Mexico

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


Japan

> Afrikaans: Japan (inherited)

→ Arabic: اليابان (al-yābān)

desctree

→ Danish: Japan
→ Faroese: Japan
→ Icelandic: Japan

⇒ English: Japan
> Tok Pisin: Siapan (inherited)
→ Bengali: জাপান (japan)
→ Burmese: ဂျပန် (gya.pan)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: जापान (jāpān)
→ Dhivehi: ޖާފާނު (jāfānu)
Urdu: جاپان (jāpān)
→ Irish: Seapáin
→ Marathi: जपान (japān)
→ Marshallese: Jepaan
→ Persian:
Dari: جَاپَان (jāpān)
⇒ Samoan: Iapani
→ Tamil: ஜப்பான் (jappāṉ)
→ Telugu: జపాను (japānu)
→ Yoruba: Jèpáànì

→ German: Japan
→ Ladin: Iapan
→ Estonian: Jaapan
→ Finnish: Japani
→ Hungarian: Japán
→ Latvian: Japāna
→ Norwegian: Japan
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: Јапан
Latin script: Japan
→ Yiddish: יאַפּאַן (yapan)
→ Hebrew: יפן (yapan)

→ Swedish: Japan

→ West Frisian: Japan

From Malay Jepang / Jepun, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, literally “sun origin”).


Finland

nl-proper noun

Finland n (adjective Fins or Finlands, demonym Fin m or Finlander m or Finse f or Finlandse f)

Fins (adjective)
Finlands (adjective)
Fin (demonym masculine)
Finlander (demonym masculine)
Finse (demonym feminine)
Finlandse (demonym feminine)

Borrowed and first attested in the 16th century Dutch translation of Olaus Magnus Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus by Cornelius Grapheus, but whether it was borrowed from Latin or a Germanic translation, e.g. Swedish, Low German or High German, is uncertain.

Finland (A Nordic country having borders with Sweden, Norway and Russia in Europe)


Bhutan

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


Colombia

Borrowed from Spanish Colombia. Named after Christopher Columbus.


Afghanistan

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


Brasil

Borrowed from Papiamentu Brasil, likely derived from brasil (“brazilwood, Haematoxylum brasiletto”).


Nicaragua

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


Nigeria

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


Kiribati

Kiribati (A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


Monaco

Monaco n (adjective Monegaskisch, demonym Monegask m or Monegaskische f)

Monegaskisch (adjective)
Monegask (demonym masculine)
Monegaskische (demonym feminine)


Andorra

Andorra n (adjective Andorrees, demonym Andorrees m or Andorrese f)

Andorrees (adjective)
Andorrees (demonym masculine)
Andorrese (demonym feminine)

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


Qatar

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Oman

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Mauritius

Mauritius (A country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (The main island of the country of Mauritius)


Guatemala

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


Angola

/ˌɑŋˈɣoː.laː/


El Salvador

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


Jamaica

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Mozambique

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


Zimbabwe

From Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“house of stones”), in reference to Great Zimbabwe.


Venezuela

Borrowed from Spanish Venezuela, from Italian Veneziola.


Cuba

Afrikaans: Kuba

Borrowed from Spanish Cuba, of disputed origin.

Cuba (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Niger

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)


Cyprus

nl-proper noun

Cyprus n (adjective Cypriotisch, demonym Cyprioot m or Cypriotische f)

Cypriotisch (adjective)
Cyprioot (demonym masculine)
Cypriotische (demonym feminine)

→ Indonesian: Siprus

Ultimately from Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Tonga

Tonga (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


Uganda

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


Zaïre

Borrowed from French Zaïre; ultimately from Kongo nzere, a truncation of nzadi o nzere (“river swallowing rivers”).

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

(historical) Zaire (A former country (1971–1997) in Central Africa; now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Tuvalu

Tuvalu (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


Liechtenstein

nl-proper noun

Liechtenstein n (adjective Liechtensteins, demonym Liechtensteiner m or Liechtensteinse f)

Liechtensteins (adjective)
Liechtensteiner (demonym masculine)
Liechtensteinse (demonym feminine)

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)


Aruba

Uncertain. Proposed etymologies include a derivation from Spanish oro (“gold”) and the third-person singular preterite form of haber (“to have”) ("there was gold"), a derivation from Kalinago oruba (“well-placed”) or a compound of two Kalinago words, ora (“shell”) and oubao (“island”).

Aruba (an island, dependent territory, and constituent country of the Netherlands, in the Caribbean Sea)


San Marino

San Marino n (adjective San Marinees, demonym San Marinees m or San Marinese f)

San Marinees (adjective)
San Marinees (demonym masculine)
San Marinese (demonym feminine)

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Vanuatu

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


Iran

Ultimately from Persian ایران (irân), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾyʿʾn).

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Suriname

→ Caribbean Javanese: Srinama, Srinamah

→ English: Suriname


Sierra Leone

Borrowed from Spanish Sierra Leona, from Portuguese Serra Leoa.

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


Fiji

Borrowed from Fijian Viti, from Proto-Central Pacific *viti "east, sunrise".

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


Costa Rica

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


Burkina Faso

From Moore burkĩna (“honest”) + Dyula faso (“father's house”), coined by Thomas Sankara.

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)


Benin

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


Portugal

Portugal n (adjective Portugees, demonym Portugees m or Portugese f)

Portugees (adjective)
Portugees (demonym masculine)
Portugese (demonym feminine)

Borrowed from Portuguese Portugal, from Latin Portus Cale, former name of what is now the city of Vila Nova de Gaia.

Portugal (a country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula)


Barbados

Borrowed from English Barbados, from Portuguese barbados (“bearded ones”).

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Eritrea

Borrowed from Italian (l')Eritrea, first used in Italian as an ellipsis of la Colonia eritrea (“Italian Eritrea”, literally “the Erythraean colony”), from eritrea, feminine of eritreo (“Erythraean (of or relating to the Erythraean Sea)”), from Latin erythraeus (“reddish”), from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”).

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


Canada

Probably borrowed from French Canada.
The hamlet is attested as Canada in 1954. It was named after the country. Originally the name of a farmhouse.

A hamlet in Ooststellingwerf, Friesland, Netherlands


Belarus

Belarus n (adjective Belarussisch, demonym Belarus m or Belarussische f)

Belarussisch (adjective)
Belarus (demonym masculine)
Belarussische (demonym feminine)

Borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ).


Malta

Malta n (adjective Maltees, demonym Maltees m or Maltezer m or Maltese f)

Maltees (adjective)
Maltees (demonym masculine)
Maltezer (demonym masculine)
Maltese (demonym feminine)

From Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic, from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek Μελίτη (Melítē), possibly from Phoenician 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ), q.v. The neighbourhood was named after the 1565 Great Siege of Malta, first attested in the form Maltha in 1641.

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


Samoa

Samoa (A country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania)


Roemenië

Roemenië n (adjective Roemeens, demonym Roemeen m or Roemeense f)

Roemeens (adjective)
Roemeen (demonym masculine)
Roemeense (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Roemenië


Georgia

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


Welsh

nl-adj

Welsh (comparative Welsher, superlative Welsht)

Welsher (comparative)
Welsht (superlative)
Welsh (adverbial positive predicative)
Welsher (adverbial comparative predicative)
het Welsht (adverbial predicative superlative)
het Welshte (adverbial predicative superlative)
Welshe (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
Welshere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
Welshte (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
Welsh (indefinite neuter positive singular)
Welsher (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
Welshte (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
Welshe (indefinite plural positive)
Welshere (comparative indefinite plural)
Welshte (indefinite plural superlative)
Welshe (definite positive)
Welshere (comparative definite)
Welshte (definite superlative)
Welsh (partitive positive)
Welshers (comparative partitive)


Taiwan

The modern form "Taiwan" may possibly be from English Taiwan, or way older reminiscent of older forms like Tayouan, from possibly Siraya.


Brasilia

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


Ottawa

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)


Amsterdam

First attested as amestelledamme in 1275. From Middle Dutch Aemstelredam, from the river Amstel + dam.

Meronyms: Driemond, Durgerdam, Holysloot, Nieuwendam, Ransdorp, Schellingwoude, 't Nopeind, Weesp, Zunderdorp

Amsterdam (a city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands; capital city of the Netherlands)


Leuven

* (Flemish Brabant) From Middle Dutch Loven (Latinised: Lovanium).
* (West Betuwe) First attested as loffna in 788-789. Etymology unknown. Compare Loven.

unk

unknown

Meronyms: Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, Wilsele, Wijgmaal

Louvain (the capital city of Flemish Brabant, Belgium)

A hamlet in West Betuwe, Gelderland, Netherlands


London

London (a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada)


Kiev

From Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev). The form Kyiv, from Ukrainian Київ (Kyjiv), has been gaining currency, particularly since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Kyiv (The capital city of Ukraine and the administrative centre of Kyiv Oblast)


Algiers

Ultimately from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir).

der

اَلْجَزَائِر

Algiers (the capital and largest city of Algeria)


Palermo

Palermo (a city and province of Sicily, Italy)


Edinburgh

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Tarragona

Tarragona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)

Tarragona (a city in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain)


Florida

At least since the 16th century; probably from Spanish


Zagreb

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Tunis

Tunis (The capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


Zurich

Zurich (the capital city of Zurich canton, Switzerland)


Zurich

First attested as zuderinghe in 1352. Potentially derived from Old Frisian suder (“southern”) and igge (“corner”) or from suder suffixed with the collectivising suffix -ingi-. The Dutch form of the toponym was borrowed from an earlier variant of the Frisian name.

A village in Súdwest-Fryslân, Friesland, Netherlands


Oslo

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital city of Norway)


Barcelona

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)


Daniel

The village is named after a former plantation house.


New York

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States)


Rome

Afrikaans: Rome

* (capital of Italy) From Middle Dutch rome.
* (Maasdriel) First attested as Rome in 1830-1855. Named after the Italian city, allegedly because many Roman artefacts were found there.

A hamlet in Maasdriel, Gelderland, Netherlands


Mechelen

* (Belgium) From earlier Mechgelme, Machele, from Medieval Latin Maclines, from Maslines, from Frankish *Maalinas, ultimately from Old Saxon mahal (“meeting room”), from Proto-West Germanic *maþl (“gathering, speech”). See also Limburgish Mechele.
* (Limburg) First attested as mechluns in 1133. Derived from Proto-Germanic *magal (“great, powerful”), related to *mikilaz. Compare Megchelen.

inh

Meronyms: Heffen, Hombeek, Leest, Muizen, Walem

A village in Gulpen-Wittem, Limburg, Netherlands


Limburg

From Middle Dutch limborch, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *lindō (“linden (tree)”) and *burg/*burgz (“fortification, stronghold”).

Meronyms: Alken, As, Beringen, Bilzen, Bocholt, Borgloon, Bree, Diepenbeek, Dilsen-Stokkem, Genk, Gingelom, Halen, Ham, Hamont-Achel, Hasselt, Hechtel-Eksel, Heers, Herk-de-Stad, Herstappe, Heusden-Zolder, Hoeselt, Houthalen-Helchteren, Kinrooi, Kortessem, Lanaken, Leopoldsburg, Lommel, Lummen, Maaseik, Maasmechelen, Nieuwerkerken, Oudsbergen, Peer, Pelt, Riemst, Sint-Truiden, Tessenderlo, Tongeren, Voeren, Wellen, Zonhoven, Zutendaal

Meronyms: Beek, Beekdaelen, Beesel, Bergen, Brunssum, Echt-Susteren, Eijsden-Margraten, Gennep, Gulpen-Wittem, Heerlen, Horst aan de Maas, Kerkrade, Landgraaf, Leudal, Maasgouw, Maastricht, Meerssen, Mook en Middelaar, Nederweert, Peel en Maas, Roerdalen, Roermond, Simpelveld, Sittard-Geleen, Stein, Vaals, Valkenburg aan de Geul, Venlo, Venray, Voerendaal, Weert


Brabant

From Middle Dutch brabant, from Old Dutch *brākbant (attested in Latin as pāgus brācbatensis), from Frankish, a compound of Proto-Germanic *brēk-, *brekaną (“fallow, originally 'to break'”) + *bant-, *bantō, *banti (“district, region”), which could be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰonHdéh₂ (“beneficial, good”), from *bʰHdús.
The latter element is also found in other toponyms such as Oosterbant, Swifterbant and Teisterbant.

der

(Belgium) Brabant (a former province of Belgium)

Zuid-Brabant (1815-1830, also in the Netherlands to contrast with Noord-Brabant)


Holland

nl-proper noun

Holland n (adjective Hollands, demonym Hollander m or Hollandse f)

Hollands (adjective)
Hollander (demonym masculine)
Hollandse (demonym feminine)

Javindo: Hollaan

Jersey Dutch: Hôl-läänt

→ Caribbean Javanese: Holan

→ Kwinti: hollan

→ Portuguese: holanda, Holanda

→ Petjo: blandeu, blandees

From Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”). A popular but false etymology holds that it is derived from hol land (“hollow land”), inspired by the low-lying geography of the Dutch region.

Ik hou van Holland.

When cheering for a sports team:
Hup Holland hup!
Go Netherlands go!

Ik hou van Holland, landje aan de Zuiderzee / Een stukje Holland draag ik in m'n hart steeds mee / Daar waar die molens draaien in hun forse kracht / En waar de bollen bloeien in hun schoonste pracht

1937, Willy Schootemeijer (lyrics and music), “Ik hou van Holland”, performed by Joseph Schmidt:

I love the Netherlands, little country by the Zuiderzee / A little piece of the Netherlands I always carry in my heart / There where those windmills turn in their mighty power / And where the bulbs bloom in their most beautiful splendour

Hier in Holland sterft de laatste vlinder / op de allerlaatste bloem / en alle muziek die overblijft / is de supersonische boem

1972, “Vluchten kan niet meer”, Annie M.G. Schmidt (lyrics), Harry Bannink (music), performed by Jenny Arean and Frans Halsema:

Here in the Netherlands, the last butterfly / dies on the very last flower / and all music that remains / is the supersonic boom

(in patriotic contexts) Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Bretagne

From Middle Dutch [Term?], from Middle French [Term?] or Old French [Term?].

administrative region
administrative region

Brittany (an administrative region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)


Spitsbergen

Afrikaans: Spitsbergen

→ English: Spitsbergen

→ German: Spitzbergen

→ Russian: Шпицбе́рген (Špicbérgen)

Compound of spits + bergen, referring to the “pointed mountains” Dutch navigator and explorer Willem Barentsz sighted on the west coast of the main island. Because Barentsz was unaware of having discovered an archipelago, the name was long used to refer both to the main island and the whole archipelago.
The hamlet is attested as Spitsbergen in 1851–1855 and is named after the archipelago.
The neighbourhood is name after a piece of land named in turn after the archipelago.

A hamlet in Midden-Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands


Drenthe

From Middle Dutch [Term?], from late Old Dutch Drente, from earlier Old Dutch Thrente, from Old Dutch Thriente, from Old Dutch Thrianta (also Old Dutch Threant), from *thrie (“three”) + *hant-. Beware that these attestations come to us via copies of Latin texts, and may therefore be affected by transcription errors and phonological adaptation. De Vries thought *hant- means community or part of the area where a people live; if so that would mean that Drenthe originally consisted of just three dingspelen (“judicial areas”) rather than the six it has had since our earliest records. Compare Twente. Attested both with and without h from early Modern Dutch; the form with h is now standard, although this doesn't affect the pronunciation.

Meronyms: Aa en Hunze, Assen, Borger-Odoorn, Coevorden, De Wolden, Emmen, Hoogeveen, Meppel, Midden-Drenthe, Noordenveld, Tynaarlo, Westerveld


Flevoland

Borrowed from Latin Flevo, a lake or inland sea near or identical to the Zuiderzee, mentioned by Pomponius Mela in De chorographia. The element Vlie, as in Vlieland, is thought to be cognate, with both names being derived from the same root as the verb vloeien (“to flow”).

Meronyms: Almere, Dronten, Lelystad, Noordoostpolder, Urk, Zeewolde

Het spijt mij dat ik nog altijd moet spreken van de Zuiderzee en dat het der vorige Regering niet gegeven is om die in eene provincie Flevoland te herscheppen. Ik hoop dat deze Regering krachtig het verdienstelijke werk van hare voorgangster zal voortzetten en wij ons binnen kort over de aanwinst van eene nieuwe provincie zullen verheugen.

1877 December 6, Daniël van Eck, quotee, Handelingen Tweede Kamer 1877-1878, Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, page 192:

I regret that I still have to speak of the Zuiderzee and that it was not possible for the previous Government to transform it into a province of Flevoland. I hope that this Government will vigorously continue the meritorious work of its predecessor and that we will soon rejoice in the acquisition of a new province.

Flevoland, a province of the Netherlands


Gelderland

Meronyms: Aalten, Apeldoorn, Arnhem, Barneveld, Berg en Dal, Berkelland, Beuningen, Bronckhorst, Brummen, Buren, Culemborg, Doesburg, Doetinchem, Druten, Duiven, Ede, Elburg, Epe, Ermelo, Harderwijk, Hattem, Heerde, Heumen, Lingewaard, Lochem, Maasdriel, Montferland, Neder-Betuwe, Nijkerk, Nijmegen, Nunspeet, Oldebroek, Oost Gelre, Oude IJsselstreek, Overbetuwe, Putten, Renkum, Rheden, Rozendaal, Scherpenzeel, Tiel, Voorst, Wageningen, West Betuwe, West Maas en Waal, Westervoort, Wijchen, Winterswijk, Zaltbommel, Zevenaar, Zutphen

Gelderland (a province of the Netherlands)


Friesland

From Fries (“Frisian, pertaining to Frisia”) and land (“land, country”).

Meronyms: Achtkarspelen, Ameland, Dantumadiel, De Fryske Marren, Harlingen, Heerenveen, Leeuwarden, Noardeast-Fryslân, Ooststellingwerf, Opsterland, Schiermonnikoog, Smallingerland, Súdwest-Fryslân, Terschelling, Tytsjerksteradiel, Vlieland, Waadhoeke, Weststellingwerf

Friesland, a province of the Netherlands


Friesland

First attested as Oost-Vriesland in the 18th century. Named after a farmhouse, which in turn is named after duchess Maria Leopoldina of Oost-Friesland-Rietberg.

A hamlet in Montferland, Gelderland, Netherlands


Overijssel

[ˌoːvəˈrɛi̯səɫ]

From Middle Dutch ōverīsel, perhaps from Middle Low German overisel. Equivalent to a univerbation of over + IJssel.

Meronyms: Almelo, Borne, Dalfsen, Deventer, Dinkelland, Enschede, Haaksbergen, Hardenberg, Hellendoorn, Hengelo, Hof van Twente, Kampen, Losser, Oldenzaal, Olst-Wijhe, Ommen, Raalte, Rijssen-Holten, Staphorst, Steenwijkerland, Tubbergen, Twenterand, Wierden, Zwartewaterland, Zwolle

Overijssel (a province of the Netherlands)


Zeeland

→ English: Zealand

From Middle Dutch sêelant. Equivalent to zee (“sea”) + land (“land”) or from zeeland (“coastal land”).

Meronyms: Borsele, Goes, Hulst, Kapelle, Middelburg, Noord-Beveland, Reimerswaal, Schouwen-Duiveland, Sluis, Terneuzen, Tholen, Veere, Vlissingen


Zeeland

Both toponyms are potentially related to Old High German selilant (“free patrimony”), itself derived from Latin terra salica (“free patrimony, possession subject to Salic law”).
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as zeelant in 1376.
* (Gelderland) First attested as t guet geheiten zelandt in 1406.

cog

A village and former municipality of Maashorst, North Brabant, Netherlands

A hamlet in Berg en Dal, Gelderland, Netherlands


Groningen

First attested as groningi in the 10th or 11th century. Etymology uncertain. Potentially derived from Old Dutch Grôn (a personal name) or Groni (a personal name) suffixed with the collectivising suffix -ing-. A derivation from a hydronym *Gron suffixed with -ing- is less likely. Compare Groeningen.
The province was named after the city.
See also Dutch Low Saxon Grunnen.

Meronyms: Achter-Thesinge, Boltklap, Bouwerschap, Bovenrijge, Dilgt, Dorkwerd, Emmerwolde, Engelbert, Essen, Euvelgunne, Felland, Garmerwolde, Glimmen, Haren, Harenermolen, Hemert, Hemmen, Hoogkerk, Hoornsedijk, Klein Harkstede, Kröddeburen, Lageweg, Leegkerk, Lellens, Lutjewolde, Middelbert, Noorddijk, Noorderhoogebrug, Noordlaren, Onnen, Oosterdijkshorn, Oosterhoogebrug, Oude Roodehaan, Roodehaan, Ruischerbrug, Sint Annen, Slaperstil, Steerwolde, Ten Boer, Ten Post, Thesinge, Vierverlaten, Winneweer, Wittewierum, Woltersum, Zevenhuisjes

Groningen (a city, municipality, and capital of Groningen, Netherlands)

Meronyms: Eemsdelta, Groningen, Het Hogeland, Midden-Groningen, Oldambt, Pekela, Stadskanaal, Veendam, Westerkwartier, Westerwolde

Groningen (a province of the Netherlands)


Utrecht

→ English: Utrecht velvet

→ French: velours d’Utrecht

→ Portuguese: Utreque

desc

→ Chinese: → 烏得勒支／乌得勒支 (Wūdélèzhī) (transliteration)

From Middle Dutch utrecht, from Old Dutch [Term?], from Old Dutch ūt (“outside”) + Latin Traiectum, the name of the original Roman fort around which the city was built, a name meaning "crossing," from the verb traicio (“I go across, transfer”).

Meronyms: Alendorp, Blauwkapel, De Meern, Haarzuilens, Lage Haar, Nedereindseweg, Ockhuizen, Oudenrijn, Rijnenburg, Stadsdam, Themaat, Veldhuizen, Vleuten

Utrecht (a city, municipality, and capital of Utrecht, Netherlands)

Meronyms: Amersfoort, Baarn, Bunnik, Bunschoten, De Bilt, De Ronde Venen, Eemnes, Houten, IJsselstein, Leusden, Lopik, Montfoort, Nieuwegein, Oudewater, Renswoude, Rhenen, Soest, Stichtse Vecht, Utrecht, Utrechtse Heuvelrug, Veenendaal, Vijfheerenlanden, Wijk bij Duurstede, Woerden, Woudenberg, Zeist


Polen

nl-proper noun

Polen n (adjective Pools, demonym Pool m or Poolse f)

Pools (adjective)
Pool (demonym masculine)
Poolse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Pole

From Middle Dutch Polen, related to older Polanen.
The hamlet is first attested as Polen in 1899. It is named after the country.

A hamlet in Eemsdelta, Groningen, Netherlands


Schelm

First attested as een beemd de Schelm genaamd in 1606. Likely cognate with dialectal scheluw (“crooked, askew”).

A hamlet in Deurne, North Brabant, Netherlands


America

First attested as Amerika in 1838-1857. Derived from New Latin America. The settlement was named for its remote location.

Horst aan de Maas
Horst aan de Maas#English

A village in Horst aan de Maas, Limburg, Netherlands


Bloemfontein

Afrikaans: Bloemfontein


Bratislava

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


Bern

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; capital city of Bern canton)


Bern

First attested as birni in 709. Derived from Proto-Germanic *birnu- (“muck, manure, mud that looks like manure”) with collectivising suffix *-ja-.

inh

A hamlet in Zaltbommel, Gelderland, Netherlands


Keulen

From Middle Dutch Cuelen, Coelen, from Old Dutch [Term?], from Latin Colōnia (literally “colony”), from Colōnia Agrippīna.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany)


Purmerend

First attested as purmerende in 1342. Compound of the hydronym Purmer and Middle Dutch ende (“end”).

Meronyms: Arenberg, Halfweg, Klaterbuurt, Middenbeemster, Noordbeemster, Purmer, Purmerbuurt, Westbeemster, Zuidoostbeemster

Purmerend (a city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands)


Babylon

From Middle Dutch Babylone, from Latin Babylōn, from Ancient Greek Βαβυλών (Babulṓn).

(historical) Babylon (an ancient city in Mesopotamia, built on the banks of the Euphrates, which was the capital of Babylonia)


Texas

Borrowed from English Texas or Spanish Texas.

Texas (a state of the United States; former independent republic; former province of Mexico)


Estland

nl-proper noun

Estland n (adjective Ests, demonym Est m or Estse f)

Ests (adjective)
Est (demonym masculine)
Estse (demonym feminine)


Arum

First attested as aeldrum in 1400. Borrowed from West Frisian Arum, potentially derived from a compound of Old Frisian Alder (a personal name) and hēm (“home, settlement”).

A village and former municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân, Friesland, Netherlands


Baal

First attested as barla around 850. Compound of bar (“barren, bare”) and lo (“light forest”). Compare Baarle-Hertog, Baarle-Nassau, Baarlo, Bahr, Barlo and Hoog-Baarlo.

A hamlet in Lingewaard, Gelderland, Netherlands


Vessem

First attested as veseme in 1245. Etymology unknown. Not a compound derivation with heem (“home, settlement”) as a second element.

unk

unknown

A village and former municipality of Eersel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Rijnsburg

First attested as rinasburg in 918-948. Equivalent to Rijn + -s- + burg.

Rijnsburg (a village and former municipality of Katwijk, South Holland, Netherlands)


Gibraltar

Gibraltar (a peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia)


Pyongyang

From Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang, literally “flat land”).

bor

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


Irak

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Kessel

Derived from Latin castellum (“fortress”) with early Germanisation (showing the effects of umlaut and with stress shifted to the first syllable). Doublet of kasteel, Castilië, chateau, castellum, telo, and ketella.
* (Limburg): Attested with certainty as cassele in 1107.
* (Noord-Brabant): Attested with certainty as casella in 997.

doublet

A town and former municipality of Limburg, Netherlands

A former village and former municipality of Oss, North Brabant, Netherlands


Massachusetts

Massachusetts (a state of the United States)


Cornwall

Cornwall (a duchy and county of England, United Kingdom)


Chicago

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)


Damascus

From Middle Dutch damascus, from Latin Damascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from a Semitic language.


Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


Istanbul

Borrowed from Turkish İstanbul, corruption of Byzantine Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “to the City”).

der

εἰς τὴν Πόλιν


Engeland

→ Lokono: Engelanta

/ˈɛ.ŋəˌlɑnt/

(loosely) Great Britain or the United Kingdom


Engeland

* (Drenthe) First attested as Engellant in 1811-1813. Derived from Middle Dutch engelant (“pasture, grassland”). See also Dutch Low Saxon Engelaand.
* (Apeldoorn) First attested as englandi in 801. Compound of eng (“pasture, acrage”) and Old Dutch landi (“land”). A local toponymic legend holds that the name is derived from an ancient jury court "in the English style" that is supposed to have convened in the village. There is no historical evidence for the existence of such a court.
* (Oldebroek) First attested as ENGELAND in 1843. Derived from Middle Dutch engelant (“pasture, grassland”).
* (Dalfsen) First attested as ENGELAND in 1843. Derived from Middle Dutch engelant (“pasture, grassland”). See also Dutch Low Saxon Engelaand.
* (Hardenberg) First attested as ENGELAND in 1843. Derived from Middle Dutch engelant (“pasture, grassland”).

inh

/ˈɛ.ŋəˌlɑnt/

A hamlet in De Wolden, Drenthe, Netherlands

A hamlet in Apeldoorn, Gelderland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Oldebroek, Gelderland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Dalfsen, Overijssel, Netherlands

A hamlet in Hardenberg, Overijssel, Netherlands


Champagne

Champagne (a region and former province of France, the terroir of the wine champagne; now part of Grand Est)


Rusland

nl-proper noun

Rusland n (adjective Russisch, demonym Rus m or Russin f or Russische f)

Russisch (adjective)
Rus (demonym masculine)
Russin (demonym feminine)
Russische (demonym feminine)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Peking

Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, English Peking, French Pékin.

Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
nl:Peking


Aam

First attested as apud ambam at the end of the 11th century. Derived from an ancient hydronym derived in turn from Proto-Indo-European *amb- (“water, fog”). Compare Ameland and Amen.

inh

A hamlet in Overbetuwe, Gelderland, Netherlands


Ane

First attested as apud anen in 1232-1233. Etymology unknown. Unlikely to be derived from Old Dutch Ano (a personal name) or from Transalpine Gaulish anam (“swamp”).

unk

unknown


Ballast

First attested as Ballast in 1738. Derived from Dutch Low Saxon ballast (“weeds”), here referring to a patch of overgrown land.

A hamlet in Coevorden, Drenthe, Netherlands


Bent

Attested as bent in 1615. Derived from bent (“moor grass, Molinia sp.”).

Alphen aan den Rijn
Alphen aan den Rijn#English

A hamlet in Alphen aan den Rijn, South Holland, Netherlands


Amen

First attested as van ame in 1403. Derived from a hydronym, derived in turn from Proto-Germanic *ama- (“natural watercourse”). Compare Ameland, Emmeloord, Emer and Amdorf.

der

A village in Aa en Hunze, Drenthe, Netherlands


Born

First attested as burne in 1125. Derived from Old Dutch borne (“spring, source”).
See also Limburgish Bor.

A village and former municipality of Sittard-Geleen, Limburg, Netherlands


Appel

First attested as appele in 1146. Etymology unknown. Usually interpreted as a compound of appel (“apple”) and lo (“light forest on sandy soil, pool”). An alternative interpretation reads the first component as Old Dutch *apa (“river, current”).

unk

unknown

A hamlet in Nijkerk, Gelderland, Netherlands


Borne

* (Overijssel) First attested as burgunde in 1206. Derived from Proto-Germanic *burgundjô- (“elevated place, highland”). Compare Bergentheim, Warmond, Werkhoven and Bornholm.
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as borne in 1301. Derived from Old Dutch borne (“source, spring”).

inh

Meronyms: Hertme, Zenderen

A village and municipality of Overijssel, Netherlands

A hamlet in Meierijstad, North Brabant, Netherlands


Axel

First attested as axla in 987-994. Etymology uncertain. Various compound derivations from a first element and lo (“light forest”) have been proposed, but none of these match the oldest attestations. Potentially derived from a term cognate to Old Norse öxull (“shoulder”), Old High German ahsala (“shoulder”), here referring to an elevated location.
See also Zealandic Aksel.

A city and former municipality of Terneuzen, Zeeland, Netherlands


Acht

First attested as achte in 1307. Derived from Middle Dutch achte (“preserve, lordly possession, legal district”). Compare Achterveld, Achtmaal and Echt.

A village in Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands


Montenegro

nl-proper noun

Montenegro n (adjective Montenegrijns, demonym Montenegrijn m or Montenegrijnse f)

Montenegrijns (adjective)
Montenegrijn (demonym masculine)
Montenegrijnse (demonym feminine)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Dale

First attested as dale in 1386. Dative plural of dal (“dale, valley”).

A hamlet in Aalten, Gelderland, Netherlands


Bath

First attested as insula de boestenbare dicta in 1235. Derived from Middle Dutch bat (“bathwater”). Originally a hydronym.
See also Zealandic Bat.

A village and former municipality of Reimerswaal, Zeeland, Netherlands


Eng

First attested as enghe around 1320. Derived from eng (“farmland located next to a village”).

A hamlet in Altena, North Brabant, Netherlands


Delft

First attested as delf in 1130-1157. From Middle Dutch delft, from earlier delf, derived from a hydronym derived from Middle Dutch delven (“dig, excavate”).

Meronyms: Abtswoude, Klein-Delfgauw

Delft (a city and municipality of South Holland, Netherlands)


Brand

* (Limburg) First attested as Op genne Brant in the 18th century. Derived from brand (“site of a fire, location where something has been burned”).
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as den Brandt in 1750. Derived from brand (“fuel, turf”).

A hamlet in Beekdaelen, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Maashorst, North Brabant, Netherlands


Berg

* (Valkenburg aan de Geul) First attested as berga in 1139. Derived from the dative singular form of berg (“hill, elevated place”).
* (Belgium) Derived from berg (“hill, elevated place”).
* (Eijsden-Margraten) Derived from berg (“hill, elevated place”).
* (Peel en Maas) First attested as Berg in 1936. Derived from berg (“hill, elevated place”).
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as Berg in 1794. Derived from berg (“hill, elevated place”).
The surname derives from the toponym or from one of the senses of berg.

Valkenburg aan de Geul
Valkenburg aan de Geul#English

A village in Valkenburg aan de Geul, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Eijsden-Margraten, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Peel en Maas, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Cranendonck, North Brabant, Netherlands


Enter

First attested with certainty as entheren in 1188. Potentially a compound of Old Dutch ened (“duck”) and *heri (“sandy ridge”). A derivation from Middle Dutch *enet (“lonely place, hermitage”) is also possible. Compare Eynatten.

cog

A village in Wierden, Overijssel, Netherlands


Fort

First attested as Het Fort in 1851-1855. Derived from fort (“fortress”). Originally the name of a farm.
See also Dutch Low Saxon Fört.

A village in De Wolden, Drenthe, Netherlands


Est

First attested as est in 1316. Perhaps derived from es (“ash, Fraxinus excelsior”) with collectivising -t- suffix or from Middle Dutch est (“branch, brush, maple, Acer”).

inh

A village in West Betuwe, Gelderland, Netherlands


Gent

Meronyms: Afsnee, Desteldonk, Drongen, Gentbrugge, Ledeberg, Mariakerke, Mendonk, Oostakker, Sint-Amandsberg, Sint-Denijs-Westrem, Sint-Kruis-Winkel, Wondelgem, Zwijnaarde

Ghent (the capital of East Flanders, Belgium)


Heel

First attested as Latin Pagus Catvual between the 1st and 4th century. Compound derived from Proto-Germanic *haþu- (“battle”) and *walla (“wall”), either as a calque from Celtic term or as an originally Germanic term that was calqued into Celtic.
Alternative hypotheses propose a Latin origin of the toponym or a derivation from the demonym of an otherwise unknown tribe. Compare Heerle and Heerlen.
See also Limburgish Hael.

A village and former municipality of Maasgouw, Limburg, Netherlands


Hal

First attested as halle in 1230-1231. Derived from Middle Dutch halle (“covered area, hall”) or Proto-Germanic *halha (“spur of a highland”).

A hamlet in Boxtel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Hill

First attested as de Hil in 1545. Derived from dialectal hil (“hill, elevated place”).


Komen

From Gallo-Roman Latin Comius + -inas, of Celtic origin, from Gaulish *cumma, variant of *cumba, from Proto-Celtic *kumbā (“valley”).


Hall

First attested as hallo in the 11th century. Etymology uncertain. Perhaps a compound of Proto-Germanic *halha- (“bend, highland spur”) and lo (“light forest on sandy soil”). An alternative etymology interprets the name as a compound of Old Dutch hal (“large, spacious home”) and lo. Compare Hallum and Hellum.

cog

A village in Brummen, Gelderland, Netherlands


Gun

Dutch pronunciation

First attested as ther gonne in 1321. Etymology uncertain. The toponym is potentially derived from an ancient hydronym or from the name of a type of land grant. Alternatively, it may refer to the poor quality of the soil around the settlement. Compare Euvelgunne.

A hamlet in Horst aan de Maas, Limburg, Netherlands


Bergen

Mons (a city, municipality, and capital of Hainaut, Belgium)


Bergen

From Norwegian Bergen, from Old Norse Bjǫrgvin (“meadow between the mountains”).


Bergen

* (Limburg) First attested as de barge in 1230. Initially derived from the dative singular form of Middle Dutch berg (“hill, elevated place”). The toponym later shifted to the dative plural form of berg and acquired the meaning settlement at/on the hill.
* (Noord-Holland) First attested as bergum in 918-948. Derived from the dative plural form of Old Dutch berga (“hill, elevated place”), referring here to a series of dunes.

inh

Meronyms: Afferden, Aijen, Beekheuvel, Bergsche Heide, Bleijenbeek, Bosscherheide, Elsteren, Gening, Groote Horst, Hengeland, Heukelom, Kamp, Kleine Horst, Knikkerdorp, Koekoek, Lakei, Op de Belt, Rimpelt, Siebengewald, Smal, 't Leuken, Tuindorp, Vrij, Well, Wellerlooi, Zeelberg

A village and municipality of Limburg, Netherlands

Meronyms: Aagtdorp, Bergen aan Zee, Bregtdorp, Catrijp, Camperduin, Egmond aan den Hoef, Egmond aan Zee, Egmond-Binnen, Egmondermeer, Groet, Hargen, Het Woud, Rinnegom, Schoorl, Westdorp, Wimmenum, Zanegeest

A village and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands


Essen

* (Gelderland) First attested as essen in 1379-1380. Derived from the plural form of es (“ash, Fraxinus excelsior”).
* (Groningen) First attested as jesse in 1245. Etymology uncertain. The toponym may have been reinterpreted as the plural form of es (“ash, Fraxinus excelsior”). Alternative hypotheses include a derivation from the Biblical name Jesse or a derivation from an unknown prehistoric source.

A hamlet in Barneveld, Gelderland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands


Landen

Meronyms: Attenhoven, Eliksem, Ezemaal, Laar, Neerlanden, Neerwinden, Overwinden, Rumsdorp, Waasmont, Walsbets, Walshoutem, Wange, Wezeren

Landen (a city and municipality of the province of Flemish Brabant, Flanders, Belgium)


Lies

* (Friesland) First attested as Lies in 1567. Etymology uncertain. Unlikely to be derived from lies (“great manna grass, Glyceria maxima”).
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as bossce van lies in 1267. Derived from Middle Dutch liesch (“great manna grass, Glyceria maxima”).

A village in Terschelling, Friesland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Breda, North Brabant, Netherlands


Luik

From Middle Dutch Lûdeke. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“people”).


Made

First attested as die made in 1321. Derived from Middle Dutch made (“pasture, hayfield”).

A village in Drimmelen, North Brabant, Netherlands


Hub

A hamlet in Peel en Maas, Limburg, Netherlands


Ham

* (Limburg) First attested as Ham around 1776. Derived from ham (“alluvial land in the bend of a river”).
* (Land van Cuijk) First attested as Ham in 1803-1820. Derived from ham (“alluvial land in the bend of a river”).
* (Meierijstad) First attested as hamme in 1368. Derived from ham (“alluvial land in the bend of a river”).

A hamlet in Kerkrade, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Land van Cuijk, North Brabant, Netherlands

A hamlet in Meierijstad, North Brabant, Netherlands


Horn

First attested as hurne in 1102. Derived from the dative singular form of Old Dutch horn (“protruding bend, corner”).
See also Limburgish Häör.

A village and former municipality of Leudal, Limburg, Netherlands


Maire

Named after the former village of Maire, which was lost to flooding in 1530.

A former municipality of Zeeland, Netherlands


Amerika

Afrikaans: Amerika

Negerhollands: Ameriki, Meriki

desc

→ Virgin Islands Creole: Ameriki, Meriki

From New Latin America, named after cartographer Amerigo Vespucci.
The hamlet first appears in the written record in 1909 as Nieuw Amerika. It is named after the continent.

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)

A hamlet in Noordenveld, Drenthe, Netherlands


Mill

Potentially attested as millen in 1166, attested with certainty as mille in 1228. Etymology unknown. Compare Millen.

unk

unknown

A village in Land van Cuijk, North Brabant, Netherlands


Monster

First attested as masemunster in 1013. Derived from Old Dutch monstre (“large central parish church”).

inh

A village and former municipality of Westland, South Holland, Netherlands


Nutter

First attested as nuthere in 1297. Potentially a compound of nut (“use, benefit”) or noot (“nut”) and Old Dutch heri (“sandy ridge”). Compare Notter.

A hamlet in Dinkelland, Overijssel, Netherlands


Most

Derived from dialectal mos (“pool, swamp”) with collectivising suffix -t.

A hamlet in Horst aan de Maas, Limburg, Netherlands


Namen

Namur, a former countship in present Belgium, named after its above capital city

Namur, a province of Belgium, named after its above capital city


Namen

Named after count John I of Namur (Dutch Namen, see Etymology 1), whose name was given to the polder in which this village was situated and after which it was named, as the construction of the Polder van Namen was done under the auspices of count John.

Holonym: Saeftinghe

(historical) a former village in the flooded lands of Saeftinghe, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, The Netherlands


Lent

First attested as in lente in 1196. Etymology uncertain. Potentially derived from Proto-Germanic *linditja- (“linden grove”), from *lindu, or dialectal lent (“quay where peat is stacked for transport”). Compare Lenthe and Linde.

cog

A village and former municipality of Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands


Park

First attested as de Parck in 1713. Derived from perk (“enclosed area”).


Lier

Meronym: Koningshooikt

Lier (a city in Antwerp province, Belgium)


Lier

Lier (a municipality of Buskerud county, Norway)


Pol

First attested as polle in 1396. Derived from pol (“overgrown sandy hill, elevated place”).

A hamlet in Maasgouw, Limburg, Netherlands


Ren

First attested as Ren in the 16th century. Potentially derived from Middle Dutch renne (“coop”).

A hamlet in Gemert-Bakel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Spa

A town and municipality in the province of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium, famous for its springs


Manhattan

Borrowed from English Manhattan, it in turn deriving, via Dutch, from the Unami language.

Manhattan (a borough and island in New York City, New York, United States)


Strand

First attested as Strand (Het) in 1913. Calque of West Frisian It Strân, derived from strân (“beach”).

A hamlet in Súdwest-Fryslân, Friesland, Netherlands


Son

First attested sunna in 1107. Etymology uncertain. Potentially derived from an old term cognate to zwin (“creek”). Compare Sommelsdijk and Zonnemaire and the hydronyms Zenne and Zeun.

A village in Son en Breugel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Val

Attested as De Val in 1838-1857. Derived from val (“depressed area of a riverbank or levee”).

A hamlet in Terneuzen, Zeeland, Netherlands


Thorn

First attested as tornensi monasterio in 1007. Etymology uncertain. Potentially linked to Old Dutch turn (“high building, tower”) (derived in turn from Latin turris (“tower”)). The toponym has also been linked to Doornik/Tournai in Belgium. Not related to the English toponym Thorne.
See also Limburgish Toear.

A city and former municipality of Maasgouw, Limburg, Netherlands


Zoom

* (Gelderland) First attested as De Zoom in 1868. Derived from zoom (“edge, seam”). See also Dutch Low Saxon Zeum.
* (Flevoland) Derived from zoom (“edge, seam”).

A hamlet in Nunspeet, Gelderland, Netherlands


Winkel

* (Noord-Holland) First attested as winckele in 1298. Derived from Middle Dutch winkel (“corner, enclosed piece of land”).
* (Noord-Brabant) Derived from winkel (“enclosed piece of land, corner”).
The surname derives from one of the senses of winkel or from one of several toponyms.

inh

A village and former municipality of Hollands Kroon, North Holland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Cranendonck, North Brabant, Netherlands


Stein

* (Limburg) First attested as steyne in 1263. Derived from Middle Dutch stein (“stone building, castle”).
* (Zuid-Holland) First attested as steene in 1317. Named after Stein in Limburg.

Meronyms: Catsop, Berg aan de Maas, Elsloo, Kerensheide, Kleine Meers, Maasband, Meers, Nattenhoven, Nieuwdorp, Terhagen, Urmond, Veldschuur

A village and municipality of Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet and former municipality of Krimpenerwaard, South Holland, Netherlands


Ruth

A hamlet in Deurne, North Brabant, Netherlands


Mark

(given name): From Latin Marcus.
(hamlet): First attested as ab aqueductu marken nuncupato in 1316. Derived from Middle Dutch marke (“border, borderland, march”), from Old Dutch *marka, from Proto-West Germanic *marku.

A hamlet in West Betuwe, Gelderland, Netherlands


Bahr

baar

First attested as de bare in 1270. Perhaps derived from bar (“barren”). Compare Baal, Barlo, Baarle-Hertog, Baarle-Nassau, Baarlo and Hoog-Baarlo.

A hamlet in Zevenaar, Gelderland, Netherlands


Aalst

* (Zaltbommel) First attested as in uilla halosta around 850. Etymology uncertain. A proposed derivation from els (“alder, Alnus”) with collectivising suffix -t does not match well with old attestations of the toponym. Potentially derived from Proto-Germanic *alhust (“dwelling place, shrine”). Compare Elst, Maasniel, Nieuwaal, Niel, Niel-bij-As, Nivele and Waldniel.
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as alst in 1281. Etymology uncertain. The formerly widespread hypothesis of a derivation from els (“alder, Alnus”) with collectivising suffix -t is no longer considered plausible. Potentially derived from Proto-Germanic *alhust (“dwelling place, shrine”). Compare Elst, Maasniel, Nieuwaal, Niel, Niel-bij-As, Nivele and Waldniel.
* (Buren) First attested as aelst around 1400. Etymology uncertain. A proposed derivation from els (“alder, Alnus”) with collectivising suffix -t does not match well with old attestations of the toponym. Potentially derived from Proto-Germanic *alhust (“dwelling place, shrine”). Compare Elst, Maasniel, Nieuwaal, Niel, Niel-bij-As, Nivele and Waldniel.

Meronyms: Baardegem, Erembodgem, Gijzegem, Herdersem, Hofstade, Meldert, Moorsel, Nieuwerkerken

A city and municipality of East Flanders, Belgium

A village and former municipality of Zaltbommel, Gelderland, Netherlands

A village and former municipality of Waalre, North Brabant, Netherlands

A hamlet in Buren, Gelderland, Netherlands


Joegoslavië

Afrikaans: Joego-Slawië, Joegoslawië


Bagdad

Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq)
Baghdad (a governorate of Iraq)


Bus

* (Bernheze) First attested as in de Bus in 1678. Derived from a dialectal variant of bos (“rising forest”).
* (Meierijstad) First attested as hoeve genaemt in de bus in 1777. Derived from a dialectal variant of bos (“rising forest”).

A hamlet in Bernheze, North Brabant, Netherlands

A hamlet in Meierijstad, North Brabant, Netherlands


Halle

* (Gelderland) First attested as hall in 1263. Potentially a compound of Proto-Germanic *halha- (“highland spur”) and lo (“light forest on sandy soil”). Another possibility is a derivation from Middle Dutch halle (“covered market”), from Old Dutch *halla, from Frankish *hallu.

cog

Meronyms: Buizingen, Lembeek

A village in Bronckhorst, Gelderland, Netherlands


Heer

First attested as in heere in 1176. Derived from Old Dutch heri (“sandy ridge”). Formerly an independent village.
See also Limburgish Hier.

A neighbourhood and former municipality of Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands


Corsica

Ultimately from Latin Corsica, from Ancient Greek Κορσική (Korsikḗ).

Corsica (an island, department, and administrative region of France, in the Mediterranean to the north of Sardinia)


Elen

A village and former municipality of Dilsen-Stokkem, Belgium


Benelux

From the first syllables of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.

Benelux (a region of Europe, consisting of the countries which constitute this union)


Handel

First attested as haenle in 1326. Compound of haan (“rooster, black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix)”) and lo (“light forest”).

A village in Gemert-Bakel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Jemen

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Boer

First attested as burstera rede in 1402. Borrowed from West Frisian Boer, derived in turn from Old Frisian buer (“house, cottage”).

A village in Waadhoeke, Friesland, Netherlands


Levant

1836, Nicolaas G. van Kampen, De Levant of Mohammedaansch Azië, vol. 3, publ. by de erven François Bohn, page 223.
De hoofd- of liever de eenige stad des eilands, van denzelfden naam, sedert den moord van 1822 de schaduw niet meer van hetgeen zij vroeger was, plagt eene der beste plaatsen van de Levant te zijn.

The capital - or rather the only city of the island, of the same name, no longer the shadow of what it formerly was since the murder of 1822, used to be one of the best settlements of the Levant.

2008, Klaas Vansteenhuyse, Culturen gaan altijd ten onder. De zeevolkeren in het Middellandse Zeegebied (1200 voor Christus), vol. 3, Davidsfonds (publ.).
Deze hebben een algemene vorm die goed verspreid was in de Levant tijdens de late bronstijd.

These have a general shape that was widespread in the Levant during the Late Bronze Age.

Levant (a region of Western Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea)


Erica

First attested as Erica in 1867. Derived from New Latin Erica (“heath”).

A village in Emmen, Drenthe, Netherlands


Zelt

Attested as Zelt (De) in 1913. Etymology unknown.

unk

unknown

A hamlet in Oisterwijk, North Brabant, Netherlands


Tinte

Attested as Tente in the 16th century. Likely derived from Middle Dutch tinte (“tent, temporary shelter”). Proposed derivations from Medieval Latin tincta (“tincture, paint”) (as a reference to madder production) or Middle Dutch tinte (“notched lower section of an arrow”) (as a reference to shape of the polder the village is located in) are significantly less likely.
See also Zealandic De Tinte.

cog

A village in Voorne aan Zee, South Holland, Netherlands


Heide

* (Venray) First attested as de Heijde in 1838-1857. Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”).
* (Friesland) First attested as De Heyde in 1718. Calque of West Frisian De Heide, derived from heide (“heath, heathland”).
* (Heumen) Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”).
* (Montferland) First attested as Diemsche Heyde in 1729. Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”).
* (Echt-Susteren) First attested as Heijde in 1838-1857. Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”).
* (Leudal, Heythuysen) First attested as Heide in 1899. Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”). See also Limburgish Hei, De Heihoezer.
* (Leudal, Roggel) First attested as Heide in 1835. Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”).
* (Roermond) First attested as Heijer huysen in the second half of the 17th century. Derived from heide (“heath, heathland”). See also Limburgish De Hei.

A village in Venray, Limburg, Netherlands

De Fryske Marren
De Fryske Marren#English

A hamlet in De Fryske Marren, Friesland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Heumen, Gelderland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Montferland, Gelderland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Echt-Susteren, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Leudal, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Roermond, Limburg, Netherlands


Palestina

* Borrowed from Latin Palaestīna.
* (Nijkerk) First attested as Palestina in 1843. Named after the region in the Middle East. Originally the name of a farm.

A hamlet in Nijkerk, Gelderland, Netherlands


Nederland

nl-proper noun

Nederland n (adjective Nederlands, demonym Nederlander m or Nederlandse f)

Nederlands (adjective)
Nederlander (demonym masculine)
Nederlandse (demonym feminine)

→ Aukan: Nedilanti

From neder (“down, low”) + land (“land”). Compare English Netherlands.

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

constituent countries
constituent country

Netherlands (The main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located primarily in Western Europe bordering Germany and Belgium)

Netherlands, Kingdom of the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)


Libanon

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Luxemburg

Luxemburg n (adjective Luxemburgs, demonym Luxemburger m or Luxemburgse f)

Luxemburgs (adjective)
Luxemburger (demonym masculine)
Luxemburgse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Luxemburg

→ Indonesian: Luksemburg

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (One of the twelve cantons of the country of Luxembourg, which includes its capital city)


België

België n (adjective Belgisch, demonym Belg m or Belgische f)

Belgisch (adjective)
Belg (demonym masculine)
Belgische (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: België

→ Indonesian: Belgia

⇒ Japanese: ベルギー (Berugī)

→ Sranan Tongo: Bergi

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Madagaskar

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


Tokio

Borrowed from Japanese 東(とう)京(きょう) (Tōkyō, literally “eastern capital”). First attested in the 1870s.

ja-r

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital and largest city of Japan)


Borneo

The hamlet is attested as Klein Borneo in 1984. It was named after the island, presumably for its remoteness or the perceived unpleasant disposition of its inhabitants.

A hamlet in Land van Cuijk, North Brabant, Netherlands


Nes

* (Noardeast-Fryslân) First attested as nesse in 1369. Borrowed from West Frisian Nes, derived in turn from Old Frisian nes (“headland, spit”).
* (Ameland) First attested as nes in 1485. Borrowed from West Frisian Nes, derived in turn from Old Frisian nes (“headland, spit”).
* (Heerenveen) First attested as nesse in 1243. Borrowed from West Frisian Nes, derived in turn from Old Frisian nes (“headland, spit”).
* (Noord-Holland) Attested as De Nes in 1680. Derived from nes (“headland, spit”).

A village and former municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân, Friesland, Netherlands

A village in Ameland, Friesland, Netherlands

A village in Heerenveen, Friesland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Schagen, North Holland, Netherlands


Windhoek

From wind (“wind”) + hoek (“corner, angle”).

Windhoek (a city, the capital city of Namibia)


Osen

First attested as oze in 1326. Etymology unknown.
See also Limburgish Oeazje.

unk

unknown

A hamlet in Maasgouw, Limburg, Netherlands


Brussel

From Broekzele, from broek (“marsh”) + zaal, zele (“thatching, settlement”).

Brussels (the capital city of Belgium; capital city of the region of Flanders in Belgium; main seat of government of the EU; former capital of the former province of Brabant)

Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest
Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest#Dutch

Brussels-Capital Region
Brussels-Capital Region#English

Short for Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.: Brussels-Capital Region (the smallest of Belgium's three federative regions)


Gaza

From Middle Dutch gaza, from Latin Gaza, from Ancient Greek Γάζα (Gáza), from Biblical Hebrew עזה (`aza).


Aken

Afrikaans: Aken


Soto

Borrowed from Papiamentu Soto. Named after Anthony of Padua, the patron of the local parish church.


Kosovo

nl-proper noun

Kosovo n (adjective Kosovaars, demonym Kosovaar m or Kosovaarse f)

Kosovaars (adjective)
Kosovaar (demonym masculine)
Kosovaarse (demonym feminine)

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Ко̏сово/Kȍsovo.

Kosovo (A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Transvaal

Transvaal (a geographical region and former province of South Africa)

(historical) Transvaal (a former country in Southern Africa)


Schotland

Afrikaans: Skotland


Noorwegen

Noorwegen n (adjective Noors, demonym Noor m or Noorse f)

Noors (adjective)
Noor (demonym masculine)
Noorse (demonym feminine)


IJsland

IJsland n (adjective IJslands, demonym IJslander m or IJslandse f)

IJslands (adjective)
IJslander (demonym masculine)
IJslandse (demonym feminine)


Duitsland

Duitsland n (adjective Duits, demonym Duitser m or Duitse f)

Duits (adjective)
Duitser (demonym masculine)
Duitse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Duitsland

Negerhollands: dutschland

From Middle Dutch Duutschlant. Equivalent to Duits + land.


Zwitserland

Zwitserland n (adjective Zwitsers, demonym Zwitser m or Zwitserse f)

Zwitsers (adjective)
Zwitser (demonym masculine)
Zwitserse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Switserland

Compound of Zwitser (“Swiss person”) + land.

Helvetische Republiek
Helvetische Republiek#Dutch

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe; official name: Helvetische Republiek)


Litouwen

Litouwen n (adjective Litouws, demonym Litouwer m or Litouwse f)

Litouws (adjective)
Litouwer (demonym masculine)
Litouwse (demonym feminine)

Lithuania (a country in northeastern Europe)


Frankrijk

Frankrijk n (adjective Frans, demonym Fransman m or Franse f or Française f)

Frans (adjective)
Fransman (demonym masculine)
Franse (demonym feminine)
Française (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Frankryk

From Middle Dutch Vranckrike. Equivalent to Frank + rijk.
The hamlet in Friesland is named after the country. It may have been originally the name of a field owned by the Frankena family, with the name Frankrijk being applied as a humorous reference to the property. See also Dutch Low Saxon Fraankriek and West Frisian Frankryk.
The hamlet in Gelderland is first attested as franckryk in 1401. Named after the country. Formerly an independent hamlet.

A hamlet in Ooststellingwerf, Friesland, Netherlands


Kroatië

Kroatië n (adjective Kroatisch, demonym Kroaat m or Kroatische f)

Kroatisch (adjective)
Kroaat (demonym masculine)
Kroatische (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Kroasië

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Letland

Letland n (adjective Lets, demonym Let m or Letse f)

Lets (adjective)
Let (demonym masculine)
Letse (demonym feminine)


Hongarije

Hongarije n (adjective Hongaars, demonym Hongaar m or Hongaarse f)

Hongaars (adjective)
Hongaar (demonym masculine)
Hongaarse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Hongarye

/ˌɦɔŋ.ɣaːˈrɛi̯.(j)ə/


Bulgarije

Bulgarije n (adjective Bulgaars, demonym Bulgaar m or Bulgaarse f)

Bulgaars (adjective)
Bulgaar (demonym masculine)
Bulgaarse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Bulgarye

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


Ierland

Ierland n (adjective Iers, demonym Ier m or Ierse f)

Iers (adjective)
Ier (demonym masculine)
Ierse (demonym feminine)

From Middle Dutch ierlant, equivalent to Ier + land.


Wit-Rusland

Wit-Rusland n (adjective Wit-Russisch, demonym Wit-Rus m or Wit-Russin f or Wit-Russische f)

Wit-Russisch (adjective)
Wit-Rus (demonym masculine)
Wit-Russin (demonym feminine)
Wit-Russische (demonym feminine)

→ Afrikaans: Wit-Rusland

From wit (“white”) + Rusland (“Russia”), a calque of Russian Белору́ссия (Belorússija). Cognate with German Weißrussland, English White Russia, Faroese Hvítarussland, Swedish Vitryssland among others.


Albanië

nl-proper noun

Albanië n (adjective Albanees or Albaans, demonym Albanees m or Albanese f)

Albanees (adjective)
Albaans (adjective)
Albanees (demonym masculine)
Albanese (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Albanië

Indonesian: Albania


Oekraïne

Oekraïne n or f (adjective Oekraïens, demonym Oekraïner m or Oekraïense f)

Oekraïens (adjective)
Oekraïner (demonym masculine)
Oekraïense (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Oekraïne

Borrowing, probably from French. First attested as Ukraine in the 17th century.

Den koningh van Polen, ſoo men vermoed, is den Nieper-ſtroom gepaſſeert, alwaer ſich met de Littauwſe Armee ſal conjungeren, en alſo een attentaet op de Stadt Kiow doen; veele zijn verwondert, dat ſich ſijne Majeſt. met een ſlechte en qualick gediſciplineerde Armee, ſoo diep inde Ukraine, en ſoo naer aen des vyants Landt waeght, door dien de Coſacken qualick te vertrouwen zijn.

1663 November 20, “Poolen, Pruyssen, &c.”, in Tydinge uyt verscheyde Quartieren, number 48, page 2:

The king of Poland, as people suspect, has passed the course of the Dnieper, where he will join up with the Lithuanian army, and thus will make an attack on the city of Kyiv; many people are surprised that His Majesty ventures so far into the Ukraine with a bad and badly disciplined army, and so close to enemy territory, because the Cossacks cannot be trusted.

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Spanje

Spanje n (adjective Spaans, demonym Spanjaard m or Spaanse f)

Spaans (adjective)
Spanjaard (demonym masculine)
Spaanse (demonym feminine)

> Afrikaans: Spanje (inherited)

Ultimately from Latin Hispānia, possibly from Punic [Term?].

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Oostenrijk

Oostenrijk n (adjective Oostenrijks, demonym Oostenrijker m or Oostenrijkse f)

Oostenrijks (adjective)
Oostenrijker (demonym masculine)
Oostenrijkse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Oostenryk

From Middle Dutch Oostenrike, etymologically decomposable as oosten + rijk.


Oostenrijk

First attested as toesterich in 1413. Derived from a contracted compound of ooster (“eastern”) and wijk (“village, settlement”). Compare Meterik, Middelijk, Noordijk, Schadijk, Westrik, De Zoeke, Zoeke and Zuuk.

A hamlet in Horst aan de Maas, Limburg, Netherlands


Colombië

Dated form of Colombia.: Colombia (a country in South America)


Bolivië

(dated) Bolivia (a country in South America)


Brazilië

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


Algerije

/ˌɑl.ɣəˈrɛi̯.ə/


Argentinië

Ultimately from Latin argentum (“silver”).


Verenigde Staten van Amerika

Calque of English United States of America.

calque

United States of America (a country in North America)


Tunesië

Afrikaans: Tunisië


Dominicaanse Republiek

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


Londen

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


Zuid-Afrika

From zuid (“south”) + Afrika (“Africa”).

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


Brugge

From Old Dutch Bruges, Bruggas, Brugias, probably from brugga (“bridge”, now brug), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ.

Meronyms: Assebroek, Dudzele, Koolkerke, Lissewege, Sint-Andries, Sint-Kruis, Sint-Michiels

Bruges (the capital city of West Flanders province, Belgium)


Slovenië

nl-proper noun

Slovenië n (adjective Sloveens, demonym Sloveen m or Sloveense f)

Sloveens (adjective)
Sloveen (demonym masculine)
Sloveense (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Slowenië

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


Denemarken

First attested as Denemarcket, Denemarckt and Denemarken in the 16th century. Potentially a compound of Dutch Low Saxon deen (“rough terrain”) and Old Frisian merke (“boundary, march, undivided communal lands”).
See also Dutch Low Saxon Denmaark.

der

A hamlet in Midden-Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands


VSA

Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Verenigde Staten van Amerika#Dutch

(chiefly Belgium) USA (a country in North America); initialism of Verenigde Staten van Amerika (“United States of America”)


Parijs

From Middle Dutch parijs, from Old French Paris.

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


Italië

nl-proper noun

Italië n (adjective Italiaans, demonym Italiaan m or Italiaanse f)

Italiaans (adjective)
Italiaan (demonym masculine)
Italiaanse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Italië

→ Indonesian: Italia

>? Japanese: イタリア (Itaria)


Macedonië

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía).


Kopenhagen

/ˌkoːpənˈɦaːɣən/

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


Antwerpen

From Medieval Latin Antwerpo, which, if of Germanic origin, like Frankish or Old Frisian, could be from Proto-West Germanic *anda- (“against”) + a noun derived from *werpan (“to throw”), meaning something like "land thrown up at something, "alluvial deposit."
Folk etymology derived it from handwerpen (“hand-throwing”), from hand + werpen, referring to a giant in Flemish legend named Antigoon, said to sever and fling the hands of any boatmen of the Scheldt who did not pay his toll. More at Antwerp.

Meronyms: Berchem, Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo, Borgerhout, Deurne, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem, Wilrijk

Antwerp (the capital city of Antwerp province, Belgium)

Laten we naar Antwerpen gaan.

Meronyms: Aartselaar, Antwerpen, Arendonk, Baarle-Hertog, Balen, Beerse, Berlaar, Boechout, Bonheiden, Boom, Bornem, Borsbeek, Brasschaat, Brecht, Dessel, Duffel, Edegem, Essen, Geel, Grobbendonk, Heist-op-den-Berg, Hemiksem, Herentals, Herenthout, Herselt, Hoogstraten, Hove, Hulshout, Kalmthout, Kapellen, Kasterlee, Kontich, Laakdal, Lier, Lille, Lint, Malle, Mechelen, Meerhout, Merksplas, Mol, Mortsel, Niel, Nijlen, Olen, Oud-Turnhout, Putte, Puurs-Sint-Amands, Ranst, Ravels, Retie, Rijkevorsel, Rumst, Schelle, Schilde, Schoten, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Stabroek, Turnhout, Vorselaar, Vosselaar, Westerlo, Wijnegem, Willebroek, Wommelgem, Wuustwezel, Zandhoven, Zoersel, Zwijndrecht


Poltava

Poltava (an oblast in east-central Ukraine)

Poltava (a city, the administrative centre of Poltava Hromada, Poltava Raion, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine)

Poltava (a raion of Poltava Oblast, Ukraine)


Blankenberge

Meronym: Uitkerke

A municipality and town on the coast of Belgium


De Panne

Meronym: Adinkerke


Oostende

From oost (“east”) + ende (“end”); in the Middle Ages the city was on the eastern end of an island, Testerep, which is now attached to the main land.

Meronyms: Stene, Zandvoorde

Ostend (a city and municipality of Belgium)


Turnhout

Meronym: Zevendonk

A city in the province of Antwerp, Belgium


Hasselt

* (Belgium) From the root of hazel (“hazel”).
* (Overijssel) First attested as haslet in 1227. Derived from Proto-Germanic *haslaz (“hazel, Corylus avellana”) or *hasala suffixed with the collectivising suffix *-uþi-. See also Dutch Low Saxon Asselt.
* (Dutch Limburg) First attested in 1326 as hasselt. Derived from Proto-Germanic *haslaz (“hazel, Corylus avellana”) or *hasala suffixed with the collectivising suffix *-uþi-.
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as die hasselt in 1382. Derived from Proto-Germanic *haslaz (“hazel, Corylus avellana”) or *hasala suffixed with the collectivising suffix *-uþi-.

inh

A city and former municipality of Zwartewaterland, Overijssel, Netherlands


nl-proper noun

Voormalige Joegoslavische Republiek Macedonië n

former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia


Verenigde Staten

United States (a country in North America)


VS

US (a country in North America); initialism of Verenigde Staten (“United States”)


Seychellen

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


Moldavië

Moldavië n (adjective Moldavisch, demonym Moldaviër m or Moldavische f)

Moldavisch (adjective)
Moldaviër (demonym masculine)
Moldavische (demonym feminine)


Kirgizië

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


Bosnië en Herzegovina

Bosnië en Herzegovina n (adjective Bosnisch, demonym Bosniër m or Bosnische f)

Bosnisch (adjective)
Bosniër (demonym masculine)
Bosnische (demonym feminine)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Nieuw-Zeeland

→ English: New Zealand (calque) (see there for further descendants)

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


Servië en Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro


Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek

Probably a calque of the French, or perhaps the English.

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)


Kaapverdië

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


Jordanië

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Kameroen

Afrikaans: Kameroen

→ Indonesian: Kamerun


Saoedi-Arabië

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Trinidad en Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Trinidad and Tobago (a country consisting of two main islands in the Caribbean)


Armenië

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


Verenigde Arabische Emiraten

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Vaticaanstad

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Ethiopië

Afrikaans: Ethiopië

→ Indonesian: Etiopia


Griekenland

Griekenland n (adjective Grieks, demonym Griek m or Griekse f)

Grieks (adjective)
Griek (demonym masculine)
Griekse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Griekeland

From Middle Dutch Griekenlant, from Old Dutch Grieklant. Equivalent to Griek (“Greek, Greek person”) + -en- + land (“land, country”).


Westelijke Sahara

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (A territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)


Ivoorkust

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


Georgië

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)

(dated) Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


Catalonië

autonomous community
autonomous community

Catalonia (an autonomous community of Spain)


Syrië

Ultimately from Latin Syria, from Ancient Greek Συρίᾱ (Suríā), ultimately from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “Assur”).

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Somalië

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


Indonesië

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


Equatoriaal-Guinea

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


Koeweit

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Slowakije

nl-proper noun

Slowakije n (adjective Slowaaks, demonym Slowaak m or Slowaakse f)

Slowaaks (adjective)
Slowaak (demonym masculine)
Slowaakse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Slowakye

[ˌsloʊ̯.ʋaːˈkæɪ̯.jə]


Nederlandse Antillen

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antilles


Turkije

Turkije n (adjective Turks, demonym Turk m or Turkse f)

Turks (adjective)
Turk (demonym masculine)
Turkse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Turkye

Turkey (a country located in Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Soedan

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Verenigd Koninkrijk

Verenigd Koninkrijk n (adjective Brits, demonym Brit m or Britse f)

Brits (adjective)
Brit (demonym masculine)
Britse (demonym feminine)


Den Haag

→ German: Den Haag

→ Sranan Tongo: Aga
→ Dutch: Agga

→ West Frisian: De Haach

From Middle Dutch die Haghe (“the enclosure”), from hage (m, later also f, “enclosure, hedge”), from Proto-Germanic *hagô. First attested in 1242 as die haga. The article form den is dative/accusative, generalized in the modern name because of its use after prepositions, e.g. in den Haghe (“in The Hague”). Compare Den Bosch, Den Hoorn etc.

inh

Meronym: Haagoord

The Hague (a city, municipality, and capital of South Holland, Netherlands; administrative capital of the Netherlands)


West-Vlaanderen

Meronyms: Alveringem, Anzegem, Ardooie, Avelgem, Beernem, Blankenberge, Bredene, Brugge, Damme, Deerlijk, De Haan, Dentergem, De Panne, Diksmuide, Gistel, Harelbeke, Heuvelland, Hooglede, Houthulst, Ichtegem, Ieper, Ingelmunster, Izegem, Jabbeke, Knokke-Heist, Koekelare, Koksijde, Kortemark, Kortrijk, Kuurne, Langemark-Poelkapelle, Ledegem, Lendelede, Lichtervelde, Lo-Reninge, Menen, Mesen, Meulebeke, Middelkerke, Moorslede, Nieuwpoort, Oostende, Oostkamp, Oostrozebeke, Oudenburg, Pittem, Poperinge, Roeselare, Ruiselede, Spiere-Helkijn, Staden, Tielt, Torhout, Veurne, Vleteren, Waregem, Wervik, Wevelgem, Wielsbeke, Wingene, Zedelgem, Zonnebeke, Zulenkerke, Zwevegem


Indië

Afrikaans: Indië

Borrowed from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”).

Weledele Heer,
Door ons a.s. vertrek naar Indië, zien wij ons, tot onzen grooten spijt, gedwongen, ons lidmaatschap van de Filmliga, voor het volgend seizoen te beëindigen.

1928 May 3, A. Bickes, “Briefwisseling Menno ter Braak - A. Bickes”, in Correspondentie Filmliga, Stichting Menno ter Braak, published 2012:

Dear Sir,
Due to our upcoming departure for the Dutch East Indies, we are forced, to our great regret, to end our membership of the Film League for the next season.

(Netherlands, Indonesia, historical, dated, informal) the Dutch East Indies; Indonesia in the context of Dutch colonial rule

(dated) (chiefly historical, proscribed in modern use) India (a region of South Asia, traditionally delimited by the Himalayas and the Indus river; the Indian subcontinent)


Oost-Vlaanderen

Meronyms: Aalst, Aalter, Assenede, Berlare, Beveren, Brakel, Buggenhout, Deinze, Denderleeuw, Dendermonde, De Pinte, Destelbergen, Eeklo, Erpe-Mere, Evergem, Gavere, Gent, Geraardsbergen, Haaltert, Hamme, Herzele, Horebeke, Kaprijke, Kluisbergen, Kruibeke, Kruisem, Laarne, Lebbeke, Lede, Lierde, Lievegem, Lochristi, Lokeren, Maarkedal, Maldegem, Melle, Merelbeke, Moerbeke, Nazareth, Ninove, Oosterzele, Oudenaarde, Ronse, Sint-Gillis-Waas, Sint-Laureins, Sint-Lievens-Houtem, Sint-Martens-Latem, Sint-Niklaas, Stekene, Temse, Waasmunster, Wachtebeke, Wetteren, Wichelen, Wortegem-Petegem, Zele, Zelzate, Zottegem, Zulte, Zwalm


Kazachstan

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


Egypte

Afrikaans: Egipte

Jersey Dutch: Jâpten

From Middle Dutch Egypten, ultimately from Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos), ultimately from Egyptian ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ.
The hamlet in Achtkarspelen is named after the country. It may have been named for its remote location or because of the presence of Roma in the area.
The hamlet in Ooststellingwerf is named after the country. The name may have originally belonged to a farmhouse.
The hamlet in Limburg is first attested in 1958 as Egypte. It is named after the country.
The hamlet in Noord-Brabant is first attested in 1863 as Egypte. It is named after the country.

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)

A hamlet in Achtkarspelen, Friesland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Ooststellingwerf, Friesland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Bladel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Israël

Afrikaans: Israel

→ Indonesian: Israel

From Middle Dutch israel, from Old Dutch israel, from Latin Isrāēl, from Ancient Greek Ἰσρᾱήλ (Isrāḗl), from Biblical Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל.

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)

(biblical) Israel (A Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel and the Land of Israel)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom that occupied the northern part of the Land of Israel and modern State of Israel, as distinct from Judah)


Edam

First attested as aedamme in 1342-1343. Compound of the hydronym Ee (derived from aa (“watercourse, river”)) and Middle Dutch dam (“dam”).

A city in Edam-Volendam, North Holland, Netherlands


Trent

First attested as op de Trent in 1727. Derived from Middle Dutch trent (“round object, disc, circle”).

A hamlet in Maashorst, North Brabant, Netherlands


Paramaribo

The initial element is from a Tupi-Guarani word related to Old Tupi pará (“sea, wide river”) and refers to the Suriname River; the settlement was founded on its western (left) bank.

Paramaribo (the capital city of Suriname)


Port Moresby

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital city of Papua New Guinea)


Kinshasa

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Hank

* (Altena) First attested as De Hank in 1851. Potentially derived from dialectal hang (“place where fishing nets were hung out to dry, fish smoking unit”). Alternatively, the toponym may be cognate to hangen (“hang”) and refer to fencing or a small building.
* (Land van Cuijk) First attested as hanck in 1485. Apparently to be related to hangen (“hang”), referring here to fencing or a small building.

A village in Altena, North Brabant, Netherlands

A hamlet in Land van Cuijk, North Brabant, Netherlands


Bahrein

Ultimately from Arabic الْبَحْرَيْن (al-baḥrayn, “Bahrain; the two seas”), with omission of the definite article.

der

الْبَحْرَيْن

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


Santiago

Santiago de Chile
Santiago de Chile#English

Santiago, Santiago de Chile (the capital city of Chile)


Bethlehem

From Latin Bēthlehēmum, Bēthleëm, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem, “house of bread”).
The hamlet is first attested as Bethlehem in 1502 and is named after a former monastery, which was named in turn after the city in Palestine.

Bethlehem (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)

A hamlet in Het Hogeland, Groningen, Netherlands


Weite

First attested as Weite in 1913. Etymology uncertain. The toponym may derive from a hydronym or, alternatively, be a reference to the cultivation of buckwheat (boekweit) near the settlement.

A hamlet in Westerwolde, Groningen, Netherlands


Korn

First attested as den Korne in 1542. Derived from the hydronym Korn.

A hamlet in Altena, North Brabant, Netherlands


Linde

* (Drenthe) First attested as bij der Lynden in 1543. Derived from linde (“linden, Tilia sp.”).
* (Deventer) First attested as in villa dicta linlo in 1290. Perhaps a compound of Proto-Germanic *hlîn- (“Norway maple, Acer platanoides”) and lo (“light forest”). Compare Lent and Lenthe.
* (Twenterand) First attested as dat nye huis to lynne in 1381-1383. Likely derived from Middle Dutch linde (“linden, Tilia sp.”) (see modern linde).

inh

A village in De Wolden, Drenthe, Netherlands

A hamlet in Deventer, Overijssel, Netherlands

A hamlet in Twenterand, Overijssel, Netherlands


Kiel

First attested as Friesen Compagnie of Kijl in 1652. Derived from the hydronym Kielsterdiep, which derives in turn from a compound of kiel (“deeper part of a ditch draining a turf extraction area”) and diep (“canal”). Currently part of Kiel-Windeweer.

A former village in Midden-Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands


Scheide

First attested as op de Scheij in 1514. Derived from scheide (“watershed, boundary, hill ridge”), itself from the verb scheiden (“to split, separate”).

A hamlet in Venray, Limburg, Netherlands


Nisse

First attested as gebersnisse in 1197-1212. Derived from Old Dutch nisse (“headland, spit”). The oldest attestation includes a personal name Old Dutch Geber.
See also Zealandic Ternisse.

A village and former municipality of Borsele, Zeeland, Netherlands


Petersburg

First attested as Petersburg in 1899. Named after Saint Petersburg in Russia.

A hamlet in Ooststellingwerf, Friesland, Netherlands


Homberg

* (Limburg) Attested as Hogh Bergh in 1803-1820. Derived from a compound of hoog (“high”) and berg (“hill, elevated place”).
* (Gelderland) Attested as de Homberg in 1865. Compound of a dative singular form of hoog (“high”) and berg (“hill, elevated place”).

Horst aan de Maas
Horst aan de Maas#English

A hamlet in Horst aan de Maas, Limburg, Netherlands


Rotterdam

First attested as rotter dam ter haluer rotte in 1280-1287. From Middle Dutch rotterdam, a compound of the hydronym Rotte + dam.

Meronyms: Hoek van Holland, Hoogvliet, Pernis, Rozenburg

Rotterdam (a city and municipality of South Holland, Netherlands)


Krim

Ultimately from Crimean Tatar Qırım, probably via German or a Slavic language; the gender suggests either that the direct source is German or that the word was influenced by a Romance language.


Philippine

First attested as eene ghesloten stadt, die noemende Philippijne in 1505. Named after the city's location in the Philippinepolder, which is named in turn after Philip I of Castile (1478-1506).
See also Zealandic Phelippine, Phelpine.

A city and former municipality of Terneuzen, Zeeland, Netherlands


Waterloo

[ˈβ̞aːtərˌloː]

[ˈʋaːtərˌloʊ̯]

* (Belgium) From Middle Dutch [Term?], composed of water (“water”) + loo (“light forest, wood”).
* (Utrecht) Named after Waterloo in Belgium in memory of the Battle of Waterloo. The choice of name may have been influenced by nearby Austerlitz.
* (Zeeland) First attested as Waterloo in 1853. Named after Waterloo in Belgium in memory of the Battle of Waterloo.

compound

A village in Walloon Brabant, Belgium; the site of a major military battle in 1815

A hamlet in Leusden, Utrecht, Netherlands


Kabel

Attested as Kabel (De) in 1899. Derived from a dialectal form of kavel (“lot, parcel”).

A hamlet in Dijk en Waard, North Holland, Netherlands


Australië

nl-proper noun

Australië n (adjective Australisch, demonym Australiër m or Australische f)

Australisch (adjective)
Australiër (demonym masculine)
Australische (demonym feminine)

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Maastricht

→ English: Maastricht

English: Maastricht Formation

English: Maastrichtian

→ French: Maastricht, Maestricht

French: maastrichtien

→ New Latin: maastrichtensis

→ Walloon: Måstraik, Li Trai

First attested as Traiecto in 535. From Middle Dutch maestrecht, from Latin Mosae Traiectum. All forms are derived from the hydronym Maas and tricht (“crossing, ferry”) (derived in turn from Latin traiectus (“crossing”)). The element Maas was added at a later date to distinguish the city from Tricht and Utrecht.
See also Limburgish Mestreech.

Meronyms: Amby, Borgharen, Caberg, Heer, Heugem, Itteren, Limmel, Mariënwaard, Nekum, Sint Pieter, Wolder

Maastricht (a city, municipality, and capital of Limburg, Netherlands)


Dijon

Dijon (the capital city of the Côte-d'Or department, France)


Breda

First attested as brida in 1152. Etymology uncertain. Not a compound of breed (“broad”) and aa (“river, watercourse”).

Meronyms: Achterste Rith, Bavel, Bolberg, Diunt, Effen, Eikberg, Ginneken, IJpelaar, Lies, Lijndonk, Princenhage, Prinsenbeek, Roosberg, Tervoort, Teteringen, Ulvenhout, Vaareind, Verloren Hoek, Vuchtschoot, Westrik

Breda (a city and municipality of North Brabant, Netherlands)


Haïti

Probably borrowed from French Haïti, from Taíno hayiti.


Santa Cruz

Borrowed from Spanish Santa Cruz (“Holy Cross”).


Jericho

Jericho (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


Kandahar

der

Pashto کندهار

Kandahar (a city and province in southern Afghanistan)


Byzantium

Borrowed from Latin Bȳzantium, from Ancient Greek Βῡζᾰ́ντῐον (Būzántion).

(historical) Byzantium (ancient Greek city situated on the Bosporus in modern Turkey, later called Constantinople; modern Istanbul)


Berlijn

Perhaps borrowed from German Berlin. Insofar as the name has undergone diphthongisation it must be of some age; hence possibly inherited from Middle Dutch [Term?], from Middle Low German [Term?]. The city was of relevance since circa 1250.

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)

A settlement and former plantation in Para, Suriname


Genua

Genoa (the capital city of Liguria, Italy)


Leeuwarden

First attested as liunuuero and liunuert in 1038-1057. Compound of an unclear first element and Old Frisian ward (“artificial mound used for habitation”). The first element has been variously interpreted as a personal name, a derivation from Proto-Germanic *hleunjô- (“lee, refuge”) and a term cognate to Gothic *𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*hlains, “hill”). Compare Liezele and Lünern.
See also West Frisian Ljouwert.

cog

Meronyms: Abbengawier, Aegum, Angwier, Baard, Baardburen, Beers, Britsum, Cornjum, De Drie Romers, De Groote Bontekoe, De Hem, Domwier, Finkum, Fons, Friens, Gotum, Goutum, Grouw, Hempens, Hezens, Hijlaard, Hijum, Horne, Hoek, Hofland, Hoptille, Huins, Idaard, Irnsum, Jellum, Jelsum, Jorwerd, Lekkum, Lions, Mantgum, Marwird, Midsburen, Miedum, Naarderburen, Noordend, Oosterlittens, Oude Leije, Poelhuizen, Rewerd, Roordahuizum, Schillaard, Schrins, Snakkerburen, Stiens, Swichum, Teerns, Tichelwerk, Tjaard, Tjeintgum, Truurd, Tsienzerburen, Vensterburen, Vierhuis, Wammerd, Warstiens, Wartena, Warga, Weidum, Wiel, Wieuwens, Wijtgaard, Wirdum, Zuiderburen, Zuiderend

Leeuwarden (a city, municipality, and capital of Friesland, Netherlands)


Lissabon

Ultimately from Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna), from Latin Olisipo, further etymology uncertain.


Hell

First attested as in hello in the middle of the twelfth century. Presumably a compound of Middle Dutch helle (“lowland, marshy area”) and lo (“light forest on sandy soil”). An alternative interpretation reads the toponym as a compound of Middle Dutch hel (“bright, clear”) and lo (“pool”). Compare Helhuizen, Helwerd, Holwerd and Hulhuizen.

inh

A hamlet in Putten, Gelderland, Netherlands


Haag

haag

Potentially attested as hage in 1292, attested with certainty as Haag in 1899. Derived from haag (“fence, enclosed area”).

A hamlet in Venray, Limburg, Netherlands


Sanaa

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


Koks

First attested as Koks in 1794. Derived from Cox (a surname). Named after a family that was resident near the current site of the hamlet.

A hamlet in Gemert-Bakel, North Brabant, Netherlands


Pyramide

Attested as Piramide in 1838-1857. Derived from piramide (“pyramid”). Possibly named after a house with a pyramid-shaped roof.
See also Zealandic Pieremie.


Lula

First attested as in de Lula in 1706. Derived from Old Frisian Lula (a surname).

A hamlet in Midden-Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands


Assel

First attested as hasle in 814-815. Etymology uncertain. Possible etymologies include a compound derived from Proto-Germanic *hasi- (“brushwood”) and lo (“light forest”) or a derivation from hazel (“common hazel, Corylus avellana”). A third etymology proposes that the initial H- in the earliest attestations is an insertion and that the toponym may actually derive from as (“European ash, Fraxinus excelsior”). Compare Asselt, Nederasselt and Overasselt.

A hamlet in Apeldoorn, Gelderland, Netherlands


Krakau

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Cracow, the capital city of Lesser Poland Voivodeship and former capital of Poland.


Warschau

→ Afrikaans: Warschau


München

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


Curaçao

From Spanish Curaçao, from Portuguese Curação, probably as a transcription of a Lokono endonym but sometimes folk-etymologized as derived from Portuguese Ilha da Curação (“Isle of Healing”) from curação (“cure, healing”) in reference to the island's use as a place of recovery for sailors sick with scurvy and other ailments or from modification of coração (“heart”) in reference to its supposed importance in local trade.

An island and constituent country of the Netherlands


Bonaire

Uncertain. According to one hypothesis, the toponym derives from the Caquetio word bonay ("low country"). A derivation from Spanish buen (“good”) and aire (“air”) is less likely.

An island and special municipality in the Netherlands in the Caribbean Sea


Westerland

First attested as westenlande and westelant in 1343-1344. Compound of Middle Dutch wester (“western, west-”) and land (“land”). The toponym contrasts with Oosterland.

A village in Hollands Kroon, North Holland, Netherlands


Tempel

* (hamlet) Attested as Tempel in 1518. Derived from Middle Dutch timpe (“protruding extremity, triangular piece of land”).
* (former municipality) Named after a former fiefdom, the name of which derives in turn from Middle Dutch timpe (“protruding extremity, triangular piece of land”).

A hamlet in Bodegraven-Reeuwijk, South Holland, Netherlands

A former municipality of South Holland, Netherlands


Maren

Potentially attested as marsna in 997, attested with certainty as marne in 1202. Derived from Old Dutch mare (“body of water, pool, watercourse”), from Proto-West Germanic *mari.

A former village and former municipality of Oss, North Brabant, Netherlands


Margret

Attested as Margeriet in 1838-1857. Derived from a contraction of Margaretha. Compare Griete and Magrette.


Kapelle

First attested as infra parochiam de Capella in 1248. Derived from Middle Dutch capelle (“chapel”), whence Dutch kapel.

Meronyms: Biezelinge, Dijkwel, Eversdijk, Schore, Wemeldinge

A village and municipality of Zeeland, Netherlands


Heino

First attested as heyna in 1245. Etymology unknown.

unk

unknown

A village and former municipality of Raalte, Overijssel, Netherlands


Mekka

Mecca (a large city in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam)


Plantage

* (Gelderland) Attested as De Plantage in 1899. Named after a house, the name of which in turn derives from plantage (“plantation”).
* (Noord-Holland) Derived from plantage (“plantation”). The area was formerly occupied by various gardens.
* (Zuid-Holland) Derived from plantage (“plantation”).

A hamlet in Doetinchem, Gelderland, Netherlands


Elzas

Borrowed from German Elsass. Replaced Elzaten.

De Elzas is afwisselend Duits en Frans geweest, onder uiteenlopende bewindsvormen

The Alsace was alternately German and French, under various regimes

administrative region
administrative region

Alsace (a region, former administrative region, and historical province of France, located on the west bank of the upper Rhine; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Grand Est)


Mokum

Borrowed from Yiddish מקום (mokem, “place, safe haven”), from Hebrew מקום (makóm, “place”).

bor

(informal) the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands


Helle

* (Beekdaelen) First attested as Helle in 1803-1820. Derived from either helle (“lowland, marshland”) or a deformation of *helde (“slope, incline”). See also Limburgish G'n Hèl.
* (Gulpen-Wittem) First attested as Hölle in 1803-1820. Likely derived from helle (“lowland, marshland”). A derivation from *helde (“slope, incline”) is less likely when the oldest attestation of the toponym is taken into account.

A hamlet in Beekdaelen, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Gulpen-Wittem, Limburg, Netherlands


Gouda

First attested as golda in 1143. Derived from the hydronym Gouwe, derived in turn from a compound of Old Dutch gold (“gold”) and ā (“watercourse, river”).

Meronym: Stolwijkersluis

Gouda (a city and municipality of South Holland, Netherlands)


Sion

From Ecclesiastical Latin Sion, from Hebrew ציון. Named after a former monastery.

A hamlet in Rijswijk, South Holland, Netherlands


Horst

* (Limburg) First attested as horst in 1275. Derived from Middle Dutch horst (“overgrown elevated place”).
* (Gelderland) First attested as horsterbosch around 1450. Derived from horst (“overgrown elevated place”).
* (Noord-Brabant) First attested as Horst in 1697. Derived from horst (“overgrown elevated place”).
* (Flevoland) Derived from horst (“overgrown elevated place”).
The surname derives from one of the senses of horst or from one of the toponyms.

inh

A village and former municipality of Horst aan de Maas, Limburg, Netherlands

A hamlet in Ermelo, Gelderland, Netherlands

A hamlet in Gilze en Rijen, North Brabant, Netherlands


Oost-Timor

From oost- (“eastern”) + Timor (“Timor”).

Oost-Timor was lang een Portugese kolonie en werd dan door grote buur Indonesië bezet en zelfs aangehecht tot het uiteindelijk onafhankelijk werd

East Timor was for long a Portuguese colony, next got occupied and even annexed by giant neighbour Indonesia until it finally achieved independence

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


Kongo-Brazzaville

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Congo-Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


Engelbert

First attested as egniberde and eginberde in 1323. Compound of Old Frisian Egge (a personal name) and bert (“settlement”).

A village in Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands


Baskenland

Compound of Bask (“Basque”) + -en- + land (“country”).

com

Basque Country (an autonomous community of Spain)


Duisburg

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Duisburg (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Leiden

locally; traditional, now sometimes affected

From Middle Dutch Leiden, older Leithen, originally the name of the village now called Leiderdorp, then transferred to the younger nearby settlement. Formerly hypothesized to be from Middle Dutch lēde (“dyke, drainage channel”), but this is derived from the past stem *lid- of Proto-Germanic *līþaną (“to pass through”), thus requiring an original -d-, not -þ- (see Grammatischer Wechsel). The early ei-spelling also speaks against this derivation. Instead probably from a Frankish *Lagiþon, from Proto-Germanic *laguz (“water”) + the placename suffix *-iþi.
The usual latinisation Lugdunum was taken from the name of a defunct historical settlement north of Katwijk, which was erroneously identified with Leiden. There is in all likelihood no relation between the two names.

der

Leiden (a city and municipality of South Holland, Netherlands)

Grammatischer Wechsel
Nicoline van der Sijs
nl:Leiden


Methoni

Methoni (a town in Messinia prefecture, in southwestern Greece)

Methoni (a town in Pieria prefecture, in north-central Greece)


Tsjechië

nl-proper noun

Tsjechië n (adjective Tsjechisch, demonym Tsjech m or Tsjechische f)

Tsjechisch (adjective)
Tsjech (demonym masculine)
Tsjechische (demonym feminine)

desc

Afrikaans: Tsjeggië, Tsjeggiese Republiek.

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


Athene

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē) and Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).


Tsjechische Republiek

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


Hawaï

Ultimately from Hawaiian Hawaiʻi, from Hawaiki, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *Sawaiki.


Zwaag

The village is first attested as svaech around 1312. The toponym derives from Middle Dutch swaech (“cattle pasture”).
From Middle Dutch swaech (“pasture”), from Old Frisian swāg (“pasture”). Cognate with Old High German sweiga (“pasture”). From a word originally indicating a fence (around a pasture). Compare Old Norse sveigr (“supple branch, headkerchief”), from a root meaning to twist or bend.

cog

A village and former municipality of Hoorn, North Holland, Netherlands


Reeth

First attested as redh towards the end of the 11th century. Perhaps derived from Old Dutch redh (“road, way”). Compare Rheden.

A hamlet in Overbetuwe, Gelderland, Netherlands


Dnipropetrovsk

From Ukrainian Дніпропетро́вськ (Dnipropetróvsʹk).

bor

Дніпропетро́вськ


Donetsk

Donetsk, a city, raion and oblast in Ukraine.


Lviv

From Ukrainian Львів (Lʹviv); the form in -ov is from Russian Львов (Lʹvov).

Lviv, a city, raion and oblast in Ukraine.


Filipijnen

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


Noord-Holland

desc

→ French: Hollande-Septentrionale (calque)

→ Italian: Olanda Settentrionale (calque)

→ Latin: Hollandia Septentrionalis (calque)

→ Portuguese: Holanda do Norte (calque)

→ Spanish: Holanda Septentrional (calque)

Meronyms: Aalsmeer, Alkmaar, Amstelveen, Amsterdam, Bergen, Beverwijk, Blaricum, Bloemendaal, Castricum, Den Helder, Diemen, Dijk en Waard, Drechterland, Edam-Volendam, Enkhuizen, Gooise Meren, Haarlem, Haarlemmermeer, Heemskerk, Heemstede, Heiloo, Hilversum, Hollands Kroon, Hoorn, Huizen, Koggenland, Landsmeer, Laren, Medemblik, Oostzaan, Opmeer, Ouder-Amstel, Purmerend, Schagen, Stede Broec, Texel, Uitgeest, Uithoorn, Velsen, Waterland, Wijdemeren, Wormerland, Zaanstad, Zandvoort

North Holland, a province of the Netherlands


Texel

First attested as tesla in 772 or 776. Ultimately from Old Dutch Tesla. Likely derived from (a compound of) Proto-Germanic *tehswô (“right, southern”). A derivation from *þehslô- (“adze”) (referring here to an adze-shaped elevated area or to the supposed adze-like shape of the island) is less likely. The spelling with x is due to influence of West Frisian Teksel.

inh

Meronyms: Bargen, De Cocksdorp, De Koog, Den Burg, De Nes, Den Hoorn, De Waal, De Westen, Dijkmanshuizen, Driehuizen, Harkebuurt, Het Noorden, Midden-Eierland, Molenbuurt, Nieuweschild, Noorderbuurt, Noord Haffel, Ongeren, Oost, Oosterend, Oudeschild, Spang, Spijkdorp, 't Horntje, Tienhoven, Westergeest, Westermient, Zevenhuizen, Zuid-Eierland, Zuid Haffel

Texel mijn eiland
 Mooi stukje Holland
 Bij jou voel ik mij van mijn zorgen bevrijd

(Can we date this quote?), Maarten Koorn, Texel mijn eiland:

Texel my island
 Fair piece of Holland
 By you I feel freed from my cares

An island and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands


Vlaams-Brabant

Meronyms: Aarschot, Affligem, Asse, Beersel, Begijnendijk, Bekkevoort, Bertem, Bever, Bierbeek, Boortmeerbeek, Boutersem, Diest, Dilbeek, Drogenbos, Galmaarden, Geetbets, Glabbeek, Gooik, Grimbergen, Haacht, Halle, Herent, Herne, Hoegaarden, Hoeilaart, Holsbeek, Huldenberg, Kampenhout, Kapelle-op-den-Bos, Keerbergen, Kortenaken, Kortenberg, Kraainem, Landen, Lennik, Leuven, Liedekerke, Linkebeek, Linter, Londerzeel, Lubbeek, Machelen, Meise, Merchtem, Opwijk, Oud-Heverlee, Overijse, Pepingen, Roosdaal, Rotselaar, Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Sint-Pieters-Leeuw, Steenokkerzeel, Ternat, Tervuren, Tielt-Winge, Tienen, Tremelo, Vilvoorde, Wemmel, Wezembeek-Oppem, Zaventem, Zemst, Zoutleeuw