatomy, Late Egyptian) digit: a finger, thumb, or toe

(units of measure) digit: a measure of length equal to ¹⁄₂₈ cubit (about 1.88 cm).

small quantity (of a substance such as fat or honey), the amount that can be scooped up by a fingertip


šsp

šsp (singular)
šspwj (dual)
šspw (plural)

Alternative form of sšp (“illumination, light of dawn”)


šꜣqb

SA:q-b- (canonical masculine)
šꜣqb (singular)
šꜣqbwj (dual)
šꜣqbw (plural)


mḥ-tꜣ

mH:tA (canonical masculine)
mḥ-tꜣ (singular)
mḥwj-tꜣ (dual)
mḥw-tꜣ (plural)

From mḥ (“cubit”) + tꜣ (“land”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘a cubit of land’; since land was parcelled into strips of 1 by 100 cubits, one such strip of 100 square cubits was considered ‘a cubit of land’.

a centaroura, a measure of area equivalent to one hundredth of a sṯꜣt (“aroura”) or 100 square mḥw (“cubits”) (about 0.0028 hectares).


ḫꜣ-tꜣ

ḫꜣ-tꜣ (singular)
ḫꜣwj-tꜣ (dual)
ḫꜣw-tꜣ (plural)

From ḫꜣ (“a thousand (mḥw-tꜣ)”) + tꜣ (“land”) in a direct genitive construction.

compound

a thousand (<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mḥw-tꜣ</i>)

a decaroura, a measure of area equivalent to 10 sṯꜣwt (“arourae”) or 1000 mḥw-tꜣ (“cubits of land”) (about 2.76 hectares).


jtrw

i-t*:r-w-mw (canonical masculine)
jtrw (singular)
jtrwwj (dual)
jtrww (plural)

Demotic:  (yr)

Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ (eioor) (Sahidic), ⲓⲟⲣ (ior) (Bohairic)

⇒ Demotic:  (yr-ꜥꜣ)

Coptic: ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (eiero) (Sahidic), ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (iaro) (Bohairic)

→ Old Persian: 𐎱𐎡𐎼𐎠𐎺 (Pirāva)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] ([ʰPi-ra]-ma)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒅀𒊒𒀪𒌑 (ia-ru-ʾu-u₂)

יְאוֹר \ יְאֹר

→ Hebrew: יְאוֹר \ יְאֹר (ye'ór)


jtrw

jtrw (singular)
jtrwwj (dual)
jtrww (plural)

i-t-r-w-S-V1-V20-V20-[&-p*Hr:D54*t-a:r:r-t*t:n-Ba16a-SPACE-SPACE-n-s-p:r-t:D54-P3-dwA-tyw-pr-A40:N33A
št-mḏwtj jtrw ⟨pḥrt ꜥrr(w)t tn⟩ n(j) sprt wjꜣ dwꜣtjw

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, introduction, right parallel, line 10, upper and lower divisions

Running to this gateway takes a hundred and twenty schenes before the barque reaches the afterworlders.

a schene, a measure of length equivalent to 20,000 mḥw (“cubits”) (about 10.5 kilometres or 6.5 miles).


mꜥbꜣ

mꜥbꜣ (singular)
mꜥbꜣwj (dual)
mꜥbꜣw (plural)


ḥmw

ḥmw (singular)
ḥmwwj (dual)
ḥmww (plural)


št

(collective noun) A group of taxpayers (disputed, see Land-Tenure in the New Kingdom p. 197 for summary)


jbꜣr

jbꜣr (singular)
jbꜣrwj (dual)
jbꜣrw (plural)

Borrowing from a Semitic language. Compare Biblical Hebrew אַבִּיר (ʾabbī́r, “mighty, valiant”) (often used of stallions), or perhaps Ugaritic 𐎛𐎁𐎗 (ỉbr, “bull”) (= Arabic بَعِير (baʕīr)).


jbḥ

i-b-H-bH (canonical masculine)
jbḥ (singular)
jbḥwj (dual)
jbḥw (plural)

Demotic: ꜣbḥ, ꜣbḥy, ꜣb

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲃϩⲉ (abhe)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲃⲁϩ (abah), ⲁⲃϩ (abh)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲃϩⲉ (obhe), ⲟⲃϩ (obh)


jꜣqt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏϫⲓ (ēči)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏϭⲉ (ēce)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *wrḳ-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *waraq- (“green”).

gm-m-n:A1-d-A-b-M43-N33C:Z2-i-A-r:*r-t:D5-N33C:Z2-i-m-i-A-q-t-Hn-Z3A-nb:t-A51-s-t-Y2

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 47–48

I found figs and grapes there, and splendid vegetables of all kinds.

(collective) vegetables, greens (in general)


jꜣrrt

Demotic: ꜣlly

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲉ (elaale), ⲉⲗⲁⲗⲉ (elale)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ (aloli)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (alaali), ⲁⲗⲁⲗⲓ (alali), ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (elaali), ⲓⲗⲁⲗⲓ (ilali)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲗⲁⲗⲉ (elale)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ (eloole)

→ Ancient Greek: -ελολις (-elolis), -ελλωλις (-ellōlis)


jzr

jzr (singular)
jzrwj (dual)
jzrw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲥⲓ (osi), ⲟⲥ (os)

According to the Rösslerian school of Egyptian comparison, cognate with Arabic أَثْل (ʔaṯl, “tamarisk”) (whence English athel).


jspt

i-s-p:t-F27 mf (canonical)
jspt (singular)
jsptwj (dual)
jsptw (plural)
jspt (singular)
jsptj (dual)
jspwt (plural)

Borrowed from Hebrew אַשְׁפָּה (ʾašpâh) or a cognate Semitic word. Later reanalysed as a root jsp- + -t.

bor

Hebrew אַשְׁפָּה (ʾašpâh)


jspt

jspt (singular)
jsptj (dual)
jspwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲥⲡⲉ (espe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲥⲡⲓ (aspi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲥⲡⲉ (espe)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲥⲡⲉ (aspe), ⲉⲥⲡⲉ (espe)


jꜣkbyt

i-A-k-b-i-i-t- (canonical feminine)
jꜣkbyt (singular)
jꜣkbytj (dual)
jꜣkbywt (plural)

From jꜣkby (“mourner”) + -t (feminine suffix).


jꜥn

jꜥn (singular)
jꜥnwj (dual)
jꜥnw (plural)

Demotic:  (ꜥꜥn)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲛ (ēn)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛ (en)

desc

Old Coptic: ⲉⲉⲛ (een), ⲉⲛ (en), ⲁⲛⲁ (ana)

One early writing of the word shows the form ꜥnr, which Erman and Grapow take to represent the earliest known form of the word; however, Vycichl considers this a pseudo-archaic secondary development, since none of the known plural forms conserve the consonant r in this position.


nnw

Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲛ (noun)

the hidden, lost, perpetually dark, infinite primeval waters

Nu, father of the gods, the divine anthropomorphisation of the primeval waters, a member of the Ogdoad.


sbnw

sbnw (singular)
sbnwwj (dual)
sbnww (plural)

Possibly derived from zbn (“to slide, to tumble”); if so, then presumably the (unattested) original form of sbnw was *zbnw.


zpꜣ

zpꜣ (singular)
zpꜣwj (dual)
zpꜣw (plural)


spdt

From spd (“to be sharp”) + -t (feminine suffix).


spdt

spdt (singular)
spdtj (dual)
spdwt (plural)


bnw

→? Ancient Greek: φοῖνιξ (phoînix)

→ Latin: phoenix

M18-i-D54-n:A1-m-x:R23-m-n:niwt-r-O28-nw:niwt-r-r:a:t-r:x-Y1V-b-n:nw*w-G31-A40-x:r:*t-Y1V-Z3-dwA-A-t:pr
j(w)j.n.j m ḫm r jwnw r rḏj.t rḫ bnw ḫrt dwꜣt

c. 1478 BCE – 1397 BCE, Book of the Dead of Nu (pLondon British Museum EA 10477) chapter 64, line 23

I have come from Letopolis to Heliopolis to let the phoenix know of the conditions of the Afterworld.

the Bennu or phoenix, a divine being and a bird into which the dead could transform.


bnw

b-n:nw*W-M32- N33A (canonical masculine)

Alternative form of bnr (“date (fruit)”)


pnw

pnw (singular)
pnwwj (dual)
pnww (plural)

Demotic: pn

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲛ (pin)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓⲛ (phin)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲛ (pin)


pꜣq

pꜣq (singular)
pꜣqwj (dual)
pꜣqw (plural)


bddw-kꜣ

bddw-kꜣ (singular)
bddwj-kꜣ (dual)
bddww-kꜣ (plural)

bdd (“a kind of plant”) + kꜣ (“bull”) in a direct genitive construction.

k:t-
r t
-N33C:Z2ss-n:t-d:r-A24-Sn:n-a:U13-F51-m-r-Z1-ib-Z1-
-t:X2-X4:Z2-n:n-b-s-M1-N33C:Z2ss-..-Z1-..-b-d:d-W-kA:D52-Hn:Z2ss-..-Z1-
-r-i-i-t:Aa2-Z3-mi-i-W-F27-..-Z1-..-H-q:t-W22:Z2ss-nDm-m-t:Y1-..-Z1-..-i-r:p-W22:Z2ss-..-Z1-
-ir-m-x:t-Y1:Z2-wa:a-t-Z1-..-Aa2:D40-Hr:r-s
kt pẖrt nt dr šnꜥ m r(ꜣ)-jb t n(j) nbs 1 bddw-kꜣ 1 ryt mjw 1 ḥ(n)qt nḏmt 1 jrp 1 jr m ḫt wꜥt wt ḥr.s

c. 1550 BCE, Ebers Papyrus, lines 43.2–43.4 (Eb 208)

Another remedy for driving out constipation (lit. obstruction in the stomach): bread of the Christ's thorn jujube (1); watermelon (1); excretion of a cat (1); sweet beer (1); wine (1). Combine to make a paste (lit. make into one thing) and bandage over it.


mwt

mwt (singular)
mwtj (dual)
mwwt (plural)

Demotic: mwt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲟ (mo), ⲙⲱ (mō)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲉⲩ (meeu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙⲏⲟⲩ (mēou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲉⲉⲩ (meeu)

Old Coptic: ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲁⲩ (maau), ⲙⲁⲩ (mau)

Likely a babble word in origin, like many of its Afroasiatic parallels. Militarev and Stolbova derive it from a supposed Proto-Afroasiatic form instead, but also note it may be a nursery word. If not, perhaps cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔimm-.

x-r-r-M6-nDs:n-Hr-Z1-r-d:f-A-G42-Y1-ib-Z1-!-i-mA-A-m-iAm-Y1:n-f-k\-A-h-s-E21-A24-r-mwt-t*B1:f
ḫr (tw)r n(j) ḥr r dfꜣ jb jmꜣ n.f kꜣhs r mwt.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.11–1.12

One who is averted of face against feeding the heart (i.e. one who doesn’t indulge himself), the harsh man has to be more kindly to him than his (own) mother.


mwt

Demotic: mwt

q

Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩ (mou) (Akhmimic, Bohairic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan, Old Coptic, Sahidic)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *mawVt- (“to die, to kill”). Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mawut-, Central Atlas Tamazight ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt) and Hausa mutù.


qdtt

qdtt (singular)
qdttj (dual)
qdtwt (plural)


kns

kns (singular)
knswj (dual)
knsw (plural)

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


kftjw

kftjw (singular)
kftjwwj (dual)
kftjww (plural)


kꜣpw

kꜣpw (singular)
kꜣpwwj (dual)
kꜣpww (plural)


kꜣkꜣ

kꜣkꜣ (singular)
kꜣkꜣwj (dual)
kꜣkꜣw (plural)


tnṯ

tnṯ (singular)
tnṯwj (dual)
tnṯw (plural)


ṯnḥr

ṯnḥr (singular)
ṯnḥrwj (dual)
ṯnḥrw (plural)


ntt

Various uses of the feminine form of the relative adjective ntj.

(introducing a direct relative clause) she who is, one who is, that which is

(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) she for whom, one for whom, one such that, that for which

(without a following relative clause) she who exists, one who exists, that which exists


swt

swt (singular)
swtj (dual)
swwt (plural)

joint of beef, particularly as an offering


swt

sw-t (canonical feminine)
swt (singular)
swtj (dual)
swwt (plural)


jmn

Compare Arabic ء م ن (ʔ m n) and Hebrew א־מ־ן (ʾ-m-n).

an epithet of various gods: hidden one, secret one


jmn

a priestly title: hidden one, secret one


jmn

From Proto-Afroasiatic *yamin-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *yamīn- (“right”).

jmntj

western; westerly wind; person of the west, the dead


jmn

From j- + mn (“to be established, to remain”).

af

Only used in jrj jmn (“to make one’s abode, to sojourn”): abode, place of stay


ḥnn

ḥnn (singular)
ḥnnwj (dual)
ḥnnw (plural)


ḥnn

part of a date, with medicinal applications


mšw

mšw (singular)
mšwwj (dual)
mšww (plural)


jnm

jnm (singular)
jnmwj (dual)
jnmw (plural)

Demotic: ꜣnm

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲙ (anom)

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⵉⵍⵎ (ilm).


jnpw

jnpw (singular)
jnpwwj (dual)
jnpww (plural)


jnt

jnt (singular)
jntj (dual)
jnwt (plural)


jnt

i-in:n-t:in (canonical feminine)
jnt (singular)
jntj (dual)
jnwt (plural)


ḥtpw

M18-n-<-wn:n-i-s->-r-mr-r:S-Z2:f-Z11-w-i-d:b-N20:A-g-b-mw-m-mH:t-mw-wr:r:t-!-r-st-t:pr-Htp:t*p-w:Y1-wA-D-wAD-t-s-x:t-sxt-Z3A-Z11-t-Ax-x*t:N18

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 317.4–5 (Pyr. 508a–508b), W

E9-w-i-i-t:nDs-O35:nDs-s-y:E9-w-r:ww-D54-tA:m-Htp:Z2-Xr:r-nb:Z1:f
jwyt zb(.w) sjw(w) rw.w tꜣ m ḥtpw ẖr nb.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 23

Wrongdoing has gone, the Slanderer has departed, and the land is in peace under its lord.


ḥtyt

ḥtyt (singular)
ḥtytj (dual)
ḥtywt (plural)


rnpt-ḥsb

rnpt-ḥsb (singular)
rnptj-ḥsb (dual)
rnpwt-ḥsb (plural)

*(rnpt)-ḥsb wꜥt

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲥⲫⲟⲩⲓ (asphoui)

/ɾənpəˈħaːsəb/

/ɾənpəˈħoːsəβ/

/ɾənpəˈħaːsəb/

/ɾənpəˈħoːsəβ/

From rnpt (“year”) + ḥsb (“counting”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘year of counting’.


mrkbt

mrkbt (singular)
mrkbtj (dual)
mrkbwt (plural)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲣϭⲟⲟⲩⲧ (brcoout), ⲃⲉⲣⲉϭⲱⲟⲩⲧ (berecōout)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲣⲉϭⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ (berecōouts)

From Northwest Semitic *markabt- ("chariot"). Compare Hebrew מֶרְכָּבָה (merkāḇā), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎗𐎋𐎁𐎚 (mrkbt /markabtu/).
.

cog

Hebrew מֶרְכָּבָה (merkāḇā)


mrwryt

mrwryt (singular)
mrwrytj (dual)
mrwrywt (plural)


rnpt

rnpt (singular)
rnptj (dual)
rnpwt (plural)

Demotic: rnpt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ (rompi)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ (rompe), ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ (rampe)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲁⲙⲡⲓ (lampi), ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲓ (rampi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ (rampe)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ (rampe)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ (rampe)


djw ḥrjw rnpt

djw (“five”) + ḥrjw (“being upon”) + rnpt (“year”), thus literally ‘the five upon the year’.

compound

(plural only) the five epagomenal (intercalary) days at the end of the Egyptian year which did not belong to any month


wnwt

wnwt (singular)
wnwtj (dual)
wnwwt (plural)

Demotic: wnwt

Coptic: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ (ounou)

wn-n:nw*t-dwA-p-w-Ba17s*p*t*Ba17as:tp-p:t-n:t-g:r-H-N2
wnwt pw {pt}tpt nt grḥ

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 16

(unequal) hour (one twelfth of the period of daylight or one twelfth of the period of night)

nonspecific span of time; moment, time, hour

hourly duties or service, work to be performed regularly


wnwt

(collective) hourly staff, workers assigned duties to be performed regularly

(collective) in particular, the hourly staff or hour-priesthood of a temple


ntt jwtt

Compound formed from ntt (“that which exists”) + jwtt (“that which doesn’t exist”), the nominalized feminine forms of ntj (relative adjective) + jwtj (negative relative adjective), in coordination.

af

what is and what is not; everything imaginable


štꜣw

štꜣw (singular)
štꜣwwj (dual)
štꜣww (plural)


ꜥnt

ꜥnt (singular)
ꜥntj (dual)
ꜥnwt (plural)

Demotic: ꜥn.t, ꜥne.t

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲛⲓ (ini)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲛⲉ (eine), ⲓⲛⲉ (ine)

to trim and prepare one’s nails, to do one’s nails


ꜥnt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲛⲓ (ini)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲛⲉ (eine)


ꜥnt

a:n:t*ra (canonical feminine)
ꜥnt (singular)
ꜥntj (dual)
ꜥnwt (plural)

the smallest unit of time, smaller than a ḥꜣt; approximately a tierce


ꜥnt

From ꜥnj (“to be beautiful, pleasant, kind”) + -t, thus ‘the beautiful/pleasant/kind one’.


ꜥmm

ꜥmm (singular)
ꜥmmwj (dual)
ꜥmmw (plural)


ꜥnꜥn

ꜥnꜥn (singular)
ꜥnꜥnwj (dual)
ꜥnꜥnw (plural)


jnꜥ

jnꜥ (singular)
jnꜥwj (dual)
jnꜥw (plural)


ꜥpšꜣy

ꜥpšꜣy (singular)
ꜥpšꜣywj (dual)
ꜥpšꜣyw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲡϣⲓ (epši)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲡϣⲉ (epše)


ꜥff

ꜥff (singular)
ꜥffwj (dual)
ꜥffw (plural)

Demotic:  (ꜥf)

Coptic: ⲁϥ (af)

According to the Rösslerian school of Egyptian comparison, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ðuṗṗ, and so cognate to Hebrew זבוב.


mzḥ

mzḥ (singular)
mzḥwj (dual)
mzḥw (plural)

Demotic: msḥ

Coptic: ⲙⲥⲁϩ (msah) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (emsah) (Bohairic)

→ Arabic: تِمْسَاح (timsāḥ)

→ Egyptian Arabic: تمساح (temsāḥ)

→ Pashto: مسه (msa)

→ Persian: تمساح (temsâh)

→ Turkish: timsah

→ Hebrew: תמסח (timsakh)


nṯryt

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


nṯrj

nṯrj (singular)
nṯrjwj (dual)
nṯrjw (plural)

Nisba adjectival form of nṯr (“god”), suffixed with -j.


nṯrj

→ Ancient Greek: νίτρον (nítron)

→ Arabic: نَطْرُون (naṭrūn)

Arabic: أَطْرُون (ʔaṭrūn)

→ Swedish: trona

→ English: trona

→ Spanish: natrón

→ French: natron

→ English: natron

→ German: Natron

→ Latin: natrium

→ English: natrium

→ Chinese: 鈉 /钠

→ Latin: nitrum

Old French: nitre

→ Middle English: nitre

English: niter, nitre

French: nitre

→ Hebrew: נֶתֶר (néter)


nṯrtj

nṯrtj (singular)
nṯrtjwj (dual)
nṯrtjw (plural)

adze used in the “opening of the mouth” funerary ritual to allow the deceased to eat and drink once more.


ṯꜣtj

ṯꜣtj (singular)
ṯꜣtjwj (dual)
ṯꜣtjw (plural)

→ English: tjaty

r:a-i-n-TA-t:A1-n-i-s-t-A2-n-A-i-i-f:n-X:r-d-w-A17A-A1:Z2-!-m-xt:x*t-D54-a:r-q-arq-A2-f-z:x-r-Y1-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-b-M17-t:W10-bH-A2-s-n:Z2-m-ii-i-t:D54-Hr-Z1-r:f
rdj.jn ṯꜣt(j) njs.t(w) nꜣy.f n(j) ẖrdw m ḫt ꜥrq.f sḫr r(m)ṯw bj(ꜣ)t.sn m jjt ḥr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.3–2.4

So the vizier let his children be summoned after he understood the conduct of people, their character being what had come upon him.

vizier; the head of Egypt’s national administration

Used of various gods: Thoth, Amon, and Har-wer.


smr

smr (singular)
smrwj (dual)
smrw (plural)


ḫndw

ḫndw (singular)
ḫndwwj (dual)
ḫndww (plural)

throne or other seat of a king or a god, including stools, litters, and seats in a boat


rḫyt

Old Coptic: ⲗϧⲏ (lxē)

s-V25-w-Y1:n:f-t*nr:Z2-H_SPACE:t-G23-Z2ss:H_SPACE-p:a:t*F51A-N8:M:M-t:Z2ss-tA:U7:r-i-tr-niwt-HA-nb:nb:nb
swḏ n.f rmt rḫyt pꜥt ḥnmmt tꜣ-mrj ḥꜣ(w)-nbw(t)

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19

Humankind was bequeathed to him, the commoners and patricians, the sunfolk of the Beloved Land (Egypt) and the Aegean islanders.

the common people, as opposed to the upper strata of society

nw:k-g:r-w-A2-m-m-s-r:A21-Z3--…--s-s-b-q:Y1:n-sw-t:n-
-xnt-n:t:tA:tA-mH:ib*Z1-Y1:f-xnt-n:t:r-x:G24-A1-Z2ss:t:f
jnk grw mm srw […] ssbq.n nswt ḫnt tꜣwj mḥ-jb.f ḫnt rḫwt.f

c. 1928–1924 BCE, Stele of Wepwawetaa (Leiden V4/AP 63), lines 9–10

I was a silent one among the officials, […] whom the king honored in front of the Two Lands (Egypt), his confidant at the fore of his subjects


ḥfꜣw

ḥfꜣw (singular)
ḥfꜣwwj (dual)
ḥfꜣww (plural)

Demotic: ḥf

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲁϥ (haf)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲟϥ (hof)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁϥ (haf)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲁϥ (haf)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟϥ (hof), ϩⲟⲃ (hob), ϩⲟⲡ (hop), ϩⲱⲃ (hōb)


ḥqꜣ

ḥqꜣ (singular)
ḥqꜣwj (dual)
ḥqꜣw (plural)


ḥtt

H-t*t:pr (canonical feminine)
ḥtt (singular)
ḥttj (dual)
ḥtwt (plural)


ḥnj

ḥnj (singular)
ḥnjwj (dual)
ḥnjw (plural)


ḥnw

ḥnw (singular)
ḥnwwj (dual)
ḥnww (plural)


ḥwt-nṯr

ḥwt-nṯr (singular)
ḥwtj-nṯr (dual)
ḥwwt-nṯr (plural)

>? Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲉⲛⲉⲉⲧⲉ (heneete)

/ħəjəˈnoːtə/

/ħəjəˈnoːtə/

From ḥwt (“enclosure”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘house of the god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


tf

t:f- (canonical masculine)
tf (singular)
tfwj (dual)
tfw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲁϥ (thaf), ⲑⲏϥ (thēf)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲁϥ (taf)


nf

aHa-a:n-s-b-t:bH-A2-n:f-i-m-A1-m-M22-M22-D:d-n:A1-m-n:f-nDs-m-ib-Z1-f-!-D:d-f:n-A1-D35-wr-r-n:k\-a:n-tyw-W23:Z2ss-xpr-r:*t-nb-nTr-sn-n:t-r-tr-N33C:Z2ss
ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntr
Then he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150


nw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲟ (no)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲁⲩ (nau)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲉⲩ (neu), ⲛⲱ (nō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲛⲉⲩ (neu)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲟ (no)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲁⲩ (nau), ⲛⲟⲩ (nou)


jpw

jpw (singular)
jpwwj (dual)
jpww (plural)

From jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”) + -w.

af

(chiefly Late Egyptian) inventory, list, tax record


ꜥt-sbꜣw

ꜥt-sbꜣw (singular)
ꜥtj-sbꜣw (dual)
ꜥwt-sbꜣw (plural)

Demotic:  (ꜥ.t-sbꜣ)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ (anzēb)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ (ansēbe)

From a:t*pr (ꜥt, “room”) + s-b-N14-A-A24 (sbꜣw, “teaching”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘room of teaching’.

compound

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ꜥt</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">sbꜣw</i>


nhj

desctree

Late Egyptian: nhꜣy
Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲉⲛ- (hen-), ϩⲛ- (hn-)
Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲁⲛ- (han-)
Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲉⲛ- (hen-), ϩⲛ- (hn-)
Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲉⲛ- (hen-), ϩⲛ- (hn-)
Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲉⲛ- (hen-), ϩⲛ- (hn-)

Coptic: ϩⲟⲉⲓⲛⲉ (hoeine)

i-w-nfr-f:r-t:Y1-i-d:n-idn-Y1-b-W-nfr-f:r-i-w-n:h-nDs:n-k\:t-t:nDs-i-d:n-idn-Y1-wr-r
jw nfrt jdn bw nfr jw nh(j) n(j) ktt jdn wr

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 1.6

For a good thing serves for goodness, for a bit of a little thing serves for a big thing.

some, a few, a little, a bit (+ n(j) or m: of)


jmḏr

jmḏr (singular)
jmḏrwj (dual)
jmḏrw (plural)

From Proto-Afroasiatic [Term?]. Compare Phoenician 𐤂𐤃𐤓 (gdr), Hebrew גָּדֵר (gadér), and Arabic جِدَار (jidār).


ḏryt

ḏryt (singular)
ḏrytj (dual)
ḏrywt (plural)


ḏfḏ

ḏfḏ (singular)
ḏfḏwj (dual)
ḏfḏw (plural)


dšr

dšr (singular)
dšrwj (dual)
dšrw (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (etēši), ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (eteši)


jw

Bohairic Coptic: -ⲓ- (-i-) in ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕϩ (pilakh)

aHa-a:n-A1-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-iw:N23*Z1-i:n-wA-A-w-mw-n-M14-wr-r:N36
ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41

Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.

(in the plural) regions, lands (+ genitive: of (the earth, Egypt, etc.))


jsw

jsw (singular)
jswwj (dual)
jsww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲥⲟⲩ (esou)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲥⲟⲩ (esou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲥⲟⲩ (asou)


hbj

hbj (singular)
hbjwj (dual)
hbjw (plural)

→ Ancient Greek: ἶβις (îbis)

→ Latin: ībis (see there for further descendants)

Demotic: hb

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲓⲡ (hip)


mnḏ

mnḏ (singular)
mnḏwj (dual)
mnḏw (plural)

Demotic: mnṱ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲛⲟⲧ (mnot)


mnḏt

mnḏt (singular)
mnḏtj (dual)
mnḏwt (plural)


ṯz

Tz:z (canonical masculine)
ṯz (singular)
ṯzwj (dual)
ṯzw (plural)


ḏt

D:t:tA (canonical feminine)
ḏt (singular)
ḏtj (dual)
ḏwt (plural)


ḏt

Demotic: ḏjṱ

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱⲓⲧ (čōit)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲁⲓⲧ (čait)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ (čoeit)

Borrowed from Semitic; compare Ugaritic 𐎇𐎚 (zt), Phoenician 𐤆𐤉𐤕 (zyt), Galilean Aramaic זֵיתָא (zētā), Classical Syriac ܙܝܬܐ (zaytā), Amharic ዘይት (zäyt, “olive oil”), Arabic زَيْتُون (zaytūn, “olive”), زَيْت (zayt, “oil, olive oil”), Hebrew זַיִת (záyit).


nḥḥ

⇒ Demotic: nḥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (anēhe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (anēhe)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh), ⲉⲛⲉϩⲉ (enehe), ⲉⲛⲏϩⲉ (enēhe)

n(j) (“(one) of, belonging to”) + ḥḥ (“million”), thus literally ‘(the one) belonging to a million (of years)’.


nḥḥ

Demotic: nḥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛϩ (nh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

(Late Egyptian) (sesame) oil, used for cooking, as a salve, and as fuel for lamps


prt

pr:r-t:ra (canonical feminine)
prt (singular)
prtj (dual)
prwt (plural)

Demotic: prt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲣⲟⲩ (prou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲣⲱ (phrō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲣⲱ (prō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲡⲣⲱ (prō)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲣⲱ (prō)

→ English: Peret

‘Emergence’, the growing season; one of three Egyptian seasons, spanning from November to March


prt

pr:r:*t (canonical feminine)
prt (singular)
prtj (dual)
prwt (plural)

i-w-ir:n-A1-pr:r:*t-aA:t-Sms-A1-nTr-r:D54*Z2ss:f-D37:n-A1-s-P11-P1-nTr-d:p*t-P3-G26-Hr:Z1-U5:a--s-qd-d:N33C--w&t-P1:Z2
jw jr.n.j prt-ꜥꜣt šms.j nṯr r nmtt.f dj.n.j sqd dpt-nṯr ḏḥwtj ḥr mꜣꜥ [sqd]wt

Reign of Senusret III, c. 1878–1839 BCE, Stela of Ikhernofret (Berlin ÄM 1204), lines 18–19

I undertook the Great Procession, following the god at his travels; I made the god’s boat sail, with Thoth directing the sailing.

ritual procession of a god (+ m: from; + r: to)

(in names of festivals) festival centered around such a procession


prt

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲣⲁ (ebra), ⲃⲣⲁ (bra)

From prj (“to emerge”); the different Coptic descendants show that the derivation is not the same as that of prt (“season of Emergence”). Compare Hebrew פְּרִי (pri, “fruit”).


srw

s-r:w-gb (canonical masculine)
srw (singular)
srwwj (dual)
srww (plural)

i-w-A1-Hr:Z1-m-a:q-Dr:r-p-pA-t:X6:Z2! D35-U2:ir-A1-mi-t:y-z:r-w-p:n!
jw.j ḥr mꜥq ḏr pꜣwt

12th Dynasty, rock tombs at Meir, tomb chapel B4 of Ukhhotep III, inner room, east wall, north of entrance, register 2

I have been roasting since the beginning of time,
but I have never seen the like of this goose.

Alopochen aegyptiaca
Alopochen aegyptiaca#Translingual


qrst

qrst (singular)
qrstj (dual)
qrswt (plural)

q*Z1:r-s-t:Q6 nfr-f:r:t m i-iz-s-pr:f nfr-f:r:n-
[…] qrst nfrt m jz.f nfr n ẖrt-nṯr […]

12th Dynasty, coffin of Nakhtankh, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 35285

[…] a good burial in his wonderful tomb of the necropolis […]


smḥ

s- mH (canonical masculine)
smḥ (singular)
smḥwj (dual)
smḥw (plural)

s-p:t-s-
mH


smḥ

s- -H-Z7:M3 (canonical masculine)
smḥ (singular)
smḥwj (dual)
smḥw (plural)

(in compound words) A bunch of dates (fruit)


ḥrj-pr

ḥrj (“(one) being above”) + pr (“house”), thus ‘one who is above the house’.


ḥrt-pr

ḥrt (“(one) being above”) + pr (“house”), thus ‘one who is above the house’.

(female) majordomo, head domestic servant


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:pt (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

ḥr (“upon, atop”) + -t (feminine nisba ending), thus ‘(the one) being atop’. Some early writings of the sense ‘sky’ use determinatives that perhaps instead suggest a connection with the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”).

sky as the dwelling-place of gods and the dead king

(figuratively, with following genitive) temple, earthly dwelling-place (of a god)


ḥrt

(female) supervisor, boss (+ genitive: of (wet nurses, harem women, a household, etc.))


ḥrt

ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:xAst (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

particularly, one of the rock-cut royal tombs of the New Kingdom, such as those at the Valley of the Kings


ḥrt

desc

>? Coptic: ϩⲓⲏ (hiē), (plural) ϩⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ (hiooue)

(rare) road, path, specifically one by land as opposed to water


nfrt

nfr-f:r:t (canonical feminine)
nfrt (singular)
nfrtj (dual)
nfrwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (nofre)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ (nofri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (nofre)

D35:n-n:t:t-D35:n-s-t-m-Xn:n-nw-w-pr:f-i-w-f-mH:Y2-Xr:r-nfr-f:r:t-Y2:Z2-nb:t
nn ntt nn st m ẖnw.f jw.f mḥ(.w) ẖr nfrwt nbt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 115–116

There isn’t a thing that isn’t inside it, and it is full of all fine things.

something pleasing, beautiful, or good; good thing, fine thing


nfrt

nfrt (singular)
nfrtj (dual)
nfrwt (plural)

maiden, lass; nubile or marriageable young woman


zẖꜣ

zẖꜣ (singular)
zẖꜣwj (dual)
zẖꜣw (plural)

Dr-r:n-D&d-n:f-H_SPACE:n-s-n:Z2-i-r-n:t**t-nb:t-m-zS-Y1-Hr-Z1-p-G41-A-S-f:d-w-arq-
-sDm-m-s-t-mi-i-D&d-A1-s-t-m-z:n-X4-Y1-HA-A-Y1:Z2-Hr-Z1-SA-A-A-t-Y1:Z2
ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5

In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.


hmhmt

(uncountable) roaring sound (of lions, thunder, etc.)

(uncountable) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

battle cry, particularly of the king or a god

fame, renown, particularly of the king or a god

di-A40-h-m-h-m&t-Hm-Z1*A40:V31-M3:Aa1*X1-D54-T10:t*Z2ss:Z2ss*Z2ss
dj(.j) hmhmt ḥm.k ḫt psḏt pḏt

c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

I made the war-cry of Your Majesty throughout the Nine Bows.


pḏt

pḏt (singular)
pḏtj (dual)
pḏwt (plural)

Demotic: ptyt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (pite)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓϯ (phiti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (pite)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *pVg-. Equivalent to pḏ (“to stretch”) + -t (feminine suffix).


snḏw

snḏw (singular)
snḏwwj (dual)
snḏww (plural)


snḏw

w-DA-A-Y1-snD-w-A2-A1-H-Hz-z:Y1-D52:t-Dba-Dba-Y1

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 1.1

The deferential man is sound; the scrupulous man is honored.


ḏꜥm

A-r:H_SPACE-i-i-t:md-A1-m-hb-n:M3-s-wab-t-m-S40*m:nbw:N33A
[…] ꜣryt.j m hbnj swꜥbt m ḏꜥm […]

c. 1951 BCE, Stela of Ity (British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities 586), lines 3–4

[…] and my staff in ebony decorated with electrum […]