my

From mj (“like”) + -j (adverbializing suffix).


gr

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

Abbreviation of grw (“also, furthermore, any more”).


mm

Both Gardiner and Allen suggest the preposition could be a reduplication of m (“in”). Gardiner takes the adverb separately and considers it apparently an 18th Dynasty development from jmj.


jr

Abbreviation of jrj (“regarding it, with respect to it”).


m mꜣwt

m (“in, in the role of, as”) + mꜣwt (“new thing”), thus ‘as a new thing’.


wrt

wr (“great”) + -t (adverbializing suffix).


sf

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲉϥ (sef)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϥ (saf)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉϥ (sef)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁϥ (saf)


nfr

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *fir- (“to be good”) with an additional *nV- prefix. Compare also Tamahaq ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔ (ifrar, “best”) and Saho feer (“good”).


jm

Demotic: n.jm, n.jm⸗, n.ꜣm⸗, jm⸗, ꜣm⸗

⇒ Demotic: n.jm⸗w

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲟ (mo), ⲙ̄ⲙⲟ (m̄mo)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ (m̀mau)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲩ (meu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲩ (m̄meu)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲉⲩ (meu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲩ (m̄meu)

Old Coptic: ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (maou), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲛⲙⲁⲟⲩ (nmaou), ⲛⲙⲉⲟⲩ (nmeou)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ (m̄mau)

(in reference to a period of time) during it, on it

(with certain verbs of motion) thereto, into it, thither

therefrom, thence, from within it, out of it, out

(in reference to a quantity) thereof, out of it, of them


ḏs.f

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.


jrj

r (“regarding, with respect to”) + -j (“adverbializing suffix”).

suffix

s-D:d-A1-r:f-n:k\-mi-i-t*t:Y2-i-r:y-xpr:r-m:a-A1-D:z-A1
sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 21–23

Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.

regarding it, with respect to it, concerning it, thereto

prepositional adverbs
w:Prepositional adverb

(after a preposition) Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.


nj

n (“to, for”) + -j (adverbializing suffix).


dj

Probably an Upper Egyptian dialect doublet of ꜥꜣ (“here, there”).


m wḥm ꜥ

m (“in”) + wḥm (“to repeat”) + ꜥ (“part, portion”)


ḥnꜥ

Abbreviated form of ḥnꜥw (“along with them”)


ꜣs

(Late Egyptian, often reduplicated) quickly, hurriedly


jqr

Perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *waqar-; compare Hebrew יָקָר (yāqār, “expensive, precious”).


m km n ꜣt

m (“in”) + km (“black”) + n(j) (“of”) + ꜣt (“moment”).

compound

in the twinkling of an eye
in the twinkling of an eye

in an instant, in the twinkling of an eye


m ꜣt nt

(with a following noun or infinitive) in the same moment as…, at the instant of…


ṯnj

Demotic: tn

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲟ (to), ⲧⲱ (tō)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲱⲛ (thōn)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲛ (tōn), ⲧⲟⲛ (ton)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲟⲛ (ton), ⲧⲟ (to)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲛ (tōn)


jmjtw-nj

The adverbial form of jmjtw, from jmjtw (“between, among”) + nj (“thereto, for it”).


ḥnꜥw

ḥnꜥ (“along with”) + -w (adverbializing suffix).

suffix

xpr-r:n-r-s-D35:n-w-A1-H-n:a-A-m-Q7-n:y-D35:n-w-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2
ḫpr.n r.s nn wj ḥnꜥ(w) ꜣm.nj nn wj m ḥr(j) jb.sn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 130–131

But it happened while I wasn’t with them, and they burned up while I wasn’t in their midst.


ḫft

Abbreviated form of ḫftw (“accordingly”).


ḫftw

ḫft (“across from, in accordance with”) + -w (“adverbializing suffix”).

wn:n-i-n-nfr-f:r-s-t-Hr-Z1-ib-Z1-s-n:Z2-r-x:t-Y1:Z2-nb:t-n:t*y-m-tA:N23*Z1-p:n-r-Dr:r-f-!-wn:n-i-n-aHa-a:D54-s-n:Z2-N41-m-s-B4-s-n:Z2-x*t:f
wn.jn nfr st ḥr jb.sn r ḫt nbt ntj m tꜣ pn r ḏr.f wn.jn ꜥḥꜥ.sn ḥms.sn ḫft(w)

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.6–2.7

Then it was more pleasing on their hearts than anything that is in this entire land. So then they conducted themselves (lit. they stood and they sat) accordingly.


ḫnt

Abbreviated form of ḫntw (“previously”).


ḫntw

ḫnt (“at the head of”) + -w (“adverbializing suffix”).

aHa-a:n-d:p*t-P1-t:f-ii-i-t:D54-mi-i-z:r&t-E20-A2-n:f-W18-n:t
ꜥḥꜥ.n dpt tf jj.t(j) mj srt.n.f ḫnt(w)

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 155

Then that boat came as he had previously predicted.


ẖrj

ẖr (“under”) + -j (“adverbializing suffix”).


grw

Coptic: ϭⲉ (ce)

Compare the (mostly Old Egyptian) enclitic particle gr.


ꜥꜣw

ꜥꜣ (“big”) + -w (“adverbializing suffix”).


ḫft jrj

ḫft (“across from, in accordance with”) + jrj (“regarding it”).


dwꜣw

dwꜣ (“to rise early, to praise”) + -w (noun-forming suffix).

suffix

i-n-m-r:a-t-mw---n--A-p:d-G38-HD-D:ra-tA:N23*Z1-n:z-f:t-T30-a:f-dwA-A-ra
jn m(j) rdjt mw [n] ꜣpd ḥḏ tꜣ n zft.f dwꜣ(w)

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 184–186

What is it to give water [to] a bird when tomorrow morning is the dawn of its slaughter? (literally, “when the land grows white for its slaughter tomorrow/in the morning?”)


mjtt

Derived from mjtj (“similar”) + -t, with mjtj itself ultimately derived from mj (“like”).


m ẖrt-hrw

m (“in”) + ẖrt (“(what is) under”) + hrw (“day”), where ẖrt is the feminine form of the nisba adjective ẖrj used as a noun.


m ꜣwt ḏt

m (“in”) + ꜣwt (“length”) + ḏt (“(static) eternity, forever”). The final ḏt was originally adverbial, but later reinterpreted as a noun in a direct genitive construction, hence the later variation m ꜣw n(j) ḏt.


ḥr ꜥwj

dual of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ꜥ</i> (“arm”)


r mj

r (“concerning”) + mj (“what”).
Perhaps also compare Hebrew לָמָּה (lāmmā, “why”), Aramaic למא (“why”).


ꜥn

Demotic: ꜥn, jn

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲛ (an)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲛ (on)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲛ (an)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲛ (an)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲛ (on)

(Late Egyptian) back, to a previous condition or place

(Late Egyptian) furthermore, in addition

(Late Egyptian, negated) nevermore, never again


ꜥn

Compare ꜥf (“there”) and ꜥꜣ (“here, there”), apparently paralleling the several series of demonstrative determiners with endings -n, -f, -ꜣ, for instance pn, pf, and pꜣ.


m ḥtp

conventionally added after expressions of welcome such as jjwj and jj.tj

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see m, ḥtp.


ḥr zj jšst

ḥr (“upon, because of”) + zj (“which”) + jšst (“what”).


m ḫnt

m (“in, into, out of”) + ḫnt (“in front of”).


n ꜣbb

n (“to, for”) + ꜣbb (active imperfective participle of ꜣbj (“to desire, to want, to be happy”)).

active imperfective participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ꜣbj</i> (“to desire, to want, to be happy”)

(with attached suffix pronoun) at one’s pleasure, at will, as one wishes


r ꜣbb

r (“regarding, according to”) + ꜣbb (active imperfective participle of ꜣbj (“to desire, to want, to be happy”)).


m zp

Coptic: ⲛⲥⲟⲡ (nsop)

m (“in”) + zp (“time, instance, matter”).


r ꜥꜣt

r (“regarding, with respect to”) + ꜥꜣt (“what is great”), thus ‘with respect to what is great’.


r nḥḥ

Demotic: nḥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (anēhe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (anēhe)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eneh), ⲉⲛⲉϩⲉ (enehe), ⲉⲛⲏϩⲉ (enēhe)

r (“regarding, in”) + nḥḥ (“(cyclical) eternity”).


m mjtt

m (“in, as”) + mjtt (“likeness, the like”).


r ḥꜣt

/jiʔˈħuːʀiʔ/

/jiʔˈħuːʀiʔ/

r (“concerning, regarding”) + ḥꜣt (“front, beginning”).


m mnt

only used in <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">m mnt</i>


r ẖnw

Coptic: ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ (exoun) (Bohairic), ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ (ehoun) (Sahidic)


r jqr

r (“regarding, with respect to”) + jqr (“what is excellent or exceedingly so”).


m wsṯn

m (“in”) + wsṯn (“going freely, unhindered”).

freely, unhindered, unobstructed, with free access


m sḫm

m (“in, by means of”) + sḫm (“power, violence”).

(with suffix pronoun, of an action) through (one’s) power

(with suffix pronoun, of a quality) by virtue of (one’s) power


tp rmn

‘upon the shoulder’, said of the place where a crown rests


zp n jwtt

Perhaps from zp (“occasion, matter”) + n(j) (“of”) + jwtt (“the nonexistent”), but other interpretations using the verb zpj (“to be left”) or noun zp (“remainder, rest”) have also been proposed. For n jwtt compare also n ntt (“because”).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


m jfd

From m (“ in, by means of”) + jfd (“to flee, to rush across”).


jmj wrt

From jmj (“(one) being in; interior”) + wrt. The identity and meaning of the second term are unclear. It is written identically to wrt (“great one”), but perhaps it is instead to be connected with wrt (“a kind of barque”).
Any attempt to determine the etymological meaning of the term should probably take it in conjunction with its antonym tꜣ wr (“larboard, port”); setting aside wr/wrt, here one can draw a contrast between jmj in the one term, referring to the interior of something, and tꜣ in the other term, apparently referring to the land exterior to the ship. For tꜣ, compare the etymology of the English term port; because the steering oar is generally found on the right (starboard) side of the ship, it is the left (port) side that moors facing the land. It is then easy to see how the starboard side could be perceived as the ‘interior’ of the vessel, facing away from land. (Alternatively, it may be the steering oar itself that is referred to as ‘being in’ / in the ‘interior’ of the vessel.)
Thus, the term as a whole has variously been interpreted as ‘that which is inside the barque’, or, taking wrt as ‘great one’ in reference to the ‘great oar’ (steering oar), ‘the one on the inside of the steering oar’. Servajean rejects the latter interpretation and prefers the former, as wrt is nowhere else attested to refer to the steering oar specifically.

ir-imi-wr:r:t

(chiefly in nautical commands) to the starboard, starboardwards, right


r-jmjtw-nj

From r (“regarding, with respect to”) + jmjtw-nj (“between them, amidst them”) or, equivalently, from r-jmjtw (“between, among”) + nj (“thereto, for it”); in either case the basic components are the same.

Synonym of jmjtw-nj (“between them, amidst them”)


m-jmjtw-nj

From m (“in”) + jmjtw-nj (“between them, amidst them”) or, equivalently, from m-jmjtw (“between, among”) + nj (“thereto, for it”); in either case the basic components are the same.