龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍):
* → Japanese: 竜(りゅう) (ryū)
* → Korean: 룡>용(龍) (ryong>yong)
* → Vietnamese: long (龍)

→ Indonesian: liong

desctree

→ Proto-Vietic: *-roːŋ
Tho:
Cuoi Cham: ʐoŋ²
Lang Lo: ʐoŋ²
Viet-Muong:
Muong: rồng
Middle Vietnamese: 蠬 (ròu᷄), 𧏵 (ròu᷄)
Vietnamese: rồng

→ Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰇 (lü)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ /луу (luu)

→ Zhuang: lungz

Old Turkic language
Proto-Hmong-Mien language
Proto-Vietic language
Turkish language
Vietnamese language
White Hmong language

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Compare 𦝠 (luó), which represents a particular kind of dragon.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed]|[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

cog-lite

龙
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸

恐龍

恐龙

翼手龍

翼手龙

(zoology, paleontology) extinct reptilian creature; -saur


北京人

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

Homo erectus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis#Translingual

(paleontology, archaeology, anthropology) Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis)


甲骨文

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kʷɐt̚⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kut̚³²⁻⁴ bun²⁴/

/kaʔ²⁻⁴ kuk̚²⁻⁴ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kʷɐt̚⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kut̚³²⁻⁴ bun²⁴/

/kaʔ²⁻⁴ kuk̚²⁻⁴ buŋ⁵⁵/

(palaeography, historiography) oracle bone script


始祖鳥

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵ niːu̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵ niːu̯¹³/


古文

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bun²³/

/kou⁵²⁻³⁵ buŋ⁵⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bun²³/

/kou⁵²⁻³⁵ buŋ⁵⁵/


金文

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金文):
* → Japanese: 金文(きんぶん) (kinbun)
* → Korean: 금문(金文) (geummun)
* → Vietnamese: kim văn (金文)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

(writing, palaeography) Chinese bronze inscriptions

鐘

Chinese bronze inscriptions; bronze script

Chinese bronze inscriptions, bronze script


古文字

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡siː²²/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡siː²²/

(writing, palaeography) pre-Qin script, such as jinwen or jiaguwen


鐘鼎文

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄉㄧㄥˇ ㄨㄣˊ

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄉㄧㄥˇ ㄨㄣˊ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tɪŋ³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tɪŋ³⁵ mɐn²¹/


匠人

Sino-Xenic (匠人):
* → Japanese: 匠人(しょうじん) (shōjin)
* → Korean: 장인(匠人) (jang'in)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/ʑiã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/ʑiã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster#Translingual

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo ergaster


能人

/nɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/nɐŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/nŋ̍²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/nɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/nɐŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/nŋ̍²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo habilis


魚龍

/jyː²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/jyː²¹ lʊŋ²¹/


鴨嘴龍

ㄧㄚ ㄗㄨㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ

ㄧㄚ ㄗㄨㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ

/jä⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/aːp̚³ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/jä⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/aːp̚³ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

duck-billed dinosaur
duck-billed dinosaur

(paleontology) hadrosaur; duck-billed dinosaur


䗴

Coined by Chinese geologist Li Siguang in 1934 based on the principle of ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 虫 (“animal; small organism”) + 筳 (“spindle”), a fossil organism shaped like a spindle (Latin fūsus). The pronunciation derives from the principle of phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) with 筳 (tíng) as the phonetic component.

Han compound

(paleontology) fusulinid (extinct single-celled organisms in the order Fusulinida)


今文

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

(writing, palaeography) Alternative name for 隸書／隶书 (lìshū, “clerical script”).


甲骨文字

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ

цзягу вэньцзы

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/


格魯吉亞人

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

гэлуцзияжэнь

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³ jɐn²¹/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³ jɐn²¹/

(Mainland China, paleontology, anthropology, rare) Homo georgicus


丹尼索瓦人

ㄉㄢ ㄋㄧˊ ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄉㄢ ㄋㄧˊ ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

Даньнисоважэнь

/tän⁵⁵ ni³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ni³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

(paleontology, anthropology) Denisovan (extinct species of human)


直立人

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ li⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sɪk̚² laːp̚² jɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ li⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sɪk̚² laːp̚² jɐn²¹/

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo erectus


北京猿人

ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄩㄢˊ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄩㄢˊ ㄖㄣˊ

Бэйцзин юаньжэнь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐn²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐn²¹/


玉門甘肅鳥

ㄩˋ ㄇㄣˊ ㄍㄢ ㄙㄨˋ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

ㄩˋ ㄇㄣˊ ㄍㄢ ㄙㄨˋ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

Юймэнь ганьсуняо

/y⁵¹ mən³⁵ kän⁵⁵ su⁵¹ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/y⁵¹ mən³⁵ kän⁵⁵ su⁵¹ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


聖賢孔子鳥

ㄕㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄗˇ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

ㄕㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄗˇ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

шэнсянь кунцзыняо

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ jiːn²¹ hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵ niːu̯¹³/

/sɪŋ³³ jiːn²¹ hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵ niːu̯¹³/


長者智人

ㄓㄤˇ ㄓㄜˇ ㄓˋ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄓㄤˇ ㄓㄜˇ ㄓˋ ㄖㄣˊ

чжанчжэ чжижэнь

čžančžɛ čžižɛnʹ

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

Homo sapiens idaltu
Homo sapiens idaltu#Translingual

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo sapiens idaltu


尼安德特人

ㄋㄧˊ ㄢ ㄉㄜˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄢ ㄉㄜˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄖㄣˊ

нианьдэтэжэнь

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tɐk̚² jɐn²¹/

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tɐk̚² jɐn²¹/

Homo neanderthalensis
Homo neanderthalensis#Translingual

(Mainland China, paleontology, anthropology) Neanderthal; Homo neanderthalensis


尼安德塔人

ㄋㄧˊ ㄢ ㄉㄜˊ ㄊㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄢ ㄉㄜˊ ㄊㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

нианьдэтажэнь

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tʰaːp̚³ jɐn²¹/

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tʰaːp̚³ jɐn²¹/

(Hong Kong, Taiwan, paleontology, anthropology) Neanderthal; Homo neanderthalensis


尼人

/ni³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ni³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

Short for 尼安德特人 (ní'āndétèrén) or 尼安德塔人 (ní'āndétǎrén).

zh-l

尼安德特人 (ní'āndétèrén)

尼安德塔人 (ní'āndétǎrén)

Presently, most paleontologists have abandoned the viewpoint that Neanderthals are one of the transitional stages of evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens.

2014, 吴相钰 (Wu Xiangyu); 陈守良 (Chen Shouliang); 葛明德 (Ge Mingde), chief editors, 《陈阅增普通生物学》 [Chen Yuezeng General Biology], 4th edition, Beijing: Higher Education Press, →ISBN , page 448

Xiànzài duōshù gǔshēngwùxuéjiā fàngqì le nírén shì zhílìrén xiàng zhìrén jìnhuà de yīge guòdù jiēduàn de guāndiǎn.

現在多數古生物學家放棄了尼人是直立人向智人進化的一個過渡階段的觀點。

现在多数古生物学家放弃了尼人是直立人向智人进化的一个过渡阶段的观点。

(paleontology, anthropology) Neanderthal; Homo neanderthalensis


甲金文

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄨㄣˊ

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄨㄣˊ

цзяцзиньвэнь

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

(palaeography) oracle bone script and bronze script