t

abbreviation in namesof types of ritual loaves


s

A type of waterfowl, perhaps the Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), especially as an offering for the dead


sn

Demotic:  (sn)

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲛ (son) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ⲥⲁⲛ (san) (Fayyumic, Akhmimic)

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

Related to snwj (“two”). Compare with Migaama sin and Blin šan.

(by extension) any closely related male family member, such as a cousin, uncle, or nephew


twr

twr (singular)
twrwj (dual)
twrw (plural)


st

egy-pron

s-t c pl f sg 3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

s-t c pl f sg 3. enclitic pronoun (canonical)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯn (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
wy (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
kw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
k (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯ (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯm (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ṯnj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person)
snj (dual enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯmt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
stt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ntsnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun stressed third-person)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
jntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kj (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tjwn (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person stative)
.wy (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wj (dual masculine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.ty (dual feminine personal pronoun stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.wy (masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kj (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.ṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sj (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.nj (dual first-person personal pronoun suffix)
.ṯnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.tnj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person suffix)
.snj (dual feminine masculine personal pronoun suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.ṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
w (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
ṯw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
ṯn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tn (enclitic feminine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sj (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
s (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
ṯn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
tn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
ntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntṯ (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ṯwt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
ntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
nts (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
swt (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
ntṯn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
nttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ntsn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.t (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.t (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.wn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.wjn (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tjwn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.tjwnj (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sj (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
.k (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.kw (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.t (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular suffix)
.f (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.fj (masculine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.s (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.st (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.sw (feminine personal pronoun singular suffix third-person)
.n (first-person personal plural pronoun suffix)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.twn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person suffix)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
.sn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun suffix third-person)
wj (enclitic first-person personal pronoun singular)
tw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
tj (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
sw (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
n (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
wn (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
twn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
sn (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
st (enclitic feminine masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
jnk (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mntk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwk (masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntt (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mtwy (feminine personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
mntf (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
mntjst (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
jnn (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
mnttn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
mntw (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
.kw (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.k (first-person personal pronoun singular stative)
.tj (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.tw (feminine masculine personal pronoun second-person singular stative)
.w (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.y (masculine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tj (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.tw (feminine personal pronoun singular stative third-person)
.nw (first-person personal plural pronoun stative)
.tn (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun second-person stative)
.w (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
.y (feminine masculine personal plural pronoun stative third-person)
tw.j (first-person personal proclitic pronoun singular)
tw.k (masculine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
tw.t (feminine personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
sw (masculine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
st (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
sw (feminine personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
tw.n (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
tw.tn (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
st (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
sw (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
swt (feminine masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)

she, her, it, they, them; by Middle Egyptian often, but not exclusively, used for inanimate objects (see usage notes)

later also forthe singular by confusion with the plural


nb

nb (masculine singular)
nbt (feminine singular)
nbwj (dual masculine)
nbtj (dual feminine)
nbw (masculine plural)
nbwt (feminine plural)
nbt (feminine plural)

Demotic: (nb)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ (niben)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲃⲓ (nibi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)

Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲛⲓⲃ (nib)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)


nb

Demotic: (nb)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲏⲃ (nēb)

Old Coptic: ⲛⲏⲃ (nēb)

table
Ehret attempts to derive this term from a Proto-Afroasiatic *ruub- (“to send”).

Q1-ir:nb-A40-Dd-Dd-w-O49:t*Z1-nTr-aA
wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ […]

12th Dynasty, Stela of Nakhti, British Museum EA 143

Osiris, Lord of Djedu, the elder god […]

E9-w-i-i-t:nDs-O35:nDs-s-y:E9-w-r:ww-D54-tA:m-Htp:Z2-Xr:r-nb:Z1:f
jwyt zb(.w) sjw(w) rw.w tꜣ m ḥtpw ẖr nb.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 23

Wrongdoing has gone, the Slanderer has departed, and the land is in peace under its lord.

lord, master, ruler (of a place or people)

an epithet of various gods, especially Osiris


ms

ms-s-Xrd (canonical masculine)
ms (singular)
mswj (dual)
msw (plural)

Demotic: ms

Coptic: ⲙⲁⲥ (mas)


ẖrj-ꜥ

ẖrj-ꜥ (singular)
ẖrjwj-ꜥ (dual)
ẖrjw-ꜥ (plural)


pr-ꜥꜣ

pr:aA (canonical masculine)
pr:aA (singular)
pr-ꜥꜣ (singular)
prwj-ꜥꜣwj (dual)
prw-ꜥꜣw (plural)

Demotic:  (pr-ꜥꜣ)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (ouro), ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ (pouro)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲁ (rra), ⲉⲣⲣⲁ (erra), ⲓⲣⲣⲁ (irra), ⲉⲣⲁ (era)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro)

Old Coptic: ⲉⲣⲟ (ero)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro), ⲉⲣⲟ (ero), ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (ouro)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒉿𒅕𒀪𒌑 (pi-ir-ʾu-u₂ /pirʾū/)

→ Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה (parʿṓ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), Φαραών (Pharaṓn); Φαραώθης (Pharaṓthēs); φαραώ (pharaṓ) — alternative capitalization
Greek: φαραώ (faraó)
→ Chinese:
Mandarin: 法老 (fǎlǎo)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ (pharaō)
→ Ge'ez: ፈርዖን (färʿon)
→ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉 (faraō), 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉𐌽𐌹 (faraōni, dative)
→ Latin: Pharaō (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Armenian: Փարաւոն (Pʻarawon)
Armenian: փարավոն (pʻaravon)
→ Old Church Slavonic: фараѡ́нъ (faraónŭ), фараонъ (faraonŭ), фараосъ (faraosŭ)
Bulgarian: фарао́н (faraón)
Church Slavonic: фарао (farao)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: фара̀о̄н m
Latin script: faràōn m
→ Old East Slavic: фараонъ (faraonŭ), фарао (farao), ѳараонъ (θaraonŭ)
Belarusian: фарао́н (faraón)
Russian: фарао́н (faraón)
Ukrainian: фарао́н (faraón)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܶܪܥܽܘܢ, ܦܸܪܥܘܿܢ (perʿūn)

desctree

→ Arabic: فِرْعَوْن (firʕawn)
Maltese: fergħun
→ Bashkir: фирғәүен (firğəwen)
→ Bengali: ফেরাউন (pheraun)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: फ़िरौन (firaun)
Urdu: فرعون (firaun)
→ Malay: firaun
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرعون
→ Turkish: firavun
→ Persian: فرعون (fer'own)
→ Swahili: firauni
→ Tajik: фиръавн (firʾavn)
→ Uzbek: firʼavn


dnd

d:n-d:T31 3-lit. (canonical)
dnd (infinitive)
dndw (infinitive negative)
dnd (infinitive negative)
dndt (infinitive)
dnd (imperative infinitive singular)
dnd (imperative infinitive plural)
dnd (stative)
ḥr dnd (imperfective)
m dnd (imperfective)
r dnd (prospective)
dnd.n (active perfect)
dndw (passive perfect)
dnd (passive perfect)
dnd.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dndt (terminative)
dnd (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dnd.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dnd (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dnd (active prospective)
dndd (passive prospective)
dnd.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dnd (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dnd.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dnd (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dnd (active participle perfective)
dnd (participle passive perfective)
dndw (participle passive perfective)
dndy (participle passive perfective)
dnd (active imperfective participle relative)
dndy (active imperfective participle relative)
dndw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
dnd (active imperfective participle)
dndj (active imperfective participle)
dndy (active imperfective participle)
dnd (imperfective participle passive)
dndw (imperfective participle passive)
dnd (active participle prospective relative)
dndtj (active participle prospective relative)
dndtj (participle prospective)
dndt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

dndt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.


zꜣt

zꜣt (singular)
zꜣtj (dual)
zꜣwt (plural)


ḥmt

ḥmt (singular)
ḥmtj (dual)
ḥmwt (plural)

From ḥm (“servant”) + -t (feminine ending).


zꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲥⲓ (si), ⲥⲓ- (si-)

→ Akkadian: 𒋛𒉿 (/-sija-/) in 𒄯 𒋛𒉿 𒂊𒋗 (/har-sija-ēšu/, “Horus, son of Isis”)

→ Ancient Greek: -σι- (-si-) in Ἁρσιησις (Harsiēsis, “Horus, son of Isis”)

→ Ancient Greek: Σι- (Si-) in Σισρω (Sisrō, “the thirtieth decan”), Σισεσμε (Sisesme, “the twenty-fourth decan”), Σικετ (Siket, “the second decan”)


zꜣ

(Late Period, in the direct genitive construction G39-N21:Z1-A-H-N21:Z1 (sṯꜣt-ꜣḥt)) Abbreviation of sṯꜣt (“arura”).


ẖt

Has been compared with Proto-Central Chadic *ḫway- (“stomach, belly, intestines”), which would imply a tentative Proto-Afroasiatic *ḫVwVy- (“stomach”).


ꜣm

A-m-Q7 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣm (infinitive)
ꜣmw (infinitive negative)
ꜣm (infinitive negative)
ꜣmt (infinitive)
ꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣm (stative)
ḥr ꜣm (imperfective)
m ꜣm (imperfective)
r ꜣm (prospective)
ꜣm.n (active perfect)
ꜣmw (passive perfect)
ꜣm (passive perfect)
ꜣm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜣmt (terminative)
ꜣm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜣm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜣm (active imperfective)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜣm (active prospective)
ꜣmm (passive prospective)
ꜣm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜣm (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜣm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜣm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜣm (active participle perfective)
ꜣmm (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmmj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣm (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣmy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣmw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣm (active imperfective participle)
ꜣmj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣmy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣm (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣmw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣm (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣmtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣmtj (participle prospective)
ꜣmt (participle prospective)


ẖꜣrt

ẖꜣrt (singular)
ẖꜣrtj (dual)
ẖꜣrwt (plural)


ḫpš

(astronomy) the Big Dipper (literally “the Foreleg”)


ḥꜣt

ḥꜣt (singular)
ḥꜣtj (dual)
ḥꜣwt (plural)


ḫꜥw

appearance of the image of a god during a festival or procession

(uncountable) appearance in glory
accession of a king to the throne


ḫꜥw

From the plural of ḫꜥ (“a kind of hoe”).

(plural only) equipment, tools, implements

equipment, tools, implements
musical instruments


ḏꜥ

Coptic: ϫⲁⲓⲉ (čaie, “desert”)

(hapax) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


hj

Demotic:  (hy)

Coptic: ϩⲁⲓ (hai)


dpt

dpt (singular)
dptj (dual)
dpwt (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Bohairic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

D:d-n:A1-d:p-t:ns-A2-m-t-Z6-M22-M22
[…] ḏd.n.j dpt mwt nn […]

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 23

[…] I said “this is the taste of death.” […]

taste (sensations produced by the tongue)


dpt

Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Bohairic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϯⲡⲓ (tipi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

Sahidic Coptic: ϯⲡⲉ (tipe)

(originally in medical papyri) an edible doubled body part; conventionally rendered as loins, but possibly also the kidneys


jwꜣ

jwꜣ (singular)
jwꜣwj (dual)
jwꜣw (plural)

(in the plural) long-horned cattle in contrast to wnḏw (“short-horned cattle”)


ḏrt

ḏrt (singular)
ḏrtj (dual)
ḏrwt (plural)


zꜣb

zꜣb (singular)
zꜣbwj (dual)
zꜣbw (plural)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *ǯiʔib- (“beast of prey”). Compare Hebrew זְאֵב (zǝʾēḇ) and Arabic ذِئْب (ḏiʔb) from Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- (“wolf”), as well as Chadic ǯib- “civet”.

cog

Hebrew זְאֵב (zǝʾēḇ)


dbn

dbn (singular)
dbnwj (dual)
dbnw (plural)


dbn

d-b-n:F47 3-lit. (canonical)
dbn (infinitive)
dbnw (infinitive negative)
dbn (infinitive negative)
dbnt (infinitive)
dbn (imperative infinitive singular)
dbn (imperative infinitive plural)
dbn (stative)
ḥr dbn (imperfective)
m dbn (imperfective)
r dbn (prospective)
dbn.n (active perfect)
dbnw (passive perfect)
dbn (passive perfect)
dbn.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
dbnt (terminative)
dbn (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
dbn.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
dbn (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
dbn (active prospective)
dbnn (passive prospective)
dbn.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
dbn (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
dbn.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
dbn (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
dbn (active participle perfective)
dbn (participle passive perfective)
dbnw (participle passive perfective)
dbny (participle passive perfective)
dbn (active imperfective participle relative)
dbny (active imperfective participle relative)
dbnw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
dbn (active imperfective participle)
dbnj (active imperfective participle)
dbny (active imperfective participle)
dbn (imperfective participle passive)
dbnw (imperfective participle passive)
dbn (active participle prospective relative)
dbntj (active participle prospective relative)
dbntj (participle prospective)
dbnt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to go around, to circumambulate


mḥ

mH:Y1 2-lit. (canonical)
mḥ (infinitive)
mḥw (infinitive negative)
mḥ (infinitive negative)
mḥt (infinitive)
mḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
j.mḥ (imperative infinitive singular)
mḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
j.mḥ (imperative infinitive plural)
mḥ (stative)
ḥr mḥ (imperfective)
m mḥ (imperfective)
r mḥ (prospective)
mḥ.n (active perfect)
mḥw (passive perfect)
mḥ (passive perfect)
mḥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
mḥt (terminative)
mḥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
mḥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
mḥ (active imperfective)
j.mḥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
mḥ (active prospective)
mḥḥ (passive prospective)
mḥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
mḥ (active subjunctive)
j.mḥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
mḥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
mḥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
mḥ (active participle perfective)
mḥḥ (participle passive perfective)
mḥḥj (participle passive perfective)
mḥ (participle passive perfective)
mḥw (participle passive perfective)
mḥy (participle passive perfective)
j.mḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
mḥ (active imperfective participle relative)
mḥy (active imperfective participle relative)
mḥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.mḥ (active imperfective participle)
j.mḥw (active imperfective participle)
mḥ (active imperfective participle)
mḥj (active imperfective participle)
mḥy (active imperfective participle)
mḥ (imperfective participle passive)
mḥw (imperfective participle passive)
mḥ (active participle prospective relative)
mḥtj (active participle prospective relative)
mḥtj (participle prospective)
mḥt (participle prospective)

Demotic: mḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩϩ (mouh)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲟϩ (moh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩϩ (mouh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩϩ (mouh)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩϩ (mouh)

⇒ Demotic: mḥṱ, ꜣmḥṱ

desc

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ (amahte), ⲁⲙⲁϩⲉ (amahe), ⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ (amahi)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ (amahi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲉϩⲓ (amehi), ⲉⲙⲉϩⲓ (emehi), ⲙⲉϩⲓ (mehi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ (emahte)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ (amahte), ⲁⲙⲁϩⲉ (amahe)

(intransitive with m or transitive) to hold or seize

(intransitive with m or transitive) to hold fast, to grasp


šsp

šsp (singular)
šspwj (dual)
šspw (plural)

Alternative form of sšp (“illumination, light of dawn”)


mꜥbꜣ

mꜥbꜣ (singular)
mꜥbꜣwj (dual)
mꜥbꜣw (plural)


jꜣkbyt

jꜣkbyt (singular)
jꜣkbytj (dual)
jꜣkbywt (plural)

From jꜣkby (“mourner”) + -t (feminine suffix).


jspt

jspt (singular)
jsptwj (dual)
jsptw (plural)
jspt (singular)
jsptj (dual)
jspwt (plural)

Borrowed from Hebrew אַשְׁפָּה (ʾašpâh) or a cognate Semitic word. Later reanalysed as a root jsp- + -t.

bor

Hebrew אַשְׁפָּה (ʾašpâh)


jꜥn

jꜥn (singular)
jꜥnwj (dual)
jꜥnw (plural)

Demotic:  (ꜥꜥn)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲛ (ēn)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲛ (en)

desc

Old Coptic: ⲉⲉⲛ (een), ⲉⲛ (en), ⲁⲛⲁ (ana)

One early writing of the word shows the form ꜥnr, which Erman and Grapow take to represent the earliest known form of the word; however, Vycichl considers this a pseudo-archaic secondary development, since none of the known plural forms conserve the consonant r in this position.


pꜣq

pꜣq (singular)
pꜣqwj (dual)
pꜣqw (plural)


bddw-kꜣ

bddw-kꜣ (singular)
bddwj-kꜣ (dual)
bddww-kꜣ (plural)

bdd (“a kind of plant”) + kꜣ (“bull”) in a direct genitive construction.

k:t-F46:r*t-N33C:Z2ss-n:t-d:r-A24-Sn:n-a:U13-F51-m-r-Z1-ib-Z1-!-t:X2-X4:Z2-n:n-b-s-M1-N33C:Z2ss-..-Z1-..-b-d:d-W-kA:D52-Hn:Z2ss-..-Z1-!-r-i-i-t:Aa2-Z3-mi-i-W-F27-..-Z1-..-H-q:t-W22:Z2ss-nDm-m-t:Y1-..-Z1-..-i-r:p-W22:Z2ss-..-Z1-!-ir-m-x:t-Y1:Z2-wa:a-t-Z1-..-Aa2:D40-Hr:r-s
kt pẖrt nt dr šnꜥ m r(ꜣ)-jb t n(j) nbs 1 bddw-kꜣ 1 ryt mjw 1 ḥ(n)qt nḏmt 1 jrp 1 jr m ḫt wꜥt wt ḥr.s

c. 1550 BCE, Ebers Papyrus, lines 43.2–43.4 (Eb 208)

Another remedy for driving out constipation (lit. obstruction in the stomach): bread of the Christ's thorn jujube (1); watermelon (1); excretion of a cat (1); sweet beer (1); wine (1). Combine to make a paste (lit. make into one thing) and bandage over it.


mwt

→ Meroitic: 𐦨𐦴 (mt /mata/)

Likely a babble word in origin, like many of its Afroasiatic parallels. Militarev and Stolbova derive it from a supposed Proto-Afroasiatic form instead, but also note it may be a nursery word. If not, perhaps cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔimm-.

Mut, the vulture goddess worshipped as part of the Theban Triad


mwt

Demotic: mwt

q

Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩ (mou) (Akhmimic, Bohairic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan, Old Coptic, Sahidic)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *mawVt- (“to die, to kill”). Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mawut-, Central Atlas Tamazight ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt) and Hausa mutù.


mšw

mšw (singular)
mšwwj (dual)
mšww (plural)


jnm

jnm (singular)
jnmwj (dual)
jnmw (plural)

Demotic: ꜣnm

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲙ (anom)


jnpw

jnpw (singular)
jnpwwj (dual)
jnpww (plural)


ꜥnt

ꜥnt (singular)
ꜥntj (dual)
ꜥnwt (plural)


nṯrtj

nṯrtj (singular)
nṯrtjwj (dual)
nṯrtjw (plural)

adze used in the “opening of the mouth” funerary ritual to allow the deceased to eat and drink once more.


ḫprš

The Blue Crown of the Pharaoh, sometimes referred to as the “war crown”.


ḫndw

ḫndw (singular)
ḫndwwj (dual)
ḫndww (plural)

throne or other seat of a king or a god, including stools, litters, and seats in a boat


ṯꜣtj

ṯꜣtj (singular)
ṯꜣtjwj (dual)
ṯꜣtjw (plural)

→ English: tjaty

r:a-i-n-TA-t:A1-n-i-s-t-A2-n-A-i-i-f:n-X:r-d-w-A17A-A1:Z2-!-m-xt:x*t-D54-a:r-q-arq-A2-f-z:x-r-Y1-r:T-A1*B1:Z2-b-M17-t:W10-bH-A2-s-n:Z2-m-ii-i-t:D54-Hr-Z1-r:f
rdj.jn ṯꜣt(j) njs.t(w) nꜣy.f n(j) ẖrdw m ḫt ꜥrq.f sḫr r(m)ṯw bj(ꜣ)t.sn m jjt ḥr.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.3–2.4

So the vizier let his children be summoned after he understood the conduct of people, their character being what had come upon him.

vizier; the head of Egypt’s national administration

Used of various gods: Thoth, Amon, and Har-wer.


smr

smr (singular)
smrwj (dual)
smrw (plural)


ḥqꜣ

ḥqꜣ (singular)
ḥqꜣwj (dual)
ḥqꜣw (plural)


dšr

dšr (singular)
dšrwj (dual)
dšrw (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (etēši), ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (eteši)


nḥḥ

Demotic: nḥḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲉϩ (neh), ⲛϩ (nh), ⲛⲏϩ (nēh)

(Late Egyptian) (sesame) oil, used for cooking, as a salve, and as fuel for lamps


wnn-nfr

Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲛⲟϥⲉⲣ (benofer)

Old Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁϥⲣ (ouenafr)

Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (ouenabre)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (ouenofre)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀνούφριος (Onoúphrios)

Greek: Ονούφριος (Onoúfrios)

→ English: Onuphrius

→ Italian: Onofrio

→ Romanian: Onufrie

→ Russian: Онуфрий (Onufrij)

→ Spanish: Onofre

→ Portuguese: Onofre

→ Arabic: ابو نفر (ʔabū nufir), ابو نوفر (ʔabū nūfir), نوفير (nūfir)

wnn (“(one who) continually exists”) + nfr (“to be good, perfect, beautiful”) + (.w) (third-person masculine stative ending), thus literally ‘one who continually exists in being good/perfect/beautiful’.

compound

an epithet or alternative name for the god Osiris.


ḥrt-pr

ḥrt (“(one) being above”) + pr (“house”), thus ‘one who is above the house’.

af

(female) majordomo, head domestic servant


ḥrj-pr

ḥrj (“(one) being above”) + pr (“house”), thus ‘one who is above the house’.


pḏt

pḏt (singular)
pḏtj (dual)
pḏwt (plural)

Demotic: ptyt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (pite)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓϯ (phiti)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (pite)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *pVg-. Equivalent to pḏ (“to stretch”) + -t (feminine suffix).


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:pt (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

ḥr (“upon, atop”) + -t (feminine nisba ending), thus ‘(the one) being atop’. Some early writings of the sense ‘sky’ use determinatives that perhaps instead suggest a connection with the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”).


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:xAst (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

particularly, one of the rock-cut royal tombs of the New Kingdom, such as those at the Valley of the Kings


ḥrt

conventional term introducing the serekh name of female pharaohs


jt

Demotic:  (jṱ)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (eiōt)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱⲧ (iōt)


ḏd

Old Coptic: ⲧⲁⲧ (tat)

epithet of the gods Ptah (in earlier writings) and Osiris (later)


ḥm-nṯr

nTr-Hm (canonical masculine)
ḥm-nṯr (singular)
ḥmwj-nṯr (dual)
ḥmw-nṯr (plural)

Demotic: ḥm-nṱr

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲟⲛⲧ (hont)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦩𐦴 (ant /annata/)

From ḥm (“servant”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘servant of a god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


ḥnqt

ḥnqt (singular)
ḥnqtj (dual)
ḥnqwt (plural)

Demotic: ḥnq, ḥnqe, ḥnqy, ḥq

Coptic: ϩⲛⲕⲉ (hnke) (Sahidic), ϩⲉⲙⲕⲓ (hemki) (Bohairic)

xA-m-X2:W22-F1:H1-n:kA:n-ns:a
ḫꜣ m t ḥnqt kꜣw ꜣpdw n kꜣ n jmj-r […]

The Stela of Sa-Setet/Sa-Satis (Louvre Museum 271)

Thousand of bread and beer, cattle and fowl for the ka of the overseer […]


jrp

jrp (singular)
jrpwj (dual)
jrpw (plural)

Demotic: jrp

Coptic: ⲏⲣⲡ (ērp) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ⲏⲗⲡ (ēlp) (Fayyumic)

→ Old Nubian: ⲟⲣⲡⲁ (orpa)

→ Ancient Greek: ἕρπις (hérpis)

c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 82


mw

Demotic: mw

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (maou)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲱⲟⲩ (mōou)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲟⲟⲩ (moou)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: μῶυ (môu), μῶϋ (môü), μῶς (môs), -μοου (-moou)

An origin in a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *maʔ- has been suggested; compare Proto-Semitic *māy-. The word is a frozen plural, with an original root *m or *mj, the latter of which is supported by the phonetic use of the hieroglyph to write nmjw (“dwarf”).

only attested in the Tale ofthe Eloquent Peasant


wꜣḏ

wꜣḏ (singular)
wꜣḏwj (dual)
wꜣḏw (plural)

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *wrḳ-. If so, cognate with Proto-Semitic *waraq- (“green”).


jz

i-iz-z:pr (canonical masculine)
jz (singular)
jzwj (dual)
jzw (plural)

r-di-Hm-f-!--s--f:T-W1-x-w-z-A34-n:Ba15s*f*Ba15as
i-iz-z«O24A»i-n-iz-iz-iz-n:t
qd-A1-A1-A1
rḏj ḥm.f [s]fṯ ḫwz n[.f] jz jn jzwt nt (j)qdw

6th Dynasty, Giza, Western Cemetery, Shaft G 2188 Y, Block of sunk relief inscription mentioning the dog Abutiu (35-10-22/Cairo JE 67573), lines 6–9

His Majesty gave pine oil and (ordered) that a tomb be built for him by a gang of builders.

q*Z1:r-s-t:Q6 nfr-f:r:t m i-iz-s-pr:f nfr-f:r:n«R50»

12th Dynasty, coffin of Nakhtankh, British Museum EA 35285

[…] a good burial in his wonderful tomb of the necropolis […]

D35:n-i-iz-pr*Z1:n-s-b-i-A13-Hr:Z1-Hm-Z1:f-i-w-XA:t-Aa2:f-m-q:H_SPACE-T14-Y1:n-mw

c. 1859 BCE – 1813 BCE, The Loyalist Teaching (Stele of Sehetepibre/Cairo CG 20538 Verso) line 19

There is no tomb for a rebel against His Majesty; his corpse is thrown to the water.

tomb (including both walled structures and rock-cut tombs)


wsjr

→ Akkadian: (𒁍)𒅆𒊒 (/-uširu/) in 𒌷𒁍𒅆𒊒 (^(ālu)pu-ši-ru), 𒍜 (/-šir/) in 𒁹𒁍𒋾𒍜 (ˡpu-ti-šir₄)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὄσιρις (Ósiris), Ὕσιρις (Húsiris)

→ English: Osiris

→ Latin: Osīris

→ Aramaic: אוֹסרי, אסרי, אסר-, -וסרי, -סרי

Demotic: wsjr, Ουσιρι (Ousiri), Ουσορ- (Ousor-)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ (ousiri)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ (ousire)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦯𐦣𐦫𐦢 (asori /asuri/, /usuri/)

→ Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎𐤓 (ʾsr)

→ Thamudic: 𐩦𐩧 (-śr) in 𐩱𐩨𐩵𐩦𐩧 (ʿbdśr)

Several proposals have been made for the etymology and meaning of the original name; as Smith (2017) notes, none are fully convincing. Most take wsjr as the accepted transliteration, following Adolf Erman:
* Griffiths (1980), “bearing in mind Erman’s emphasis on the fact that the name must begin with an [sic] w”, proposes a derivation from wsr with an original meaning of “The Mighty One”.
* Sethe (1930) proposes a compound st-jrt, meaning “seat of the eye”, in a hypothetical earlier form *wst-jrt; this is rejected by Griffiths on phonetic grounds.
* Lorton (1985) takes up a similar compound but explains st-jrt as signifying “product, something made”, from the verb jrj, with Osiris representing the product of the mummification process.
* Westendorf (1987) proposes an etymology from wꜣst-jrt “she who bears the eye”.
* Zeidler (2000) reviews the common hypotheses and rejects the interpretation of the second element as either jrj (“to do, make”) or jrt (“eye”) on phonetic grounds, ultimately agreeing with Griffiths on the meaning and rendering the name (w)sr(w) with the assumption that the writing of the name reflects an archaic use of the throne and eye hieroglyphs as uniliteral signs.
* Smith (2017) makes no definitive proposals but asserts that the second element must be a form of jrj (“to do, make”) (rather than jrt (“eye”)), since the word is found complemented with r in writings of the Middle Kingdom.
However, recently alternative transliterations have been proposed:
* Muchiki (1990) reexamines Erman’s evidence that the throne hieroglyph in the word is to be read ws and finds it unconvincing, suggesting instead that the name should be read ꜣsjr on the basis of Aramaic, Phoenician, and Old South Arabian transcriptions, readings of the throne sign in other words, and comparison with ꜣst (“Isis”).
* Allen (2010) reads the word as jsjrt but later revises the reading (2013) to jsjrj and derives it from js-jrj, meaning “engendering (male) principle”.

(in funerary literature) conventionally appended before the name of the deceased: Osirian form of a dead person, deceased person as Osiris (see usage notes)


znt

znt (singular)
zntj (dual)
znwt (plural)


ṯꜣtt

TA-t:t (canonical feminine)
ṯꜣtt (singular)
ṯꜣttj (dual)
ṯꜣtwt (plural)

literally, a female vizier; used as an epithet for the queen and Hathor


ꜣḫ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓϧ (ix, “demon”)

→ English: akh

Used as an epithet for certain lesser gods and demons


zẖꜣw

zẖꜣw (singular)
zẖꜣwwj (dual)
zẖꜣww (plural)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⳉ (sax)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϧ (sax)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉϩ (seh)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲁϩ (sah)

Old Coptic: ⲥⲁϩ (sah)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁϩ (sah)


zꜣt-nswt

sw-zA-t:: (canonical feminine)
zꜣt-nswt (singular)
zꜣtj-nswt (dual)
zꜣwt-nswt (plural)

zꜣt + nswt in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition of the (n)sw(t) glyph.


ḥm-nṯr tpj

nTr-Hm-tp*p:y (canonical masculine)
ḥm-nṯr tpj (singular)
ḥmwj-nṯr tpjwj (dual)
ḥmw-nṯr tpjw (plural)

ḥm-nṯr (“servant of god, priest”) + tpj (“first”), literally ‘first servant of the god’.

compound

high priest; the head of the priestly hierarchy of a temple during the New Kingdom.


nswt

sw-t:n (canonical masculine)
nswt (singular)
njw-swt (plural)
nswtyw (plural)

Traditionally (since Sethe 1911) derived from n(j) (“of, belonging”) + swt (“sedge”) in a direct genitive construction with n(j) used as a noun, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge’, i.e. ‘the one to whom Upper Egypt belongs’, the sedge being an emblem of Upper Egypt. The odd glyph order in the written form is probably due to a preference for forming compact groups of hieroglyphs.
However, this interpretation has been challenged, as Helck, Schenkel, and others have argued that the plant represented by swt is not the emblem of Upper Egypt at all; Schenkel also suggests the reconstructed vocalization of the word does not support such an etymology. Peust goes so far as to say the word has no special connection with Upper Egypt, and derives it as borrowed from Sumerian 𒉺𒋼𒋛 (ensi₂) with the Egyptian noun-forming suffix -w. This might also be suggested by the alternate reading nzw and the cuneiform rendering 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 (in-si-ib-ia) for the compound form nswt-bjtj from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter.

i-w wHm*m:n W14-z:t-A1 x:r-M23-t:n
jw wḥm.n(.j) ḥzt ḫr nswt […]

Stela of Ity, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, 586

king of (Upper and Lower) Egypt, especially as a divine power (as opposed to ḥm, which refers to a particular incarnation that holds that power)


nswt

nswt (singular)
nswtj (dual)
nswwt (plural)


nswt-bjtj

/ʔənˈsiːʔ bəˈjaːtə/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjoːt/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ bəˈjaːtə/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjoːt/

nswt + bjtj, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge, the one of the bee’, or, more simply, ‘he of the sedge and the bee’, the sedge and the bee being emblems of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively, according to the traditional etymology. Sometimes it is instead read as n(j) + swt + bjt, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge and of the bee’, thus ultimately expressing the same meaning. In recent times the derivation and reading of nswt has been questioned; if it is not in fact derived from swt (“sedge”), then nswt-bjtj may just be a compound of two words meaning ‘king’. The term is also attested in cuneiform script as 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 (in-si-ib-ia) from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter.

dual king of Upper and Lower Egypt; pharaoh


bjtj

bjtj (singular)
bjtjwj (dual)
bjtjw (plural)

Nominalized from bjt (“bee”) + -j (“nisba ending”), literally ’the one of the bee’, the bee being an emblem of Lower Egypt.


jrt

jrt (singular)
jrtj (dual)
jrwt (plural)

Demotic: jrt

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲉⲧ⸗ (eiet⸗)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲉⲣ- (ier-), ⲓⲁⲧ⸗ (iat⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲉⲣ- (ier-), ⲓⲏⲧ⸗ (iēt⸗)

Old Coptic: ⲓⲉⲧ⸗ (iet⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲁ (eia), ⲉⲓⲉⲣ- (eier-), ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲧ⸗ (eiaat⸗), ⲉⲓⲁⲧ⸗ (eiat⸗)


ḥꜣtj-ꜥ

ḥꜣtj-ꜥ (singular)
ḥꜣtjwj-ꜥ (dual)
ḥꜣtjw-ꜥ (plural)

ḥꜣtj (“frontal”) + ꜥ (“arm”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘frontal of arm’, i.e. ‘one whose arm is in front’.


ẖrj-ḥꜣb

ẖrj-ḥꜣb (singular)
ẖrjwj-ḥꜣb (dual)
ẖrjw-ḥꜣb (plural)

ẖrj (“(one) bearing”) + ḥꜣb (“festival scroll”).


tpj-ḏw.f

Old Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tbaitōou)

tpj (“(one) standing atop”) + ḏw (“mountain”) + .f (“his”), thus literally ‘he who stands atop his mountain’.


ḫntj-jmntjw

Old Coptic: ⳓⲛⲧⲉⲙⲛⲧ (ḫntemnt)

ḫntj (“foremost”) + jmntjw (“westerners, i.e. the dead”), plural of jmntj (“western(er)”).
The word is first attested in the tombs of First Dynasty kings Den (dn) and Qaa (qꜣ-ꜥ), where it is associated with the dead kings. However, there is no certain evidence that it referred to a separate deity (rather than being an epithet for other deities) until the second half of the Fifth Dynasty.

Foremost of the Westerners, an epithet used for various gods of the dead such as Osiris and Anubis


ẖrj-nṯr

/çəˈɾej ˈnoːtə/

/çəˈɾej ˈnoːtə/

ẖrj (“lying under, being the place of”) + nṯr (“god”), thus literally ‘that which is under the god’ or ’place where the god is’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


jmj-r-mšꜥ

jmj-r-mšꜥ (singular)
jmjwj-r-mšꜥ (dual)
jmjw-r-mšꜥ (plural)

Coptic: ⲗⲉⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (lemēēše, “warrior”)

→⇒ Ancient Greek: λεμεισα (lemeisa)

→⇒ Meroitic: 𐦧𐦡𐦬𐦨𐦣𐦯 (pelmos /pəlamusa/)

jmj-r (“overseer”) + mšꜥ (“army”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the army’.


jmj-r-pr

m-r:pr (canonical masculine)
jmj-r-pr (singular)
jmjwj-r-pr (dual)
jmjw-r-pr (plural)

jmj-r (“overseer”) + pr (“house”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the house’.

steward; administrator of an estate/house, wealth, property, etc.


zpwj snwj

zpwj, dual of zp (“time, occasion”), + snwj (“two”).


wḏꜣt

w-DA-A-t-wDAt (canonical feminine)
wḏꜣt (singular)
wḏꜣtj (dual)
wḏꜣwt (plural)

From wḏꜣ (“to be intact”) + -t (“feminine ending”).

suffix

(originally) the (dismembered and subsequently restored) Eye of Horus, a mythological conception of the full moon


pꜥt

Old Coptic: ⲡⲏ (pē)

s-V25-w-Y1:n:f-t*nr:Z2-H_SPACE:t-G23-Z2ss:H_SPACE-p:a:t*F51A-N8:M:M-t:Z2ss-tA:U7:r-i-tr-niwt-HA-nb:nb:nb
swḏ n.f rmt rḫyt pꜥt ḥnmmt tꜣ-mrj ḥꜣ(w)-nbw(t)

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19

Humankind was bequeathed to him, the commoners and patricians, the sunfolk of the Beloved Land (Egypt) and the Aegean islanders.

(collective) social stratum of nobility: elite, patricians


nmw

n-mw (canonical masculine)
nmw (singular)
nmwwj (dual)
nmww (plural)

a dwarf figurine associated with the god Ptah and conventionally called a Pataikos


ꜣbwt

Sometimes hypothesized to be from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab-, in which case it would perhaps be cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (“father”).

(collective) extended family, relatives, people of a household


ꜣbwt

ꜣbwt (singular)
ꜣbwtj (dual)
ꜣbwwt (plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to ꜣbt (“brand, branding iron”), ꜣbw (“brand, branding iron”). Less likely, some authors have connected it with ꜣbj (“to desire”), thus ‘desirable image’, or to jꜣbt (“left side”) because enemies were associated with the left.


jt-nṯrw

/ˌʔatənəˈtuːɾə/

/ˌʔatənəˈteːɾ/

/ˌʔatənəˈtuːɾə/

/ˌʔatənəˈteːɾ/

jt (“father”) + nṯrw, plural of nṯr (“god”), in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Father of the Gods’.


ṯnm

T:n-m (canonical masculine)
ṯnm (singular)
ṯnmwj (dual)
ṯnmw (plural)

a kind of drink, in later times certainly beer


nb-r-ḏr

nb (“lord”) + r ḏr (“whole, to the limit”), thus meaning ‘Lord to the Limit’, i.e. ‘Lord of All’.


nb-tm

nb (“lord”) + tm (“totality”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lord of Totality’.


ḫpr-ḏs.f

ḫpr (“(one who) came into being”) + ḏs (“self”) + .f (“his”), thus literally ‘He Who Came into Being by Himself’.


jꜣḫw

jꜣḫw (singular)
jꜣḫwwj (dual)
jꜣḫww (plural)

desc

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲓⲁϩ (eiah), ⲣⲓⲁϩ (riah)

used as an epithet for various gods, particularly Ra


ꜣḫtj

Axt:t*y (canonical masculine)
ꜣḫtj (singular)
ꜣḫtjwj (dual)
ꜣḫtjw (plural)

dweller of the Akhet, the region where the sun rises or sets; chiefly used as an epithet for gods


ḥm-kꜣ

ḥm-kꜣ (singular)
ḥmwj-kꜣ (dual)
ḥmw-kꜣ (plural)

ḥm (“servant”) + kꜣ (“ka”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘servant of the ka’.

funerary priest; priest who supervised the cult of the dead and, under contract, supplied offerings to the kas of the dead


mrḥt

Egyptian: mrḥ m (“asphalt”)

Demotic: mrḥ

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲣⲏϩⲉ (amrēhe)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲣⲉϩⲓ (mrehi), ⲉⲙⲣⲉϩⲓ (emrehi), ⲙⲃⲣⲉϩⲓ (mbrehi), ⲃⲣⲉϩⲓ (brehi), ⲉⲣⲡⲣⲉϩⲓ (erprehi)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲣⲉϩⲓ (amrehi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲣⲏϩⲉ (amrēhe), ⲁⲙⲣⲉϩⲉ (amrehe)

m- (noun-forming prefix) + wrḥ (“to anoint”) + -t (feminine suffix)

af

anointing oil, also used medicinally or as an offering


wbꜣ

wbA-bA (canonical masculine)
wbꜣ (singular)
wbꜣwj (dual)
wbꜣw (plural)


pꜣqt

pꜣqt (singular)
pꜣqtj (dual)
pꜣqwt (plural)

Formed from pꜣqj (“to be thin”) + -t (feminine nominal ending).

suffix

a flat piece or object; plate
plate of the skull

a flat piece or object; plate
(officinal) turtle shell

a flat piece or object; plate
turtle shell


wr-ḫrp-ḥmwt

wr (“great”) + ḫrp (“(those) directing”) + ḥmwt (“craftsmanship”), with the first two elements in a direct genitive construction indicating the superlative, thus meaning “the greatest of the directors of craftsmanship”.


ꜣšr

ꜣšr (singular)
ꜣšrwj (dual)
ꜣšrw (plural)


nb-ꜣꜥꜥw

/nɛb ɑʔɑːɑːuː/

nb (“lord”) + ꜣꜥꜥw (of unknown meaning) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lord of ꜣꜥꜥw’.


jmn-rn.f

jmn (“hidden”) + rn (“name”) + .f (“his”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Hidden of his Name’, i.e. ‘he whose name is hidden’.


nb-nswt-tꜣwj

nb (“lord”) + nswt (plural of nst (“throne”)) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands, Egypt”), thus literally ‘Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands’.

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nst</i> (“throne”)

an epithet of the god Amun-Ra as the source of the pharaoh’s authority


rḥwj

The dual form of the defective noun rḥw (“companions, comrades”), thus literally ‘The Two Companions’, restricted in historical times to particular uses.

an epithet of the pair of gods Horus and Set, rarely also used of other pairs of gods


wḏꜥ

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼaʕ/

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈwoːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼaʕ/

/ˈwaːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

/ˈwoːt͡ʃʼəʕ/

an epithet of the god Set, literally ‘the Judged’, i.e. ‘the Condemned One’


stp-zꜣ

stp-zꜣ (singular)
stpwj-zꜣ (dual)
stpw-zꜣ (plural)

used as a component of various other titles; see the Derived Terms section below


ḥknw

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϭⲓⲛ (acin)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁϭⲓⲛ (hacin)

a:A1-ini-n:t-n:k\-i-b-E8-i-N33C:Z2ss-H-k\:n-nw-W-N33C:Z2ss-D54-w-d:n-b-N33C:Z2ss-X:z-A-i-i-t-N33C:Z2ss-!-sn-n:t-r-tr-N33C:Z2ss-n-Aa16*Z1:Z2-pr-Z2ss-s-Htp:t-p-w-Y2-nTr-Z1-nb-i-m-f
dj.j jn.t(w) n.k jbj ḥknw jwdnb ẖsꜣyt sntr n(j) gsw prw sḥtpw nṯr nb jm.f

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 140–142

I will have them bring you laudanum, ḥknw-oil, jwdnb-incense, cassia, and the incense of the temple storerooms, with which every god is made content.

one of the seven sacred oils used in mortuary rituals, made of myrrh, styrax resin, and acacia seeds


šꜣqw

(plural only) rings or circles of metal used as jewelry; rings, earrings, bracelets


zẖꜣw-n-ṯmꜣ

zẖꜣw-n-ṯmꜣ (singular)
zẖꜣwwj-nwj-ṯmꜣ (dual)
zẖꜣww-nw-ṯmꜣ (plural)

/zɛçɑuː ɛn t͡ʃɛmɑ/

From zẖꜣw (“scribe”) + n(j) (“of”) + ṯmꜣ (“cadaster”).

af

an official in charge of cadastral registers showing the ownership and yield of agricultural land


pḏtj

pḏtj (singular)
pḏtjwj (dual)
pḏtjw (plural)

Nominalized from pḏt (“bow”) + -j (nisba ending).

bowman, archer, especially as an epithet for kings or certain gods


jwf

Demotic: jwf

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉϥ (ef)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϥ (af)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲁϥ (aaf)

Coptic Dialect K: ⲉϥ (ef)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉϥ (ef)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲁϥ (aaf), ⲁϥ (af)

[Theban royal tombs andGreco-Roman Period]

epithet of the god Ra when he passes through the afterworld at night


ꜣwt-ꜥ

From ꜣwj-ꜥ (“to extend one’s arm, to offer”), thus literally ‘stretching out the arm’.


ḥm-nswt

sw-Hm (canonical masculine)
ḥm-nswt (singular)
ḥmwj-nswt (dual)
ḥmw-nswt (plural)

ḥm (“servant”) + nswt (“king”) in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

an official title; literally ‘royal servant’


ḥꜣtt

ḥꜣtt (singular)
ḥꜣttj (dual)
ḥꜣtwt (plural)

Nominalized from the feminine of ḥꜣtj (“frontal, first, best”), thus a nisba formed from ḥꜣt (“front”) + -t (feminine nisba ending).


smḫ

s-m-x:D35 caus. 2-lit. (canonical)
smḫt (infinitive)
smḫ (infinitive)
smḫw (infinitive negative)
smḫ (infinitive negative)
smḫ (imperative infinitive singular)
smḫ (imperative infinitive plural)
smḫ (stative)
ḥr smḫ (imperfective)
m smḫ (imperfective)
r smḫ (prospective)
smḫ.n (active perfect)
smḫw (passive perfect)
smḫ (passive perfect)
smḫ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
smḫt (terminative)
smḫ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
smḫ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
smḫ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
smḫw (active prospective)
smḫ (active prospective)
smḫy (active prospective)
smḫw (passive prospective)
smḫ (passive prospective)
smḫy (passive prospective)
smḫ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
smḫ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
smḫ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
smḫ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
smḫ (active participle perfective)
smḫ (participle passive perfective)
smḫw (participle passive perfective)
smḫy (participle passive perfective)
smḫ (active imperfective participle relative)
smḫy (active imperfective participle relative)
smḫw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
smḫ (active imperfective participle)
smḫj (active imperfective participle)
smḫy (active imperfective participle)
smḫ (imperfective participle passive)
smḫw (imperfective participle passive)
smḫ (active participle prospective relative)
smḫtj (active participle prospective relative)
smḫwtj (participle prospective)
smḫtj (participle prospective)
smḫt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-caus-x-lit

causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.

egy-conj-table

smḫt

smḫw.tj1, smḫ.tj1, smḫy.tj1, smḫw.tw2, smḫ.tw2, smḫy.tw2

Demotic: sḫm

s- (causative prefix) + ḫm (“to not know”), apparently with metathesis.

af

(transitive) to forget, to no longer know (something)

(transitive) to forget, to no longer recognize (someone)

(catenative) to forget (to do something)

(transitive) to neglect, to overlook, to pay no heed to (someone or something)


jmj-r-šnt

jmj-r-šnt (singular)
jmjwj-r-šnt (dual)
jmjw-r-šnt (plural)

jmj-r (“overseer”) + šnt (“dispute”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of dispute’.


mfkꜣt

desc

→ Hebrew: נֹפֶךְ (nṓp̄ɛk, “turquoise, modernly abused for carbuncle”)

From m- (noun-forming prefix) + fkꜣt (“turquoise”).


nb-wꜥ

an epithet used of kings and creator gods


smr-wꜥtj

smr-wꜥtj (singular)
smrwj-wꜥtjwj (dual)
smrwj-wꜥtwj (dual)
smrw-wꜥtjw (plural)
smrw-wꜥtw (plural)

smr (“royal friend, courtier”) + wꜥtj (“single”).

a court title: ‘sole companion’ of the king


jmj-r-ḥwt-nṯr

m:r-nTr-Hwt-t:pr (canonical masculine)
jmj-r-ḥwt-nṯr (singular)
jmjwj-r-ḥwt-nṯr (dual)
jmjw-r-ḥwt-nṯr (plural)

jmj-r (“overseer”) + ḥwt-nṯr (“temple”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘overseer of the temple’.


jrt-ḥr

⇒ Demotic: jr.t-ḥr-r-r⸗w

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰνάρως (Inárōs)
Greek: Ινάρως (Ináros)
Latin: Inarōs

Coptic: ⲛⲁϩⲣⲁⲩ (nahrau)

jrt (“eye”) + ḥr (“Horus”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Eye of Horus’.

(in funerary offering spells) the offering given to the deceased

the offering given to the deceased
an ointment used in mummification

the offering given to the deceased
an epithet for wine

(in cosmetic texts) an epithet for wꜣḏ-cosmetic

the offering given to the deceased
an epithet for wꜣḏ-cosmetic

the offering given to the deceased
an epithet for water


wr-mꜣw

wr (“great”) + mꜣw (“seers”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘great(est) of the seers’.

the title of the high priest of Heliopolis


nb-ꜣbḏw

nb (“lord”) + ꜣbḏw (“Abydos”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘lord of Abydos’.


rḫ-nswt

a court title: ‘acquaintance of the king’


nb-tꜣ-ḏsr

nb (“lord”) + tꜣ-ḏsr (“necropolis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘lord of the necropolis’.


nṯr-ꜥꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲛⲉⲧⲱ (netō)

Coptic: ⲛⲉⲧⲟ (neto), ⲛⲉⲧⲁ (neta) (Dialect K)

/nɛt͡ʃɛr ɑːʔɑ/

nṯr (“god”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, elder”), thus (conventionally) ‘the great god’ or (more accurately) ‘the elder god’.

sw-t:Htp-di-ir:st-A40-nb-Dd-d:O49-w-nTr-O29V-nb-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḥtp ḏj nswt wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ nb-ꜣbḏw […]

An offering given by the king and Osiris, the Lord of Djedu, the Elder God, the Lord of Abydos […]

a very common epithet of various gods, especially Osiris and Ra


sḫm

s-sxm-x-m 3-lit. (canonical)
sḫm (infinitive)
sḫmw (infinitive negative)
sḫm (infinitive negative)
sḫmt (infinitive)
sḫm (imperative infinitive singular)
sḫm (imperative infinitive plural)
sḫm (stative)
ḥr sḫm (imperfective)
m sḫm (imperfective)
r sḫm (prospective)
sḫm.n (active perfect)
sḫm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
sḫmt (active terminative)
sḫm (active perfective)
sḫm.ḫr (active obligative)
sḫm (active imperfective)
sḫm (active prospective)
sḫm.kꜣ (active potential)
sḫm (active subjunctive)
sḫm.n (active participle perfect)
sḫm (active participle perfective)
sḫm (participle passive perfective)
sḫmw (participle passive perfective)
sḫmy (participle passive perfective)
sḫm (active imperfective participle)
sḫmy (active imperfective participle)
sḫmw (active imperfective participle)
sḫmj (active imperfective participle)
sḫm (imperfective participle passive)
sḫmw (imperfective participle passive)
sḫm (active participle prospective)
sḫmtj (active participle prospective)
sḫmtj (participle prospective)
sḫmt (participle prospective)

[chiefly Pyramid Texts to Middle Kingdom]

(intransitive) to be(come) powerful, capable (+ m: through the power of (magic, the Eye of Horus, food, etc.); + mm: among (the gods); + ḫr: before (a god); + ḫnt: at the head of (people); + m ḫt or m sꜣ: in pursuit of (enemies))


msw-nswt

msw (“children”) + nswt (“king”) in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

(plural only) the royal children collectively; princes and princesses


šmꜥyt

šmꜥyt (singular)
šmꜥytj (dual)
šmꜥywt (plural)


nḥsj

nH-H-s-y (canonical masculine)
nḥsj (singular)
nḥsjwj (dual)
nḥsjw (plural)


wdpw

wdpw (singular)
wdpwwj (dual)
wdpww (plural)

Cognate with Arabic وَصِيف (waṣīf, “young man, servant”).


ḥqꜣ-ḥwt

ḥqꜣ-ḥwt (singular)
ḥqꜣwj-ḥwt (dual)
ḥqꜣw-ḥwt (plural)

ḥqꜣ (“ruler”) + ḥwt (“enclosure”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘ruler of the enclosure’.


jwntj

jwntj (singular)
jwntjwj (dual)
jwntjw (plural)

jwnt (“bow”) + -j (nisba ending), thus ‘(one) relating to the bow’, ‘bowman’.


ꜥꜣt

aA:t (canonical feminine)
ꜥꜣt (singular)
ꜥꜣtj (dual)
ꜥꜣwt (plural)

ꜥꜣj (“to be(come) big, great, important”) + -t.

af

distinguished goddess, great one (as a title for goddesses)


jrj-pꜥt

r:p:a (canonical masculine)
jrj-pꜥt (singular)
jrjwj-pꜥt (dual)
jrwj-pꜥt (dual)
jrjw-pꜥt (plural)
jrw-pꜥt (plural)

jrj (“one belonging to”) + pꜥt (“patricians”).


šms wḏꜣ

/ʃɛmɛs wɛd͡ʒɑ/


šmꜥw

šmꜥw (singular)
šmꜥwwj (dual)
šmꜥww (plural)


tpt

tpt (singular)
tptj (dual)
tpwt (plural)

Nominalized from the feminine of tpj (“first”), thus from tp (“atop”) + -t (feminine nisba ending).


mwt-mwt

mwt-mwt -t:H_SPACE (canonical feminine)
mwt-mwt (singular)
mwtj-mwt (dual)
mwwt-mwt (plural)

mwt (“mother”) + mwt (“mother”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘mother of the mother’.


ḥrj-pḏt

ḥrj-pḏt (singular)
ḥrjwj-pḏt (dual)
ḥrjw-pḏt (plural)

/ħəɾəjˈpiːtʼa/

/ħəɾəjˈpiːtʼə/

/ħəɾəjˈpiːtʼa/

/ħəɾəjˈpiːtʼə/

ḥrj (“being above”) + pḏt (“bow (weapon)”), thus ‘(the one) over the bow’.

a high military rank; overseer of the troop


ḫntj-š

xnt-t:S (canonical masculine)
ḫntj-š (singular)
ḫntjwj-š (dual)
ḫntjw-š (plural)

ḫntj (“foremost”) + š (“district, garden”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘foremost of the district/garden’.

Late 5th Dynasty, Striding Statue of Minnefer (Cleveland 1948.420), inscription on base

Supervisor of palace attendants Minnefer

a title, conventionally rendered ‘land-tenant’ or ‘attendant’


ꜣms

ꜣms (singular)
ꜣmswj (dual)
ꜣmsw (plural)

From ꜣm (“is grasped”) + .s (“she, it”) or ꜣm (“is grasped”) + sj (“she, it”), thus literally ‘it is grasped’.


jmj-ḫnt

imi-xnt (canonical masculine)
jmj-ḫnt (singular)
jmjwj-ḫnt (dual)
jmwj-ḫnt (dual)
jmjw-ḫnt (plural)
jmw-ḫnt (plural)

jmj (“being in”) + ḫnt (“fore, forecourt”), thus ‘(one who) is in the forecourt (of the palace)’.

an official title: ‘chamberlain’: a priest responsible for the crown and ornaments of the king and for his ceremonial dressing and undressing


nbt-pr

nbt-pr (singular)
nbtj-pr (dual)
nbwt-pr (plural)

nbt (“lady”) + pr (“house”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘lady of the house’.

(in the plural) noble women collectively


nb-pt

nb (“lord”) + pt (“sky”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘lord of the sky’.

a very common epithet of various gods, originally of Horus of Behdet and Ra


nswt-nṯrw

nswt (“king”) + nṯrw (plural of nṯr (“god”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘king of the gods’.

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">nṯr</i> (“god”)

an epithet of the god Amun, occasionally also used of other gods


jmꜣḫw-ḫr-nṯr-ꜥꜣ

jmꜣḫw-ḫr-nṯr-ꜥꜣ (singular)
jmꜣḫwwj-ḫr-nṯr-ꜥꜣ (dual)
jmꜣḫww-ḫr-nṯr-ꜥꜣ (plural)

/ʔaˈmaːχə χuʔ nətəˈʕaʔ/

/ʔaˈmoːχ χøʔ nətəˈʕaʔ/

/ʔaˈmaːχə χuʔ nətəˈʕaʔ/

/ʔaˈmoːχ χøʔ nətəˈʕaʔ/

/imɑxuː xɛr nɛt͡ʃɛr ɑːʔɑ/

jmꜣḫw (“revered one”) + ḫr (“in the presence of, before”) + nṯr-ꜥꜣ (“Elder God”, epithet of Osiris), thus literally ‘one revered before the Elder God’.

epithet attached to the dead who have been judged righteous


mḏt

mḏt (singular)
mḏtj (dual)
mḏwt (plural)
mḏt (singular)
mḏtwj (dual)
mḏtw (plural)


jrt-rꜥ

jrt (“eye”) + rꜥ (“sun, Ra”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘the Eye of Ra’.

an epithet of various goddesses, especially Hathor; the Eye of Ra


twꜣwt

twꜣ (“to beseech, to appeal to, to support”) + -wt.

one of the seven sacred oils used in mortuary rituals, made of wood pitch, frankincense, and pine


nẖnm

n- + ẖnm (“to unite with”), thus ‘reunion’ oil.

one of the seven sacred oils used in mortuary rituals, made of pine resin, wood pitch, and bitumen


sfṯ

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓϥⲓ (sifi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓϥⲉ (sife)

one of the seven sacred oils used in mortuary rituals, made from the resin of the ꜥš-tree


sṯ-ḥꜣb

sṯ (“scent”) + ḥꜣb (“festival”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘scent of the festival’.

one of the seven sacred oils used in mortuary rituals, made from a mixture of various seeds, flowers, and frankincense


ḫntj-zḥ-nṯr

ḫntj (“foremost, being in front of”) + zḥ-nṯr (“the hall in which Anubis embalmed Osiris”, literally “divine booth”), thus ‘(the one) presiding over the divine booth’.


ẖrj-tp-nswt

sw-Xr:tp (canonical masculine)
ẖrj-tp-nswt (singular)
ẖrjwj-tp-nswt (dual)
ẖrjw-tp-nswt (plural)

ẖrj (“lying under”) + tp (“head”) + nswt (“king”), thus literally ‘(one) under the head of the king’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

an Old Kingdom title, sometimes rendered royal chamberlain


nṯr-nfr

nṯr (“god”) + nfr (“pleasing, fine, good, beautiful”), thus ‘the pleasing/fine/good/beautiful god’. The use of the term in contrast with nṯr-ꜥꜣ (“the elder god”) shows that the implication of nfr here was probably one of youthful beauty or, euphemistically, simply youth, as also seen in nfrt (“young woman”). A rendering such as ‘the youthful god’ is thus perhaps truer to the intended meaning than the traditional rendering ‘the good god’.

(less commonly) an epithet for various gods, especially Osiris as king of the afterworld


jrj-nfr-ḥꜣt

jrj-nfr-ḥꜣt (singular)
jrjwj-nfr-ḥꜣt (dual)
jrwj-nfr-ḥꜣt (dual)
jrjw-nfr-ḥꜣt (plural)
jrw-nfr-ḥꜣt (plural)

jrj (“one belonging to”) + nfr-ḥꜣt (“diadem”).


ḏdꜣ

ḏdꜣ (singular)
ḏdꜣwj (dual)
ḏdꜣw (plural)


psš-kꜣf

psš (“an instrument for Opening of the mouth”) + kꜣf (“obsidian”)

Peseshkef (a ritual instrument made from obsidian used in the “opening of the mouth” funerary ritual to allow the deceased to eat and drink once more)


nwꜣ

nwꜣ (singular)
nwꜣwj (dual)
nwꜣw (plural)

‘adze of Wepwawet’, an instrument used in the Opening of the Mouth ritual


msḫtjw

msḫtjw (singular)
msḫtjwwj (dual)
msḫtjww (plural)

adze used as a ritual instrument used in the “opening of the mouth” funerary ritual to allow the deceased to eat and drink once more


wr-ḥkꜣw

wr-ḥkꜣw (singular)
wrwj-ḥkꜣw (dual)
wrw-ḥkꜣw (plural)

wr (“great”) + ḥkꜣw (plural of ḥkꜣ (“magic”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘(the one) great of magic powers’, i.e. ‘one with great magic’.

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ḥkꜣ</i> (“magic”)


wr-ḥkꜣw

curving serpent-headed adze or blade used as a ritual instrument in the opening of the mouth ceremony, a funerary ritual to allow the deceased to eat and drink once more


dng

dng (singular)
dngwj (dual)
dngw (plural)


bbwt

bbwt (singular)
bbwtj (dual)
bbwwt (plural)


qdšt-ꜥꜣsṯrt-ꜥnṯjt

/kɛdʃɛt ɑːʔɑsɛt͡ʃrɛt ɑːnt͡ʃit/

epithet of Qetesh, as syncretized with Astarte and Anat


ḥr-m-ꜣḫt-ḫprj-rꜥ-tm

ḥr-m-ꜣḫt (“Harmachis”) + ḫprj (“Khepri”) + rꜥ (“Ra”) + tm (“Atum”), thus literally meaning ‘Harmachis-Khepri-Ra-Atum’.

(hapax) the epithet of the deified Great Sphinx of Giza given on the Dream Stele


sḏm ꜥš

sDm-m-a:S (canonical masculine)
sḏm ꜥš (singular)
sḏmwj ꜥš (dual)
sḏmw ꜥš (plural)

/sɛd͡ʒɛm ɑːʃ/

sḏm (“to hear, to obey”) + ꜥš (“call, summons”).


ḥzy

Hz-i-i (canonical masculine)
ḥzy (singular)
ḥz (singular)
ḥzywj (dual)
ḥzwj (dual)
ḥzyw (plural)
ḥzw (plural)

Demotic: ḥsy

desc

→ Ancient Greek: ἁσιῆς (hasiês), ἑσιῆς (hesiês)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲥⲓⲉ (esie)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲁⲥⲓⲉ (hasie)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁⲥⲓⲉ (hasie), ϩⲁⲥⲉⲓⲉ (haseie), ϩⲁⲥⲓⲏ (hasiē)

epithet for one of the dead who have been judged righteous


qꜣbt

qꜣbt (singular)
qꜣbtj (dual)
qꜣbwt (plural)


ḥmt-nṯr

nTr-Hm-t (canonical feminine)
ḥmt-nṯr (singular)
ḥmtj-nṯr (dual)
ḥmwt-nṯr (plural)

From ḥmt (“servant”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘servant of a god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.


nb-ꜥnḫ

nb-anx-n:x (canonical masculine)
nb-ꜥnḫ (singular)
nbwj-ꜥnḫ (dual)
nbw-ꜥnḫ (plural)

nb (“lord, possessor”) + ꜥnḫ (“life”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘possessor of life’.

dead person who has successfully completed the transition to the afterlife (and so become ‘living’), especially as an epithet for Osiris


wrdw-jb

wrdw (“weary”) + jb (“heart”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘the weary-hearted’. No writing with ḏ in wrḏw is attested.


jꜣft

jꜣft (singular)
jꜣftj (dual)
jꜣfwt (plural)

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *liʔif-/*liʔaf (“fingernail, claw”).


ḥmt-nswt

ḥmt-nswt (singular)
ḥmtj-nswt (dual)
ḥmwt-nswt (plural)

ḥmt + nswt in a direct genitive construction. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition of the (n)sw(t) glyph.


ḥmt-nswt-wrt

ḥmt-nswt-wrt (singular)
ḥmtj-nswt-wrtj (dual)
ḥmwt-nswt-wrwt (plural)
ḥmwt-nswt-wrt (plural)

From ḥmt-nswt (“queen”) + wrt (“great”).


ṯwpꜣjr

ṯwpꜣjr (singular)
ṯwpꜣjrwj (dual)
ṯwpꜣjrw (plural)

From Canaanite *sōpir-. Semitic translation of Egyptian zẖꜣw.


jꜣkby

jꜣkby (singular)
jꜣkbywj (dual)
jꜣkbyw (plural)

From jꜣkb (“to mourn”) + -y (agent nominalizer).


ḥr-m-pr.f

ḥr (“Horus”) + m (“in”) + pr (“house, palace”) + .f (“his”), thus “Horus in his house”. Compare ḥr-m-ꜥḥ.f.


smsw-pr

smsw-pr (singular)
smswwj-pr (dual)
smsww-pr (plural)

smsw (“eldest”) + pr (“house, estate”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘eldest of the house, eldest of the estate’.

an official title: ‘elder of the domain’


zꜣ-pr

zA-pr (canonical masculine)
zꜣ-pr (singular)
zꜣwj-pr (dual)
zꜣw-pr (plural)

zꜣ(w) (“guardian”) + pr (“house”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘guardian of the house’.


sḫm-n-sḫmw

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + n(j) (“of”) + sḫmw (plural of sḫm).

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">sḫm</i>


sḫm-n-rꜥ

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + n(j) (“of”) + rꜥ (“Ra”).


sḫm-nṯrw

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + nṯrw (plural of nṯr (“god”)).


sḫm-pt

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + pt (“sky”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Power of the sky’.


sḫm-tꜣwj

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands, Egypt”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Power of the Two Lands’.

epithet for various gods, especially Wepwawet


ḥbs bht

ḥbs bht (singular)
ḥbswj bht (dual)
ḥbsw bht (plural)

ḥbs (“to clothe, to cover”) + bht (“fan, flabellum”).


ḥbs-ḫprw

ḥbs-ḫprw (singular)
ḥbswj-ḫprw (dual)
ḥbsw-ḫprw (plural)

ḥbs (“clothed, covered, hidden”) + ḫprw (“form”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘(the one) veiled of form’.


mdw-rḫyt

mdw-rḫyt (singular)
mdwwj-rḫyt (dual)
mdww-rḫyt (plural)

mdw (“staff, custodian”) + rḫyt (“common people”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff/custodian of the common people’.


mdw-kꜣ-ḥḏ

mdw-kꜣ-ḥḏ (singular)
mdwwj-kꜣ-ḥḏ (dual)
mdww-kꜣ-ḥḏ (plural)

mdw (“staff, custodian”) + kꜣ (“bull”) + ḥḏ (“white”) with the first two elements in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff/custodian of the white bull’.

a priestly title: ‘herdsman of the white bull’


mdw-ḥp

mdw-ḥp (singular)
mdwwj-ḥp (dual)
mdww-ḥp (plural)

mdw (“staff, custodian”) + ḥp (“Apis”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘staff/custodian of Apis’.


nb-sḫm

nb (“lord, possessor”) + sḫm (“power, capacity to overpower”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of overmastering power’.


nbt-sḫm

nbt (“lady, possessor”) + sḫm (“power, capacity to overpower”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of overmastering power’.


nb-mdw-nṯr

nb (“lord, possessor”) + mdw-nṯr (“sacred writings, hieroglyphic script”, literally “god’s word”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘lord of the god’s word’, i.e. ‘master of sacred writings’.


nb-mꜣꜥt

nb-mꜣꜥt (singular)
nbwj-mꜣꜥt (dual)
nbw-mꜣꜥt (plural)

From nb (“lord, possessor”) + mꜣꜥt (“righteousness, truth”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of righteousness/truth’.

(literally) honest person, one who does what is right

epithet for various gods, especially Ptah

s-H-ww-Y1:n:f-DA-DA-nw:t-U5:a:t-N9*t:Z2-nTr-nb:r-Dr:r-D&z&f-nb:w*Z2ss-mAat-zmA-i-i-Y1:Z2-i-m-s
M:a:k-HA-i-i-w-tp:Z2ss-i-s-f:t:nDs-s-nDm-w-m««O307»:n:t»gb-b-r:*r:a:t-O44-t*Z1:n:nb-s-sw-i-H_SPACE:t-i-n:U5:a-t:z:n:f
sḥww n.f ḏꜣḏꜣt mꜣꜥt psḏt nb-r-ḏr ḏs.f nbw-mꜣꜥt zmꜣyw jm.s mkḥꜣyw jsft snḏmw m wsḫt nt gbb r rdjt jꜣwt n nb.s (n)syt n mꜣꜥt.s n.f

c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 17–18

The Tribunal of Maat was convened for him: the Ennead, the Lord of All himself, and the possessors of righteousness who were united in it, who scorn wrongdoing, sitting in the hall of Geb to give the office to its owner and the kingship to the one to whom it justly belonged.

(in the plural) epithet for gods who pass judgement collectively


nb-mꜣꜥt

A serekh name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


ḥr-ḥrw

ḥr (“Horus”) + ḥrw (“Horuses, lesser Horus-gods”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Horus of the Horuses’.

epithet for various gods with a royal function

(usually) epithet for Horus in various forms, especially as Horus of Edfu

epithet for Ra in various forms, including Sobek-Ra and Ra of Edfu

(rare, attested only once) epithet for Osiris


mꜣꜣt-ḥr-stẖ

mꜣꜣt (“seeing”, feminine imperfective active participle of mꜣꜣ) + ḥr (“Horus”) + stẖ (“Set”), thus ‘(the one) seeing Horus-Set’, with ‘Horus-Set’ a reference to the king.

feminine imperfective active participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mꜣꜣ</i>


ꜥꜣ-dyw

ꜥꜣ-dyw (singular)
ꜥꜣwj-dyw (dual)
ꜥꜣw-dyw (plural)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ (antaiou)

/ɑːʔɑ diːuː/

(Late Egyptian) foreman in charge of fifty men; pentecontarch


ꜥꜣ-n-mḏw

aA:n-mD (canonical masculine)
ꜥꜣ-n-mḏw (singular)
ꜥꜣwj-nwj-mḏw (dual)
ꜥꜣw-nw-mḏw (plural)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲙⲏⲧ (anmēt), ⲁⲙⲙⲏⲧ (ammēt)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛⲙⲏⲧ (anmēt), ⲁⲙⲙⲏⲧ (ammēt)

/ɑːʔɑ ɛn mɛd͡ʒuː/

ꜥꜣ (“great one”) + n (“of”) + mḏw (“ten”).

af

(Late Egyptian) foreman in charge of ten men; decadarch, decurion