A

see: ABO, B, and O

2020 December, 晚秋初十, 晋江文学城, archived from the original on 2024-12-26:

After Having Become Omega From Alpha In Front Of My Rival In Love, I Got Pregnant

“Zài Qíngdí Miànqián A Biàn O Hòu Wǒ Huáiyùn Le”

《在情敌面前A变O后我怀孕了》

《在情敵面前A變O後我懷孕了》

(fandom slang) Alternative form of 阿爾法 /阿尔法 (ā'ěrfǎ)


西

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西):
* → Japanese: 西(さい) (sai); 西(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 서(西) (seo)
* → Vietnamese: tây (西)

ja-r

Japanese: 西(シャー) (shā, “west wind (mahjong tile)”)

Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”), 束 and 鹵. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.
See also the top component of 票, originally two hands holding an object vaguely similar to a bag, basket or nest.
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).
In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:
* Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990).
* Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007).
* Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)).
* Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019).
* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007).


keep

(sports) to mark or guard a player from the opposing team


魔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːl): phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 鬼 (“demon”).
Clipping of 魔羅 (MC ma la), from Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”). According to Zhengzitong, First attested in 548 October 29, in an epitaph

bor

Suì dēng zhèngjué, shén tōng zìrán. Qúnmó qǐshǒu, líng guàn zhūtiān. Cíbēi wànyǒu, guāngzhào dàqiān.

遂登正覺，神通自然。群魔稽首，靈冠諸天。慈悲萬有，光照大千。

遂登正觉，神通自然。群魔稽首，灵冠诸天。慈悲万有，光照大千。


一

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low ti (7̣).


空

Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). See also 坑 (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and 肛 (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.

inh-lite

(Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses


士

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low la (6̣).


乙

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note ti (7).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low ti (7̣).


神

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (神):
* → Japanese: 神(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(神) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: thần (神)

→ Chadong: sən²

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hlin): semantic 示 (“god; deity”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin, “lightning”).
Originally 申 in the oracle bone script and in some bronze inscriptions. The ancients feared the unpredictable lightning and considered it to be divine or of divine origin. 示 was added for specialization.
Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Chepang ग्लीङ्ह (gliŋh, “spirit, mind, soul”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog-lite

神位

財神

财神

死神

守護神

守护神

無神論

无神论

一神教

Confucius does not speak about strange phenomenon, violence, rebellion, and spirits.

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

子不語怪、力、亂、神。

子不语怪、力、乱、神。

In the west there is a deity, they call him Buddha.

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

西方有神，名曰佛。

… in the midst of the gods he holds judgment: …

和合本 (Héhéběn) (Chinese Union Version), 詩篇 (Psalms) 82:1

...... zài zhūshén zhōng xíng shěnpàn,......

……在諸神中行審判，……

……在诸神中行审判，……

And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 1:3

Shén shuō: “Yào yǒu guāng”, jiù yǒu le guāng.

神說：「要有光」，就有了光。

神说：「要有光」，就有了光。

God has taken his place in the divine council; …

Shén zhàn zài yǒuquánlìzhě de huì zhōng,......

神站在有權力者的會中，……

神站在有权力者的会中，……

(religion) god; deity; spirit
(Protestantism, specifically) God


四

Numbers in Chinese culture#Four
Qin dynasty
Spring and Autumn period
Western Zhou

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (四):
* → Japanese: 四(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(四) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: tứ (四)

Wutunhua: se

desctree

→ Proto-Tai: *siːᴮ (“four”)
Northern Tai
Bouyei: sis
Tai Do: xì
Zhuang: seiq
Central Tai
Nong Zhuang: siq
Nùng: slỉ
Tày: slí
Proto-Southwestern Tai: *siːᴮ
Thai: สี่ (sìi)
Northern Thai: ᩈᩦ᩵
Lao: ສີ່ (sī)
Phake: ꩬီ (sī)
Lü: ᦉᦲᧈ (ṡii¹)
Tai Dam: ꪎꪲ꪿
Shan: သီႇ (sìi)
Tai Laing: ꩬီ
Tai Nüa: ᥔᥤᥱ (sǐ)
Khamti: ꩬီ
Ahom: 𑜏𑜣 (sī)
Aiton: ꩬီ (sī)

→ Vietnamese: tư (“four”)

The word "four" was written as 亖 (sì) before Western Zhou and 四 (sì) appeared in late Spring and Autumn period. This alternative form was used to prevent confusion of 亖 (sì) and 二 (“two”) or 三 (“three”) in vertical writing. It was standardized in Qin dynasty.
The bronzeware style of the character featured a repositioning of those four lines inside 口 (kǒu); this later evolved into the combination used today of 口 (kǒu, “mouth”) and 八 (bā, “divide”) which meant a dispersal of breath. It could thus be said that four is a borrowed meaning for this character. The original sense is preserved in 呬 (OC *hrids), by adding an extra 口. Compare this character with 只 and 曰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj.

肆
亖
皿
龱
𠁤
𠃢
𦉭


四

肆
亖
皿
龱
𠁤
𠃢
𦉭

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low la (6̣).


五

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note la (6).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note la (6).


六

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note sol (5).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note sol (5).


亿

From 亻 (denoting one octave higher in Kunqu) + 乙 (yǐ).

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note high ti (7̇).


亿

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 乙 (ji¹, ji⁶).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note an octave below low ti (7̣̣).


中國

Abhidharmakośakārikā
Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Ekottara Āgama

Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

cog

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

Why is this? The rebirth of a bodhisattva must be in the central regions of a country, his faculties will be sharp and he distinguishes all wise words. He knows well that semantics are the tools of the Buddhadharma, and he knows well śramaṇas, brahmins, and others.

Héyǐ gù? Púsà shòushēng bì zài zhōngguó, lì gēn zhìhuì yáncí biàn le, shàn zhī yǔyì shì fófǎ qì, shàn zhī shāmén, póluómén děng.

何以故？菩薩受生必在中國，利根智慧言詞辯了，善知語義是佛法器，善知沙門、婆羅門等。

何以故？菩萨受生必在中国，利根智慧言词辩了，善知语义是佛法器，善知沙门、婆罗门等。

(Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism


文

Characters in the same phonetic series (文) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事): a man with a painted or tattooed chest – original form of 紋. The tattoo was usually a cross, a V shape or a stylized heart. In current form, tattoo has vanished, so simply an outline of a man (head, outstretched arms, legs, chest) similar to 立. Compare 大, which has no chest.
Unrelated to the Kangxi radicals 齐 and 攵.
Possibly a derivation, with -n nominal suffix, of 煤 (*mɯː) "soot (obs.), ink (obs.), coal" (Schuessler, 2007).
Semantic shift: "pattern, tattoo (made of soot)", "written glyph (made of ink)" > "literature" > "refined, cultured" (Schuessler, 2007).

Han etyl

一文


柄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praŋʔ, *praŋs): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 丙 (OC *pqraŋʔ) – a wooden handle.
; "pattern; texture"

Han compound

to collect badges with texture of a certain character

收X柄吧唧。

(Internet, fandom slang) pattern; texture (of 谷子 (gǔzi, “goods”))


女神

/ny²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/nɵy̯¹³ sɐn²¹/

/ŋ̍³¹ sɨn¹¹/

/nˡy³³⁻²¹ siŋ⁵³/

/lu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/nɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲy²² zən⁴⁴/

/ny²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/nɵy̯¹³ sɐn²¹/

/ŋ̍³¹ sɨn¹¹/

/nˡy³³⁻²¹ siŋ⁵³/

/lu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/nɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲy²² zən⁴⁴/

民主女神


㓤

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


上

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note do (1).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note do (1).


主

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (主):
* → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɕɤwꟲ (“master”)

desc

Lao: ເຈົ້າ (chao, “lord, master, owner”)

Thai: เจ้า (jâao, “lord, master, owner”)

→ Vietnamese: chúa (主, “retired father of a king”), Chúa (主, “Lord”)

Pictogram (象形). Three distinct forms can observed in ancient scripts, all of which have merged into the same character in modern script:
A lamp or torch with a flame at the top. Original form of 炷.
Wood (木, now 王) on fire.
A spirit tablet. Same character as 示.
Unrelated to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).
Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)
Also compare Burmese အတို့ (a.tui., “honorific personal pronoun”).


乘

Borrowed from Tocharian B klenke (“vehicle”) or Tocharian B klānk, Tocharian A klānk (“to ride, travel (by vehicle)”).

bor

大乘


亂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roːns): phonetic 𤔔 (*[r]ˁo[n]-s) + semantic 乚. The left-side component 𤔔 is itself ideogrammatic, depicting the effort to comb a tangle of threads, hence the semantic link to order and disorder.
Area word of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Khmer ប្រួល (pruəl, “changing; unstable”) < Khmer រួល (ruəl, “to cook; to grill”), and also Khmer កំរោល (kɑmraol, “to go berserk; to become excited”) < Khmer រោល (rool, “to burn; to roast”) (Schuessler, 2007). Burmese ရုန်း (run:, “to struggle, to warp, to cause chaos”) and Tibetan ཁྲལ་ཁྲུལ (khral khrul, “fragments; scattered”) are Austroasiatic loans. Compare also Vietnamese lộn (“to turn the inside out, upside down, to reverse, to return, etc.”) and trộn (“to mix; to blend; to turn upside down”).

cog

乱
乨
乿
𠃶
𠃹
𠃿
𢿢
𢿮
𤕅

The Master said, "When the music master Zhi first entered on his office, the finish of the Guan Ju was magnificent — how it filled the ears!"

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Zǐyuē: “Shī Zhì zhī shǐ, “Guānjū” zhī luàn, yángyáng hū yíng ěr zāi!”

子曰：「師摯之始，《關雎》之亂，洋洋乎盈耳哉！」

子曰：「师挚之始，《关雎》之乱，洋洋乎盈耳哉！」

(obsolete, literary, music or poetry) coda; finale; conclusion of a piece


仕

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 士 (si⁶).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note an octave below low la (6̣̣).


仜

From 亻 (denoting one octave higher in Kunqu) + 工 (gōng).

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note high mi (3̇).


仜

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 工 (gung¹).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low mi (3̣).


仩

From 亻 (denoting one octave higher in Kunqu) + 上 (shàng).

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note high do (1̇).


仩

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 上 (saang³).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low do (1̣).


仮

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low fa (4̣).


伍

From 亻 (denoting one octave higher in Kunqu) + 五 (wǔ).

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note high la (6̇).


伬

From 亻 (denoting one octave higher in Kunqu) + 尺 (chě).

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note high re (2̇).


伬

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 尺 (ce², ce¹).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low re (2̣).


佛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (佛):
* → Japanese: 仏(ふつ) (futsu); 仏(ぶつ) (butsu)
* → Korean: 불(佛) (bul)
* → Vietnamese: Phật (佛), Bụt (佛)

→ Chadong: fut⁸

⇒ Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ (burqan) / бурхан (burxan)

desc

→ Vietnamese: Bụt (“a wise and kind old man in folklore”)

→ Zhuang: baed

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯd): semantic 亻 + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd).
Ji (1998v7) considers it likely borrowed from Iranian (compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽂𐼷 (pwty), 𐫁𐫇𐫤𐫏 (bwty /Pute, Bute, βute/), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwt'), 𐫁𐫇𐫤 (bwt /But/), Parthian 𐫁𐫇𐫎 (bwṯ /But, Butt/)), ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “awakened, enlightened”, past passive participle), whence also 佛陀 (MC bjut da), but the Chinese morpheme 佛 is not a direct contraction or clipping of the latter.

der

仏
𰁰
㚕
仸
𠑵
𠇛
𦤲

佛陀

佛教


佮

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 合 (ho⁴).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note an octave below low sol (5̣̣).


俗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljoɡ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).

cog

(Buddhism) those of the secular world; non-monks


偈

(Buddhism) Short for 偈陀 (jìtuó, “gatha”).


傘

Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of an umbrella.

伞
繖
𢄻
伞
仐
𠋔
𠌂
𠍘
𠎃
𡙘
𡙫


僧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːŋ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – a kind of person (a Buddhist monk).
Clipping of 僧伽 (MC song gja, “sangha; community of monks, nuns, novices and laity”); see there for more.


內

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (內):
* → Japanese: 内(ない) (nai)
* → Korean: 내(內) (nae)
* → Vietnamese: nội (內)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within.
Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more.

Han compound

內典

内典

內學

内学


凡

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note fa (4).


分

desc

→ Thai: หุน (hǔn, “a unit of length and weight”)

→ Zhuang: faen

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 八 (“to separate”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to separate with a knife.

Han compound

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

(economy, numismatics) 0.01 yuan (or dollars, etc.); fen; cent


刺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ): phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tshyar ~ *g-zyar (“thorn, nail, tack”) (provisional) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཚེར་མ (tsher ma, “thorn, thorn bush”), གཟེར་བ (gzer ba, “to bore into”), and གཟེར (gzer, “nail”) (Schuessler, 2007).
刺 (OC *tsekh) "attack, satirize" (Zuozhuan) < "criticize" (Shijing) < lit. "cause to be stabbed" is exopassive/exoactive derivation of 刺 (OC *tsek) "pierce, stab" (ibid.); 朿 (OC tsʰie^C) "thorn" (SW) is Han period's general tone-C derivation of 刺 (OC *tsʰiek) (ibid.)

cog

(fencing) to thrust; to attack the opponent at an area parallel to the weapon's length

假直刺


剎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰraːd): phonetic 殺 (OC *sreːds, *sreːd) + semantic 刂.
Transcription of the kṣV (क्ष) sequence in various Sanskrit words, probably via Khotanese or Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮 (kṣ /*tʂ(ə), *ʈʂ(ə)/) (Bailey, 1946), including:
* Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land; place of pilgrimage”) (剎多羅)
* Sanskrit क्षण (kṣaṇa, “instant (in time)”) (剎那)
* Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣema, “residence”) (剎摩)
* Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya, “warrior caste; kshatriya”) (剎怛利耶, 剎帝利, 剎利)

noncog

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
(Buddhism) land; world; place; area

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
land; world; place; area

古剎

古刹

(Buddhism) place of pilgrimage; kshetra; Buddhist temple; Buddhist monastery; pagoda

(Buddhism) instant; moment; impermanence

Clipping of 剎那／刹那 (chànà).
instant; moment; impermanence


劈

(fencing) to cut; to deliver an attack with a chopping motion, landing on the edge or tip of the weapon

複雜還擊劈

复杂还击劈


劫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (劫):
* → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
* → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

→ Vietnamese: cướp

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kab, *kab): phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)
; “(Buddhism) disaster”

Han compound

刧
刦
𠛗
*刼
𠉨
𠞏

(Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
extremely long time

(figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
disaster; calamity; catastrophe


勾

(cooking, literary, or in compounds) to mix thoroughly to make something thicken


包

Sino-Xenic (包):
* → Vietnamese: bao (包)

→ English: bao, bau, bow, pao, pau

⇒ Khmer: នំប៉ាវ (num paaw)

⇒ Lao: ກະລາເປົ໋າ (ka lā pao)

→ Malay: pau

⇒ Thai: ซาลาเปา (saa-laa-bpao)

Pictogram (象形) – a fetus (巳 (sì)) in the womb (勹), or a swaddled baby. Shuowen gives both interpretations.

Alternative form: 飽 /饱

叉燒包／叉烧包 ― chāshāobāo ― char siu bao

小籠包／小笼包 ― xiǎolóngbāo ― xiaolongbao

Alternative form: 飽 /饱

麵包／面包

漢堡包／汉堡包

Eating bread guarantees you to feel full

食包包食飽

食包包食饱

(food) bun; bread (any small baked good)


升

→ Tocharian B: ṣank


反

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note fa (4).


受

Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over.
凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ): semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The
凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script.
; “bottom; uke”


合

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low sol (5̣).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low sol (5̣).


含

閃含語系

闪含语系


呂

desc

→ English: Lu, Lü, Lui, Lv, Lyu, Loo, Luy, Lou, Lew

Pictogram (象形) of two vertebrae. The character was later borrowed phonetically to mean "I; give" and modified and stylized into 予.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-ra-t (“bone”) (STEDT).


咇

甩beat [Cantonese] ― lat¹ bit¹ [Jyutping] ― to be out of sync with the rhythm

(Hong Kong Cantonese, music) beat; rhythm


和

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (和):
* → Japanese: 和(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 화(和) (hwa)
* → Vietnamese: hoà (和)

→ Thai: ฮั้ว (húua)

→ Vietnamese: hùa

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. The original version was 龢, with the radical of the flute 𠎤 (> 龠) in its either archaic or contracted version perhaps to indicate the abstract concept of harmony through harmony in music.
; “and; with”
; “Japanese”

Han compound

和波 [Cantonese] ― wo⁴ bo¹ [Jyutping] ― to tie a football match

(music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.


品

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (品):
* → Japanese: 品(ひん) (hin); 品(ほん) (hon)
* → Korean: 품(品) (pum)
* → Vietnamese: phẩm (品)

→ Vietnamese: phím (“fret; key”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): Triplication of 口, representing various objects. Also occurs in 區.


唄

Likely from Sanskrit or via Middle Indo-Aryan. The Yiqiejing Yinyi lists the form 唄匿 (MC baejH nrik), likely related Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit भाणक (bhāṇaka, “chanter; speaker”), from Sanskrit भणति (bhaṇati) and cognate with Pali bhāṇaka (“reciter of the scriptures”); and also the more "orthodox" 婆師 (MC ba srij), likely from भाषते (bhāṣate, “to speak”), compare Gandhari 𐨧𐨮𐨡𐨁 (bhaṣadi, “speaks; to speak”), Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech”). In the Pali parallels, the verb for chanting or reciting a verse (gāthā) is often the cognate bhāsati.
Some older works suggest derivation from Sanskrit पाठ (pāṭha) (e.g. Soothill & Hodous, 1937), but with semantic and phonological difficulties.


商

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Du Yu
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.
From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
𠿧
𡂦
𡃬
𡄚
𡅟
𥫐
𧶜
𧷞
𨝗

Shāng means zhāng 'to expand'; the yin-fluid begins to expand [while] the yang-fuild begins to contract; ….

Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 CE, translated based on Tjan Tjoe Som's version

Shāng zhě, zhāng yě, yīnqì kāi zhāng, yángqì shǐ jiàng yě;.......

商者，張也，陰氣開張，陽氣始降也；……。

商者，张也，阴气开张，阳气始降也；……。

(music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale


嘂

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kiːws): semantic 㗊 + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw).

Han compound

(music) ancient wind instrument similar to an ocarina


嘢

The character is found volume 8 of the 40-volume version of the Chinese translation of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra.


嚫

(Buddhism) to practise dana; to give alms to monks


嚼

𪚅
噍
𡁻
噭
𥬬
焦
啁

(Taiwanese Hokkien, music, dated) paiban (played by hitting it on one's palm or knee)

(Taiwanese Hokkien, music, dated) sound of a paiban

(Taiwanese Hokkien, music, dated) to play the paiban


圓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (圓):
* → Japanese: 円(えん) (en)
* → Korean: 원(圓) (won)

⇒ Khmer: នំអ៊ី (num ʼii, “tangyuan”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢon): semantic 囗 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).
Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).

bor

alt. forms: 元 (yuán)


圜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷen): semantic 囗 (“circle”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ).

Han compound

(numismatics) South Korean hwan (in circulation from February 15, 1953 to June 9, 1962)

(numismatics) won (currency of North or South Korea)


均

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷin): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 匀 (OC *ɢʷin).


培

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *boːʔ, *bɯː): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

Han compound

(agriculture) to hill up; to earth up; to bank up


塔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (塔):
* → Japanese: 塔(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 탑(塔) (tap)
* → Vietnamese: tháp (塔)

→ Thai: ถะ (tà, “pagoda”)

Eastern Han
Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Middle Chinese
Old Chinese

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːb): semantic 土 + phonetic 荅 (OC *tkuːb).
Borrowed from a Middle Indo-Aryan language into the late Old Chinese of Eastern Han (alternatively considered an early form of Middle Chinese), for example in the translations attributed to Lokakṣema. Cf. Ashokan Prakrit 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 (thube), Gandhari 𐨠𐨂𐨬 (thuva) and other forms, Pali thūpa, vs. Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).

Han compound

(neologism, fandom slang) real identity of a virtual YouTuber


塘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːŋ): semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 唐 (OC *ɡl'aːŋ).

Han compound

今朝我游咗廿個塘。

今朝我游咗廿个塘。

(Hong Kong Cantonese, swimming) lap; length (distance equal to the length of a swimming pool) (Classifier: 個／个 c)


塤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰon): semantic 土 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).

Han compound

(music, historical) egg-shaped flute made of clay or ceramic


塵

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 鹿 (“deer”) + 土 (“soil, dust”) – cloud of dust produced by a (group of) running deer. Ancient simplification of 𪋻, which pictures three deer on top instead of one.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-dul ~ r-tul (“dust”). Cognate with Tibetan རྡུལ (rdul, “dust, particle”).

inh

(Buddhism) this world; mundane world; this mortal life


壘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rulʔ): phonetic 畾 (OC *ruːl) + semantic 土 (“dirt”)

Han compound

全壘打

全垒打

盜壘

盗垒


天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天):
* → Japanese: 天(てん) (ten)
* → Korean: 천(天) (cheon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên (天)

A horizontal line above a man with outstretched arms 大 (dà) to indicate the sky (compare the original versions of 上). The other ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large squared head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.
Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (“crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 (tiān) as a derivation of 顛 or 巔, “top (of the head/hill)”.
This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC xen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").
Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

𠀘
𠀡
𠑺
兲
𠕹
㕦
䒶
𦴞
𩇗
𩇞
靝/靔
𠀑
𬻃

上天

天意

(mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly

天主

老天

我的天啊！

天助自助者。

(mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity; often translated as God


妃

Sino-Xenic (妃):
* → Japanese: 妃(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 비(妃) (bi)
* → Vietnamese: phi (妃)

→ Manchu: ᡶᡝᡳ (fei)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 女 (“woman”) + 卩 (“a kneeling man”).
Probably related to 配 (OC *pʰɯːds, “to match”) (Wang, 1982).


娘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (娘):
* → Japanese: 嬢(にょう) (nyō); 嬢(じょう) (jō); 嬢(にゃん) (nyan)
* → Korean: 낭(娘) (nang)
* → Vietnamese: nương (娘)

desc

→ Khmer: នាង (niəng, “young woman; girl”)

→ Lao: ນາງ (nāng, “woman; girl; lady; Mrs.”)

→ Thai: นาง (naang, “woman; wife; female lover”)

→ Vietnamese: nàng (“lady; young woman; she”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *naŋ): semantic 女 + phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ).
Not attested in pre-Tang texts. It may ultimately have been a fusion of 女郎 (MC nrjoX lang, “lady”) (Coblin, 1994).
Alternatively, from 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) with an attached suffix *-ŋ also found in 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ, “I for my part”) as against 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) (Sagart, 1999: 134). However, evidence for this suffix is sparse; Sagart only adduces these two pairs of words.
As yet another suggestion, it may be a loan from Proto-Turkic *ana ~ *eńe (“mother”); compare Turkish ana and Uyghur ئانا (ana) (Vovin and McCraw, 2011).

Han compound

The Tianhou Temple located on Zhengyi Street, Magong City, Penghu County, commonly known as the “Tianfei Temple” or the “Mazu Temple”, known as “Niang Temple”, “Maninang Temple”, “Niangma Temple”, etc. during the Ming dynasty

2013?, "澎湖天后宫 (Penghu Tianhou Temple), 蚂蜂窝 (Mafengwo)

Tiānhòu Gōng wèiyú Pénghú Xiàn Mǎgōng Shì Zhèngyì Jiē shàng, súchēng “Tiānfēi Gōng”, “Māzǔ Gōng”, zài Míngdài chēngwéi “Niáng Gōng”, “Māniáng Gōng”, “Niángmā Gōng” “Mā Gōng” děng

天后宮位於澎湖縣馬公市正義街上，俗稱「天妃宮」、「媽祖宮」，在明代稱為「娘宮」、「媽娘宮」、「娘媽宮」「媽宮」等

天后宫位于澎湖县马公市正义街上，俗称「天妃宫」、「妈祖宫」，在明代称为「娘宫」、「妈娘宫」、「娘妈宫」「妈宫」等

(religion) "The Lady" (an epithet of the Fujianese sea goddess Mazu (媽祖 /妈祖 (Māzǔ))


媽

→ Thai: ม้า (máa)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːʔ): semantic 女 + phonetic 馬 (OC *mraːʔ).
Colloquial form of 母 (OC *mɯʔ, “mother”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman, female”).

inh

(religion) "The Mother", an epithet of the Fujianese sea goddess Mazu (媽祖／妈祖).


子

Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – an image of a baby, with a large head and spread arms. The legs are wrapped in a blanket. Compare with 了, where the arms are wrapped, and 㜽, in which a lock of hair is visible on top. Compare also 棄 and 毓, in which the image of the baby is reversed upside-down.
The big seal script form is much more elaborate, showing a baby with hair on a head (囟) and arms on the two sides of the body, sitting on a stool (几).
See also the right component of 保.
;child
:From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”).
:Cognate with 字 (OC *zlɯs, “character; letter”), 慈 (OC *zɯ, “loving; kind”), 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to grow, to breed, to propagate, to bring about, to increase”), 孳 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯs, “to breed, to propagate”).
;first earthly branch
:In oracle bone and Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 子 was the sixth earthly branch; the first earthly branch was denoted differently. One of the forms survived in Shuo Wen (𢀇) (Matsumaru, 2015).
:Smith (2011) proposed this character is 甾. Observing that 甾 is closely linked with 緇 "dark, stained", 淄 "murky (water)", 菑 "field cleared by burning" (all pronounced *tsrə), Smith (2011) proposes that initially the first earthly branch 甾 (OC *ts[r]əʔ) denoted the new moon phase and meant "darkened, voided, the darkened stage". Additionally, Smith (2011) proposes that 子 (OC tsəʔ), which originated from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning "to come forth", denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase).
:Sometime in Warring States period, a change occured that 子 became the first earthly branch and 巳 (OC *s-ləʔ) filled the void of the sixth earthly branch (Matsumaru, 2015), "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011).
:Association with the rat was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013).

och-l

㜽
𡿹
𡐫
𣕓
𰱤
𢀇
𢀈
𠙭
𢀉


宮

Chinese folk religion
Mazu
Qing conquest of Taiwan
Qing dynasty
ancestor worship

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 + 呂: many rooms under a roof — a mansion.
STEDT compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house”); see there for hypothesized cognates.

In the autumn, the pillars in the temple of the late Duke Huan were painted red with vermilion.

秋，丹桓宮之楹。

秋，丹桓宫之楹。

Gōng means róng ‘to contain’; hán ‘to hold’; it contains and holds the four seasons

Gōng zhě, róng yě, hán yě, hánróng sìshí zhě yě.

宮者，容也，含也，含容四時者也。

宫者，容也，含也，含容四时者也。

(music) the first note of the Chinese pentatonic scale


寺

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (寺):
* → Japanese: 寺(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 사(寺) (sa)

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯs): phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之), which represents a footprint pointing up, became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word.
The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”).

Han compound

白馬寺／白马寺

少林寺

哲蚌寺


尺

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note re (2).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note re (2).


屄

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 尸 (“body”) + 穴 (“hole”) — a hole under a body.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b(j)at (“vagina, vulva”).

inh

毴
𣭈
𫵘
逼
批
B
β
貝塔

2024 October 22, 梅兰妮丶, Bilibili, archived from the original on 2024-12-26:

My hole is really big, and Purple Mood (a jargon for masturbation toy) is my home

β真的好大，紫色心情我的家

(vulgar, Internet, sex, gay slang, LGBTQ, by extension) any bodily orifice, in particular the anus, especially used to participate in sexual activities; hole; pussy; bussy


工

(music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note mi (3).

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note mi (3).


師

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (師):
* → Japanese: 師(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(師) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: sư (師)

→ Vietnamese: thầy

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 𠂤 (“mound, hill”) + 帀 – ancient troops were usually stationed at a hill.
Each of the two components can be used as 師 on their own in preclassical scripts. The significance of 帀 is debated. See also 官 and 追.
Starostin derives this word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rij (“many”), cognate with 皆 (OC *kriːj, “all”), 偕 (OC *kriːj, “together with”), as well as Tibetan ཁྲི (khri, “ten thousand”) and Burmese ရဲ (rai:, “police”).

Han compound

师
𠦵
𠵀
𢂖
𢃋
𨸲
𨸴
𩇱

(religion) Respectful title for Buddhism monks, Buddhism nuns and Taoist priests.


幢

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) stone pillar inscribed with religious writings


度

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ): phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又.
Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”).

och-l

廣度

广度

(Buddhism) to say prayers or perform Buddhist service to release souls from purgatory

(religion) to try to persuade someone to become a monk, nun or Taoist priest


庵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːm, *qoːb): semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house; pit; womb”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house”) and Burmese အိမ် (im, “house”).


廟

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廟):
* → Japanese: 廟(びょう) (byō)
* → Korean: 묘(廟) (myo)
* → Vietnamese: miếu (廟)

→ Proto-Be: *miːwᴮꟲ²

Lingao: miu⁴

desc

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrews): semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”), whence White Hmong tsev (“idem”) (Schuessler, 2007). Note also Burmese မြို့ (mrui., “town, city”).

Han compound

(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多 / 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


弄

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 玉 (“jade”) + 廾 (“hands”) – play with a jade artefact using one's hands.
Compared with Khmer លួង (luəng, “to console; to cheer; to coax; to flatter”) < Old Khmer lvaṅ (“to cheer, amuse, entertain, divert”) < Pre-Angkorian Khmer loṅ. The Khmer initial consonant does not agree with Old Chinese; perhaps the Khmer word is a post-Han loan (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(music) to play (a musical instrument); to perform


引

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (引):
* → Japanese: 引(いん) (in)
* → Korean: 인(引) (in)
* → Vietnamese: dẫn (引)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 弓 (“bow”) + 丨 (“line”) – the line radical represents a bow string which is pulled.


弦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡeːn): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn).

Han compound

(music) stringed instruments or music played by stringed instruments


彈

Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːn, *daːns): semantic 弓 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).

Han compound

彈琴

弹琴

(music) to play (a stringed musical instrument)


徵

Zhǐ means zhǐ ‘to stop’; the yang-fluid has stopped; ….

徵者，止也，陽氣止；……。

征者，止也，阳气止；……。

(music) the fourth tone in the ancient Chinese pentatonic scale, comparable to sol in the Western solfège system


念

Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nɯːms): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).
Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).


惑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷɯːɡ): phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).


想

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (想):
* → Vietnamese: tưởng (想)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slaŋʔ): phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. The phonetic component has a reference as well to the act of thinking, hence "visualizing" in one's own mind.
From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

少年袂曉想，食老毋成樣 / 少年袂晓想，食老毋成样

siàu-liân bē-hiáu siūⁿ, chia̍h-lāu m̄-chiâⁿ-iūⁿ


戒

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“halberd”) + 廾 (“hands”) – to hold up a weapon as warning.

Han compound

(Buddhism) rules governing behavior; precepts


打

desc

→ Korean: 치다 (chida, “to call (on the telephone)”) (semantic loan)

→ Zhuang: daj

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rteŋʔ, *teːŋʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ).
This post-classical word (its earliest extant attestation is in Shuowen) was pronounced *teŋ in Late Old Chinese, as would be expected from a 丁 phonetic. By the early Ming period, the character had been borrowed (訓讀／训读) for another word (撻) with the same meaning ("to flog, to beat") but a different pronunciation (whence Mandarin tà), without the nasal ending. This may be related to the previous reading, as a dialectal variant. In Mandarin and some other varieties, the new reading became standard; however, derivations of the older pronunciation are still used in other varieties such as Wu and Min Nan, as well as Vietnamese (đánh).
It has been compared to Mizo dêng (“to throw; to fling; to hammer”) and proposed to be from Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *dah ~ daʔ (“to hit, to meet”), whence Mon ဒး (tɛ̀h, “to hit (a mark), meet with, reach [goal], be correct, apposite, to fit”) and Khmer ទះ (tĕəh, “to slap, to strike”).
The pronunciation da is recorded in 六書故 as 都假切.

cog

to hit (a mark), meet with, reach 􂀿goal􂁀, be correct, apposite, to fit

打鼓

(music) to play (a percussion instrument)

to hit; to strike; to slap; to beat
to play (a percussion instrument)


扝

(agriculture) spreading, scattering, winnowing


拍

/pʰaːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰraːɡ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

拍鼓 [Hokkien] ― phah-kó͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to play the drums

to pat; to slap; to clap; to swat; to hit with a flat surface (palm, swatter, etc.)

(Taiwanese Hokkien, music) to play (a percussion instrument)

(Hokkien, music) bamboo clapper for beating time in nanyin (made of two bamboo blocks)

每小節有四拍。

每小节有四拍。


推

Sino-Xenic (推):
* → Vietnamese: suy (推)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːl, *tʰjul): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul) – push with the hand.
Middle Chinese distinguishes 推 (MC thwoj, “to push”) and 推 (MC tsrhwij, “to proceed; to promote; to deduce”).
Older Mandarin dictionaries give chuī (the Mandarin reflex of 推 (MC tsrhwij)) as a variant reading for all senses, while Cantonese dictionaries only assign ceoi1 to the "to deduce" sense (e.g. in 推測 (“to surmise”)). Most modern Sinitic varieties use the reflexes of 推 (MC thwoj) for all meanings, while Sino-Xenic use the reflexes of 推 (MC tsrhwij) (in Korean, however, the reflex of 推 (MC thwoj) is also used in a few words). Some varieties (including certain Hakka, Min, and sometimes Yue dialects) preserve both readings, but not necessarily disambiguate them by meaning.
See also 揣 (MC tsrhjweX|twaX).
; “to support”; “oshi”

ref

Samuel Wells Williams, 1874; Herbert Allen Giles, 1892

John Chalmers, 1855; Samuel Wells Williams, 1856; 廣話國語一貫未定稿, 1916

前田敦子推

to support [someone or a particular group] for life

一生推

(ACG or fandom slang) being a devoted fan of [someone]; to support [someone] (in an idol group; etc.)

member that someone like most in an idol group

首推

(ACG or fandom slang) oshi; favourite idol


搓

/t͡sʰaːi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːi̯⁵⁵/

(Cantonese, ball games) to pass the ball back and forth


撚

(music) to press on or lightly pinch in the strings of the pipa to produce a wave-like effect


撻

挞
挞
挞
挞
挞
躂
挞

(archery) leather grip at the nocking point in a bow string


曬

Compare Proto-Monic *caj (“to spread in the sun to dry”) (Schuessler, 2007).
; “(slang) to share; to show”

cog

(Cantonese, photography) to print photos


板

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːnʔ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).
Officially adopted as the simplified form of 闆 (etymology 2) in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956.
The same word as 版 (OC *praːnʔ, “plank”). Cognate with Tibetan འཕར ('phar, “panel; small plank”) (Schuessler, 2007), Burmese ပြား (pra:, “flat, pya”) (Hill, 2019, p. 224).

cog

行板

散板

(music) beat; meter; rhythm (in music or Chinese opera)


柯

(Hokkien, of fruits, vegetable, etc.) fibrous; stringy; tough; withered


柱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *toʔ, *doʔ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duːŋ (“post; column”) (STEDT). Cognate with 拄 (OC *toʔ, “to support”), as well as Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuŋ-I, *tun-II (“to erect; post; vertical”), Proto-Central Naga *tuŋ (“stem; trunk; post; tree”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

inh

string instrument
string instrument#English

(music) bridge (on a string instrument, such as a guzheng)


根

Monic languages
redundancy (linguistics)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːn): semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.

Han compound

(Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty


梵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bloms, *bum): semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) – lush. Originally a variant form of 芃 (OC *boːŋ, *bum).
As a word for transcribing Indic languages, the reading 梵 (MC bjomH) probably derives from Gandhari and transcribes the syllables such as bram̄(a), bra(m)m-, etc. (Bailey, 1946) in words like 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨸 (bram̄a, “Brahma”), 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨞 (bramaṇa, “a brahmin”), and it appears in the classical Chinese lexicon in 梵天 (“Brahma, name of a deity”), 梵志 (“a person dedicated to religion”), 梵行 (“good, pure conduct”), etc. The sense for "Sanskrit" originally refers to its status as a religious language. In modern usage, it is also used to translate various terms in Hinduism, such as Brahman.

Han compound

(Buddhism) to chant sutras; to recite sutras


業

Various explanations exist:
* Pictogram (象形) – beam from which bells and chimes hang.
* Pictogram (象形) – a person lifting said beam.
* Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 丵 (“chisel”) + 大 (“person; big”) – to launch a great attack.
Up until the Warring States period, the character was written doubled as 𪴨 and sometimes as 𫨱. The latter is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) using 去 (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)) as a phonetic component. In bamboo slips the vertical stroke of 丵 extended such that the bottom looks like 木.
; work; achievement
; large; terrific


槓

English: kong

Japanese: 槓(カン) (kan)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 貢 (OC *koːŋs).

雙槓／双杠


段

→ Thai: ตอน (dtɔɔn)

In the bronze script it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *doːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 殳, showing a hammer in hand breaking a stone with fragments coming off (Li Xueqin, 2012); 殳 was the pictogram of a hammer and later was borrowed to indicate a bamboo halberd. Most of the character is identical to 叚.

Han compound

(sports) grade; level (in chess, martial arts, etc.)


沏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰiːd): semantic 氵 + phonetic 切 (OC *sn̥ʰiːds, *sn̥ʰiːd).


法

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法):
* → Japanese: 法(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 법(法) (beop)
* → Vietnamese: pháp (法)

→ Proto-Tai

desc

Lao: ແບບ (bǣp, “form; model, standard, example; method; style, manner; brand, type”)

Thai: แบบ (bɛ̀ɛp, “kind; design, pattern; style; type; model”)

→ Khmer: បែប (baep, “kind, sort, model, type; style, form, shape; aspect; method, way, situation, condition”)

→ Vietnamese: phép (“rule, custom, usage, method; permission, authorisation; magical power”)

→ Manchu: ᡶᠠᡶᡠᠨ (fafun, “law; rule; punishment”)

Simplified from earlier 灋, which was originally used to represent 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside; to abrogate”).
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”), Burmese ပုံ (pum, “shape, form”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more.

och-l

法輪

法轮

末法時期

末法时期

(Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha


洗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːlʔ, *sɯːnʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 先 (OC *sɯːn, *sɯːns).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/b-s(j)il ~ *m/b-sjal (“to wash; to bathe”) (STEDT). Cognate with 洒 (OC *sraːls, *sɯːlʔ, “to wash”), Tibetan བསིལ (bsil, “to wash”), Mizo sil (“to wash”); more distant cognates may include Burmese ဆေး (hce:, “to wash”).

inh

洗禮／洗礼

施洗

受洗

He said, “Into what then were you baptized?” They said, “Into John’s baptism.”

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 使徒行傳 (Acts) 19:3

Bǎoluó shuō: “Zhèyàng, nǐmen shòu de shì shènme xǐ ne?” Tāmen shuō: “Shì Yuēhàn de xǐ.”

保羅說：「這樣，你們受的是甚麼洗呢？」他們說：「是約翰的洗。」

保罗说：「这样，你们受的是什么洗呢？」他们说：「是约翰的洗。」

沖洗／冲洗

(photography, figurative, colloquial) to print (a photo) from digital camera


洹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷaːn, *ɢʷan): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 亘 ().


灼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pljewɢ): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).
Probably related to 曜 (OC *lewɢs, “to shine; daylight”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

(Cantonese or Cantonese cuisine) to briefly boil


炆

Fat tiu cheung, what a wonderful smell; at the sight of fat tiu cheung, even the spirits want to burn incense

fat⁶ tiu³ coeng⁴, man¹ dak¹ gam³ gwai² hoeng¹, gin³ dou³⁻² fat⁶ tiu³ coeng⁴, gwai² dou¹ jiu³ zong¹ hoeng¹

佛跳牆，炆得咁鬼香，見到佛跳牆，鬼都要裝香

佛跳墙，炆得咁鬼香，见到佛跳墙，鬼都要装香

(Cantonese cuisine) to simmer; to cook over a slow fire


烹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pqʰraːŋ): phonetic 亨 (OC *qʰaŋʔ, *pqʰraːŋ, *qʰraːŋ) + semantic 灬.

Han compound

(cooking) to fry quickly in hot oil and stir in sauce


焗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 局 (OC *ɡoɡ).
First attested as 局 in 《廣東省土話字彙》 [1828] and as 焗 in 《粵語全書》 [1905] (Zhang and Li, 2017).
Possible origins include:
# From 酷 (MC khowk, “to be cooked”) (Chen Botao, 《東莞縣志》), based on an entry in Fangyan:
#:
# From 焅 (MC khowk, “dry, hot air”) (Chan, 1995; Chan, 1998).
# From 熇 (MC xuwk|xowk|xak, “hot; blazing”) (Zhan and Qiu, 2003).
# From English cook (Zhang and Li, 2017).

Er, ren, peng, lan, xi, qiu, ku: to be cooked.

Ér, rèn, pēng, làn, xī, qiú, kù, shú yě.

胹、飪、亨、爛、糦、酋、酷，熟也。

胹、饪、亨、烂、糦、酋、酷，熟也。

鹽焗雞／盐焗鸡 [Cantonese] ― jim⁴ guk⁶ gai¹ [Jyutping] ― chicken baked in salt

(chiefly Cantonese, cooking) to wrap food in gauze, tin foil, or paper and cook in salt or sand in a sealed pot

焗蛋糕 [Cantonese] ― guk⁶ daan⁶ gou¹ [Jyutping] ― to bake a cake


焯

焯蝦／焯虾 [Cantonese] ― coek³ haa¹ [Jyutping] ― boiled shrimps


煠

煠菜 [Cantonese] ― saap⁶ coi³ [Jyutping] ― to blanch vegetables

Be patient when having hot pot. You must keep the food in the boiling water a little longer before eating.

daa² bin¹ lou⁴ m⁴ hou² sam¹ gap¹, di¹ sung³ jiu³ saap⁶ noi⁶ di¹ sin¹ hou² sik⁶.

打邊爐唔好心急，啲餸要煠耐啲先好食。

打边炉唔好心急，啲𩠌要煠耐啲先好食。

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Wu, Xiang, cooking) to boil; to blanch (cook by immersing in boiling water)


熘

/li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

(cooking) to stir-fry (under high heat) with dissolved starch


燙

→ Zhuang: dangq (“to iron”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋs): phonetic 湯 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ) + semantic 火.
From 湯 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, “hot water”).


爆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *proːwɢs, *poːwɢ, *proːwɢ): semantic 火 + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). However, the phonetic component originally meant "violence", hence it could add part of the meaning. A conservative variant is 𤒺; later it was stylized into 爆.
Cognate with Burmese ပေါက် (pauk, “to explode, to burst”).


猁

/lei̯²² lei̯²² kɐu̯³⁵/

/lei̯²² lei̯²² kɐu̯³⁵/

Derived from 利狗 (“derogatory term for Liverpool fans”, literally “Liverpool Dogs”), where 利 is the shortened form of 利物浦 (“Liverpool FC”).

(Hong Kong Cantonese, soccer, neologism, Internet slang, humorous or derogatory) Liverpool F.C. or its supporters


獌

/maːn²² maːn²² kɐu̯³⁵/

/maːn²² maːn²² kɐu̯³⁵/

Derived from 曼狗 (maan⁶ gau², “derogatory term for Manchester United fans”, literally “Manchester United Dogs”), where 曼 is the shortened form of 曼聯／曼联 (“Manchester United FC”).

(Hong Kong Cantonese, soccer, neologism, Internet slang, humorous or derogatory) Manchester United F.C. or its supporters


琴

→ Burmese: ခင် (hkang)

→ English: qin

→ Thai: ขิม (kǐm) (via Min Nan)

/kʰim²²⁻²²⁵/

/kʰim²²⁻²²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡrɯm): semantic 珡 + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm).

Han compound

珡
𤦡
𤩟
琹
𨨖
𨪖
𩰔
䦦
𤫍
𨫹
䥅
䥆
𤫒

(music) qin (“Chinese zithers”), referring to any of several traditional Chinese musical instruments, most famously the guqin

口琴 ― kǒuqín ― harmonica

風琴／风琴

馬頭琴／马头琴

(music) collective name for certain musical instruments, usually of string or keyboard types, such as piano, organ, violin, cello, huqin, accordion, harmonica, etc.

三角琴

練琴／练琴 [Cantonese] ― lin⁶ kam⁴ [Jyutping] ― to practise playing the piano

I learned to play the piano for two years.

我學過兩年琴。

我学过两年琴。

(music, specifically) piano (Classifier: 部 c)


瑟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *smriɡ, *smriɡ): semantic 珡 (“musical instrument”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ). 珡 has been simplified into the unrelated 玨.

Han compound

(music) the se, an ancient Chinese bridge zither, usually with 25 strings


環

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (環):
* → Japanese: 環(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 환(環) (hwan)
* → Vietnamese: hoàn (環)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷraːn): semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ).
Note similarities to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *hwaŋ (“to encircle; circular, fence”), whence Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure, compound”).


瓦

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋʷæX (“tile”)

→ Vietnamese: ngói (“tile”)

→ Zhuang: vax (“tile”)

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.
Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

(music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).


生

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. A conservative version is 𤯓, which is unrelated to 㞷 (匩 > 匡) and 𡴀 > 丰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese is *sraeng, but it comes from an earlier *srjaeng, as seen in Wang Renxu's edition of the Qieyun.

och-l

(Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated


生

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note high do (1̇).


異

Ideogram (指事) – a man with a mask (田) over his face. Possible interpretations:
* Strange, bizarre — "uncommon".
* Different face — "different".
Compare 鬼 (“demon”), where the 田 also derives from a face or a mask. Compare also 禺, in which the top component represents either a mask or a monkey's face.
Alternatively, may be a pictogram (象形) of a person carrying something on his head, the original form of 戴 (“to carry on the head”).
Modern form is graphically 田 + 共, though this is not the etymology.

異男

异男


疇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *du): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus).
; “who”

Han compound

畴
㿧
𣋬
𤴃
𠝽
𢏚
𤲮
𠷎
𤾦
𢑔
𢑜
𤾊
𠼡
𠾉
𰣚

(agriculture) field; farmland; arable land

(agriculture) division in a field between different types of crops


痴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (痴):
* → Japanese: 痴(ち) (chi)
* → Korean: 치(痴) (chi)
* → Vietnamese: si (痴)


眺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰeːws): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).

Han compound

(archaic, Buddhism) to examine; to investigate


眾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (衆 /众):
* → Japanese: 衆(しゅう) (shū)
* → Vietnamese: chúng (眾)

Pictogram (象形): a sun (日) above three humans (㐺) – people gathered or working under the sun.
The top, originally 日 (“sun”) in oracle script has been modified, in bronze script resembling instead a horizontal eye (early form of 目) – reinterpreted as “a crowd under someone’s gaze”, and now resembles 罒.
The bottom, originally three figures (人人人), uses various forms of 人 and 亻, with variation depending on font.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-toŋ (“thousand”) (Peiros and Starostin, 1996; STEDT); if so, cognate with Tibetan སྟོང (stong, “thousand”), Burmese ထောင် (htaung, “thousand”), Drung tu (“thousand”), Nuosu ꄙ (dur, “thousand”).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares this word with Classical Tibetan [script needed] (yong, “in all, at all times, ever before”) and Tibetan ཡོངས (yongs, “all, whole”).

cog

众
衆
乑
㐺
𥅫
𠱧
𠱦
𠂝


瞋

द्वेष द्वेष#Sanskrit

(Buddhism) anger; hatred (as a translation of Sanskrit द्वेष (dveṣa))


矢

Pictogram (象形) – an arrow. More recognizable in older forms. Compare 畀 and 至. See also the bottom component of 睪 and the original versions of 弗 and 𢦏.
; arrow
; to swear, to vow

The way to Zhou was like a whetstone,
And straight as an arrow.

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

周道如砥，其直如矢。


砘

(agriculture) to roll field with a stone roller after sowing


磬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (磬):
* → Japanese: 磬(きょう) (kyō); 磬(けい) (kei)
* → Korean: 경(磬) (gyeong)
* → Vietnamese: khánh (磬)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 殸 + 石 (“stone”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) inverted bell (a Buddhist percussion instrument)


祼

Characters in the same phonetic series (果) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡluːlʔ): semantic 示 (“altar; sacrifice; deity”) + phonetic 果 (OC *kloːlʔ). In early writing, the form was more readily seen as ideogrammic (會意 /会意), showing components resembling 酉 (“libation container”) or 畐 (“libation container”) variously combined with radicals depicting the hand.

Han compound

(historical, religion) to pour libation; to libate


禪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (禪):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん) (zen) (see there for further descendants)
* → Korean: 선(禪) (seon)
* → Vietnamese: thiền (禪)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djan, *djans): semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).
Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation


科

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (科):
* → Japanese: 科(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 과(科) (gwa)
* → Vietnamese: khoa (科)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”).
Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

插科打諢

插科打诨

(Chinese theater) action; enactment (as opposed to dialogue, recitation, or singing)


竹

Characters in the same phonetic series (竹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – two bamboo stalks, with leaves. Earlier forms resembled 个 + 个, current form resembles rather ケ + ケ, or 亇 + 亇.
See also the original version of 散.
Compare Proto-Tai *b.twuːkᴰ (“bamboo strip for tying or weaving”), whence Thai ตอก (dtɔ̀ɔk, “bamboo strip”).

cog

(music) musical instrument made of bamboo


竺

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːɡ, *tuːɡ, *tuɡ): phonetic 𥫗 (OC *tuɡ) + semantic 二 ― thick.

Han compound

musical instrument
musical instrument#English

(historical, music) Name of an ancient musical instrument.


笙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (笙):
* → Japanese: 笙(しょう) (shō); 笙(そう) (sō)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sreŋ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鳴 (OC *mreŋ, “to make a sound”), 鈴 (OC *reːŋ, “bell”), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

inh

(music) sheng (a Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes)


筊

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːwʔ, *ɡreːw): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).


筑

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuɡ, *duɡ): phonetic 竹 (OC *tuɡ, “bamboo”) + 𢀜 (“to hold”).
Also simplified from 築 (elimination of 木).
; “Guiyang”

Han compound

𥬑
𥬶
𥬾
𥬑
𥬶
𥬾
𣽆
𣵸

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Zhì Yì Shuǐ zhīshàng, jì zǔ, qǔ dào, Gāo Jiànlí jí zhú, Jīng Kē hè ér gē, wèi biànzhǐ zhī shēng, shì jiē chuílèi tìqì.

至易水之上，既祖，取道，高漸離擊筑，荊軻和而歌，為變徵之聲，士皆垂淚涕泣。

至易水之上，既祖，取道，高渐离击筑，荆轲和而歌，为变徵之声，士皆垂泪涕泣。

(music) an ancient zither-like instrument


管

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (管):
* → Japanese: 管(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 관(管) (gwan)
* → Vietnamese: quản (管)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *koːnʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn).

Han compound

(music) a cylindrical double-reed woodwind instrument made of bamboo or wood

(music, by extension) any wind instrument


箭

→ Vietnamese: tên

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔslens): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 前 (OC *zleːn).

Han compound

(archery, weaponry) arrow (Classifier: 支 m c mn)


篞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːɡ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 涅 (OC *niːɡ).

Han compound

(music) ancient medium-sized wind instrument


簫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 肅 (OC *sɯwɢ).

Han compound

(music) xiao, a vertical, notched, end-blown bamboo flute used since ancient times in Chinese traditional and classical music


籃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːm): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Han compound

女籃

女篮

男籃

男篮


絲

qualifier

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sēricus</i> for descendants of this

→ Ancient Greek: Σήρ (Sḗr, “Chinese; silkworm”)
→ Latin: Sēres
English: Seres
Portuguese: Seres
Spanish: Seres
 (see sēricus for descendants of this)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Classical Syriac: ܫܺܐܪܳܐ (šērā), ܫܺܐܪܳܝܳܐ (šērāyā), ܫܻܝܪܳܝܳܐ (šērāyā, “silk; silk garment”)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שִׁירָאָה (šērāʾā), שִּׁירָא (šērā, “silk; silk garment”)

Mandaic: ࡔࡉ࡚ࡓࡀࡉࡀ (/šērāyā/)

→ Arabic: سِيرَاء (sīrāʔ, “a kind of silk garment”)

ሢራይ, ሥራይ, ሤራይ

→ Ge'ez: ሢራይ, ሥራይ, ሤራይ (śiray, śəray, śeray, “silk; silk garment”)

→? Old Korean: 糸利 (*SIli, “thread”)

Middle Korean: 실〯 (sǐl, “id.”)

Korean: 실 (sil, “id.”)

→ Vietnamese: tơ

肉絲

肉丝

筍絲

笋丝

切絲

切丝

thread; thread/silk-like objects; string; thin strip; thin shred

絲竹

丝竹


繃

绷
綳
䙖
絣
䙀:sling
绷
綳
掹
绷
綳
迸
绷
綳
崩
嘣

(literary, or in compounds, crafts) embroidery frame


纖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sem): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 韱 (OC *sem).


缽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːd): semantic 缶 (“pot”) + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ). Originally written as 鉢 (OC *poːd) or 盋 (OC *poːd).
Short for 缽多羅／钵多罗 (bōduōluó), from Sanskrit पात्र (pātra, “(drinking) vessel; bowl; cup; plate; etc.”).


罪

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”). The original version is 𦋛 and its original meaning was a net for fishing, then used instead of 辠 due to the similarity of the latter character to 皇, which represents the Emperor.
Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).


羽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (羽):
* → Japanese: 羽(う) (u)
* → Korean: 우(羽) (u)
* → Vietnamese: vũ (羽)

⇒ Translingual: Yutyrannus

Pictogram (象形): wings or feathers.
Either from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-grwa (“feather”), whence Tibetan སྒྲོ (sgro, “large feather”) (Coblin, 1986; Gong Hwang-cherng, 2002; STEDT), or *w(a/u) (“bird; egg; wing; fowl”) (Matisoff, 2000; Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 2021b; STEDT).

Yǔ means yū ‘to twist’; the yin-fluid is above, the yang-fluid is below; […] .

Yǔ zhě, yū yě, yīnqì zàishàng, yángqì zàixià;.......

羽者，紆也，陰氣在上，陽氣在下；……。

羽者，纡也，阴气在上，阳气在下；……。

(music) fifth note in the Chinese pentatonic scale


耨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *noːɡs, *nuːɡ): semantic 耒 (“plough”) + phonetic 辱 (OC *njoɡ).
Sino-Tibetan; compare Mizo hnu (“work finished; harvested or weed area”) (Schuessler, 2007). 農 (OC *nuːŋ) may be a derivative (ibid.).

cog

(historical, agriculture) an ancient tool for weeding similar to a hoe


背

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs): phonetic 北 (OC *pɯːɡ) + semantic 月 (“meat”). Originally written as 北, semantic 肉 was added to be distinguished from the derived meaning of 北 (“north”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).
Two pronunciations were distinguished in Middle Chinese: puʌiᴴ (“back”), buʌiᴴ (“to turn one's back to; to betray”).

inh

(swimming) Short for 背泳 (bèiyǒng, “backstroke”).


脞

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ²¹⁴/


自

Sino-Xenic (自):
* → Vietnamese: tự (自)

→ Vietnamese: từ

/d̥͡z̥z̩²¹³/

/d̥͡z̥z̩²¹³/

Characters in the same phonetic series (自) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Originally a pictogram (象形) of a nose; in China (and East Asia) one points at one’s nose to indicate oneself, hence an ideogram (指事) of “self”. Unrelated to 面.
The original meaning of “nose” has been replaced by 鼻.

Han etyl

(swimming) Short for 自由泳 (zìyóuyǒng, “freestyle”).


色

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (色):
* → Japanese: 色(しき) (shiki); 色(しょく) (shoku)
* → Korean: 색(色) (saek)
* → Vietnamese: sắc (色)

Burmese language
Japhug language
Mizo language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Shuowen

Characters in the same phonetic series (色) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“claw; hand”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – complexion.
Shuowen interprets this character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person; human”) + 卩 (“etiquette”) – complexion.
Compare 印, 抑.
Sometimes, especially in folk etymology, the character is misinterpreted as a proto-form of 絕. The bottom part of the radical is unrelated to 巴.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak ~ *g-jak (“ashamed; shy”), whence Burmese ရှက် (hrak, “ashamed; shy”), Japhug tɤ-zraʁ (“shame”) (Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2015b).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) connects this word to Mizo sâr (“prismatic colours seen in the sky in fine weather; to be healthy-looking, ruddy”), which would point to a form *sər-k from which the Old Chinese was derived.
彩 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ, “colour”) may be a dialectal variant (Baxter, 1992; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

cog-lite

色即是空，空即是色。

(Buddhism) rūpa (form; material element; form of existence; etc.)


茬

(agriculture) stubble (short stalks left in a field after crops have been harvested)


願

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (願):
* → Japanese: 願(がん) (gan)
* → Korean: 원(願) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyện (願)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋʷans): phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.


葷

(Buddhism) strong-smelling vegetables, such as spring onion, garlic and garlic chives


蒸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kljɯŋ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 烝 (OC *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs).

Han compound

蒸餃

蒸饺


蓮

→⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐾁𐽶𐽺𐽲𐽳𐽰 (lénhua)

→ Vietnamese: sen

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *renʔ, *reːn): semantic 艹 + phonetic 連 (OC *ren).
Related to 蕑 (OC *kreːn, “lotus seed”) (Schuessler, 2007).


蘊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quns): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 縕.
Compare 韞／韫 (yùn).


號

→ Zhuang: heuh, hauh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦlaːw, *ɦlaːws): phonetic 号 (OC *ɦlaːws) + 虎 (“tiger”).
Originally an ideogram (指事) of a tiger and a line representing its roar, hence exhaled air while roaring. Later forms added 口 (“mouth”) or 言 (“speech”) to emphasize the act of crying or calling. The original meaning was "to roar; to shout". 号 derives from 口 and the line 丂.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aw (“to call”) (Schuessler, 2007, STEDT). Compare Kinnauri ku, Anong go, and Burmese ခေါ် (hkau). The extension of the meaning ‘shout, call’ to ‘ask, request’ is parallel to 呼 (hū).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, literally "what is called".


蛙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʷraː, *qʷreː): semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː).
Onomatopoeic (Sagart and Ma, 2020). Also compare Proto-Tai *krweːᴬ (“small frog”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(swimming) Short for 蛙泳 (wāyǒng, “breaststroke”).


蛻

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-lwat (“free, release, slip, dislocate”) (STEDT).

inh

(Taoism, Buddhism) to die; to ascend; to depart for one's next life


蝶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蝶):
* → Japanese: 蝶(ちょう) (chō)
* → Vietnamese: điệp (蝶)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰeːb, *l'eːb): semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lep (“butterfly”). See 蝴蝶 (húdié) for more.

Han compound

(swimming) Short for 蝶泳 (diéyǒng, “butterfly stroke”).


行

Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection.
Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.


衍

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 行 (“path; way; to go; to move”) + 水 (“water”).


衝

/t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjoŋ): semantic 行 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).


袜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːd): semantic 衣 + phonetic 末 (OC *maːd).

Han compound

The hairpin is long, following her twisted wig; The mò is slim, matching her waist.

New Songs from the Jade Terrace, volume 8

Chāi cháng zhú huán bì, mò xiǎo chèn yāoshēn.

釵長逐鬟髲，袜小稱腰身。

钗长逐鬟髲，袜小称腰身。

(fashion) An undershirt or underbodice worn in pre-modern China.


角

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (角):
* → Japanese: 角(かく) (kaku)
* → Korean: 각(角) (gak)
* → Vietnamese: giác (角)

→ Khmer: កាក់ (kak)
→ English: kak

→ Thai: กั๊ก (gák)

→ Vietnamese: góc

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a horn. A conservative version is 𧢲. Similar but unrelated to 甬, 用, and the bottom part of 備.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999).
A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988).
It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.

och-l

(numismatics) Classifier for money: one tenth of a yuan or dollar

Why is the note called jué? Jué means yuè ‘to leap’' the yang-fluid stirs and leaps; …

Suǒyǐ míng zhī wèi jué zhě? Yuè yě, yángqì dòngyuè;.......

所以名之為角者？躍也，陽氣動躍；……。

所以名之为角者？跃也，阳气动跃；……。

(music) third note in the Chinese pentatonic scale, or mi


解

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 角 (“horn”) + 刀 (“knife”) + 牛 (“cow”) – a knife separates a horn from a cow, i.e. “cut up (an ox)”.
Three pronunciations are cognate. "To loosen; to disengage" > "idle, lazy, remiss". Cognate with 懈 (OC *kreːs, “lazy, remiss”) and possibly 邂逅 (OC *ɡreːs ɡoːs, “carefree and happy”).
? Area stem: *C-re. Compare Burmese ဖြေ (hpre, “to untie; to answer; to ease; to absolve”), အဖြေ (a.hpre, “answer, solution; response; explication”); Khmer រាយ (riəy, “to scatter, to be divided up, to separate”), ស្រាយ (sraay, “to untie, to undo, to explain, to solve”).

cog

With a work such like this, another piece should be played to complete it, so that the music finds its fullest expression.

Taiping Yulan (Readings of the Taiping Era), 977 – 983 CE

Fú qǔ yǒurú cǐ, dāng yǐ tāqǔ xiè zhī, fāngkě jìn qí shēng yǐ.

夫曲有如此，當以他曲解之，方可盡其聲矣。

夫曲有如此，当以他曲解之，方可尽其声矣。

(dated, music) to conclude a piece; to complete


誡

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krɯːɡs): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 戒 (OC *krɯːɡs, “guard against”).

Han compound

(religion) commandments; precepts; tenets


調

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *dɯːw, *dɯːws, *tɯw): semantic 言 + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw).

Han compound

(music) to tune; to play (an instrument)


調

/ti̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ti̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

A調

A调

徵調曲

征调曲


諦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *teːɡs): semantic 言 + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).


識

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).


譜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːʔ): semantic 言 (“sound”) + phonetic 普 (OC *pʰaːʔ).


變

Tai Languages

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pliənᴮ²

Thai: เปลี่ยน (bplìian)

Lao: ປ່ຽນ (pīan)

desc

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Tai Dam: ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ

Shan: ပိၼ်ႇ (pìn)

Tai Nüa: ᥙᥤᥢᥱ (pǐn)

Northern Tai

Zhuang: bienq

Central Tai

Nong Zhuang: byenq, benq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prons): phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 攴.
Likely related to 亂 (OC *roːns, “disorder”) (Baxter, 1992). Perhaps related to Tibetan སྤྲུལ་བ (sprul ba, “to transform”) (Shi, 2000) and Burmese ပြောင်း (praung:, “to change”).

改觀

to change appearance, to change one's view

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

(Buddhism) bianwen (form of narrative literature from the Tang dynasty)


越

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad): semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.
; “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”
: Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).
; “modal particle”
; “Yue; Viet; State of Yue”
: This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.
: See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.

Han compound

(music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument


軸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯwɢ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 車 (“cart, carriage”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw, “to pass through”) — the axle that passes through a cartwheel.

Han compound

(theater, opera) last item on a theatrical performance


轉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
Possibly related to:
* Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or
* Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin).
An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words:
* 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”),
* 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”).
Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”).

och-l

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

78轉黑膠

78转黑胶


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓

(Buddhism) the Marga; the Way of bodhi or enlightenment leading to nirvana through spiritual stages

傳道

传道


釋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (釋):
* → Japanese: 釈(しゃく) (shaku)
* → Korean: 석(釋) (seok)
* → Vietnamese: Thích (釋)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljaɡ): semantic 釆 (“distinguish”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).
;Buddhist monastic surname
Popularized by Dao'an as a common surname for all Buddhist monastics by taking the first character of Śākyamuni Buddha's transliterated Chinese name, 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní).

zh-l

釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní)

At the beginning of the Wei and Jin, śramaṇas all took their surname from their teachers, and thus their surnames were all different. Dao'an believed that the archetype of all great teachers could not be anyone other than Śākya[muni], and thus gave Shi as their lineage.

Chū Wèi Jìn shāmén yī shī wèi xìng, gù xìng gè bùtóng, Ān yǐwèi dàshī zhī běn, mò zūn Shìjiā, nǎi yǐ Shì mìng shì.

初魏晉沙門依師為姓，故姓各不同，安以為大師之本，莫尊釋迦，乃以釋命氏。

初魏晋沙门依师为姓，故姓各不同，安以为大师之本，莫尊释迦，乃以释命氏。

釋迦牟尼 釋迦牟尼#Chinese

释迦牟尼 释迦牟尼#Chinese

(Buddhism) Short for 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní, “Shakyamuni”).


量

Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意):
* 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
* Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
* Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).
* Huang Dekuan suspects the 日 is actually 昜 (OC *laŋ) as the phonetic component.
Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs): phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).
Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))


釦

(archery) metal loop at the nock point of a bow string


鍵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡran, *ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans) – a metal key.

Han compound

琴鍵

琴键

(music) key (lever on a musical keyboard)


鏝

Combination of the radical 金 (“money”) and short form of 曼城 (“Manchester City F.C.”) to satirize the football club for poaching high-quality players with high prices.

(Hong Kong Cantonese, soccer, neologism, Internet slang, humorous or derogatory) Manchester City F.C.


鐃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rŋaːw): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).


閘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaːb, *sɡreːb, *qraːb): semantic 門 (“gate”) + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb).

Han compound

左閘／左闸 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― zo² zaap⁶ [Jyutping] ― left fullback


降

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (降):
* → Vietnamese: giáng (降)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 阝 (“hill, wall”) + phonetic 夅 (OC *ɡruːŋ, “to descend”) – descending a hill.

Han compound

夅
𨹓
𡲣
𡲛
夅
𨹓
𡲣
𡲛
𫱔

降A大調／降A大调


階

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (階):
* → Japanese: 階(かい) (kai)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kriːl): semantic 阝 + phonetic 皆 (OC *kriːl).

Han compound

五聲音階

五声音阶


鞆

(archery) A bracer; an arm protector worn by archers.


音

Characters in the same phonetic series (音) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事): 言 (“word”) with something in 口 (“mouth”) written like 甘 – sound coming from the mouth. The vertical trait, that used to represent the body of the tongue, then disappeared as in 言, and 甘 was stylized as 曰.


香

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香):
* → Vietnamese: hương (香)

desc

→ Indonesian: hio (“joss stick, incense”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (香) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 黍 (“glutinous millet”) + 口 (“mouth”). The whole character perhaps indicate that millet was used to produce liquor from fermentation which could be drank and/or sacrificed.
In the seal script, the 口 was replaced with the related 甘 (“sweet”). Hence, the most conservative variant is 𪏽.
Currently, the 黍 has simplified into 禾 and the form of the bottom component 甘 has become akin to the unrelated 曰.

Han compound

† - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful

(religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: 束 m; 支)


鬼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鬼):
* → Japanese: 鬼(き) (ki)
* → Korean: 귀(鬼) (gwi)
* → Vietnamese: quỷ (鬼)

→ Thai: กุ๊ย (gúi)

Characters in the same phonetic series (鬼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a kneeling man or figure with an ugly face (甶). The ugly face could be a mask. The lower right “dot” is a small 厶; it is a residual tail that was added later – compare 离. Related to 畏 (variant 𠂽), which originally depicts a ghost standing with a stick in hand.
Compare 異 (“different, strange”), in which the 田 also derives from a face and indicates a mask. Compare also 禺, in which the top component represents either a mask or a monkey's head.
Unknown. May be related to:
* 威 (OC *qul, “to overawe, to terrorise”) with k-nominalisation and endoactive tone B, lit. "the thing which is doing the overawing" (Childs-Johnson, 1995 apud Schuessler, 2007; Baxter & Sagart, 2014), or
* 歸 (OC *klul, “to return”) (Shuowen Jiezi https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/gui-bu?searchu=%E6%AD%B8&searchmode=showall#result; Liezi https://ctext.org/liezi/tian-rui?searchu=%E9%AC%BC%E6%AD%B8%E4%B9%9F&searchmode=showall#result; Carr, 1985 apud Schuessler, 2007), yet Baxter & Sagart (2014) consider this connection, while semantically plausible, to be a folk etymology; as 鬼 (OC *k-ʔujʔ) and 歸 (OC *[k]ʷəj) had different Old Chinese rhymes & thus were likely unrelated.
See also 詭 (OC *krolʔ, “to deceive; peculiar”).

Han etyl

(Cantonese, ball games) opponent trying to steal the ball


魂

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (魂):
* → Japanese: 魂(こん) (kon)
* → Korean: 혼(魂) (hon)
* → Vietnamese: hồn (魂)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuːn): phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun) + semantic 鬼.
Cognate with 雲 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”) (Carr, 1985).

Han compound

(religion, folklore) the hun, the soul which goes to heaven, as opposed to the 魄 (pò), which goes down to the earth with the body at death.


魄

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra).
Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007).
; "illuminated part of the moon"
; "dark part of the moon"

(religion, folklore) the po, the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to 魂 (hún) which does.


鼓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鼓):
* → Japanese: 鼓(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 고(鼓) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cổ (鼓)

Wutunhua: guu

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 壴 (“drum”) + 支 (“hand holding drumstick”). Compare 殸. See also the right component of 段.
Area word; compare Proto-Tai *klɔŋᴬ (“drum”), Saek [script needed] (tlɔɔŋᴬ¹), Proto-Hlai *laŋ¹ (“drum”), Proto-Wa (*kloʔ, "bronze-drum") (Schuessler, 2007).
瞽 (OC *kʷaːʔ, “blind man; musician”) is a derivative.

Han compound

鼔
皷
𡔷
𪔐
𪔨
𪔎
𩉨
𩉲
𩉩
𩊉

鼓手


齋

→ Thai: เจ (jee)

→ Vietnamese: chay

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːl): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).

Han compound

(Buddhism, Taoism) religious ceremony (Classifier: 堂 c)


龣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːɡ, *roːɡ): semantic 龠 + phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ).

Han compound

(music) third note in the Chinese pentatonic scale or mi


法語

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) words about Buddhist doctrine


under

/ɐn⁵⁵ taː²¹/

/ɐn⁵⁵ taː²¹/

(Hong Kong Cantonese, photography) to underexpose


keeper

/kʰiːp̚⁵ pʰaː³⁵/

/kʰiːp̚⁵ pʰaː³⁵/

(Hong Kong Cantonese, sports) keeper; goalie


人道

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/


世界

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (世界):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai)
* → Okinawan: 世(し)界(けー) (shikē)
* → Korean: 세계(世界) (segye)
* → Vietnamese: thế giới (世界)

→ Zhuang: seiqgyaiq

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

Coined by Buddhist translators (c. 3rd century) to translate Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “world”). In its original Buddhist sense, the word encompassed a range of spatial meanings from a 小世界 (xiǎo shìjiè, “minor world”) with a single sun and moon to the billion-world 三千大千世界 (sānqiān-dàqiān-shìjiè, “trichiliocosm”). Its modern sense dates from Japanese 世界(せかい) (sekai) re-adaptation of the word in the nineteenth century and it has since largely displaced the classical 天下 (tiānxià, “all-under-Heaven”) in general usage.

All Buddhas, the World-Honored Ones, of the worlds of the Ten Directions, and those of the past, future, and present are also thus.

The Lotus Sutra 《正法華經》, translated by Dharmarakṣa c. 3rd century CE

Shífāng shìjiè zhū fó shìzūn, qù lái xiànzài yì fù rúshì.

十方世界諸佛世尊，去來現在亦復如是。

十方世界诸佛世尊，去来现在亦复如是。


foul

(Hong Kong Cantonese, usually sports) to disqualify due to a foul (breach of rules of the game) or a violation


聖書

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ syː⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ syː⁵⁵/


英雄

/iŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ɕyŋ²⁴/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋyŋ⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɪŋ³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ hioŋ⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦioŋ²¹/

/*ʔaŋ [ɢ]ʷəŋ/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ɕyŋ²⁴/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋyŋ⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɪŋ³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ hioŋ⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦioŋ²¹/

傳說中的英雄

传说中的英雄

平民英雄

英雄豪傑

英雄豪杰

人民英雄永垂不朽。

King Wu asked the Grand Duke: “If a king wants to raise an army, how should he go about selecting and training heroes and determine their moral qualifications?”

Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version

Wǔwáng wèn Tàigōng yuē: “Wángzhě jǔbīng, yù jiǎnliàn yīngxióng, zhī shì zhī gāoxià, wéi zhī nàihé?”

武王問太公曰：「王者舉兵，欲簡練英雄，知士之高下，為之奈何？」

武王问太公曰：「王者举兵，欲简练英雄，知士之高下，为之奈何？」

(literally, martial arts, figuratively) hero


定食

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/tɪŋ²² sɪk̚²/

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/tɪŋ²² sɪk̚²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 定食(ていしょく) (teishoku)


太太

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰaɪ̯¹/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ tʰɛ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰaːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰai⁴¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰai¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰai²¹/

/tʰa⁵⁵ tʰa²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰaɪ̯¹/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ tʰɛ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰaːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰai⁴¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰai¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰai²¹/

/tʰa⁵⁵ tʰa²¹/

(Internet, fandom slang) fandom content contributor


音階

/in⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ kaːi̯⁵⁵/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² kai⁴⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² kai⁴⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ kai⁴⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ kai⁴⁴/

/in⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ kaːi̯⁵⁵/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² kai⁴⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² kai⁴⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ kai⁴⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ kai⁴⁴/


解決

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kaːi̯³⁵ kʰyːt̚³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kaːi̯³⁵ kʰyːt̚³/


比丘

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Pali bhikkhu. Cognate with Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu).


和尚

Sino-Xenic (和尚):
* → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
* → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
* → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

→ Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 (*xwa¹ śjow²)

→ Zhuang: hozsiengh

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ²¹/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ²¹/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

Phono-semantic matching
Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)
zh:慧苑

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, “teacher; religious teacher”), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
# The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
# The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

cog

和尙
和上
和闍
和社
鶻社
殟社
烏社

(Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk


菩薩

→ Peranakan Indonesian: powsat

Short for 菩提薩埵／菩提萨埵 (pútísàduǒ), itself from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhi-sattva, “enlightened existence”) or Pali bodhisatta. Later semantically extended to refer to a particularly virtuous person. (Dassanayake (2021))

bor

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/


摩訶薩埵

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (摩訶薩埵):
* → Japanese: 摩(ま)訶(か)薩(さっ)埵(た) (makasatta)

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄙㄚˋ ㄉㄨㄛˇ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹ tu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ tɔː³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹ tu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ tɔː³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit महासत्त्व (mahāsattva, “great creature; great being”).

bor

(Buddhism) mahasattva, a "great bodhisattva", one explicitly defined by their devotion to bodhicitta


B

see: ABO, A, and O

2020 July, 公子柔, 晋江文学城, archived from the original on 2024-12-26:

Omega Disguises As Beta To Serve The Irritable General As Male Secretary

“O Zhuāng B Gěi Bàozào Shàngjiàng Dāng Nánmì”

《O装B给暴躁上将当男秘》

《O裝B給暴躁上將當男秘》

(fandom slang) Alternative form of 貝塔 /贝塔 (bèitǎ)


O

see: ABO, A, and B

2020 December, 晚秋初十, 晋江文学城, archived from the original on 2024-12-26:

After Having Become Omega From Alpha In Front Of My Rival In Love, I Got Pregnant

“Zài Qíngdí Miànqián A Biàn O Hòu Wǒ Huáiyùn Le”

《在情敌面前A变O后我怀孕了》

《在情敵面前A變O後我懷孕了》

《O装B给暴躁上将当男秘》

《O裝B給暴躁上將當男秘》

(fandom slang) Alternative form of 歐米伽 /欧米伽


V

From Japanese VTuber (bui-chūbā) or English VTuber.


cu

撞cu [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― zong⁶ ku¹ [Jyutping]

(Hong Kong Cantonese, billiards, snooker, pool) cushion (lip around the table)


CBA

Chinese Basketball Association
w:Chinese Basketball Association

(sports) Initialism of Chinese Basketball Association.


AV

From Japanese AV (AV, “pornographic video”).

/ˀeɪ̯⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ei̯⁵⁵ wiː⁵⁵/

/ˀeɪ̯⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ei̯⁵⁵ wiː⁵⁵/


roller

/ɹou̯⁵⁵ laː³⁵/

(Hong Kong Cantonese, sports) roller skating


吉他

→ Zhuang: gizdah

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʰä³/

/kɐt̚⁵ tʰaː⁵⁵/

/ɡi¹¹⁻⁵³ ta¹¹/

/ɡi²¹⁻⁴¹ ta²¹/

/ɡi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ taʔ³²/

/ɡi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ taʔ³²/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ tʰa³³/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ta⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʰä³/

/kɐt̚⁵ tʰaː⁵⁵/

/ɡi¹¹⁻⁵³ ta¹¹/

/ɡi²¹⁻⁴¹ ta²¹/

/ɡi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ taʔ³²/

/ɡi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ taʔ³²/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ tʰa³³/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ta⁴⁴/

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kĭthắrā)bor.
Aramaic קיתראbor.
Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra)bor.
Old Spanish guitarra
Spanish guitarrabor.
English guitarbor.
Chinese 吉他 (jítā)
Borrowed from English guitar. For Taiwanese Hakka and Min Nan, via Japanese ギター (gitā).

etymon

彈吉他／弹吉他

吉他獨奏／吉他独奏


大人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大人):
* → Japanese: 大人(たいじん) (taijin); 大人(だいにん) (dainin)
* → Korean: 대인(大人) (daein)
* → Vietnamese: đại nhân (大人)

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

; address towards Japanese officials; "police officer"

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, religion) paper person, used as a scapegoat


一度

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ²²/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ²²/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/


姐妹

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sia³³⁻⁵⁵ mui²¹³/

/t͡sia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/t͡sia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ muĩ⁴¹/

/t͡se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/t͡se⁵²⁻³⁵ mue¹¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ me⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sia³³⁻⁵⁵ mui²¹³/

/t͡sia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/t͡sia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ muĩ⁴¹/

/t͡se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/t͡se⁵²⁻³⁵ mue¹¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ me⁴⁴/

Thanks to the fellow for the ACG goods you sent

謝謝姐妹送的穀子

谢谢姐妹送的谷子

(neologism, fandom slang, chiefly feminine) term to address fellow/peer-netizens on social media platforms


管子

desc

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠨᠵᠠ (ɣuwanǰa), гуанз (guanz)

/ku̯än²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/ku̯än²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/ku̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


麵筋

/mi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/mi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/


不可思議

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄙ ㄧˋ

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ sɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/pəʔ³³ kʰu⁵⁵ sz̩³³ n̠ʲi²¹/

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ sɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/pəʔ³³ kʰu⁵⁵ sz̩³³ n̠ʲi²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit अचिन्त्य (acintya, “inconceivable”) or calque of Pali acinteyya (“imponderable”).

cal

(Buddhism) incomprehensible by the human mind


那由他

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (那由他):
* → Japanese: 那(な)由(ゆ)他(た) (nayuta)
* → Korean: 나유타(那由他) (nayuta)

/nä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

/nä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit नयुत (nayuta, “myriad”), by Buddhist translators in the 4th century.
The current usage as the number 10⁶⁰ was re-imported from the Japanese usage which first fixed by the Jinkōki (塵劫記), 1634.

(Buddhism, historical) extremely large number, usually interpreted as the number 10²⁸


阿僧祇

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya, “innumerable”).


阿僧祇

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

(Buddhism) asaṃkhyeya, the number 10⁵⁶ or 10^(7×2103)


淘汰

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (淘汰):
* → Japanese: 淘(とう)汰(た) (tōta)
* → Korean: 도태(淘汰) (dotae)

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/tʰo¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰai²¹/

/to²⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/to¹³⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai¹¹/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴¹/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/tʰo¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰai²¹/

/to²⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/to¹³⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai¹¹/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴¹/

(sports) to eliminate (a team or player); to knock out


法王

ja-r

法王(ほうおう) (hōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法王):
* → Japanese: 法王(ほうおう) (hōō)
* → Korean: 법왕(法王) (beobwang)
* → Vietnamese: pháp vương (法王)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मराज (dharmarāja).

All Buddhas, the dharma-kings, will protect this bodhisattva-mahasattva.

Zhū fó fǎwáng, jiē xī shǒuhù cǐ púsà móhēsà.

諸佛法王，皆悉守護此菩薩摩訶薩。

诸佛法王，皆悉守护此菩萨摩诃萨。

(Buddhism) dharma-king, an epithet for a Buddha


foc

out foc [Cantonese] ― au¹ fou¹ [Jyutping] ― to be out of focus (of a camera)


作物

Sino-Xenic (作物):
* → Japanese: 作物(さくもつ) (sakumotsu)
* → Korean: 작물(作物) (jangmul)

/t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ mɐt̚²/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

/t͡sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ but̚²⁴/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ but̚¹²¹/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

/t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ mɐt̚²/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

/t͡sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ but̚²⁴/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ but̚¹²¹/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

/t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

(agriculture) crop (anything that is planted for its yield) (Classifier: 種／种)


裁判

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ pʰuːn³³/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã⁴¹/

/t͡sʰai¹³⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰuã¹¹/

/t͡sʰai²³⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ pʰuːn³³/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã⁴¹/

/t͡sʰai¹³⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰuã¹¹/

/t͡sʰai²³⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/


裁判

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ pʰuːn³³/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã⁴¹/

/t͡sʰai¹³⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰuã¹¹/

/t͡sʰai²³⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ pʰuːn³³/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻²² pʰuã⁴¹/

/t͡sʰai¹³⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/t͡sʰai²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰuã¹¹/

/t͡sʰai²³⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/