hij

ik (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed subjective)
'k (first-person personal pronoun singular subjective unstressed)
mij (first-person objective personal pronoun singular stressed)
me (first-person objective personal pronoun singular unstressed)
mijn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular stressed)
m'n (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular unstressed)
mijne (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun)
me (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
mijner (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
mijns (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
jij (personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
je (personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
jou (objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (objective personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouw (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouwe (personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
je (personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
jouwer (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
jouws (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
ge (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
u (formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
hij (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ie (masculine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
hem (masculine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
'm (masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zij (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ze (feminine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
hare (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
harer (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
haars (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
het (neuter personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
't (neuter personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
het (neuter objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
't (neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
wij (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
we (first-person personal plural pronoun unstressed)
ons (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun)
ons (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
onzer (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
onzes (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
jullie (personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
je (personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
je (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ge (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
zij (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
ze (personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
hen (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hun (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hunne (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
hunner (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)
huns (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)

Afrikaans: hy

Javindo: hij, gij

Jersey Dutch: hai, he

Petjo: hij

From Middle Dutch hi, from Old Dutch hie, hē, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz. Doublet of ie.

Hij loopt.

De tafel is duur omdat hij van glas is gemaakt.

The table is expensive because it is made of glass.

Third-person singular, masculine, subjective: he.


ik

Afrikaans: ek

Berbice Creole Dutch: eke

Jersey Dutch: äk

Petjo: ik

Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

From Middle Dutch ic, from Old Dutch ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Low German ik, West Frisian ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg.
See I (English, etymology 3).

I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


het

From Middle Dutch dat, which was contracted to 't in usual speech. This form was later interpreted as being the same as the neuter pronoun het (etymology 2, see below), which was contracted in the same way. This then led to the modern merge with het, which some might see as being unetymological.

het boek

het meisje


het

Jersey Dutch: hät, it

From Middle Dutch het, hit, from Old Dutch it, hit, from Proto-Germanic *it, *hit.

1) Not as common in written language.2) Inflected as an adjective.3) In prescriptivist use

used only as direct object.4) In prescriptivist use

and in fixed expressions.6) To differentiate from the singular gij

gelle and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ().

Het is een mooi huis, maar een beetje klein.

it; third-person singular, neuter, subjective

Kun je het goed zien?

Ik doe het als jij het wilt.

I'll do it if you want it. (i.e. "if you want me to")

Het katje heeft honger, geef het een boterham.

The kitty is hungry, give it a sandwich.

it; third-person singular, neuter, objective

Het is laat.

Het regent alweer.

Hoe gaat het?


dat

Petjo: dat

Skepi Creole Dutch: dat

From Middle Dutch dat, from Old Dutch that, from Proto-Germanic *þat, neuter form of *sa.
Cognate with German das, English that.

Wat is dat?


die

Afrikaans: die

Berbice Creole Dutch: dida

Jersey Dutch: dî

Negerhollands: die, di, i, dida, da die

From Middle Dutch die, a merger of Old Dutch thie, thē, thia, thiu and similar forms of the demonstrative. As in Old High German ther, der it replaced the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa.

Die vrouw vraagt als iemand aardvruchten wil kopen.

A woman is asking if anyone wants to buy root vegetables.

Ik heb die wagen geslagen.

(Suriname, colloquial) a certain, a particular; some; this; referring to a thing or a person invisible or unknown to the audience.


elk

elk (adverbial positive predicative)
elke (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
elk (indefinite neuter positive singular)
elke (indefinite plural positive)
elke (definite positive)

Afrikaans: elk

Negerhollands: elk

From Middle Dutch elc. Compare English each, West Frisian elk, from Proto-Germanic *aiwô (“ever, always”) + *ga- + Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz.

Ik ga elke dag even naar het park.


men

From Middle Dutch men, an unstressed variety of man (“man”). Accordingly, originally pronounced with [ə]; now predominantly with a full vowel [ɛ], especially in those areas where the word is chiefly literary. Compare German man, Middle English men (indefinite pronoun).

Men zegt dat...

Men weet nooit wat er gaat gebeuren.

(indefinite, subject) One, you, they, everyone; humanity, (the) people, the public opinion


wij

Jersey Dutch: wāi

Negerhollands: wellie

From Middle Dutch wi, from Old Dutch wī, from Proto-West Germanic *wiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, from Proto-Indo-European *wéy-, plural of *éǵh₂.
Compare Low German wi, West Frisian wy, German wir, English we, Danish vi.

personal pronoun
personal pronoun#English

the first-person plural personal pronoun; refers to the speakers


haar

Afrikaans: haar

table
From Middle Dutch haer, from Old Dutch hiro, from Proto-Germanic *hezōi.

Ik zeg het tegen haar (1), maar je kunt haar (2) beter nog een mailtje sturen.

(1) accusative personal pronoun, (2) dative personal pronoun

I’ll mention it to her, but you’d better send her a mail as well.

(personal) Third-person singular, feminine object pronoun: her


nada

Niks, nada, noppes.


we

Jersey Dutch: wê


me

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


du

From Middle Dutch du, from Old Dutch thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Sy roept, du bist een slaef, in mijne dienst gebonden

1620, Jacob Cats, Velt-teycken, alle eerbare jonge lieden toegeeygent

She calls, thou art a slave, bound to my service

Soo leyt dyn memmetje dy in dyn wiechje te rust.

So thy mama lays thee to rest in thy cradle.

(obsolete or dialectal) Second-person singular informal pronoun; thou


u

Originally the dative and accusative form of jij/gij, from Middle Dutch u, from Old Dutch iu, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, West Germanic variant of *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jou.
The use as a nominative form is linked to the polite address uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”), which was shortened to U E. in writing and at times accordingly pronounced /yˈ(w)eː/. It is debated, however, whether this was the actual cause of the development or whether it merely reinforced it. Compare English you, which was originally an object form, as well as Afrikaans ons and nonstandard Dutch hun.
Cognate with West Frisian jo, Low German jo, ju, English you, German euch.

The twenty-first letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.


hem

Javindo: gem

Jersey Dutch: häm

desc

Negerhollands: em, am, an, ham, him, hem

→ Virgin Islands Creole: ahm, am

From Middle Dutch hem, from Old Dutch himo, from Proto-Germanic *himmai.

Stuur dat maar naar hem.

(personal) Third-person singular, masculine, objective: him.


hun

Originally a mere spelling variant of hen.
Possessive hun started replacing haar from the 15th century, first only for masculine and neuter plural.

(proscribed) The accusative case of the third-person plural personal pronoun: them.


wier

nl-noun

wier n (plural wieren, diminutive wiertje n)

wieren (plural)
wiertje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: wier

From Middle Dutch wier (“seaweed”), possibly descended through Old Dutch from Proto-West Germanic *wair, related to *wīraz, or was borrowed from West Frisian.
Cognate with dialectal English ware (“seaweed”), Old English wār (“seaweed”).


ons

Afrikaans: ons

Berbice Creole Dutch: ensi

Jersey Dutch: on̈s, on̈ns

Negerhollands: ons, oṅ

Skepi Creole Dutch: ons

From Middle Dutch ons, from Old Dutch uns, from Proto-Germanic *uns, *unsiz.

Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood.


nihil

Audio


wat

Berbice Creole Dutch: wa, wati

Javindo: wat

Jersey Dutch: wāt, wot

Negerhollands: wat, awa, wa

Petjo: wat

Skepi Creole Dutch: what

From Middle Dutch wat, from Old Dutch wat, from Proto-West Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód, *kʷod, compare West Frisian wat, English what, German was, Danish hvad.

(1) Wat is dat?

(2) Wat wil je doen?

(interrogative) what: e.g. (1) asking for a subject complement; (2) asking for a sentence object

(1) Geef mij maar alles wat eetbaar is.

Please give me everything that is edible.

(2) Het duurste wat er was.

(relative) that: e.g. (1) modifying an indefinite pronoun like iets, niets, alles or het enige; (2) modifying an adjective that is used as a noun, usually a superlative

(1) Hij nam precies datgene wat ik had gewild

He took exactly that which I had wanted.

(2) Jantje deed het in z’n broek, wat zijn moeder in verlegenheid bracht.

John did it in his pants, which embarrassed his mother

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

(relative) which: e.g. (1) modifying the demonstrative pronouns dat and datgene; (2) referring back to an entire sentence

(1) Daar loopt wat rond.

(2) Dat is aardig wat!

That is quite something! [i.e. "That is quite a lot!"]

(indefinite) something: e.g. (1) as subject; (2) as subject complement


je

Jersey Dutch: je

Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing.

I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.

Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"
About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"

1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant, page 17

Hoe gaat het nou?

2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant (cartoon), retrieved 2022-11-23

How are things?
Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?

Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè

(personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences


nix

Zijn dit nu de nixen van Heinrich Heine of de zwanen van de Scandinavische ballades?

1956, s-Gravenhage. Maandblad der gemeente 's-Gravenhage, page 14

Are these then Heinrich Heine's nixes or the swans of Scandinavian ballads?


jij

From Middle Dutch ji, northern form of gi, from Old Dutch gī, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a northwest Germanic variant of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of gij.
Cognate with Low German ji, jie, English ye, West Frisian jimme, German ihr. See also gij, u.

first-person singular present indicative


hen

From Old Dutch hin, from Proto-Germanic *himaz.


hen

Chosen in an online poll by Transgender Netwerk Nederland in 2016. The alternative die arose from the same poll.

(gender-neutral, nonstandard) they (singular) (subject pronoun). A gender-neutral singular third-person personal pronoun.

(gender-neutral, nonstandard) them (singular) (object pronoun). A gender-neutral singular third-person personal pronoun.


wie

Afrikaans: wie

Berbice Creole Dutch: wi

Jersey Dutch: wî

Negerhollands: wie, awi, awidi, widi

From Middle Dutch wie, from Old Dutch wie, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos.

Wie is daar?

Wie heb jij gezien?

(interrogative, subjective or objective) who, whom

Wie dit leest is geletterd.

De receptionist aan wie ik het pakket heb afgegeven, werkte er pas net.

The receptionist to whom I handed over the parcel had only recently started working there.

(relative, subjective or objective) who, whom; the one who, whoever


zij

Afrikaans: sy

Javindo: sij

Jersey Dutch: zāi

From Middle Dutch sī, from Old Dutch siu, sia, from Proto-Germanic *iz and *hiz.

Third person singular feminine subject pronoun; she

Third person plural subject pronoun; they


ie

Likely from earlier Middle Dutch hi. Doublet of hij.

Hoe doet ie dat?

(Netherlands, colloquial) Third-person singular, masculine, subjective, mute form: he.


ie

Heb ie de krant al gelezen?

(Holland, colloquial) Second-person singular, mute form: you.


dit

From Middle Dutch dit, from Old Dutch thit. Cognate with German dies.

Wat is dit?


wien

Wien Neerlandsch bloed in de aders vloeit, / Van vreemde smetten vrij, ...

[He] to whom Dutch blood is flowing in the veins, / Free of foreign blemishes, ... (Dutch national anthem from 1815 to 1932)

(interrogative and relative, objective, archaic) (for addressing a masculine person) whom


U

The twenty-first letter of the Dutch alphabet.


a

The first letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.


't

't Is al laat

Kan je 't goed zien?


niets

From Middle Dutch niets, from Old Dutch niewihts, niewehts, partitive genitive of niewiht (whence modern niet). Cognate with German nichts. By surface analysis, n- + iets or niet + -s.


alles

Jersey Dutch: ālles, âlles

From Middle Dutch alles, genitive of al. The use as a case-neutral form may have been reinforced by German alles, from a merger of Middle High German alles (genitive) and allez (nominative and accusative). Note, however, that Dutch iets (“something”) and niets (“nothing”) are also genitives, as is German nichts. Moreover, the form alles is also used in western German dialects where it cannot go back to a nominative/accusative form, e.g. Luxembourgish alles.


welke

inflection of welk:
masculine/feminine singular attributive

inflection of welk:
definite neuter singular attributive


veel

head

veel (comparative meer, superlative het meest or het meeste)

meer (comparative)
het meest (superlative)
het meeste (superlative)

Afrikaans: veel

Berbice Creole Dutch: fele

Javindo: feel, peel

Jersey Dutch: fœl

Negerhollands: veel

Skepi Creole Dutch: fail

From Middle Dutch vele, from Old Dutch filo, from Proto-Germanic *felu.

Vanaf hier kan ik veel zien.


dou

(Holland, dialectal, colloquial) Obsolete form of du.


ikke

→ Indonesian: eke

Narcist in actie: Ikke, ikke, ikke en de rest kan stikken!

Narcissist in action : me, me, me and the rest can choke on it!


weinig

weinig (comparative minder, superlative minst)

minder (comparative)
minst (superlative)
weinig (adverbial positive predicative)
minder (adverbial comparative predicative)
het minst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het minste (adverbial predicative superlative)
minder (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
minste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
minder (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
minste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
minder (comparative indefinite plural)
minste (indefinite plural superlative)
weinige (definite positive)
minste (definite superlative)

Jersey Dutch: wääinix

Negerhollands: wenig, weinig

→ Kwinti: weiniki

From Middle Dutch weinich, wenich, from Old Dutch *weinag, *wēnag, from Proto-Germanic *wainagaz.


weinig

weinig (comparative minder, superlative het minst or het minste)

minder (comparative)
het minst (superlative)
het minste (superlative)

Je hebt vandaag maar weinig gezegd. Voel je je niet goed?

You've only said a little today. Are you not feeling well?


weinig

minder (comparative)
minst (superlative)


zich

From Middle Dutch sich, from Middle High German sich, from Old High German sih, from Proto-West Germanic *sik, from Proto-Germanic *sek. Old Dutch did not have a reflexive pronoun (only rarely in early Limburgish texts), but used the normal accusative pronoun (if necessary intensified by selven, cf. English himself). Although the use of zich in Holland-based Dutch was clearly triggered by written German, this development was assisted by the fact that the south-eastern dialects of Dutch had already adopted certain High German pronoun forms in much earlier times (cf. Limburgish ich, mich, dich, zich).

Hij viel zich een ongeluk

He fell and this resulted in an accident.

Hij lachte zich een bult

He laughed so severely that it left him a hunchback.

expresses an unintended result with many otherwise non-reflexive and ergative verbs


jullie

jullie (unstressed form je, reflexive form je, possessive form jullie, unstressed possessive form je)

je (unstressed)
je (reflexive)
form jullie (possessive)
form je (possessive unstressed)
ik (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed subjective)
'k (first-person personal pronoun singular subjective unstressed)
mij (first-person objective personal pronoun singular stressed)
me (first-person objective personal pronoun singular unstressed)
mijn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular stressed)
m'n (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular unstressed)
mijne (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun)
me (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
mijner (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
mijns (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
jij (personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
je (personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
jou (objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (objective personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouw (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouwe (personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
je (personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
jouwer (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
jouws (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
ge (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
u (formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
hij (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ie (masculine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
hem (masculine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
'm (masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zij (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ze (feminine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
hare (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
harer (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
haars (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
het (neuter personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
't (neuter personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
het (neuter objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
't (neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
wij (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
we (first-person personal plural pronoun unstressed)
ons (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun)
ons (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
onzer (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
onzes (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
jullie (personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
je (personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
je (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ge (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
zij (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
ze (personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
hen (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hun (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hunne (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
hunner (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)
huns (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)

Afrikaans: julle

Jersey Dutch: jœlli

desc

Negerhollands: jen, jin, jini, jellie, jender

Petjo: goelie, joelie, jelui

From earlier jelui, from jij (“you”) and lui (“people”).

Zijn jullie klaar?


gij

From Middle Dutch gī, ghi, from Old Dutch gī, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic variant of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jij.
Compare also Low German ji, jie, English ye, German ihr.

Motte gij nog een pilske?

Gij zult niet doden.

Ik eindig tenslotte met de wens, dat gij, die deze geluidsfilm hoort en ziet, dat ons volk met al de voldoening die hierbij mogelijk is, terug zal kunnen zien op de nationale inzameling, tot beloning van hen die er de omvangrijke uitvoering van verrichten, en tot de dankbaarheid van degenen die het allerzwaarst lijden onder de algemene nood.

1933, “Tussen hoop en vrees” (0:10:37 from the start), in Andere Tijden, spoken by Juliana of the Netherlands, published 2011 via VPRO, retrieved 2024-07-16

I will conclude, finally, by wishing that ye who hear and see this sound film, that our people will be able to look back on the national fundraising with all the satisfaction that could be possible in doing so, to the reward of those who carry out its extensive implementation and to the gratitude of those who suffer most severely from the general distress.

Gij rukt niet op om aan dit land den oorlog te brengen, maar om het de vrede te hergeven.

1947, J.A.A. van Doorn, quoting Simon Spoor, [untitled address to Dutch troops], quoted in Gevangen in de tijd. Over generaties en hun geschiedenis, Amsterdam: Boom, published 2002, page 28

You are not advancing to bring war to this country, but to restore peace to it.

De Regering (...) wil bevorderen dat de kritische belangstelling, die bij velen voor het openbaar gebeuren bestaat, zich positief kan richten op het vervullen der taken, waarvoor ons volk zich gesteld ziet. Dit zal alleen mogelijk zijn als Gij, leden van de volksvertegenwoordiging, in voortdurend contact met ons volk in al zijn geledingen, daaraan Uw medewerking verleent.

1966 September 20, “Troonrede 1966 [Speech from the throne 1966]”, in Parlement.com, retrieved 2023-10-03

The Government (...) wants to promote that the critical interest in public affairs, which exists among many, can focus positively on the fulfilment of the tasks facing our people. This will only be possible if Ye, members of parliament, in constant contact with our people in all its parts, lend your cooperation to this.


jou

From Middle Dutch jou, from Old Dutch *jū, a northern (Frisian?) variant of *iu, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, a West Germanic variant of *izwiz. Doublet of u.


dij

From Middle Dutch dî, from Old Dutch thī, from Proto-Germanic *þiz.

(archaic or obsolete, personal pronoun) Second-person singular, objective: thee.


niemand

Afrikaans: niemand

From Middle Dutch nieman, from Old Dutch nieman. Equivalent to n- + iemand.

Niemand weet, niemand weet, dat ik Repelsteeltje heet.

Nobody knows, nobody knows, that I am called Rumpelstiltskin.


iedereen

Negerhollands: idereen

Afrikaans: iedereen


iemand

Afrikaans: iemand

Jersey Dutch: îment, îmelt

Negerhollands: imand

From Middle Dutch ieman, iemant, from Old Dutch ieman, *ioman. A compound of io (“always, ever”) + man (“man, person”), from Proto-West Germanic *aiw + *mann. Compare Old English ǣġhwā.


iets

From Middle Dutch iet, a contraction of earlier iewet, from Old Dutch iowiht.
This Old Dutch compound is formed from Old Dutch ie- 'anything' and a second constituent corresponding to Middle Dutch wicht 'being, creature', earlier meaning 'thing'. Cognate with Limburgish get, Central Franconian jet, English aught.
The suffix -s is taken from Old Dutch niets whose -s is an old partitive genitive ending.

Je zou wel iets meer enthousiasme mogen tonen.

You could show a little more enthusiasm.


ieder

ieder (adverbial positive predicative)
iedere (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
ieder (indefinite neuter positive singular)
iedere (indefinite plural positive)
iedere (definite positive)

Berbice Creole Dutch: idri

Negerhollands: ider

From Middle Dutch ieder, jeder, from Old Dutch *iowether, *iother. A compound of io (“always”) (from Proto-Germanic *aiw) + wether (“whether”) (from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz). Cognate with English either, German jeder.

in ieder geval


HM

(title of a queen) Initialism of Hare Majesteit.


m'n

Ik word altijd wakker met een wijsje in m'n hoofd


allemaal

Afrikaans: almal

Berbice Creole Dutch: alma

Negerhollands: allemaal, alma, almael

Skepi Creole Dutch: alma

→ Sranan Tongo: alamala

From earlier altemaal, from Middle Dutch altemȃle (“all at once; altogether”). Compare helemaal and German allemal.

inh

We doen het allemaal.

We doen het allemaal.


elkaar

with Gooise r and lenited dark l, used particularly in the Randstad

Contracted form of elkander, itself from elk + ander.

1987, International Bible Society Nederland, Het Boek, Genesis 11:7

Let us go down and confuse their languages, so they will not understand each other any more.

Laten Wij afdalen en hun verschillende talen geven, zodat zij elkaar niet meer begrijpen!

voor elkaar komen

to be successful, come to a successful end


mezelf

Ik heb genoeg tijd voor mezelf en m'n kinderen.

I have enough time for myself and my children.


mijzelf

desc

Negerhollands: misėl, mie self, mie selv


jezelf

Jersey Dutch: jezäl'f

Negerhollands: ju selv


dezelfde

Ik heb dezelfde jurk als zij.


dezelfde

head

dezelfde (neuter hetzelfde, plural dezelfde or dezelfden)

hetzelfde (neuter)
dezelfde (plural)
dezelfden (plural)

We hebben weer voor dezelfde gekozen.


van alles en nog wat

Literally, “[some] of everything and then some”.

Ik heb de afgelopen twee jaar van alles en nog wat geprobeerd.

The last two years I have tried everything and then some.

all kinds of things, all sorts of things


zichzelf

Negerhollands: siself, śisel, sie selv

yourself (in combination with the polite pronoun u.)


enige

inflection of enig:
definite neuter singular attributive


ene

Het geval zou onderzocht zijn door ene Professor Armenio Sibello die zou hebben vastgesteld dat het niet langs normale, psychologische weg verklaard kon worden.

The case was reportedly examined by a certain Professor Armenio Sibello who allegedly had determined that it could not be explained in a normal, psychological way.

one, a certain (followed by a name, possibly with a title or honorific)


hetzelfde

hetzelfde (non-neuter dezelfde, plural dezelfde or dezelfden)


datzelfde

datzelfde (non-neuter diezelfde, plural diezelfde or diezelfden)

(neuter) that same [thing], the aforementioned


dien

(archaic) whom; accusative singular masculine form of die


zoiets

Javindo: soiets

Ik heb niet zo'n honger. Heb je ook appelsap of zoiets?

I'm not that hungry. Do you also have apple juice or something like that?

something like that, something similar, the like


eenieder

De ouders (...) zijn een ieder van het Surinaams team en het Nederlands team heel erg dankbaar.

2020 December 31, “Baby Amalia naar huis [Baby Amalia goes home]”, in StarNieuws, retrieved 2021-01-13

The parents (...) are very grateful to everyone on the Surinamese team and the Dutch team.

(current in Suriname, formal in the Netherlands and Belgium) everyone


ZM

Initialism of Zijne Majesteit (“His Majesty”).


enigst

enigste (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
enigst (indefinite neuter positive singular)
enigste (indefinite plural positive)
enigste (definite positive)

Dat was zijn enigste kans.

Zij is een enigst kind.

(colloquial, often proscribed) only, single


enigst

enigst (plural enigsten, inflected enigste)

Jij bent de enigste die er bezwaar tegen heeft.

Het enigst/enigste dat ik zie is bomen.

(colloquial, often proscribed) only one/thing


enigste

Afrikaans: enigste

→ Kwinti: einigste

inflection of enigst:
masculine/feminine singular attributive

inflection of enigst:
definite neuter singular attributive


enigste

inflection of enigst, the superlative degree of enig:


welken

welken (infinitive)
welken (gerund neuter)
welk (first-person present singular)
welkte (first-person past singular)
welkt (present second-person singular)
welk (present second-person singular)
welkte (past second-person singular)
welkt (formal present second-person singular)
welkte (formal past second-person singular)
welkt (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
welkt (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
welkte (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
welkte (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
welkt (present singular third-person)
welkte (past singular third-person)
welken (plural present)
welkten (past plural)
welke (archaic present singular subjunctive)
welkte (archaic past singular subjunctive)
welken (archaic plural present subjunctive)
welkten (archaic past plural subjunctive)
welk (imperative present singular)
welkt (archaic imperative plural present)
welkend (participle present)
gewelkt (participle past)

From Middle Dutch welken, from Old Dutch [Term?], from Proto-West Germanic *wilkijan; according to Kluge, ultimately related to Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”). Akin to German welken, English welk.


welk

welke (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
welk (indefinite neuter positive singular)
welke (indefinite plural positive)
welke (definite positive)

From Middle Dutch welc, from Old Dutch *wilik, *welik, from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz.

which (what, of those mentioned or implied)


niks

nl-adj

niks (used only predicatively, comparative meer niks, superlative meest niks)

meer niks (comparative)
meest niks (superlative)

Probably from colloquial and dialectal German nix.

Jij mag deze schilderijen geweldig vinden, maar voor mij is het niks.

You may think these paintings are great, but they're not interesting for me.


ieders

In ieders hart leeft het verlangen naar vrijheid. ANS

The desire for freedom lives in everybody's heart.


noppes

Niks, nada, noppes.


sommige

Afrikaans: sommige

Negerhollands: sommige

From Middle Dutch sommich, somich, from som (“any, some”) + -ich. The simplex som derives from Old Dutch sum (“any, some”), from Proto-Germanic *sumaz (“some”). It is found also in other combinations such as soms and somtijds.
Related to English some.


hetgeen

Univerbation of het (“the”) + geen (“yon, yonder”). Cognate to German dasjenige.

univerbation

Ik herhaal hetgeen toen werd gezegd.

I repeat that which was said at the time.

(relative pronoun) that which, which, what


bibi

(informal, Belgium) yours truly (I, me or myself)


degene

From Middle Dutch degene. Equivalent to a univerbation of de + gene.


Uwe Majesteit

De koningin werd aangesproken met "Uwe Majesteit".

The queen was addressed as "Your Majesty".


niemendal

Berbice Creole Dutch: nimdali

Negerhollands: niemendal, niemetal

First attested in 1612. Contraction of niet met allen, probably formed in Middle Dutch. The noun is derived from the pronoun.


niemendal

nl-noun

niemendal n (plural niemendallen, diminutive niemendalletje n)

niemendallen (plural)
niemendalletje (diminutive neuter)

Something small, negligible or of little value.


huns

(archaic) (archaic) genitive masculine/neuter of zij; their.


heur

A dialectal variation of haar used predominantly in Groningen.

Heur weelderig haar.

(personal, archaic, dialectal) her. Sometimes (though decreasingly) used in Standard Dutch, especially in poetry and in conjunction with haar (in the sense of hair), for the sake of euphony or comic effect.


elkander

Bemint elkander.


mekander

→ Sranan Tongo: makandra


anderman

Ik kan niet voor anderman spreken, maar ik ben erg blij met de resultaten.

I can't speak for someone else, but I am very happy with the results.

Laat anderman beslissen wat het beste voor hem is.

Let someone else decide what's best for them.

Ik zag hem met anderman praten in de supermarkt.

I saw him talking with someone else at the supermarket.


diegene

Negerhollands: diegeen

From Middle Dutch diegene. Equivalent to a univerbation of die + gene.

Voor diegene die het vertikt om de originele versie van de film te zien komt er vandaag misschien verlossing.

There might be an alternative today for he who has refused to watch the original version of the movie.


uwe edelheid

(obsolete) Formal 2nd person pronoun. Literally means "your gentlehood" or "your nobility".


julliezelf

Jullie hebben genoeg geld voor julliezelf


wijzelf

Wijzelf doen niet aan feesten, maar anderen wel.

We ourselves don't do parties, but others do.


wijlui

(archaic, regional) First-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); we.


zijlui

Third-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); they.


gijlui

From gij (“(subjective) you”) + lui (“lot”).

Gijlui zijt geen kinderen meer.

(archaic) Second-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); you guys, you people, you lot, you all, y'all.


ului

From u (“(objective) you”) + lui (“lot”).

Wij komen naar ului.

Second-person plural personal pronoun (objective); you.


geen sikkepit

Ik geloof er geen sikkepit van.

(informal, emphatic) absolutely nothing, nothing at all


andermans

Hij nam per ongeluk mijn boek mee in plaats van zijn eigen boek, dus nu moet ik andermans boek lezen.

He accidentally took my book instead of his own, so now I have to read someone else's book.

Het is onbeleefd om zomaar aan andermans spullen te zitten.

It is impolite to touch someone else's belongings without permission.

Respecteer de privacy van anderen en lees niet stiekem andermans berichten.

Respect others' privacy and don't read someone else's messages secretly.


haars

(archaic) (archaic) genitive masculine/neuter of zij; her.


voor elk wat wils

something for everyone (such that each person has something to suit their tastes/needs)


zelve

Hij was de netheid zelve.

(intensifier) herself, itself... etc. normally used in terms that describe a model


malkander

Berbice Creole Dutch: makandri

desc

Negerhollands: malkander, mankandu, mankan, makander, malkaar, maerkanner

→ Saramaccan: makándi

From Middle Dutch malcander, melcander, a contraction of manlijc ander.

Het waren twee koninghs kindren,

a. 1525, anonymous author, “Lied van de twee koningskinderen”, in Haerlems Oudt Liedt-boeck, 27th edition, published 1716

There were two royal children
Who loved each other so dearly


elkeen

Afrikaans: elkeen

Negerhollands: elkeen, ekeren

Univerbation of elk (“each”) + een (“one”).


dezen

in dezen

Fossiled dative form of dit used in certain prepositional expressions.


jouwer

Hij is jouwer niet waard.
He isn’t worthy of you.

(archaic) (archaic) genitive of jij: of you


mijner

Hij is mijner niet waard.
He isn’t worthy of me.

(archaic) (archaic) genitive of ik: of me


hullie

Afrikaans: hulle

Jersey Dutch: hœlli

From hunlieden (“them-people”) or hunlui (“them-people”).

(proscribed, dialectal) The nominative case of the third-person plural personal pronoun, as opposed to jullie: they, them-people


hunlieden

(proscribed, dialectal) The nominative case of the third-person plural personal pronoun: they, them-people


gijlieden

From gij (“(subjective) you”) + lieden (“lot”).

compound

Gijlieden zijt onze brief, geschreven in onze harten, bekend en gelezen van alle mensen

1637, Statenvertaling (2 Corinthians 3:2)

Ye are our epistle written in our hearts, known and read of all men

(archaic) Second-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); you people, you all, ye.


welks

Neuter and masculine genitive singular of welk.

Wee het land, welks koning een kind is

Woe to the country whose king is a child


zijlie

From zij (“she”) and lui (“people”). Formed similar to jullie (“you (pl.)”), from earlier jelui, from jij (“you”) and lui (“people”).


gulle

Dieje kloane allien thuis achterlate, zijde gulle oep ulle kop gevalle ofwa?!

Letting that kid home alone like that, have you fallen on your heads or something?!

(Belgium, Brabant, colloquial) Second-person plural, subjective: you.


mijns

Hij is mijns niet waard.
He isn’t worthy of me.


gelle

(Belgium, colloquial) Second-person plural, subjective: you, you all.


generlei

From gener + -lei. Compare German keinerlei.


zijns

Ik ben zijns niet waard.

(archaic) (archaic) genitive of hij: of him


jouws

Hij is jouws niet waard.
He isn’t worthy of you.


hetwelk

De slang nu was listiger dan al het gedierte des velds, hetwelk de HEERE God gemaakt had; en zij zeide tot de vrouw: Is het ook, dat God gezegd heeft: Gijlieden zult niet eten van allen boom dezes hofs?

1888, Statenvertaling, Jongbloed edition, Genesis 3:1

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(formal) which (with neuter or phrasal antecedent)


dewelke

From Middle Dutch dewelke, later variant of diewelke. Equivalent to a univerbation of de + welke.

En de HEERE zeide tot Mozes: Verzamel Mij zeventig mannen uit de oudsten van Israel, dewelke gij weet, dat zij de oudsten des volks en deszelfs ambtlieden zijn; en gij zult hen brengen voor de tent der samenkomst, en zij zullen zich daar bij u stellen.

1888, Statenvertaling, Jongbloed edition, Numbers 11:16

(formal, archaic, now proscribed) which (with masculine or feminine antecedent)


zulder

(East and West Flanders) they (used for people only)


gulder

(Belgium, East and West Flanders, colloquial) you (subject, plural)


ulieden

En God zeide: Ziet, Ik heb ulieden al het zaadzaaiende kruid gegeven, dat op de ganse aarde is, en alle geboomte, in hetwelk zaadzaaiende boomvrucht is; het zij u tot spijze!

1888, Statenvertaling, Jongbloed edition, Genesis 1:29

(archaic) Second-person plural pronoun you.


datgene

Jullie hebben datgene wat hij zoekt.

You have that thing that he is looking for.

Dat is net datgene waarvan zij houdt.

Ik koop datgene wat jij verkoopt.

that (thing that), what, whatever (to designate an object antecedent before a clause)


welloe

Borrowed from Moroccan Arabic والو (wālu, “nothing”).

Welloe pasjes, brieven in de handjes // Jij bent super stiff, jij doet welloe dansjes.

2017, “Alles Constant [Everything Constant]”, performed by Jermaine Niffer

No cards, notes in the hands // You're super stiff, you don't do no dances.

Hier ben ik in 'n paar weken max doorheen, en dan gaat 't 'r heel vervelend uitzien als we de volgende twee maanden welloe shit hebben.

2019, M. W. Sexton, translated by H. Damsma and N. Miedema, Een zekere vrijheid [A Kind of Freedom]

I'll be done with this in a few weeks, tops, and then it's gonna look very annoying if the next two months we have no shit no more.

Ik krijg wel dingen voor elkaar nu // Welloe tijd want ik heb haast nu.

2021, “Welloe tijd [No time]”, performed by Skiezo

I'm getting things done now // No time cause I gotta haste now.


diezelfde

(masculine, feminine) that same, the aforementioned


diezelfde

head

diezelfde (neuter datzelfde, plural diezelfde or diezelfden)

datzelfde (neuter)
diezelfde (plural)
diezelfden (plural)

(masculine, feminine) that same [thing], the aforementioned


allehens

Univerbation of alle + hens, borrowed from English all hands, or from the phrase all hands on deck


ditzelfde

ditzelfde (non-neuter deze zelfde, plural deze zelfde or deze zelfden)

deze zelfde (plural)
deze zelfden (plural)

(neuter) this same [thing], the aforementioned


iegelijk

iegelijk (adverbial positive predicative)
iegelijke (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
iegelijk (indefinite neuter positive singular)
iegelijke (indefinite plural positive)
iegelijke (definite positive)

Audio

From Middle Dutch iegelijc, from Old Dutch iegilīk, from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]. Contains the word gelijk. Cognate with German jeglicher.


geen snars

Ik geloof er geen snars van.

Ik snap er geen snars van.


hoedanig

hoedanig (adverbial positive predicative)
hoedanige (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
hoedanig (indefinite neuter positive singular)
hoedanige (indefinite plural positive)
hoedanige (definite positive)

From Middle Dutch hoedanich, from hoedaan + -ich. Equivalent to hoe + gedaan + -ig. Compare dusdanig, zodanig, and welkdanig.

„Hoedanige dingen", zeide hij „hoedanige dingen heb ik van u moeten hooren, Annétje! Dat gij alzóó uwen ouders en uwen leeraar verdriet kondet aandoen! […]"
„What kind of things," he said, „what kind of things I had to hear from you, Annetje! That you could cause such grief to your parents and your teacher! […] "

1923 November 12, “De tale Kanaäns”, in De Sumatra post, Medan, page 12