p

p:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Pe, a city in Lower Egypt, where the Pharaohs were crowned.


py

According to von Beckerath, from Meroitic *𐦧𐦢 (*pi, “to live”), with the ankh glyph in the name merely serving as a determinative. Leprohon instead interprets the name as pꜣ (“O”) + ꜥnḫy (“living one”), but notes that the reading is uncertain and considers it possible that the ankh is to be read as a prospective form of the verb ꜥnḫ (“to live”). In this case the name is indeed simply py and the ankh is not a part of it.

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Piye, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty


ḫpr

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

A serekh name notably borne by Djedefre, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


bs

Bes, the god protector of households and mothers, children and childbirth


sk

s-sk-k:xAst-pH-s-sk-k:N17:Z1*N21 ― sk pḥ sk tꜣ ― Saka of the Marshes, Saka of the Land

Aa18-g-pH-s-sk-k:N17-xAst ― sꜣg pḥ sk tꜣ ― Saka of the Marshes, Saka of the Land

Scythia, an ancient region of the eastern Iranian Plateau.


wrt

Alternative form of wrrt (“the White Crown”)


hrm

h:r:M-t*t:xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē), from Latin Rōma.

ir:*n:f-Xn:n:nw*W-t:pr-O29V-wr:r-i-w-h:r:M-t*t:xAst-A46-
xpr xpr
-<-A-W:H_SPACE-d:W*g:r-d:rw->-
I3
-<-k:i*i-z:A-rw:z->-anx--D&t&tA-
jr.n.f ẖnw ꜥꜣ wr r hrm nswt-bjtj nb-tꜣwj ꜣwdwgrdrw zꜣ-rꜥ nb-ḫꜥw kysꜣrws ꜥnḫ [ḏt]

c. 27 BCE–14 CE, Opet Temple at Karnak, north exterior wall, base, second register, 232.4–232.5 [Cfeetk 149365/KIU 3946]

He made a very great residence for Rome, the Dual King, the Lord of the Two Lands, Autocrator, Son of Ra, Lord of Appearances, Caesar, alive [forever].


pwnt

Punt, an ancient Kingdom southeast of Egypt by the Red Sea.


jꜥḥ

Demotic: jꜥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲟϩ (ooh)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲟϩ (ioh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲁϩ (aah), ⲁϩ (ah)

Old Coptic: ⲱϩ (ōh), ⲓⲱϩ (iōh)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟϩ (ooh), ⲟϩ (oh), ⲱϩ (ōh)

→ Egyptian Arabic: أيوحا m

Compare Proto-Semitic *warḫ- (“moon, month”) and Proto-Berber *a-ʔyur.

the god Iah, personification of the moon


rꜥ

r:a-ra (canonical masculine)
rꜥ (singular)
rꜥwj (dual)
rꜥw (plural)

Demotic:  (rꜥ)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲓ (ri), ⲣⲉⲓ (rei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲣⲉ (re)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē), ⲣⲉ (re)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē)

→ English: Re

→ English: Ra

(only in the plural) one of a number of minor ‘Ra-gods’ or sun gods


ḥr

Coptic: ϩⲱⲣ (hōr), (in compounds) ϩⲁⲣ- (har-)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὧρος (Hôros), (in compounds) Ἁρ- (Har-)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦫 (ar /ara/)

According to Loprieno, formed from a stem ḥaru- + the Proto-Afroasiatic nominative case marker *-u; in Egyptian, Proto-Afroasiatic case markers were generally lost, but *-u became a glide -w instead when the stem ended in a vowel. The stem is probably related either to the preposition ḥr (“above”), with the theonym thus meaning ‘the One Above’, or to the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”), with the theonym meaning ‘the Distant One’, or to both.

ḥr-jwn-mwt.f

Her-iunmutef (Horus, Pillar of His Mother)

ḥr-wps-tꜣwj

Her-wepes-tawy (Horus who illuminates the Two Lands)

ḥr-zmꜣ-tꜣwj

Her-sema-tawy (Horus Uniter of the Two Lands)

nw:k-A1-G5-A40-ms-s-n-F51:t-B1-ir-i-i-m-D38:k-t:D40-N33A:f-m-Xn:nw*pr-s-w-H-t:H8-!-D35-A-d-w-I3-i-A1-h:h-Q7-n:r*Z1-T:n-D35:p-H-pH-D54:n-w-i-A1-D:d-t-T:n-r-i-A1
jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122

I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

gm:M-n:t*w-G5-xrw-f:mAa:a-w-r:a-w-n:f-t-O44-Z1-n:t:t:f-!-pr:r:D54-n:f:S10-H-w-m-wD-n:gb-b-O43:p-D40:n:f-HqA-t*Z1:N21:N21-HDt-mn:n:Y1-ti-i-m-tp*Z1:f
gm.n.tw ḥr ḫrw.f mꜣꜥ.w rdjw n.f jꜣwt nt (j)t.f
pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19

Horus was found justified; the office of his father was given to him. He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.

Horus, the falcon-headed Egyptian god of kingship

epithet for the currently reigning (living) pharaoh

conventional term introducing the serekh name of most pharaohs

(only in the plural) one of a number of minor Horus-gods


zꜣ

a god who personifies a certain body of water


zꜣw

z:zA-A-w-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌷𒊓𒀀𒀀 (^(ālu)sa-a-a /*saya/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σάϊς (Sáïs)
Greek: Σάις (Sáis)
→ Latin: Saïs

Demotic: sy

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁ (sa)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲓ (sai)

Most likely derived from a form of the verb zꜣw (“to guard, to protect”), perhaps via an earlier form *zꜣjw, for which see the reconstructed pronunciation.


kmt

Demotic: kmj

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (khēmi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (kēme)

→ Ancient Greek: Χημία (Khēmía)

From km (“black”) + -t, interpreted as a reference to the fertile black soil of the Nile Delta.

m-a:t-W-A1-m-h-A-t:D54-r-km:t*niwt-r-ini-n:t-aq-W:H_SPACE-X4:Z2-i-m-n-Xrd-W-A1:B1-Z2ss:A1

c. 1850 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version R (pRamesseum A/Berlin 10499 recto), 1.2–1.3, trans. Allen

Look, I am going down to Egypt to get provisions there for my children.

m.t wj m hꜣt r kmt r jnt ꜥqw jm n ẖrdw.j


mr

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mir(Vʔ)- (“bull”): compare Akkadian 𒈪𒅕𒋾 (mīrtu, “young cow”), 𒄞𒀖 (mīru, “young bull”), Hebrew מְרִיא (mərīʾ, “fatted steer”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Hadiyya mōr-â (“bull”), Mbugu ki-mole, ki-more (“ox, bull”), possible Omotic cognates include Wolaytta mārā (“young bull”), Yemsa omoru (“bull”), and possible Chadic cognates include Mafa maray (“sacrificial bull”), Mofu-Gudur maray (“fattened bull”), Mafa mari (“bull”).


ꜣm

the Seizer: epithet for various divine entities in lion-like forms

epithet of Horus in the form of a hieracosphinx

epithet of the king, presumably as Horus

used in reference to a gargoyle or waterspout, presumably in the form of Horus as a lion


ḫpš

(astronomy) the Big Dipper (literally “the Foreleg”)


ḏḥwtj

Coptic: ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ (thōout)

→ Phoenician: *𐤈𐤇𐤅𐤕 (*ṭḥwt)

→ Ancient Greek: Τάαυτος (Táautos)

→ Ancient Greek: Θώθ (Thṓth)
→ Greek: Θωθ (Thoth)
→ Latin: Thōth
→ English: Thoth

n:t:k-sn-n:nw*W-A1-Z1-Z1-n-G26:t*y-G7-Aa21-Y1-D35:n-r:a-t-Hr-Z1-gs-Z1

c. 1800 BCE, The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant (trans. Nederhof)

You are the equal of Thoth, who judges without being partial.


ḏḥwtj

Coptic: ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ (thōout)

→ Ancient Greek: Θώθ (Thṓth)

→ English: Thoth

tḫj

Middle Kingdom (Memphite) Egyptian calendar months


jswr

i-s-sw-w-r:Z1-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Ultimately from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “Assur”).


nt

→ Ancient Greek: Νηΐθ (Nēḯth)

Demotic: nt, ny(t)

Possibly from an earlier nrt (“Neith”), a feminine form of nrw (“terror, fear, terrible one”).

Neith, a primeval goddess of war and creator deity


ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ

desc

→ Akkadian: 𒄭𒆪𒌒𒋫𒀪 (ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ /ḫikuptaḫ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (a3-ku-pi-ti-jo)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎈𐎋𐎔𐎚 (ḥkpt /ḥikupta/)

From ḥwt (“enclosure”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + ptḥ (“Ptah”) with direct genitive constructions, thus literally ‘house of the ka of Ptah’.

compound

d:r-p-W16-DA-DA-nw:t-M22-A40:Z2-p:t-H-Hwt-t:pr-kA-niwt

c. 725 BCE, Victory Stela of Piye (Cairo JE 48862), line 97

presenting an offering to the assembly (of gods) of the temple of Ptah

The temple of the ka of Ptah in Memphis, Egypt

-G9-Axt:Axt-H-a:y:Y1-im:Axt-im-r:n-f:im-Sw-w-ra:H_SPACE-n:t*y--m--i--T:n:ra--Hr--Z1-n:A-n-R1-t:Z2ss-ra:H_SPACE-A40-SA-m-a:Y1-!--p:t-H--Hwt-t:pr-kA*Z1:niwt-nfr-f:r-i*i:t-Y1:r-zmA-A-Y1:n-bH-D:t-niwt
[rꜥ-ḥr-ꜣḫtj-ḥꜥ-m-ꜣḫt-m-rn.f-m-šw-ntj]-m-[j]ṯn [ḥr] nꜣ n(j) ḫꜣwt rꜥ šꜣ(ꜥ)-m ḥwt-kꜣ-[ptḥ] nfryt-r zmꜣ-n-bḥḏt

c. 1351–1340 BCE, offering-list of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten, lines 1–2

[Ra-Horakhty-who-rejoices-on-the-horizon-in-his-name-of-Light]-in-the-Sun-Disk is [upon] the altars of Ra from Memphis all the way to Zema-Behdet.

m-a:k-y:Y1-Hr-Z1-D&d:n-p:t-H-G7-aA:Y1-rsw-y:N23*Z1-inb:f-nb-G7-anx-n:x-G7-tA:tA:N23*N23-!-n-sxm-x:t*H8-I12-aA:t*Y1-U7:r-i-i-A2-p:t-H-G7--…--!-n-sw-t:n-i-i-G7-Z3A-bit:t*Z5-W23:Z2ss-n:t*y-imi-m:y-wr:r-t:pr-n:t*y-Hr-Z1-imnt-t*N23:n-Hwt-t:pr-kA-Z1-p:t-H-G7
m.k ḥr ḏd n ptḥ ꜥꜣ rs(j)-jnb.f nb ꜥnḫ-tꜣwj n sḫmt ꜥꜣt mry(t) ptḥ […] n nswtyw-bjtjw ntj jmj-wrt ntj ḥr jmnt n(j) ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ […]

19th Dynasty, Papyrus Sallier IV (British Museum EA 10184) verso (A Letter Concerning the Wonders of Memphis), 1.3, 2.1

Look, (I) pray to Ptah the Great, He-Who-is-South-of-His-Wall, the lord of the life of the Two Lands, to Sekhmet the Great, beloved of Ptah, […] to the Dual Kings of Egypt who are in the West [i.e. the afterworld], who are to the west of Memphis […]


ḥḏt

Demotic: ḥṱy.t "white crown"

Nominalized use of the feminine form of ḥḏ (“white”). Nisba suffix present, as shown by the Demotic form ḥṱy.t.


ḥzꜣt

Feminine noun formed from ḥzꜣ (“milk”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).


ꜣbw

Ab-b-W-W7:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Aramaic: יב

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰηβ (Iēb)

Demotic: yb, ybꜣ, jb, jbꜣ

Coptic: ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *leb- (compare Tangale labata, Mukulu ʾelbi).
Likely related to ꜣb (“fingernail”) via the ‘ivory, tusk’ sense.


kꜣ

A serekh name notably borne by Predynastic king Ka


jwnw

iwn-nw:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: jwnw

Coptic: ⲱⲛ (ōn)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὠν (Ōn), Ὀνίου (Oníou)

→ Hebrew: אֹן (ʾōn), אָוֶן (ʾāwen)

→ Middle Babylonian: 𒀀𒈾 (a-na)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌑𒉡 (ú-nu)

Likely from the plural of jwn (“pillar, column”), thus literally meaning ‘Pillars’.


jpt

Demotic: jpy

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀπις (Apis)

⇒ Demotic: tꜣ-jpy

→ Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι (Thêbai)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲡⲉ (ape)

⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲡⲉ (pape)


jpt

Demotic: jp.t


jpt

Probably shortened from the fuller form jpt-ḥmt(.s); see that entry for further details.

ḏḥwtj

New Kingdom (Theban) Egyptian calendar months

the festival of Epiphi, taking place on the first or second day of the next month, Mesore


ḫmnw

Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1:Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1-nw:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲙⲟⲩⲛ (xmoun)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲙⲏⲛ (šmēn)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (šmoun)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (šmoun)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (šmoun)

desc

→ Arabic: الأشمونين

→ Arabic: الأشمونين

From the numeral eight (ḫmnw), as Hermopolis was the cult centre of the eight gods of the Ogdoad.


ꜣst

→ Aramaic: אסי, אס

Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲥⲓ (ēsi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲥⲉ (ēse)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἶσῐς (Îsĭs)

→ Meroitic: 𐦥𐦣𐦯 (wos /wusa/)

st-t:H8-x-Ax-t:H_SPACE-nD-nw*t:Y1-sn-A40-s-H-H-t:D54-sw-w-D35:t*t-b-g:g-A7:z-!-pXr:r:t*D54-N17:N21*Z1-p:n-m-HA-i-i-t:nDs-D35:x:n-xn-D54:n:z-D35:gm-m-t-w-s-sw-w
ꜣst ꜣḫt nḏt sn.s ḥḥt sw jwtt b(ꜣ)gg.s pẖrt tꜣ pn m ḥꜣyt nj ḫn.n.s nj gm.tw.s sw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 14–15

capable Isis who saved her brother, who sought him without wearying, who circled this land in mourning, not alighting so long as he was not found

Isis, an important goddess associated with magic and motherhood

a female given name, Iset or Aset, equivalent to English Isis


jꜥn

One early writing of the word shows the form ꜥnr, which Erman and Grapow take to represent the earliest known form of the word; however, Vycichl considers this a pseudo-archaic secondary development, since none of the known plural forms conserve the consonant r in this position.


sbk

Old Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲕⲏ (soukē)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲭⲓ (soukhi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲕ (souk)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σοῦχος (Soûkhos)
Greek: Σούχος (Soúchos)
→ Latin: Sūchus
→ English: Suchus
→ Portuguese: Suco

→ English: Sobek

Sobek, the crocodile-god worshipped at Crocodilopolis and Kom Ombo


spdt

→ Ancient Greek: Σῶθις (Sôthis)
→ English: Sothis (learned)

(astronomy) Sirius, A bluish-white star in the constellation Canis Major; Alpha (α) Canis Majoris. A vertex of the Winter Triangle and the brightest star in the night sky.

Sothis, the divine personification of Sirius


bꜣst

Bubastis, a city in northern Egypt, cult-centre for the worship of Bastet


bbr

b-b-r:Z1-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

x:z-d:N33A-b-nfr-n-b-b-r:Z1-N25
ḫsbd nfr n(j) bbr

c. 1439 BCE, Annals of Thutmose III, year 40 inscription, list of tribute from Assur


ꜥꜣpp

Demotic: ꜥpp, ꜥpꜥp

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲫⲱⲫ (aphōph)

desc

Ancient Greek: Ἄπωφις (Ápōphis), Ἄποπις (Ápopis)

Apep/Apophis, the evil being who tries to devour the sun every night, often depicted in the form of a vast water snake


wꜣst

Thebes (ancient Egyptian city; modern Luxor)


pwntjw

Derived from pwnt (“The land of Punt”) + -j + -w.

plural of pwntj: the people of the Punt, a country south of Egypt on the Red Sea.


mwt

→? Meroitic: 𐦨𐦴 (mt /mata/)

Likely a babble word in origin, like many of its Afroasiatic parallels. Militarev and Stolbova derive it from a supposed Proto-Afroasiatic form instead, but also note it may be a nursery word. If not, perhaps cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔimm-.

(Egyptian mythology) the primordial waters

Mut, the vulture goddess worshipped as part of the Theban Triad


kftjw

k:f-tyw-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


kbn

k-b-n:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: gpn

Old Coptic: ⲕⲉⲡⲛ (kepn)

From Semitic *gubl-; compare Phoenician 𐤂𐤁𐤋 (gbl), Akkadian 𒁺𒆷 (/gubla/), Hebrew גְּבַל (gəḇál), Arabic جُبَيْل (jubayl).


kꜣš

k-A-S:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic:  (jkš)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲑⲱϣ (ethōš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉϭⲱϣ (ecōš)

→ Akkadian: 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 (Kūsu)

→ Old Persian: 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 (ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/)


dwꜣ-mwt.f

A direct genitive construction meaning “the praise of his mother”, composed of dwꜣ (“to praise”) + mwt (“mother”) + .f (third person masculine singular suffix pronoun).

af

Duamutef, a mortuary god, protector of the stomach of the deceased.


qbḥ-snw.f

A verbal construction meaning “refresher of his brothers” composed of qbḥ (“to refresh, to purify”) + snw (“brothers”) + .f (“third person pronoun”).

compound

Qebehsenuef, a mortuary god, protector of the intestines of the deceased.


jmn

Demotic: jmn

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ (amoun)

→ English: Amun

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀμοῦν (Amoûn)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)

→ Coptic: ⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ (ammōn)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦨𐦩𐦢 (amni /amani/)

desc

→ Middle Babylonian: [Term?] (/amâna/), [Term?] (/amûnu/)

Compare Arabic ء م ن (ʔ m n) and Hebrew א־מ־ן (ʾ-m-n).

Amun, a primeval god, personification of the hiddenness of the primeval waters, worshipped at Hermopolis as a member of the Ogdoad

Amun, a god worshipped at Thebes as a member of the Theban Triad, and seen as the king of the gods


jmn

a minor god in the form of a snake worshipped at Prosopis and Thebes


jnpw

Demotic: jnpw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ (anoup)

Old Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ (anoup)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ (anoup)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄνουβις (Ánoubis), Ἀννῦφις (Annûphis)

→ Latin: Anūbis

→ Arabic: أنوبيس

→ Arabic: أنوبيس

→ English: Anubis

→ French: Anubis

→ German: Anubis

→ Italian: Anubi

→ Japanese: アヌビス

→ Portuguese: Anúbis

→ Russian: Анубис (Anubis)

→ Spanish: Anubis

Anubis, god of the cemetery, worshipped at Abydos


ḫprš

The Blue Crown of the Pharaoh, sometimes referred to as the “war crown”.


ptḥ

Arabic: بتاح

Coptic: ⲡⲧⲁϩ (ptah)

English: Ptah

French: Ptah

Greek: Φθάς (Fthás)

German: Ptah

Italian: Ptah

Latin: Phthas

Polish: Ptah

Russian: Пта (Pta)

Spanish: Ptah

Ptah, creator god and patron of craftsmen, worshipped at Memphis


jpw

i-p-w-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: jpw

Akhmim or Panopolis, a city in Upper Egypt


ṯnw

V14:nw*niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Thinis or This, a city that served as the first capital of a unified Egypt and later capital of the nome of Abydos


ḏt

A serekh name notably borne by Djet, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


ḏdw

Dd-d:O49-w m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

an Old Kingdom necropolis complex situated near modern Cairo: Djedu (now Abusir)

Q1-ir:nb-A40-Dd-Dd-w-O49:t*Z1-nTr-aA
wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ […]

12th Dynasty, Stela of Nakhti, British Museum EA 143

Osiris, Lord of Djedu, the elder god […]


wnn-nfr

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲛⲟϥⲉⲣ (benofer)

Old Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁϥⲣ (ouenafr)

Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (ouenabre)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (ouenofre)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀνούφριος (Onoúphrios)

Greek: Ονούφριος (Onoúfrios)

→ English: Onuphrius

→ Italian: Onofrio

→ Romanian: Onufrie

→ Russian: Онуфрий (Onufrij)

→ Spanish: Onofre

→ Portuguese: Onofre

→ Arabic: ابو نفر (ʔabū nufir), ابو نوفر (ʔabū nūfir), نوفير (nūfir)

wnn (“(one who) continually exists”) + nfr (“to be good, perfect, beautiful”) + (.w) (third-person masculine stative ending), thus literally ‘one who continually exists in being good/perfect/beautiful’.

compound

an epithet or alternative name for the god Osiris.


ḥwt-ḥr

→ Ancient Greek: Ἅθωρ (Háthōr)

→ English: Hathor

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦴𐦫𐦢 (atri /atari/)

From ḥwt (“mansion”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Mansion of Horus’.


ḥwt-ḥr

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁθύρ (Hathúr)

→ English: Hathyr

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲑⲱⲣ (athōr)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲗ (hathōl)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ (hathōr)

→ Ge'ez: አኀቱር (ʾäḫätur), አሕቱር (ʾäḥtur)

→ Minaean: 𐩢𐩩𐩢𐩧 (ḥtḥr)


ḥrt

conventional term introducing the serekh name of female pharaohs


dn

A serekh name notably borne by Den, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty, literally ‘The Severer (of Heads)’.


tꜣwj

→ Akkadian: -𒋫𒀀𒉿 (-ta-a-wa)

→ Ancient Greek: -τους (-tous)

tA:tA:dmD-Hr:Z1-r:t:a:n:f-i-A-A30-m-U35-w-Hm-Z1:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286)

The assembled Two Lands (Egypt) are giving him praise at the approach of his majesty.

S43-D*i-S3-i-mn:n:ra*Z1 nb:W11*W11*W11:N17:N17 N21:N21

c. 1479–1425 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

A recitation by Amun-Ra, Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands.

(dual only) Upper and Lower Egypt, considered as a single entity: Egypt.


psḏt pḏt

/pɛsɛd͡ʒɛt pɛd͡ʒɛt/

Possibly a reinterpretation of earlier simple psḏt (“nine, nineness, ennead”), feminine of psḏw (“nine”), when written with nine bow signs.
The reinterpretation consists of psḏt + pḏt (“bow”).

di-A40-h-m-h-m*t-Hm-Z1*A40:V31-M3:Aa1*X1-D54-T10:t*Z2ss:Z2ss*Z2ss
dj(.j) hmhmt ḥm.k ḫt psḏt pḏt

c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010

I made the war-cry of Your Majesty throughout the Nine Bows.

The Nine Bows; a generic term for the enemies of Egypt.


jmn-rꜥ

/ʔaˈmaːnə ˈɾeːʕə/

/ʔaˈmoːn ˈɾeːʕ/

/ʔaˈmaːnə ˈɾeːʕə/

/ʔaˈmoːn ˈɾeːʕ/

md-D-i-N-i-mn:n:ra*Z1-nb:W11*W11*W11:N17:N17-N21:N21

c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III, Part I (Cairo Museum 34010)


ddw

d:d-w-O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ꜣbḏw

Ab-b-Dw:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄβῡδος (Ábūdos)
Greek: Άβυδος (Ávydos)
→ Latin: Abȳdus, Abidos, Aboedos

Old Coptic: ⲁⲃⲱⲧ (abōt), ⲁⲃⲟⲧ (abot)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲱⲧ (ebōt)

Uncertain. A development from ꜣbw (“elephant”) + ḏw (“mountain”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘elephant of the mountain’ in reference to the local topography, has been suggested.

D:d-t:n:f-M18-i-w-m-R4:t*p-i-n:wr-A1-Z3-nw:Z1-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw(j) m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

12th Dynasty, Stela of Amenemhat, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, E567

May "welcome in peace" be said to him by the great of Abydos.


nwt

Coptic: ⲛⲏ (nē)

→ Hebrew: נֹא (nōʾ)

desc

→ Middle Babylonian: [script needed] (nu-)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒉌𒀪 (né-eʾ, ni-iʾ)


nwt

→ English: Nut


ḫw.f-wj

→ English: Khufu

→ Ancient Greek: Χέοψ (Khéops), Σοῦφις (Soûphis), Σώϋφις (Sṓüphis), Σαῶφις (Saôphis), Σοφέ (Sophé)

→ Latin: Cheops

→ English: Cheops

→ Italian: Cheope

ḫw (“shall protect”, subjunctive mood of ḫwj (“to protect”)) + .f (“he”) + wj (“me”), thus literally ’He shall protect me’; the longer version of the name, ẖnmw-ḫw.f-wj, reveals that ‘he’ is the god Khnum.

af

subjunctive mood of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ḫwj</i> (“to protect”)

A throne name notably borne by Khufu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


rꜥ-ms-sw

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥαμέσσης (Rhaméssēs), Ῥαμέστης (Rhaméstēs)

→ English: Ramesses, Rameses

→ Hebrew: רַעְמְסֵס (Ra'mses)

→ English: Ramses

→ French: Ramsès

/ɾiːʕəməˈseːsə/

/ɾiːʕəməˈseːsə/

From rꜥ (“Ra”) + ms (perfective active participle of msj (“to give birth to”)) + sw (“him”), thus literally ‘Ra is the one who bore him’.

compound

perfective active participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">msj</i> (“to give birth to”)

a male given name, Ramesses, Ramses, or Rameses


kꜣs

k-A-s-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


kš

k:S-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ꜥḥꜣ

A serekh name notably borne by Hor-Aha, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


ꜣpd

(astronomy) a constellation, literally ‘the Bird’, corresponding to modern Triangulum and Perseus


jn-jt.f

jn (perfective relative form of jnj (“to bring”)) + jt (“father”) + .f (“his”), thus literally ‘(he) whom his father brought’.

perfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">jnj</i> (“to bring”)

a male given name, Intef, Antef, or Inyotef


šw

→ Ancient Greek: Σῶς (Sôs)

→ English: Shu

the god Shu (literally “Emptiness”), personification of the space between the earth and sky


ꜣꜥꜥ

A-a:a-Aa40-N33C:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ꜣꜥꜥnj

Alternative form of jꜥn (“epithet of Thoth”)


nb-ḫꜥw

From nb (“lord, possessor”) + ḫꜥw (“appearance in glory, shining-forth”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of appearances in glory’. Sometimes the second part is instead interpreted as ḫꜥw (“crown”), etymologically the same word.

A serekh name notably borne by Sahure, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Sahure, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


mr-wr

N36:N23*Z1-wr:r m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: mꜣ-wr, m-wr, mr-wr, mw-wr

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μοῖρις (Moîris), Μῠῆρῐς (Mŭêrĭs) — 3rd century BCE, Μοῆρῐς (Moêrĭs) — 2nd century BCE onward, Μεῦρῐς (Meûrĭs) — attested once, 228 BCE
Greek: Μοίρις (Moíris)
→ Latin: Moeris
→ English: Moeris

the main canal in the Faiyum, the Bahr Yussef, connecting Lake Moeris to the Nile

the town of Moeris near Crocodilopolis (modern Faiyum), along the northern side of the Moeris canal


mr-wr

Demotic: mr-wr, m-wr

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μνεῦῐς (Mneûĭs), Μνηῦις (Mnēûis)

→ Latin: Mnēvis

→ English: Mnevis

Old Coptic: ⲉⲙⲛⲉⲩⲓ (emneui)

Mnevis, a solar bull god venerated in Heliopolis, considered to be embodied in a living black bull selected by the priesthood there and later sometimes treated as an aspect of the god Atum-Ra


wḥꜣt

Demotic: wḥj

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲁϩ (bah)

→ Ottoman Turkish: واح (vah)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉϩⲓ (ouehi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ (ouahe)

desctree

→ Arabic: وَاحَة (wāḥa)
→ Persian: واحه
→ Indonesian: wahah
→ Malay: wahah
→ Ottoman Turkish: واحه (vahā)
> Turkish: vaha (inherited)
→ Tatar: ваһа (waha)
→ Uyghur: ۋاھە (wahe)
→ Uzbek: voha

→ Ancient Greek: Ὄᾰσῐς (Óăsĭs), Αὔᾰσῐς (Aúăsĭs)
→ Armenian: ովասիս (ovasis) (learned)
→ Latin: Oasis (see there for further descendants)

any one of the seven oases in this region


kꜣnꜥnꜥ

k-A:n:a-n:a:T14*N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

cog

Hebrew כְּנַעַן


dšrt

From dšr (“red”) + -t (feminine ending), thus literally meaning “the red one”.

The desert that surrounds Egypt and the Nile River Valley.


dšrt

→ English: deshret


ysrjꜣr

If the term means Israel, as is considered most likely, then borrowed from Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yiśrāʾēl). (However, alternative readings have sometimes been proposed, such as Jezreel.)

bor

Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yiśrāʾēl)

i-i-z:Z1s*Z1s:r-i-A-r:Z1*T14-A1*B1:Z2 f:k:t:nDs b:n pr:r*:t-N33C:Z2:f

c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, Line 27

Israel is laid waste, and he has no seed.

a demonym; probably the Israelites, Israel


ptwꜣrwmys

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Πτολεμαῖος (Ptolemaîos).

<-p:d-w-l:M-i-i-s->

<-p*t:l-W:M-i-i-s->

<-p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s-anx-D:t:tA-p:t-H-mr->

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Ptolemy, notably borne by several members of the Ptolemaic dynasty


qrwjwꜣpꜣdrꜣ

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Κλεοπάτρα (Kleopátra).

A female given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Cleopatra, notably borne by Cleopatra.


wsjr

→ Akkadian: (𒁍)𒅆𒊒 (/-uširu/) in 𒌷𒁍𒅆𒊒 (^(ālu)pu-ši-ru), 𒍜 (/-šir/) in 𒁹𒁍𒋾𒍜 (ˡpu-ti-šir₄)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ὄσιρις (Ósiris), Ὕσιρις (Húsiris)

→ English: Osiris

→ Latin: Osīris

→ Aramaic: אוֹסרי, אסרי, אסר-, -וסרי, -סרי

Demotic: wsjr, Ουσιρι (Ousiri), Ουσορ- (Ousor-)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ (ousiri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ (ousire)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦯𐦣𐦫𐦢 (asori /asuri/, /usuri/)

→ Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎𐤓 (ʾsr)

→ Thamudic: 𐩦𐩧 (-śr) in 𐩱𐩨𐩵𐩦𐩧 (ʿbdśr)

Several proposals have been made for the etymology and meaning of the original name; as Smith (2017) notes, none are fully convincing. Most take wsjr as the accepted transliteration, following Adolf Erman:
* Griffiths (1980), “bearing in mind Erman’s emphasis on the fact that the name must begin with an [sic] w”, proposes a derivation from wsr with an original meaning of “The Mighty One”.
* Sethe (1930) proposes a compound st-jrt, meaning “seat of the eye”, in a hypothetical earlier form *wst-jrt; this is rejected by Griffiths on phonetic grounds.
* Lorton (1985) takes up a similar compound but explains st-jrt as signifying “product, something made”, from the verb jrj, with Osiris representing the product of the mummification process.
* Westendorf (1987) proposes an etymology from wꜣst-jrt “she who bears the eye”.
* Zeidler (2000) reviews the common hypotheses and rejects the interpretation of the second element as either jrj (“to do, make”) or jrt (“eye”) on phonetic grounds, ultimately agreeing with Griffiths on the meaning and rendering the name (w)sr(w) with the assumption that the writing of the name reflects an archaic use of the throne and eye hieroglyphs as uniliteral signs.
* Smith (2017) makes no definitive proposals but asserts that the second element must be a form of jrj (“to do, make”) (rather than jrt (“eye”)), since the word is found complemented with r in writings of the Middle Kingdom.
However, recently alternative transliterations have been proposed:
* Muchiki (1990) reexamines Erman’s evidence that the throne hieroglyph in the word is to be read ws and finds it unconvincing, suggesting instead that the name should be read ꜣsjr on the basis of Aramaic, Phoenician, and Old South Arabian transcriptions, readings of the throne sign in other words, and comparison with ꜣst (“Isis”).
* Allen (2010) reads the word as jsjrt but later revises the reading (2013) to jsjrj and derives it from js-jrj, meaning “engendering (male) principle”.

i-nD-D:Hr:k-Q2:ir-nb:H*ra*H-sw-t:Z2ss-nTr-I1S:Z2-r:n:nw*Z2ss-Dsr:r-xpr-Z3-S:t*U30-i-ir:w-m-r:Z1-pr:Z1*Z2ss
j.nḏ ḥr.k wsjr nb nḥḥ nswt nṯr(w) ꜥšꜣ rnw ḏsr ḫprw štꜣ jrw m rw-prw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 1

Hail to you, Osiris, lord of eternity, king of gods, numerous of names, sacred of developments, secret of rites in temples!

(in funerary literature) conventionally appended before the name of the deceased: Osirian form of a dead person, deceased person as Osiris (see usage notes)


ṯḥnw

T-T14-H-nw*nw:nw-N18 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


mn-nfr

mn:n-nfr-f:r-O24-O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Akkadian:

Neo-Assyrian: 𒈨𒅎𒉿 (me-em-pi /mempi/)

Coptic:

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲉϥⲓ (mefi), ⲙⲉⲛϥ (menf)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ϥⲉ (mn̄fe), ⲙⲉⲛⲃⲉ (menbe)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μέμφις (Mémphis)
Greek: Μέμφις (Mémfis), Μέμφιδα (Mémfida)
→ Latin: Memphis
→ English: Memphis

→ Hebrew: מֹף (mōp̄), נֹף (nōp̄)

Shortened from mn-nfr-ppy (“the pyramid of Pepy”), from mn (“to endure”) + nfr(w) (“beauty”) + ppy (“Pepy”) with the final two words in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘The beauty of Pepy endures’. The shortened name could be reinterpreted as mn (“enduring”) + nfr(w) (“beauty”), ‘enduring of beauty’.


mry-n-ptḥ

From mry (“beloved”) + n(j) (“of”) + ptḥ (“Ptah”).

compound

a male given name, Merneptah or Merenptah


jsqꜣrnj

i-s-q-A-r:n:y-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

ini:n-w-i-s-q-A-r:n:y-T14:N25-mH:w:D40-M:q*A-DA-A-r:Z1-T14:xAst-i-i-n&U19&nw-a:G3-M:T14*xAst-ir:w-M:t:tm:M-Y1:wn:n
jnw jsqꜣrnj mḥw m qꜣḏꜣrꜣ ynwꜥmꜣ jr.w m tm wn

Ashkelon is carried off, Gezer is seized, Yanoam is made nonexistent.

alternative reading of theattestation on the Merneptah Stele


ꜣkr

Aker, the Egyptian god of the earth and the horizon

the earth (in parallel to the atmosphere šw, as a location traversed by the dead king)


ꜥm-mwt

ꜥm (“(one) devouring”) + mwt (“dead”), thus ‘devourer of the dead’.

Ammit or Ammut, an Egyptian goddess who devours the hearts of the dead who are judged unrighteous.


jmnt

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀμαῦνι (Amaûni)

Amaunet, a primeval goddess, female personification of the hiddenness of the primeval waters (as a counterpart to the male Amun), worshipped at Hermopolis as a member of the Ogdoad

Amaunet, a goddess worshipped at Thebes as the female counterpart of the king of the gods Amun


jmn-ḥtp

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀμενώθης (Amenṓthēs), Ἀμένωφις (Aménōphis), Ἀμενόθης (Amenóthēs)
Greek: Αμένωφις (Aménofis)
→ Latin: Amenōphis
→ English: Amenophis
→ Portuguese: Amenófis

Coptic: ⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (amenōth)

jmn (“Amun”) + ḥtp(.w) (“is satisfied”), masculine third-person singular stative form of ḥtp (“to satisfy”), thus literally ‘Amun is satisfied’. The name is transcribed in the Amarna letters as 𒀀𒈠𒀭𒄩𒀜𒁉 (a-ma-an-ḫa-at-pe₂).

(Egyptian mythology) Amenhotep (son of Hapu), a deified scribe and architect


ꜥm-ḥḥ

From ꜥm (“eat”) + ḥḥ (“million”), literally “devourer of millions”.

Am-heh, an Egyptian god of the afterworld.


ꜥntjt

Anat, an Egyptian goddess of war and fertility.


jn-ḥrt

desc

Middle Babylonian: [script needed] (na-aḫ-ra-) in [script needed] (na-aḫ-ra-ma-áš-ši)

Ancient Greek: Ὄνουρις (Ónouris)

/ʔaˈneʔħərə/

/ʔaˈneʔħərə/

From jn (“(one who) carries”) + ḥrt (“(what is) above, heaven”).

compound

Anhur/Anhor/Onuris, Egyptian god of war and hunting.


ꜥnqt

ꜥnq (“to flow in, to flood”) + -t (feminine ending).

af

the goddess Anuket, personification of the Nile river.


ḫnsw

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Χεσπισίχις (Khespisíkhis)

→ Meroitic: 𐦭𐦯 (ḫs /ḫansa/)


bꜣstt

→ Akkadian: 𒄫𒋾 (biš-ti /ubešti, bīšti/)

→ Akkadian: 𒌑𒁀𒋛𒋾 (ú-ba-si-ti /ubešti/)

→ Aramaic: אבסת

Demotic: bꜣst

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ (oubasti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥⲧⲉ (oubaste)

→ Ancient Greek: -ούβαστις (-oúbastis) in Βούβαστις (Boúbastis)

→ English: Bastet, Bast

bꜣst (“Bubastis”) + -t (feminine nisba ending).

af

Bastet, the cat-goddess worshipped at Bubastis

Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible


mnj

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μήνης (Mḗnēs)
→ Greek: Μήνης (Mínis)
→ Latin: Mēnēs
→ English: Menes
→ French: Ménès
→ Portuguese: Menés

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Menes, uniter of Upper and Lower Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty of Egypt


mꜣꜥt

→ English: Maat

An abstract noun formed from mꜣꜥ (“to direct, to be just, to be true”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

Maat, the goddess personifying the above concepts


dwꜣt

a hippopotamus goddess personifying the afterworld


wp-rnpt

wp (“opening”) + rnpt (“year”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘opening of the year’.

‘New Year’s Day’: a festival day at the start of the Egyptian year, the first day of the first month of ꜣḫt, originally aligned to the heliacal rising of Sirius in summer

a month of the year, apparently the last, corresponding to Mesore, the fourth month of šmw


pꜣ-n-jpt

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲓ (paōpi), ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ (paopi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲓ (paapi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲉ (paope), ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲉ (paape), ⲡⲟⲟⲡⲉ (poope)

→ Ancient Greek: Φαωφί (Phaōphí), Παωφί (Paōphí)

→ English: Phaophi

From pꜣ (“the”) + n(j) (“(one) of”) + jpt (“Luxor, inner sanctum”), literally “the one of Luxor”.


kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ

→ Ancient Greek: Χοίακ (Khoíak)

→ English: Choiak

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲓⲁⲕ (kaiak)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ (khoiak)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (koiahk), ⲭⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (khoiahk)

→ Minaean: 𐩫𐩺𐩢𐩫 (kyḥk)

kꜣ + ḥr + kꜣ, literally ‘Ka Upon Ka’. A cuneiform transcription 𒆪𒄿𒄴𒆪 (ku-i-iḫ-ku) is attested in the Amarna Letters (c. 1360–1332 BC).


tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt

→ Ancient Greek: Τῦβι (Tûbi)

→ English: Tybi

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (tōbi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (tōbe)

/tɑ ɑːʔɑbɛt/


pꜣ-n-pꜣ-mḫrw

→ Ancient Greek: Μεχείρ (Mekheír)

→ English: Mecheir

Coptic: ⲙϣⲓⲣ (mšir), ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ (mešir), ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ (mekhir)

/pə nə pə məˈχiːɾ/

pꜣ + n(j) + pꜣ + mḫrw, literally ‘the one of the censer’.


pꜣ-n-jmn-ḥtp

→ Ancient Greek: Φαμενώθ (Phamenṓth)

→ Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (phamenōth)

→ English: Phamenoth

Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲙ̄ϩⲟⲧⲡ (parm̄hotp) (Sahidic), ⲡⲁⲣⲙ̄ϩⲁⲧⲡ̄ (parm̄hatp̄) (Lycopolitan 4)

→ Arabic: بَرَمْهات (baramhāt)

→ Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ (paremhat)

pꜣ + n(j) + jmn-ḥtp(.w), literally ‘the one of Amenhotep’.


pꜣ-n-rnn-wtt

→ Ancient Greek: Φαρμοῦθι (Pharmoûthi)

→ English: Pharmouthi

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ (pharmouthi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲓ (parmouti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (parmoute)

pꜣ + n(j) + rnn-wtt, literally ‘the one of Rennutet’.


pꜣ-n-ḫnsw

→ Ancient Greek: Παχών (Pakhṓn)

→ English: Pachon

Coptic: ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ (pašons)

→ English: Pashons

pꜣ + n(j) + ḫnsw, literally ‘the one of Khonsu’.


pꜣ-n-jnt

→ Ancient Greek: Παῦνι (Paûni)

→ English: Pauni

Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ (paōni)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ (paōne)

pꜣ + n(j) + jnt, literally ‘the one of the wadi’.


jpj-jpj

→ Ancient Greek: Ἐπιφί (Epiphí)

→ English: Epeiph

Coptic: ⲉⲡⲏⲡ (epēp)

→ Ge'ez: አቢብ (ʾäbib)

Derived from the earlier (Memphite) name of the month, jpt-ḥmt, with reduplication of the first element, or perhaps directly from the short form jpt.

the festival of Epiphi, taking place on the first or second day of the next month, Mesore


mswt-rꜥ

→ Ancient Greek: Μεσορή (Mesorḗ)

→ English: Mesore

Coptic: ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲣⲏ (mesorē)

/məˌsoˈɾeːʕ/

mswt + rꜥ in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Birth of Ra’.


ṯnj

→ Ancient Greek: Θίνις (Thínis)

→ Latin: Thinis

→ English: Thinis

Coptic: ⲧⲓⲛ (tin)


msqt-sḥdw

msqt (“a mythological place of the dead”) + sḥdw, plural of sḥd (“star”), in a direct genitive construction.

compound

D35-x-s-b-n-sw-w-O11-HD-wr:wr-wr-i:r-ms-q*t:N25-s-H-d:F18-sbA-w-pt

c. 2345-2333 B.C.E., Pyramid of King Teti, south wall of the passage between the burial chamber and antechamber, Pyramid Text spell 262, section 24 (trans. Allen)

The White Palace of the great ones cannot bar him from the Beaten Path of Stars.

a region of the sky to which a dead king was said to ascend, perhaps the Milky Way


ḥqt

Heqet, a frog-goddess of childbirth and fertility


ḥfꜣt

ḥfꜣw (“snake”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).

a settlement in Egypt at what is now El Mo'alla


nwtkꜣrṯ

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ναύκρατις (Naúkratis).


ptḥ-wr

ptḥ (“Ptah”) + wr (“great”), literally ‘Ptah is great’.


zꜣ-ptḥ

zꜣ (“son”) + ptḥ (“Ptah”), literally ‘son of Ptah’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


z-n-wsrt

From z (“man”) + n(j) (“of”) + wsrt (“Wosret”), thus ‘man of Wosret’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Senusret (also anglicized as Sesostris and Senwosret)


mry-rꜥ

From mry (perfective relative form of mrj) + rꜥ (“Ra”), literally ‘(one) whom Ra loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

mry <pos:perfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mrj</i>>

A throne name notably borne by Pepi I Meryre, a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty

a male given name, Meryre, Merire, or Meryra


mry-jmn

From mry (perfective relative form of mrj) + jmn (“Amon”), literally ‘(one) whom Amon loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

a common epithet sometimes added to the birth names or throne names of pharaohs


nbt

Coptic: ⲉⲙⲃⲱ (embō)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὄμβος (Ómbos)

→ Latin: Ombos

Ombos (ancient Egyptian city; modern Naqada)

Ombos (ancient Egyptian city; modern Kom Ombo)


wnjs

Uncertain. Like many fifth-dynasty pharaohs’ birth names, this name may simply be a diminutive without any meaning of its own. Alternatively, some authors have tentatively proposed to read it as wn-js, from a form of wnn (“to exist”) + js (“intensifying particle”), thus meaning ‘Who exists indeed’.

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Unas, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty.


ḏr

A serekh name notably borne by Djer, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


ḫntj-jmntjw

Old Coptic: ⳓⲛⲧⲉⲙⲛⲧ (ḫntemnt)

ḫntj (“foremost”) + jmntjw (“westerners, i.e. the dead”), plural of jmntj (“western(er)”).
The word is first attested in the tombs of First Dynasty kings Den (dn) and Qaa (qꜣ-ꜥ), where it is associated with the dead kings. However, there is no certain evidence that it referred to a separate deity (rather than being an epithet for other deities) until the second half of the Fifth Dynasty.

compound

s-HD-D:ra-SPACE-SPACE-k:k:t-N2-z:r-q:Y2-k-H-st:t-tm-m-t:gb-pr-!-a:r-N31:k-SPACE-SPACE-m-r:n-k:n-r:a-ra*Z1:r-b-w-Xr:r-st:ir-xnt-n:t*y-imnt-tyw-N33B:N33B:N33B-A40
sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8

Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.

Foremost of the Westerners, an epithet used for various gods of the dead such as Osiris and Anubis

Khentiamentiu, a god of the dead and patron god of the necropolis at Abydos


tpj-ḏw.f

Old Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tbaitōou)

tpj (“(one) standing atop”) + ḏw (“mountain”) + .f (“his”), thus literally ‘he who stands atop his mountain’.


ḥrrt

a hostile snake in the Duat (underworld)


swnw

s-wn:n-nw:W-T11:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Ancient Greek: Συήνη (Suḗnē)

→ Latin: Syēnē

→ Hebrew: סונה

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ (souan)

→ Egyptian Arabic: أسوان (Aswān)

→ English: Aswan

→ French: Assouan

→ Greek: Ασσουάν (Assouán)

→ English: Assuan, Assouan

→ Italian: Assuan

→ Hebrew: אַסְוָאן (Asvan)

Possibly related to swn (“to trade, to buy”), swnt (“trade, price”).


ꜣwšꜣmm

Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From a West Semitic compound the second part of which is *salim, which meant either “peace” or “Shalim (the Canaanite god of twilight)”. For more information see ירושלים.

HqA-q:n-Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25-i-i-i-q-A-a-mw-A14A-D39:A1*Z2ss-nb-w-n:t-w-H-n:a-f
ḥq(ꜣ) n(j) ꜣwšꜣmm jy-qꜣꜥ-mw mḥnkw nbw nt(j)w ḥnꜥ.f

18th century BCE, Berlin execration texts, e27

The ruler of Jerusalem, Yaqar-ʿAmmu, and all the confidants who are with him


mswt-wsjr

mswt (“birth”) + wsjr (“Osiris”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Osiris’.

The first of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-ḥr

mswt (“birth”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Horus’.

The second of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-stẖ

mswt (“birth”) + stẖ (“Set”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Set’.

The third of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-ꜣst

mswt (“birth”) + ꜣst (“Isis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Isis’.

The fourth of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


mswt-nbt-ḥwt

mswt (“birth”) + nbt-ḥwt (“Nephthys”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘birth(day) of Nephthys’.

The fifth and last of the five epagomenal (intercalary) days (djw ḥrjw rnpt) added to the end of the year in the ancient Egyptian calendar.


wḏꜣt

w-DA-A-t-wDAt (canonical feminine)
wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)

From wḏꜣ (“to be intact”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

(originally) the (dismembered and subsequently restored) Eye of Horus, a mythological conception of the full moon

epithet for various goddesses as the personified eyes of a god

an amulet in the form of the Eye of Horus

(in the dual) the actual eyes of a god or person


tḫj

A nominalized nisba adjective, formed from tḫ (“plumb bob”) + -j (“nisba ending”), thus literally ‘(the one) of the plumb bob’, an epithet of Thoth.


mnḫt

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + wnḫ (“to clothe”) + -t (feminine suffix).


ẖnt-ḥwt-ḥr

ẖnt + ḥwt-ḥr in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘water-procession of Hathor’.


nḥb-kꜣw

nḥb + kꜣw, plural of kꜣ, in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Apportioner of kas’.


šf-bdt

šf + bdt in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Swelling of emmer’.


rkḥ-ꜥꜣ

/ˌɾakaħˈʕaʀ/

/rɛkɛh ɑːʔɑ/

rkḥ (“fire, burning”) + ꜥꜣ (“great”), thus literally ‘Great Burning’.


rkḥ-nḏs

rkḥ (“fire, burning”) + nḏs (“small”), thus literally ‘Small Burning’.


jpt-ḥmt

From jpt (meaning disputed) + ḥmt (“female ‘Majesty’ or ‘Incarnation’ (pharaoh, goddess)”), sometimes also found with suffixed .s (“her”). The first element, jpt, has been interpreted in various ways; the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae takes it as the name of the goddess Ipet, so that the whole phrase can be rendered “Ipet, her Majesty”, while Allen takes it to mean “select”, so that the phrase can be rendered “(She who is) Select of Incarnation”.

ḥmt <t:female ‘Majesty’ or ‘Incarnation’ (pharaoh, goddess)>

the festival of Epiphi, taking place on the first or second day of the next month, Mesore


wrrt

From wrr (“to be great”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

-pr:r:D54-n:f:S10-H-w-m-wD-n:gb-b-O43:p-D40:n:f-HqA-t*Z1:N21:N21-HDt-mn:n:Y1-ti-i-m-tp*Z1:f
pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19

He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.


twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn

→ English: Tutankhamun (learned)

/təˈwaːtə ˈʕaːnəχ ʔaˈmaːnə/

/təˈwaːtə ˈʕaːnəχ ʔaˈmaːnə/

twt (“image”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jmn (“Amun”), with twt and jmn in a direct genitive construction. The compound is based on the pharaoh’s earlier name, twt-ꜥnḫ-jtn (literally “living image of the Aten”). A longer form of twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn is found as twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw.

compound

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Tutankhamon, notably borne by Tutankhamon, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, literally ‘The Living Image of Amun’.


twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw

twt (“image”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jmn (“Amun”) + ḥqꜣ (“ruler”) + jwnw-šmꜥw (“Thebes”, literally “Heliopolis of Upper Egypt”), thus literally meaning ‘The Living Image of Amun, Ruler of the Heliopolis of Upper Egypt [i.e. Thebes]’. The compound is based on the pharaoh’s earlier name, twt-ꜥnḫ-jtn (literally “living image of the Aten”). A shorter form of twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw is found as twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn (“Tutankhamon”).

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Tutankhamon-Heqaiunushemau, notably borne by Tutankhamon-Heqaiunushemau, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty


twt-ꜥnḫ-jtn

From twt (“image”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jtn (“Aten”), with twt and jtn in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Tutankhaten, notably borne by Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamon), a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty


jdwmꜥ

i-A2-d-W-m:a-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Compare Hebrew אֱדוֹם (’eḏōm), Akkadian 𒌑𒁺𒈪 (Udumi), Edomite 𐤀𐤃𐤌 (ʾdm)

-t-W-n:Z2--g:r-H-D41:Y1-n:Z2-m-D37:Ba15s*t*Ba15as-z:S-Z9:D54-n:A-m:a-h-i-w:t-T14-A1:Ba15s*Z2*Ba15as-SA-A-sw-W-T14-A1:Z2-n-i-A2-!-d-W-m:a-T14-N25-G41-A-x:Ba15s*t*Ba15as-m-W-S20-pr:Ba15s*n*Ba15as-<-U7:n-p:t-H-G7-Htp:t-p-Hr-Z1-U5:a*t-H6->-G7-anx-DA-s-n:t*y-T:k-W-T14-N25-!-r-n:A-b-G41-A-y:r-Z1-k:A-b-W-ti-i-mw-N36:N23-Z2:n-pr-Z1-t:tm:Ba15s*im*Ba15as-G7--n-<--U7:Ba15s*n*Ba15as-p:t-H-G7-Htp:t-p-Hr-Z1-U5:a*t-H6->-!-n:t*y-T:k-W-T14-N25:r-s-anx-n:x-n:A-i-i-W-Z3A-r-s-anx-n:x-n:A-i-i-W-Z3A-!-i-A-w:t-O44-F28-Z3A-m-G41-A-kA-Z1-G7-aA:Y1:n-aA:pr*pr*G7-anx-DA-s-G41-A-ra-G7-!-nfr-f:r-n:tA:Z1*N23-nb:t
[tw.n] grḥ.(wj)n m ḏj[.t] sš nꜣ mhjwt šꜣsw n jdwmꜥ pꜣ ḫ[t]m [n] mrj.n-ptḥ-ḥtp-ḥr-mꜣꜥt ꜥnḫ-(w)ḏꜣ-s(nb) ntj ṯkw r nꜣ bꜣjrkꜣ{bw}tjw n pr tm [n] mrj.[n]-ptḥ-ḥtp-ḥr-mꜣꜥt ntj ṯkw r sꜥnḫ.w r sꜥnḫ nꜣy.w jꜣwt m pꜣ kꜣ ꜥꜣ n pr-ꜥꜣ ꜥnḫ-(w)ḏꜣ-s(nb) pꜣ rꜥ nfr n tꜣ nb{t}

c. 1213-1203 BCE, Letter of a Frontier Official in Papyrus Anastasi VI (British Museum EA 10245) (trans. James Henry Breasted)

We have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the Fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma, L.P.H., in Theku, to the pools of Pithom, of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their herds in the domain of Pharaoh, L.P.H., the good Sun of every land.


mwjbw

mw-i-b-w-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


rbw

Ancient Greek: Λιβύη (Libúē) (see there for further descendants)

pA-
-X:z:nDs-x:r:A14-n:r*Z1:b*W*T14:N25-W:a:r-rd:D54-im:nfr-Z1:Y1:Z2-g:r:H*N2-n:wa:a*Z1:nDs:f
pꜣ wr ẖz ḫr(w) n(j) rbw wꜥr(.w) m nfrw grḥ n wꜥꜥw.f

The wretched prince, the enemy belonging to the Libu, has fled in the emptiness of night alone.


jsqꜣrwnj

i-s-q-A-rw:n:y-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Alternative reading of jsqꜣrnj (“Ashkelon”)


ḫtꜣ

x:t-U30-A-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

x:f:V12:D40-n-ti-H-n:nw:W-T14:xAst-x*t:U30*T14:N25-Htp:t*p:Y1
ḫf.n ṯḥnw ḫtꜣ ḥtp(.w)

c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, line 26

Libya has been brought to ruin, and Hatti is pacified.


ḏꜣhꜣ

DA*h-A-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Arsinoë II's letter of offerings to Ptolemy IV


mꜣꜥtj

mꜣꜥt (“truth, righteousness”) + -j (dual ending).

suffix

(dual only) two goddesses present at the judgement of the dead

A51-s-s-kA:Z1-p-w-xnt-Dd-Dd-wr:r-Xr:r:t-m-R22:x-m-pr:H_SPACE-nb:h-n:nw*w-A32-m-A21:R12-t*y:N36-xnt-D:f:X4-m-iwn-nw:niwt-!-nb-s-xA-w-m-Sw-Sw-H_SPACE:R7-bA-Z1:H_SPACE-S:t*U30-nb:q:r-r:t*O49-D45:r-m-inb-HD-H_SPACE:R7-bA-Z1:H_SPACE-r:a:ra-D:t*Z1:f-D&z&f
špss kꜣ pw ḫnt(j) ḏdw wr ẖrt m ḫm nb hnw m ꜥnḏtj ḫnt(j) ḏf(ꜣ) m jwnw nb sḫꜣw m mꜣꜥtj bꜣ štꜣ nb qrrt ḏsr m jnb-ḥḏ bꜣ rꜥ ḏt.f ḏs.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 1–2

He is noble of ka, this foremost one of Busiris, great of possessions in Letopolis, possessor of acclaim in (the nome of) Anedjti, foremost of provisions in Heliopolis, possessor of remembrance in the Two Truths (Hall of Judgement), the secret ba, lord of the Cavern, sacred in Memphis, the ba of Ra, his very body (literally, “his body/self of himself”), […]

(dual only, ellipsis for wsḫt nt mꜣꜥtj) The hall of judgement of the dead


jt-nṯrw

/ˌʔatənəˈtuːɾə/

/ˌʔatənəˈteːɾ/

/ˌʔatənəˈtuːɾə/

/ˌʔatənəˈteːɾ/

jt (“father”) + nṯrw, plural of nṯr (“god”), in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Father of the Gods’.


kkw

→ Ancient Greek: χοῦχ (khoûkh)

the god Kek or Kuk, personification of the darkness of the primeval waters


ḥḥw

Possibly related to ḥḥ, in either its meaning of endlessness or floodwater.

the god Heh or Huh, personification of an aspect of the primeval waters, possibly their infinity


tnmw

the god Tenemu, personification of the ‘lostness’ of the primeval waters


ḫmnyw

the Ogdoad, the group of eight gods representing aspects of the primeval waters worshipped at Hermopolis


nfr-tm

The god Nefertum, personification of the first plant, a lotus, that mythically bloomed after the primeval waters receded and gave rise to the sun.


tꜣ-ṯnn

From tꜣ (“land”) + ṯnn (or possibly ṯnnj abbreviated), an inflection of ṯnj (“to lift up, to be distinguished”), thus literally meaning “land that is raised” or “land that becomes distinct”.

the god Tatenen, personification of the primeval mound, the first land that arose from the primeval waters at the creation of the world


mrt

Feminine singular of the perfective passive participle of mrj, thus literally ‘the beloved’.


tm

Compare with Hebrew תַּם (tam, “to be complete, finished”), Arabic تمام (tamām, “complete; completeness”).


wꜣḏ-wr

Ancient Greek: -γετοῦ (-getoû)

/wəˈetʼwəɾə/

/wəˈetʼwəɾə/

wꜣḏ (“green”) + wr (“great”), thus literally ‘The Great Green’.

aHa-a:n-A1-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-iw:N23*Z1-i:n-wA-A-w-mw-n-M14-wr-r:N36
ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41

Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.

the Sea, encompassing both the Red and Mediterranean Seas


ywd-hmꜥrwk

i-i-w-d:h-im:a-rw:k-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

A compound of ywd (“hand, monument”) + (h)mꜥrwk (“king”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Monument of the King’. Both components are borrowings from Semitic, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *yad- and *malk-; it may be the entire place name was directly borrowed from Semitic. The h in the Egyptian form reflects a Semitic definite article: compare Hebrew הַ־.
Earlier hypotheses interpreting the word as ‘king of Judah’ are now largely rejected.


tꜣ-šꜣsw-yhwꜣ

From tꜣ (“land”) + šꜣsw (“Shasu”) + yhwꜣ, with the first two elements in a direct genitive construction and the last in apposition, thus literally ‘yhwꜣ, the land of the Shasu’. yhwꜣ is apparently a toponym; some have hypothesized the toponym to be derived from a theonym, which would make it one of the earliest known references to Yahweh.

a region near Edom inhabited by a tribe of Shasu (Semitic nomads)

the penultimate glyph is miscopied from an earlier source


šꜣsw

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ϣⲁⲥ (šas, “herd, shepherd”)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲥ (šōs, “herd, shepherd”)

Probably from šꜣs (“to travel, to wander”). A borrowing derived from Hebrew שָׁסָה (šāsā) or שָׁסַס (šāsas, “to plunder”) has also been suggested.

bor

Hebrew שָׁסָה (šāsā)

the Shasu, Semitic nomads originally from the area around Edom and Mount Seir, later also throughout southern Canaan

the land of the Shasu, the area around Edom and Mount Seir


tyts

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Titus, notably borne by Titus, a Roman emperor who ruled from 79 to 81 CE.


snfr-wj

→ English: Sneferu, Snofru

→ Ancient Greek: Σῶρις (Sôris)

snfr (“to make pleasing, fine, beautiful”) + wj (“me”), thus ‘[he] has made me fine’; compare the longer form in the serekh name nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj (literally “the possessor of righteousness has made me fine”).

compound

aHa-a:n-s-aHa-a:D54-U36-Z1:n-sw-bit-t:t-<-s-nfr-f:r-w->-!-m-sw-t:n-G7-mn:n-x-mnx-Y1-m-tA:N23*Z1-p:n-r-Dr:r-f
ꜥḥꜥ.n sꜥḥꜥ ḥm n(j) nswt-bjtj snfr-w(j) m nswt mnḫ m tꜣ pn r ḏr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.8

Then the majesty of the Dual King Sneferu was raised up as splendid king in this entire land.

A throne name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


ḫꜥ.f-rꜥ

→ English: Khafre, Khafra

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Χεφρήν (Khephrḗn), Κεφρήν (Kephrḗn), Κερφέρης (Kerphérēs), Χαβρύης (Khabrúēs)

→ English: Chephren

→ Ancient Greek: Σοῦφις (Soûphis), Σαῶφις (Saôphis)

/xɑːʔɛf rɑː/

From ḫꜥ (“to appear”) + .f (“he”) + rꜥ (“sun, Ra”), thus meaning ‘he appears as Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

A throne name notably borne by Khafre or Khafra, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


qysrs

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Καῖσαρ (Kaîsar), from Latin Caesar.


qrwjwꜣpꜣdrꜣt

Alternative spelling of qrwjwꜣpꜣdrꜣ (“Cleopatra”)


nb-r-ḏr

nb (“lord”) + r ḏr (“whole, to the limit”), thus meaning ‘Lord to the Limit’, i.e. ‘Lord of All’.


psḏt

psḏt (singular)
psḏtj (dual)
psḏwt (plural)

the (Great) Ennead; the collection of nine gods worshipped at Heliopolis and taking part in the Heliopolitan creation myth, together representing the sum of all the elements of the created world: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.


kꜣ-nḫt-ḫꜥ-m-wꜣst

/kaʔ ˈnoːχə ˈχeʕjə mə ˈwoːsə/

kꜣ (“bull”) + nḫt (“strong, victorious”) + ḫꜥ (“to appear”) + m (“in”) + wꜣst (“Thebes”), thus literally ‘The Victorious Bull Appearing in Thebes’.

A serekh name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


wꜣḥ-nsyt-mj-rꜥ-m-pt

wꜣḥ (“to endure”) + nsyt (“kingship”) + mj (“like”) + rꜥ (“the sun, Ra”) + m (“in”) + pt (“sky”), thus literally ‘Enduring of Kingship like the Sun (Ra) in the Sky’.

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


sḫm-pḥtj-ḏsr-ḫꜥw

sḫm (“powerful”) + pḥtj (“strength”) + ḏsr (“sacred”) + ḫꜥw (“appearances”), thus literally ‘Powerful of Strength, Sacred of Appearances’.

A gold name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


mn-ḫpr-rꜥ

From mn (“established, enduring”) + ḫpr (“manifestation, form”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘the Established One of the Manifestation of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A throne name notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


ḏḥwtj-ms

ḏḥwtj (“Thoth”) + ms (“to give birth”) + (.w) (masculine third-person singular stative ending), thus ‘Thoth is born’.

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Tuthmosis III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


nbtj

The Two Ladies; the goddesses Wadjet and Nekhbet.

Conventionally written before a king’s Two Ladies name.


tfnwt

Ancient Greek: -θφηνις (-thphēnis)

Old Coptic: ⲧϥⲏⲛⲉ (tfēne)


nb-tm

nb (“lord”) + tm (“totality”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lord of Totality’.


nt-jqr.t

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Νίτωκρις (Nítōkris)
Greek: Νίτωκρις (Nítokris)
Latin: Nitōcris

nt (“Neith”) + jqr (“to be excellent”) + .t(j) (feminine singular stative ending), thus literally ‘Neith is excellent’.
While correct uses of this name are attested for non-royal individuals, the name’s application to a sixth dynasty pharaoh/queen likely originated as an error for nṯrj-kꜣ-rꜥ made long after the time of the pharaoh who bore that name.

af

a female given name, Nitocris or Netiqret


nṯrj-kꜣ-rꜥ

From nṯrj (“divine (one)”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + rꜥ (“sun, Ra”) in a series of direct genitive constructions, thus literally ‘Divine One of the Ka of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

A throne name notably borne by Netjerikare, a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty.


ḫpr-ḏs.f

ḫpr (“(one who) came into being”) + ḏs (“self”) + .f (“his”), thus literally ‘He Who Came into Being by Himself’.


gbb

→ Ancient Greek: Κῆβ (Kêb)

→ English: Geb

V25-w-Y1:n:n:k-i-t:f:k-gb-b-A40-ir:n-t-w-x*t:f-D&d-t:n:f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 25

Your father Geb has decreed in your favor, and it has been done according to his word (literally, “what he said”).


stẖ

Coptic: ⲥⲏⲧ (sēt)

From earlier stš (see alternative forms).


nbt-ḥwt

Old Coptic: ⲛⲉⲃⲑⲱ (nebthō)

→ Ancient Greek: Νέφθυς (Néphthus)

→ English: Nephthys

nbt (“lady”) + ḥwt (“enclosure”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lady of the Enclosure’.


ḫprj

A nominalized use of theimperfective active participle of ḫpr (“to come into being”), thus literally ‘the one coming into being’.

inflection of

T-w:*t-nTr-A40-H_SPACE:p-w-DA-A-Z9-wn:n-nw-t-dwA-ra:N33A-Htp:t*p-k-w-i-A-P3-xpr:r-A40
ṯwt nṯr pw ḏꜣ wnwwt ḥtp.k wjꜣ ḫpr(j)

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 11

You are this god who sails across the hours as you rest in the barque of Khepri.

Khepri, the god personifying the morning sun


ḥr-ꜣḫtj

Sahidic Coptic: ⲭⲁⲣⲁⲭⲧⲉ (kharakhte)

ḥr (“Horus”) + ꜣḫtj (“of the Akhet”). Later, in the New Kingdom, ꜣḫtj was reinterpreted as the dual of ꜣḫt (“Akhet”) instead of a nisba adjective derived from it, rendering a new interpretation of ḥr-ꜣḫtj as a direct genitive construction meaning ‘Horus of the Two Akhets’.

Horakhty, an aspect of the god Horus as the sun at dawn


rꜥ-ḥr-ꜣḫtj

→ English: Ra-Horakhty, Re-Horakhty

rꜥ (“Ra”) + ḥr-ꜣḫtj (“Horus of the Akhet”) in apposition.

compound

the god Ra-Horakhty, a syncretism of Ra and Horus


ḥkꜣ

the god Heka, the personification of magic


sjꜣ

the god Sia, personification of perception


ḥw

the god Hu, personification of utterance


mnw

→ Ancient Greek: Μηνᾶς (Mēnâs)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲏⲛⲁ (mēna)

→ Arabic: مينا (mīna)

→ Greek: Μηνάς (Minás)

→ Old Armenian: Մինաս (Minas)

→ Romanian: Mina

→ Russian: Мина (Mina)

→ English: Min

→ English: Khem


zꜣy

z:zA-i-i-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


rw nw prt m hrw

r(ꜣ)w (plural of r(ꜣ) (“mouth, utterance”)) + nw (masculine plural of nj (“of”)) + prt (infinitive of prj (“to come forth”)) + m (“in, during, from”) + hrw (“day”). The literal meaning is thus ‘Utterances of Coming Forth in the Day’. This is traditionally interpreted to mean ‘coming forth by/into day’, but note that every other use of m with prj takes the meaning of ‘from, out of’ rather than ‘in’, suggesting the intended meaning may be ‘coming forth from the day’.

af

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">r(ꜣ)</i> (“mouth, utterance”)

masculine plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nj</i> (“of”)

infinitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">prj</i> (“to come forth”)


ḫšꜣyꜣrwšꜣ

/xɛʃɑiːɑruːʃɑ/

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 (Xšayār̥šā).

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Xerxes I, a pharaoh of the 27th Dynasty

Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849)


rṯnw

r:T:n-nw:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Perhaps a loan word from a toponym cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔarṣ́-.


ꜣtf

ꜣtf (singular)
ꜣtfwj (dual)
ꜣtfw (plural)

the Atef, a white feathered crown worn by gods, and particularly by Osiris


ꜣꜣtꜣ

Compare the Meroitic name 𐦠𐦫𐦡𐦫𐦡𐦵𐦬𐦢 (arereteli).

aHa-a:n-A-A-t-A-D40-A14-D54-w-n-rsw-N21:Z1-!-s-t:k:n-D54-SA-w-Y1:f-Aa2-w-A14-f
ꜥḥꜥ.n ꜣꜣtꜣ jwj n rsj

c. 1500 BCE, Ahmose, son of Ebana, Biography of Ahmose, lines 19–20

Then Aata came to the south;
his destiny made his doom draw near.

name or epithet of a Nubian rebel leader


nb-ꜣꜥꜥw

/nɛb ɑʔɑːɑːuː/

nb (“lord”) + ꜣꜥꜥw (of unknown meaning) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lord of ꜣꜥꜥw’.


ꜣfꜥ

Probably from ꜣfj (“to gorge oneself, to be greedy”).

nw:k-A1-A-f:a-sw-sw-pr:r-D54-m-nw-w-pt-A40-pr:r-D54-m-wn:nw*niwt-n:n:k-A1-bA-nb
jnk ꜣfꜥ nn pr m (n)nw pr m wnw nnk bꜣ nb

c. 2050 BCE – 1926 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1C (inner coffin of Mesehet, Cairo CG 28118) spell 431

Translation by Faulkner
I am the devourer of the Inert One, who ascended from the Abyss, who went forth from Unu, and every soul belongs to me; […]

nw:k\-A1-A-f:a-Aa2-A40-sw*sw:n-i-i-A7-A40-pr:r-D54-m-wn:n-nw-w-niwt-n:n:k\-bA-A40-nb

c. 1971 BCE – 1926 BCE, Coffin Texts, version M6C (coffin of Senbi, Cairo JdE 42827) spell 431

Translation by Faulkner
I am the devourer of the Inert One, who went forth from Unu, and every soul belongs to me; […]

a minor god, ‘the Glutton’, ‘the Devourer’


jnj

Uncertain. Like many fifth-dynasty pharaohs’ birth names, this name may simply be a diminutive without any meaning of its own, perhaps of the pharaoh’s throne name n-wsr-rꜥ (in which case it may not be the actual name given at birth). Alternatively, some have tentatively attempted to explain it with various meanings, such as ‘the delayed one’ or ‘the (one with the bushy?) eyebrows’.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Nyuserre Ini, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


ẖn-nḫn

ẖn (“interior”) + nḫn (“Hierakonpolis”) in a direct genitive construction.


jmn-rn.f

From jmn (“hidden”) + rn (“name”) + .f (“his”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Hidden of his Name’, i.e. ‘he whose name is hidden’.

an epithet of the god Amun, occasioanlly also used of other gods


nb-nswt-tꜣwj

nb (“lord”) + nswt (plural of nst (“throne”)) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands, Egypt”), thus literally ‘Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands’.

compound

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nst</i> (“throne”)

an epithet of the god Amun-Ra as the source of the pharaoh’s authority


wḏꜥ

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼaʕ/

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈwoːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼaʕ/

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈwoːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

an epithet of the god Set, literally ‘the Judged’, i.e. ‘the Condemned One’


zꜣ-sbk

zꜣ (“son”) + sbk (“Sobek”) in a direct genitive construction, literally ‘son of Sobek’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


tjw

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Predynastic Egyptian king Tiu


ꜣḫ-n-jtn

reconstructed Amarna-period Late Egyptian

/ˈʔuːχəʔ nə ˈjaːtəj/

From ꜣḫ (“effective”) + n (“for”) + jtn (“sun-disc, Aten”), thus literally meaning ‘Effective for the Aten’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the 14th century BCE pharaoh Akhenaten, possible father of Tutankhamon and founder of Atenism


nfrt-jj.tj

→ English: Nefertiti

→ German: Nofretete

nfrt (“good one, beautiful one”) + jj (“to come”) + .tj (feminine third-person singular stative ending), thus literally ‘The Beautiful One has Come’.


bꜣẖw

Derived from bꜣẖ (“to rise (of the sun)”) + -w.

a mythical mountain or mountainous region far in the east where the sun rises, said to be the source of malachite


jw-m-jtrw

iw:Z1-m-i-t:*r-w-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

jw (“island”) + m (“in”) + jtrw (“river”).

a settlement in Egypt at what is now El-Mahamid El Qibly near Gebelein


jwnj

iwn-n:y*niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: jwnw

⇒ Demotic: jwnw-mnṱ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲣⲙⲟⲛⲧ (ermont)

→ Arabic: أَرْمَنْت (ʔarmant)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣ̄ⲙⲟⲛⲧ (r̄mont)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἕρμωνθις (Hérmōnthis), Ἕρμουθῐς (Hérmouthĭs), Ἕρμονθις (Hérmonthis)
→ Latin: Hermōnthis

→ Latin: Hermunthus, Hermuntis

Hermonthis, a settlement in Egypt, the cult center of the god Montu, at what is now Armant


ḫpr-kꜣ-rꜥ

From ḫpr (“manifestation, form”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘the Manifestation of the Ka of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A throne name notably borne by Senusret I, a pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty


nꜥr-mr

From nꜥr (“catfish”) + mr (“to be painful, stinging, fierce”), literally “The Painful/Stinging/Fierce Catfish”.

A serekh name notably borne by Narmer, the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Egypt, considered the founder of a unified Egypt


jꜣt

Iat, a goddess who serves as nurse to the dead, likely a goddess of milk


tꜣ-wr

tꜣ (“land”) + wr (“great”), thus literally ‘The Great Land’.

Ta-wer, the eighth nome of Upper Egypt, containing the cities of Thinis and Abydos


ḥwt-wꜥrt

From ḥwt (“enclosure”) + wꜥrt (“leg, part, district”).


mjktj

m-D38:k-ti-i-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


qdš

qd-d:S-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Related to Proto-Semitic *ḳudš- (“holy”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew קָדוֹשׁ (qɔḏoš, “holy”), Hebrew קודש / קֹדֶשׁ (qṓḏeš), Old South Arabian 𐩤𐩵𐩪 (qds¹) and Arabic قُدْس (quds, “purity, holiness”).

he-m

קודש / קֹדֶשׁ (qṓḏeš)


qdš

קודש / קֹדֶשׁ (qṓḏeš)


jpt-swt

Demotic: jp-s.wt, jp-s.t.w

From jpt (“select, inner sanctum”) + swt (plural of st (“place”)), literally “the (most) select of places”.

af

swt <pos:plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">st</i> (“place”)>


mnṯw-wsr

mnṯw (“Montu”) + wsr (“to be powerful”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus literally ‘Montu is powerful’.


ꜣwt-ꜥ

From ꜣwj-ꜥ (“to extend one’s arm, to offer”), thus literally ‘stretching out the arm’.


sbk-m-ḥꜣb

sbk (“Sobek”) + m (“in”) + ḥꜣb (“festival”), thus ‘Sobek is in festival’.


ḫm

x:R22-m-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ English: Khem

A51-s-s-kA:Z1-p-w-xnt-Dd-Dd-wr:r-Xr:r:t-m-R22:x-m-pr:H_SPACE-nb:h-n:nw*w-A32-m-A21:R12-t*y:N36-xnt-D:f:X4-m-iwn-nw:niwt
špss kꜣ pw ḫnt(j) ḏdw wr ẖrt m ḫm nb hnw m ꜥnḏtj ḫnt(j) ḏf(ꜣ) m jwnw

He is noble of ka, this foremost one of Busiris, great of possessions in Letopolis, possessor of acclaim in (the nome of) Anedjti, foremost of provisions in Heliopolis, […]


ꜣḫt-ḫw.f-wj

ꜣḫt (“Akhet”) + ḫw.f-wj (“Khufu”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally “Akhet (place of sunrise) of Khufu”. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

<-x:w-f:w->-Ax-t-O24-Y3-V16:Z1-nfr-f:r:i
zẖꜣw zꜣ ꜣḫt-ḫw.f-wj nfrj

6th Dynasty, Lintel of Neferi (Cleveland 1920.1992)

Scribe of a phyle of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Neferi

Great Pyramid of Giza
Great Pyramid of Giza

the Great Pyramid of Giza, including the surrounding complex of mortuary temples and tombs


nb-wꜥ

an epithet used of kings and creator gods


ttj

→ English: Teti

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀθόης (Othóēs)

→ Ancient Greek: Τύρεις (Túreis)

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Teti, a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty

A throne name notably borne by Hor-Aha and Sekhemkhet, pharaohs of the First and Third Dynasty


ppy

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Pepi I Meryre, Pepi II Neferkare, and Pepi III, pharaohs of the Sixth and Sixteenth Dynasty


jrt-ḥr

⇒ Demotic: jr.t-ḥr-r-r⸗w

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰνάρως (Inárōs)
Greek: Ινάρως (Ináros)
Latin: Inarōs

Coptic: ⲛⲁϩⲣⲁⲩ (nahrau)

jrt (“eye”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Eye of Horus’.

(in funerary offering spells) the offering given to the deceased

the offering given to the deceased
an ointment used in mummification

the offering given to the deceased
an epithet for wine

(in cosmetic texts) an epithet for wꜣḏ-cosmetic

the offering given to the deceased
an epithet for wꜣḏ-cosmetic

the offering given to the deceased
an epithet for water

epithet for various goddesses as the personified eyes of Horus


jmj-dwꜣt

jmj (“being in”) + dwꜣt (“afterworld”), thus ‘(that which) is in the afterworld’.

the Amduat, a popular funerary text in the genre of netherworld guides


jw-snb

From the imperfective active participle of jj (“to come”) + snb (“to be healthy”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus literally ‘(the one) coming healthy’.


ḏsr-kꜣ-rꜥ

/ˈtʼaːsaʔ kuʔ ˈɾiːʕəʔ/

/d͡ʒɛsɛr kɑ rɑː/

ḏsr (“sacred”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘Sacred (One) of the Ka of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

A throne name notably borne by Amenhotep I, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty


jwnyt

Latopolis or Esna, a settlement in Upper Egypt


skꜣ

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Predynastic Egyptian king Hsekiu


sḫmt

Old Coptic: ⲥⲁⲭⲙⲓ (sakhmi)

→ Ancient Greek: Σαχμίς (Sakhmís)

→ English: Sekhmet (learned)

sḫm (“to be powerful, to have power over”) + -t (feminine suffix).

the goddess Sekhmet, personification of overmastering power


ḏḏt-jmn

ḏḏt (feminine imperfective relative form of rḏj) + jmn (“Amon”), thus literally ‘(she) whom Amon gives’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

feminine imperfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">rḏj</i>


ḫw.n-jnpw

ḫw.n (perfect relative form of ḫwj) + jnpw (“Anubis”), thus literally ‘(he) whom Anubis has protected’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

perfect relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ḫwj</i>


stp.n-rꜥ

From stp.n (perfect relative form of stp) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘(he) whom Ra has chosen’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition. It is attested as 𒐼𒋼𒅁𒈾𒊑𒀀 (šá-te-ep-na-re-a) in Akkadian cuneiform documents dating to the reign of Ramesses II (c. 1250 B.C.E.).

perfect relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">stp</i>

a common epithet sometimes added to the throne names of pharaohs


sbk-ḥtp

sbk (“Sobek”) + ḥtp (“to be content”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘Sobek is content’.


snb-n.j

snb (“be healthy”, in the imperative) + n (“for”) + .j (“me”).


rn.s-rs

rn (“name”) + .s (“her”) + rs (“to wake”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘her name is awake’.


nbw-kꜣw-rꜥ

nbw (“golden”) + kꜣw (“kas”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus ‘golden (one) of the kas of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

A throne name notably borne by Amenemhat II, a pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty


ḏsr

A throne name notably borne by Djoser, a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty


nb-tꜣ-ḏsr

nb (“lord”) + tꜣ-ḏsr (“necropolis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘lord of the necropolis’.


nb-ꜣbḏw

nb (“lord”) + ꜣbḏw (“Abydos”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘lord of Abydos’.


nṯr-ꜥꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲛⲉⲧⲱ (netō)

Coptic: ⲛⲉⲧⲟ (neto), ⲛⲉⲧⲁ (neta) (Dialect K)

/nɛt͡ʃɛr ɑːʔɑ/

nṯr (“god”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, elder”), thus (conventionally) ‘the great god’ or (more accurately) ‘the elder god’.

epithet for the dead former king, in contrast to nṯr-nfr for the currently living king

epithet for the senior king in a coregency, in contrast to nṯr-nfr for the junior king

sw-t:Htp-di-ir:st-A40-nb-Dd-d:O49-w-nTr-O29V-nb-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḥtp ḏj nswt wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ nb-ꜣbḏw […]

An offering given by the king and Osiris, the Lord of Djedu, the Elder God, the Lord of Abydos […]

a very common epithet of various gods, especially Osiris and Ra


wp-wꜣwt

Old Coptic: ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲩⲟⲓⲉ (oupouoie)

wp (“opener”) + wꜣwt (plural of wꜣt (“way”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘opener of the ways’.

af

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">wꜣt</i> (“way”)


ḥr-m-ḥꜣt

ḥr (“Horus”) + m (“in”) + ḥꜣt (“forepart, front”), thus ‘Horus is at the fore’.


gbtjw

V33-b-tyw-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Ancient Greek: Κοπτός (Koptós)

→ Latin: Coptos

→ English: Coptos

Coptos, a city in Upper Egypt at the site of modern Qift


jmn-m-ḥꜣt

/ʔaˌmaːnə məˈħuːʔə/

/ʔaˌmoːn əmˈħeːʔ/

/ʔaˌmaːnə məˈħuːʔə/

/ʔaˌmoːn əmˈħeːʔ/

jmn (“Amun”) + m (“in”) + ḥꜣt (“forepart, front”), thus ‘Amun is at the fore’.

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by a number of pharaohs named Amenemhat in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties


kmyt

a compendium of Middle Kingdom letters and correspondence, later used as a model from which to train scribes


qnyt

qnj (“to be brave”) + -y + -t, thus ‘the Braves’.

(collective) an elite unit of soldiers or bodyguards


sḫt-ḥmꜣt

sḫt (“field”) + ḥmꜣt (“salt”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Field of Salt’.


dp

a city in Lower Egypt that, together with the city of p, later formed the combined city of Buto


nmtj-nḫt

From nmtj (“Nemti”) + nḫt (“strong, victorious”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘Nemti is strong’.

.w <alt:(.w)><pos:masculine singular stative ending>


jmn-nḫt

From jmn (“Amun”) + nḫt (“strong, victorious”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘Amun is strong’.


qdnw

qd-d:nw*W-T14-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


mḥyt

→ Ancient Greek: -μχης (-mkhēs)


jꜣꜣ

i-A-A-Hn-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


jmntt

the goddess Imentet, personification of the West


jmḥt

a mythological place in the Duat (afterworld)


ḥr-ḏd.f

From ḥr (“Horus”) + ḏd (“stability”) + .f (“his”), thus ‘Horus is his stability’. Possibly, if the name is written with honorific transposition, it could also be ḏd (“endures”) + .f (“he”) + ḥr (“Horus”), thus ‘He endures, (namely) Horus’.

a male given name, Hordjedef or Djedefhor


tꜣ-mrj

→ Ancient Greek: Πτιμυρις (Ptimuris)

Traditionally read and analyzed as tꜣ + mrj, thus literally ‘beloved land’. However, in part due to the unusual writing of the latter word, alternative readings have recently been proposed, such as James P. Allen’s suggestion of tꜣ + mr, literally ‘land of the hoe’, later revised to ‘canal-land’, or Timofey Shmakov’s tꜣ + m + rnpwt, literally ‘land in flowering’ (i.e. ‘Flowery/Blossomy Land’). In these cases, the j in the word would not mark a separate consonant but rather a sound change of r to j, as is otherwise common in words such as zwr.


kmbjṯt

Derived from Old Persian 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 (k-b-u-ji-i-y /kaᵐbūjiya/).

bor

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Achaemenid king Cambyses


ꜣrwksjndrs

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros).

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Alexander, notably borne by Alexander the Great.


jntjrwywꜣšꜣ

Derived from Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁 (d-a-r-y-u-š /Dārayauš/), shortened form of 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (d-a-r-y-v-u-š /Dārayava(h)uš/). Compare 𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊒𐊖- (ñtarijeus-).

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Achaemenid king Darius


prwypwsꜣ

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos).

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Philip, notably borne by Philip III of Macedon


tybꜣrys

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Roman emperor Tiberius


jwrꜣḥy

E9-w-r:Z1-H-i-i-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Possibly, though doubtfully, from Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (yərīḥō).

Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (yərīḥō)

A settlement in Canaan. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: Jericho


bꜥr

c. 1289 BCE, Temple of Karnak, east wing, bottom register, relief of Seti I defeating Shasu bedouin on the road to Gaza, lines 5–7:

sxm-D40:ib*Z1-mi-i-b-a:r-w-E21-D35-wn:n-H-Hz-s-y-D54-sw-w-i-im:f-h:r-hrw-Z1-Tz:W-D40:n-s-sk-i-i-D40

Stout-hearted like Baʿal—there is none who can turn against him (on) the day of joining combat

sḫm jb mj bꜥrw nj wn ḥsj sw jm.f hrw ṯzw n(j) sky

Baal, a storm and fertility god of the Phoenician and Canaanite pantheons


ꜥkꜣ

a:k-A-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic, possibly from Hebrew עַכּוֹ (ʿAkkō).


wspjsyns

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Vespasian


hndwꜣy

h-n:d-wA-i-i-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ (hentou)

Ultimately from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢 (hiⁿdu-, “India”), itself from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), possibly via Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “river, stream; Indus”).


sṯt

the lands northeast of Egypt; roughly ‘Asia’


tjmsqw

ti-ms-q-w-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

A borrowing of unknown origin, perhaps from a Semitic language.


yrdwnꜣ

Borrowed from Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardēn, “Jordan”).

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


bꜣbꜣrw

bA-bA-rw:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽 (b-a-b-i-ru /Bābiru/), borrowed from Akkadian 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 (Bābilim).


ꜥsṯrt

/ɑːst͡ʃɛrɛt/

From Semitic; compare Akkadian 𒀭𒈹 (Ištar, “Ishtar”), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 (ʿaṯtart, “Astarte”), and Hebrew עַשְׁתֹּרֶת (‘aštōreṯ, “Ashtoreth”).

de:Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde


wꜣg

wA-g:Hb (canonical masculine)
wꜣg (singular)
wꜣgwj (dual)
wꜣgw (plural)

sw-di-Htp:t*p-E15:W18-q:r-qs-s-Q6:z-t:xAst-
-R13:t*t-nb:U2-x:imAx-x:r-nTr-O29V-O3-
-G26:t*t-wA*W12:D39-
-s-A-D:D39-pr:r-t:R23-
-iaH:sbA-N13-M4-T8-M4\-wp-r:k-H-Q7-
-V29-Q7-
a
-sw-t-r:x-m:r-st-D35-s-p-r:spr
ḥtp ḏj nswt jnpw ḫnt(j) qrst z(my)t
jmntt nb-(j)mꜣḫ ḫr nṯr-ꜥꜣ prt-ḫrw
ḏḥwtt wꜣg sꜣḏ prt-mnw
ꜣbd smdt tp(j)-rnpt wp-rnpt rkḥ wꜣḫ ꜥḥ
rḫ-nswt jmj-r-st nj-spr(.j)

c. 5th Dynasty, 2454-2311 BCE, Lintel of Enseperi (Cleveland 1920.1993), main inscription

A royal offering of Anubis, the Foremost: a burial in the
western desert (for) the possessor of reverence before the elder god, and an invocation offering
(on) the festival of Thoth, the wag-festival, the sadj-festival, the procession of Min,
the monthly festival, the half-monthly festival, the first of the year, the opening of the year, and the burning festival of setting up the brazier
(for) the acquaintance of the king, the overseer of the storehouse, Enseperi.

d:r:p-D40:n:f-nb:Z2:nb-s-xA-w-m-pt:M:N17:N21*Z1-I1S:Z2-h:i*i-A32-m-wA:g-Hb:ir:r-w-n:f-i-h:h-i-i-A32-i-N-tA:tA:N21*N21-m-b-w-

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 8–9

the one to whom all make offerings, the possessor of remembrance in the sky and on the earth, numerous of cries of joy at the wag-festival, for whom jubilation is made by the Two Lands (Egypt) as one.

drp n.f nbw nb sḫꜣw m pt m tꜣ ꜥšꜣ hy m wꜣg jrrw n.f jhhy jn tꜣwj m bw wꜥ

the Wag-festival, a festival honoring the dead and Osiris, celebrated on the 17th, 18th, or 19th day of the month of Thoth


ẖnmw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲛⲟⲩⲙ (phnoum)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *xanam; compare Arabic غَنَم (ḡanam, “sheep and goats”). Also compare Tarifit amyan (“goat”).


mjgꜣdn

G20-g-A-d:n:t*t m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”).


ḫꜣjw

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Predynastic king Khayu


ṯš

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Predynastic king Tjesh


n-hb

Possibly from n(j) (“belonging”) + hb (“plow”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally meaning ‘belonging to the plow’.

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Predynastic king Neheb


wngbw

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Predynastic king Wenegbu


mẖ

If the writing is an abbreviated form of jmj-ẖt, possibly from jmj (“being in”) + ẖt (“group of gods”), thus literally meaning ‘(the one) being in the group of gods (i.e. the Ennead)’.

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the Predynastic king Mekh


ꜥḏ-jb

ꜥḏ (“whole”) + jb (“heart”), thus ‘strong of heart’.

A serekh name notably borne by Adjib, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


smr-ẖt

smr (“royal friend, courtier”) + ẖt (“group of gods”), literally ‘companion of the group of gods (i.e. the Ennead)’.

af

A serekh name notably borne by Semerkhet, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


qꜣ-ꜥ

qꜣ (“raised”) + ꜥ (“arm”), thus literally ‘(the one) raised of arm’, i.e. ‘the one whose arm is raised’

A serekh name notably borne by Qa'a, a pharaoh of the First Dynasty


pn-ꜣbw

Alleged serekh name notably borne by Elephant, a Protodynastic pharaoh whose historicity is highly debated


ḏrtj

Dr:r-ti-i-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

a town in Egypt at the site of modern El-Tod


ḥtp-sḫmwj

ḥtp (“to be(come) content or satisfied; to be(come) peaceful, to reconcile”) + sḫm (“divine power”) + -wj (dual ending), thus ‘the Two Powers are content/satisfied’, or perhaps rather ‘the Two Powers are reconciled/at peace’, with the Two Powers likely a reference to Horus and Set.

A serekh name notably borne by Hotepsekhemwy, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


nb-rꜥ

From nb (“lord”) + rꜥ (“sun, Ra”). The exact meaning of this is debated, as there are several possible ways to interpret the name:
* With an unwritten first-person suffix pronoun, nb(.j)-rꜥ, a nominal sentence meaning ‘my lord is Ra’.
* With such an unwritten pronoun and honorific transposition, rꜥ-nb(.j), a nominal sentence meaning ‘Ra is my lord’.
* With the two elements in coordination, as ‘lord and sun (god)’.
* With the two elements in a direct genitive construction, as ‘lord of the sun’.

A serekh name notably borne by Nebra, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


n-nṯr

From n(j) (“of, belonging (to)”) + nṯr (“god”), thus literally meaning ‘belonging to the god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

A serekh name notably borne by Nynetjer, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Nynetjer, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


wꜣḏ-ns

wꜣḏ (“fresh, vigorous”) + ns (“tongue”), thus literally ‘vigorous of tongue’; however, this is likely to be a later misinterpretation of an earlier name such as wng or wꜣḏ-sn.

A throne name notably borne by Wadjenes, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


snd

Probably from snḏ (“fear”), thus ‘the frightful (one)’.

A throne name notably borne by Senedj, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


sḫm-jb-pr.n-mꜣꜥt

If pr.n is the perfect form of prj, the name consists of sḫm (“powerful, (of the heart/mind) daring, audacious”) + jb (“heart, mind”) + pr.n (“has gone forth”) + mꜣꜥt (“Maat”), thus ‘(the one) daring of heart (for whom) Maat has come forth’. However, pr.n can also be interpreted as a participle and a preposition, pr n (“going forth for”), in which case the name would mean ‘(the one) daring of heart going forth for Maat’.

A serekh name notably borne by Sekhemib-Perenmaat, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Sekhemib-Perenmaat, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


stẖ-pr-jb.sn

stẖ (“Set”) + pr (“to come forth”) + (.w) (third-person masculine singular stative ending) + jb (“heart, will”) + .sn (“their”), thus literally ‘Set, their will has come forth’, possibly implying ‘Set, (for whom) their will has come forth’, but the exact meaning is unclear.

A serekh name notably borne by Seth-Peribsen, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


nfr-kꜣ-rꜥ

From nfr (“pleasing, fine, good”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘the fine (one) of the ka of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

egy-ht

a male given name, Neferkare or Neferkara

A throne name notably borne by Pepi II Neferkare, a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty


nfr-kꜣ-zkr

From nfr (“pleasing, fine, good”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + zkr (“Sokar”), thus literally ‘the fine (one) of the ka of Sokar’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

A throne name notably borne by Neferkasokar, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


ḫꜥ-sḫmwj

ḫꜥ (“appear”) + sḫm (“divine power”) + -wj (dual ending), thus literally ‘the Two Powers appear’, in reference to Horus and Set.

A serekh name notably borne by Khasekhemwy, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty


sꜣngꜣr

Aa18*Z1:n-g-A-r m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


qdšw

Aa28-d:S-w-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ḏꜥnt

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲁⲛⲓ (čani)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ (čaane)

→ Ancient Greek: Τάνις (Tánis)

→ Latin: Tanis

→ English: Tanis

→ Hebrew: צֹעַן (ṣōʿan)

→ Arabic: صَان (ṣān)

/ˈt͡ʃʼuʕnaʔ/

/ˈt͡ʃʼuʕnaʔ/


ṯb-nṯr

nTr-E9-t:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ (čemnouti)

→ Arabic: سَمَنُّود (samannūd)

desc

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌷𒂟𒉡𒋾 (ᵁᴿᵁṣab-nu-ti /ṣabnūti/), 𒍝𒉼𒉡𒌋𒋾 (ṣa-ban-nu-u-ti /ṣabannūti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Σεβέννυτος (Sebénnutos)

→ Latin: Sebennytus

/tʃəβˈnoːtə/

/tʃəβˈnoːtə/

/t͡ʃɛb nɛt͡ʃɛr/

From ṯb (“calf”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘calf of the god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition. The Akkadian and Greek spellings may reflect a form ṯb n nṯr, with an analytic genitive.

the twelfth nome of Lower Egypt, of which Sebennytos was the capital


bꜣk-n-rn.f

→ Ancient Greek: Βόκχωρις (Bókkhōris), Βοχορῖνις (Bokhorînis), Βόκχορις (Bókkhoris)

→ Neo-Assyrian: [script needed] (bu-kur-ni-ni-ip)

/ˌbaːʔək nəˈɾiːnəf/

/ˌβoːʔək ənˈɾiːnəf/

/ˌbaːʔək nəˈɾiːnəf/

/ˌβoːʔək ənˈɾiːnəf/

bꜣk (“servant”) + n(j) (“of”) + rn (“name”) + .f (“his”), thus ‘servant of his name’.

af

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Bakenranef, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty


zꜣwtj

z:zA-A-w-t*y:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ (siōout)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩⲧ (sioout)


ypw

i-i-p-W-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Compare Akkadian 𒅀𒁍 (Yapu), Hebrew יָפוֹ (Yāfō).

i-W-f-Hr-Z1-aHa-a:D54-m-d-wn:n-D54:f-Hr-Z1-D:d-i-A2-!-n:U19-nw-W-D6-i-m-A1-G41-A-x:r-i-i-Z6:n-i-i-p-W-T14-N25
jw.f ḥr ꜥḥꜥ m dwn.f ḥr ḏd jj nw jm.j pꜣ ḫr(w)y n(j) ypw

15th century BCE, The taking of Joppa, lines 1.11–1.12 (trans. David Peter Davies)

He drew himself up and said, ‘Look at me here, rebel of Joppa.’


sꜣdjꜥmj

Unknown. Thomas Schneider proposed an origin from a Semitic form *šadī-ʿammī, glossed as “my uncle is my rock” or “ʿAmmu is my rock”.


yꜥqb-hr

A throne name notably borne by Yaqub-Har, a pharaoh of the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Dynasty

A given name of historical usage, notably borne by Yaqub-Har, a pharaoh of the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Dynasty


ywnj-ꜥꜣ

/iːuːni ɑːʔɑ/

Most likely a compound ywnj (“Ionia”) + ꜥꜣ (“great”). Possibly, however, the final element ꜥꜣ could instead represent a phonetic value.
Ultimately from the same source as Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía).

c. 1350 B.C.E., Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, Statue Base Block G_N, central crenellated cartouche superimposed on a bound captive

(hapax) a region bordering the Aegean Sea, usually equated with Ionia but possibly a part of central Greece


ywnj

Ultimately from the same source as Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía).


ꜣrwtꜣḫšꜣšꜣs

/ɑruːtɑxʃɑʃɑs/

Derived from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 (a-r-t-x-š-ç-a /Artaxšaça/).

bor

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Artaxerxes I


bjrwnygꜣt

/βəɾəˈniːkə/

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Βερενίκη (Bereníkē).

bor+

A female given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Berenice or Bernice, notably borne by Berenice II


šꜣšꜣnq

Demotic: ššnq

desc

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒋗𒊓𒀭𒆪 (šu-sa-an-qu /sušanqu/), 𒋢𒋛𒅔𒆪 (su-si-in-qu /šušinqu/)

→ Koine Greek: Σεσόγγωσις (Sesóngōsis), Σεσονγῶσις (Sesongôsis), Σισόνχις (Sisónkhis)

→ Biblical Hebrew: שִׁישַׁק (šīšáq), שׁוּשַׁק (šūšáq)

→ Koine Greek: Σουσακίμ (Sousakím), Σουσακεὶμ (Sousakeìm)

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by several pharaohs of the 22nd and 23rd Dynasties: Shoshenq


nfrw-rꜥ

nfrw (“beauty”) + rꜥ (“Ra”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘The Beauty of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


nfr-ḥtp

→ Ancient Greek: Νεφώτης (Nephṓtēs)

nfr (“beautiful (one)”) + ḥtp (“to be content”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus literally ‘the beautiful one is content’.


sn-n-mwt

sn (“brother”) + n(j) (“of”) + mwt (“mother”), thus literally ‘Mother’s brother’.


nfrt-jrj

nfrt (“beautiful (one)”) + jrj (“with respect to it, thereto”), thus roughly ‘the most beautiful (one) among them’. The t and following j in this name are often transposed for aesthetic reasons.


nfr-mꜣꜥt

nfr (“to be beautiful”) + mꜣꜥt (“Maat, justice”), thus literally ‘Maat/justice is beautiful’.


mryt-jtn

From mryt (feminine perfective relative form of mrj) + jtn (“Aten”), literally ‘(she) whom the Aten loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

mryt <pos:feminine perfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mrj</i>>


mryt-jmn

mryt (feminine perfective relative form of mrj) + jmn (“Amon”), literally ‘(she) whom Amon loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

compound

feminine perfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mrj</i>


nfr-nfrw-jtn

From nfr (“beautiful (one)”) + nfrw (“beautiful ones”, plural of nfr) + jtn (“Aten”) in a series of direct genitive constructions, thus literally ‘beautiful one of the beautiful ones of Aten’, i.e. ‘most beautiful one of Aten’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

af

nfrw <pos:plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nfr</i>><t:beautiful ones>


nfr-nfrw-rꜥ

From nfr (“beautiful (one)”) + nfrw (“beautiful ones”, plural of nfr) + rꜥ (“Ra”) in a series of direct genitive constructions, thus literally ‘beautiful one of the beautiful ones of Ra’, i.e. ‘most beautiful one of Ra’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


ꜥnḫ.s-n-jmn

ꜥnḫ (“to live”) + .s (“she”) + n (“for”) + jmn (“Amun”), thus literally ‘she lives for Amun’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


jrsjrnꜣt

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀρσινόη (Arsinóē).

bor+

A female given name of historical usage, notably borne by Arsinoe II.


nfrw-ptḥ

From nfrw (“beauty”) + ptḥ (“Ptah”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the beauty of Ptah’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


nfrw-bjtj

nfrw (“beauty”) + bjtj (“king of Lower Egypt”), thus literally ‘the beauty of the king of Lower Egypt’. The written form apparently demonstrates honorific transposition; however, some authors read the name without transposition, as bjtj-nfrw.


nfrw-sbk

From nfrw (“beauty”) + sbk (“Sobek”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the beauty of Sobek’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition. Some authors instead read the name without transposition as sbk-nfrw (“Sobek is perfect”), following the later Greek form Σκεμίοφρις (Skemíophris), but others consider this order of elements a later development.


rꜥ-ms

rꜥ (“Ra”) + ms (“to give birth”) + (.w) (masculine third-person singular stative ending), thus ‘Ra is born’.


ptḥ-ms

ptḥ (“Ptah”) + ms (“to give birth”) + (.w) (masculine third-person singular stative ending), thus ‘Ptah is born’.


ḥtp-ḥr.s

ḥtp (“to be content”) + ḥr (“face”) + .s (“her”), thus literally ‘her face is content’.


jj-m-ḥtp

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰμούθης (Imoúthēs)

→ English: Imhotep

jj (“coming”, perfective active participle of jj (“to come, to return”)) + m ḥtp (“in peace, safely”), thus ‘(the one) coming in peace’, ‘(the one) returning home safely’.

compound

perfective active participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">jj</i> (“to come, to return”)

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Imhotep, notably borne by Imhotep.

(Egyptian mythology) Imhotep, a deified administrator and architect


ḥꜣt-špswt

From ḥꜣt (“front”) + špswt (plural of špst (“noblewoman”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘foremost of noblewomen’. A longer form of ḥꜣt-špswt is found as ẖnmt-jmn-ḥꜣt-špswt.

af

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">špst</i> (“noblewoman”)

A female given name of historical usage, notably borne by Hatshepsut


nt-ḥtp

From nt (“Neith”) + ḥtp (“to be content”). The interpretation is unclear; a reading as ‘Neith is content’ in this order does not seem possible: if ḥtp were in the stative, it would need the feminine stative ending .tj rather than an unwritten masculine stative ending, and in any case theophoric names using the stative did not appear until the Middle Kingdom. A solution may be found in honorific transposition, in which case the intended reading would be ḥtp-nt. Indeed, just such a name is attested in later times.


nfrt-jꜣbt

/ˌnafɾə ˈjoːβə/

nfrt (“beautiful (one)”) + jꜣbt (“east”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘the beautiful (one) of the east’.


mrt-nbtj

mr(y)t (feminine perfective relative form of mrj) + nbtj (“the Two Ladies”), literally ‘(she) whom the Two Ladies love’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


rꜥ-ḥtp

rꜥ (“Ra”) + ḥtp (“to be content”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘Ra is content’.


stẖj

stẖ (“Set”) + -j (nisba ending), thus literally ‘Sethian’.


mryt-ptḥ

From mryt (feminine perfective relative form of mrj) + ptḥ (“Ptah”), thus literally ‘(she) whom Ptah loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


mryt-rꜥ

From mryt (feminine perfective relative form of mrj) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘(she) whom Ra loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


ḥnwt-tꜣwj

ḥnwt (“mistress”) + tꜣwj (“Egypt”, literally “the Two Lands”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Mistress of Egypt’.


mr.s-ꜥnḫ

mr (“loves”) + .s (“she”) + ꜥnḫ (“life”), thus literally ‘she loves life’.


mryt-jt.s

mryt (feminine perfective relative form of mrj) + jt (“father”) + .s (“her”), thus literally ‘(she) whom her father loves’.


ptḥ-špss

ptḥ (“Ptah”) + špss (“to be noble, esteemed”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘Ptah is noble/esteemed’.


nfr-ḥtp.s

nfr (“to be beautiful”) + ḥtp (“peace”) + .s (“her”), thus literally ‘her peace is beautiful’.


mwt-nfr.t

mwt (“Mut”) + nfr (“to be beautiful”) + .t(j) (feminine singular stative ending), thus ‘Mut is beautiful’.


nfrt-ḥnwt

nfrt (“beautiful (one)”) + ḥnwt (“lady”).


nfrt-kꜣw

nfrt (“beautiful (one)”) + kꜣw (plural of kꜣ (“ka”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the beautiful one of kas’.

af

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">kꜣ</i> (“ka”)


pwj-m-rꜥ

pwj (a proper name) + m (“in (the role of)”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus perhaps ‘pwj is Ra’.


pr-snt

pr (“to come forth”) + snt (“sister”), thus ‘a sister comes forth’.


tjꜥꜣ

Possibly to be interpreted as a variant of tꜣ (“the”) + ꜥꜣ(t) (“great (one)”), thus literally ‘the great’.


pwrꜣsꜣtj

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Παλαιστῑ́νη (Palaistī́nē)

Likely cognate with Akkadian 𒆳𒉿𒇷𒄑𒋫 (ᴷᵁᴿPilistu), 𒆳𒉺𒆷𒀾𒋫 (ᴷᵁᴿPalastu) and Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת (Pəléšeṯ, “Philistia”). Also compare Ancient Greek Πελασγός (Pelasgós).

one of the Sea Peoples that invaded Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III, likely to be identified with the later Philistines


pr-bꜣstt

pr:Z1-W1-t:H8-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Ancient Greek: Βούβαστις (Boúbastis)

→ Latin: Būbastis

→ English: Bubastis

Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ (poubasti)

→ Hebrew: פִּי-בֶסֶת

→ Hebrew: פִּי-בֶסֶת

pr (“house”) + bꜣstt (“Bastet”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘House of Bastet’.


nꜣy.f-ꜥꜣw-rwḏ

/nɑiːʔɛf ɑːʔɑuː ruːd͡ʒ/

nꜣy (demonstrative determiner) + .f (“his”) + ꜥꜣw (plural of ꜥꜣ (“great (one)”)) + rwḏ (“to be firm, to prosper”) + (.w) (masculine plural stative ending), thus literally ‘his great ones are prospering’, with ‘his great ones’ referring to his ancestors. Alternatively, it is possible that ꜥꜣw is not the plural of ꜥꜣ here but the abstract noun meaning ‘greatness’, thus ‘his greatness is prospering’; either interpretation is plausible.

af

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ꜥꜣ</i> (“great (one)”)


nḫt-nb.f

nḫt (“strong, victorious (one)”) + nb (“lord”) + .f (“his”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘The strong one of his lord’.


ḏd-ḥr

→ Akkadian:

Neo-Assyrian: 𒍢𒄩𒀀 (ṣi-ḫa-a /ṣiḫā/)

Neo-Babylonian: 𒍢𒄩𒀪 (ṣi-ḫa-ˀ /ṣiḫaꜣ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Τέως (Téōs)

Coptic: ⲧⲁϩⲟ (taho)

ḏd (“to say”) + ḥr (“Horus”), thus literally ‘Horus says’. This might be either a shortened form of the name ḏd-ḥr-jw.f-ꜥnḫ (literally “Horus says, ‘He will live’”) or an ancient misreading of a hieratic name ns-ḥr (literally “the one belonging to Horus”).


psmṯk

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ψαμμήτιχος (Psammḗtikhos)
Greek: Ψαμμήτιχος (Psammítichos)
→ Latin: Psammētichus
→ English: Psammetichus

Uncertain; one possible derivation, based on the attested longer form pꜣ-zꜣ-n-mṯk, is p(ꜣ) (“the”) + z(ꜣ) (“man”) + n(j) (“of”) + mṯk (“the Libyan deity Meṯek”), thus ‘the man of Meṯek’.


jꜥḥ-ms

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄμασις (Ámasis), Ἄμωσις (Ámōsis)

jꜥḥ (“the moon/Iah”) + ms (“to give birth”) + (.w) (masculine third-person singular stative ending), thus ‘the moon is born’ or ‘Iah is born’.


n-kꜣw

n(j) (“of, belonging to”) + kꜣw (plural of kꜣ (“ka”)), thus literally ‘(the one) belonging to the kas’.

The second glyph is unclearand may be something else


tꜣ.f-nḫt

tꜣy (possessive determiner) + .f (“his”) + nḫt (“strength”), thus literally ‘his strength’.


mꜣꜣt-ḥr-nfrw-rꜥ

mꜣꜣt (“seeing”, feminine imperfective active participle of mꜣꜣ) + ḥr (“Horus”) + nfrw (“beauty”) + rꜥ (“Ra”), with the last two words in a direct genitive construction and in apposition to the rest, thus ‘(one) seeing Horus, the beauty of Ra’.

af

feminine imperfective active participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mꜣꜣ</i>


jꜥḥ-ḥtp

jꜥḥ (“Iah/the moon”) + ḥtp (“to be content”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus literally ‘Iah/the moon is content’.


ꜣst-nfrt

ꜣst (“Isis”) + nfrt (“beautiful”), thus ‘Isis is beautiful’.


ḏḏw-ms

/d͡ʒɛd͡ʒuː mɛs/

ḏḏw (“who is given”) + ms(w) (“birth”), thus ‘(the one) who is given birth’.


stẖ-nḫt

From stẖ (“Set”) + nḫt (“to be strong, to be victorious”) + (.w) (masculine singular stative ending), thus ‘Set is strong’.


zꜣ-jmn

From zꜣ (“son”) + jmn (“Amun”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘son of Amun’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


pꜣ-sbꜣ-ḫꜥ-n-nwt

/pəˈsiːβə χəʕənˈneːʔə/

pꜣ (“the”) + sbꜣ (“star”) + ḫꜥ (“appearing”) + n (“in”) + nwt (“city”), thus literally ‘the star appearing in the city’, a reference to Thebes.
Greek Ψουσέννης (Psousénnēs) reflects the later (Demotic-era) shift of /ḫ/ → [ʃ] in [pəsiβʃəʕənˈneːʔə]. The preposition m appears as n due to assimilation with nwt.

af

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Psusennes I, a pharaoh of the Twenty-First Dynasty.


tꜣnwꜣtj-jmn

The Lexikon der Ägyptologie notes that this name is evidently Cushitic. Leprohon, however, considers it a variant of the Egyptian name tꜣ-nt-jmn (literally “She of Amun”), which is otherwise only attested as a feminine name. In any case, the second element is certainly jmn (“Amun”). The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

a male given name, Tantamani or Tanutamun


šꜣbꜣkꜣ

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Shabaka, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty


šꜣbꜣtꜣkꜣ

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Shebitku, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty


kꜣštꜣ

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Kashta, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty


jrwrꜣ

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Alara, a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty


nmꜣrṯ

Of Libyan origin, presumably from a predecessor or extinct sister language of Proto-Berber.


ḥr-zꜣ-ꜣst

Demotic: ḥr-sꜣ-js.t

Coptic: ϩⲱⲣⲥⲓⲏⲥⲉ (hōrsiēse)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἁρσιῆσις (Harsiêsis)

/ħoːɾ siːʔ ˈʔeːsə/

ḥr (“Horus”) + zꜣ (“son”) + ꜣst (“Isis”) with the latter two elements in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Horus, son of Isis’.


zꜣ-ꜣst

zꜣ (“son”) + ꜣst (“Isis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘son of Isis’.


rwḏ-jmn

From rwḏ (“to be firm, to succeed”) + jmn (“Amun”), thus ‘Amun is firm/Amun succeeds’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


p.f-ṯꜣw-ꜥwj-bꜣstt

/pɛʔɛf t͡ʃɑuː ɑːuːi bɑstɛt/

p(ꜣy) (demonstrative determiner) + .f (“his”) + ṯꜣw (“breath”) + (m) (“in, from”) + ꜥwj (dual of ꜥ (“arm”)) + bꜣstt (“Bastet”), thus ‘his breath (comes) from the arms of Bastet’.

dual of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ꜥ</i> (“arm”)


tꜣ-nt-jmn

tꜣ (feminine relational pronoun) + nt (“of”) + jmn (“Amun”), thus literally ‘she of Amun’.


ꜣst-m-ꜣḫ-bjt

ꜣst (“Isis”) + m (“in”) + ꜣḫ-bjt (“Chemmis”), thus ‘Isis is in Chemmis’.


pꜣ-dj-bꜣstt

pꜣ (“the”) + dj (“given”) + bꜣstt (“Bastet”), thus literally ‘the given of Bastet’, i.e. ‘the one whom Bastet has given’.


nfr-ḥḏt

nfr (“White Crown”) + ḥḏt (“White Crown”).


pꜣ-nḥsj

→ Biblical Hebrew: פִּינְחָס (Pīnəḥās)

→ English: Phinehas, Phineas

pꜣ (“the”) + nḥsj (“Nubian”), thus literally ‘the Nubian’.


wsr-mnṯw

wsr (“to be powerful”) + mnṯw (“Montu”), thus literally ‘Montu is powerful’.