馬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (馬):
* → Japanese: 馬(ば) (ba)
* → Korean: 마(馬) (ma)
* → Vietnamese: mã (馬, “(xiangqi) horse; (chess) knight”)

desctree

→ Proto-Tai: *maːꟲ (“horse”)
Northern Tai
Bouyei: max
Zhuang: max
Central Tai
Tày: mạ
Nùng: mạ
Nong Zhuang: max
Proto-Southwestern Tai:
Ahom: 𑜉𑜠 (ma), 𑜉𑜡 (mā), 𑜉𑜡𑜠 (māa)
Thai: ม้า (máa)
Northern Thai: ᨾ᩶ᩣ
Lao: ມ້າ (mā)
Lü: ᦙᦱᧉ (maa²)
Tai Dam: ꪣ꫁ꪱ
Shan: မႃႉ (mâ̰a)
Tai Nüa: ᥛᥣᥳ (mȧa)

desc

→ Thai: เบ๊ (bée, “horse”) (via Teochew)

Cursive script (East Asia)
Semi-cursive script

Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (目 (mù)). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (灬 (huǒ), unrelated to 火 (huǒ)).
Contrast with 鹿 (lù, “deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (as in 薦／荐 (jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of 馬 (灬 (huǒ)) but the head of 鹿 (lù).
“Horse” – from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of horse.
For the insect prefix sense, see 螞／蚂. It has converged with the sense of “big”.
The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad, “Muhammad”), although the surname 馬 itself predates Islam.

马
𫠉
傌
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𩡬
𩡮
抹
碼

阿胡拉·馬茲達

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

阿胡拉·马兹达

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

馬斯特里赫特

Mǎsītèlǐhètè

(xiangqi) knight; horse: 🩪 (sometimes only on the black side)


車

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (車):
* → Japanese: 車(しゃ) (sha)
* → Korean: 차(車) (cha), 거(車) (geo)
* → Vietnamese: xa (車)

→ Vietnamese: xe (車, “wheeled vehicle”)

→ Zhuang: ci (“vehicle”)

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.
Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla).
Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because the horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990, Bauer, 1994), from Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.
An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.
The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機／老司机 (lǎosījī).

cog

(xiangqi) chariot; rook: 🩫 (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


士

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (士):
* → Japanese: 士(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(士) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: sĩ (士)

Pictogram (象形) – axe-like tool; soldier.
;"bachelor, man, male"
:*Reminiscent of Austroasiatic synonyms like Old Khmer si (“male”) or MK words for "man, male" like *ʔŋsiil, *ensir, *kəsəy on the Malay Peninsula; Schuessler (2007) noted that foreign *-r sometimes left traces in OC initial complex. These relations, if, valid, would keep 士₁ "bachelor, man, male" distinct from 士₂ "servant, retainer, officer, scholar".
;"take or give an office, serve", "servant", "retainer", "officer", "scholar"
:*Schuessler (2007) noted that one could naturally assume the semantic development "male > man > servant > to serve" in order to posit that 士₁ "bachelor, man, male" is the same word as 士₂ "servant, retainer, officer, scholar". Yet, the exopassive derivation 事 (OC *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs) "assignment, affair, thing" and Tibeto-Burman counterparts demonstrated no association with "man, maleness"; & "male" hardly derives from "to serve".
:*Therefore, Schuessler derived these forms from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "envoy, jail official, matchmaker" & proposed ultimate Austroasiatic origins. In terms of phonology, MC *dʐ- normally does not occur with *l- and *ʂ in an ST word-family, apparently confirming a non-ST provenance; however, MC *dʐ- here could go back to OC *s-r- (unlike MC *ʂ-, which is from OC *sr)
:*Subsequenly, Schuessler posited either relation to Austroasiatic or OC loan into Tibeto-Burman as Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ʔ-dzəj (“send on an errant”) (Matisoff, 2003), whence Burmese စာ (ca, “thing”) & Tibetan རྫས (rdzas, “thing, matter, object”) (Gong, 1999). Even so, Tibeto-Burman cognates of this etymon and 所 (suǒ) are difficult to distinguish.

cog

(xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister: 🩨 (usually only on the black side, in some sets on both red and black sides)


象

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (象):
* → Japanese: 象(ぞう) (zō); 象(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 상(象) (sang)
* → Vietnamese: tượng (象)

→ Common Turkic: *yaŋan

→ Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaŋa)

→ Western Yugur: jaŋan

→? Bulgar:

→? Chuvash: сӑлан (sălan)

→? Proto-Slavic: *slonъ

→ Kalmyk: зан (zan)

→ Mongolian: заан (zaan)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟaːŋꟲ (“elephant”)

Lao: ຊ້າງ (sāng)

Lü: ᦋᦱᧂᧉ (tsaang²)

Northern Thai: ᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ (cang)

Saek: ซาง

Shan: ၸၢင်ႉ (tsâ̰ang)

Tai Dam: ꪋ꫁ꪱꪉ

Tai Nüa: ᥓᥣᥒᥳ (tsȧang)

Thai: ช้าง (cháang)

desc

→ Proto-Lolo-Burmese: *tsaŋ (“elephant”)

Burmese: ဆင် (hcang)

→ Proto-Monic: *ciiŋ ("elephant")

Mon: စိၚ် (coiŋ)

→ Proto-Vietic: *ʔa-ɟaːŋ (“elephant”)

/t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/

Pictogram (象形) - pictographic representation of an elephant. ⺈ represents the trunk, 𫩏 represents the head, and 𧰨 represents the body.
This character is used to represent two semantic fields ‘elephant; tusk’ and ‘to outline; to depict; to delineate; to represent; to resemble; to map’. Both fields are found from the earliest layers of the edited literature onwards, whereas only the first meaning is amply attested in oracle bone inscriptions.
Traditionally, the two senses are treated as related, with the sense of ‘to depict; to resemble’ considered a derivative of the sense of ‘elephant’. The derivation from the ‘elephant’ meaning to the ‘likeness’ meaning is explained in Han Feizi First attested in c. 221 BCE: “Men rarely see living elephants. As they come by the skeleton of a dead elephant, they imagine its living form according to its features. Therefore it comes to pass that whatever people use for imagining the real is called 象.”
Modern etymology studies on Old Chinese have challenged this opinion.
As for the ‘elephant; tusk’ sense, this is a widely used area word in East and Southeast Asia. Literature opinions differ on the origin and immediate relationship of this Chinese word; some (e.g. Schuessler, 2007) believe the Chinese form is a loanword from a Southern language, since it is unlikely that peoples all over Southeast Asia and the Himalayan foothills would borrow a word from Northern China to denote an indigenous animal. Others believe the direction of borrowing is reversed (i.e. Tai-Kadai borrowing from Chinese), and that Chinese 象 should be compared with Tibetan གླང (glang), གླང་ཆེན (glang chen, “elephant”) arising from a common Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“ox, bull; elephant”), which may ultimately have an Austroasiatic origin (Behr, 2004). The second viewpoint is supported by the early attestation of this character and the archaeological findings of the historical ranges of elephants. However, Schuessler disputes that second viewpoint and links ST *glaŋ to 犅 (OC *klaːŋ, “ox, bull”).
See below for a tentative borrowing history of the various forms of this general area word.

inh

(xiangqi) elephant: 🩩 (on the black side) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


仕

See 士 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar, gentleman"

(xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister: 🩡 (on the red side)


傌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːs): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 馬 (OC *mraːʔ).

Han compound

(xiangqi) horse; knight: 🩣 (on the red side)


兵

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 斤 (“a short axe”) + 廾 (“2 hands”) – a pair of hands holding a weapon.

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(xiangqi) pawn; private; soldier: 🩦 (on the red side)


嗊

(xiangqi, Hokkien) general or marshal; the king piece (on the black side) or the chief piece (on the red side)


卒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (卒):
* → Japanese: 卒(そつ) (sotsu)
* → Korean: 졸(卒) (jol)
* → Vietnamese: tốt (卒)

There were 5 forms of 卒 in Shang oracle bone script (Qiu, 1990; Xuan, 2012):
# : same as 衣 (“clothes”) (> Western Zhou bronze script );
# : a crisscross 衣 - a completed clothing;
# (卒): ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 衣 (“clothes”) with a mark - a completed clothing to be folded (> Warring States bronze script ; Chu slip and silk script );
# (𧙻): phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): 衣 (“clothes”) + 聿 (OC *b·lud) (hand (又) holding a brush);
# ,: 𧙻 having 又 omitted.
The brush shape in form (5) was often placed upside down. Later the inverted brush shape was mistaken as 又 and then moved to the top as in Chu slip and silk script (𰠄) to avoid obscuration with 袁 (衣 + 又) (Xuan, 2012).
From 遭 (OC *ʔsluː, “to meet”) + nominal suffix *-t (Schuessler, 2007).

(xiangqi) pawn; private; soldier: 🩭 (on the black side)


包

Sino-Xenic (包):
* → Vietnamese: bao (包)

→ English: bao, bau, bow, pao, pau

⇒ Khmer: នំប៉ាវ (num paaw)

⇒ Lao: ກະລາເປົ໋າ (ka lā pao)

→ Malay: pau

⇒ Thai: ซาลาเปา (saa-laa-bpao)

Pictogram (象形) – a fetus (巳 (sì)) in the womb (勹), or a swaddled baby. Shuowen gives both interpretations.


帥

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 寻 (“two hands”) + 巾 (“scarf”) - to wear a scarf. Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sruds, *srud): phonetic 𠂤 (*C.tˤuj) + semantic 巾.
Also written as 率 (OC *sruds, *rud, *srud, “to lead”); both represent the s-causative of 律 (OC *rud, “to follow”). Cognate with Tibetan སྲིད (srid, “commander, leader”).

cog

(xiangqi) marshal: 🩠, the chief piece (on the red side)


將

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 爿 (“bed; small table”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – to offer meat as tribute by putting it on the table.
The ⺼ component is on its side, hence resembles 夕 with an added dot; compare 祭, 然.
Shuowen erroneously considers the phonetic component of 將 to be 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce”) (abbreviated).
A conflation of two roots: “to take; to hold” and “will; be going to; near”.
; “to take; to hold” (Pronunciations 1, 2 and 3)
; “will; be going to; near” (Pronunciation 1)
; anteposed object introductory particle

Han compound

(xiangqi) general; king: 🩧 (on the black side)


抽

desc

→ Mongolian: татах (tatax, “to inhale”) (semantic loan)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰɯw): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw).

Han compound

將軍抽車

将军抽车


炮

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (砲／炮):
* → Japanese: 砲(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 포(砲) (po)
* → Vietnamese: pháo (砲)

→ Tuvan: боо (boo)

Mongolic:

→ Buryat: буу (buu)

→ Daur: pau

→ Dongxiang: pao

→ Kalmyk: бу (bu)

→ Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠤ (buu) / буу (buu)

Tungusic:

→ Manchu: ᡦᠣᠣ (poo)

→ Nanai: пао (pao)

→ Orok: пау (pau)

→ Ulch: пау

→ Nivkh: пʼау (pʼau)

Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰruːs, *bruː): semantic 火 + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).


相

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.
An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007).
Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).


先手

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/

(board games, go, chess, xiangqi, etc.) offensive; move that carries a significant threat; a move forcing the opponent to respond; a move with tempo


將軍

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

First used in the state of Jin in Spring and Autumn period, where the army are controled by one of the leaders of six powerful vassal states (see Zhongjunjiang). Later it becomes a separate official position.


將軍

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/


小卒

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɵt̚⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɵt̚⁵/

(xiangqi, chess) pawn (on the black side)


上士

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² siː²²/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² siː²²/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/sœːŋ¹³ siː²²/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ¹³ siː²²/

(xiangqi) to move an adviser (士) forward diagonally


下士

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕia²¹³ sz̩²¹³/

/ɕia⁴⁴ sz̩⁴⁴/

/haː²² siː²²/

/ɕia⁴⁵ sz̩⁴⁵/

/ha³³⁻²¹ su³³/

/ha²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ su³³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕia²¹³ sz̩²¹³/

/ɕia⁴⁴ sz̩⁴⁴/

/haː²² siː²²/

/ɕia⁴⁵ sz̩⁴⁵/

/ha³³⁻²¹ su³³/

/ha²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ su³³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/

(xiangqi) to move an adviser (士) back one step diagonally


剝光豬

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚⁵ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚⁵ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡syː⁵⁵/

(xiangqi) to capture all of opponent's chess pieces except for the general


臥槽

/wɔ⁵¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/wɔ⁵¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

(xiangqi) to move a knight into the position of 臥槽馬／卧槽马 (wòcáomǎ)


欠行

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

(xiangqi) stalemate (loss due to the lack of legal move)


將死

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ sei̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ sei̯³⁵/


馬後炮

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/

ㄇㄚˇ ㄏㄡˋ ㄆㄠˋㄦ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ma¹¹ xəɯ⁴⁴ pʰɔ⁴⁴/

/maː¹³ hɐu̯²² pʰaːu̯³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ma¹¹ xəɯ⁴⁴ pʰɔ⁴⁴/

/maː¹³ hɐu̯²² pʰaːu̯³³/

The name of a Chinese chess move; see the Wikipedia article for more.

(xiangqi) “cannon shot behind horse”, a position in which one's general is checkmated by the opponent's horse and cannon


老將

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/lou̯¹³ t͡sœːŋ³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/lau⁴¹⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/lau²²⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/

/lau³³⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/lou̯¹³ t͡sœːŋ³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/lau⁴¹⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/lau²²⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/

/lau³³⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/


黑子

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sz̩ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɛ²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/hɐk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hɛt̚¹ t͡sz̩³¹/

/xɤ̞²⁴ t͡sz̩⁴¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sz̩ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɛ²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/hɐk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hɛt̚¹ t͡sz̩³¹/

/xɤ̞²⁴ t͡sz̩⁴¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/hɐk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/


悔棋

/xu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/fuːi̯³³ kʰei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/fuːi̯³³ kʰei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

(go, xiangqi, chess, etc.) to regret and retract one's move; to do a takeback (in chess)


當頭炮

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ pʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ pʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/

(xiangqi) a common opening move in which one moves the cannon to the central file


馬走日

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐ̩⁵¹/

(xiangqi) the horse moves like the character 日


象走田

ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄗㄡˇ ㄊㄧㄢˊ

сян цзоу тянь

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(xiangqi) the elephant moves like the character 田 (tián)


臥槽馬

/wɔ⁵¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔ⁵¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(xiangqi) a knight in the second furthest rank attacking the enemy king's original position


卒子

/t͡sɵt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡suəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/t͡səu̯²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡sɵt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡suəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/t͡səu̯²⁴ t͡sz̩³/


王不見王

ㄨㄤˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄨㄤˊ

ванбуцзяньван

/wɑŋ³⁵ pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ pɐt̚⁵ kiːn³³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/wɑŋ³⁵ pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ pɐt̚⁵ kiːn³³ wɔːŋ²¹/

(xiangqi) the rule that the two kings (generals) must never be on the same file without any pieces in between them


收士

/ʂəu̯³³ sz̩⁴⁵/

/səu̯³³ sz̩⁴⁵/

/ʂəu̯³³ sz̩⁴⁵/

/səu̯³³ sz̩⁴⁵/

(Liuzhou Mandarin, Xiang, xiangqi) to move a piece back one step


落士

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/no²¹ sz̩²¹³/

/ŋɔk̚²² si³²/

/lɔʔ⁵ sz̩¹¹/

/loʔ¹¹ zz̩²³/

/loʔ²² zz̩⁵²³/

/loʔ²² zz̩³⁴/

/loʔ²² zz̩³⁵/

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/no²¹ sz̩²¹³/

/ŋɔk̚²² si³²/

/lɔʔ⁵ sz̩¹¹/

/loʔ¹¹ zz̩²³/

/loʔ²² zz̩⁵²³/

/loʔ²² zz̩³⁴/

/loʔ²² zz̩³⁵/

(dialectal, xiangqi) to move an adviser (士) back one step


長打

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(xiangqi) perpetual check, perpetual threatmate or perpetual threat to capture a piece


將殺

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/


飛象過河

ㄈㄟ ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄏㄜˊ

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/fei̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²² kʷɔː³³ hɔː²¹/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/fei̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²² kʷɔː³³ hɔː²¹/

(xiangqi) to move one's elephant across the river (a move that is against the rules of xiangqi)


篡位車

цуаньвэйцзюй

/t͡sʰu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/saːn³³ wɐi̯²² kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/saːn³³ wɐi̯²² kɵy̯⁵⁵/

(xiangqi) a rook which has been moved to the starting position of the opponent’s king


花心車

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

(xiangqi) a rook which has been moved to the center of the opponent’s palace


飛將

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

(xiangqi, colloquial) a general that is facing another general with no intervening pieces (which is illegal)


拓兵

/tʰu(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰu(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ piɪŋ⁴⁴/

(Hokkien, xiangqi, chess) to move the pawn (on the red side) forward


拓卒

/tʰu(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sut̚³²/

/lu(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sut̚³²/

/tʰu(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sut̚³²/

/lu(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sut̚³²/

(Hokkien, xiangqi, chess) to move the pawn (on the black side) forward


卒仔

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡sut̚⁵⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁵ a⁵³/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴¹/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡sut̚⁵⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁵ a⁵³/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡sut̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴¹/

(Hokkien, xiangqi, chess) pawn (on the black side)


屈頭軍

/kʰut̚²⁴⁻² tʰau²⁴⁻²² kun³³/

/kʰut̚²⁴⁻² tʰau²⁴⁻²² kun³³/

(Quanzhou Hokkien, xiangqi) attack method of a cannon


拱卒

/kʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵/

/kʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡suɻʷ³⁵/

/kuəŋ⁵³ t͡sɤu²⁴/

/kʊŋ⁴¹ t͡səu̯¹³/

/kən⁴¹ t͡səu̯¹³/

/kʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵/

/kʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡suɻʷ³⁵/

/kuəŋ⁵³ t͡sɤu²⁴/

/kʊŋ⁴¹ t͡səu̯¹³/

/kən⁴¹ t͡səu̯¹³/


楚河漢界

ㄔㄨˇ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵ xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔː³⁵ hɔː²¹ hɔːn³³ kaːi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵ xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔː³⁵ hɔː²¹ hɔːn³³ kaːi̯³³/

During the Chu–Han Contention, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu once signed a ceasefire treaty diving their lands along the Hong Canal (鴻溝／鸿沟 (hónggōu))

(xiangqi) the separation line between two sides


過河卒

/kʷɔː³³ hɔː²¹ t͡sɵt̚⁵/

/kᵘɔ³³ hᵘɔ²² tut̚⁵⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɔː²¹ t͡sɵt̚⁵/

/kᵘɔ³³ hᵘɔ²² tut̚⁵⁵/

(Cantonese, xiangqi, chess) pawn who has crossed to the other side of the river


過河卒子

ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄗㄨˊ ˙ㄗ

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ t͡su³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ t͡su³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

(xiangqi, chess) pawn who has crossed to the other side of the river


絆馬腳

ㄅㄢˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄠˇ

/pän⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːn²² maː¹³ kœːk̚³/

/pän⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːn²² maː¹³ kœːk̚³/

(xiangqi) to obstruct the horse's movement with a piece directly in front of the horse in the direction of the movement