grind

Afrikaans: grint

From Middle Dutch grint, grinde, from Old Dutch *grinda, from Proto-Germanic *grindō (“sand, pebbles”).

inh

grinde (alternative)
grinte (alternative)
grint (alternative)


plasma

→ Indonesian: plasma

Borrowed from Latin plasma, from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma). Influenced by German Plasma (“blood plasma, cytoplasm”) and English plasma (“ionised gas”).

der

(mineralogy) plasma, dark green type of quartz


kern

nl-noun

kern f (plural kernen, diminutive kerntje n)

kernen (plural)
kerntje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch kerne, from Old Dutch *kerno, from Proto-Germanic *kernô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-n-on-, *ǵr̥h₂nóm, related to *kurną (“corn, grain”).

(geology, astronomy) core (of the Earth, or any other celestial body)


schist

From French schiste, from Latin schistos lapis (“the stone that is easy to split”), from Ancient Greek σχυζειν (skhuzein, “to split”).


wadi

From Arabic وَادٍ (wādin, “valley, riverbed, ravine”).


eon

nl-noun

eon m or n (plural eonen, diminutive eoontje n or eonnetje n)

eonen (plural)
eoontje (diminutive neuter)
eonnetje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age”).


smaragd

smaragd m (plural smaragden, diminutive smaragdje n)

smaragden (plural)
smaragdje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: smarag

From Middle Dutch smaragd, from Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos), μάραγδος (máragdos), from a Semitic language.


diamant

From Middle Dutch diamant, from Old French diamant, from Medieval Latin and Late Latin diamas, variant of Latin adamas.
The typographic use derives from Dirck Voskens, who first cut it around 1700 and presumably named it by analogy with the larger parel.


lapis lazuli

Borrowed from English lapis lazuli, from Medieval Latin lapis (“stone”) and lazulī (“of the heavens”).


karst

(geology) karst (terrain with caves formed by limestone dissolution by underground drainage)


rug

rug m (plural ruggen, diminutive ruggetje n or rugje n)

ruggen (plural)
ruggetje (diminutive neuter)
rugje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: rug

Jersey Dutch: rœx

Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege

From Middle Dutch rugge, from Old Dutch ruggi, from Proto-West Germanic *hrugi, from Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz.


horst

horst f (plural horsten, diminutive horstje n)

horsten (plural)
horstje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch horst, from Old Dutch *hurst, from Proto-West Germanic *hursti. Cognate with English horst and German Horst (“horst; eyrie”).

(geology) an area of the earth's surface which is raised relative to surrounding land; a horst


ader

ader f or m (plural aders or aderen, diminutive adertje n)

aders (plural)
aderen (plural)
adertje (diminutive neuter)
aar (alternative)
aâr (alternative)

Afrikaans: aar

Negerhollands: ader, aar

→ Papiamentu: ader, ardu

From Middle Dutch ādere, from Old Dutch *āthera, from Proto-West Germanic *ādrā.


gips

Afrikaans: gips

→ West Frisian: gips

→ Indonesian: gips

→ Japanese: ギプス

→ Korean: 깁스 (gipseu)

Ultimately from Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos), probably from a Semitic language.


breuk

breuk f (plural breuken, diminutive breukje n)

breuken (plural)
breukje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: breuk

Negerhollands: breek

desc

→ Indonesian: patahan (“fault”) (semantic loan)

→ Indonesian: pecahan (“fraction”) (semantic loan)

→ Papiamentu: breuk

From Middle Dutch broke, brueke, from Old Dutch *bruki, from Proto-West Germanic *bruki, from Proto-Germanic *brukiz.

De aardbeving veroorzaakte een grote breuk in de aardkorst.

The earthquake caused a major fault in the earth's crust.


aardbeving

nl-noun

aardbeving f (plural aardbevingen, diminutive aardbevinkje n)

aardbevingen (plural)
aardbevinkje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: aardbewing

Negerhollands: aerdbeeving

From Middle Dutch aertbēvinge, erdbēvinge, from Old Dutch *erthbivunga, from Proto-West Germanic *erþubibungu. Equivalent to aarde + beving.

De intensiteitsschaal van Mercalli is een schaal om de sterkte van aardbevingen uit te drukken.

The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale for expressing the strength of earthquakes.


krater

krater m (plural kraters, diminutive kratertje n)

kraters (plural)
kratertje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: krater

→ West Frisian: krater

Borrowed from Latin crātēr, from Ancient Greek κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr).


Australië

nl-proper noun

Australië n (adjective Australisch, demonym Australiër m or Australische f)

Australisch (adjective)
Australiër (demonym masculine)
Australische (demonym feminine)

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


asbest

→ Indonesian: asbès

→ Papiamentu: asbèst

From Middle Dutch asbeston, from Latin asbestos, from Ancient Greek ἄσβεστος (ásbestos).


morfologie

→ Indonesian: morfologi

morphology (linguistics), (geology), (biology)


toermalijn

nl-noun

toermalijn m (plural toermalijnen, diminutive toermalijntje n)

toermalijnen (plural)
toermalijntje (diminutive neuter)
tourmalijn (alternative)
tourmalin (alternative)
turmalijn (alternative)

Either directly from Sinhalese tóramalli 'carnelian', or via one of the cognates German Turmalin, Portuguese tormalina, English and French tourmaline.

(uncountable, gems) the silicate mineral tourmaline, in various colours


vulkaan

vulkaan m (plural vulkanen, diminutive vulkaantje n)

vulkanen (plural)
vulkaantje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: vulkaan

From Middle Dutch vulcaen, from Latin Vulcānus.


Krijt

From krijt. The meaning comes from French Crétacé, this sense was coined by Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy.

Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy
nl:Krijt (periode)


helling

helling f (plural hellingen, diminutive hellinkje n)

hellingen (plural)
hellinkje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch heldinge. Equivalent to hellen + -ing.


strekking

strekking f (plural strekkingen, diminutive strekkinkje n)

strekkingen (plural)
strekkinkje (diminutive neuter)


gesteente

gesteente n (plural gesteenten or gesteentes)


tufsteen

tufsteen m (plural tufstenen, diminutive tufsteentje n)

tufstenen (plural)
tufsteentje (diminutive neuter)

Adapted borrowing of German Tuffstein. Equivalent to tuf + steen. Displaced dufsteen, which derived from Middle Dutch.


verwering

verwering f (plural verweringen, diminutive verwerinkje n)

verweringen (plural)
verwerinkje (diminutive neuter)


turkoois

turkoois n or m (plural turkooizen, diminutive turkooisje n)

turkooizen (plural)
turkooisje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle French Turquoise, from Old French (pierre) turqueise (“Turkish (stone)”). The stone was originally brought to Europe from Turkestan.


kalk

Afrikaans: kalk

Negerhollands: kalk

→ Virgin Islands Creole: kalk (dated)

→ Indonesian: kalk

→ Japanese: カルキ (karuki)

→ Papiamentu: karkó, kalki

→ Sranan Tongo: karki

From Middle Dutch calc, from Old Dutch *kalk, from Proto-West Germanic *kalk.


stroomgebied

nl-noun

stroomgebied n (plural stroomgebieden, diminutive stroomgebiedje n)

stroomgebieden (plural)
stroomgebiedje (diminutive neuter)


afzetting

afzetting f (plural afzettingen, diminutive afzettinkje n)

afzettingen (plural)
afzettinkje (diminutive neuter)

/ˈɑfˌzɛ.tɪŋ/


maaksel

maaksel n (plural maaksels, diminutive maakseltje n)

maaksels (plural)
maakseltje (diminutive neuter)


epicentrum

epicentrum n (plural epicentra or epicentrums, diminutive epicentrumpje n)

epicentra (plural)
epicentrums (plural)
epicentrumpje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: episentrum

→ Indonesian: episentrum

(seismology) epicentre, point above an earthquake's centre


trog

trog m (plural troggen, diminutive trogje n)

troggen (plural)
trogje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch troch, from Old Dutch *trog, from Proto-West Germanic *trog, from Proto-Germanic *trugą, *trugaz (compare West Frisian trôch, English trough, German Trog, Swedish tråg), from Proto-Indo-European *dru-kó (compare Middle Irish drochta (“wooden basin”), Old Armenian տարգալ (targal, “ladle, spoon”)), enlargement of *dóru (“tree”).


mergel

From Old French marle from Late Latin margila, diminutive of marga (“marl”).


afzettingsgesteente

nl-noun

afzettingsgesteente n (plural afzettingsgesteenten or afzettingsgesteentes)

afzettingsgesteenten (plural)
afzettingsgesteentes (plural)


klastisch

klastisch (adverbial positive predicative)
klastische (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
klastisch (indefinite neuter positive singular)
klastische (indefinite plural positive)
klastische (definite positive)
klastisch (partitive positive)

From Ancient Greek κλᾰστός (klăstós) + -isch, from κλάσειν (klásein, “to break”).


zandsteen

Afrikaans: sandsteen

From Middle Dutch santsteen. Equivalent to zand + steen.


siltsteen

siltsteen m (plural siltstenen, diminutive siltsteentje n)

siltstenen (plural)
siltsteentje (diminutive neuter)


schalie

schalie f (plural schaliën or schalies, diminutive schalietje n)

schaliën (plural)
schalies (plural)
schalietje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch schalie, from Old French escaille.


stollingsgesteente

stollingsgesteente n (plural stollingsgesteenten or stollingsgesteentes)

stollingsgesteenten (plural)
stollingsgesteentes (plural)

→ Indonesian: batuan beku (calque)


grondwaterstand

grondwaterstand m (plural grondwaterstanden)


grondwater

grondwater n (plural grondwaters or grondwateren, diminutive grondwatertje n)

grondwaters (plural)
grondwateren (plural)
grondwatertje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: air tanah (calque)


kwarts

Borrowed from German Quarz, from Middle High German twarc, probably from a West Slavic language, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ.


metamorf gesteente

metamorf gesteente n (plural metamorfe gesteenten or metamorfe gesteentes, diminutive metamorf gesteentetje n)

metamorfe gesteenten (plural)
metamorfe gesteentes (plural)
metamorf gesteentetje (diminutive neuter)


kloofdal

kloofdal n (plural kloofdalen, diminutive kloofdalletje n)

kloofdalen (plural)
kloofdalletje (diminutive neuter)

From kloof (“chasm, clough”) + dal (“valley”).


lazuriet

From Medieval Latin lazur (“lapis lazuli”), from Arabic لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward), from Persian لاژورد (lâžvard).


fossiel

nl-noun

fossiel n (plural fossielen or fossiliën, diminutive fossieltje n)

fossielen (plural)
fossiliën (plural)
fossieltje (diminutive neuter)

> Afrikaans: fossiel (inherited)

→ Indonesian: fosil

From French fossile, from Latin fossilis (“something which has been dug up”), from fodio (“I dig up”). First attested in the early 19th century.

der

(figuratively, derogatory) someone with very old fashioned ideas, a dinosaur


fossiel

fossiel (adverbial positive predicative)
fossiele (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
fossiel (indefinite neuter positive singular)
fossiele (indefinite plural positive)
fossiele (definite positive)
fossiels (partitive positive)


tektonisch

nl-adj

tektonisch (comparative tektonischer, superlative meest tektonisch or tektonischt)

tektonischer (comparative)
meest tektonisch (superlative)
tektonischt (superlative)
tektonisch (adverbial positive predicative)
tektonischer (adverbial comparative predicative)
het tektonischt (adverbial predicative superlative)
het tektonischte (adverbial predicative superlative)
tektonische (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
tektonischere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
tektonischte (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
tektonisch (indefinite neuter positive singular)
tektonischer (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
tektonischte (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
tektonische (indefinite plural positive)
tektonischere (comparative indefinite plural)
tektonischte (indefinite plural superlative)
tektonische (definite positive)
tektonischere (comparative definite)
tektonischte (definite superlative)
tektonisch (partitive positive)
tektonischers (comparative partitive)

From Latin tectonicus, from Ancient Greek τεκτονικός (tektonikós). By surface analysis, tektoniek + -isch.

tektonische plaat


zirkoon

From German Zirkon, from Arabic زَرْقُون (zarqūn, “zircon; minium”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *jr̥Hanyam (“gold”).


zeilsteen

nl-noun

zeilsteen m (plural zeilstenen, diminutive zeilsteentje n)

zeilstenen (plural)
zeilsteentje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch seilsteen. Equivalent to zeilen + steen. Named after the use of magnets in compasses for navigation.


geomorfologie

From geo- (“geo-”) + morfologie (“morphology”).


salmiak

nl-noun

salmiak m (plural salmiakken, diminutive salmiakje n)

salmiakken (plural)
salmiakje (diminutive neuter)


aardmantel

Compound of Aarde (“Earth”) + mantel (“mantle”).


binnenkern

binnenkern f (plural binnenkernen, diminutive binnenkerntje n)

binnenkernen (plural)
binnenkerntje (diminutive neuter)


buitenkern

buitenkern f (plural buitenkernen, diminutive buitenkerntje n)

buitenkernen (plural)
buitenkerntje (diminutive neuter)


aardkorst

Compound of Aarde (“Earth”) + korst (“crust”).


seismologie

From Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós, “earthquake”) and -λογία (-logía, “study of”).


gletsjermolen

nl-noun

gletsjermolen m (plural gletsjermolens, diminutive gletsjermolentje n)

gletsjermolens (plural)
gletsjermolentje (diminutive neuter)


eroderen

eroderen (infinitive)
eroderen (gerund neuter)
erodeer (first-person present singular)
erodeerde (first-person past singular)
erodeert (present second-person singular)
erodeer (present second-person singular)
erodeerde (past second-person singular)
erodeert (formal present second-person singular)
erodeerde (formal past second-person singular)
erodeert (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
erodeert (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
erodeerde (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
erodeerde (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
erodeert (present singular third-person)
erodeerde (past singular third-person)
eroderen (plural present)
erodeerden (past plural)
erodere (archaic present singular subjunctive)
erodeerde (archaic past singular subjunctive)
eroderen (archaic plural present subjunctive)
erodeerden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
erodeer (imperative present singular)
erodeert (archaic imperative plural present)
eroderend (participle present)
geërodeerd (participle past)

Borrowed from French éroder, from Latin ērōdō.


zeepsteen

zeepsteen m (plural zeepstenen, diminutive zeepsteentje n)

zeepstenen (plural)
zeepsteentje (diminutive neuter)


aardwarmte

From aarde (“earth”) + warmte (“warmth”).


kwartslaag

kwartslaag f (plural kwartslagen, diminutive kwartslaagje n)

kwartslagen (plural)
kwartslaagje (diminutive neuter)


slenk

slenk f (plural slenken, diminutive slenkje n)

slenken (plural)
slenkje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch slenke (“naturally-formed trench filled with water”), from slenken (“to make diminish”), causative of slinken (“to diminish”).


albiet

Borrowed from German Albit, formed from Latin albus (“white”), the common color of the mineral + -iet.


catastrofisme

From catastrofe + -isme, calque of English catastrophism.

(historical, geology, biology) catastrophism (belief that the Earth's crust and life on Earth are mainly influenced by catastrophes)


graniet

nl-noun

graniet f (plural granieten, diminutive granietje n)

granieten (plural)
granietje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: granit


sedimentgesteente

sedimentgesteente n (plural sedimentgesteenten or sedimentgesteentes)

sedimentgesteenten (plural)
sedimentgesteentes (plural)


Dogger

(geology) Dogger, Middle Jurassic, second period of the Jurassic


derrie

From Middle Dutch dari, darrie, darinc. Cognate to Dutch darink.

(now chiefly specialist, geology, geography) peat contaminated with clay


tektoniek

Borrowed from German Tektonik. Attested since the mid nineteenth century.

(geology) tectonics (study of crustal movements and phenomena)


hypocentrum

Afrikaans: hiposentrum

→ Indonesian: hiposentrum


aardbevingshaard

aardbevingshaard m (plural aardbevingshaarden)

Compound of aardbeving (“earthquake”) + -s- + haard (“hearth”).


bevingshaard

Compound of beving (“quake”) + -s- + haard (“hearth”).


bioturbatie

Probably borrowed. Equivalent to bio- + turbatie.

(geology) bioturbation, mixing of soil or sediment by living organisms


kryoturbatie

kryoturbaties (plural)
cryoturbatie (alternative)

Probably borrowed. Equivalent to kryo- + turbatie.

(geology) cryoturbation, mixing of soil by freezing and thawing


juveniel

juveniel (adverbial positive predicative)
juveniele (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
juveniel (indefinite neuter positive singular)
juveniele (indefinite plural positive)
juveniele (definite positive)
juveniels (partitive positive)

Borrowed from French juvénile, from Latin iuvenīlis.


erosie

Afrikaans: erosie

→ Indonesian: erosi

→ West Frisian: eroazje

Borrowed from French érosion, from Latin ērōsiō. The geological and figurative senses may have derived from English erosion.


erupteren

erupteren (infinitive)
erupteren (gerund neuter)
erupteer (first-person present singular)
erupteerde (first-person past singular)
erupteert (present second-person singular)
erupteer (present second-person singular)
erupteerde (past second-person singular)
erupteert (formal present second-person singular)
erupteerde (formal past second-person singular)
erupteert (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
erupteert (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
erupteerde (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
erupteerde (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
erupteert (present singular third-person)
erupteerde (past singular third-person)
erupteren (plural present)
erupteerden (past plural)
eruptere (archaic present singular subjunctive)
erupteerde (archaic past singular subjunctive)
erupteren (archaic plural present subjunctive)
erupteerden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
erupteer (imperative present singular)
erupteert (archaic imperative plural present)
erupterend (participle present)
geërupteerd (participle past)


eruptief

eruptief (adverbial positive predicative)
eruptieve (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
eruptief (indefinite neuter positive singular)
eruptieve (indefinite plural positive)
eruptieve (definite positive)
eruptiefs (partitive positive)

Borrowed from French éruptif. Equivalent to eruptie + -ief.

(geology) eruptive (formed by or pertaining to eruption)


ontsluiting

nl-noun

ontsluiting f (plural ontsluitingen, diminutive ontsluitinkje n)

ontsluitingen (plural)
ontsluitinkje (diminutive neuter)

From ontsluiten (“to unlock, to open up”) + -ing.


cryovulkaan

Calque of English cryovolcano, equivalent to cryo- + vulkaan.

(planetology, geology, volcanology) a volcano on an icy moon or asteroid that ejects volatile materials rather than magma; a cryovolcano


cryovulkanisme

nl-noun

cryovulkanisme m (plural cryovulkanismen)

Calque of English cryovolcanism, equivalent to cryo- + vulkanisme.

(volcanology, planetology, geology) the activity, and associated phenomena, of a cryovolcano – a volcano that ejects volatile materials rather than magma; cryovolcanism


maansteen

maansteen m (plural maanstenen, diminutive maansteentje n)

maanstenen (plural)
maansteentje (diminutive neuter)


sorosilicaat

From Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”) + silicaat.


nesosilicaat

From Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”) + silicaat.


kyaniet

From Ancient Greek κυανός (kuanós, “blue”) + -iet.


malachiet

From French malachite or German Malachit.


fyllosilicaat

From Ancient Greek φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”) + silicaat.


agglomeraat

agglomeraat n (plural agglomeraten, diminutive agglomeraatje n)

agglomeraten (plural)
agglomeraatje (diminutive neuter)


hematiet

Ultimately from Ancient Greek αἱματίτης (haimatítēs), from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


bentoniet

From English bentonite; equivalent to Benton + -iet.


nefriet

nefriet f (plural nefrieten, diminutive nefrietje n)

nefrieten (plural)
nefrietje (diminutive neuter)


ablatie

ablatie f (plural ablaties, diminutive ablatietje n)

ablaties (plural)
ablatietje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: ablasi

Borrowed from French ablation, from Late Latin ablātiō.

(geology) ablation (removal of a glacier by melting and evaporation)


deflatie

→ Indonesian: deflasi

→ Malay: deflasi

Borrowed from German Deflation in the late 19th century in the geological sense. The economic sense is from the 1920s and is borrowed from English deflation or French déflation.

(geology) deflation (erosion due to wind)