-ni

Marks a verb's habitual or customary present tense.


-ton

(appended to nouns) a diminutive suffix; forms nouns denoting smallness, and rarely insignificance.


-yotl

tahtli (“father”) → tahyōtl (“paternity, fatherhood”)

tepitōn (“something small”) → tepitōnyōtl (“smallness”)

tōltēcatl (“artisan”) → tōltēcayōtl (“artisanry”)

(added to nouns) -ness, -ity, -hood, -ship, -ism, -ry; forms abstract nouns.

ācatl (“cane”)→ ācayōtl (“piping”)

iztatl (“salt”) → iztayōtl (“brine”)

yāōtl (“enemy”) → yāōyōtl (“war, warfare”)

(added to nouns) forms concrete nouns with senses extended from the original.


-pa

¶Para dezir vna vez, foz vezes, tres vezes . &c. dizen deſta manera. / ¶Vnavez. ceppa. / Dosvezes. oppa. / Tres vezes. yexpa. / […] / ¶Y aſsi de todos los otros numeros menores y / mayores, poniendo alcabo eſta ſyllaba,pa.

1571, Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, f. 120v:

To say once, twice, thrice, etc. they say in the following manner: Once. ceppa. / Twice. oppa. / Thrice. yexpa. / […] / And so on for all the other numbers, lesser and greater, placing at the end this syllable: pa.

ēyi (“three”) → ēxpa (“thrice”)

mācuilli (“five”) → mācuilpa (“five times”)

chicōme (“seven”) → chicōppa (“seven times”)

adverbial numerals
adverbial number#English


-pa

Mēxihco (“Mexico, Mexico City”) → Mēxihcopa (“to Mexico, from Mexico”)

cān (“where”) → cāmpa (“where to”)

-huīc (“facing”) → -pahuīc (“in the direction of”)

directions; Signifies direction or movement relative to an object, both from and to depending on directional context or affixes on the verb.


-lah

(after stems ending in l) Alternative form of -tlah


-techpa

-tech (“against, attached to”) + -pa (“from, towards”)

suffix

16C: Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex, Book 1
Jnic ce capitulo, yntechpa tlatoa, yn oc cenca tlapanauja teteuh
First Chapter, which tells of the highest of the gods

ītechpa, vel ītechcopa nitlàtōz in teōtlaneltoquiliztli, hablarè de la fè.

1645, Horacio Carochi, Arte de la lengua mexicana con la declaración de los adverbios della:


-tech

(added to nouns) A locative suffix: Next to, adjacent with, or attached to. May be formed into a noun designating sides or adjacent objects with -tli.


-tlan

(added to nouns) A locative suffix denoting adjacency or distance below: Under, around.


-tlan

(added to nouns) A locative suffix meaning "place of."


-eh

(added to nouns) possessor, owner; indicates a noun that possesses the root noun, either as property or as an attribute.


-h

Used to form the plural of absolutive noun forms.


-h

titītza (“to stretch something”) → quititītzah (“They stretch it”)

itta (“to see something”) → quittah (“They see it”)

tolīnia (“to bother someone, to make suffer”) → ammotolīniah (“You (plrl.) suffer, You are bothered”)

titītza (“to stretch something”) → motitītzah (“They stretch (themselves)”)

itta (“to see something”) → tiquittah (“We see it”)

pāca (“to wash something”) → tlapācah (“They wash something, they wash things”)

Forms the plural of verbs. Only used for animate subjects.


-qui

(added to verbs) person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.


-liztli

(added to verbs) -tion, -ation, -ing; used to form a noun relating to some action.


-co

(added to nouns) on, in, at; used to form placenames or indicate location. If the steam ends with a vowel, uses the form -c.


-meh

Used to form the plural of absolutive noun forms ending in -tl or -tli.


-queh

calehqueh, plural form of caleh (“householder”)

mihtōtihqueh, plural form of mihtōtihqui (“dancer”)

tlahtohqueh, plural form of tlahtoāni (“ruler”)


-zoh

Alternative form of -yoh After stems ending in z.


-loh

Alternative form of -yoh After stems ending in l.


-yoh

(added to nouns) full of, covered in or with, made of, smelling of; designates a concrete thing that embodies or is invested with the qualities of another.


-tontli

The suffix consists of the form -tōn + the absolutive suffix -tli.


-pil

(appended to nouns) a diminutive suffix; forms nouns denoting smallness.


-xoh

(after a stem ending in x) Alternative form of -yoh


-lotl

(after stems ending in l) Alternative form of -yōtl


-zotl

(after stems ending in z) Alternative form of -yōtl


-chotl

(after stems ending in ch) Alternative form of -yōtl


-tlah

cuahuitl (“tree”) → cuauhtlah (“forest”, literally “place abounding with trees”)

tepētl (“mountain”) → tepētlah (“highland, mountain range”, literally “place abounding with mountains”)

(locative, added to nouns) in a place abundant in or abounding with.

xīlōtl (“unripe ear of maize”) → xīlōtlah (“season of unripe ears of maize”)

(locative, added to nouns) in a time or season when something is abundant.


-pahuic

A conflation of synonymous -pa and -huīc (“to, toward”).

(added to nouns) -wards, to, toward; forms adverbs of direction.


-choh

(after a stem ending in ch) Alternative form of -yoh


-tzin

[…] a los nombres propios, Subſtantiuos y Adjetiuos, q́ ſignifican coſas animadas, o inanimadas ſeles añade algunas vezez tzin, o tzintli. Y eſto acaece, para denotar buena crianza, corteſia, o reuerencia.

1571, Alonso de Molina, Arte de la lengua mexicana y castellana, f. 12r:

To the proper nouns, nouns and adjectives that refer to animate or inanimate things is sometimes added tzin or tzintli. This happens in order to denote a noble upbringing, courtesy, or reverence.

huentli (“offering”) → huentzintli (“sacrifice, sacrificial offering”)

tonān (“our mother”) → tonāntzin (“our revered mother”)

īyeliz (“his, her, its nature”) → īyeliztzin in Dios (“God's nature, godhood”)

(added to nouns) An honorific or caressive suffix; denotes fondness, respect, reverence or submission on behalf of the speaker.

pilli (“child, youth”) → piltzintli (“small child”)

tletl (“fire”) → tletzintli (“small fire”)

(added to nouns) A diminutive suffix; forms nouns denoting smallness.


-can

māhuizzōtl (“glory, honor”) → māhuizzōcān (“place of dignity”)

(added to nouns) A locative suffix: in, at; used to form placenames or indicate location.

nāhui (“four”) → nāuhcān (“in four places”)

(added to numerals) A locative suffix: in, at; used to indicate location.

ēyi (“three”) → inic ēxcān (“in third place, in the third place”)

(added to numerals) An ordinal suffix; used to indicate position in a series.


-pan

(added to nouns) A locative suffix: on or above something.

tēuctli (“lord, nobleman”) → tēcpan (“in the palace”)

teōtl (“deity, god”) → teōpan (“in the temple”)

(added to nouns) A locative suffix: in or at the residence, home or lodgings of the root noun.


-huan

tonān (“our mother”) → tonāhuān (“our mothers”)

notēouh (“my god”) → noteōhuān (“my gods”)

īmāchcōcōl (“their ancestor”) → īmāchcōcōlhuān (“their ancestors”)

Used to form the plural of animate nouns in the possessive form.


-c

form of -co with stems ending in vowels. (Added to nouns) on, in, at; used to form placenames or indicate location.


-huah

āxcāitl (“goods; riches”) → āxcāhuah (“he who has riches; a wealthy man”)

michin (“a fish”) → michhuah (“he who has fish; a fisher”)

tlācatl (“a person”) → tlācahuah (“he who owns a person; a slaveowner”)

(appended to nouns) a possessive suffix; indicates the possessor or owner of the root word.


-pol

Compare the morphologically similar diminutive suffix -pīl.

(appended to nouns) an augmentative suffix; forms nouns denoting largeness.

(appended to nouns) an emphatic or augmentative suffix; emphasizes that something is large, intense or important.

(appended to nouns) a pejorative suffix; expresses contempt, disdain or disapproval.


-oa

(transitive) Instrumental verbal suffix; usually, but not exclusively, appended to nouns to create verbs. Transitive counterpart of -ihui.


-tl

Absolutive suffix for noun bases that end with a vowel.


-tli

Absolutive suffix for noun bases that end with a consonant.


-lli

-l + -tli (absolutive suffix). Gemination arises from regular assimilation of -l- and -tl-.

Forms a passive participle from any verb.


-titlan

From -ti- (“(ligature)”) + -tlan (“under, around”).

(added to nouns) A locative suffix denoting adjacency or distance below: Under, around. Essentially -tlan with the -ti ligature. More often used with -tli verbs.


-ah

Turns an interrogative pronoun into an unspecified pronoun. Equivalent to "some-" in "somewhere" and "something".


-tloc

no- (“1st singular possessive”) → notlōc (“near me, next to me”)

tenāmitl (“wall”) → tenāntlōc (“near to a wall”)

(added to nouns) A locative suffix: near or next to something.


-tzalan

to- (“1st plural possessive”) → totzālan (“between us, among us”)

caltzālan + -tli (“absolute”) → caltzālantli (“road or street between houses”)

calli (“house”) → caltzālan (“between houses”)

(added to nouns) A locative suffix: between or among something(s). Can denote passageways or roads with the absolutive suffix -tli.


-huia

instrumental verbal suffix, usually appended to nouns to create verbs; transitive counterpart of -ohua

honorific verbal suffix of transitive verbs ending in -oa


-ticpac

(added to nouns) A locative suffix meaning above, over, on top of; often but not exclusively found with place names. Essentially -icpac with the -ti ligature


-icpac

(added to nouns) A locative suffix meaning above, over, on top of often but not exclusively found with place names.