Mexico

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


Monaco

nl-proper noun

Monaco n (adjective Monegaskisch, demonym Monegask m or Monegaskische f)

Monegaskisch (adjective)
Monegask (demonym masculine)
Monegaskische (demonym feminine)


San Marino

San Marino n (adjective San Marinees, demonym San Marinees m or San Marinese f)

San Marinees (adjective)
San Marinees (demonym masculine)
San Marinese (demonym feminine)

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Brasilia

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


Ottawa

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)


Amsterdam

First attested as amestelledamme in 1275. From Middle Dutch Aemstelredam, from the river Amstel + dam.

Meronyms: Driemond, Durgerdam, Holysloot, Nieuwendam, Ransdorp, Schellingwoude, 't Nopeind, Weesp, Zunderdorp

Amsterdam (a city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands; capital city of the Netherlands)


Leuven

* (Flemish Brabant) From Middle Dutch Loven (Latinised: Lovanium).
* (West Betuwe) First attested as loffna in 788-789. Etymology unknown. Compare Loven.

unk

unknown

Meronyms: Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, Wilsele, Wijgmaal

Louvain (the capital city of Flemish Brabant, Belgium)


Algiers

Ultimately from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir).

der

اَلْجَزَائِر

Algiers (the capital and largest city of Algeria)


Kiev

From Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev). The form Kyiv, from Ukrainian Київ (Kyjiv), has been gaining currency, particularly since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Kyiv (The capital city of Ukraine and the administrative centre of Kyiv Oblast)


Edinburgh

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Zagreb

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Zurich

Zurich (the capital city of Zurich canton, Switzerland)


Tunis

Tunis (The capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


Oslo

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital city of Norway)


Barcelona

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)


Rome

Afrikaans: Rome

* (capital of Italy) From Middle Dutch rome.
* (Maasdriel) First attested as Rome in 1830-1855. Named after the Italian city, allegedly because many Roman artefacts were found there.


Bratislava

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


Bern

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; capital city of Bern canton)


Pyongyang

From Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang, literally “flat land”).

bor

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


Damascus

From Middle Dutch damascus, from Latin Damascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from a Semitic language.


Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


Peking

Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, English Peking, French Pékin.

Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
nl:Peking


Gent

Meronyms: Afsnee, Desteldonk, Drongen, Gentbrugge, Ledeberg, Mariakerke, Mendonk, Oostakker, Sint-Amandsberg, Sint-Denijs-Westrem, Sint-Kruis-Winkel, Wondelgem, Zwijnaarde

Ghent (the capital of East Flanders, Belgium)


Bergen

Mons (a city, municipality, and capital of Hainaut, Belgium)


Bagdad

Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq)
Baghdad (a governorate of Iraq)


Luxemburg

nl-proper noun

Luxemburg n (adjective Luxemburgs, demonym Luxemburger m or Luxemburgse f)

Luxemburgs (adjective)
Luxemburger (demonym masculine)
Luxemburgse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Luxemburg

→ Indonesian: Luksemburg

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (One of the twelve cantons of the country of Luxembourg, which includes its capital city)


Tokio

Borrowed from Japanese 東(とう)京(きょう) (Tōkyō, literally “eastern capital”). First attested in the 1870s.

ja-r

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital and largest city of Japan)


Windhoek

From wind (“wind”) + hoek (“corner, angle”).

Windhoek (a city, the capital city of Namibia)


Brussel

From Broekzele, from broek (“marsh”) + zaal, zele (“thatching, settlement”).

Brussels (the capital city of Belgium; capital city of the region of Flanders in Belgium; main seat of government of the EU; former capital of the former province of Brabant)


Brugge

From Old Dutch Bruges, Bruggas, Brugias, probably from brugga (“bridge”, now brug), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ.

Meronyms: Assebroek, Dudzele, Koolkerke, Lissewege, Sint-Andries, Sint-Kruis, Sint-Michiels

Bruges (the capital city of West Flanders province, Belgium)


Londen

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


Parijs

From Middle Dutch parijs, from Old French Paris.

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


Kopenhagen

/ˌkoːpənˈɦaːɣən/

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


Antwerpen

From Medieval Latin Antwerpo, which, if of Germanic origin, like Frankish or Old Frisian, could be from Proto-West Germanic *anda- (“against”) + a noun derived from *werpan (“to throw”), meaning something like "land thrown up at something, "alluvial deposit."
Folk etymology derived it from handwerpen (“hand-throwing”), from hand + werpen, referring to a giant in Flemish legend named Antigoon, said to sever and fling the hands of any boatmen of the Scheldt who did not pay his toll. More at Antwerp.

Meronyms: Berchem, Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo, Borgerhout, Deurne, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem, Wilrijk

Antwerp (the capital city of Antwerp province, Belgium)


Vaticaanstad

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Den Haag

→ German: Den Haag

→ Sranan Tongo: Aga
→ Dutch: Agga

→ West Frisian: De Haach

From Middle Dutch die Haghe (“the enclosure”), from hage (m, later also f, “enclosure, hedge”), from Proto-Germanic *hagô. First attested in 1242 as die haga. The article form den is dative/accusative, generalized in the modern name because of its use after prepositions, e.g. in den Haghe (“in The Hague”). Compare Den Bosch, Den Hoorn etc.

inh

Meronym: Haagoord

The Hague (a city, municipality, and capital of South Holland, Netherlands; administrative capital of the Netherlands)


Port Moresby

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital city of Papua New Guinea)


Paramaribo

The initial element is from a Tupi-Guarani word related to Old Tupi pará (“sea, wide river”) and refers to the Suriname River; the settlement was founded on its western (left) bank.

Paramaribo (the capital city of Suriname)


Kinshasa

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Santiago

Santiago de Chile
Santiago de Chile#English

Santiago, Santiago de Chile (the capital city of Chile)


Dijon

Dijon (the capital city of the Côte-d'Or department, France)


Berlijn

Perhaps borrowed from German Berlin. Insofar as the name has undergone diphthongisation it must be of some age; hence possibly inherited from Middle Dutch [Term?], from Middle Low German [Term?]. The city was of relevance since circa 1250.

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)


Genua

Genoa (the capital city of Liguria, Italy)


Lissabon

Ultimately from Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna), from Latin Olisipo, further etymology uncertain.


Sanaa

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


Krakau

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Cracow, the capital city of Lesser Poland Voivodeship and former capital of Poland.


Warschau

→ Afrikaans: Warschau


Athene

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē) and Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).


Wenen

Afrikaans: Wene

From Middle Dutch Wene, from Middle High German Wien(n)e, Win(n)e.


Seoel

From Korean 서울 (Seoul, literally “capital city”).


Washington D.C.

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


Praag

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


Belgrado

From Southern Slavic (the Yugoslav or southern branch of Slavic languages), presently Beograd in Serbo-Croatian (variety Serbian), meaning “white castle” (after a fortress on the Danube), like most non-derivative translations.


Straatsburg

Strasbourg (the capital city of the Bas-Rhin department, France; capital city of the region of Grand Est)


Beiroet

From Middle Dutch baruth, later modified under influence of Arabic بَيْرُوت (bayrūt).


Moskou

The hamlet is first attested as Moscou in 1899. Originally the name of a farm separated by a canal from Petersburg.

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


Jeruzalem

The neighbourhood is named after the city. The name was given in reference to the neighbourhood's white houses, which are vaguely reminiscent of houses in Jerusalem.

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


Nouméa

Nouméa (capital city of the French overseas territory New Caledonia)


Rijsel

From Middle Dutch ijssel (“small island, islet”), calque of Old French l'Isle (“the Island”), itself from Latin Īnsula, from īnsula (“island”). The word has undergone resegmentation, like its French counterpart: ter ijsel (“at the islet”) was resegmented into te Rijsel.

inh

(chiefly Belgium) Lille (the department capital of the Nord department, France; regional capital of Hauts-de-France)


Elsenfors

(obsolete) Helsinki (the capital city of Finland)


The Bottom

Borrowed from English The Bottom, derived from a misinterpretation of Zealandic botte (“bowl”).

A village and capital of Saba, Netherlands


Vaticaan

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Philipsburg

Borrowed from English Philipsburg, a compound of Philips (a surname) and burg. Named after John Philips, a Scottish officer in Dutch service.


Caïro

From Italian Il Cairo, from Arabic اَلْقَاهِرَة (al-qāhira).

der

اَلْقَاهِرَة


Willemstad

* (Curaçao) Compound of Willem (a personal name) and stad (“city”). Named after William II of Orange (1626-1650).
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as Willemstat in 1639. Compound of Willem (a personal name) and stad (“city”). Named after William I of Orange (1533-1584).
* (Friesland) Attested as Willemstad (De) in 1899. Etymology uncertain. Possibly named after one of the first inhabitants or by a local family. The hamlet may also have been named after Willemstad in Noord-Brabant, which had heroically resisted a French siege in 1793. See also Dutch Low Saxon De Willemstad and West Frisian Willemstêd.
* (Groningen) First attested as WILLEMSTAD (DE) in 1849. Named after Willemstad in Noord-Brabant by a group of veterans of the Ten-Day Campaign.


Oranjestad

* (Aruba) Compound of Oranje + stad (“city”). The city is named after William I of the Netherlands.
* (Sint Eustatius) Compound of Oranje + stad (“city”).

The capital city of Sint Eustatius, Netherlands


Kralendijk

First attested around 1840. Derived from a contracted compound of koraal (“coral”) and dijk (“levee”). Named after a levee.

The capital city of Bonaire, Netherlands


Noer-Soeltan

Transliteration of Kazakh Нұр-Сұлтан (Nūr-Sūltan)

translit

De opstand verliep erg spontaan, escaleerde snel en concentreerde zich vooral in Almaty en niet in ^([sic]) hoofdstad Noer-Soeltan.

2022 January 9, Eva Cukier, “‘De machtswisseling in Kazachstan was nooit echt, dat is precies waarom de bevolking zo boos is’ ['The change of power in Kazakhstan was never real, which is exactly why the population is so angry']”, in NRC Handelsblad, retrieved 2022-09-14:

The uprising proceeded very spontaneously, escalated rapidly and was concentrated mainly in Almaty and not in the capital Nur-Sultan.

Nur-Sultan (former name of Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan)


Anslo

Adapted borrowing of Old Norse Ósló, Ásló, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god”) + *lauhaz (“clearing, meadow”).

Oslo (a city and municipality, the capital of Norway; official name: Oslo)


Presburg

Pressburg (former name of Bratislava, the capital city of Slovakia)