decade

nl-noun

decade f (plural decades or decaden, diminutive decadetje n)

decades (plural)
decaden (plural)
decadetje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: dekade

Borrowed from French décade (“period of ten days”), cognate with German Dekade etc. In the sense “period of ten days” influenced by English decade; this meaning is seldom found outside poor translations from English.

(history) a décade, 'week' of ten days in the French republican calendar; hence any ten consecutive days


mikado

mikado m (plural mikado's, diminutive mikadootje n)

mikado's (plural)
mikadootje (diminutive neuter)

(history) mikado, a former title of the emperors of Japan during a certain period


land

land n (plural landen, diminutive landje n)

landen (plural)
landje (diminutive neuter)
landt (alternative)
lant (alternative)

Afrikaans: land

Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi

Negerhollands: land, lant, lan

Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta

→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)

>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)

From Middle Dutch lant, from Old Dutch lant, from Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).

der

(history, chiefly in compounds) the territorial government or state authority in a Dutch colony or overseas territory in the West Indies


lite

nl-noun

lite m (plural liten, diminutive litetje n)

liten (plural)
litetje (diminutive neuter)


fee

fee f (plural feeën, diminutive feetje n)

feeën (plural)
feetje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: fee

→ West Frisian: fee

Borrowed from French fée, from Middle French [Term?], from Old French fae, from Latin fāta, from fātum.


golem

golem m (plural golems, diminutive golempje n)

golems (plural)
golempje (diminutive neuter)

Ultimately from Hebrew גולם \ גֹּלֶם (gólem).

der

גולם \ גֹּלֶם

(folklore, fiction) a golem, a clay automaton


Renaissance

→ Indonesian: Renaisans


menhir

nl-noun

menhir m (plural menhirs, diminutive menhirtje n)

menhirs (plural)
menhirtje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Breton menhir, from Breton maen-hir.


pyxis

pyxis f (plural pyxiden or pyxissen, diminutive pyxisje n)

pyxiden (plural)
pyxissen (plural)
pyxisje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: piksis

Borrowed from Latin pyxis, from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís). Doublet of box, buks (“shotgun”), and bus (“container”).

doublet

(archaeology) a type of small box from Ancient Greece holding small, valuable items (such as jewellery, cosmetics or medicine)


nar

nl-noun

nar m or c (plural narren, diminutive narretje n)

narren (plural)
narretje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: nar

From Middle Dutch narre, borrowed from Middle High German narre, from Old High German narro, further etymology unknown; compare German Narr.


dwerg

dwerg m (plural dwergen, diminutive dwergje n, feminine dwergin)

dwergen (plural)
dwergje (diminutive neuter)
dwergin (feminine)

Afrikaans: dwerg

From Middle Dutch dwerch, from Old Dutch *dwerg, from Proto-West Germanic *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Compare West Frisian dwerch, German Zwerg, English dwarf, Danish dværg.

(fiction, folklore, fantasy, mythology) dwarf (small folkloristic humanoid)


krater

krater m (plural kraters, diminutive kratertje n)

kraters (plural)
kratertje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: krater

→ West Frisian: krater

Borrowed from Latin crātēr, from Ancient Greek κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr).

(archaeology) krater (Ancient Greek vessel)


paradigma

paradigma n (plural paradigmata or paradigma's)

paradigmata (plural)
paradigma's (plural)

Borrowed from Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

(chiefly philosophy and history of sciences) paradigm (framework of concept, practices and theories; exemplar of academic behaviour)


verlichting

(history, philosophy, definite article) the Enlightenment


raad

raad m (plural raden, diminutive raadje n)

raden (plural)
raadje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: raad

Negerhollands: raad, raed

→ Aukan: lai

→ Caribbean Hindustani: rái

→ Indonesian: rad

From Middle Dutch râet, from Old Dutch rāt, from Proto-West Germanic *rād, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz.

Alzoo ter kennisse van Zijn Weledele Gestrenge de Heer Gouverneur en Heeren Raden is gekoomen hoe dat sommige negrosslaven bij nagt ende ontijden zigh van haare wooninge begeeven ende met corjaaren de revier op ende nederswerven ende op andere plantagien, ook wel in de tuynen, komen, 't welke alzoo niet en behoort ende oorsake geeft van veele disordre en diefstallen (...).

1738 November 25, Governor and Councillors of the Society of Berbice, Prohibition of slaves leaving their plantations at night without the permission of and a pass from their masters., Fort Nassau:

Thus it has come to the knowledge of His Worshipful Lord Governor and Lords Councillors how some Negro slaves go from their homes at night and at odd hours and wander up and down the river in dugouts and go to other plantations, sometimes also into the gardens, which is not proper and gives rise to a lot of disorder and thefts (...).

(history, obsolete, current in compound official titles) a person who gives advice in an official, permanent capacity; a councillor; title of a member of an advisory body to a sovereign or a judicial council


ette

ette m (plural etten, diminutive etje n)

From Middle Dutch ette (“judge”), from Old Dutch *atto, from Proto-West Germanic *attō, from Proto-Germanic *attô (“father”), from Proto-Indo-European *átta. Doublet of heit.
In either the Frankish or Old Dutch part of the word's history, the word shifted in meaning from “father” to “judge”, analogous to how in Latin the word patres (“fathers”) took the additional meaning “senators”.
Cognate with Old High German atto (Middle High German atte, Alemannic German Ätti).


Nederlander

Nederlander m (plural Nederlanders, diminutive Nederlandertje n, feminine Nederlandse)

Nederlanders (plural)
Nederlandertje (diminutive neuter)
Nederlandse (feminine)

(history) inhabitant of the Low Countries, roughly including present Dutchmen, Belgians and Luxemburgers


factorij

factorij f (plural factorijen, diminutive factorijtje n)

factorijen (plural)
factorijtje (diminutive neuter)

(history) factory, trading post abroad operated by a company


officier

officier m (plural officieren or officiers, diminutive officiertje n)

officieren (plural)
officiers (plural)
officiertje (diminutive neuter)

Phono-semantic matching of English overseer. Doublet of bastiaan and basya.


ridderschap

From ridder (“knight”) + -schap (“-hood”).

(Netherlands, history) a co-opted body of nobles representing the nobility and countryside in the Estates of some provinces during the Dutch Republic


kabouter

nl-noun

kabouter m (plural kabouters, diminutive kaboutertje n)

kabouters (plural)
kaboutertje (diminutive neuter)

→ Papiamentu: kabouter

Possibly already from Middle Dutch. Equivalent to a compound of koof (from Middle Dutch kove, from Old Dutch *kovo, from Proto-Germanic *kubô (“hut, shed”)) and a less certain second element that might be hou (“friendly, favorable disposition”). Related to German Kobold.

(fiction, folklore) a (now usually benevolent) tiny folkloric bearded man who traditionally wears a pointy red hat, lives in harmony with nature and resides in mushrooms or trees, similar to a gnome, leprechaun or brownie


kruistocht

kruistocht m (plural kruistochten, diminutive kruistochtje n)

kruistochten (plural)
kruistochtje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: kruistog

From kruis (“cross”) + tocht (“journey”). First attested in 1700.

De achtste kruistocht eindigde zonder veel succes.

The eighth crusade ended without much success.

De kruistochten hadden een diepe invloed op de middeleeuwse geschiedenis.

The crusades had a profound impact on medieval history.


kruisvaarder

kruisvaarder m (plural kruisvaarders, diminutive kruisvaardertje n)

kruisvaarders (plural)
kruisvaardertje (diminutive neuter)

De kruisvaarders trokken naar het Heilige Land.

The crusaders journeyed to the Holy Land.

Hij bestudeert de geschiedenis van de kruisvaarders.

He studies the history of the crusaders.

De kruisvaarders hadden een sterk geloof dat hen dreef.

The crusaders had a strong faith that drove them.

(history) crusader (a fighter in the mediaeval crusade]]s)


Hanze

From Middle Dutch hanse, from Old Dutch hansa, from Proto-West Germanic *hansu, from Proto-Germanic *hansō. Equivalent to hanze (“merchants' guild”) turned into a proper noun.

(history) Hanseatic League (trading network and interest group of the northern Holy Roman Empire and nearby lands)


trol

trol m (plural trollen, diminutive trolletje n)

trollen (plural)
trolletje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Norwegian troll or Swedish troll. Doublet of drol (“mythological giant”) and etymology 2.

(folklore) troll (mythological creature)


opwekking

opwekking f (plural opwekkingen, diminutive opwekkinkje n)

opwekkingen (plural)
opwekkinkje (diminutive neuter)

(history, Christianity) revival, awakening


schorpioen

schorpioen m (plural schorpioenen, diminutive schorpioentje n)

schorpioenen (plural)
schorpioentje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: skerpioen

→ Papiamentu: skorpioen, schorpioen (dated)

From Middle Dutch scorpioen, from Old French scorpion, from Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπίος (skorpíos).

(history) the scorpio, an ancient single-arm catapult


zwarte

(history, Belgium) a (fascist) collaborator with the Nazis during World War II, member of the Dietsche Militie - Zwarte Brigade; by extension, a neo-nazi


pensionaris

From Latin pensionarius, from pensio 'payment, pension' (from pendere 'to weigh, value, pay').

(history) a pensionary, major public official receiving an annual fee for his important legal and other services, mainly as city legal counsel and often representative in the estates (assembly)


grafheuvel

grafheuvel m (plural grafheuvels, diminutive grafheuveltje n)

grafheuvels (plural)
grafheuveltje (diminutive neuter)

From graf (“grave”) + heuvel (“hillock”).


Filistijn

Filistijn m (plural Filistijnen, diminutive Filistijntje n)

Filistijnen (plural)
Filistijntje (diminutive neuter)
filistijn (alternative)

(history) a Philistine, member of a Biblical non-Semitic people which subdued the Jews in Philistia (hence the name of present Palestine)


interrex

interrex m (plural interreges or interrexen, diminutive interrexje n)

interreges (plural)
interrexen (plural)
interrexje (diminutive neuter)

From Latin inter- (“between”) + rex (“king”).

(history) an interrex, temporary head of state during the interregnum between two Roman consulates or from the death of a Polish king till the election and enthronement of his successor


verbeterhuis

(history) a penitentiary or other house of correction


berijder

berijder m (plural berijders, diminutive berijdertje n)

berijders (plural)
berijdertje (diminutive neuter)

From berijden (“to ride (on)”) + -er (agent suffix). In the historical sense, from Middle Dutch beridere.

suf

(history) a mobile deputy mandated by a Flemish baljuw (high feudal bailiff) to render justice in and under his jurisdiction


retentie

nl-noun

retentie f (plural retenties, diminutive retentietje n)

retenties (plural)
retentietje (diminutive neuter)

From Latin retentio (perhaps via French rétention), itself from retinere 'to retain, remember' (from re- 're-, again' + -tinere, the compound variation of tenere 'to keep, hold').

(history) the confiscation of a fief by the feudal lord


barok

→ Indonesian: barok

→ Papiamentu: baròk

Borrowed from French baroque, from Portuguese barroco.


hervorming

/ˌɦɛrˈvɔr.mɪŋ/

(history, Protestantism, definite article) Reformation


elizabethaans

elizabethaans (adverbial positive predicative)
elizabethaanse (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
elizabethaans (indefinite neuter positive singular)
elizabethaanse (indefinite plural positive)
elizabethaanse (definite positive)
elizabethaans (partitive positive)

(history) Elizabethan (pertaining to the person, rule or period of Elizabeth I of England)


bouwheer

bouwheer m (plural bouwheren, diminutive bouwheertje n)

bouwheren (plural)
bouwheertje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: bohir

From bouwen (“to build”) + heer (“lord”).


opgraving

opgraving f (plural opgravingen, diminutive opgravinkje n)

opgravingen (plural)
opgravinkje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch opgravinge. Equivalent to opgraven + -ing.

Daarom wordt nu deze unieke opgraving onder de waterspiegel gedaan.

That's why this unique excavation is now being conducted below sea level.


jappenkamp

jappenkamp n (plural jappenkampen, diminutive jappenkampje n)

jappenkampen (plural)
jappenkampje (diminutive neuter)
Jappenkamp (alternative colloquial)

Compound of jap (“Jap”) + -en- + kamp (“camp”).

(history) a Japanese-run concentration camp during World War II


Eerste Wereldoorlog

(history) World War I, the First World War


Tweede Wereldoorlog

(history) World War II, the Second World War


Etstoel

(history) highest court in the Dutch province of Drenthe until 1791


hunebed

hunebedden (plural)
huinebed (alternative obsolete)
hunnebed (alternative)

From huin (“giant”) + bed (“bed”), roughly meaning "a bed (of stones) built by giants". Cognate to and probably formed after German Hünenbett (“dolmen”), which may have caused the Dutch -ui- to be replaced by -u- - although this may also be due to Low German influence.


Witte Wieven

From a regional form of witte wijven (“white women”).

(folklore, regional) ethereal women dressed in white associated with fog, tumuli and dolmens


bewijsmateriaal

bewijsmateriaal n (plural bewijsmaterialen)

→ Afrikaans: bewysmateriaal

→ West Frisian: bewiismateriaal

Compound of bewijs + materiaal. First attested in the 1870s.

De thans meer zelfstandig geworden gezworenen vervullen voortaan in het proces deze functie, dat zij het product van het, door hen als 't ware, verwerkte bewijsmateriaal aan den rechter overleveren, maar (en wij komen daarop nader terug) de rechter oefent door zijn leiding, op hun beslissing, althans voor zoover daarbij rechtsvragen ter sprake komen, een grooten, ja overwegenden invloed uit, en kan zelfs onder zekere voorwaarden hun verdict buiten werking laten.

1874 April, D.J. Mom Visch, “Gezworenen en schepenen”, in De Gids, volume 38, page 22 & 23:

(law, archaeology, chiefly collective) (piece of) material evidence


zevenmijlslaars

zevenmijlslaars f (plural zevenmijlslaarzen)

Compound of zeven (“seven”) + mijl (“Dutch mile, league (5 to 6 km)”) + -s- + laars (“boot”).

compound

(fiction, folklore) a seven-league boot (boot in fairy tales allowing the wearer to quickly walk large distances)


haringkoning

/ˈɦaː.rɪŋˌkoː.nɪŋ/

(folklore) king of herrings (mythological large golden herring)


bloedkaros

Daarmee staan zij waarschijnlijk dichter bij de volkscultuur, want niet alleen de kinderen in het achttiende-eeuwse Antwerpen maar ook de volwassenen geloofden in het fabeltje van de bloedkaros.

1983, Herman Roodenburg, “De autobiografie van Isabella de Moerloose. Sex, opvoeding en volksgeloof in de zeventiende eeuw”, in Tijdschrift voor sociale geschiedenis, volume 9, page 323:

In doing so they are probably more in tune with popular culture, because not only children but also adults in eighteenth-century Antwerp believed in the folk tale of the "blood carriage".

(historical, folklore) a folkloric carriage that would abduct children who were outside late and cause them to bleed to death, usually by maiming their limbs or slitting their throats; as a bogeyman it was widely believed in by the common people in early modern times and was frequently connected to stories about foreign monarchs collecting blood


bioturbatie

Probably borrowed. Equivalent to bio- + turbatie.

(archaeology) bioturbation, disturbance or contamination of a site by non-human organisms


klauwaard

nl-noun

klauwaard m (plural klauwaards, diminutive klauwaardje n)

klauwaards (plural)
klauwaardje (diminutive neuter)
Klauwaard (alternative)

From Middle Dutch clauwaert. Equivalent to klauw (“claw”) + -aard. So named after the clawing Flemish Lion in the arms of Flanders.

(history) a medieval supporter of the counts of Flanders, rejecting the rule of the kings of France


wisselbalg

wisselbalg m (plural wisselbalgen, diminutive wisselbalgje n)

wisselbalgen (plural)
wisselbalgje (diminutive neuter)

From wisselen (“to swap”) + balg (“body”). Cognate to German Wechselbalg.

(folklore) changeling; an infant of a magical creature secretly exchanged for a human infant


wisselkind

wisselkind n (plural wisselkinderen, diminutive wisselkindje n)

wisselkinderen (plural)
wisselkindje (diminutive neuter)

From wisselen (“to swap”) + kind (“child”).


gedaanteverwisselaar

gedaanteverwisselaar m (plural gedaanteverwisselaars, diminutive gedaanteverwisselaartje n, feminine gedaanteverwisselaarster)

gedaanteverwisselaars (plural)
gedaanteverwisselaartje (diminutive neuter)
gedaanteverwisselaarster (feminine)

From gedaante (“shape, form”) + verwisselaar (“swapper”).


lelieaard

nl-noun

lelieaard m (plural lelieaards, diminutive lelieaardje n)

lelieaards (plural)
lelieaardje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch lelieaert. Equivalent to lelie (“lily”) + -aard. So named after the lilies in the royal arms of France.

(history, derogatory) a medieval supporter of sovereign rule of the king of France as suzerain, rejecting the independence or autonomy of the count of Flanders


preromaans

preromaans (adverbial positive predicative)
preromaanse (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
preromaans (indefinite neuter positive singular)
preromaanse (indefinite plural positive)
preromaanse (definite positive)
preromaans (partitive positive)
pre-romaans (alternative colloquial)

From pre- + romaans. Likely borrowed from a major European language.

(architecture, art, history) pre-Romanesque


romaans

romaans (adverbial positive predicative)
romaanse (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
romaans (indefinite neuter positive singular)
romaanse (indefinite plural positive)
romaanse (definite positive)
romaans (partitive positive)
Romaans (alternative dated)
romaansch (alternative obsolete)
Romaansch (alternative obsolete)


hanze

From Middle Dutch hanse, from Old Dutch hansa, from Proto-West Germanic *hansu, from Proto-Germanic *hansō.

(history) a mediaeval merchants' guild or association of traders, especially among the northern continental West Germanic language area


kreits

From Rhine Franconian kreytz, compare German Kreis.

Arnade begint zijn boek bij de Bourgondiërs, met hun ideaal van een door eigen hertogen geleide bestuurlijke eenheid die van Autun tot ongeveer Dokkum zou reiken. Dat ideaal lieten ze niet verdampen toen ze bij de Habsburgers ingetrouwd raakten (of de Habsburgers bij hen): keizer Karel V had rond 1550 iets op papier dat de facto misschien niet veel voorstelde, maar wel een ‘Bourgondische Kreits’ mocht heten – een ‘administratie’ waartegen met name Friezen en Geldersen zich altijd zijn blijven verzetten.

2009 January 9, Jan Blokker, “De Opstand is het sjabloon van alle revoluties [The Dutch Revolt is the template for all revolutions]”, in NRC Handelsblad, retrieved 2023-10-10:

Arnade begins his book with the Burgundians, with their ideal of an administrative unit led by their own dukes that would stretch from Autun to roughly Dokkum. They didn't let that ideal evaporate when they became in-laws to the Habsburgs (or the Habsburgs to them): around 1550, Emperor Charles V had drawn up something on paper that may not have amounted to much de facto, but was allowed to be called a 'Burgundian Circle' - an 'administration' that Frisians and Gelderlanders, in particular, always continued to oppose.

(history) imperial circle (administrative grouping of the Holy Roman Empire)


Hollandse periode

Literally, “Hollandish period”, or more loosely translated as “Dutch period”.

lit

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands

(Belgium, history) the period between 1815 and 1830 when present-day Belgium was part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands