人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (人):
* → Japanese: 人(にん) (nin); 人(じん) (jin)
* → Korean: 인(人) (in)
* → Vietnamese: nhân (人)

Austroasiatic languages
Shang dynasty
Yueshi culture

Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – side view of a standing man, highlighting an arm and a leg. Compare 大, 立 (lì), 卩, 夭, and 氏 according to one interpretation. See also the original version of 年.
亼 is similar but unrelated; it represents an open mouth flipped upside down and appears on top of characters such as 食, 金, 令, 龠, and 今.
It represents a roof in the characters 余, 茶, 舍, and 倉. It represents a flag on a flagpole in 㫃. Eventually, it represents two parallel mountain walls in 谷.
The stylized version to the left of the characters is 亻 (see also 千). Similar but unrelated to 彳.
Sagart (1999) relates it to Tibetan ཉེན (nyen, “relative”), from ཉེ (nye, “near”) + nominalizing suffix -n; if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nəj(ʔ) (“near”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes two etymologies:
* Same etymon as 仁 (OC *njin, “to be kind; to be good”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”). The semantic association of 仁 with 人 was somewhat late, dated to Mencius's time; later on, 仁 would be usually interpreted as "humane, acting like a human being".
** If so, semantically parallel with Tibetan སེམས་ཅན (sems can, “living being, human, animal”, literally “possessor of mind”); and Latin animalis (“living, having soul”) from anima (“soul”).
* Related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɲaʔ ~ *ɲah (“person”) with a nominalizing suffix -n, from the auto-ethnonym of a hostile, possibly Austroasiatic-speaking, eastern people, whom the Sinitic-speaking Shang referred to as 人方 (OC *njin paŋ).

ncog

亻
𠆢
儿
𠂉
几
𠔽
𤯔
𦉫
寧
儂/侬
𠆧

吃得苦中苦，方為人上人 / 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人

chī de kǔ zhōng kǔ, fāng wéi rén shàng rén

狼人 ― lángrén ― werewolf

虎人 ― hǔrén ― weretiger

(fantasy, mythology) were- (indicates a person who changes shape into an animal)


入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

陽入

阳入

(Chinese phonetics) short for 入聲／入声 (rùshēng, “the checked tone”)


東京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東京):
* → Japanese: 東京(とうけい) (Tōkei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/


㒥

(mythology) only used in 偓㒥／偓仹 (“(ancient Chinese folklore) Taoist immortal, celestial being”)


主

Sino-Xenic (主):
* → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɕɤwꟲ (“master”)

desc

Lao: ເຈົ້າ (chao, “lord, master, owner”)

Thai: เจ้า (jâao, “lord, master, owner”)

→ Vietnamese: chúa (主, “retired father of a king”), Chúa (主, “Lord”)

Pictogram (象形). Three distinct forms can be observed in ancient scripts, all of which have merged into the same character in modern script:
A lamp or torch with a flame at the top. Original form of 炷.
Wood (木, now 王) on fire.
A spirit tablet. Same character as 示.
Unrelated to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).
Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)
Also compare Burmese အတို့ (a.tui., “honorific personal pronoun”).


亃

(Chinese mythology) a kind of swine-like beast with a yellow body and a white tail


代

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (代):
* → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
* → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
* → Vietnamese: đại (代)

→ Vietnamese: đời (𠁀)

Second round of simplified Chinese characters

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)
;state's name → toponym
Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Han compound

(grammar) short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”)

代名詞

(historical geography) short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”)


價

→ Lao: ຄ່າ (khā)

→ Thai: ค่า (kâa)

→ Zhuang: gyaq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraːs): semantic 人 + phonetic 賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “sell”).
Perhaps related to 賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “to sell”).

och-l

价
价
介
价
价
家
假


僼

(mythology) (ancient Chinese folklore) Taoist immortal, celestial being


儵

The Ruler of the Southern Ocean was Shu, the Ruler of the Northern Ocean was Hu, and the Ruler of the Centre was Chaos.

Nánhǎi zhī dì wéi Shū, běihǎi zhī dì wéi Hū, zhōngyāng zhī dì wéi Hùndùn.

南海之帝為儵，北海之帝為忽，中央之帝為渾沌。

南海之帝为倏，北海之帝为忽，中央之帝为浑沌。

(Chinese mythology) ruler of the South China Sea


冠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head.
Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲 /形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns): semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”).
Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 1, literally "(make someone to) be capped" (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(linguistics) short for 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí, “article”)


凰

Originally 皇. A spurious 𠘨 was added by the assimilation with 鳳.

(Chinese mythology) female fenghuang (a mythological bird)


切

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

(phonetics) short for 反切 (fǎnqiè, “fanqie”)


副

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰɯɡs, *pʰrɯɡ, *pʰɯɡ): phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).
Jiajie (假借) from 褔 (fù, “to be filled with”).

Han compound

褔
㽬
疈
𠠦
𤗚
㨽
*罷
擘
劈

(grammar) short for 副詞／副词 (fùcí, “adverb”)


動

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (動):
* → Japanese: 動(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 동(動) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: động (動)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *doːŋʔ): phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) + semantic 力 (“strength”). However, the phonetic component is a reference to a heavy bag ready to be moved by a human being.

Han compound

动
㣫
働
勭
𡺍
𨔝
𭜀
𢳾

(grammar) short for 動詞／动词 (dòngcí, “verb”)


午

Pictogram (象形) – a pestle (now written 杵). Unrelated to 干. See the central component of 舂 and 秦 in their original version.
Norman (1985) proposed connection with Austroasiatic; Ferlus (2013) noted a "[g]ood correspondence" between Proto-Vietic *m-ŋəːʔ (whence Vietnamese ngựa) and Old Chinese reconstructions like *m-qʰˁaʔ (Baxter-Sagart) and *ᵀs.ŋaʔ (Ferlus). Also compare Proto-Hlai *hŋaːʔ (“horse”), Proto-Kra *ŋja C (“horse”).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposed 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ)'s cognacy with 啎 (OC *ŋaːs) "to meet head on" and 御 (OC *ŋas) "to meet in (battle)" and suggested that "the moon at its full phase opposes the sun directly in the sky, meaning *ŋaaʔ 午 is probably to be glossed, given *-ʔ , ‘facing stage’". Schuessler (2007) regarded 午 (OC ŋâh) "to go against" as a mere graphic variant of 啎 and thus deemed the sense "to go against" distinct from the "earthly branch" sense.

the seventh of the twelve earthly branches

(archaic, astrology) the seventh year of the Jovian orbital cycle


反

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived.
Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007).
番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. See also 會.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”)


名

/ᵐbiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵐbiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 夕 (“crescent moon”) + 口 (“mouth”) — to say one's own name to identify oneself in the dark.
An alternative theory has been proposed based on Shang era texts. 口 was originally used to write both 口 and 名. 夕 standing for what later came to be written 明, was added as a phonetic indicator to disambiguate the two meanings.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-meŋ (“name”). Cognate with Tibetan མིང (ming), Burmese အမည် (a.many), and Mizo hming.

(grammar) short for 名詞／名词 (míngcí, “noun”)

專有名詞 專有名詞#Chinese

专有名词 专有名词#Chinese

(grammar) short for 專有名詞／专有名词 (zhuānyǒu míngcí, “proper noun”)


呼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰaː): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔaːw (“to shout, cry out”). Cognate with Burmese အော် (au, “to shout, berate”), as well as with the following Sinitic words (STEDT):
* 嚆 (“to make noise”)
* 嚎 (“to howl, bawl”)
* 呴 (OC *qʰoːʔ, *qʰos, “to breathe on, yawn, roar”)
* 呵 (OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls, “to shout, cry out”)

och-l

(Chinese phonetics) medial; in Middle Chinese: being open-mouthed (開口／开口) or closed-mouthed (合口), also called 開合／开合); or, for modern Chinese: one of four medials (四呼)


啟

Shu-ta Yang: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戶 (“door”) + 又 (“hand”) — to open a door with the hand. Later, 口 was added and 又 evolved to 攴.

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) Qi of Xia (second king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


單

Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) of a war or hunting weapon, a, Y-shaped wooden stick with two stones attached on top. The component in the middle in some oracle bones was a huge point which represented a rope around the stick; perhaps, this weapon was used as a spear and then retrieved through this rope. Otherwise, the huge point in the middle was another stone attached to the stick. The huge point was then stylized as an horizontal trait, as 口 (the stick resembled 中) and eventually as 田. The horizontal stroke at the bottom of the character was added later.
An alternative theory suggests that it represents a net to catch animals with two weights on top, but the huge point in the middle of the character in some oracle bones may not be a web or net.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tar(l) (“single; one; whole; only”). Cognate with 但 (OC *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, “only; but”).

och-l

(linguistics) short for 單數／单数 (dānshù, “singular”)


嘆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 歎 (OC *n̥ʰaːns). It expresses the idea of feeling down and letting out a sigh.

Han compound

(grammar) short for 嘆詞／叹词 (tàncí, “interjection”)


塔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (塔):
* → Japanese: 塔(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 탑(塔) (tap)
* → Vietnamese: tháp (塔)

→ Thai: ถะ (tà, “pagoda”)

Eastern Han
Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Middle Chinese
Old Chinese

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːb): semantic 土 + phonetic 荅 (OC *tkuːb).
Borrowed from a Middle Indo-Aryan language into the late Old Chinese of Eastern Han (alternatively considered an early form of Middle Chinese), for example in the translations attributed to Lokakṣema. Cf. Ashokan Prakrit 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 (thube), Gandhari 𐨠𐨂𐨬 (thuva) and other forms, Pali thūpa, vs. Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).


夋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰlun): phonetic 允 (OC *lunʔ) + semantic 夊 (“walk”).
Alternatively, according to Li Xueqin (2012), originally a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰlun): phonetic 允 (OC *lunʔ) + semantic 女 (“woman”).

Han compound

(mythology) the given name of legendary Emperor Ku, father of Emperor Yao


夔

From a Kam-Tai source (Mei, 1980; Schuessler, 2007); compare Proto-Tai *ɣwaːjᴬ (“water buffalo”), Sui kui² (“water buffalo”). Schuessler also considered 犩 (Later Han Chinese ŋuɨ) to be the same etymon.

(Chinese mythology) the Kui, a one-legged creature


天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天):
* → Japanese: 天(てん) (ten)
* → Korean: 천(天) (cheon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên (天)

A horizontal line above a man with outstretched arms 大 to indicate the sky (compare the original versions of 上). The other ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large squared head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.
Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (OC *tiːn, *tʰiːns, “crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 (OC *qʰl'iːn) as a derivation of 顛 or 巔 (OC *tiːn, “top of the head/hill”).
This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC xen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").
Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

och-l

𠀘
𠀡
𠑺
兲
𠕹
㕦
䒶
𦴞
𩇗
𩇞
靝/靔
𠀑
𬻃

上天

天意

(mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly

天主

老天

我的天啊！

天助自助者。

(mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity; often translated as God


姜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaŋ): phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ) + semantic 女 (“female”)
Commonly assumed to be related to 羌 (OC *kʰlaŋ) (Pulleyblank, 2000), though not necessarily (Schuessler, 2007); 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) in the graphs may be just phonetic or also semantic, signifying "names referring to nomads" (Schuessler, 2009).
Pulleyblank (2000) reconstructs 姜 (OC *(C)ɰàŋ) and proposes etymological connection to 姬 (OC *(C)ɰə̀ɰ), 姜 being the "collateral, wife-supplying counterpart" to 姬 the "ruling clan", both being "two intermarrying moieties"; he also points to other word-pairs, including 似 (MC ziX, “to resemble”) < *-əɰʔ and 像 (MC zjangX, “to imitate, image”) < *-aŋʔ, which display the phonetic correspondences: *-ɰ vs. *-ŋ as well *-ə- vs. *-a- (ibid.).

Han compound

The Divine Farmer dwelt by the Jiang river, (whose name) he took as (his) surname.

神農居姜水，以為姓。

神农居姜水，以为姓。

Commentary on the Water Classic
w:Commentary on the Water Classic

(mythology) name of a river, identified as a Qi stream near Mount Qi (Commentary on the Water Classic)


姬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klɯ, *lɯ): semantic 女 (“woman; matrilateral family line; family name”) + phonetic 𦣞 (yí).
; Zhou dynastic surname
: However, Pulleyblank (2000) points out that "there seems to be no record of a Ji River outside the myth" of the Yellow Emperor Instead, he suggests an etymological connection between "the two intermarrying moieties, a ruling clan and its collateral, wife-supplying counterpart": 姬 (OC *(C)ɰə̀ɰ) and 姜 (*(C)ɰàŋ). He also points to other word-pairs, including 似 (MC ziX, “to resemble”) < *-əɰʔ and 像 (MC zjangX, “to imitate, image”) < *-aŋʔ, which display the phonetic correspondences: *-ɰ vs. *-ŋ as well *-ə- vs. *-a- (ibid.)
; lady (ancient laudatory title for women)
; "gay"

Han compound

Ji''' ("姬") was originally the surname of the Zhou; their princesses were more honorable than princesses of other states; therefore women with laudatory appellations are all called Ji''' ("姬").

Jī běn Zhōu xìng, qí nǚ guì yú lièguó zhī nǚ, suǒyǐ fùrén měihào jiē chēng jī.

姬本周姓，其女貴於列國之女，所以婦人美號皆稱姬。

姬本周姓，其女贵于列国之女，所以妇人美号皆称姬。

The Yellow Thearch dwelt by the Ji river, (whose name) he took as (his) surname.

黃帝居姬水，以為姓。

黄帝居姬水，以为姓。


娥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːl): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ)

Han compound

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) short for 娥皇 (Éhuáng, “Ehuang”)

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) short for 嫦娥 (Cháng'é, “Chang'e, the Chinese goddess of the moon”)


子

Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – an image of a baby, with a large head and spread arms. The legs are wrapped in a blanket. Compare with 了, where the arms are wrapped, and 㜽, in which a lock of hair is visible on top. Compare also 棄 and 毓, in which the image of the baby is reversed upside-down.
The big seal script form is much more elaborate, showing a baby with hair on a head (囟) and arms on the two sides of the body, sitting on a stool (几).
See also the right component of 保.
;child
:From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”).
:Cognate with 字 (OC *zlɯs, “character; letter”), 慈 (OC *zɯ, “loving; kind”), 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to grow, to breed, to propagate, to bring about, to increase”), 孳 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯs, “to breed, to propagate”).
;first earthly branch
:In oracle bone and Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 子 had been the sixth earthly branch which later supplanted the original first earthly branch, one of whose written forms – 𢀇 – survives in Shuo Wen (Matsumaru, 2015).
:Smith (2011) proposes the first earthly branch had been 甾. Observing that 甾 is closely linked with 緇 (“dark, stained”), 淄 (“murky (water)”), 菑 (zī, “field cleared by burning”) (all pronounced *tsrə), he proposes that initially the first earthly branch 甾 (OC *ts[r]əʔ) had meant "darkened, voided, the darkened stage" and had denoted the new moon phase (ibid.). Meanwhile, 子 (OC tsəʔ) had originated from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning "to come forth" and had denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase) (ibid.).
:Sometime in Warring States period, a change occured that 子 became the first earthly branch and 巳 (OC *s-ləʔ) filled the void of the sixth earthly branch (Matsumaru, 2015), "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011).
:Association with the rat was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013).

och-l

㜽
𡿹
𡐫
𣕓
𰱤
𢀇
𢀈
𠙭
𢀉

(astrology) First earthly branch: rat in the Chinese zodiac, 11th solar month, midnight (11:00 pm to 1:00 am)


平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平):
* → Japanese: 平(へい) (hei)
* → Korean: 평(平) (pyeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (平)

→ Iu Mien: baengh (“level”)

desc

→ Proto-Palaungic: *-pre/iŋ (“equal, level”) (Sidwell, 2015)

→ Proto-Tai: *biangᴬ (“flat, even”)

Lao: ພຽງ (phīang, “flat, even, equal”)

Lü: ᦵᦗᧂ (peng, “flat, even, equal”)

Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨦ (“flat, even, equal”)

Shan: ပဵင်း (páeng, “flat, even, equal”)

Thai: เพียง (piiang, “equal, as, only, just”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပျဉ် (pyany, “flat board”) (STEDT).

cog

平上去入

the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked

陽平／阳平

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


康

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 庚 (“threshing tools”) + 米 (“rice”) – chaff. The clearest version is 𢊪, in which the two components can be identified well; in the semi-conservative variant 𥹺, the rice at the bottom is still well visible. The derivative 糠 refers to the original word.
Unrelated to 隶, in which the bottom part is a reference to a tail (毛); also unrelated to 水.
; quiet, calm, peaceful
; Kham
; "to look, to see"

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) Tai Kang (third king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)

(Chinese mythology) Zhong Kang (fourth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)

(Chinese mythology) Shao Kang (sixth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


式

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljɯɡ): phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ) + semantic 工 (“work”).

Han compound

敘述式

叙述式


形

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (形):
* → Vietnamese: hình (形)

Characters in the same phonetic series (井) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 幵 + 彡. In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开.
It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡeːŋ): phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡, if the original character was 𢒈.

Han compound

(grammar) short for 形容詞／形容词 (xíngróngcí, “adjective”)


性

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (性):
* → Japanese: 性(せい) (sei); 性(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 성(性) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: tính (性)

→ Tangut: 𗵤 (*sjij¹)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sleŋs): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs) – nature, personal quality, hence of the heart.
Derived from 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live; to be born; innate”).


態

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *n̥ʰɯːs): phonetic 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – one’s heart-felt attitude.
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-nyaŋ (“can; be able to”); see 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ, “able, capable”) for more.


或

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (或):
* → Vietnamese: hoặc (或)

Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“dagger-axe (used to defend the territory)”) + 囗 (“city wall”) + 一, “territory”. The most ancient version is 戓, then modified into 或; the stroke was added perhaps when the pronunciation of the character evolved.
Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ), 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ), and perhaps 淢 refer to the original word. The last character can be seen in the ancient name of the Han river, 㵄.
或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “someone; some”) is the result of the distributive suffix *-k being added to 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”).
Cognate with 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) (Schuessler, 2007).


扃

/t͡ɕi̯ʊŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ʊŋ²¹⁴/

(Chinese mythology) Jiong of Xia (twelfth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) rhyme group; rhyme class (one of 16 sets of 韻 in Middle Chinese)


數

Exopassive derivation of Etymology 1 with suffix *-s, meaning "what is counted" (Schuessler, 2007).

單數／单数 ― dānshù ― singular


方

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (方):
* → Japanese: 方(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 방(方) (bang)
* → Vietnamese: phương (方)

→ English: Fang, Fong, Png

→ Vietnamese: vuông

Characters in the same phonetic series (方) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 一 + 刀 (“sword”) – blade; tip of a blade. Original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “awn (of cereal); tip (of blade)”); later borrowed to mean “side”. Other theories regarding the origin of this character also exist.
It is unrelated to 㫃 (“fluttering flag”), from which characters like 旗 (OC *ɡɯ, “flag”) and 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “troops”) are derived.
; "side; square; region"
; "parallel boats"
; "just now"; "now"
; "method; law"

och-l

(lexicography) short for 方言 (fāngyán, “dialect”)


旁

Chu Silk Manuscript
Qin (state)
Shang dynasty
Spring and Autumn period
Warring States period
Wei (state)
Western Zhou
Wu (state)

Probably phono-semantic (形聲 /形声) following the pronunciation of 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
The upper component, which perhaps indicates the semantic field, is unclear and has evolved significantly in time, including 冖 (Shang), 凡 (Western Zhou), or forms resembling 辛 (Spring and Autumn bronze of Wu) or 用 (Warring States bronze inscription of Wei and proto-clerical script of Qin). In the Chu Silk Manuscript the form was much simplified.
The modern form was a descendant from the clerical script. Hence, a knife or chisel to mark prisoners 辛 is written above the phonetic component 方, perhaps to indicate the concept of moving to remote. However, as already stated, the semantic component in this character is unclear and evolved during time, hence more explanations linked to the earlier versions can be formulated.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *paŋ ~ *pak (“side”) (STEDT). Cognate with Mizo bǎng (“wall, stockage”), as well as possibly Burmese ဘက် (bhak, “side”).


時

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (時):
* → Japanese: 時(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 시(時) (si)
* → Vietnamese: thời (時), thì (時)

→ Vietnamese: giờ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯ): semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs). The phonetic component however represents a footprint pointing up, which could be linked to the concept of the movement of the sun and hence the passing of time.
In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead (as well as a reference to the passing of time). The component 寸 was added later.
; "time", "duration"
; "this"

Han compound

過去時

过去时


杼

(Chinese mythology) Zhu of Xia (seventh king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


格

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).
; “to go; to come; to arrive”
: Baxter (1992) proposes that this is related to 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “road”). Compare 客 (OC *kʰraːɡ, “guest, visitor”), 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “travel, lodge”), and 行 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs, *ɡraːŋ, *ɡraːŋs, “to go”)
; “to obstruct; to hinder”
; “frame; square”
; “style; form; pattern; standard; personality; character”

och-l

共格

益格


槐

(Chinese mythology) Huai of Xia (eighth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


氣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (氣):
* → Japanese: 気(き) (ki)
* → Korean: 기(氣) (gi)
* → Vietnamese: khí (氣)

→ English: chi, qi, ki

→ Finnish: ki

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds): phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift.
Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Han compound

气
气
炁
𣱛
𣱖
𤽍
𣅠
㫓
*暣
気

元氣

元气

氣虛

气虚

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(Chinese philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine) qi; vital energy; life force


河

Wutunhua: xhe

Hejin
Tong Pass
Xiongnu language
Yeniseian languages
Zhengzhou

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
Further etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
* Sino-Tibetan. Either:
** Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986), or
** Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995), or
** that the Yellow River's name stems from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu" (Takashima, 2012).
* A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
** Miyake (2017) surmises that Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) and 河 (OC *[C.g]ˤaj < *[C.g]ˤal)), even if related, might have come from a third source language, e.g. Xiongnu. If so, compare also Proto-Yeniseian *xur₁ (“water”) in light of speculated Xiongnu's linguistic affinity with the Yeniseian languages.

cog

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)


泄

(Chinese mythology) Xie of Xia (tenth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


泥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).
On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Chinese mythology) a kind of animal that lived in sea


淫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *lɯm): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 㸒 (yín).
; “to soak; excessive; to let loose; licentious”

Han compound

(mythology, historical) Alternative name for 瑤池／瑶池 (Yáochí, “a legendary body of water”).


清

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Ching, Cing, Qing

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”), Burmese စင် (cang, “clean, pure”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007).


潘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潘):
* → Korean: 반(潘) (ban)
* → Vietnamese: Phan (潘)

→ English: Pan, Poon, Pun, Phua

→ Mandarin: ㄆㄨㄣ (pūn) (Taiwanese slang from Hokkien)

→ Tagalog: Pua (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːn): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).


濁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rdoːɡ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).


炎

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (炎):
* → Japanese: 炎(えん) (en)
* → Korean: 염(炎) (yeom)
* → Vietnamese: viêm (炎)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 火 (“fire”) + 火 (“fire”). Vertical duplication of 火 (“fire”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ljam (“tongue; lick; flame”) (STEDT). Cognate with Chepang लेम्ह्सा (lemh‑, “to lick”), Burmese အလျှံ (a.hlyam, “flame; iridescence”). Within Chinese, cognate with 焰 (OC *loms, “to flame up”), 舔 (OC *l̥ʰiːmʔ, “to lick”). Compare also Khmer លាម (liəm, “to flare up”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(mythology) Yan Emperor (ancient legendary Chinese ruler)


熟

→ Thai: สุก (sùk)

→ Zhuang: sug

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯwɢ): phonetic 孰 (OC *djɯwɢ, “cooked; ripe”) + semantic 灬 (“fire”) – cooked with fire.
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Proto-Kiranti (*tʰok ~ tʰuk, "ripen; cooked") (Schuessler, 2007)

Han compound

熟黎

(historical ethnography) civilized; settled


爿

Pictogram (象形) – a bed. The original form of 牀 (OC *zraŋ). In the character 臧, it appears as a contracted form.

(Hokkien, Eastern Min, Puxian Min, linguistics) radical


片

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pʰɛːnᴮ¹

Ahom: 𑜇𑜢𑜐𑜫 (phiñ)

Lao: ແຜ່ນ (phǣn)

Northern Thai: ᨹᩯ᩠᩵ᨶ

Shan: ၽႅၼ်ႇ (phèn)

Tai Dam: ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ

Tai Nüa: ᥚᥦᥢᥱ (phǎen)

Thai: แผ่น (pɛ̀n)

/pʰiːn³³⁻³⁵/

/pʰen³³⁻³³⁵/

/pʰiːn³³⁻³⁵/

/pʰen³³⁻³³⁵/

Mirror image of 爿 (OC *braːn, “piece”), which is the pictogram of a bed.
Shuowen: half of 木 (“wood; tree”) to denote “to pare; to slice”; but this interpretation is not based on oracle bones and bronzes.

廣府片／广府片 [Cantonese] ― gwong² fu² pin³ [Jyutping] ― Guangfu subgroup (of Yue Chinese)

(linguistics) subgroup; subdivision of a language


犼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 犭 (“canine”) + phonetic 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ)


狴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *piː): semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 坒 (OC *bis, *biɡ).

Han compound

(literary, Chinese mythology) legendary tiger-like beast whose image used to be painted on prison doors


狽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːds): semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 貝 (OC *paːds).

Han compound

(mythology) a legendary wolf-like animal with short forelegs and long hind legs


猎

(Chinese mythology) a kind of bear-like animal


猙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsreːŋ, *zeŋʔ): semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 爭 (OC *ʔsreːŋ).

Han compound

Yǒu shòu yān, qí zhuàng rú chìbào, wǔ wěi yī jiǎo, qí yīn rú jī shí, qí míng rú zhēng.

有獸焉，其狀如赤豹，五尾一角，其音如擊石，其名如猙。

有兽焉，其状如赤豹，五尾一角，其音如击石，其名如狰。

(literary, Chinese mythology) a red leopard-like creature with one horn


玥

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) magic pearl


生

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. A conservative version is 𤯓, which is unrelated to 㞷 (匩 > 匡) and 𡴀 > 丰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sreŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese is *sraeng, but it comes from an earlier *srjaeng, as seen in Wang Renxu's edition of the Qieyun.

och-l

生黎

(historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage


相

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.
An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007). Note also similarities to Burmese သင့် (sang., “to befall, be suitable”).
Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

cog

(Chinese mythology) Xiang of Xia (fifth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


禹

The Shuowen interprets the character as pictographic (象形) of an animal. The bronze-script character clearly shows the 虫 component.
;insect

(Chinese mythology) Yu the Great (the legendary king associated with a flood myth and the foundation of the Xia dynasty)


等

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (等):
* → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
* → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

→ Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tVŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

liushu

OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ

inh

the third division member of a rime doublet

重紐三等

重纽三等

Middle Chinese finals
w:Middle Chinese finals

(Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


聲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聲):
* → Japanese: 声(しょう) (shō); 声(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 성(聲) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: thanh (聲)

→ Thai: เสียง (sǐiang)

desc

→ Vietnamese: tiếng (“voice; language; sound”)

→ Zhuang: sing

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰjeŋ): phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 耳 (“ear”).


能

Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). In the character, two paws are visible as a pair of 匕 and the face with the open mouth is stylized as 月.
; "bear-like animal"
; “be able to; can; ability”
: Possibly Proto-Sino-Tibetan (which STEDT tentatively reconstructs as *m-nyaŋ (“can, be able”)): compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “to be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this; see also 忍 (OC *njɯnʔ, “to suffer, endure”).
: Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”).

och-l

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) A mythological bear-like animal, with deer-like legs.


腔

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰroːŋ): semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; hollow”).
Cognate with 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; hollow”) (Wang, 1982).

Han compound

Alternative form: ⿰音空

腔調

腔调

四縣腔

四县腔

榕腔


與

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *la, *laʔ, *las): phonetic 舁 (OC *la, “raised hands”) + phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː). Both components are phonetic. The closest version to the original is 𦥸.
; "to be with; to associate with"
; "to give"

Han compound

与
𠔔
𠔜
𦥸
𦦲
𫝌
𫟋
𫤰
𭁇
𭁈
𭁉
𭁕
𮍫
𮍬
𮍭
𮍰


芒

(Chinese mythology) Mang of Xia (ninth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


若

Pictogram (象形) – a person combing their hair; obedient.
Later 口 was added and the original component came to be written 叒.
; “you; your”
; "like this; such; if"
; "that"

Then He Bo began to turn his face round, looked across the expanse, as if he were confronting Ruo, and sighed.

Zhuangzi, circa 3ʳᵈ – 2ⁿᵈ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Yúshì yān Hé Bó shǐ xuán qí miànmù, wàng yáng xiàng Ruò ér tàn.

於是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而歎。

于是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹。

I invite the Genius of River Xiang to play the se, and the oceanic Ruo to dance with Feng Yi of the Yellow River.

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Shǐ Xiāng líng gǔ sè xī, lìng hǎi Ruò wǔ Féng Yí.

使湘靈鼓瑟兮，令海若舞馮夷。

使湘灵鼓瑟兮，令海若舞冯夷。

(Chinese mythology) Ruo, mythological divine being of the northern seas


蓱

From Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ភ្លៀង (phliəng, “rain”) (Schuessler, 2007), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(p)liɲ ~ *(p)liəɲ ~ (p)liiɲ (“sky, rain”) .

cog

The pluvial sprite cries out for the rain to fall; how does he bring it about?

蓱號起雨，何以興之？

蓱号起雨，何以兴之？


虯

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡrɯw): semantic 虫 + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw).
Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཀླུ (klu, “serpent, naga”), yet see 蛟 (OC *kreːw); most likely etymology is "twisting, wriggling" (Carr, 1990; Schuessler, 2007). Note 糾 (OC *kɯw, *krɯwʔ) "to twist, plait, wind, entwine".


虺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hŋuːl, *hŋruːl, *hŋlulʔ): phonetic 兀 (OC *ŋuːd) + semantic 虫.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”). Cognate with Tibetan སྦྲུལ (sbrul), Japhug qapri, Chepang रु (ru), Burmese မြွေ (mrwe), S'gaw Karen ဂုၢ် (ghu̱).

Han compound

What dreams are lucky?
They have been about black bears and brown bears,
They have been about asps and adders.

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Jí mèng wéi hé,
Wéi xióng wéi pí,
Wéi huǐ wéi shé.

吉夢維何、
維熊維羆、
維虺維蛇。

吉梦维何、
维熊维罴、
维虺维蛇。

1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 創世記 [Genesis] 49:17:

Dan will be a serpent on the trail, an adder in the path, that bites the horse’s heels, so that his rider falls backward. [World English Bible]

Dàn bì zuò dào shang de shé, lù zhōng de huǐ, yǎoshāng mǎtí, shǐ qímǎ de zhuìluò yú hòu.

但必作道上的蛇、路中的虺、咬傷馬蹄、使騎馬的墜落於後。

但必作道上的蛇、路中的虺、咬伤马蹄、使骑马的坠落于后。

(Chinese mythology) a kind of venomous snake


蜃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯns, *djɯnʔ, *djins): phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).
May also be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意), with 辰 possibly being an agricultural tool made from clam, see there for more.
Possibly related to 辰 (OC *djɯn, “5th earthly branch; dragon”) (Schuessler, 2007); see there for more.
Carr (1990) organizes characters in the 辰 phonetic series into two groups, one of which is "dragon", which includes 蜃 as well as 晨 (OC *djɯn, “dragon star”).

och-l

蜃景

By the sea, the clamʼs mist resembles towers; in the wild expanse, mist becomes palaces thus.

Hǎipáng shènqì xiàng lóutái, guǎngyě qì chéng gōngquè rán.

海旁蜃氣象樓臺，廣野氣成宮闕然。

海旁蜃气象楼台，广野气成宫阙然。

Before the door, the drakes blow mist; on the coir, the orchids emit fragrance.

齊己 (Qí Jǐ) 《湘江漁父》 "The Fisherman on Xiang River", in 《全唐詩》 Quan Tangshi.

Ménqián jiāoshèn qì, suōshàng huìlán xīn.

門前蛟蜃氣，蓑上蕙蘭馨。

门前蛟蜃气，蓑上蕙兰馨。

(mythology) the shen, a shapeshifting aquatic monster originally imagined as a clam and later as a type of dragon


蜚

(Chinese mythology) name of mythical beast


蜮

(Chinese mythology) a small three-legged turtle-like creature that lives in water and spits sand at humans, often forcefully enough to kill them.


螣

(mythology) used in 螣蛇 (téngshé, “a kind of flying serpent or dragon of Chinese mythology”)


螭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *r̥ʰel): semantic 虫 (“creature”) + phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *n-d-raj (“demon; evil spirit; ghost”).

inh

(Chinese mythology) legendary hornless dragon (often used as a decorative motif in ancient times)


訓

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kul (“to instruct, explain, admonish”). Compare Tibetan སྐུལ་བ (skul ba, “to exhort”).

訓誨

chiefly of superiors to subordinates, or old to young

(linguistics) To interpret / read a Chinese character or phrase by associating it with a (usually) non-Sinitic native morpheme or phrase with identical meaning. Applied in Sinitic dialects to Mandarin or Literary Chinese characters, and in the Sinosphere to Literary Chinese. For example, reading (訓／训) the character 人 (“person”) as Min Nan lâng (“person”), Korean 사람 (saram, “person”), or Japanese ひと (hito, “person”).


詞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯ): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ).

Han compound

(traditional lexicology, obsolete) function word; particle


語

/ᵑɡui²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/ᵑɡui²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas): semantic 言 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋaq (“to speak”). Compare Tibetan ངག (ngag, “speech”).
According to Schuessler (2007), 言 (OC *ŋan, “to speak; speech; talk”) is 語 (OC *ŋaʔ) with a nominal n-suffix.

Han compound

(linguistics) spoken language (contrary to written language 文)


調

/ti̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ti̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *dɯːw, *dɯːws, *tɯw): semantic 言 + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw).


貅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰu): semantic 豸 + phonetic 休 (OC *qʰu).

Han compound

The pixiu: they look like tigers; some say they look like bears; their furs are colored ashen white. People in Liaodong call them white brown bears. The male is called pí, and the female xiū; that was why ancient people many times mentioned them together.

1917, 徐珂 (Xu Ke), 《清稗類鈔》 (Categorized anthology of petty matters from the Qing period).

Píxiū, xíng sì hǔ, huò yuē sì xióng, máo sè huībái. Liáodōng rén wèi zhī báipí. Xióngzhě yuē pí, cízhě yuē xiū, gù gǔrén duō lián jǔ zhī.

貔貅，形似虎，或曰似熊，毛色灰白。遼東人謂之白羆。雄者曰貔，雌者曰貅，故古人多連舉之。

貔貅，形似虎，或曰似熊，毛色灰白。辽东人谓之白罴。雄者曰貔，雌者曰貅，故古人多连举之。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) female panther-like feline; female counterpart of 貔 (pí)


貶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *promʔ): semantic 貝 (“shell”) + phonetic 乏 (OC *bob).


賓

In oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): a person 人 in a building 宀 – a guest. Bronze inscriptions added 貝 (“money; valuables”), signifying gifts.
Variants that replaced 人 with 万 (OC *mans, *mɯːɡ) were also common, and posited to be the original form of 丏 (OC *meːnʔ), which would also act as the character's phonetic component, which has corrupted into ⿱一𣥂 in the modern form.
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mpin): phonetic 𡧍 (OC *meːnʔ) + semantic 貝.
From n-nominalization of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pi (“to give”). Cognate with 嬪 (OC *bin, “to become a bride”), which is an endopassive of 賓 (OC *mpin, “lit, "to be received like a guest"”). See 畀 (OC *pids, “to give”) for more cognates.

och-l

宾
賔
𧶉
𧶎
𥦎
𡪛
𡧍
𡫅
𢊟
𧶑
𠆄


連

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 辶 (“to walk”) + 車 (“chariot”) – man-drawn carriage.
According to Duan Yucai, 聯 /联 (lián) and 連 are two characters for a same word, with the former used in the Zhou dynasty and the latter in the Han dynasty.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjan (“equal; to place in a row; to align; row”); related to 聯 (OC *ɡ·ron) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).

inh

(grammar) short for 連詞／连词 (liáncí, “conjunction”)


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (> White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓

The Way that can be told is not the constant Way. The name that can be named is not the constant name.

Dào kě dào, fēi cháng dào. Míng kě míng, fēi cháng míng.

道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。

(philosophy, Taoism) the Way; the Tao; the Dao: the way of nature and/or the ideal way to live one's life


量

Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意):
* 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
* Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
* Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).
* Huang Dekuan suspects the 日 is actually 昜 (OC *laŋ) as the phonetic component.
Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs): phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + semantic 重 (“weight; heavy”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT under *(g/k)raŋ; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).
Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))


門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (門):
* → Japanese: 門(もん) (mon)
* → Korean: 문(門) (mun)
* → Vietnamese: môn (門)

Wutunhua: men

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a gate. Compare 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “(one) door”), which is half of this character (𠁣).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mur (“mouth; lip; to hold in mouth; to chew; face; gills”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan མུར་བ (mur ba, “to masticate”), Tibetan མུར་འགྲམ (mur 'gram, “jawbone; cheek”), Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”) and 吻 (OC *mɯnʔ, “lips; corner of the lips”).
; “-gate”


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch and/or wooden pole that shuts a door”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the Small Seal script; however, in the conservative variant 𨵑, the two hands and the latch are well visible.
Compare 闢. See also 關, in which the door is kept shut by two wooden poles.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨

(Chinese phonetics) short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”)


陰

→ Proto-Tai: *rɤmᴮ (“shade”)

desc

Thai: ร่ม (rôm, “shade, umbrella, parachute”)

According to Shuowen, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qrɯm): semantic 阜 + phonetic 侌 (yīn).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r(u/i)m (“dark; shade; dusk; twilight”); compare Tibetan རུམ (rum, “darkness”), Jingpho rim (“to be dusk”) (Benedict, 1972; Bodman, 1980; STEDT).
Schuessler (2007) compares it instead to Burmese အုံ့ (um., “to become overcast”), Adi mugyum (“shade; shadow”), Lepcha ᰠᰨᰌᰤᰪᰮ (so-dyŭm, “shade”).

cog

阴
侌
𠊺
𣍤
𤽎
阥
𨹉
隂
𨻔
𨼖
𨽙
𨽭
𨹩
𩃬
𣱙
𢉩
𠆭

(philosophy) "female" principle; yin in yin-yang

(Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) open; not having a consonant coda


陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (陽):
* → Japanese: 陽(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(陽) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (陽)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 阜 (“hill”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”) – sun shining on a hill.
Either Sino-Tibetan or a Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) Wanderwort; compare Burmese လင်း (lang:, “bright”), Lepcha ᰣᰦᰜᰩᰵ (a-lóṅ, “reflective light”), Thai ปลั่ง (bplàng, “bright; shiny”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, klaan-II (“shine; light; bright”) and compares it to the following:
* 陽 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”)
* 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; scenery”)
* 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”)
* 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”)
* 章 (OC *kjaŋ, “brilliant, splendid; rule; emblem; display (v.)”)

och-l

阳
𣆄
氜
阦
𨹈
𥌖
𨼗
𨼘
𨼡
𨽐
羊

(philosophy) “male” principle; yang in yin-yang

(Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) closed with a nasal consonantal coda


雎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰa): phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 隹 (“bird”).

Han compound

Mount Jīng's summit is called mount Jǐng, … wherefrom the river Jū flows out ….

Jīngshān zhī shǒu, yuē jǐngshān,....... Jūshuǐ chū yān,.......

荊山之首，曰景山，……。雎水出焉，……。

荆山之首，曰景山，……。雎水出焉，……。


非

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (非):
* → Japanese: 非(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 비(非) (bi)
* → Vietnamese: phi (非)

Characters in the same phonetic series (非) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) - two wings facing opposite directions. Originally, it represented wings; then, according to Xu Shen, its meaning changed into "leave; disobey" (違). Eventually, it was used perhaps as a phonetic loan to mean "not to be".
Unrelated to the Kangxi radical 韭.
非 (OC *pɯj) is the fusion of the negation particle 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and the copula 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”), attested in oracle bone inscriptions.


音

Characters in the same phonetic series (音) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事): 言 (“word”) with something in 口 (“mouth”) written like 甘 – sound coming from the mouth. The vertical trait, that used to represent the body of the tongue, then disappeared as in 言, and 甘 was stylized as 曰.

京音

潮音

中古音

方音

陽江音

阳江音


韻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷɯns): semantic 音 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).

Han compound

(linguistics) rhyme; rime; final sound of a syllable (in a syllabic language)

(linguistics) rhyme group (in a rime dictionary)


體

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *r̥ʰiːʔ): semantic 骨 (“bone”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sri (“to exist”) (Benedict, 1976); cognate with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-ri(t), whence Tibetan སྲིད་པ (srid pa) and Burmese ရှိ (hri., “to be, to exist”).
Schuessler (2007) derives Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sreŋ (“live, alive, green, raw”) from this root, yet points out that 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs)'s initial *sr- cluster was retained instead of becoming voiceless /r̥/ as in 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ), possibly owing to re-analysis of *s- as a causative prefix.

cog

進行體

进行体

(Mainland China, grammar) aspect of a verb


魂

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (魂):
* → Japanese: 魂(こん) (kon)
* → Korean: 혼(魂) (hon)
* → Vietnamese: hồn (魂)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuːn): phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun) + semantic 鬼.
Cognate with 雲 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”) (Carr, 1985).

Han compound

(religion, folklore) the hun, the soul which goes to heaven, as opposed to the 魄 (pò), which goes down to the earth with the body at death.


魄

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra).
Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007).
; "illuminated part of the moon"
; "dark part of the moon"

(religion, folklore) the po, the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to 魂 (hún) which does.


魅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrɯds): phonetic 未 (OC *mɯds) + semantic 鬼 (“spirit”).

Han compound

魑魅

鬼魅

(mythology) a kind of legendary evil spirit


魊

(mythology) a mythical creature which supposedly hurts humans by casting sand out of its mouth


魑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *r̥ʰel): semantic 鬼 (“ghost”) + phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *n-d-raj (“demon; evil spirit; ghost”) (STEDT). Compare perhaps Burmese သရဲ (sa.rai:, “ghost”).


鮨

(Chinese mythology) a kind of fish (or aquatic animal) that has baby-like voice (hence compared to giant salamander)


鯀

Same word as 鮌 and 鯤 (OC *kuːn) (Schuessler, 2009), the latter of which is possibly related to 鵾 (“large bird”) (Liu, 1999).

(Chinese mythology) Gun (the father of Yu the Great)


鯈

Péngshuǐ chū yān, ér xī liúzhù yú Píhú zhī shuǐ, qízhōng duō tiáoyú, qí zhuàng rú jī ér chì máo, sān wěi, liù zú, sì shǒu, qí yīn rú què, shí zhī kěyǐ yǐ yōu.

彭水出焉，而西流注于芘湖之水，其中多儵魚，其狀如鷄而赤毛，三尾、六足、四首，其音如鵲，食之可以已憂。

彭水出焉，而西流注于芘湖之水，其中多儵鱼，其状如鸡而赤毛，三尾、六足、四首，其音如鹊，食之可以已忧。

(Chinese mythology) name for a chicken-like fish


鯤

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鯤):
* → Japanese: 鯤(こん) (kon)
* → Korean: 곤(鯤) (gon)
* → Vietnamese: côn (鯤)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kuːn): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).
; “fish roe”
; “kun (sea monster)”

Han compound

The size of the kun, I do not know how many thousand li it is.

鯤之大，不知其幾千里也。

鲲之大，不知其几千里也。

(Chinese mythology) kun, a large fish that transforms into a roc (鵬／鹏 (péng))


鯪

(obsolete, mythology) legendary fish with human-like face and hands


鯱

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鯱 (shachi).
Spelling pronunciation, as 虎 (hǔ).

obor

(Japanese mythology) shachihoko (carp with the head of a tiger)


鰲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːw): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 魚 (“fish”)
Possibly a back-formation from 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) with final -n discarded due to folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) large mythological sea turtle


鱅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljoŋ, *loŋ): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 庸 (OC *loŋ).

Han compound

鰅鱅短狐，王虺騫只。

𱈂鳙短狐，王虺骞只。

(Chinese mythology) fish that makes the sound of a pig


鱬

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) a creature with a human face and a fish body


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) male fenghuang (a mythological bird)


鴆

Guo Pu
Rites of Zhou
Siku Quanshu
Wu Renchen
Zuozhuan

Same word as 酖 (OC *l'ums, “to poison (v.); poison (n.)”) (e.g. in Zuozhuan, "Xi 30"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%83%96%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_30), exopassive of 沈 (OC *l'um, “to put poison in liquid”) (e.g. in Rites of Zhou https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=37265) (Schuessler, 2007). See 沈 & 沉 (chén) for further etymology.

och-l

I bade the zhen'''-bird to be my go-between; the zhen'''-bird told me: "Not good!"

Wú lìng zhèn wéi méi xī, zhèn gào yú yǐ bùhǎo.

吾令鴆為媒兮，鴆告余以不好。

吾令鸩为媒兮，鸩告余以不好。

120-li more northeastwards, [there's a place] called Mount Nüji; … as for the birds, there are many white jiāo-pheasants, many dí-pheasants, and many zhèn'''-hawks.

Yòu dōngběi bǎi'èrshí lǐ, yuē Nǚjī zhī shān,...... Qí niǎo duō báijiāo, duō dí, duō zhèn.

又東北百二十里，曰女几之山，……其鳥多白鷮，多翟，多鴆。

又东北百二十里，曰女几之山，……其鸟多白𱉬，多翟，多鸩。

(Chinese mythology) the zhenniao (a hawk-like, snake-eating bird with poisonous feathers)


鵬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鵬):
* → Korean: 붕(鵬) (bung)
* → Vietnamese: bằng (鵬)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 朋 (OC *bɯːŋ, “phoenix”) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”)
This has been related to 風 (OC *plum, “wind”) (Schuessler, 2007) and also by Wang (1982) to 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”).

Han compound

I don't know how many thousand li the Pengʹs back is.

鵬之背，不知其幾千里也。

鹏之背，不知其几千里也。

(Chinese mythology) peng (enormous bird)


鶬

(Chinese mythology) a kind of mythological bird


鶼

(Chinese mythology) the jian, a mythical bird with one eye and one wing


鸓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rul, *rulʔ): phonetic 畾 (OC *ruːl, “bird”) + semantic 鳥.

Han compound

𱊳
䴎
𤴒
𪉀
𩁜
𪆼
𪈦
蠝
𧕫
𤡂
𤢹

(Chinese mythology) a bird with two heads and four legs that resembles the magpie


龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍):
* → Japanese: 竜(りゅう) (ryū)
* → Korean: 룡>용(龍) (ryong>yong)
* → Vietnamese: long (龍)

→ Indonesian: liong

desctree

→ Proto-Vietic: *-roːŋ
Tho:
Cuoi Cham: ʐoŋ²
Lang Lo: ʐoŋ²
Viet-Muong:
Muong: rồng
Middle Vietnamese: 蠬 (ròu᷄), 𧏵 (ròu᷄)
Vietnamese: rồng

→ Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰇 (lü)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ /луу (luu)

→ Zhuang: lungz

Old Turkic language
Proto-Hmong-Mien language
Proto-Vietic language
Turkish language
Vietnamese language
White Hmong language

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Compare 𦝠 (luó), which represents a particular kind of dragon.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed]|[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

cog-lite

龙
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸

(mythology) Chinese dragon (Classifier: 條／条 m c h; 尾 mn)

恐龍

恐龙

翼手龍

翼手龙

(zoology, paleontology) extinct reptilian creature; -saur


陰陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (陰陽):
* → Japanese: 陰陽(いんよう) (in'yō)
* → Korean: 음양(陰陽) (eumyang)
* → Vietnamese: âm dương (陰陽)

→ English: yin-yang, ying-yang

→ French: yin-yang

→ Portuguese: yin-yang

→ Russian: инь-ян (inʹ-jan)

/in⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/im²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʒim⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵⁵/

/im⁴⁴⁻³⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyɒŋ¹³/

/iŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyøŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/im³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/in⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/im²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʒim⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵⁵/

/im⁴⁴⁻³⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyɒŋ¹³/

/iŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyøŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/im³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Yin later came to be associated with “female, dark, soft, passive, etc.”, and yang later came to be associated with “male, light, hard, active, etc.”.

That which can not be measured (in straightforward terms such as) (bad and good; negative and positive etc.) is called mysterious (or divine).

陰陽不測之謂神。

阴阳不测之谓神。

(Chinese philosophy) yin and yang (☯) (two opposing forces in nature)


上手

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² sɐu̯³⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/zɑ̃²² sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² sɐu̯³⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/zɑ̃²² sɤ⁴⁴/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/t͡siũ²² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/t͡siũ²² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/


品詞

/pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


動詞

Sino-Xenic (動詞):
* → Japanese: 動(どう)詞(し) (dōshi)
* → Korean: 동사(動詞) (dongsa)
* → Vietnamese: động từ (動詞)

→ Zhuang: dungswz

/tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/tʰuŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/tɒŋ¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/tɒŋ²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su²³/

/tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/tɔŋ²² sɯ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/tʰuŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/tɒŋ¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/tɒŋ²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su²³/

/tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/tɔŋ²² sɯ²⁴/

be動詞／be动词


麒麟

Ming Dynasty
Phono-semantic matching
Song Dynasty
Zheng He

Sino-Xenic (麒麟):
* → Japanese: 麒(き)麟(りん) (kirin)
* → Korean: 기린(麒麟) (girin)
* → Vietnamese: kì lân (麒麟)

→ Bouyei: jizlanz (“lion”)

→ Thai: กิเลน (gì-leen)

→ Zhuang: geizlaenz, gizlinz

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

Old Chinese pronunciation for this word was *g(ɯ)-rin (Zhengzhang), and in pre-Qin times the beast was also referred to as
* 麟 (OC *rin),
* 麐 (OC *m·rin, *m·rins),
* 𪊓, or
* 蔽 (OC *peds),
the last two having been attested in the oracle bone script already.
There is much debate as to what animal the qilin beast was; some maintain that the qilin was a beast only found in mythology, even though it may have been based on some animal in pre-historic times, and some argue that the qilin was in reality the river deer, the ox or cow, or the Indian rhinoceros (Wang, 2009).
Janhunen (2011) tentatively compares 麒麟 (OC *ɡɯ rin) to a Northeast Asian etymon *kalimV, which denotes either "whale" or "mammoth"; however, he cautiously remarks that "[t]he formal and semantic similarity between *kilin < *gilin ~ *gïlin 'unicorn' and *kalimV 'whale' (but also Samoyedic *kalay- 'mammoth') is sufficient to support, though perhaps not confirm, the hypothesis of an etymological connection". He also notes a possible connection between Old Chinese and Mongolian (*)kers ~ (*)keris ~ (*)kiris "rhinoceros" (> Khalkha Mongolian хирс (xirs)).

Is it only among men that it is so? There is the Qilin among quadrupeds, the Fenghuang (phoenix) among birds, the Tai mountain among mounds and ant-hills, and rivers and seas among rain-pools. Though different in degree, they are the same in kind.

Qǐ wéi mín zāi? Qílín zhī yú zǒushòu, fènghuáng zhī yú fēiniǎo, Tàishān zhī yú qiūdié, hé hǎi zhī yú xíngliáo, lèi yě.

豈惟民哉？麒麟之於走獸，鳳凰之於飛鳥，太山之於丘垤，河海之於行潦，類也。

岂惟民哉？麒麟之于走兽，凤凰之于飞鸟，太山之于丘垤，河海之于行潦，类也。

(Chinese mythology) qilin (propitious mythological beast) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn)


狒狒

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ feɪ̯⁵¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ feɪ̯¹/

/fɐt̚⁵ fɐt̚⁵/

/fɐi̯²² fɐi̯²²/

/fɐi̯³³ fɐi̯³³/

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ feɪ̯⁵¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ feɪ̯¹/

/fɐt̚⁵ fɐt̚⁵/

/fɐi̯²² fɐi̯²²/

/fɐi̯³³ fɐi̯³³/

(archaic, Chinese mythology) name of a monster mentioned in the Erya (爾雅)


摩擦音

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/


破裂音

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ liːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ liːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

(phonetics) Alternative name for 塞音 (sèyīn, “plosive”).


鼻音

Sino-Xenic (鼻音):
* → Japanese: 鼻音(びおん) (bion)
* → Korean: 비음(鼻音) (bieum)

/pʰi⁴¹⁻²² im³³/

/pʰĩ³³⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ²²⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ³³⁻¹¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰi⁴¹⁻²² im³³/

/pʰĩ³³⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ²²⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ³³⁻¹¹ im⁴⁴/


舌音

/t͡sʰiʔ⁴⁻² im³³/

/t͡sʰiʔ⁴⁻² im³³/


世界

Sino-Xenic (世界):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai)
* → Okinawan: 世(し)界(けー) (shikē)
* → Korean: 세계(世界) (segye)
* → Vietnamese: thế giới (世界)

→ Zhuang: seiqgyaiq

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

Coined by Buddhist translators (c. 3rd century) to translate Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “world”). In its original Buddhist sense, the word encompassed a range of spatial meanings from a 小世界 (xiǎo shìjiè, “minor world”) with a single sun and moon to the billion-world 三千大千世界 (sānqiān-dàqiān-shìjiè, “trichiliocosm”). Its modern sense dates from Japanese 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai) re-adaptation of the word in the nineteenth century and it has since largely displaced the classical 天下 (tiānxià, “all-under-Heaven”) in general usage.


字母

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

三十六字母

(Chinese phonetics) character representing an initial consonant


大和

Sino-Xenic (大和):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)和(わ) (Daiwa)

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(Chinese history) an era during the Tang dynasty, from 827 through 835 CE

(Chinese history) an era during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from 929 through 935 CE


謹賀新年

ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄏㄜˋ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄋㄧㄢˊ

ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄏㄜˋ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄋㄧㄢˊ

цзиньхэсиньнянь

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/


聲調

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ti̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ tiːu̯²²/

/saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi̯au̯⁵⁵/

/ʃaŋ⁵³ tʰiau³³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛu²⁴²/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²²/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²²/

/siã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau³³/

/siã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau³³/

/sĩã³³⁻²³ tiau¹¹/

/sən⁵⁵ diɔ²¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ti̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ tiːu̯²²/

/saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi̯au̯⁵⁵/

/ʃaŋ⁵³ tʰiau³³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛu²⁴²/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²²/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²²/

/siã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau³³/

/siã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau³³/

/sĩã³³⁻²³ tiau¹¹/

/sən⁵⁵ diɔ²¹/

the role of tone in Chinese syllable perception

shēngdiào zài hànyǔ yīnjié gǎnzhī zhōng de zuòyòng

聲調在漢語音節感知中的作用

声调在汉语音节感知中的作用


自由

→ Zhuang: swyouz

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡siː²² jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯u¹¹/

/t͡sʰɨ³³ ʒiu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iu¹¹/

/t͡sz̩⁴⁵ iəu¹¹/

/t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ieu⁵³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ iu²³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ iu²⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/

/t͡su³⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/

/zz̩²² ɦiɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡siː²² jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯u¹¹/

/t͡sʰɨ³³ ʒiu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iu¹¹/

/t͡sz̩⁴⁵ iəu¹¹/

/t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ieu⁵³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ iu²³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ iu²⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/

/t͡su³⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/

/zz̩²² ɦiɤ⁴⁴/

Attestable from at least the Han dynasty, initially as a verb phrase meaning "to follow oneself" then an adjective meaning "to be free."


冠詞

Sino-Xenic (冠詞):
* → Japanese: 冠詞(かんし) (kanshi)
* → Korean: 관사(冠詞) (gwansa)
* → Vietnamese: quán từ (冠詞)

/ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kuːn³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/kuaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny⁵³/

/kuø³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kuːn³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/kuaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny⁵³/

/kuø³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

(grammar) article (such as the words “the” and “a/an”)


形容詞

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄘˊ

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/jen²² jɵŋ²² ɬu²²/

/hin¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/hin⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

hing² oeng² so² [Phonetic:hing⁵ oeng⁵ so²]

/hiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬo¹³/

hing² yoeng² so² [Phonetic:hing⁵ yoeng⁵ so²]

/hiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/jen²² jɵŋ²² ɬu²²/

/hin¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/hin⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/hiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/hiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/


太陽

Sino-Xenic (太陽):
* → Japanese: 太陽(たいよう) (taiyō)
* → Korean: 태양(太陽) (taeyang)
* → Vietnamese: thái dương (太陽)

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ¹/

/tʰai²¹³ iaŋ²¹/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ iɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻²¹ iɔŋ¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tʰai⁴⁵ iɒ̃¹¹⁻⁵³/

/tʰuɛ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵⁵ iɔ²²/

/tʰa³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/tʰɑ⁵³ ɦiæ̃³¹/

/tʰa⁵⁵ ɦiaŋ²³/

/tʰa⁴⁴ ɦiã³¹/

/tʰa³³ ɦiaŋ³³/

/tʰa⁵⁵ ɦiã³³/

/tʰɑ⁵² ɦiã¹¹/

/tʰɛ³⁵ ɦiɪ̃³³/

/tʰɛ⁵⁵ ɦiæ̃²¹/

/tʰɛ³³ ɦiã¹⁴/

/tʰai̯⁴⁵ i̯æn¹³/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ¹/

/tʰai²¹³ iaŋ²¹/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ iɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻²¹ iɔŋ¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tʰai⁴⁵ iɒ̃¹¹⁻⁵³/

/tʰuɛ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵⁵ iɔ²²/

/tʰa³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/tʰɑ⁵³ ɦiæ̃³¹/

/tʰa⁵⁵ ɦiaŋ²³/

/tʰa⁴⁴ ɦiã³¹/

/tʰa³³ ɦiaŋ³³/

/tʰa⁵⁵ ɦiã³³/

/tʰɑ⁵² ɦiã¹¹/

/tʰɛ³⁵ ɦiɪ̃³³/

/tʰɛ⁵⁵ ɦiæ̃²¹/

/tʰɛ³³ ɦiã¹⁴/

/tʰai̯⁴⁵ i̯æn¹³/

Maybe named because the sun was considered as the greatest extreme of yang (陽), one of the two primary forces in Chinese belief.

太陽章

The Sun, the ninety-first sura of the Qur'an


語彙

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ wuːi̯²²/

/jyː¹³ wɐi̯²²/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hue⁴¹/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ wuːi̯²²/

/jyː¹³ wɐi̯²²/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hue⁴¹/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

(linguistics, semantics) vocabulary; lexicon


名詞

Sino-Xenic (名詞):
* → Japanese: 名(めい)詞(し) (meishi)
* → Korean: 명사(名詞) (myeongsa)
* → Vietnamese: danh từ (名詞)

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/miaŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/miŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/miŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/miã²³⁻³³ su²³/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/meŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/miaŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/miŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/miŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/miã²³⁻³³ su²³/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/meŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/


憂鬱

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ y⁵¹/

/jɐu̯⁵⁵ wɐt̚⁵/

/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ ut̚³²/

/iɤ⁵⁵ yɪʔ²¹/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ y⁵¹/

/jɐu̯⁵⁵ wɐt̚⁵/

/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ ut̚³²/

/iɤ⁵⁵ yɪʔ²¹/


一致

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/it̚² t͡sɨ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ti²¹³/

/iɪʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/it̚² t͡sɨ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ti²¹³/

/iɪʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(linguistics, grammar) agreement; grammatical agreement; concord


精神

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/

to be mentally unsound; unsoundness of mind

精神不健全

(psychology, psychiatry) mind; mental state


一般

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pän⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pɑɻ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ puã³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ pan⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ pan³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ pan⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² puã³³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² pũã³³/

/iɪʔ³³ pe⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pän⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pɑɻ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ puã³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ pan⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ pan³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ pan⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² puã³³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² pũã³³/

/iɪʔ³³ pe⁴⁴/


月亮

Wutunhua: yailiang

/ɥɛ⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ li̯ɑ̃ɻ¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ li̯ɑ̃ɻ¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/yə²⁴ liɑŋ⁴⁴/

/yə²⁴ liɑŋ²⁴/

/jyːt̚² lœːŋ²²/

/jit̚⁵⁵ liɛŋ⁵⁵/

/yəʔ² liɒ̃⁴⁵/

/ɡueʔ⁴⁻² liaŋ³⁵/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ liã²³/

/ɦyeʔ²² liaŋ⁴²/

/ɦyəʔ²² liæ̃³⁴/

/ɦyəʔ²² liã³⁵/

/ɦioʔ¹¹ liã²³/

/n̠ʲioʔ²² liæ̃³⁵/

/ŋəʔ²² liã⁵¹/

/ɦiɔʔ²³ liɪ̃³¹/

/ɦyəʔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

/ɦioʔ¹¹⁵ liaŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲyɤ⁵⁵ liɑŋ¹⁴/

/y̯e̞²⁴ li̯æn²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ li̯ɑ̃ɻ¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ li̯ɑ̃ɻ¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/yə²⁴ liɑŋ⁴⁴/

/yə²⁴ liɑŋ²⁴/

/jyːt̚² lœːŋ²²/

/jit̚⁵⁵ liɛŋ⁵⁵/

/yəʔ² liɒ̃⁴⁵/

/ɡueʔ⁴⁻² liaŋ³⁵/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ liã²³/

/ɦyeʔ²² liaŋ⁴²/

/ɦyəʔ²² liæ̃³⁴/

/ɦyəʔ²² liã³⁵/

/ɦioʔ¹¹ liã²³/

/n̠ʲioʔ²² liæ̃³⁵/

/ŋəʔ²² liã⁵¹/

/ɦiɔʔ²³ liɪ̃³¹/

/ɦyəʔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

/ɦioʔ¹¹⁵ liaŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲyɤ⁵⁵ liɑŋ¹⁴/

/y̯e̞²⁴ li̯æn²¹⁻¹¹/

First recorded in a poem by Li Yi (Tang Dynasty). Compare the dialectal forms for “moon”: 月明 (“moon-bright”), 月光 (“moon-light”).


音素

/im⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/


饕餮

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯⁵⁵ tʰiːt̚³/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo³³ tʰiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰau³³⁻²³ tʰiek̚²/

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯⁵⁵ tʰiːt̚³/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo³³ tʰiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰau³³⁻²³ tʰiek̚²/

(Chinese mythology) taotie (legendary gluttonous animal)


音譯

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiɪʔ²¹/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiɪʔ²¹/

(linguistics, translation studies) to transcribe a word, particularly into Chinese characters, from its original pronunciation


音譯

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiɪʔ²¹/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiɪʔ²¹/

2023 August 9, 陳昭宏, “聽媽媽的準沒錯? 美華裔水手遭吸收成間諜 竟因她稱有機會在中國工作”, in Newtalk新聞:

Chinese-American Navy sailors 魏金超 (Jinchao Patrick Wei, [characters] transliterated from English) and 趙文恆 (Wenheng Thomas Zhao, [characters] transliterated from English)

huáyì hǎijūn shìbīng Wèi Jīnchāo (Jinchao Patrick Wei, yīnyì) yǔ Zhào Wénhéng (Wenheng Thomas Zhao, yīnyì)

華裔海軍士兵魏金超（Jinchao Patrick Wei，音譯）與趙文恆（Wenheng Thomas Zhao，音譯）

华裔海军士兵魏金超（Jinchao Patrick Wei，音译）与赵文恒（Wenheng Thomas Zhao，音译）

(linguistics, translation studies) transcription, particularly into Chinese characters

(linguistics, translation studies, proscribed) transliteration


語調

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ tiːu̯²²/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiau⁴¹/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiau²²/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiau³³/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiau²²/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiau³³/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ tiːu̯²²/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiau⁴¹/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiau²²/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiau³³/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiau²²/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiau³³/


形容動詞

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

синжун дунцы

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

(grammar) adjectival noun (in Japanese grammar)


複數

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ²¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ²¹/


介詞

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/kai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ɬo²⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/kai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ɬo²⁴/


獅子

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

(astrology, astronomy) short for 獅子座／狮子座 (Shīzizuò, “Leo”)


存在

/t͡sʰu̯ən³⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɔːi̯²²/

/t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ to³⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ən³⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɔːi̯²²/

/t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ to³⁵/


變形詞

ㄅㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

ㄅㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


形態學

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːk̚²/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːk̚²/

(linguistics, biology, geology, mathematics) morphology


語音學

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jɐm⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jɐm⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/


語法學

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ faːt̚³ hɔːk̚²/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ faːt̚³ hɔːk̚²/

(linguistics) grammar; morphosyntax (study)


語義學

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jiː²² hɔːk̚²/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jiː²² hɔːk̚²/


連濁

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 連(れん)濁(だく) (rendaku, “sequential voicing”)


奪格

/tu̯ɔ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/tu̯ɔ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/


量詞

/li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lyɒŋ¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/lyøŋ²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/liɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/liaŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lyɒŋ¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/lyøŋ²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/liɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/liaŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

專用動量詞

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

专用动量词

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

借用動量詞

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

借用动量词

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

(grammar) classifier; measure word; numerary adjunct (Classifier: 個／个 m)


離合詞

/li³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/li³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


兒化

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (兒化):
* → Korean: 아화(兒化) (ahwa)
* → Vietnamese: nhi hóa (兒化)

→ English: erhua

→ Japanese: 児(ある)化(か) (aruka)

→ Zhuang: wzva

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³/

(Chinese phonetics) erhua (to undergo erhua; to have the 兒-sound (/ɻ/, /n/, /ŋ/) added to syllables to form diminutives)


空想社會主義

ㄎㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄤˇ ㄕㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ

ㄎㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄤˇ ㄕㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ

кунсян шэхуэй чжуи

/kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ³⁵ sɛː¹³ wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/

(historical, socialism) utopian socialism


人稱

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³/


簡樸

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu³⁵/

/kaːn³⁵ pʰɔːk̚³/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu³⁵/

/kaːn³⁵ pʰɔːk̚³/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰɔk̚³²/

(of a way of life, clothing, language, etc.) simple; plain; unadorned


天理

Sino-Xenic (天理):
* → Japanese: 天(てん)理(り) (tenri)
* → Korean: 천리(天理) (cheolli)
* → Vietnamese: thiên lí (天理)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/


工兵

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ piŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ piɪŋ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ piŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ piɪŋ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ⁴⁴/

soviet of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies

工兵代表蘇維埃

工兵代表苏维埃

(chiefly communism) short for 工人 (gōngrén) + 士兵 (shìbīng): “worker and soldier”


人馬

/ʐən³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ maː¹³/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² be⁵⁵⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² be⁵³/

/laŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ be⁵³/

/laŋ²³⁻³³ be⁴¹/

/laŋ¹³⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

/ʐən³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ maː¹³/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² be⁵⁵⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² be⁵³/

/laŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ be⁵³/

/laŋ²³⁻³³ be⁴¹/

/laŋ¹³⁻²² bɛ⁵³/


丹朱

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/


仙人

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ɕi³³ n̠ʲiŋ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ɕi³³ n̠ʲiŋ⁵¹/

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

a celestial being descends into the mortal world

仙人下凡

(Chinese mythology) immortal; supernatural entity; celestial being; transcendent being


衛星

Sino-Xenic (衛星):
* → Japanese: 衛星(えいせい) (eisei)
* → Korean: 위성(衛星) (wiseong)
* → Vietnamese: vệ tinh (衛星)

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/e¹¹ ɬiŋ⁵³³/

/e²¹ ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ³³/

/ue³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕin⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/e¹¹ ɬiŋ⁵³³/

/e²¹ ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ³³/

/ue³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕin⁴⁴/

“Satellite” in the grammar sense is a semantic loan from English satellite.


宙斯

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/


譯者

/i⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪk̚² t͡sɛː³⁵/

/iɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sia⁵³/

/iɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sia⁴¹/

/i⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪk̚² t͡sɛː³⁵/

/iɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sia⁵³/

/iɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sia⁴¹/

譯者隱身

译者隐身

(translation studies) translator (of written texts)


視覺空間

ㄕˋ ㄐㄩㄝˊ ㄎㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄢ

ㄕˋ ㄐㄩㄝˊ ㄎㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄢ

шицзюэ кунцзянь

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

(cognition, philosophy, psychology) visual space


黃道十二宮

ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄉㄠˋ ㄕˊ ㄦˋ ㄍㄨㄥ

ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄉㄠˋ ㄕˊ ㄦˋ ㄍㄨㄥ

хуандао шиэргун

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tou̯²² sɐp̚² jiː²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tou̯²² sɐp̚² jiː²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

(astrology) the twelve signs of the Zodiac


無常

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

(Chinese mythology) Wuchang, one or two deities in Chinese folk religion who seize the spirits of people to the Underworld


異或

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/


鬱症

/y⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ut̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ¹¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/y⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ut̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ¹¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹/


死神

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin²⁴/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin¹³/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/sz̩³³ zən⁴⁴/

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin²⁴/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin¹³/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/sz̩³³ zən⁴⁴/


高潮

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

The fifth scene was the climax of the play.

第五場是全劇的高潮。

第五场是全剧的高潮。

(figuratively, narratology) climax; turning point (Classifier: 個／个; 次)


批判

/pʰi⁵⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/pʰɐi̯⁵⁵ pʰuːn³³/

/pʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰan⁵⁵/

/pʰue⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰuã¹¹/

/pʰue⁴⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/pʰue³³ pʰuã⁴¹/

/pʰue⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/

/pʰi⁵⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/pʰɐi̯⁵⁵ pʰuːn³³/

/pʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰan⁵⁵/

/pʰue⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰuã¹¹/

/pʰue⁴⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/pʰue³³ pʰuã⁴¹/

/pʰue⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻²² pʰuã²¹/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰuã²¹/

(philosophy) methodical practice of doubt

(philosophy) reflective examination of the validity and limits of a human capacity or of a set of philosophical claims


大宇宙

ja-r

大宇宙(だいうちゅう) (daiuchū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大宇宙):
* → Japanese: 大宇宙(だいうちゅう) (daiuchū)
* → Korean: 대우주(大宇宙) (dae'uju)

/tä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/


形態

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴¹/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai¹¹/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰai²¹/

/heŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰai²¹³/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴¹/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai¹¹/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰai²¹/

/heŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰai²¹³/


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教 /礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

龍山文化

龙山文化

archaeological culture
archaeological culture

(archaeology, countable) archaeological culture (recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society)


副詞

/fu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fuː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/fu⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/fu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ɬo²⁴/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ su²³/

/fu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fuː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/fu⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/fu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ɬo²⁴/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ su²³/


助動詞

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sɔː²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sɔː²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su²³/


代名詞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (代名詞):
* → Japanese: 代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) (daimeishi)
* → Korean: 대명사(代名詞) (daemyeongsa)
* → Vietnamese: đại danh từ (代名詞)

/taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

1954, Lü Shuxiang, 《关于汉语词类的一些原则性问题》 [Some Fundamental Issues Concerning the Parts of Speech in Chinese], in 《中国语文》, →ISSN

Bǐrú, bǎ dàimíngcí cóng míngcí lǐ fēn chūlái, ànzhào yījùbiànpǐn de lǐlùn shì méiyǒu gēnjù de, yīnwèi míngcí hé dàimíngcí dōu shì kěyǐ zuò zhǔyǔ hé bīnyǔ de cí.

比如，把代名詞從名詞裡分出來，按照依句辨品的理論是沒有根據的，因為名詞和代名詞都是可以作主語和賓語的詞。

比如，把代名词从名词里分出来，按照依句辨品的理论是没有根据的，因为名词和代名词都是可以作主语和宾语的词。

In the eyes of many Chinese mainlanders, the way Taiwanese people speak is always synonymous to "effiminate."

2019 March 26, 郑子宁 (Zhen Zining), 《台湾腔为什么这么“娘”》, in 《国防时报》, page 21

Zài bùshào dàlùrén yǎnzhōng, táiwānrén de shuōhuà fāngshì yīzhí shì “niáng” de dàimíngcí.

在不少大陸人眼中，臺灣人的說話方式一直是「娘」的代名詞。

在不少大陆人眼中，台湾人的说话方式一直是「娘」的代名词。


子音

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ iŋ²⁴/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ iŋ²⁴/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/


自動詞

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


他動詞

/tʰä⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰä⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


分野

/fən⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐn⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁴¹/

/fən⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐn⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁴¹/

Dazzling Deluder is Heaven’s executioner. Heart is the portion of the heavens that corresponds to Song. Some catastrophe awaits your lordship.

Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE

Yínghuò, tiānfá yě; xīn, Sòng fēnyě, huò qiě dāng jūn.

熒惑，天罰也；心，宋分野，禍且當君。

荧惑，天罚也；心，宋分野，祸且当君。

(archaic, Chinese astronomy, astrology) division of the sky into zones (especially for astrological association with the lands of China)


星座

Sino-Xenic (星座):
* → Japanese: 星座(せいざ) (seiza)
* → Korean: 성좌(星座) (seongjwa)

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

/sen²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰo⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɔ²⁴²/

/siɪŋ³³ t͡so²²/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ t͡so¹¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

/sen²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰo⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɔ²⁴²/

/siɪŋ³³ t͡so²²/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ t͡so¹¹/

(astrology) astrological sign; star sign


主語

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ y²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ jyː¹³/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁵³/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ y²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ jyː¹³/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁵³/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁴¹/


指示代名詞

ㄓˇ ㄕˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

ㄓˇ ㄕˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

чжиши дайминцы

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ siː²² tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ siː²² tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

指示代詞 指示代詞#Chinese

指示代词 指示代词#Chinese

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

(grammar) synonym of 指示代詞 /指示代词 (zhǐshì dàicí, “demonstrative pronoun”)


時制

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

(grammar) tense (any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists; an inflected form of a verb that indicates tense)


疑問詞

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun

interrogative adverb
interrogative adverb

interrogative adjective
interrogative adjective

(grammar) Interrogatives or question words, including the interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, and interrogative adjective.


現在分詞

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ

сяньцзай фэньцы

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


過去分詞

ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄩˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ

ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄩˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ

гоцюй фэньцы

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


分詞

/fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


不定詞

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


比較級

ㄅㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄅㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄐㄧˊ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ kaːu̯³³ kʰɐp̚⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ kaːu̯³³ kʰɐp̚⁵/


具格

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kɵy̯²² kaːk̚³/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kɵy̯²² kaːk̚³/


博士

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (博士):
* → Japanese: 博(はく)士(し) (hakushi, “court academician; doctor”)
* → Korean: 박사(博士) (baksa, “doctor; expert; learned man”)
* → Vietnamese: bác sĩ (博士, “medical doctor; physician”)

→ Japanese: 博士 (hakase)

desc

→ Korean: 박수 (baksu, “male priest, male shaman”)

→ Manchu: ᠪᠠᡴᠰᡳ (baksi), ᠪᠠᡴᡧᡳ (bakši, “scholar; Confucian scholar”)

zh-l

→ Chinese: 把式 (bǎshì), 把勢／把势 (bǎshì, “martial arts; master; skill”), 把戲／把戏 (bǎxì, “circus tricks; cheap tricks”)

→ Chinese: 巴克什 (bākèshí, “baksi, title given to Qing Dynasty scholars”)

→ Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ (baɣsi) / багш (bagš, “teacher, instructor; master; trainer”)

→ Tibetan: པག་ཤི (pag shi, “teacher”)

desc

→ Kazakh: бақсы (baqsy, “shaman, sorcerer”)

→ Kyrgyz: бакшы (bakşı, “shaman, Islamic faith healer”)

→ Persian: بخشی (baxši, “scribe, secretary; surgeon; vice-regent; inspector; grand falconer”)

→ Southern Altai: бакшы (bakšï, “leader”)

→ Uyghur: باخشى (baxshi, “sorcerer, shaman, wizard; witchcraft healer, witch-doctor”), ⇒ باخشىلىق (baxshiliq, “falconry, hunting with birds of prey; witchcraft, shamanism”)

→ Tatar: багучы (bağuçı, “shaman, healer”)

→ Turkmen: bagşy (“Turkmen shaman singers who play Dutar, shaman healer”)

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/pɔːk̚³ siː²²/

/pɔk̚⁵⁵ ɬu³²/

/pok⁵⁻² sɨ³³/

/pouʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ søy²⁴²/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ su²²/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ su²²/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ su³³/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ si³³/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɯ²²/

/pʰak̚²⁻⁴ sɯ³⁵/

/poʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/poʔ³³ zz̩³⁴/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/pɔːk̚³ siː²²/

/pɔk̚⁵⁵ ɬu³²/

/pok⁵⁻² sɨ³³/

/pouʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ søy²⁴²/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ su²²/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ su²²/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ su³³/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ si³³/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɯ²²/

/pʰak̚²⁻⁴ sɯ³⁵/

/poʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/poʔ³³ zz̩³⁴/

Attestable since at least the Eastern Han dynasty. In modern Mandarin, a doublet of 把戲 /把戏 (bǎxì) and 把式 (bǎshì).

(history) court academician (in feudal China)

茶博士

(history) master; person with a particular skill


和製英語

ㄏㄜˊ ㄓˋ ㄧㄥ ㄩˇ

ㄏㄜˊ ㄓˋ ㄧㄥ ㄩˇ

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³ jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³ jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

(linguistics) Japanese pseudo-anglicisms; Engrish; Japlish


濁點

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(linguistics) voicing mark in Japanese kanas (◌゙)


注意

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (注意):
* → Japanese: 注(ちゅう)意(い) (chūi)
* → Korean: 주의(注意) (juui)
* → Vietnamese: chú ý (注意)

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/t͡syː³³ jiː³³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁵⁵ i⁵³/

/t͡sy²¹³⁻⁵³ ɛi²¹³/

/t͡sy⁴²⁻⁵⁵ i⁴²/

/t͡su²¹⁻⁵³ i²¹/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ i⁴¹/

/t͡su²¹⁻⁵³ i²¹/

/t͡su¹¹⁻⁵³ i¹¹/

/t͡su²¹⁻⁴¹ i²¹/

/t͡su²¹³⁻⁵⁵ i²¹³/

/t͡sz̩³³ i⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/t͡syː³³ jiː³³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁵⁵ i⁵³/

/t͡sy²¹³⁻⁵³ ɛi²¹³/

/t͡sy⁴²⁻⁵⁵ i⁴²/

/t͡su²¹⁻⁵³ i²¹/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ i⁴¹/

/t͡su²¹⁻⁵³ i²¹/

/t͡su¹¹⁻⁵³ i¹¹/

/t͡su²¹⁻⁴¹ i²¹/

/t͡su²¹³⁻⁵⁵ i²¹³/

/t͡sz̩³³ i⁴⁴/

吸引注意


死語

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/