分期

/fən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/pun⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/pun⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/fən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/pun⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/pun⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

(historiography) to periodize; to create a chronology


史筆

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(literary, figuratively, historiography) the annals of history


正史

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ siː³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ siː³⁵/

(historiography) any of the Twenty-Four Histories


秘史

/mi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


女史

/ny²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ny²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(historiography, feminism) feminist history; herstory


甲骨文

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kʷɐt̚⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kut̚³²⁻⁴ bun²⁴/

/kaʔ²⁻⁴ kuk̚²⁻⁴ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kʷɐt̚⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kut̚³²⁻⁴ bun²⁴/

/kaʔ²⁻⁴ kuk̚²⁻⁴ buŋ⁵⁵/

(palaeography, historiography) oracle bone script


大秦

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰɵn²¹/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰɵn²¹/

; "Roman Empire"
:
: In contrast, Zhang (1919) conjectured that the word may have indeed been a borrowing ultimately from Latium, Latinum, etc. (transcribed as 剌丁 in his writing) based on comparisons among Sinitic languages; see also the Baxter–Sagart reconstruction below. However, this etymology remains hypothetical.
; "Roman Levant; Syria region; etc."

Its people are all built tall, robust, balanced, and upright, resembling (the people) of the Zhongguo. For this reason it is called Daqin (the Great Qin).

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Qí rénmín jiē cháng dà píng zhèng, yǒu lèi Zhōngguó, gù wèizhī Dàqín.

其人民皆長大平正，有類中國，故謂之大秦。

其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦。

Angelic powers promulgated the glad tidings, a virgin gave birth to the Holy One in Syria;
A bright star announced the felicitous event, and Persians observing the splendor came to present tribute.

781, Nestorian Stele Inscriptions (《大秦景教流行中國碑》). Translated by Alexander Wylie (偉烈亞力).

Shéntiān xuānqìng, shìnǚ dànshèng yú Dàqín; jǐngxiù gàoxiáng, Bōsī dǔyào yǐ láigòng.

神天宣慶，室女誕聖於大秦；景宿告祥，波斯睹耀以來貢。

神天宣庆，室女诞圣于大秦；景宿告祥，波斯睹耀以来贡。

(historical and archaic, Chinese historiography) the Coele Syria or the Roman Levant; the Syria region under Roman dominion


實錄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (實錄):
* → Japanese: 實錄(じつろく) (jitsuroku)
* → Korean: 실록(實錄) (sillok)
* → Vietnamese: thực lục (實錄)

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/sɐt̚² lʊk̚²/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² liɔk̚⁴/

/sit̚²⁴⁻² liɔk̚²⁴/

/sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² liɔk̚⁴/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² liɔk̚⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/sɐt̚² lʊk̚²/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² liɔk̚⁴/

/sit̚²⁴⁻² liɔk̚²⁴/

/sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² liɔk̚⁴/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² liɔk̚⁴/

(historiography) Veritable Records (traditional chronicles pertaining to the reign of a monarch)


口述歷史

ㄎㄡˇ ㄕㄨˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ

/kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


史前

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/siː³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/siː³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹/


通史

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ siː³⁵/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁵³/

/tʰɔŋ³³ su⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁵³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁵³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ siː³⁵/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁵³/

/tʰɔŋ³³ su⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁵³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁵³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴¹/

(historiography) general history (covering a particular period of time) (Classifier: 部 m)


帛書

Sino-Xenic (帛書):
* → Japanese: 帛書(はくしょ) (hakusho)
* → Korean: 백서(帛書) (baekseo)

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sɯ³³/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sɯ³³/


疑古派

/i³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

(historiography) the Doubting Antiquity School


簡帛學

ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄅㄛˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kaːn³⁵ paːk̚² hɔːk̚²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kaːn³⁵ paːk̚² hɔːk̚²/

(historiography) bamboo and silk manuscript studies


繒帛

/t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵ paːk̚²/

/t͡sʰɐŋ²¹ paːk̚²/

/t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵ paːk̚²/

/t͡sʰɐŋ²¹ paːk̚²/

(literary, historiography) silk manuscript


簡帛

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Short for 簡牘／简牍 (jiǎndú) + 帛書／帛书 (bóshū)

zh-etym-short

(historiography) bamboo and wooden slips and silk manuscripts


簡帛書

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/


簡冊

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/

(historiography) bound bamboo-strip book


日書

Learned adaptation from the original indices found on such texts, such as the Shuihudi manuscript (Li, 2008).

(archaeology, historiography) chronomancy calendar (ancient Chinese calendar centred around the fortunes and taboos of specific dates)


史冊

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/

/siː³⁵ t͡sʰaːk̚³/

/sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰeʔ⁵/

/su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰeʔ³²/

/su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛʔ³²/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/

/siː³⁵ t͡sʰaːk̚³/

/sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰeʔ⁵/

/su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰeʔ³²/

/su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛʔ³²/

to be written into the annals of history

載入史冊

载入史册


列傳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (列傳):
* → Japanese: 列伝(れつでん) (retsuden)
* → Korean: 렬전(列傳) (ryeoljeon), 열전(列傳) (yeoljeon)
* → Vietnamese: liệt truyện (列傳)

/li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹/

/liːt̚² t͡syːn²²⁻³⁵/

/liɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tuan²²/

/li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹/

/liːt̚² t͡syːn²²⁻³⁵/

/liɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tuan²²/

(historiography) biography (especially in a history text)


斷代史

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tyːn²² tɔːi̯²² siː³⁵/

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tyːn²² tɔːi̯²² siː³⁵/

(historiography) period history; dynastic history (Classifier: 部 m)


斷代

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/tyːn²² tɔːi̯²²/

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/tyːn²² tɔːi̯²²/

夏商周斷代工程

夏商周断代工程


方志

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/hɔŋ³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si¹¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/hɔŋ³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si¹¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si²¹/


地方志

/ti⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tei̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/ti⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tei̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

(historiography) local chronicle; chorography


唐宋變革

ㄊㄤˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ ㄍㄜˊ

Тансун Бяньгэ

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ sʊŋ³³ piːn³³ kaːk̚³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ sʊŋ³³ piːn³³ kaːk̚³/

(historiography) the Tang-Song Transition


野史

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː¹³ siː³⁵/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː¹³ siː³⁵/

(historiography) unofficial historical texts


信史

/ɕin⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵn³³ siː³⁵/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/

/ɕin⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵn³³ siː³⁵/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/

(historiography) reliable work of history; faithful historical account


修正主義

ㄒㄧㄡ ㄓㄥˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/

(historiography, Marxism, derogatory) revisionism


偽經

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋɐi̯²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋɐi̯²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/


史前史

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹ siː³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹ siː³⁵/


斷限

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(literary, historiography) to divide into periods; to periodize


近古

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐn²² kuː³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐn²² kuː³⁵/

(historiography) recent antiquity (in Chinese history, including the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties)


史料學

ㄕˇ ㄌㄧㄠˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

(historiography) study of historical materials; documentology


本紀

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/


甲骨文字

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ

цзягу вэньцзы

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

(palaeography, historiography) oracle bone script


偽史

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐi̯²² siː³⁵/

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐi̯²² siː³⁵/

(historiography) false history; unreliable history


歷史性

/li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/lɪk̚² siː³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/lɪk̚² siː³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

In philosophy, neither “rationalism” nor “empiricism” understands the historical or the dialectical nature of knowledge, and although each of these schools contains one aspect of the truth (here I am referring to materialist, not to idealist, rationalism and empiricism), both are wrong on the theory of knowledge as a whole.

1937, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《實踐論》 (On Practice), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

Zhéxué shàng de “wéilǐlùn” hé “jīngyànlùn” dōu bù dǒngde rènshi de lìshǐxìng huò biànzhèngxìng, suīrán gè yǒu piànmiàn de zhēnlǐ (duìyú wéiwù de wéilǐlùn hé jīngyànlùn éryán, fēi zhǐ wéixīn de wéilǐlùn hé jīngyànlùn), dàn zài rènshilùn de quántǐ shàng zé dōu shì cuòwù de.

哲學上的「唯理論」和「經驗論」都不懂得認識的歷史性或辯證性，雖然各有片面的真理（對於唯物的唯理論和經驗論而言，非指唯心的唯理論和經驗論），但在認識論的全體上則都是錯誤的。

哲学上的「唯理论」和「经验论」都不懂得认识的历史性或辩证性，虽然各有片面的真理（对于唯物的唯理论和经验论而言，非指唯心的唯理论和经验论），但在认识论的全体上则都是错误的。

(philosophy, historiography, often attributive) historical nature; historical significance


國紀

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

(literary, historiography) dynastic annals


編年體

ㄅㄧㄢ ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄊㄧˇ

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn⁵⁵ niːn²¹ tʰɐi̯³⁵/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn⁵⁵ niːn²¹ tʰɐi̯³⁵/

(historiography) chronological history; chronicle


別史

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(historiography) privately compiled history; alternative history; separate history


別傳

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹/


口述史

/kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/