wt

w-t:Aa2 2-lit. (canonical)
wt (infinitive)
wtw (infinitive negative)
wt (infinitive negative)
wtt (infinitive)
wt (imperative infinitive singular)
j.wt (imperative infinitive singular)
wt (imperative infinitive plural)
j.wt (imperative infinitive plural)
wt (stative)
ḥr wt (imperfective)
m wt (imperfective)
r wt (prospective)
wt.n (active perfect)
wtw (passive perfect)
wt (passive perfect)
wt.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
wtt (terminative)
wt (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
wt.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
wt (active imperfective)
j.wt (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
wt (active prospective)
wtt (passive prospective)
wt.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
wt (active subjunctive)
j.wt (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
wt.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
wt (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
wt (active participle perfective)
wtt (participle passive perfective)
wttj (participle passive perfective)
wt (participle passive perfective)
wtw (participle passive perfective)
wty (participle passive perfective)
j.wt (active imperfective participle relative)
wt (active imperfective participle relative)
wty (active imperfective participle relative)
wtw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.wt (active imperfective participle)
j.wtw (active imperfective participle)
wt (active imperfective participle)
wtj (active imperfective participle)
wty (active imperfective participle)
wt (imperfective participle passive)
wtw (imperfective participle passive)
wt (active participle prospective relative)
wttj (active participle prospective relative)
wttj (participle prospective)
wtt (participle prospective)


j.

(chiefly Old Egyptian and Late Egyptian) Forms the imperative of biliteral verbs, and in Late Egyptian also of former triliteral and third-weak verbs that have been reduced to two radicals. Optional in Late Egyptian.

(chiefly Old Egyptian and Late Egyptian) Forms the subjunctive of biliteral verbs.


j.

(Late Egyptian) Forms the participles and relative forms of fientive (non-adjectival) biliteral verbs, triliteral and third-weak verbs that have been reduced to biliterals through sound change, fourth-weak verbs, and a few other triliteral verbs.


ꜥwꜣy

ꜥwꜣy (singular)
ꜥwꜣywj (dual)
ꜥwꜣyw (plural)


ꜥwꜣy

the hippopotamus and crocodile, seen as enemies of Horus


twt

twt (singular)
twtwj (dual)
twtw (plural)

Demotic: twtw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ (thouōt)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ (touōt)


twt

t-w&t-A53-Y1V 3-lit. (canonical)
twt (infinitive)
twtw (infinitive negative)
twt (infinitive negative)
twtt (infinitive)
twt (imperative infinitive singular)
twt (imperative infinitive plural)
twt (stative)
ḥr twt (imperfective)
m twt (imperfective)
r twt (prospective)
twt.n (active perfect)
twtw (passive perfect)
twt (passive perfect)
twt.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
twtt (terminative)
twt (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
twt.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
twt (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
twt (active prospective)
twtt (passive prospective)
twt.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
twt (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
twt.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
twt (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
twt (active participle perfective)
twt (participle passive perfective)
twtw (participle passive perfective)
twty (participle passive perfective)
twt (active imperfective participle relative)
twty (active imperfective participle relative)
twtw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
twt (active imperfective participle)
twtj (active imperfective participle)
twty (active imperfective participle)
twt (imperfective participle passive)
twtw (imperfective participle passive)
twt (active participle prospective relative)
twttj (active participle prospective relative)
twttj (participle prospective)
twtt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

twtt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

(intransitive, with n, r, or rarely ḥr) to resemble, to be like or look like

(intransitive, with n, r, or rarely ḥr) to nearly equal or match up to, to approach (in the figurative sense)

(intransitive, with n) to befit, to be fitting or proper to


ḫnsw

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Χεσπισίχις (Khespisíkhis)

→ Meroitic: 𐦭𐦯 (ḫs /ḫansa/)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE


ḫnsw

tḫj

Middle Kingdom (Memphite) Egyptian calendar months

ḏḥwtj

New Kingdom (Theban) Egyptian calendar months


hb

h-b-hb (canonical masculine)
hb (singular)
hbwj (dual)
hbw (plural)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲉⲃⲓ (hebi)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲃ̄ⲃⲉ (hb̄be)

s-kA-hb-wAH-h-b-hb

Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), upper register, caption above plowman


znf

znf (singular)
znfwj (dual)
znfw (plural)

Demotic:  (snf)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁϥ (snaf)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲟϥ (snof)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁϥ (snaf), ⲥⲛⲟϥ (snof)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁϥ (snaf)

Old Coptic: ⲥⲛⲟⲃ (snob)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲟϥ (snof), ⲥⲛⲟⲃ (snob)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *ʒin- with an uncertain suffix -f, according to Orel and Stolbova’s very tentative reconstruction. If so, perhaps cognate with West Chadic *ʒin- (“blood”), whence Hausa jini.


znf

z:n:f-D26:Z2ss 3-lit. (canonical)
znf (infinitive)
znfw (infinitive negative)
znf (infinitive negative)
znft (infinitive)
znf (imperative infinitive singular)
znf (imperative infinitive plural)
znf (stative)
ḥr znf (imperfective)
m znf (imperfective)
r znf (prospective)
znf.n (active perfect)
znf.jn (active consecutive contingent)
znft (active terminative)
znf (active perfective)
znf.ḫr (active obligative)
znf (active imperfective)
znf (active prospective)
znf.kꜣ (active potential)
znf (active subjunctive)
znf.n (active participle perfect)
znf (active participle perfective)
znf (participle passive perfective)
znfw (participle passive perfective)
znfy (participle passive perfective)
znf (active imperfective participle)
znfy (active imperfective participle)
znfw (active imperfective participle)
znfj (active imperfective participle)
znf (imperfective participle passive)
znfw (imperfective participle passive)
znf (active participle prospective)
znftj (active participle prospective)
znftj (participle prospective)
znft (participle prospective)


𓃹

A crouching depiction of the Egyptian desert hare (Lepus capensis aegyptius), called sẖꜥt. The use of the hare as a phonogram for wn could derive from an ancient epithet of ‘runner’ for the hare. Compare the Chinese character 兔.


𓈖

A depiction of waves. The number of ripples varies, but the ends always slant down and can sometimes be longer than the other strokes. In less careful writing, the hieroglyph can be found simplified to a single horizontal line, sometimes rising at the end. Rarely, it can be turned on its side to stand vertically. This glyph was conventionally colored black, or dark blue, suggestive of silt-laden Nile flood water which watered the "black land" (kmt). (Compare the canal glyph 𓈘, where the water is most often green, and the pool glyph 𓈙, where the water was lighter blue or green.) Compare the Chinese character 巛.
The phonogrammatic value is possibly derived by the rebus principle from nt (“water”), but this word only appears in the Middle Kingdom. An alternative source could be the older nwyt (“swell of water”).

egy-hiero-color

Uniliteral phonogram for n, as for example in the preposition n (“to, for”).

Determinative in ḏt (“serf”), by confusion with N17 (𓇿).


𓊃

Representing a door bolt used in double doors. The bulges in the center kept the bolt restrained between two fastening rings on one door; slid from one end to the other, it would pass through a third fastening ring on the other door and so lock it. When summarized, the bulges could be reduced to a pair of rounded dots. This glyph was conventionally colored red. The phonogrammatic value derives by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for z (“door bolt”).

Uniliteral phonogram for z; after Old Egyptian, this phoneme merged with s, so that this glyph became an alternative phonogram for s.

Logogram for z (“door bolt; being; type of fish”).

Logogram for ḫm (“Letopolis”), by confusion with R22 (𓋉).


𓋹

Disputed. Traditionally it was interpreted as a sandal strap, but this explanation is now increasingly rejected. Fischer describes it as originally representing an elaborate amuletic bow, noting that the lower part represents the two ends of the cord next to each other; the form of the glyph in the Archaic Period generally showed these two ends widely separated instead of together as in the later ankh. Westendorf hypothesizes that it originally represented a sort of belt similar to the knot of Isis.


𓋴

A picture of a folded cloth. This glyph was conventionally colored red. The original word behind the phonogrammatic value s is unknown.

Uniliteral phonogram for s; after Old Egyptian, as s and z merged, it could also be a phonogram for old z.

Abbreviation for snb (“health”) in the formula ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb (“life, prosperity, health”).


𓆙

Determinative for snakes and worms, as in ḥfꜣw (“snake”) or ḏdft (“snake, worm”).


𓆌

Representing a crocodile with an inward curved tail.

Logogram for sꜣq (“to gather or contract together”).

Determinative in sꜣq (“to gather or contract together”).


𓆉

Determinative in štw (“freshwater turtle”).


𓆕

Representing two cobras, a reduplication of D (𓆓), the phonogram for ḏ.


𓆗

Determinative in the names of goddesses and in the plural of nṯrt (“goddess”).


𓆎

Representing crocodile hide with spines. The Old Kingdom form is rounded, with the spikes rising from the curving top,

, while the later form that became usual in the Middle Kingdom shows a more squarish piece of hide with spikes at its left side. The phonogrammatic value of km possibly derives from the glyph’s use in jkm (“shield”).


𓆏

Logogram for wḥm-ꜥnḫ (“(cyclically) repeating life”).

Determinative in ḥqt (“Heqat”), and in words for frog: qrr (“frog”), ꜥbḫn (“frog”).


𓆋

Representing a crocodile on a shrine. Older variants lack the shrine and instead depict the crocodile as a cult image (fetish) or a mummified crocodile, with only its head emerging from a wrapping of bandages or a sudarium: 𓆍 (I5A).


𓆱

Representing a trunk or branch. Old Kingdom examples show a tree trunk with all of its knots and branches lopped off but the one at the very end. Later New Kingdom examples instead depict a branch with twigs. The phonogrammatic value derives by the rebus principle from the glyph’s use as a logogram for ḫt (“wood”).

Determinative in words for types of wood, things made of wood, or the woody parts of plants.


𓆓

Representing an Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) in a position of rest. This glyph was conventionally colored yellow. The phonogrammatic value derives by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for ḏt (“cobra”).

Uniliteral phonogram for ḏ; since Middle Egyptian sometimes used for d, as the sounds had merged in some phonetic environments.


𓆈

Representing an abstracted, universalized lizard; from the New Kingdom on a gecko is depicted instead. The phonogrammatic value derives by the rebus principle from the glyph’s use as a logogram for ꜥšꜣ (“lizard”).

Triliteral phonogram for ꜥšꜣ, as in ꜥšꜣ (“to be numerous”).

Determinative in words for lizards, as in ḥntꜣsw (“lizard”), ꜥšꜣ (“lizard”).


𓇅

Representing a highly stylized papyrus stem with umbel. Archaic forms of the glyph show a sheath of tall projecting leaves at the base of the stem as well as narrow outer leaves at the base of the umbel; occasionally this persisted even into the Old Kingdom and later. This glyph was conventionally colored green. The phonogrammatic value derives by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for wꜣḏ (“papyrus stem”).

Triliteral phonogram for wꜣḏ, as in wꜣḏ (“to be(come) green”).

Biliteral phonogram for wḏ by conflation with wD (𓎗), as in swḏ (“to bequeath”).

Logogram for or determinative in wꜣḏ (“papyrus stem”).


𓇰

Representing the sky with an uncertain object suspended from it, originally 𓇱 (N3), with the object possibly a broken oar or a drill U25, U24 with the sky as drill-weight. In later versions from the 18th Dynasty the object looks similar to the lower half of a broken scepter wAs.

Determinative for words relating to darkness, obscurity, and night, as in grḥ, wḫ (“night”), kkw (“darkness”), jḫḫw (“dusk”).


𓆑

Representing a horned viper. The hieratic Treatise on Ophiology provides a description: ‘Its color is similar to that of the quail; it has two horns on its forehead; the head is broad, the neck narrow, and the tail thick.’ This glyph was conventionally colored yellow. The phonogrammatic value of f is derived by the rebus principle from the word for a viper, ft (Demotic fy).

Uniliteral phonogram for f, as in .f and f.

Used with unclear signification in the word jt (“father”).


𓆐

Representing a tadpole. Because of phonetic similarity, and because Egyptian wetlands were overrun with them, the tadpole (ḥfnr) became a logogram for ḥfn (“hundred thousand”), representing underlying ḥfl.

Logogram for or determinative in ḥfn (“hundred thousand”).


𓆊

Representing the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). The reason for the phonetic value jt is obscure, but Gardiner suggests it could come from the word’s use as a determinative in ꜣd (“to be angry or aggressive”) as sound changes brought this word closer in pronunciation to jt.

Biliteral phonogram for jt in jty (“sovereign”).

Logogram for or determinative in mzḥ (“crocodile”).

Logogram for or determinative in ḫntj (an epithet of the god Set as a crocodile).

Determinative in words relating to crocodiles and their perceived qualities: ḥntj (“to be greedy”), skn (“greedy”), ꜥẖm (name of a demon, literally “Horrifier”), ꜣd (“to be angry or aggressive”), etc.


𓇯

Representing the sky with an architectural rather than mythological image, as a gigantic ceiling resting on four supports. The phonogrammatic value is derived from the glyph’s use in ḥrt (“sky”).

Triliteral or biliteral phonogram for ḥrj or ḥr, as in ḥrj (“being above”).

Determinative in words for the sky, as in nwt, ḥrt, pt.

Determinative in words for gates, by confusion with other glyphs, as in rwtj (“double gate”), hꜣyt (“portal”).


𓃭

Representing a recumbent lion. This glyph was conventionally colored yellow. The phonogrammatic value of rw derives by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for rw (“lion”).

(later) Uniliteral phonogram for r, sometimes representing /l/.

Triliteral phonogram for šnꜥ, through confusion with hieratic U13 (𓍁).


stp

s-t:p-stp:Y1 3-lit. (canonical)
stp (infinitive)
stpw (infinitive negative)
stp (infinitive negative)
stpt (infinitive)
stp (imperative infinitive singular)
stp (imperative infinitive plural)
stp (stative)
ḥr stp (imperfective)
m stp (imperfective)
r stp (prospective)
stp.n (active perfect)
stpw (passive perfect)
stp (passive perfect)
stp.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
stpt (terminative)
stp (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
stp.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
stp (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
stp (active prospective)
stpp (passive prospective)
stp.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
stp (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
stp.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
stp (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
stp (active participle perfective)
stp (participle passive perfective)
stpw (participle passive perfective)
stpy (participle passive perfective)
stp (active imperfective participle relative)
stpy (active imperfective participle relative)
stpw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
stp (active imperfective participle)
stpj (active imperfective participle)
stpy (active imperfective participle)
stp (imperfective participle passive)
stpw (imperfective participle passive)
stp (active participle prospective relative)
stptj (active participle prospective relative)
stptj (participle prospective)
stpt (participle prospective)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲡ (sōtp)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲡ (sōtp)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲡⲧ (sōpt)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲡ (sōtp)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲡ (sōtp)


stp

stp (singular)
stpwj (dual)
stpw (plural)

h-A-D54:k\-w-A1-r-M14-wr-r:N36-m-d:p*t-P1-n:t-mH:a-V1-V20:V20-m-Aw-W-s-!-mH:a-V20:V20-V20:V20-m-s-x-w-D32-s-s-qd-d-A30-A1-V1-V20:V20-i-m-s-m-stp:Y2-n:km-m-t:niwt
hꜣ.kw r wꜣḏ-wr m dpt nt št-mḏwtj mḥ m ꜣw.s ḥmw mḥ m sḫw.s št-mḏwtj sqd jm.s m stp n(j) kmt

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 24–28

I had gone down to the sea in a boat of a hundred twenty cubits in length and forty cubits in breadth, with a hundred twenty sailors in it of the choice of Egypt.

the choice(st), the select; the best or most preferable one


stp

s-t:p-A2 3-lit. (canonical)
stp (infinitive)
stpw (infinitive negative)
stp (infinitive negative)
stpt (infinitive)
stp (imperative infinitive singular)
stp (imperative infinitive plural)
stp (stative)
ḥr stp (imperfective)
m stp (imperfective)
r stp (prospective)
stp.n (active perfect)
stp.jn (active consecutive contingent)
stpt (active terminative)
stp (active perfective)
stp.ḫr (active obligative)
stp (active imperfective)
stp (active prospective)
stp.kꜣ (active potential)
stp (active subjunctive)
stp.n (active participle perfect)
stp (active participle perfective)
stp (participle passive perfective)
stpw (participle passive perfective)
stpy (participle passive perfective)
stp (active imperfective participle)
stpy (active imperfective participle)
stpw (active imperfective participle)
stpj (active imperfective participle)
stp (imperfective participle passive)
stpw (imperfective participle passive)
stp (active participle prospective)
stptj (active participle prospective)
stptj (participle prospective)
stpt (participle prospective)


mdw-nṯr

nTr-md (canonical masculine)
nTr-md (singular)
mdw-nṯr (singular)
nTr-md-y (dual)
mdwj-nṯr (dual)
mdw-nṯr (plural)

mdw (“word”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the god’s word’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

mDAt:t*Z1-arq:Z2-n:t-nTr-md-Z3 ― mḏꜣwt n(w)t mdw-nṯr ― books of sacred writings

sacred literature traditionally written in hieroglyphic writing

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see mdw, nṯr.


kꜣmn

k:A-mn:n-D6 4-lit. (canonical)
kꜣmn (infinitive)
kꜣmnw (infinitive negative)
kꜣmn (infinitive negative)
kꜣmnt (infinitive)
kꜣmn (imperative infinitive singular)
kꜣmn (imperative infinitive plural)
kꜣmn (stative)
ḥr kꜣmn (imperfective)
m kꜣmn (imperfective)
r kꜣmn (prospective)
kꜣmn.n (active perfect)
kꜣmnw (passive perfect)
kꜣmn (passive perfect)
kꜣmn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
kꜣmnt (terminative)
kꜣmn (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
kꜣmn.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
kꜣmn (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
kꜣmnw (active prospective)
kꜣmn (active prospective)
kꜣmnw (passive prospective)
kꜣmn (passive prospective)
kꜣmn.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
kꜣmn (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
kꜣmn.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
kꜣmn (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
kꜣmn (active participle perfective)
kꜣmn (participle passive perfective)
kꜣmnw (participle passive perfective)
kꜣmny (participle passive perfective)
kꜣmn (active imperfective participle relative)
kꜣmny (active imperfective participle relative)
kꜣmnw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
kꜣmn (active imperfective participle)
kꜣmnj (active imperfective participle)
kꜣmny (active imperfective participle)
kꜣmn (imperfective participle passive)
kꜣmnw (imperfective participle passive)
kꜣmn (active participle prospective relative)
kꜣmntj (active participle prospective relative)
kꜣmnwtj (participle prospective)
kꜣmntj (participle prospective)
kꜣmnt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

kꜣmnt

kꜣmnw.tj1, kꜣmn.tj1, kꜣmnw.tw2, kꜣmn.tw2

desc

Old Coptic: ϭⲱⲛⲙ̄ (cōnm̄, “to be blinded”)

(intransitive, Late Egyptian, of the eyes) To be blind.

(transitive, Late Egyptian) To blind (someone).

(intransitive, Late Egyptian) Used in the phrase k:A-mn:n-D6-wa:a*Z1-D4:t*Z1*F51A, meaning blind in one eye.

(intransitive, Late Egyptian, of the earth during a storm) To be dark.


kꜣmn

kꜣmn (singular)
kꜣmnwj (dual)
kꜣmnw (plural)


bwt

bwt (singular)
bwtj (dual)
bwwt (plural)

abomination, loathsome or detested thing, anathema


m km n ꜣt

m (“in”) + km (“black”) + n(j) (“of”) + ꜣt (“moment”).

compound

in the twinkling of an eye
in the twinkling of an eye

in an instant, in the twinkling of an eye


jꜣꜣyt

Alternative form of jꜣꜣt (“rod, branch”)


m ꜣt nt

(with a following noun or infinitive) in the same moment as…, at the instant of…


ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb

Traditionally considered to be a series of nouns ꜥnḫ + wḏꜣ + snb, literally meaning ‘life, prosperity, health (to him)’. More recently the phrase has instead been analyzed as a series of verbs, each with the unwritten stative ending .w, thus literally meaning ‘(may he be) alive, sound, healthy’.

an honorific phrase used after the names of kings, queens, princes, etc., after the words of a king, ruler, or prince, after references to the royal household, and, more rarely, after the names of ordinary people.


jꜣꜥ

i-A-a (canonical masculine)
jꜣꜥ (singular)
jꜣꜥwj (dual)
jꜣꜥw (plural)


jꜣꜥ

The meaning of this term is uncertain. It relates to the handling of calves.


m ꜣt.f

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.


jꜣꜣt

jꜣꜣt (singular)
jꜣꜣtj (dual)
jꜣꜣwt (plural)


jꜣꜣt

i-A-A-t:Hn (canonical feminine)
jꜣꜣt (singular)
jꜣꜣtj (dual)
jꜣꜣwt (plural)


jꜣjw

(plural only) an epithet for braids of hair, probably meaning “dancers”


jꜣjw

Alternative transliteration of jꜣw (“praise”).


jry

jry (singular)
jrywj (dual)
jryw (plural)


djw ḥryw rnpt

Alternative transliteration of djw ḥrjw rnpt.


ꜥꜣmt

ꜥꜣmt (singular)
ꜥꜣmtj (dual)
ꜥꜣmwt (plural)

Demotic: ꜥꜣm.t

From ꜥꜣm (“Semite”) + -t (feminine ending).


wfj

wfj (singular)
wfjwj (dual)
wfjw (plural)


ꜣꜥz

ꜣꜥz (singular)
ꜣꜥzwj (dual)
ꜣꜥzw (plural)

(hapax) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ˤnḫ wḏ3 snb

Alternative transliteration of ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb.


Alternative transliteration of ptwꜣrwmys.


ḫt n ˤnḫ

Alternative transliteration of ḫt n ꜥnḫ.


dw3 mwt.f

Alternative transliteration of dwꜣ-mwt.f.


m km n 3t

Alternative transliteration of m km n ꜣt.


m 3t r 3t

Alternative transliteration of m ꜣt r ꜣt.


𓁐

Representing a seated woman wrapped tightly in a dress or cloak and wearing a long wig, essentially portraying a woman in a generic pose to draw little attention to any particular action or quality other than womanhood. Compare the Chinese character 女. Old Kingdom inscriptions often show this hieroglyph as slightly smaller than the seated man, A1 (𓀀), but in later times they are of equal size.
Conventionally, the woman's skin is colored yellow, distinguishing her from men (who have red skin). The hair is conventionally black; the robe is conventionally either white or (starting in the Third Intermediate Period) sometimes dark red.

Logogram for .j (first-person suffix pronoun) when the speaker is female.

Determinative for the relations, occupations, and names of women and words associated with the female sphere in general.

Part of the combination A1*B1:Z2, a determinative for groups of people, as in rmṯw (“people”).


𓇋

Representing a flowering reed, specifically the panicle of Phragmites australis. From the Old Kingdom on the flowering portion was often represented as striated. Joints in the stem were rarely depicted in the Old Kingdom but later became more frequent. The main (flowering or frond) portion was conventionally colored green, and the stem blue, so consistently that this glyph can be used to tell blue from green on polychrome inscriptions where the paint is discolored or faded. The phonetic value of j is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for j (“reed”).

Uniliteral phonogram for j, including as the suffix pronoun .j.


bꜣstt

→ Akkadian: 𒄫𒋾 (biš-ti /ubešti, bīšti/)

→ Akkadian: 𒌑𒁀𒋛𒋾 (ú-ba-si-ti /ubešti/)

→ Aramaic: אבסת

Demotic: bꜣst

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ (oubasti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥⲧⲉ (oubaste)

→ Ancient Greek: -ούβαστις (-oúbastis) in Βούβαστις (Boúbastis)

→ English: Bastet, Bast

bꜣst (“Bubastis”) + -t (feminine nisba ending).

af

Bastet, the cat-goddess worshipped at Bubastis

Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible


mꜣ

U2:ir- -Z1 (canonical masculine)
mꜣ (singular)
mꜣwj (dual)
mꜣw (plural)


ꜣwj

Aw-w 3ae inf. (canonical)
ꜣwt (infinitive)
ꜣwj (infinitive)
ꜣww (infinitive negative)
ꜣw (infinitive negative)
ꜣwwt (infinitive)
ꜣwyt (infinitive)
ꜣw (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣw (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣwy (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣw (stative)
ḥr ꜣwt (imperfective)
ḥr ꜣwj (imperfective)
m ꜣwt (imperfective)
m ꜣwj (imperfective)
r ꜣwt (prospective)
r ꜣwj (prospective)
ꜣw.n (active perfect)
ꜣw.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜣwt (active terminative)
ꜣwyt (active terminative)
ꜣw (active perfective)
ꜣw.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜣw (active imperfective)
ꜣwy (active imperfective)
ꜣww (active prospective)
ꜣw (active prospective)
ꜣwy (active prospective)
ꜣw.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜣw (active subjunctive)
ꜣwy (active subjunctive)
ꜣw.n (active participle perfect)
ꜣww (active participle perfective)
ꜣwy (active participle perfective)
ꜣw (active participle perfective)
ꜣwy (participle passive perfective)
ꜣw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣwy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣww (active imperfective participle)
ꜣwj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣww (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣww (active participle prospective)
ꜣwy (active participle prospective)
ꜣw (active participle prospective)
ꜣwtj (active participle prospective)
ꜣwwtj (participle prospective)
ꜣwtj (participle prospective)
ꜣwt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ꜣwt, ꜣwyt

ꜣww.tj1, ꜣw.tj1, ꜣwy.tj1, ꜣww.tw2, ꜣw.tw2, ꜣwy.tw2

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.
# Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">-y</i> instead of the expected stative ending.

Demotic: ꜥw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲟⲩ (ōou)

(intransitive) to be(come) wide, to be(come) long

(intransitive) to be(come) long (in time or duration)

(intransitive) to be(come) rich or abundant in something, particularly offerings

(intransitive, shortened from ꜣwj-jb) to rejoice, be(come) glad


ꜣwj

Aw-w-A24 3ae inf. (canonical)
ꜣwt (infinitive)
ꜣwj (infinitive)
ꜣww (infinitive negative)
ꜣw (infinitive negative)
ꜣwwt (infinitive)
ꜣwyt (infinitive)
ꜣw (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣw (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣwy (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣw (stative)
ḥr ꜣwt (imperfective)
ḥr ꜣwj (imperfective)
m ꜣwt (imperfective)
m ꜣwj (imperfective)
r ꜣwt (prospective)
r ꜣwj (prospective)
ꜣw.n (active perfect)
ꜣww (passive perfect)
ꜣw (passive perfect)
ꜣwy (passive perfect)
ꜣw.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜣwt (terminative)
ꜣwyt (terminative)
ꜣw (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜣw.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜣw (active imperfective)
ꜣwy (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜣww (active prospective)
ꜣw (active prospective)
ꜣwy (active prospective)
ꜣww (passive prospective)
ꜣw (passive prospective)
ꜣwy (passive prospective)
ꜣw.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜣw (active subjunctive)
ꜣwy (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜣw.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜣww (active participle perfective relative)
ꜣwy (active participle perfective relative)
ꜣw (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜣw (active participle perfective)
ꜣwy (participle passive perfective)
ꜣw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣw (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣwy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣww (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ꜣw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣwj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣwy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣww (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣww (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣwy (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣw (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣwtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣwwtj (participle prospective)
ꜣwtj (participle prospective)
ꜣwt (participle prospective)

Demotic: jꜣw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲩⲉⲉⲓ (aueei)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲩ (au), ⲁⲩⲉ (aue), ⲁⲩⲉⲓ (auei)

⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲩⲓⲥ (auis)

⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲥ (aueis)

(transitive) to extend, to stretch out (a hand or arm)

(transitive) to present or deliver, particularly a document to an authority

(transitive) to announce or present (a person) (+ n: to someone)

i-r:Aw-w-w-f-sw-w-r-aHA-i-ra:n-r:HAt-t*Z1:f-sw-w-s-sk-k:zp*y-Dw:Dw-Dw:Hr*Z1-p:t-p:t-xAst:t*Z2ss
jr ꜣww.f sw r ꜥḥꜣ jtn r ḥꜣt.f sw (ḥr) sksk ḏww ḥr ptpt ḫꜣswt

If he arouses himself to fight, with the Aten in front of him, he destroys the mountains and tramples down the foreign lands.

(reflexive) to arouse oneself (to fight)


mdwt

Demotic: mt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ- (mn̄t-)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲧ- (met-)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲧ- (met-)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ- (mn̄t-)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ- (mn̄t-)

words constituting the contents of something specified; wording, text (of a command, letter, etc.)

(of the heart/mind) thoughts, words thought internally

matter, affair, issue (+ genitive: of, concerning (someone or something))

(with following term) forms abstract nouns; -ness

used as a generic object for certain verbs such as wḏ (“to command”) and wḏꜥ (“to judge”)


nṯrt

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛⲑⲱⲣⲓ (enthōri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ (ntōre)

From nṯr (“god”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).


Alternative transliteration of qrwjwꜣpꜣdrꜣ.


mnj

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μήνης (Mḗnēs)
→ Greek: Μήνης (Mínis)
→ Latin: Mēnēs
→ English: Menes
→ French: Ménès
→ Portuguese: Menés

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Menes, uniter of Upper and Lower Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty of Egypt


rˤmssw

Alternative transliteration of rꜥ-ms-sw.


ḥwt k3 ptḥ

Alternative transliteration of ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ.


mꜣꜥt

mꜣꜥt (singular)
mꜣꜥtj (dual)
mꜣꜥwt (plural)

Demotic: mꜣꜥt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲉ (mēe), ⲙⲓⲉ (mie)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲏⲓ (mēi), ⲙⲉⲓ (mei)

desc

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓ (mei), ⲙⲉⲉⲓ (meei), ⲙⲏⲓ (mēi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲏⲉ (mēe)

Old Coptic: ⲙⲉ (me)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲉ (me), ⲙⲉⲉ (mee), ⲙⲏⲉ (mēe)

→ English: maat

An abstract noun formed from mꜣꜥ (“to direct, to be just, to be true”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

s-mn:n:Y1-mAat-n:nb:z-r:a-w-Aa18*Z1:r-i-s-f:t:nDs

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 23–24

Righteousness has been established for its possessor, and the back is turned on wrong.


mꜣꜥt

→ English: Maat

Maat, the goddess personifying the above concepts


ꜣd

A-d:I3 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣd (infinitive)
ꜣdw (infinitive negative)
ꜣd (infinitive negative)
ꜣdt (infinitive)
ꜣd (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣd (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣd (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣd (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣd (stative)
ḥr ꜣd (imperfective)
m ꜣd (imperfective)
r ꜣd (prospective)
ꜣd.n (active perfect)
ꜣdw (passive perfect)
ꜣd (passive perfect)
ꜣd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜣdt (terminative)
ꜣd (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜣd.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜣd (active imperfective)
j.ꜣd (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜣd (active prospective)
ꜣdd (passive prospective)
ꜣd.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜣd (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣd (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜣd.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜣd (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜣd (active participle perfective)
ꜣdd (participle passive perfective)
ꜣddj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣd (participle passive perfective)
ꜣdw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣdy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣd (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣd (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣdy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣdw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜣd (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣdw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣd (active imperfective participle)
ꜣdj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣdy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣd (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣdw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣd (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣdtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣdtj (participle prospective)
ꜣdt (participle prospective)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟⲧ (oot)

(intransitive, chiefly of crocodiles) to be(come) aggressive or savage

(intransitive) to be(come) raging, angry (+ r: with, toward, + ḥr: about, over)

m-A-t-w-I3-r-i-H_SPACE:W-f-F51:Z2-r-gs-Z1-s-k\:n-I3-A1-O43-p:a-a:f-n:k\
(j)m ꜣtw r jwf r gs skn šzp dj.f n.k

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.9–1.10

Don’t raven after meat next to a voracious man; partake when he gives to you.

(intransitive) to be(come) aggressively eager or rapacious, to raven (+ r: to be rapacious for, to raven after)

nw:k-A1-G5-A40-ms-s-n-F51:t-B1-ir-i-i-m-D38:k-t:D40-N33A:f-m-Xn:nw*pr-s-w-H-t:H8-
-D35-A-d-w-I3-i-A1-h:h-Q7-n:r*Z1-T:n-D35:p-H-pH-D54:n-w-i-A1-D:d-t-T:n-r-i-A1
jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122

I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

(transitive, of fire) to rage at, attack, or harm (someone)


ꜣd

to put an end to or fend off (someone’s) fury


ꜣd

A-d:D54 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣd (infinitive)
ꜣdw (infinitive negative)
ꜣd (infinitive negative)
ꜣdt (infinitive)
ꜣd (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣd (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣd (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣd (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣd (stative)
ḥr ꜣd (imperfective)
m ꜣd (imperfective)
r ꜣd (prospective)
ꜣd.n (active perfect)
ꜣd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜣdt (active terminative)
ꜣd (active perfective)
ꜣd.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜣd (active imperfective)
j.ꜣd (active imperfective)
ꜣd (active prospective)
ꜣd.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜣd (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣd (active subjunctive)
ꜣd.n (active participle perfect)
ꜣd (active participle perfective)
ꜣdd (participle passive perfective)
ꜣddj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣd (participle passive perfective)
ꜣdw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣdy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣd (active imperfective participle)
ꜣd (active imperfective participle)
ꜣdy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣdw (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣdw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣdj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣd (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣdw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣd (active participle prospective)
ꜣdtj (active participle prospective)
ꜣdtj (participle prospective)
ꜣdt (participle prospective)

Faulkner suggests this word may be a corrupt writing of ꜣhd (“to be(come) weak; to quiver”); Erman and Grapow instead suggest a connection with jꜣd (“to suffer”).

(intransitive, rare, of body parts including the heart) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

to be(come) feeble, listless, or failing


ꜣd

wr:r-D-Y2:a-t*F51B:Z2-m-F51B:r-A40-D35-wr:r-D-Y2:zp*y-
-D35-H-wA-A-Aa2-s-n:Z2-A-d:Aa2-s-n:Z2-D35-HASH-HASH-HASH-HASH-ir-mw-Dw-w-Aa2-Z3A
wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [bn.sn nj] jr mw ḏw

c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755

The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, [they] won’t [swell up, won’t] make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).


ꜣd

(transitive, rare) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

to smooth (a pot, etc.) (+ m: with (clay))


nꜣ

n:A anaphoric demonstrative pronoun (canonical)
pn (determiner masculine proximal-to-speaker singular)
tn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jtn (determiner feminine proximal-to-speaker singular)
jpnj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-speaker)
jptnj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-speaker)
jpn (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-speaker)
jptn (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-speaker)
nn (pronoun proximal-to-speaker)
pf (determiner distal masculine singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine singular)
jpfj (determiner distal dual masculine)
jptfj (determiner distal dual feminine)
jpf (determiner distal masculine plural)
jptf (determiner distal feminine plural)
nf (distal pronoun)
pj (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
pw (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
py (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
p (determiner masculine proximal-to-topic singular)
tj (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
tw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jtw (determiner feminine proximal-to-topic singular)
jpwj (determiner dual masculine proximal-to-topic)
jptwj (determiner dual feminine proximal-to-topic)
jpw (determiner masculine plural proximal-to-topic)
jptw (determiner feminine plural proximal-to-topic)
nw (pronoun proximal-to-topic)
pꜣ (determiner masculine singular vocative)
tꜣ (determiner feminine singular vocative)
nꜣ (pronoun vocative)
ꜥꜣ (adverb vocative)
pn (determiner masculine pronoun proximal singular)
tn (determiner feminine pronoun proximal singular)
nn (determiner plural pronoun proximal)
ꜥn (adverb proximal)
pf (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
pfꜣ (determiner distal masculine pronoun singular)
tf (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
tfꜣ (determiner distal feminine pronoun singular)
nf (determiner distal plural pronoun)
nfꜣ (determiner distal plural pronoun)
ꜥf (adverb distal)
pw (copulative determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pw (determiner masculine pronoun singular vocative)
pwy (copulative determiner masculine pronoun singular)
pwy (determiner masculine pronoun singular vocative)
tw (copulative determiner feminine pronoun singular)
tw (determiner feminine pronoun singular vocative)
twy (copulative determiner feminine pronoun singular)
twy (determiner feminine pronoun singular vocative)
nw (copulative determiner plural pronoun)
nw (determiner plural pronoun vocative)
pꜣ (anaphoric determiner masculine pronoun singular)
tꜣ (anaphoric determiner feminine pronoun singular)
nꜣ (anaphoric determiner plural pronoun)
ꜥꜣ (adverb anaphoric)
pꜣw (pronoun)
dj (adverb pronoun)
pꜣj (determiner masculine pronoun)
tꜣj (determiner feminine pronoun)
nꜣj (determiner plural pronoun)
dj (adverb determiner pronoun)
pꜣy (determiner masculine possessive)
tꜣy (determiner feminine possessive)
nꜣy (determiner plural possessive)
dj (adverb determiner possessive)
p-n (masculine possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (masculine possessive pronoun)
t-nt (feminine possessive pronoun)
tꜣ (feminine possessive pronoun)
nꜣyw (plural possessive pronoun)
nꜣ (plural possessive pronoun)
dj (adverb possessive pronoun)
pꜣ (article definite masculine)
tꜣ (article definite feminine)
nꜣ (article definite plural)
dj (adverb article definite)
wꜥ (article indefinite)
nhꜣy (article indefinite plural)
dj (adverb article indefinite)

Demotic: nꜣ

q

Coptic: ⲛ- (n-), ⲛ̄- (n̄-) (Sahidic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan), ⲛⲉ- (ne-) (Sahidic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan), ⲛⲓ- (ni-) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

(Old and Late Egyptian) Used for vocative reference

(Middle Egyptian) the aforementioned ones, the said ones (see usage notes)

(Late Egyptian) the plural definite article; the

(Late Egyptian, with following noun) those of, these of


znt

znt (singular)
zntj (dual)
znwt (plural)


sš

O34:N37-Z9:D54 2-lit. (canonical)
sš (infinitive)
sšw (infinitive negative)
sš (infinitive negative)
sšt (infinitive)
sš (imperative infinitive singular)
j.sš (imperative infinitive singular)
sš (imperative infinitive plural)
j.sš (imperative infinitive plural)
sš (stative)
ḥr sš (imperfective)
m sš (imperfective)
r sš (prospective)
sš.n (active perfect)
sšw (passive perfect)
sš (passive perfect)
sš.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
sšt (terminative)
sš (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
sš.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
sš (active imperfective)
j.sš (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
sš (active prospective)
sšš (passive prospective)
sš.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
sš (active subjunctive)
j.sš (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
sš.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
sš (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
sš (active participle perfective)
sšš (participle passive perfective)
sššj (participle passive perfective)
sš (participle passive perfective)
sšw (participle passive perfective)
sšy (participle passive perfective)
j.sš (active imperfective participle relative)
sš (active imperfective participle relative)
sšy (active imperfective participle relative)
sšw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.sš (active imperfective participle)
j.sšw (active imperfective participle)
sš (active imperfective participle)
sšj (active imperfective participle)
sšy (active imperfective participle)
sš (imperfective participle passive)
sšw (imperfective participle passive)
sš (active participle prospective relative)
sštj (active participle prospective relative)
sštj (participle prospective)
sšt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to pass, to spread, to strew


𓇌

Representing two reed panicles, as a reduplication of i (𓇋, phonogram for j).


𓅱

Representing a quail chick. In semi-cursive hieroglyphic writing the head tends to be summarized as a hook. This glyph was conventionally colored yellow. The source of its phonetic value is unknown.

Uniliteral phonogram for w, as in the plural ending -w.


𓄿

Representing the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus). The sharp “corner” at the back of the head represents a tuft of feathers sticking out; other details sometimes shown include a featherless area at the base of the beak and a lean, thinly feathered neck. This glyph was conventionally polychrome. The oldest depictions color the wings blue or grey, but later they become green; the glyph as a whole is polychrome, with a largely yellow head, and yellow or red feet. (Less careful representations are sometimes all yellow, all blue, or nearly all white.) The phonetic value of ꜣ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for ꜣ (“Egyptian vulture, bird”). Compare the Chinese character 鳥.

egy-hiero-color

Logogram for ꜣ (“Egyptian vulture, bird”).


𓊪

Representing a reed mat or a stool of reed matting; presumably the original depiction was a mat. Ordinarily this glyph is taller than it is wide, and, if colored, colored green. Thus, forms from the Old Kingdom often show the details of the weave of the reeds in a bright green. From the Old until the New Kingdom it was occasionally stylized as a rectangle with a shaded left half and unshaded right half. The phonogrammatic value of p is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for p (“stool, socle”).


𓏭

Showing two strokes, often diagonal y but sometimes vertical Z1-Z1, to represent duality. Compare the Chinese characters 二 and ⺀. This glyph was conventionally colored black. The phonogrammatic value of j is derived from its use as the dual ending, -j.

Logogram for -j (dual ending), originally replacing (for superstitious reasons) the device of writing the determinative twice in certain contexts.

Written in place of two difficult-to-draw signs.


𓂝

Representing the human forearm and elbow. In Old Kingdom depictions, the hand is flat in the vertical plane so that its full breadth is shown. Later forms show the palm slightly cupped upward instead, but all the fingers remain distinguished in detailed depictions through the New Kingdom. The most detailed examples of all tend to follow the Old Kingdom form. This glyph was conventionally colored red. The phonetic value of ꜥ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as the logogram for ꜥ (“arm”).


𓍿

Representing a tethering rope. This glyph was conventionally colored green. The phonetic value of ṯ is of uncertain derivation.

Uniliteral phonogram for ṯ; since Middle Egyptian sometimes used for t, as the sounds had merged in some phonetic environments.


𓄡

Representing a mammal’s belly (with teats) and tail, viewed from the underside. The phonetic value of ẖ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as the logogram for ẖt (“belly”). The color of this glyph when painted greatly varied.


𓈎

Representing a hill. Old Kingdom examples are fairly triangular. The glyph is usually colored (dark) blue, although white, yellow, and red are also found. The phonogrammatic value of q is derived by the rebus principle from the word for a hill, qꜣꜣ.


𓂋

Representing the human mouth. In careful depictions, there is a significant narrowing toward the corners, so that the lips recurve, and the upper lip is more curved than the lower. This glyph was conventionally colored red. Compare the Chinese character 口. The phonetic value of r is derived by the rebus principle from its use as the logogram for r(ꜣ) (“mouth”).


𓉔

Representing a building with no precise identification, sometimes called a courtyard, but possibly a plan of a rudimentary or temporary house, with an L-shaped corridor affording privacy for the interior. Old Kingdom forms generally show the sign taller than it is wide, but in later times it could vary greatly in proportions to fit the space available. This glyph was conventionally colored blue or black, likely representing mud brick, with the interior spaces filled in with white. Compare the Chinese character 广. The phonogrammatic value of h is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for h (“courtyard”).


𓎛

Representing a lamp wick of twisted flax. The uppermost loop is often the biggest of the three. These wicks were generally made of a folded strip of fabric twisted tightly and soaked in unused fat. This glyph was conventionally colored green. The phonogrammatic value of ḥ is derived by the rebus principle from ḥꜥt (“wick”).

(rare) Determinative in tkꜣw (“candle, taper”).


𓐍

Disputed; a sieve and a human placenta have been proposed as possibilities. In the Archaic Period it was generally crosshatched horizontally and vertically, and this form sometimes appeared through the Old Kingdom. For most of Egyptian history through the New Kingdom a form with only horizontal striations was used. A form with diagonal striations instead was rare before the Libyan Period. This glyph was conventionally colored green. In some representations that lack striations, only its color differentiates it from other circular glyphs.

Logogram for ḫ (“placenta, child; to be a child”).


𓈌

Representing the sun rising or setting between two mountains. This sign first appeared during the 5th Dynasty. Compare the Chinese character 旦.

Logogram for ꜣḫt (“place of sunrise or sunset”).


𓏏

Generally taken to represent a hemispherical loaf of bread, with the phonogrammatic value t deriving by rebus principle from its use as a logogram for t (“bread”). This glyph was conventionally colored black or blue, like 𓏙 X8 (generally interpreted as a conical bread loaf), but comparing those to 𓏐 X2 and 𓏑 X3 where bread is yellow, Nunn writes that the black/blue coloration raises questions about their identification as bread. He notes that 𓉞 O7 and similar glyphs have this glyph at the center, and because temples were symbolically built on "the primaeval mound of creation", black and blue could represent mud there and this could "explain why this 'loaf' X1 is always painted black or blue, even … in words for bread, where these colours seem out of place".

Logogram for jt (“father”) in jt-nṯr (a type of priest, literally “god’s father”).


𓎼

Representing a ringstand for holding pots and jars. The Old Kingdom version most frequently had a flat bottom and top: W12 (𓎽). The curved form developed later, with rare examples first surfacing during the 6th Dynasty. The body of the glyph was conventionally colored red; the triangle in the center was conventionally white. The reason for its phonogrammatic value of g is unknown.

Logogram for or determinative in nst (“throne”).

Logogram for or determinative in dšrt (“red pot”), by conflation with W13 (𓎾).

Occasional determinative in jpt (“inner chambers”), by confusion with O45 (𓊒).


𓈉

Representing hilly areas beyond the Nile River Valley. Compare the Chinese character 山. The hieroglyph was generally colored yellow, reddish, or pink with dark spots to represent desert and rock, and sometimes its base was colored with a black or green line to represent cultivated land. Archaic forms (and occasionally Old Kingdom and later forms) show the outer sides sloping instead of vertical.

Logogram for ḫꜣst (“foreign land, desert”).

Used in xAst:R12, a logogram for ḥꜣ (“the god Ha”).

Determinative for wild or desert places.

Determinative for names of foreign countries.


𓈋

Representing two hills framing a wadi. Compare the Chinese character 丘. The hieroglyph was generally colored yellow or pink with dark spots to represent desert and rock, and sometimes its base was colored black or green to represent cultivated land. Archaic forms (and occasionally Old Kingdom and later forms) show the outer sides sloping instead of vertical. The phonogrammatic value of ḏw is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for ḏw (“mountain”).

Determinative in mntj (“the two mountain ranges”).

Determinative for names of foreign countries, by confusion with xAst (𓈉).


𓅓

Representing an owl. This is the only bird hieroglyph that is depicted face-on, perhaps because of its distinctive gaze. The reversible hind toe is not drawn. The precise species of owl varied by time period; in the Protodynastic Period it was the pharaoh eagle owl (Bubo ascalaphus), and this was also used sporadically throughout dynastic times. Since the 3rd Dynasty the owl was more commonly a barn owl (Tyto alba alba). In hieratic the owl is long-eared (‘horned’) since the earliest times. Conventionally, it is colored yellow.
The phonetic value of m is presumably derived from some word (probably for an owl), but this word may have been lost in archaic times; numerous hypotheses have been put forward about what it might have been:
* A Proto-Egyptian *mwlḏ (“owl”), cf. Demotic ꜣmwlḏ, ꜥmwlḏ (“eagle owl”)
* An Old Egyptian *mz (“owl”), cf. Hausa múúǯììyáá (“owl”), Gwandara múǯìya (“owl”)
* An Old Egyptian *jmw (“owl”, literally “the mourner”), cf. Egyptian jm (“lament, mourn”), Late Egyptian jm (“name of a bird”)
* An Old Egyptian *mꜣ (“owl”, literally “the seeing one”), cf. Egyptian mꜣꜣ (“to see”)
* Related to Semitic *būm- (“owl”)


𓈙

Representing a lake or pool. Compare the Chinese character 𣶒. Detailed Old Kingdom forms cover the interior with vertical zigzags of green or blue rippling water: N39 (𓈜). A form with a few diagonal lines across the interior

 (𓈚) appeared in hieratic and semi-cursive hieroglyphs during the Old Kingdom but rarely appeared in hieroglyphs proper before the Late Period. Another variant adds lines, perhaps to suggest depth: N38 (𓈛). In general, the outline and ripples of the glyph are usually colored black or dark blue, the water green or lighter blue (compare the canal glyph 𓈘 and the ripple glyph 𓈖). The phonogrammatic value of š is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for š (“pool, lake”).

Occasional biliteral phonogram for zn in zn (“to open”), by confusion with

, a variant of X4 (𓏒).

Determinative for bodies of water, interchanging with N36 (𓈘).

Occasional determinative for irrigated land, by confusion with N36 (𓈘).

Occasional determinative for stone, by confusion with O39 (𓊌).


𓂧

Representing a human hand. This glyph was conventionally colored red. Compare the Chinese character 手 and Epigraphic Mayan / ("hand").


𓎡

Representing a wickerwork basket with a handle. Compare the Chinese character 𠀠, 其. In the Old Kingdom the wickerwork was often detailed as green or yellow horizontal striations, representing a basket made from a continuous spiral, with strips whipstitched together. In later times multicolored checkered patterns became more common. The usual color is green. The phonetic value of k is of uncertain derivation.


ꜣwj-jb

ꜣwj (“be long”) + jb (“heart”), thus literally ‘be long of heart’.


ꜥm

a-m-F10-A2 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜥm (infinitive)
ꜥmw (infinitive negative)
ꜥm (infinitive negative)
ꜥmt (infinitive)
ꜥm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜥm (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜥm (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥm (stative)
ḥr ꜥm (imperfective)
m ꜥm (imperfective)
r ꜥm (prospective)
ꜥm.n (active perfect)
ꜥmw (passive perfect)
ꜥm (passive perfect)
ꜥm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜥmt (terminative)
ꜥm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜥm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜥm (active imperfective)
j.ꜥm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜥm (active prospective)
ꜥmm (passive prospective)
ꜥm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜥm (active subjunctive)
j.ꜥm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜥm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜥm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜥm (active participle perfective)
ꜥmm (participle passive perfective)
ꜥmmj (participle passive perfective)
ꜥm (participle passive perfective)
ꜥmw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥmy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜥm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥmy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜥmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜥm (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜥmw (active imperfective participle)
ꜥm (active imperfective participle)
ꜥmj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥmy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥm (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥmw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥm (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥmtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜥmtj (participle prospective)
ꜥmt (participle prospective)

Demotic: ꜥm

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲙⲉ (mme)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲙⲓ (emi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲙⲓ (eimi), ⲓⲙⲓ (imi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲙⲉ (mme)

Old Coptic: ⲉⲙⲓ (emi), ⲙⲙⲓ (mmi)

desc

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲙⲉ (eime), ⲉⲓⲙⲙⲉ (eimme)

tA-i-a-m-n:k-pr:r:*t-i-m-k:h-i-w-s-M37:r-A55-z-b-n

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume I, Providence: Brown University, PT 226.3 (Pyr. 225c), W


𓈐

Representing a road lined with shrubs. The depicted road tended to be curved in the early phases of the Old Kingdom, and such curved variants occasionally appeared even much later, when the most common form had become straight. The phonogrammatic value of ḥr is derived by the rebus principle from its use in ḥrt (“road”).

Logogram for wꜣj (“to fall into (a condition)”).

Determinative for words relating to roads, travel, position, and distance.


𓈍

Representing (probably) the sun rising behind a hill. The inner curve represents the hill, while the outer curve represents the rays of the sun. Old Kingdom examples show a semicircular form with four colorful bands of blues, reds, and greens surmounted by a halo of rays,

; Betrò suggests it may thus represent a rainbow rather than a hill. Allen suggests that it represents the sun rising above the primeval mound, the first earth to arise from the primordial waters at the time of creation. The semi-cursive style of writing this hieroglyph, which showed the sun’s rays as a series of projections instead of an unbroken arc,

, was sometimes carried over into ordinary hieroglyphic writing. Another form shows the arc unbroken but rays still visible,

. The phonogrammatic value of ḫꜥ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for ḫꜥ.

Logogram for ḫꜥ (“hill where the sun rises, rainbow”).

Logogram for ḫꜥj (“to appear, to rise”).


𓈆

Representing a sandy tongue of land. The sand is sometimes represented as speckles across the glyph. This was the Old Kingdom precursor to both N20 (𓈄) and N21 (𓈅).

Determinative in wḏb (“sandbank, shore”).

Determinative for land, as in ꜥḥt (“field”).


𓈀

This was originally three different glyphs: one representing a sandy tract of land (an island in the Nile or a sandy hill in the flood plain, N18), one representing a bolt of rolled-up linen (

, variant

), and one representing a roll of bread (

, variant X4 (𓏒)). The land glyph is generally colored reddish yellow and sometimes speckled to indicate sand.

(group-writing) The group N18:N21*Z1 constitutes a uniliteral phonogram for j, as in jrt (“Yareth”).

Determinative for deserts and foreign countries, as in ꜣḫt (“place of sunrise/sunset”), ṯḥnw (“Libya”), stt (“Asia”).


𓈇

Representing an irrigation canal. In hieroglyphic text, this glyph developed from a variant of N36 (𓈘) in the 11th Dynasty, which in turn had partly supplanted N22 (𓈆), its variants N21 (𓈅) and N20 (𓈄), and Aa12 (𓐚) in the 8th Dynasty. However, in hieratic, a glyph much like this one was already in use since the Old Kingdom. Ultimately, the glyph N23 remained in use through the 18th Dynasty, when it was largely again supplanted by N21 (𓈅) as a determinative for land.
As part of a determinative for time, this glyph instead developed from Z4B (𓐅), which became conflated with the irrigation-canal glyph.

Determinative for irrigated land, as in tꜣ (“land”).

Used in ra:N23, a determinative for time, as in tr (“season”), rk (“time”).

Used in mw-N36:N23, a composite determinative for bodies of water.


𓈄

Representing a tongue of land. This glyph developed from the earlier N22 (𓈆). The phonogrammatic value of wḏb is derived by the rebus principle from its use in wḏb (“sandbank”).

Determinative in wḏb (“sandbank, shore”) and ḥꜣb-sd (“sd festival”).


𓇱

Representing the sky with an uncertain object suspended from it, possibly a broken oar or a drill U25, U24 with the sky as drill-weight. A later variant of this glyph that replaced it is N2.


𓈅

Representing a tongue of land or perhaps a standard cultivated parcel (surveyed parcels for farming were usually shaped like elongated trapezoids, with the long sides parallel to the Nile). Compare the Chinese character 田. This glyph originally developed as a variant of the earlier N22 (𓈆). In the 8th Dynasty N36 (𓈘) came to be used instead as the determinative for cultivated land, and in the 11th Dynasty this developed into N23 (𓈇), but in the 18th Dynasty N21 became more widely used and took their place as the ordinary determinative for this purpose.

Determinative for land, particularly cultivated land near water, as in jdb (“riverbank”), tꜣ (“land, ground”), dmj (“town, harbor”).


𓇴

Representing the sun with a uraeus. From the 18th Dynasty.


𓇽

Representing a star 𓇼 (dwA) in a circle, symbolically representing the world of the dead, which was in the oldest times associated with the places where the sun and stars reappeared after having been invisible.

Determinative in dwꜣt (“the Afterworld”).


𓆍

Representing a cult image (fetish) or a mummified crocodile, with only its head emerging from a wrapping of bandages or a sudarium.


𓇻

A combination of 𓇼 (sbA) with the right half of 𓇹 (iaH), indicating half a month.

Logogram for smdt (“half-month festival”).


𓇲

Representing the sky with water descending from it. Compare the Chinese character 雨.

Determinative for precipitation, dew, and fog.


𓈏

Representing a mound of earth lined with shrubs.


𓇳

A pictogram of the sun. The circle or dot in the center usually does not appear in the full hieroglyphic form, which is a filled, usually convex circle colored red, often with a white rim. Compare the Chinese character and the modern astronomical solar symbol ☉.

Logogram for sw (“day of the month”) in dates.

Determinative for words relating to the sun, its actions, and related phenomena.

Determinative for words relating to time.

Used in ra:N23, itself a determinative for time.


𓇼

Representing a star in the form of a five-pointed starfish. Older depictions are thicker and have rounded ends, and they sometimes show the center as two concentric circles and give the arms crossbars. In color the glyph reflects the colors of the stars and so can be yellow, gold, red, and, less commonly, blue. The phonogrammatic value of sbꜣ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for sbꜣ (“star”).

Used in iaH:sbA, a logogram for ꜣbd (“month”).

Determinative for stars and constellations, as in sbꜣ (“star”), msḫtjw (“the Big Dipper, the Plough”).


dꜣt

Later form of dwꜣt (“the afterworld (Duat)”)


𓇹

Representing the crescent moon. Compare the Chinese character 月. Variants appear vertically, facing left

 or right

; another variant is N12 (𓇺). The phonogrammatic value of ꜥḥ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for jꜥḥ (“moon”).

phonetic determinative
phonetic determinative#English

Biliteral phonogram or phonetic determinative for ꜥḥ in wꜥḥ (“carob beans”).

Alone or in combination as iaH:sbA, logogram for ꜣbd (“month”).

Determinative for the moon, as in jꜥḥ (“moon”).

Determinative in šzp (“palm (measure)”).

Alternative form of spr (𓄭) in some inscriptions.


𓈘

Representing a canal bordered by banks and dikes. In detailed Old Kingdom depictions the water area is covered with zigzagging ripples,

. Sometimes the canal is shown curved rather than straight,

, especially in the Old Kingdom. This glyph partly supplanted N22 (𓈆), its variants N21 (𓈅) and N20 (𓈄), and Aa12 (𓐚) as a determinative for cultivated land in the 8th Dynasty, but in this function eventually changed into the form N23 (𓈇) in the 11th Dynasty. The water in the canal is conventionally green, or sometimes (lighter) blue; the outline is (darker) blue, perhaps representing mud brick. The phonogrammatic value of mr is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for mr (“canal”).

Biliteral phonogram for mj, as in mjzt (“liver”), mjꜥḥꜥt (“tomb”).

Determinative for bodies of water, interchanging with 𓈙 (S) in early times.

Used in mw-N36:N23 or mw-N36, a composite determinative for bodies of water.


𓆅

This sign does not actually exist in hieroglyphic text; it is an artificial glyph used for transcribing hieratic text. It represents the hieratic version of a white ostrich feather H6 (𓆄) with two strokes at the side.

(Middle Egyptian) Hieratic form of 𓆄 (H6) as a phonogram for šw.


𓆁

Representing the head of a spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia).

Triliteral phonogram for pꜣq, as in pꜣq (“a type of cake”).


𓆂

Representing the head of the vulture G14 (𓅐, Gyps fulvus). The phonogrammatic value of nr is derived by the rebus principle from the word for vulture, nrt.

Phonetic determinative
phonetic determinative#English

Used as a cryptograph for rmṯ (“people”).


𓆇

Representing an egg. Compare the Chinese character 卵. As a determinative in pꜥt (“patricians”), it may have originally been a different glyph, a clod of earth. This glyph was conventionally colored white or yellow, reflecting the creamy color of ostrich or goose eggs.

egy-hiero-color

(in hieratic texts) Logogram for zꜣ (“son”) by conflation with zA (𓅭)


𓆃

Representing a bird’s wing. Compare Chinese 羽.


𓆄

Representing a white ostrich feather. The phonogrammatic value of šw is derived by the rebus principle from the glyph’s use as the logogram for šwt (“feather”).

Biliteral phonogram for šw, as in šw (“Shu”).

Determinative in mꜣꜥt (“Maat”) as a substitute for C10 (𓁦).


dwꜣt

Old Coptic: ⲧⲏ (tē)

→ English: duat

s-q:Aa7-T2-n:k-r:d-rd-rd-rd-d-A-t:dwAt-i-r-b-w-n:t-s-sAH-dwA-i-m-
-O43:p-i-H-F1-p*t:pt-dwA-a:Z1-k

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 610.20–610.21 (Pyr. 1717a–1717b), M

sqr n.k r(w)dw ⟨jr⟩ d(w)ꜣt jr bw nt(j) sꜣḥ jm šzp jḥ-pt ꜥ.k

In early conceptions, the region in the eastern sky where the sun and stars rise, which serves as the abode of the dead king

imi:Z2ss-dwA:t*pr-m-z:n:fnD:N17:N21*Z1-Tz:t-tyw-Z2ss:H_SPACE-m-k:A16*Z3-
-Dr:r-tyw-Z2ss:H_SPACE-m-T:H-w-bH:Z2-U3-z:n:Z2-sw-w-n:t-tyw-Z2ss:H_SPACE-i-m-A51-Z3-Hr:Z1-n:r:nr-D40:n:f
jmjw dwꜣt m sn-tꜣ ṯztjw m ksw

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 6–7

Those in the afterworld kiss the earth, and those in the desert hills bow down.
The ancestors are in joy when they see him, and the dead are in awe of him.

Szp:p-D40:n-n:z-dwA-t:pr-i-f:F51*Z1:N33A-A40-i-r-p*t:pt-
-r:Y1-anx-n:x-k-i-f:F51*Z1:N33A-A40-m-tA:N23*Z1-d:z:r-Y1-n:k
šzp.n n.s dwꜣt j(w)f jr(j) pt r ꜥnḫ.k j(w)f m tꜣ dsr n.k

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) Second Hour, closing text

The afterworld has received to itself the flesh belonging to the sky in order that you live, flesh, in the ground set aside for you.

Later, the region underneath the earth through which the sun passes at night, in which Osiris and the dead dwell

The underworld of a city as a place of dead gods

Epithet for the crypt in the Temple of Dendera


dwꜣt

a hippopotamus goddess personifying the afterworld


dwꜣt

dwꜣt (singular)
dwꜣtj (dual)
dwꜣwt (plural)


dwꜣt

d:wA-dwA:t (canonical feminine)
dwꜣt (singular)
dwꜣtj (dual)
dwꜣwt (plural)


dwꜣt

Used in the phrase pr:Z1-d-wA-dwA:t-pr pr-dwꜣt (“‘House of Morning’, a place of purification”)

Used in the phrase Hr:r-s-S:t*U30-n-pr:Z1-d-wA-dwA*t:pr, referring to a royal cloakroom official


𓆆

Triliteral phonogram for šꜣt, as in šꜣt (“talon; land of Shat”).

Logogram for pḏ (“span”) in the units of measurement pḏ ꜥꜣ and pḏ nḏs.


𓆀

Representing the head of a crested heron, although possibly originally of a duck, given that there is a word for duck mꜣꜥ, in which case the phonogrammatic value of mꜣꜥ could derive from that word.

Triliteral phonogram or phonetic determinative for wšm, as in wšm (“ear of corn”).

Triliteral phonogram, replacing pAq (𓆁), for pꜣq in pꜣqt (“fine linen”).

Phonetic determinative for mꜣꜥ, as in mꜣꜥ (“temple”).


𓅿

Representing the head of a pintail duck zA (𓅭).

offering formula
offering formula#English

Logogram for ꜣpdw (“fowl”) in the offering formula.

Determinative in wšn (“wring the neck of (a bird), offer”).

(in hieratic texts) Phonetic determinative for mꜣꜥ, by conflation with H2 (𓆀) when it lacks a crest.


𓆣

Representing a scarab beetle (Scarabaeus sacer). The phonogrammatic value of ḫpr is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for ḫprr (“scarab beetle”).

Triliteral phonogram for ḫpr, as in ḫpr (“to come into being”).

Determinative in ḫprr (“scarab beetle”).


𓄍

Logogram for wp-rnpt (“New Year’s Day”).


wp-rnpt

wp (“opening”) + rnpt (“year”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘opening of the year’.

‘New Year’s Day’: a festival day at the start of the Egyptian year, the first day of the first month of ꜣḫt, originally aligned to the heliacal rising of Sirius in summer

a month of the year, apparently the last, corresponding to Mesore, the fourth month of šmw


𓄎

A ligature of rnp (𓆳), ra (𓇳), and wp (𓄋), or equivalently of F14 (𓄍) and ra (𓇳).


wps

wp:p-s-Q7 3-lit. (canonical)
wps (infinitive)
wpsw (infinitive negative)
wps (infinitive negative)
wpst (infinitive)
wps (imperative infinitive singular)
wps (imperative infinitive plural)
wps (stative)
ḥr wps (imperfective)
m wps (imperfective)
r wps (prospective)
wps.n (active perfect)
wpsw (passive perfect)
wps (passive perfect)
wps.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
wpst (terminative)
wps (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
wps.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
wps (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
wps (active prospective)
wpss (passive prospective)
wps.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
wps (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
wps.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
wps (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
wps (active participle perfective)
wps (participle passive perfective)
wpsw (participle passive perfective)
wpsy (participle passive perfective)
wps (active imperfective participle relative)
wpsy (active imperfective participle relative)
wpsw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
wps (active imperfective participle)
wpsj (active imperfective participle)
wpsy (active imperfective participle)
wps (imperfective participle passive)
wpsw (imperfective participle passive)
wps (active participle prospective relative)
wpstj (active participle prospective relative)
wpstj (participle prospective)
wpst (participle prospective)


wp-hrw

wp (“opener”) + hrw (“day”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘opener of day’.


wprt

wprt (singular)
wprtj (dual)
wprwt (plural)

a sidelock of hair, the traditional hairstyle of children


wprt

a type of priestess of a particular district


tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt

→ Ancient Greek: Τῦβι (Tûbi)

→ English: Tybi

Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (tōbi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (tōbe)

/tɑ ɑːʔɑbɛt/


pꜣ-n-jpt

→ Ancient Greek: Φαωφί (Phaōphí)

→ English: Phaophi

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲓ (paōpi), ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ (paopi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲓ (paapi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲉ (paope)

pꜣ + n(j) + jpt, literally ‘The one of Karnak’.


jpj-jpj

→ Ancient Greek: Ἐπιφί (Epiphí)

→ English: Epeiph

Coptic: ⲉⲡⲏⲡ (epēp)

Derived from the earlier (Memphite) name of the month, jpt-ḥmt, with reduplication of the first element.


pꜣ-n-ḫnsw

→ Ancient Greek: Παχών (Pakhṓn)

→ English: Pachon

Coptic: ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ (pašons)

→ English: Pashons

pꜣ + n(j) + ḫnsw, literally ‘the one of Khonsu’.


pꜣ-n-pꜣ-mḫrw

→ Ancient Greek: Μεχείρ (Mekheír)

→ English: Mecheir

Coptic: ⲙϣⲓⲣ (mšir), ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ (mešir), ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ (mekhir)

/pə nə pə məˈχiːɾ/

pꜣ + n(j) + pꜣ + mḫrw, literally ‘the one of the censer’.


pꜣ-n-jnt

→ Ancient Greek: Παῦνι (Paûni)

→ English: Pauni

Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ (paōni)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ (paōne)

pꜣ + n(j) + jnt, literally ‘the one of the wadi’.


mswt-rꜥ

→ Ancient Greek: Μεσορή (Mesorḗ)

→ English: Mesore

Coptic: ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲣⲏ (mesorē)

/məˌsoˈɾeːʕ/

mswt + rꜥ in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Birth of Ra’.


kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ

→ Ancient Greek: Χοίακ (Khoíak)

→ English: Choiak

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲓⲁⲕ (kaiak)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ (khoiak)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (koiahk), ⲭⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (khoiahk)

→ Minaean: 𐩫𐩺𐩢𐩫 (kyḥk)

kꜣ + ḥr + kꜣ, literally ‘Ka Upon Ka’. A cuneiform transcription 𒆪𒄿𒄴𒆪 (ku-i-iḫ-ku) is attested in the Amarna Letters (c. 1360–1332 BC).


pꜣ-n-rnn-wtt

→ Ancient Greek: Φαρμοῦθι (Pharmoûthi)

→ English: Pharmouthi

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ (pharmouthi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲓ (parmouti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (parmoute)

pꜣ + n(j) + rnn-wtt, literally ‘the one of Rennutet’.


pꜣ-n-jmn-ḥtp

→ Ancient Greek: Φαμενώθ (Phamenṓth)

→ Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (phamenōth)

→ English: Phamenoth

Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲙ̄ϩⲟⲧⲡ (parm̄hotp) (Sahidic), ⲡⲁⲣⲙ̄ϩⲁⲧⲡ̄ (parm̄hatp̄) (Lycopolitan 4)

→ Arabic: بَرَمْهات (baramhāt)

→ Bohairic Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ (paremhat)

pꜣ + n(j) + jmn-ḥtp(.w), literally ‘the one of Amenhotep’.


𓆩

Representing a bivalve shell. The source of its phonetic value is unknown.

Biliteral phonogram for ḫꜣ, restricted in Middle Egyptian to use in ḫꜣwt (“altar”).


𓆧

Representing the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria).


𓆨

Representing the red-headed centipede (Scolopendra morsitans).


𓆥

Ligature of sw (𓇓), t (𓏏), bit (𓆤), and t (𓏏).

Logogram for nswt-bjtj (“King of Upper and Lower Egypt”).


𓆤

Representing a bee. The hind leg (drawn raised under the abdomen) was often omitted. The phonogrammatic value of bjt is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for bjt (“bee; honey”).

Triliteral phonogram for bjt, as in bjtj (“King of Lower Egypt”).


ḫꜣt

ḫꜣt (singular)
ḫꜣtj (dual)
ḫꜣwt (plural)


𓆞

Representing an oxyrhynchus fish (Mormyrus kannume). The distinctive long snout separates it from other fish hieroglyphs. The phonogrammatic value of ẖꜣ is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for ẖꜣt (“oxyrhynchus”).


𓆫

Representing a scorpion. The glyph as usually depicted lacks its tail and venomous stinger for superstitious reasons; this usage began in funerary texts in burial chambers but in time became standard. However, above-ground Old Kingdom examples typically show the scorpion intact,

. Some of the earliest (intact) depictions are shown in profile, with all the legs on the underside; later the legs were placed on both sides, representing a more top-down view.

Logogram for srqt (“the goddess Serqet”).

Logogram for the name of King Scorpion (reading uncertain).


ꜥnḫwj

anx-anx-sDm-sDm (canonical dual masculine)


msqt-sḥdw

msqt (“a mythological place of the dead”) + sḥdw, plural of sḥd (“star”), in a direct genitive construction.

compound

D35-x-s-b-n-sw-w-O11-HD-wr:wr-wr-i:r-ms-q*t:N25-s-H-d:F18-sbA-w-pt

c. 2345-2333 B.C.E., Pyramid of King Teti, south wall of the passage between the burial chamber and antechamber, Pyramid Text spell 262, section 24 (trans. Allen)

The White Palace of the great ones cannot bar him from the Beaten Path of Stars.

a region of the sky to which a dead king was said to ascend, perhaps the Milky Way


sḥd

sḥd (singular)
sḥdwj (dual)
sḥdw (plural)


tnj

t:n-i-A19 3-lit. (canonical)
tnj (infinitive)
tnjw (infinitive negative)
tnj (infinitive negative)
tnjt (infinitive)
tnj (imperative infinitive singular)
tnj (imperative infinitive plural)
tnj (stative)
ḥr tnj (imperfective)
m tnj (imperfective)
r tnj (prospective)
tnj.n (active perfect)
tnj.jn (active consecutive contingent)
tnjt (active terminative)
tnj (active perfective)
tnj.ḫr (active obligative)
tnj (active imperfective)
tnj (active prospective)
tnj.kꜣ (active potential)
tnj (active subjunctive)
tnj.n (active participle perfect)
tnj (active participle perfective)
tnj (participle passive perfective)
tnjw (participle passive perfective)
tnjy (participle passive perfective)
tnj (active imperfective participle)
tnjy (active imperfective participle)
tnjw (active imperfective participle)
tnjj (active imperfective participle)
tnj (imperfective participle passive)
tnjw (imperfective participle passive)
tnj (active participle prospective)
tnjtj (active participle prospective)
tnjtj (participle prospective)
tnjt (participle prospective)


tnj

egy-pron

t:n:y du 2. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

t:n:y du 2. enclitic pronoun (canonical)


ꜥꜣdt

ꜥꜣdt (singular)
ꜥꜣdtj (dual)
ꜥꜣdwt (plural)

t:X2-D41:n-F36-A&t-.-.-.-m-.-.-X2:Z2
.-aA:a-A-d:t-.-.-a:m-.-.-X2:Z2
.-h-r:*r-.-.-.-.-a:m-.-.-X2:Z2
t rmn zmꜣt-.-.-m ꜥmꜥm
ꜥꜣdt
hrr
bread, armful of eating:-.-in a bread container
ꜥꜣdt-bread

c. 1825 B.C.E., Kahun papyrus VI. 10. verso, lines 10-12


ṯꜣtt

TA-t:t (canonical feminine)
ṯꜣtt (singular)
ṯꜣttj (dual)
ṯꜣtwt (plural)

literally, a female vizier; used as an epithet for the queen and Hathor


ḥm

Hm (canonical masculine)
ḥm (singular)
ḥmwj (dual)
ḥmw (plural)

the king of Egypt as a particular individual who serves as an incarnation of kingship

an incarnation of a god (e.g. as a statue)


ꜥꜥw

a:a-w-D6 3-lit. (canonical)
ꜥꜥw (infinitive)
ꜥꜥww (infinitive negative)
ꜥꜥw (infinitive negative)
ꜥꜥwt (infinitive)
ꜥꜥw (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜥꜥw (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜥꜥw (stative)
ḥr ꜥꜥw (imperfective)
m ꜥꜥw (imperfective)
r ꜥꜥw (prospective)
ꜥꜥw.n (active perfect)
ꜥꜥw.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜥꜥwt (active terminative)
ꜥꜥw (active perfective)
ꜥꜥw.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜥꜥw (active imperfective)
ꜥꜥw (active prospective)
ꜥꜥw.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜥꜥw (active subjunctive)
ꜥꜥw.n (active participle perfect)
ꜥꜥw (active participle perfective)
ꜥꜥw (participle passive perfective)
ꜥꜥww (participle passive perfective)
ꜥꜥwy (participle passive perfective)
ꜥꜥw (active imperfective participle)
ꜥꜥwy (active imperfective participle)
ꜥꜥww (active imperfective participle)
ꜥꜥwj (active imperfective participle)
ꜥꜥw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥꜥww (imperfective participle passive)
ꜥꜥw (active participle prospective)
ꜥꜥwtj (active participle prospective)
ꜥꜥwtj (participle prospective)
ꜥꜥwt (participle prospective)


snj

s-n:y du 3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

s-n:y du 3. enclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)


ꜣḫ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓϧ (ix, “demon”)

→ English: akh

ghost, spectre, spirit of the dead interfering with the living

Used as an epithet for certain lesser gods and demons


ꜣḫ

r:n-f-nfr-m-r:Z1-anx-w-Z2ss:H_SPACE-s-xA-t-A2-f-H_SPACE:x-Ax-Y1:f-n-D:t:N17
rn.f nfr m r(ꜣ) ꜥnḫw sḫꜣt.f ꜣḫ.f n ḏt

c. 1458 BCE, Biography of Ineni inscribed on a memorial stele in his tomb in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, line 20

His good name will be in the mouths of the living; his memory and his spiritual completeness are for eternity.

the state of being an akh or qualities pertaining to that state: spiritual power or dignity


ꜣḫ

Ax-x:H_SPACE 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣḫ (infinitive)
ꜣḫw (infinitive negative)
ꜣḫ (infinitive negative)
ꜣḫt (infinitive)
ꜣḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣḫ (stative)
ḥr ꜣḫ (imperfective)
m ꜣḫ (imperfective)
r ꜣḫ (prospective)
ꜣḫ.n (active perfect)
ꜣḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
ꜣḫt (active terminative)
ꜣḫ (active perfective)
ꜣḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
ꜣḫ (active imperfective)
j.ꜣḫ (active imperfective)
ꜣḫ (active prospective)
ꜣḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
ꜣḫ (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣḫ (active subjunctive)
ꜣḫ.n (active participle perfect)
ꜣḫ (active participle perfective)
ꜣḫḫ (participle passive perfective)
ꜣḫḫj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣḫ (participle passive perfective)
ꜣḫw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣḫy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣḫ (active imperfective participle)
ꜣḫ (active imperfective participle)
ꜣḫy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣḫw (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣḫw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣḫj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣḫ (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣḫw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣḫ (active participle prospective)
ꜣḫtj (active participle prospective)
ꜣḫtj (participle prospective)
ꜣḫt (participle prospective)

Old Coptic: ⲁϧ (ax) (used as a magical name in DM 9,5)

(intransitive) to be(come) effective, to be(come) useful

(intransitive) to be(come) splendid, radiant, glorious


jḫt

Old Kingdom form of ḫt (“thing, property, something”)


nwtkꜣrṯ

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ναύκρατις (Naúkratis).


ḥqt

Heqet, a frog-goddess of childbirth and fertility


ḫftt

From ḫft (“facing, opposite”) + -t (“feminine nisba ending”); the noun is simply a nominalized use of the nisba adjective.


ḫftt

ḫftt (singular)
ḫfttj (dual)
ḫftwt (plural)


ḥfꜣt

ḥfꜣt (singular)
ḥfꜣtj (dual)
ḥfꜣwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲩ (hbou)

Bohairic Coptic: ϩϥⲱ (hfō)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲃⲱ (hbō)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲃⲱ (hbō)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩϥⲱ (hfō), ϩⲃⲱ (hbō)

ḥfꜣw (“snake”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).


ḥfꜣt

a settlement in Egypt at what is now El Mo'alla


nfrw

Related to nfr (“not even, not at all”).

zero; used when a subtraction results in zero in accounts and mathematical texts, or to mark a baseline for construction