p

p:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Pe, a city in Lower Egypt, where the Pharaohs were crowned.


hrm

h:r:M-t*t:xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē), from Latin Rōma.

ir:*n:f-Xn:n:nw*W-t:pr-O29V-wr:r-i-w-h:r:M-t*t:xAst-A46-
xpr xpr
-<-A-W:H_SPACE-d:W*g:r-d:rw->-
I3
-<-k:i*i-z:A-rw:z->-anx--D&t&tA-
jr.n.f ẖnw ꜥꜣ wr r hrm nswt-bjtj nb-tꜣwj ꜣwdwgrdrw zꜣ-rꜥ nb-ḫꜥw kysꜣrws ꜥnḫ [ḏt]

c. 27 BCE–14 CE, Opet Temple at Karnak, north exterior wall, base, second register, 232.4–232.5 [Cfeetk 149365/KIU 3946]

He made a very great residence for Rome, the Dual King, the Lord of the Two Lands, Autocrator, Son of Ra, Lord of Appearances, Caesar, alive [forever].


pwnt

Punt, an ancient Kingdom southeast of Egypt by the Red Sea.


kmt

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

From km (“black”) + -t, interpreted as a reference to the fertile black soil of the Nile Delta.


zꜣw

z:zA-A-w-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

desc

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌷𒊓𒀀𒀀 (^(ālu)sa-a-a /*saya/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σάϊς (Sáïs)
Greek: Σάις (Sáis)
→ Latin: Saïs

Demotic: sy

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁ (sa)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲓ (sai)

Most likely derived from a form of the verb zꜣw (“to guard, to protect”), perhaps via an earlier form *zꜣjw, for which see the reconstructed pronunciation.


ḏw

Demotic: tw

Coptic: ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (toou) (Sahidic), ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tōou) (Bohairic), ⲧⲁⲩ (tau) (Akhmimic, Fayyumic)


jswr

i-s-sw-w-r:Z1-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Ultimately from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “Assur”).


ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ

desc

→ Akkadian: 𒄭𒆪𒌒𒋫𒀪 (ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ /ḫikuptaḫ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (ai-ku-pi-ti-jo)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎈𐎋𐎔𐎚 (ḥkpt /ḥikupta/)

From ḥwt (“enclosure”) + kꜣ (“ka”) + ptḥ (“Ptah”) with direct genitive constructions, thus literally ‘house of the ka of Ptah’.

compound

d:r-p-W16-DA-DA-nw:t-M22-A40:Z2-p:t-H-Hwt-t:pr-kA-niwt

c. 725 BCE, Victory Stela of Piye (Cairo JE 48862), line 97

presenting an offering to the assembly (of gods) of the temple of Ptah

The temple of the ka of Ptah in Memphis, Egypt


ꜣbw

ꜣbw (singular)
ꜣbwwj (dual)
ꜣbww (plural)

→? Ancient Greek: ἐλέφας (eléphas) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *leb- (compare Tangale labata, Mukulu ʾelbi).
Likely related to ꜣb (“fingernail”) via the ‘ivory, tusk’ sense.


ꜣbw

Ab-b-W-W7:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Aramaic: יב

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰηβ (Iēb)

Demotic: yb, ybꜣ, jb, jbꜣ

Coptic: ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb)


jwnw

iwn-nw:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: jwnw

Coptic: ⲱⲛ (ōn)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὠν (Ōn), Ὀνίου (Oníou)

→ Hebrew: אֹן (ʾōn), אָוֶן (ʾāwen)

→ Middle Babylonian: 𒀀𒈾 (a-na)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌑𒉡 (ú-nu)

Likely from the plural of jwn (“pillar, column”), thus literally meaning ‘Pillars’.


jtrw

i-t*:r-w-mw (canonical masculine)
jtrw (singular)
jtrwwj (dual)
jtrww (plural)

Demotic:  (yr)

Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ (eioor) (Sahidic), ⲓⲟⲣ (ior) (Bohairic)

⇒ Demotic:  (yr-ꜥꜣ)

Coptic: ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (eiero) (Sahidic), ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (iaro) (Bohairic)

→ Old Persian: 𐎱𐎡𐎼𐎠𐎺 (Pirāva)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] ([ʰPi-ra]-ma)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒅀𒊒𒀪𒌑 (ia-ru-ʾu-u₂)

יְאוֹר \ יְאֹר

→ Hebrew: יְאוֹר \ יְאֹר (ye'ór)


jtrw

jtrw (singular)
jtrwwj (dual)
jtrww (plural)

i-t-r-w-S-V1-V20-V20-[&-p*Hr:D54*t-a:r:r-t*t:n-Ba16a-SPACE-SPACE-n-s-p:r-t:D54-P3-dwA-tyw-pr-A40:N33A
št-mḏwtj jtrw ⟨pḥrt ꜥrr(w)t tn⟩ n(j) sprt wjꜣ dwꜣtjw

c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, introduction, right parallel, line 10, upper and lower divisions

Running to this gateway takes a hundred and twenty schenes before the barque reaches the afterworlders.

a schene, a measure of length equivalent to 20,000 mḥw (“cubits”) (about 10.5 kilometres or 6.5 miles).


ḫmnw

Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1:Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1-nw:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲙⲟⲩⲛ (xmoun)

Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲙⲏⲛ (šmēn)

Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (šmoun)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (šmoun)

Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (šmoun)

→ Arabic: الأشمونين

→ Arabic: الأشمونين

From the numeral eight (ḫmnw), as Hermopolis was the cult centre of the eight gods of the Ogdoad.


bꜣst

Bubastis, a city in northern Egypt, cult-centre for the worship of Bastet


bbr

b-b-r:Z1-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

x:z-d:N33A-b-nfr-n-b-b-r:Z1-N25
ḫsbd nfr n(j) bbr

c. 1439 BCE, Annals of Thutmose III, year 40 inscription, list of tribute from Assur


wꜣst

Thebes (ancient Egyptian city; modern Luxor)


kftjw

k:f-tyw-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


kꜣš

k-A-S:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic:  (jkš)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉⲑⲱϣ (ethōš)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉϭⲱϣ (ecōš)

→ Akkadian: 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 (Kūsu)

→ Old Persian: 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 (ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/)


kbn

k-b-n:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: gpn

Old Coptic: ⲕⲉⲡⲛ (kepn)

From Semitic *gubl-; compare Phoenician 𐤂𐤁𐤋 (gbl), Akkadian 𒁺𒆷 (/gubla/), Hebrew גְּבַל (gəḇál), Arabic جُبَيْل (jubayl).


jnt

jnt (singular)
jntj (dual)
jnwt (plural)


jnt

i-in:n-t:in (canonical feminine)
jnt (singular)
jntj (dual)
jnwt (plural)


ṯnw

V14:nw*niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Thinis or This, a city that served as the first capital of a unified Egypt and later capital of the nome of Abydos


ṯz

Tz:z-W:D40 2-lit. (canonical)
ṯz (infinitive)
ṯzw (infinitive negative)
ṯz (infinitive negative)
ṯzt (infinitive)
ṯz (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ṯz (imperative infinitive singular)
ṯz (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ṯz (imperative infinitive plural)
ṯz (stative)
ḥr ṯz (imperfective)
m ṯz (imperfective)
r ṯz (prospective)
ṯz.n (active perfect)
ṯzw (passive perfect)
ṯz (passive perfect)
ṯz.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ṯzt (terminative)
ṯz (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ṯz.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ṯz (active imperfective)
j.ṯz (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ṯz (active prospective)
ṯzz (passive prospective)
ṯz.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ṯz (active subjunctive)
j.ṯz (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ṯz.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ṯz (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ṯz (active participle perfective)
ṯzz (participle passive perfective)
ṯzzj (participle passive perfective)
ṯz (participle passive perfective)
ṯzw (participle passive perfective)
ṯzy (participle passive perfective)
j.ṯz (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯz (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯzy (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯzw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ṯz (active imperfective participle)
j.ṯzw (active imperfective participle)
ṯz (active imperfective participle)
ṯzj (active imperfective participle)
ṯzy (active imperfective participle)
ṯz (imperfective participle passive)
ṯzw (imperfective participle passive)
ṯz (active participle prospective relative)
ṯztj (active participle prospective relative)
ṯztj (participle prospective)
ṯzt (participle prospective)
ṯꜣz (infinitive)
ṯꜣzw (infinitive negative)
ṯꜣz (infinitive negative)
ṯꜣzt (infinitive)
ṯꜣz (imperative infinitive singular)
ṯꜣz (imperative infinitive plural)
ṯꜣz (stative)
ḥr ṯꜣz (imperfective)
m ṯꜣz (imperfective)
r ṯꜣz (prospective)
ṯꜣz.n (active perfect)
ṯꜣzw (passive perfect)
ṯꜣz (passive perfect)
ṯꜣz.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ṯꜣzt (terminative)
ṯꜣz (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ṯꜣz.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ṯꜣz (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ṯꜣz (active prospective)
ṯꜣzz (passive prospective)
ṯꜣz.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ṯꜣz (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ṯꜣz.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ṯꜣz (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ṯꜣz (active participle perfective)
ṯꜣz (participle passive perfective)
ṯꜣzw (participle passive perfective)
ṯꜣzy (participle passive perfective)
ṯꜣz (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯꜣzy (active imperfective participle relative)
ṯꜣzw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
ṯꜣz (active imperfective participle)
ṯꜣzj (active imperfective participle)
ṯꜣzy (active imperfective participle)
ṯꜣz (imperfective participle passive)
ṯꜣzw (imperfective participle passive)
ṯꜣz (active participle prospective relative)
ṯꜣztj (active participle prospective relative)
ṯꜣztj (participle prospective)
ṯꜣzt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ṯzt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.

Bohairic Coptic: ϭⲱⲥ (cōs)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱⲥ (čōs)

(transitive) to levy (troops or laborers)


ꜣbḏw

Ab-b-Dw:O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄβῡδος (Ábūdos)
Greek: Άβυδος (Ávydos)
→ Latin: Abȳdus, Abidos, Aboedos

Old Coptic: ⲁⲃⲱⲧ (abōt), ⲁⲃⲟⲧ (abot)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲃⲱⲧ (ebōt)

Uncertain. A development from ꜣbw (“elephant”) + ḏw (“mountain”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘elephant of the mountain’ in reference to the local topography, has been suggested.


ꜣꜥꜥ

A-a:a-Aa40-N33C:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


kꜣnꜥnꜥ

k-A:n:a-n:a:T14*N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

cog

Hebrew כְּנַעַן


ysrjꜣr

If the term means Israel, as is considered most likely, then borrowed from Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yiśrāʾēl). (However, alternative readings have sometimes been proposed, such as Jezreel.)

bor

Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yiśrāʾēl)

i-i-z:Z1s*Z1s:r-i-A-r:Z1*T14-A1*B1:Z2 f:k:t:nDs b:n pr:r*:t-N33C:Z2:f

c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, Line 27

Israel is laid waste, and he has no seed.

a demonym or placename; probably Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, approximately coincident with the modern State of Israel)


ṯḥnw

T-T14-H-nw*nw:nw-N18 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


jsqꜣrnj

i-s-q-A-r:n:y-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

ini:n-w-i-s-q-A-r:n:y-T14:N25-mH:w:D40-M:q*A-DA-A-r:Z1-T14:xAst-i-i-n&U19&nw-a:G3-M:T14*xAst-ir:w-M:t:tm:M-Y1:wn:n
jnw jsqꜣrnj mḥw m qꜣḏꜣrꜣ ynwꜥmꜣ jr.w m tm wn

Ashkelon is carried off, Gezer is seized, Yanoam is made nonexistent.

alternative reading of theattestation on the Merneptah Stele


mn-nfr

mn:n-nfr-f:r-O24-O49 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Akkadian:

Neo-Assyrian: 𒈨𒅎𒉿 (me-em-pi /mempi/)

Coptic:

Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲉϥⲓ (mefi), ⲙⲉⲛϥ (menf)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ϥⲉ (mn̄fe), ⲙⲉⲛⲃⲉ (menbe)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μέμφις (Mémphis)
Greek: Μέμφις (Mémfis), Μέμφιδα (Mémfida)
→ Latin: Memphis
→ English: Memphis

→ Hebrew: מֹף (mōp̄), נֹף (nōp̄)

Shortened from mn-nfr-ppy (“the pyramid of Pepy”), from mn (“to endure”) + nfr(w) (“beauty”) + ppy (“Pepy”) with the final two words in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘The beauty of Pepy endures’. The shortened name could be reinterpreted as mn (“enduring”) + nfr(w) (“beauty”), ‘enduring of beauty’.


nwtkꜣrṯ

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ναύκρατις (Naúkratis).


ḥfꜣt

ḥfꜣw (“snake”) + -t (“feminine suffix”).

a settlement in Egypt at what is now El Mo'alla


ṯnj

→ Ancient Greek: Θίνις (Thínis)

→ Latin: Thinis

→ English: Thinis

Coptic: ⲧⲓⲛ (tin)


nbt

Coptic: ⲉⲙⲃⲱ (embō)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὄμβος (Ómbos)

→ Latin: Ombos

Ombos (ancient Egyptian city; modern Naqada)

Ombos (ancient Egyptian city; modern Kom Ombo)


swnw

s-wn:n-nw:W-T11:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Ancient Greek: Συήνη (Suḗnē)

→ Latin: Syēnē

→ Hebrew: סונה

Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ (souan)

→ Egyptian Arabic: أسوان (Aswān)

→ English: Aswan

→ French: Assouan

→ Greek: Ασσουάν (Assouán)

→ English: Assuan, Assouan

→ Italian: Assuan

→ Hebrew: אַסְוָאן (Asvan)

Possibly related to swn (“to trade, to buy”), swnt (“trade, price”).


ꜣwšꜣmm

Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From a West Semitic compound of *uru (“house, town”) and *salim, which meant either "peace" or "Shalim" (Canaanite god of twilight). For more information see Jerusalem.

HqA-q:n-Aw-w-SA-A-m-m-N25-i-i-i-q-A-a-mw-A14A-D39:A1*Z2ss-nb-w-n:t-w-H-n:a-f
ḥq(ꜣ) n(j) ꜣwšꜣmm jy-qꜣꜥ-mw mḥnkw nbw nt(j)w ḥnꜥ.f

18th century BCE, Berlin execration texts, e27

The ruler of Jerusalem, Yaqar-ʿAmmu, and all the confidants who are with him


jsqꜣrwnj

i-s-q-A-rw:n:y-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Alternative reading of jsqꜣrnj (“Ashkelon”)


wꜣḏ-wr

Ancient Greek: -γετοῦ (-getoû)

/wəˈetʼwəɾə/

/wəˈetʼwəɾə/

wꜣḏ (“green”) + wr (“great”), thus literally ‘The Great Green’.

aHa-a:n-A1-r:a-k\-w-A1-r-iw:N23*Z1-i:n-wA-A-w-mw-n-M14-wr-r:N36
ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41

Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.

the Sea, encompassing both the Red and Mediterranean Seas


jdwmꜥ

i-A2-d-W-m:a-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Compare Hebrew אֱדוֹם (’eḏōm), Akkadian 𒌑𒁺𒈪 (Udumi), Edomite 𐤀𐤃𐤌 (ʾdm)

-t-W-n:Z2--g:r-H-D41:Y1-n:Z2-m-D37:Ba15s*t*Ba15as-z:S-Z9:D54-n:A-m:a-h-i-w:t-T14-A1:Ba15s*Z2*Ba15as-SA-A-sw-W-T14-A1:Z2-n-i-A2-!-d-W-m:a-T14-N25-G41-A-x:Ba15s*t*Ba15as-m-W-S20-pr:Ba15s*n*Ba15as-<-U7:n-p:t-H-G7-Htp:t-p-Hr-Z1-U5:a*t-H6->-G7-anx-DA-s-n:t*y-T:k-W-T14-N25-!-r-n:A-b-G41-A-y:r-Z1-k:A-b-W-ti-i-mw-N36:N23-Z2:n-pr-Z1-t:tm:Ba15s*im*Ba15as-G7--n-<--U7:Ba15s*n*Ba15as-p:t-H-G7-Htp:t-p-Hr-Z1-U5:a*t-H6->-!-n:t*y-T:k-W-T14-N25:r-s-anx-n:x-n:A-i-i-W-Z3A-r-s-anx-n:x-n:A-i-i-W-Z3A-!-i-A-w:t-O44-F28-Z3A-m-G41-A-kA-Z1-G7-aA:Y1:n-aA:pr*pr*G7-anx-DA-s-G41-A-ra-G7-!-nfr-f:r-n:tA:Z1*N23-nb:t
[tw.n] grḥ.(wj)n m ḏj[.t] sš nꜣ mhjwt šꜣsw n jdwmꜥ pꜣ ḫ[t]m [n] mrj.n-ptḥ-ḥtp-ḥr-mꜣꜥt ꜥnḫ-(w)ḏꜣ-s(nb) ntj ṯkw r nꜣ bꜣjrkꜣ{bw}tjw n pr tm [n] mrj.[n]-ptḥ-ḥtp-ḥr-mꜣꜥt ntj ṯkw r sꜥnḫ.w r sꜥnḫ nꜣy.w jꜣwt m pꜣ kꜣ ꜥꜣ n pr-ꜥꜣ ꜥnḫ-(w)ḏꜣ-s(nb) pꜣ rꜥ nfr n tꜣ nb{t}

c. 1213-1203 BCE, Letter of a Frontier Official in Papyrus Anastasi VI (British Museum EA 10245) (trans. James Henry Breasted)

We have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the Fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma, L.P.H., in Theku, to the pools of Pithom, of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their herds in the domain of Pharaoh, L.P.H., the good Sun of every land.


zꜣy

z:zA-i-i-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ẖn-nḫn

ẖn (“interior”) + nḫn (“Hierakonpolis”) in a direct genitive construction.


ḥwt-wꜥrt

From ḥwt (“enclosure”) + wꜥrt (“leg, part, district”).


qdš

qd-d:S-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Related to Proto-Semitic *ḳudš- (“holy”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew קָדוֹשׁ (qɔḏoš, “holy”), Hebrew קודש / קֹדֶשׁ (qṓḏeš), Old South Arabian 𐩤𐩵𐩪 (qds¹) and Arabic قُدْس (quds, “purity, holiness”).

he-m

קודש / קֹדֶשׁ (qṓḏeš)


mjktj

m-D38:k-ti-i-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ḫm

x-m-D35 2-lit. (canonical)
ḫm (infinitive)
ḫmw (infinitive negative)
ḫm (infinitive negative)
ḫmt (infinitive)
ḫm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ḫm (imperative infinitive singular)
ḫm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ḫm (imperative infinitive plural)
ḫm (stative)
ḥr ḫm (imperfective)
m ḫm (imperfective)
r ḫm (prospective)
ḫm.n (active perfect)
ḫmw (passive perfect)
ḫm (passive perfect)
ḫm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ḫmt (terminative)
ḫm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ḫm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ḫm (active imperfective)
j.ḫm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ḫm (active prospective)
ḫmm (passive prospective)
ḫm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ḫm (active subjunctive)
j.ḫm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ḫm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ḫm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ḫm (active participle perfective)
ḫmm (participle passive perfective)
ḫmmj (participle passive perfective)
ḫm (participle passive perfective)
ḫmw (participle passive perfective)
ḫmy (participle passive perfective)
j.ḫm (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫm (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫmy (active imperfective participle relative)
ḫmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ḫm (active imperfective participle)
j.ḫmw (active imperfective participle)
ḫm (active imperfective participle)
ḫmj (active imperfective participle)
ḫmy (active imperfective participle)
ḫm (imperfective participle passive)
ḫmw (imperfective participle passive)
ḫm (active participle prospective relative)
ḫmtj (active participle prospective relative)
ḫmtj (participle prospective)
ḫmt (participle prospective)

md-D-m-D35-x:D35-m-<-wn:n-i-s->-nTr-s-T:T-w-r:x:t-sw-w-s-T-sw-w-r:x:T-w

Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 262.1 (Pyr. 327a), W

ḏd-mdw m ḫm wnjs nṯr sṯ ṯw rḫ.t(j) sw sṯ sw rḫ ṯw

(transitive) to remain ignorant of; to not know or learn


gbtjw

V33-b-tyw-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

→ Ancient Greek: Κοπτός (Koptós)

→ Latin: Coptos

→ English: Coptos

Coptos, a city in Upper Egypt at the site of modern Qift


qdnw

qd-d:nw*W-T14-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


tꜣ-mrj

Traditionally read and analyzed as tꜣ + mrj, thus literally ‘beloved land’. However, in part due to the unusual writing of the latter word, alternative readings have recently been proposed, such as James P. Allen’s suggestion of tꜣ + mr, literally ‘land of the hoe’, later revised to ‘canal-land’, or Timofey Shmakov’s tꜣ + m + rnpwt, literally ‘land in flowering’ (i.e. ‘Flowery/Blossomy Land’). In these cases, the j in the word would not mark a separate consonant but rather a sound change of r to j, as is otherwise common in words such as zwr.


jwrꜣḥy

E9-w-r:Z1-H-i-i-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Possibly, though doubtfully, from Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (yərīḥō).

bor

Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (yərīḥō)

A settlement in Canaan. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: Jericho


tjmsqw

ti-ms-q-w-xAst m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

A borrowing of unknown origin, perhaps from a Semitic language.


yrdwnꜣ

Borrowed from Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardēn, “Jordan”).

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


hndwꜣy

h-n:d-wA-i-i-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ (hentou)

Ultimately from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢 (hiⁿdu-, “India”), itself from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), possibly via Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “river, stream; Indus”).


ꜥkꜣ

a:k-A-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic, possibly from Hebrew עַכּוֹ (ʿAkkō).


mjgꜣdn

G20-g-A-d:n:t*t m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”).


ḏrtj

Dr:r-ti-i-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

a town in Egypt at the site of modern El-Tod


qdšw

Aa28-d:S-w-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


ḏꜥnt

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲁⲛⲓ (čani)

Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ (čaane)

→ Ancient Greek: Τάνις (Tánis)

→ Latin: Tanis

→ English: Tanis

→ Hebrew: צֹעַן (ṣōʿan)

→ Arabic: صَان (ṣān)

/ˈt͡ʃʼuʕnaʔ/

/ˈt͡ʃʼuʕnaʔ/


ṯb-nṯr

nTr-E9-t:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ (čemnouti)

→ Arabic: سَمَنُّود (samannūd)

desc

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒌷𒂟𒉡𒋾 (ᵁᴿᵁṣab-nu-ti /ṣabnūti/), 𒍝𒉼𒉡𒌋𒋾 (ṣa-ban-nu-u-ti /ṣabannūti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Σεβέννυτος (Sebénnutos)

→ Latin: Sebennytus

/tʃəβˈnoːtə/

/tʃəβˈnoːtə/

/t͡ʃɛb nɛt͡ʃɛr/

From ṯb (“calf”) + nṯr (“god”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘calf of the god’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition. The Akkadian and Greek spellings may reflect a form ṯb n nṯr, with an analytic genitive.

egy-ht

the twelfth nome of Lower Egypt, of which Sebennytos was the capital


zꜣwtj

z:zA-A-w-t*y:niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ (siōout)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩⲧ (sioout)


ypw

i-i-p-W-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Compare Akkadian 𒅀𒁍 (Yapu), Hebrew יָפוֹ (Yāfō).

i-W-f-Hr-Z1-aHa-a:D54-m-d-wn:n-D54:f-Hr-Z1-D:d-i-A2-!-n:U19-nw-W-D6-i-m-A1-G41-A-x:r-i-i-Z6:n-i-i-p-W-T14-N25
jw.f ḥr ꜥḥꜥ m dwn.f ḥr ḏd jj nw jm.j pꜣ ḫr(w)y n(j) ypw

15th century BCE, The taking of Joppa, lines 1.11–1.12 (trans. David Peter Davies)

He drew himself up and said, ‘Look at me here, rebel of Joppa.’


jnb-ḥḏ

inb-HD m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Demotic: jnb-ḥḏ

desc

Λευκὸν τεῖχος

→ Ancient Greek: Λευκὸν τεῖχος (Leukòn teîkhos) (calque)

→ English: White Wall (calque)

From jnb (“wall”) + ḥḏ (“white”), literally “White Wall”.

af

the first nome of Lower Egypt, with its capital at Memphis


wꜣjwrjy

wA-N18:Z1*N21-r:y-i-i m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Of Anatolian origin. Compare Hittite 𒃾𒇻𒊭 (Wi-lu-ša, “Wilusa”), Ancient Greek Ἴλιον (Ílion).


jrt-rꜥ

jrt (“eye”) + rꜥ (“sun, Ra”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘the Eye of Ra’.

an epithet of various goddesses, especially Hathor; the Eye of Ra


jmwr

i-A2-G20-w-r:Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


msn

ms-s-n:msn-niwt m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

Related to msnw (“harpooner”); the toponym is closely connected since the earliest times with Horus in his role as harpooner of enemies.

a settlement near or identical to Tjaru in Lower Egypt

(possibly) the city of Buto (Pe) in Lower Egypt


bḥdt

the city of Semabehdet (Tell el-Balamun) in Lower Egypt

the 17th nome of Lower Egypt, with its capital at Semabehdet (Tell el-Balamun)


rꜣ-ꜣw

r:Z1-Aw-w-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)


jpq

i-p*q:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew אֲפֵק (ʾăp̄ḗq).

Aphek (an ancient Canaanite city, known as Antipatris during the Roman period)


sꜣkꜣmꜣ

Aa18-Z1-k:A-mA-A-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew שְׁכֶם (šəḵem).

Shechem (an ancient Canaanite city in Samaria; modern Nablus)


qꜣḏꜣr

q-A-DA-A-r:Z1-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew גֶּזֶר (gézer).

Gezer (an ancient Canaanite city in the Shephelah region)


knj

k:n-i m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew גִּנָּה (ginnāh).

Gina (an ancient Canaanite settlement, identified with modern-day Jenin)


ḥwḏꜣr

Hw:Y1-DA-A-r*Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew חָצוֹר (ḥāṣôr).

bor

Hebrew חָצוֹר (ḥāṣôr)

Hazor (an important ancient Canaanite city in the Upper Galilee)


gꜣḏꜣty

g-A-DA-A-ti-i-i-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew עַזָּה (ʿazzāh).


rkjšꜣ

r-Z1-k:y-SA-A-T14-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew לָכִישׁ (lāḵīš).

Hebrew לָכִישׁ (lāḵīš)


bꜣtj-šꜣr

b-bA-A-ti-i-pr:SA-A-r:Z1-T14:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew בֵּית שְׁאָן (bêṯ šəʾān).

בֵּית שְׁאָן

Hebrew בֵּית שְׁאָן (bêṯ šəʾān)

Beit She'an (an ancient Canaanite city in northern Israel)


šꜣrḥꜣnꜣ

SA-r:Z1-HA-n:A m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew שָׁרוּחֶן (šārûḥen).

Hebrew שָׁרוּחֶן (šārûḥen)

Sharuhen (an ancient Hyksos settlement in the Negev)


sꜣwkꜣ

Aa18-w-kA*Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew שֹׂכֹה (śōḵōh).

Hebrew שֹׂכֹה (śōḵōh)

The vulture glyph may bean error for a quail chick


twjꜣr

t-w-i-A-r*Z1:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew דֹּאר (dōʾr).


yḥm

i-i-N42-m-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew יַחַם (yaḥam).

Yaham (an ancient Canaanite city near Megiddo)


ꜥꜣrwnꜣ

aA:rw-n:A-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew עִירוֹן (ʿîrôn).

Hebrew עִירוֹן (ʿîrôn)


bꜣtj-ḥwꜣrwn

G53-Z1-ti-H-wA-A-rw:n:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew בֵּית חוֹרוֹן (Bêt̲ ḥôrôn).

בֵּית חוֹרוֹן

Hebrew בֵּית חוֹרוֹן (Bêt̲ ḥôrôn)


qbꜥw

q-b-a-w m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew גֶּבַע (Geb̲aʿ).


bꜣṯ-ꜥnṯ

b-bA-T:O1-a:n-T:N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

/bɑt͡ʃ ɑːnɛt͡ʃ/

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew בֵּית עֲנָת (Bêt̲ ʿănāt̲).

Hebrew בֵּית עֲנָת (Bêt̲ ʿănāt̲)


rpwḥw

r:Z1-p-w-Hw:Y1-N25 m. (canonical toponymic)
f. (canonical toponymic)

From Northwest Semitic. Compare Hebrew רָפִיחַ (Rāp̲îaḥ).

Hebrew רָפִיחַ (Rāp̲îaḥ)