西

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西):
* → Japanese: 西(さい) (sai); 西(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 서(西) (seo)
* → Vietnamese: tây (西)

ja-r

Japanese: 西(シャー) (shā, “west wind (mahjong tile)”)

Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”), 束 and 鹵. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.
See also the top component of 票, originally two hands holding an object vaguely similar to a bag, basket or nest.
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).
In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:
* Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990).
* Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007).
* Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)).
* Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019).
* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. If true, then this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to" > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west" and its base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007).


魔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːl): phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 鬼 (“demon”).
Clipping of 魔羅 (MC ma la), from Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”). According to Zhengzitong, First attested in 548 October 29, in an epitaph

bor

Suì dēng zhèngjué, shén tōng zìrán. Qúnmó qǐshǒu, líng guàn zhūtiān. Cíbēi wànyǒu, guāngzhào dàqiān.

遂登正覺，神通自然。群魔稽首，靈冠諸天。慈悲萬有，光照大千。

遂登正觉，神通自然。群魔稽首，灵冠诸天。慈悲万有，光照大千。


空

Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). See also 坑 (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and 肛 (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.

inh-lite

(Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses


神

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (神):
* → Japanese: 神(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(神) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: thần (神)

→ Chadong: sən²

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hlin): semantic 示 (“god; deity”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin, “lightning”).
Originally 申 in the oracle bone script and in some bronze inscriptions. The ancients feared the unpredictable lightning and considered it to be divine or of divine origin. 示 was added for specialization.
Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Chepang ग्लीङ्ह (gliŋh, “spirit, mind, soul”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog-lite

神位

財神

财神

死神

守護神

守护神

無神論

无神论

一神教

Confucius does not speak about strange phenomenon, violence, rebellion, and spirits.

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

子不語怪、力、亂、神。

子不语怪、力、乱、神。

In the west there is a deity, they call him Buddha.

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

西方有神，名曰佛。

… in the midst of the gods he holds judgment: …

和合本 (Héhéběn) (Chinese Union Version), 詩篇 (Psalms) 82:1

...... zài zhūshén zhōng xíng shěnpàn,......

……在諸神中行審判，……

……在诸神中行审判，……

And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 1:3

Shén shuō: “Yào yǒu guāng”, jiù yǒu le guāng.

神說：「要有光」，就有了光。

神说：「要有光」，就有了光。

God has taken his place in the divine council; …

Shén zhàn zài yǒuquánlìzhě de huì zhōng,......

神站在有權力者的會中，……

神站在有权力者的会中，……

(religion) god; deity; spirit
(Protestantism, specifically) God


中國

Abhidharmakośakārikā
Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Ekottara Āgama

Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

cog

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

Why is this? The rebirth of a bodhisattva must be in the central regions of a country, his faculties will be sharp and he distinguishes all wise words. He knows well that semantics are the tools of the Buddhadharma, and he knows well śramaṇas, brahmins, and others.

Héyǐ gù? Púsà shòushēng bì zài zhōngguó, lì gēn zhìhuì yáncí biàn le, shàn zhī yǔyì shì fófǎ qì, shàn zhī shāmén, póluómén děng.

何以故？菩薩受生必在中國，利根智慧言詞辯了，善知語義是佛法器，善知沙門、婆羅門等。

何以故？菩萨受生必在中国，利根智慧言词辩了，善知语义是佛法器，善知沙门、婆罗门等。

(Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism


女神

/ny²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/nɵy̯¹³ sɐn²¹/

/ŋ̍³¹ sɨn¹¹/

/nˡy³³⁻²¹ siŋ⁵³/

/lu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/nɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲy²² zən⁴⁴/

/ny²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/nɵy̯¹³ sɐn²¹/

/ŋ̍³¹ sɨn¹¹/

/nˡy³³⁻²¹ siŋ⁵³/

/lu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/

/nɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲy²² zən⁴⁴/

民主女神


主

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (主):
* → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɕɤwꟲ (“master”)

desc

Lao: ເຈົ້າ (chao, “lord, master, owner”)

Thai: เจ้า (jâao, “lord, master, owner”)

→ Vietnamese: chúa (主, “retired father of a king”), Chúa (主, “Lord”)

Pictogram (象形). Three distinct forms can be observed in ancient scripts, all of which have merged into the same character in modern script:
A lamp or torch with a flame at the top. Original form of 炷.
Wood (木, now 王) on fire.
A spirit tablet. Same character as 示.
Unrelated to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).
Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)
Also compare Burmese အတို့ (a.tui., “honorific personal pronoun”).


乘

Borrowed from Tocharian B klenke (“vehicle”) or Tocharian B klānk, Tocharian A klānk (“to ride, travel (by vehicle)”).

bor

大乘


佛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (佛):
* → Japanese: 仏(ふつ) (futsu); 仏(ぶつ) (butsu)
* → Korean: 불(佛) (bul)
* → Vietnamese: Phật (佛)

→ Chadong: fut⁸

⇒ Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ (burqan) / бурхан (burxan)

desc

→ Vietnamese: Bụt (“Buddha; a wise and kind old man in folklore”)

→ Zhuang: baed

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯd): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd).
Ji (1998v7) considers it likely borrowed from Iranian (compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽂𐼷 (pwty), 𐫁𐫇𐫤𐫏 (bwty /Pute, Bute, βute/), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwt'), 𐫁𐫇𐫤 (bwt /But/), Parthian 𐫁𐫇𐫎 (bwṯ /But, Butt/)), ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “awakened, enlightened”, past passive participle), whence also 佛陀 (MC bjut da), but the Chinese morpheme 佛 is not a direct contraction or clipping of the latter.

der

仏
𰁰
㚕
仸
𠑵
𠇛
𦤲
拂

佛陀

佛教


俗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljoɡ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).

cog

(Buddhism) those of the secular world; non-monks


偈

(Buddhism) Short for 偈陀 (jìtuó, “gatha”).


傘

Pictographic (象形) representation of an umbrella.

繖
伞
*繖/𦇕/𰬷
𢄻
仐
𠌂
𠍘
𡙫
𠋔
𠎃
𡙘
𰂝
𧝠


僧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːŋ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – a kind of person (a Buddhist monk).
Clipping of 僧伽 (MC song gja, “sangha; community of monks, nuns, novices and laity”); see there for more.


內

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (內):
* → Japanese: 内(ない) (nai)
* → Korean: 내(內) (nae)
* → Vietnamese: nội (內)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within.
Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more.

Han compound

內典

内典

內學

内学


剎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰraːd): phonetic 殺 (OC *sreːds, *sreːd) + semantic 刂.
Transcription of the kṣV (क्ष) sequence in various Sanskrit words, probably via Khotanese or Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮 (kṣ /*tʂ(ə), *ʈʂ(ə)/) (Bailey, 1946), including:
* Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land; place of pilgrimage”) (剎多羅)
* Sanskrit क्षण (kṣaṇa, “instant (in time)”) (剎那)
* Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣema, “residence”) (剎摩)
* Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya, “warrior caste; kshatriya”) (剎怛利耶, 剎帝利, 剎利)

noncog

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
(Buddhism) land; world; place; area

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
land; world; place; area

古剎

古刹

(Buddhism) place of pilgrimage; kshetra; Buddhist temple; Buddhist monastery; pagoda

(Buddhism) instant; moment; impermanence

Clipping of 剎那／刹那 (chànà).
instant; moment; impermanence


劫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (劫):
* → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
* → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

→ Vietnamese: cướp

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kab, *kab): phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)
; “(Buddhism) disaster”

Han compound

刧
刦
𠛗
*刼
𠉨
𠞏

(Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
extremely long time

(figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
disaster; calamity; catastrophe


受

Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over.
凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ): semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The
凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script.
; “bottom; uke”


含

閃含語系

闪含语系


唄

Likely from Sanskrit or via Middle Indo-Aryan. The Yiqiejing Yinyi lists the form 唄匿 (MC baejH nrik), likely related Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit भाणक (bhāṇaka, “chanter; speaker”), from Sanskrit भणति (bhaṇati) and cognate with Pali bhāṇaka (“reciter of the scriptures”); and also the more "orthodox" 婆師 (MC ba srij), likely from भाषते (bhāṣate, “to speak”), compare Gandhari 𐨧𐨮𐨡𐨁 (bhaṣadi, “speaks; to speak”), Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech”). In the Pali parallels, the verb for chanting or reciting a verse (gāthā) is often the cognate bhāsati.
Some older works suggest derivation from Sanskrit पाठ (pāṭha) (e.g. Soothill & Hodous, 1937), but with semantic and phonological difficulties.

cog

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Buddhism) chanting; sound of chanting

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Buddhism) to chant


嘢

The character is found volume 8 of the 40-volume version of the Chinese translation of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra.


嚫

(Buddhism) to practise dana; to give alms to monks


塵

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 鹿 (“deer”) + 土 (“soil, dust”) – cloud of dust produced by a (group of) running deer. Ancient simplification of 𪋻, which pictures three deer on top instead of one.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-durl (“dust”). Cognate with Tibetan རྡུལ (rdul, “dust, particle”).

Han compound

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

(Buddhism) this world; mundane world; this mortal life


天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天):
* → Japanese: 天(てん) (ten)
* → Korean: 천(天) (cheon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên (天)

A horizontal line above a man with outstretched arms 大 to indicate the sky (compare the original versions of 上). The other ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large squared head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.
Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (OC *tiːn, *tʰiːns, “crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 (OC *qʰl'iːn) as a derivation of 顛 or 巔 (OC *tiːn, “top of the head/hill”).
This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC xen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").
Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

och-l

𠀘
𠀡
𠑺
兲
𠕹
㕦
䒶
𦴞
𩇗
𩇞
靝/靔
𠀑
𬻃

上天

天意

(mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly

天主

老天

我的天啊！

天助自助者。

(mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity; often translated as God


妃

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (妃):
* → Japanese: 妃(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 비(妃) (bi)
* → Vietnamese: phi (妃)

→ Manchu: ᡶᡝᡳ (fei)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 女 (“woman”) + 卩 (“a kneeling man”).
Probably related to 配 (OC *pʰɯːds, “to match”) (Wang, 1982).


娘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (娘):
* → Japanese: 嬢(にょう) (nyō); 嬢(じょう) (jō); 嬢(にゃん) (nyan)
* → Korean: 낭(娘) (nang)
* → Vietnamese: nương (娘)

desc

→ Khmer: នាង (niəng, “young woman; girl”)

→ Lao: ນາງ (nāng, “woman; girl; lady; Mrs.”)

→ Thai: นาง (naang, “woman; wife; female lover”)

→ Vietnamese: nàng (“lady; young woman; she”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *naŋ): semantic 女 + phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ).
Not attested in pre-Tang texts. It may ultimately have been a fusion of 女郎 (MC nrjoX lang, “lady”) (Coblin, 1994).
Alternatively, from 女 (OC *naʔ, “woman”) with an attached suffix *-ŋ also found in 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ, “I for my part”) as against 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) (Sagart, 1999: 134). However, evidence for this suffix is sparse; Sagart only adduces these two pairs of words.
As yet another suggestion, it may be a loan from Old Turkic anaŋ (“your mother”), from Proto-Turkic *ana ~ *eńe (“mother”) (whence Turkish ana and Uyghur ئانا (ana)) and *-iŋ (“second person singular possessive suffix”), (Vovin and McCraw, 2011).

ng

The Tianhou Temple located on Zhengyi Street, Magong City, Penghu County, commonly known as the “Tianfei Temple” or the “Mazu Temple”, known as “Niang Temple”, “Maninang Temple”, “Niangma Temple”, etc. during the Ming dynasty

2013?, "澎湖天后宫 (Penghu Tianhou Temple), 蚂蜂窝 (Mafengwo)

Tiānhòu Gōng wèiyú Pénghú Xiàn Mǎgōng Shì Zhèngyì Jiē shàng, súchēng “Tiānfēi Gōng”, “Māzǔ Gōng”, zài Míngdài chēngwéi “Niáng Gōng”, “Māniáng Gōng”, “Niángmā Gōng” “Mā Gōng” děng

天后宮位於澎湖縣馬公市正義街上，俗稱「天妃宮」、「媽祖宮」，在明代稱為「娘宮」、「媽娘宮」、「娘媽宮」「媽宮」等

天后宫位于澎湖县马公市正义街上，俗称「天妃宫」、「妈祖宫」，在明代称为「娘宫」、「妈娘宫」、「娘妈宫」「妈宫」等

(religion) "The Lady" (an epithet of the Fujianese sea goddess Mazu (媽祖 /妈祖 (Māzǔ))


媽

→ Thai: ม้า (máa)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːʔ): semantic 女 + phonetic 馬 (OC *mraːʔ).
Colloquial form of 母 (OC *mɯʔ, “mother”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman, female”).

inh

(religion) "The Mother", an epithet of the Fujianese sea goddess Mazu (媽祖／妈祖).


宮

Chinese folk religion
Mazu
Qing conquest of Taiwan
Qing dynasty
ancestor worship

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 + 呂: many rooms under a roof — a mansion.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qim (“house; pit; womb”); see there for hypothesized cognates.

In the autumn, the pillars in the temple of the late Duke Huan were painted red with vermilion.

秋，丹桓宮之楹。

秋，丹桓宫之楹。


寺

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (寺):
* → Japanese: 寺(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 사(寺) (sa)

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯs): phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之), which represents a footprint pointing up, became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word.
The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”).

Han compound

白馬寺／白马寺

少林寺

哲蚌寺


師

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (師):
* → Japanese: 師(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(師) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: sư (師)

→ Vietnamese: thầy

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 𠂤 (“mound, hill”) + 帀 – ancient troops were usually stationed at a hill.
Each of the two components can be used as 師 on their own in preclassical scripts. The significance of 帀 is debated. See also 官 and 追.
Starostin derives this word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rij (“many”), cognate with 皆 (OC *kriːj, “all”), 偕 (OC *kriːj, “together with”), as well as Tibetan ཁྲི (khri, “ten thousand”) and Burmese ရဲ (rai:, “police”).

Han compound

师
𠦵
𠵀
𢂖
𢃋
𨸲
𨸴
𩇱

(religion) Respectful title for Buddhism monks, Buddhism nuns and Taoist priests.


幢

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) stone pillar inscribed with religious writings


度

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ): phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又.
Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”).

och-l

廣度／广度

(Buddhism) to say prayers or perform Buddhist service to release souls from purgatory

(religion) to try to persuade someone to become a monk, nun or Taoist priest


庵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːm, *qoːb): semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house; pit; womb”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house”) and Burmese အိမ် (im, “house”).


廟

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廟):
* → Japanese: 廟(びょう) (byō)
* → Korean: 묘(廟) (myo)
* → Vietnamese: miếu (廟)

→ Proto-Be: *miːwᴮꟲ²

Lingao: miu⁴

desc

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Vietnamese: miễu

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrews): semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”), whence White Hmong tsev (“idem”) (Schuessler, 2007). Note also Burmese မြို့ (mrui., “town, city”).

Han compound

I’d rather tear down ten temples than destroy a marriage.

níng chāi shí zuò miào, bù huǐ yī zhuāng hūn

寧拆十座廟，不毀一樁婚

宁拆十座庙，不毁一桩婚

(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多 / 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


念

Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nɯːms): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).
Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).


惑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷɯːɡ): phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).


想

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (想):
* → Vietnamese: tưởng (想)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slaŋʔ): phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. The phonetic component has a reference as well to the act of thinking, hence "visualizing" in one's own mind.
From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).
Cognate to Japhug sɯso (“to think”) and Situ ka-səsō (“to think”) (Zhang, Jacques and Lai 2019 p. 84); from this, one can reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan *saŋ (“to think”).

少年袂曉想，食老毋成樣 / 少年袂晓想，食老毋成样

siàu-liân bē-hiáu siūⁿ, chia̍h-lāu m̄-chiâⁿ-iūⁿ


戒

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“halberd”) + 廾 (“hands”) – to hold up a weapon as warning.

Han compound

(Buddhism) rules governing behavior; precepts


根

Monic languages
redundancy (linguistics)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːn): semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.

Han compound

(Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty


梵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bloms, *bum): semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) – lush. Originally a variant form of 芃 (OC *boːŋ, *bum).
As a word for transcribing Indic languages, the reading 梵 (MC bjomH) probably derives from Gandhari and transcribes the syllables such as bram̄(a), bra(m)m-, etc. (Bailey, 1946) in words like 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨸 (bram̄a, “Brahma”), 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨞 (bramaṇa, “a brahmin”), and it appears in the classical Chinese lexicon in 梵天 (“Brahma, name of a deity”), 梵志 (“a person dedicated to religion”), 梵行 (“good, pure conduct”), etc. The sense for "Sanskrit" originally refers to its status as a religious language. In modern usage, it is also used to translate various terms in Hinduism, such as Brahman.

Han compound

(Buddhism) to chant sutras; to recite sutras


業

Various explanations exist:
* Pictogram (象形) – a beam from which bells and chimes hang.
* Pictogram (象形) – a person lifting said beam.
* Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 丵 (“chisel”) + 大 (“person; big”) – to launch a great attack.
Up until the Warring States period, the character was written doubled as 𪴨 and sometimes as 𫨱. The latter is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) using 去 (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)) as a phonetic component. In bamboo slips the vertical stroke of 丵 extended such that the bottom looks like 木.
; work; achievement
; large; terrific


法

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法):
* → Japanese: 法(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 법(法) (beop)
* → Vietnamese: pháp (法)

→ Proto-Tai

desc

Lao: ແບບ (bǣp, “form; model, standard, example; method; style, manner; brand, type”)

Thai: แบบ (bɛ̀ɛp, “kind; design, pattern; style; type; model”)

→ Khmer: បែប (baep, “kind, sort, model, type; style, form, shape; aspect; method, way, situation, condition”)

→ Vietnamese: phép (“rule, custom, usage, method; permission, authorisation; magical power”)

→ Manchu: ᡶᠠᡶᡠᠨ (fafun, “law; rule; punishment”)

Simplified from earlier 灋, which was originally used to represent 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside; to abrogate”).
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”), Burmese ပုံ (pum, “shape, form”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more.

och-l

法輪

法轮

末法時期

末法时期

(Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha


洗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːlʔ, *sɯːnʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 先 (OC *sɯːn, *sɯːns).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/b-s(j)il ~ *m/b-sjal (“to wash; to bathe”) (STEDT). Cognate with 洒 (OC *sraːls, *sɯːlʔ, “to wash”), Tibetan བསིལ (bsil, “to wash”), Mizo sil (“to wash”); more distant cognates may include Burmese ဆေး (hce:, “to wash”).

inh

洗禮／洗礼

施洗

受洗

He said, “Into what then were you baptized?” They said, “Into John’s baptism.”

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 使徒行傳 (Acts) 19:3

Bǎoluó shuō: “Zhèyàng, nǐmen shòu de shì shènme xǐ ne?” Tāmen shuō: “Shì Yuēhàn de xǐ.”

保羅說：「這樣，你們受的是甚麼洗呢？」他們說：「是約翰的洗。」

保罗说：「这样，你们受的是什么洗呢？」他们说：「是约翰的洗。」


洹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷaːn, *ɢʷan): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 亘 (xuān).


生

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. A conservative version is 𤯓, which is unrelated to 㞷 (匩 > 匡) and 𡴀 > 丰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sreŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese is *sraeng, but it comes from an earlier *srjaeng, as seen in Wang Renxu's edition of the Qieyun.

och-l

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated


痴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (痴):
* → Japanese: 痴(ち) (chi)
* → Korean: 치(痴) (chi)
* → Vietnamese: si (痴)


眺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰeːws): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).

Han compound

(archaic, Buddhism) to examine; to investigate


眾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (衆 /众):
* → Japanese: 衆(しゅう) (shū)
* → Vietnamese: chúng (眾)

Pictogram (象形): a sun (日) above three humans (㐺) – people gathered or working under the sun.
The top, originally 日 (“sun”) in oracle script has been modified, in bronze script resembling instead a horizontal eye (early form of 目) – reinterpreted as “a crowd under someone’s gaze”, and now resembles 罒.
The bottom, originally three figures (人人人), uses various forms of 人 and 亻, with variation depending on font.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-toŋ (“thousand”) (Peiros and Starostin, 1996; STEDT); if so, cognate with Tibetan སྟོང (stong, “thousand”), Burmese ထောင် (htaung, “thousand”), Drung tu (“thousand”), Nuosu ꄙ (dur, “thousand”).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares this word with Classical Tibetan [script needed] (yong, “in all, at all times, ever before”) and Tibetan ཡོངས (yongs, “all, whole”).

cog

众
衆
乑
㐺
𥅫
𠱧
𠱦
𠂝


瞋

द्वेष द्वेष#Sanskrit

(Buddhism) anger; hatred (as a translation of Sanskrit द्वेष (dveṣa))


磬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (磬):
* → Japanese: 磬(きょう) (kyō); 磬(けい) (kei)
* → Korean: 경(磬) (gyeong)
* → Vietnamese: khánh (磬)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 殸 + 石 (“stone”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) inverted bell (a Buddhist percussion instrument)


祼

Characters in the same phonetic series (果) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡluːlʔ): semantic 示 (“altar; sacrifice; deity”) + phonetic 果 (OC *kloːlʔ). In early writing, the form was more readily seen as ideogrammic (會意 /会意), showing components resembling 酉 (“libation container”) or 畐 (“libation container”) variously combined with radicals depicting the hand.

Han compound

(historical, religion) to pour libation; to libate


禪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (禪):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん) (zen) (see there for further descendants)
* → Korean: 선(禪) (seon)
* → Vietnamese: thiền (禪)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djan, *djans): semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).
Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation


纖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sem): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 韱 (OC *sem).


缽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːd): semantic 缶 (“pot”) + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ). Originally written as 鉢 (OC *poːd) or 盋 (OC *poːd).
Short for 缽多羅／钵多罗 (bōduōluó), from Sanskrit पात्र (pātra, “(drinking) vessel; bowl; cup; plate; etc.”).


罪

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”). The original version is 𦋛 and its original meaning was a net for fishing, then used instead of 辠 due to the similarity of the latter character to 皇, which represents the Emperor.
Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).


色

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (色):
* → Japanese: 色(しき) (shiki); 色(しょく) (shoku)
* → Korean: 색(色) (saek)
* → Vietnamese: sắc (色)

Burmese language
Japhug language
Mizo language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Shuowen

Characters in the same phonetic series (色) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“claw; hand”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – complexion.
Shuowen interprets this character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person; human”) + 卩 (“etiquette”) – complexion.
Compare 印, 抑.
Sometimes, especially in folk etymology, the character is misinterpreted as a proto-form of 絕. The bottom part of the radical is unrelated to 巴.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *srək (“ashamed; shy”), whence Burmese ရှက် (hrak, “ashamed; shy”), Japhug tɤ-zraʁ (“shame”) (Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2015b).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) connects this word to Mizo sâr (“prismatic colours seen in the sky in fine weather; to be healthy-looking, ruddy”), which would point to a form *sər-k from which the Old Chinese was derived.
彩 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ, “colour”) may be a dialectal variant (Baxter, 1992; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

cog-lite

色即是空，空即是色。

(Buddhism) rūpa (form; material element; form of existence; etc.)


願

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (願):
* → Japanese: 願(がん) (gan)
* → Korean: 원(願) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyện (願)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋʷans): phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.


葷

(Buddhism) strong-smelling vegetables, such as spring onion, garlic and garlic chives


蓮

→⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐾁𐽶𐽺𐽲𐽳𐽰 (lénhua)

→ Vietnamese: sen

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *renʔ, *reːn): semantic 艹 + phonetic 連 (OC *ren).
Related to 蕑 (OC *kreːn, “lotus seed”) (Schuessler, 2007).


蘊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quns): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 縕.
Compare 韞／韫 (yùn).


蛻

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-lwat (“free, release, slip, dislocate”) (STEDT).

inh

(Taoism, Buddhism) to die; to ascend; to depart for one's next life


行

Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection.
Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.


衍

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 行 (“path; way; to go; to move”) + 水 (“water”).


誡

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krɯːɡs): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 戒 (OC *krɯːɡs, “guard against”).

Han compound

(religion) commandments; precepts; tenets


諦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *teːɡs): semantic 言 + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).


識

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).


變

Tai Languages

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pliənᴮ²

Thai: เปลี่ยน (bplìian)

Lao: ປ່ຽນ (pīan)

desc

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Tai Dam: ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ

Shan: ပိၼ်ႇ (pìn)

Tai Nüa: ᥙᥤᥢᥱ (pǐn)

Northern Tai

Zhuang: bienq

Central Tai

Nong Zhuang: byenq, benq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prons): phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 攴.
Likely related to 亂 (OC *roːns, “disorder”) (Baxter, 1992). Perhaps related to Tibetan སྤྲུལ་བ (sprul ba, “to transform”) (Shi, 2000) and Burmese ပြောင်း (praung:, “to change”).

改觀

to change appearance, to change one's view

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

(Buddhism) bianwen (form of narrative literature from the Tang dynasty)


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (> White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓

(Buddhism) the Marga; the Way of bodhi or enlightenment leading to nirvana through spiritual stages

傳道

传道


釋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (釋):
* → Japanese: 釈(しゃく) (shaku)
* → Korean: 석(釋) (seok)
* → Vietnamese: Thích (釋)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljaɡ): semantic 釆 (“distinguish”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).
;Buddhist monastic surname
Popularized by Dao'an as a common surname for all Buddhist monastics by taking the first character of Śākyamuni Buddha's transliterated Chinese name, 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní).

zh-l

釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní)

At the beginning of the Wei and Jin, śramaṇas all took their surname from their teachers, and thus their surnames were all different. Dao'an believed that the archetype of all great teachers could not be anyone other than Śākya[muni], and thus gave Shi as their lineage.

Chū Wèi Jìn shāmén yī shī wèi xìng, gù xìng gè bùtóng, Ān yǐwèi dàshī zhī běn, mò zūn Shìjiā, nǎi yǐ Shì mìng shì.

初魏晉沙門依師為姓，故姓各不同，安以為大師之本，莫尊釋迦，乃以釋命氏。

初魏晋沙门依师为姓，故姓各不同，安以为大师之本，莫尊释迦，乃以释命氏。

釋迦牟尼 釋迦牟尼#Chinese

释迦牟尼 释迦牟尼#Chinese

(Buddhism) Short for 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní, “Shakyamuni”).


量

Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意):
* 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
* Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
* Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).
* Huang Dekuan suspects the 日 is actually 昜 (OC *laŋ) as the phonetic component.
Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs): phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + semantic 重 (“weight; heavy”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT under *(g/k)raŋ; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).
Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))


釪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷa): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa).


香

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香):
* → Vietnamese: hương (香)

desc

→ Indonesian: hio (“joss stick, incense”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (香) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 黍 (“glutinous millet”) + 口 (“mouth”). The whole character perhaps indicate that millet was used to produce liquor from fermentation which could be drank and/or sacrificed.
In the seal script, the 口 was replaced with the related 甘 (“sweet”). Hence, the most conservative variant is 𪏽.
Currently, the 黍 has simplified into 禾 and the form of the bottom component 甘 has become akin to the unrelated 曰.

Han compound

† - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful

(religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: 支 m c mn; 炷 m c; 根 m; 叢／丛 mn; 束 m; 紮／扎 c)


魂

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (魂):
* → Japanese: 魂(こん) (kon)
* → Korean: 혼(魂) (hon)
* → Vietnamese: hồn (魂)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuːn): phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun) + semantic 鬼.
Cognate with 雲 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”) (Carr, 1985).

Han compound

(religion, folklore) the hun, the soul which goes to heaven, as opposed to the 魄 (pò), which goes down to the earth with the body at death.


魄

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra).
Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007).
; "illuminated part of the moon"
; "dark part of the moon"

(religion, folklore) the po, the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to 魂 (hún) which does.


齋

→ Thai: เจ (jee)

→ Vietnamese: chay

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːl): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).

Han compound

(Buddhism, Taoism) religious ceremony (Classifier: 堂 c)


法語

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) words about Buddhist doctrine


人道

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siŋ¹³⁻⁴² tɒ¹¹/

/t͡siŋ²⁴⁻⁴² tɒ²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siŋ¹³⁻⁴² tɒ¹¹/

/t͡siŋ²⁴⁻⁴² tɒ²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/


世界

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (世界):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai)
* → Okinawan: 世(し)界(けー) (shikē)
* → Korean: 세계(世界) (segye)
* → Vietnamese: thế giới (世界)

→ Zhuang: seiqgyaiq

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

Coined by Buddhist translators (c. 3rd century) to translate Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “world”). In its original Buddhist sense, the word encompassed a range of spatial meanings from a 小世界 (xiǎo shìjiè, “minor world”) with a single sun and moon to the billion-world 三千大千世界 (sānqiān-dàqiān-shìjiè, “trichiliocosm”). Its modern sense dates from Japanese 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai) re-adaptation of the word in the nineteenth century and it has since largely displaced the classical 天下 (tiānxià, “all-under-Heaven”) in general usage.

All Buddhas, the World-Honored Ones, of the worlds of the Ten Directions, and those of the past, future, and present are also thus.

The Lotus Sutra 《正法華經》, translated by Dharmarakṣa c. 3rd century CE

Shífāng shìjiè zhū fó shìzūn, qù lái xiànzài yì fù rúshì.

十方世界諸佛世尊，去來現在亦復如是。

十方世界诸佛世尊，去来现在亦复如是。


聖書

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ syː⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ syː⁵⁵/


比丘

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Pali bhikkhu. Cognate with Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu).


和尚

Sino-Xenic (和尚):
* → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
* → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
* → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

→ Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 (*xwa¹ śjow²)

→ Zhuang: hozsiengh

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ¹¹/

/hɒ²⁴⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ¹¹/

/hɒ²⁴⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

Phono-semantic matching
Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)
zh:慧苑

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, “teacher; religious teacher”), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
# The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
# The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

cog

和尙
和上
和闍
和社
鶻社
殟社
烏社

(Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk


菩薩

→ Peranakan Indonesian: powsat

→ Manchu: ᡦᡠᠰᠠ (pusa)

Short for 菩提薩埵／菩提萨埵 (pútísàduǒ), itself from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhi-sattva, “enlightened existence”) or Pali bodhisatta. Later semantically extended to refer to a particularly virtuous person. (Dassanayake (2021))

bor

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pʰᵘɔ²² ɬat̚³³/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pʰᵘɔ²² ɬat̚³³/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/


摩訶薩埵

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (摩訶薩埵):
* → Japanese: 摩(ま)訶(か)薩(さっ)埵(た) (makasatta)

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄙㄚˋ ㄉㄨㄛˇ

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄙㄚˋ ㄉㄨㄛˇ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹ tu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ tɔː³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹ tu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ tɔː³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit महासत्त्व (mahāsattva, “great creature; great being”).

bor

(Buddhism) mahasattva, a "great bodhisattva", one explicitly defined by their devotion to bodhicitta


大人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大人):
* → Japanese: 大人(たいじん) (taijin); 大人(だいにん) (dainin)
* → Korean: 대인(大人) (daein)
* → Vietnamese: đại nhân (大人)

→ Amis: tayring

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ iŋ⁵³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ iŋ⁵³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

; address towards Japanese officials; "police officer"

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, religion) paper person, used as a scapegoat


不可思議

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄙ ㄧˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄙ ㄧˋ

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ sɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/pəʔ³³ kʰu⁵⁵ sz̩³³ n̠ʲi²¹/

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ sɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/pəʔ³³ kʰu⁵⁵ sz̩³³ n̠ʲi²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit अचिन्त्य (acintya, “inconceivable”) or calque of Pali acinteyya (“imponderable”).

cal

(Buddhism) incomprehensible by the human mind


那由他

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (那由他):
* → Japanese: 那(な)由(ゆ)他(た) (nayuta)
* → Korean: 나유타(那由他) (nayuta)

/nä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

/nä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit नयुत (nayuta, “myriad”), by Buddhist translators in the 4th century.

(Buddhism, historical) extremely large number, usually interpreted as the number 10²⁸


阿僧祇

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya, “innumerable”).


阿僧祇

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

(Buddhism) asaṃkhyeya, the number 10⁵⁶ or 10^(7×2103)


法王

ja-r

法王(ほうおう) (hōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法王):
* → Japanese: 法王(ほうおう) (hōō)
* → Korean: 법왕(法王) (beobwang)
* → Vietnamese: pháp vương (法王)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मराज (dharmarāja).

All Buddhas, the dharma-kings, will protect this bodhisattva-mahasattva.

Zhū fó fǎwáng, jiē xī shǒuhù cǐ púsà móhēsà.

諸佛法王，皆悉守護此菩薩摩訶薩。

诸佛法王，皆悉守护此菩萨摩诃萨。

(Buddhism) dharma-king, an epithet for a Buddha


畜生

Sino-Xenic (畜生):
* → Japanese: 畜生(ちくしょう) (chikushō)
* → Korean: 축생(畜生) (chuksaeng)
* → Vietnamese: súc sinh (畜生), súc sanh (畜生)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤ̃ɻ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sẽ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiok̚²⁻⁴ sẽ³³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ sɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤ̃ɻ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sẽ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiok̚²⁻⁴ sẽ³³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ sɑ̃⁴⁴/

Book of Sui
Han Feizi (book)
Six Dynasties

First attested in Han Feizi (circa 2nd century BC). The expletive sense was attested in the Book of Sui (7th century AD). Influenced, through Buddhism, by Sanskrit तिर्यग्योनि (tiryagyoni, “animal creation”) and Pali tiracchānayoni (“the realm of the brute creation”) during the Six Dynasties times, as this word was used as a translation of the Sanskrit and Pali terms. Compare 牲畜 (shēngchù).

der

(Buddhism) a beast: a generic term for animals, birds, fish and insects, as the reincarnated form of one who had bad karma in a previous life


獅子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (獅子):
* → Japanese: 獅子(しし) (shishi)
* → Korean: 사자(獅子) (saja)
* → Vietnamese: sư tử (獅子)

→ Bouyei: siyzij

→ English: Shih Tzu

ja-r

シーズー (shīzū)

→ Japanese: シーズー (shīzū)

→ Zhuang: saeceij

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

獅子吼／狮子吼

獅子座／狮子座


地獄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (地獄):
* → Japanese: 地(じ)獄(ごく) (jigoku)
* → Korean: 지옥(地獄) (jiok)
* → Vietnamese: địa ngục (地獄)

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋi̯uk̚⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/te³³⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ɡak̚²⁴/

/te³³⁻²¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ ɡiɔk̚¹²¹/

/di²² n̠ʲioʔ⁴⁴/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋi̯uk̚⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/te³³⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ɡak̚²⁴/

/te³³⁻²¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ ɡiɔk̚¹²¹/

/di²² n̠ʲioʔ⁴⁴/

Hells are termed in Sanskrit "naraka", meaning "receptacle of suffering". They are a receptacle in which living beings who suffer reside.

Dìyù zhě, fàn yún nàluòjiā, cǐ yún kǔ qì, shòukǔ zhòngshēng suǒ jū qìwù.

地獄者，梵云那落迦，此云苦器，受苦眾生所居器物。

地狱者，梵云那落迦，此云苦器，受苦众生所居器物。


律師

Sino-Xenic (律師):
* → Japanese: 律(りっ)師(し) (risshi)
* → Korean: 율사(律師) (yulsa)
* → Vietnamese: luật sư (律師)

→ Zhuang: lizswh

/ly⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚² siː⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚³² ɬu³³/

/lyəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ sz̩¹¹/

/l̃uʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ sy⁵⁵/

/lɔʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬo⁵³³/

/luoʔ⁴⁻² ɬo⁵⁴⁴/

/lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/lut̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/lut̚³⁵⁻² sɨ³³/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² si³³/

/luk̚⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/luʔ⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/liɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/

/liɪʔ²² sz̩⁵¹/

/ly⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚² siː⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚³² ɬu³³/

/lyəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ sz̩¹¹/

/l̃uʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ sy⁵⁵/

/lɔʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬo⁵³³/

/luoʔ⁴⁻² ɬo⁵⁴⁴/

/lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/lut̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/lut̚³⁵⁻² sɨ³³/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² si³³/

/luk̚⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/luʔ⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/liɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/

/liɪʔ²² sz̩⁵¹/

(Buddhism) people who understand religious discipline


地藏王菩薩

ㄉㄧˋ ㄗㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄉㄧˋ ㄗㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄉㄧˋ ㄗㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ˙ㄙㄚ

Дицзанван Пуса

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä³/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡sɔŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/te³³⁻¹¹ t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä³/

地藏菩薩 地藏菩薩#Chinese

地藏菩萨 地藏菩萨#Chinese

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 地藏菩薩／地藏菩萨 (Dìzàng Púsà).


聖徒

Sino-Xenic (聖徒):
* → Japanese: 聖(せい)徒(と) (seito)
* → Korean: 성도(聖徒) (seongdo)

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tʰou̯²¹/

/sɨn⁵⁵ tʰu¹¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ¹³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ²³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tʰou̯²¹/

/sɨn⁵⁵ tʰu¹¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ¹³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ²³/

Phono-semantic matching of Portuguese santo.


般若波羅蜜多心經

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄥ

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄥ

Божэ Боломидо Синьцзин

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/


無常

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/


阿羅漢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿羅漢):
* → Japanese: 阿(あ)羅(ら)漢(かん) (arakan)
* → Korean: 아라한(阿羅漢) (arahan)
* → Vietnamese: A-la-hán (阿羅漢)

/ˀä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³/

Phonetic borrowing from Pali arahant, ultimately from Sanskrit अर्हत् (árhat, “worthy of worship”).

der

(Buddhism) arhat (saint of one of the higher ranks)


觀自在菩薩

ja-r

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

desc

^관자재보살(觀自在菩薩)

CJKV/code

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

Sino-Xenic (觀自在菩薩):
* → Japanese: 観(かん)自(じ)在(ざい)菩(ぼ)薩(さつ) (Kanjizai Bosatsu)
* → Korean: 관자재보살(觀自在菩薩) (Gwanjajaebosal)
* → Vietnamese: Quán Tự Tại Bồ Tát (觀自在菩薩)

CJKV

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

Гуаньцзыцзай Пуса

/ku̯än⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/kuːn⁵⁵ t͡siː²² t͡sɔːi̯²² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

Version preferred by Xuanzang and used in his translations, most notably in the Heart Sutra.


我慢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (我慢):
* → Japanese: 我(が)慢(まん) (gaman, “arrogant”)
* → Korean: 아만(我慢) (aman)

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ män⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ maːn²²/

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ män⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ maːn²²/


齋月

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sai³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sai³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

(Buddhism) three months of abstinence (first, fifth and ninth months)


清真寺

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

Chen Yixiu, courtesy name Yusi, comes from Jining Prefecture, Shandong. When he was an imperial scholar, he saw that the Muslims Yang Shenghua and his colleagues wanted to destroy the temple of Lord Guan and expand the Muslim mosque

Chén Yìxiū zì Yùsì Shāndōng Jǐníng Zhōu rén wéi zhūshēng shí jiàn Huíhuí jiàomén Yáng Shēnghuā děng yù huǐ Guāndìmiào kuòdà Huíhuí qīngzhēnsì

陳益修字玉笥山東濟寜州人為諸生時見囬囬敎門楊生花等欲毁𨵿帝廟擴大囬囬清真寺

陈益修字玉笥山东济宁州人为诸生时见回回教门杨生花等欲毁关帝庙扩大回回清真寺

(Islam) mosque (Classifier: 座 m c; 間／间 c)


阿修羅

/ˀä⁵⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ sɐu̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ sɐu̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/


天花

Sino-Xenic (天花):
* → Japanese: 天花(てんか) (tenka)
* → Korean: 천화(天花) (cheonhwa)
* → Vietnamese: thiên hoa (天花)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/

Originally the Chinese translation of several Sanskrit and Pali words, including Sanskrit खपुष्प (khapuṣpa, “flower in the sky”), as well as several plant names, such as Sanskrit दिव्यपुष्प (divyapuṣpa, “oleander [heaven-flower]”) / Pali devapuppha, and Sanskrit शालपुष्प (śālapuṣpa, “confederate rose [house-flower]”).
The development from “heaven-flower” (or other interpretations of the combination) to “smallpox” is unknown. It may be due to the shape resemblance of smallpox pustules to the divine flowers in Buddhism. Compare Tibetan ལྷ་འབྲུམ (lha 'brum, “smallpox [deva-pustule]”), མེ་ཏོག (me tog, “flower; (dialectal) smallpox”), and Mongolian ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ
ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ (salkin čečeg) / салхин цэцэг (salxin ceceg, “smallpox; chickenpox [wind-flower]”).

cog

ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ

(Buddhism) flower of the sky; divine flower, stated in the Lotus Sutra as of four kinds, two white and two red


方便

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (方便):
* → Japanese: 方便(ほうべん) (hōben)
* → Korean: 방편(方便) (bangpyeon)
* → Vietnamese: phương tiện (方便)

→ Zhuang: fuengbienh

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ b̥i̯ɛn²/

/fɑŋ²⁴ piæ̃²⁴/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ piːn²²/

/fɔŋ³³ pen³²/

/ˈfɔŋ⁴² pʰiɛn¹¹/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰi̯en⁵⁵/

/fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ pʰiɛn⁵³/

/huoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛŋ²⁴²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ³³ piɛn⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ pieŋ³⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ piaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ bi²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ b̥i̯ɛn²/

/fɑŋ²⁴ piæ̃²⁴/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ piːn²²/

/fɔŋ³³ pen³²/

/ˈfɔŋ⁴² pʰiɛn¹¹/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰi̯en⁵⁵/

/fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ pʰiɛn⁵³/

/huoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛŋ²⁴²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ³³ piɛn⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ pieŋ³⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ piaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ bi²¹/

(Buddhism) upāya; heuristic or provisional reasoning


永生

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/iŋ³³⁻²¹ sɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/iŋ³³⁻²¹ sɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/


犯罪

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/fã⁴⁴ t͡suəi⁴⁴/

/faːn²² t͡sɵy̯²²/

/fɛŋ³² t͡sui³²/

/fam⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuɪ⁵³/

/haŋ¹¹⁻⁴² t͡suei¹¹/

/haŋ²¹⁻⁴² t͡suei²¹/

/huaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sue³⁵/

/vẽ̞¹¹ d͡zzʷei⁵³/

/fɑ³³ sɛ⁵³⁵/

/ɸan²¹⁻¹¹ t͡se̞i̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/fã⁴⁴ t͡suəi⁴⁴/

/faːn²² t͡sɵy̯²²/

/fɛŋ³² t͡sui³²/

/fam⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuɪ⁵³/

/haŋ¹¹⁻⁴² t͡suei¹¹/

/haŋ²¹⁻⁴² t͡suei²¹/

/huaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sue³⁵/

/vẽ̞¹¹ d͡zzʷei⁵³/

/fɑ³³ sɛ⁵³⁵/

/ɸan²¹⁻¹¹ t͡se̞i̯²¹⁻¹¹/

For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 羅馬書 (Romans) 3:23

Yīnwèi shìrén dōu fàn le zuì, kuīquē le Shén de róngyào

因為世人都犯了罪，虧缺了神的榮耀

因为世人都犯了罪，亏缺了神的荣耀


火車

Sino-Xenic (火車):
* → Japanese: 火(か)車(しゃ) (kasha)
* → Korean: 화차(火車) (hwacha, “hwacha”)
* → Vietnamese: hỏa xa (火車)

→ Bouyei: hojcey

→ Malay: kereta api (calque)

Indonesian: kereta api

desc

→ Mongolian: галт тэрэг (galt tereg) (calque)

→ Thai: รถไฟ (rót-fai) (calque)

→ Tibetan: མེ་འཁོར (me 'khor) (calque)

→ Zhuang: hojceh, → cifeiz (calque)

→ Vietnamese: xe lửa (calque)

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤɻ⁵⁵/

/xo⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/

/xuo⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹/

/xo¹¹⁻¹² ʈ͡ʂʰe³¹/

/xuə⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/fɔ³⁵ t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/fᵘɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiɛ³³/

/ˈfo²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰa⁴²/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/xuɤ⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/həu⁵² t͡sʰo³³/

/hu³³⁵ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/həu³³ t͡sʰo³⁵/

/huɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰia³³⁴/

/xo⁴¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ̞³³/

/xo⁴¹ t͡sʰɤ̞³³/

/xʊ⁴² t͡ɕʰi̯ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/xo³³ t͡ɕʰi̯e̞⁴⁴⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤɻ⁵⁵/

/xo⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/

/xuo⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹/

/xo¹¹⁻¹² ʈ͡ʂʰe³¹/

/xuə⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/fɔ³⁵ t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/fᵘɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiɛ³³/

/ˈfo²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰa⁴²/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/xuɤ⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/həu⁵² t͡sʰo³³/

/hu³³⁵ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/həu³³ t͡sʰo³⁵/

/huɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰia³³⁴/

/xo⁴¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ̞³³/

/xo⁴¹ t͡sʰɤ̞³³/

/xʊ⁴² t͡ɕʰi̯ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/xo³³ t͡ɕʰi̯e̞⁴⁴⁵/

(Buddhism) fiery chariot that sends a sinner to hell


禮拜

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ paːi̯³³/

/li²¹³⁻¹³ pai³⁵/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ pai̯⁵⁵/

/l̃ɛ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑi²¹³/

/le⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pai²¹/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pai²¹/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pai¹¹/

/le⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pai⁴¹/

/loi⁵²⁻³⁵ pai²¹³/

/li⁵²⁻³⁵ pai²¹³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ paːi̯³³/

/li²¹³⁻¹³ pai³⁵/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ pai̯⁵⁵/

/l̃ɛ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑi²¹³/

/le⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pai²¹/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pai²¹/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pai¹¹/

/le⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pai⁴¹/

/loi⁵²⁻³⁵ pai²¹³/

/li⁵²⁻³⁵ pai²¹³/


餓鬼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (餓鬼):
* → Japanese: 餓(が)鬼(き) (gaki)
* → Korean: 아귀(餓鬼) (agwi)
* → Vietnamese: ngạ quỷ (餓鬼)

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²² kʷɐi̯³⁵/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo⁴¹⁻²² kui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo³³⁻¹¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ kui⁴¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²² kʷɐi̯³⁵/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo⁴¹⁻²² kui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo³³⁻¹¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ kui⁴¹/

The Buddhism sense is a translation of Sanskrit प्रेत (preta).

(Buddhism) hungry ghost (one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhist cosmology)


無心

Sino-Xenic (無心):
* → Japanese: 無心(むしん) (mushin)
* → Korean: 무심(無心) (musim)
* → Vietnamese: vô tâm (無心)

/u⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sim³³/

/u⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sim³³/


多神教

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄕㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄕㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tɔː⁵⁵ sɐn²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tɔː⁵⁵ sɐn²¹ kaːu̯³³/


一神教

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʂən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ sɐn²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʂən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ sɐn²¹ kaːu̯³³/

(religion) monotheism (the belief in a single god)


道具

Sino-Xenic (道具):
* → Japanese: 道(どう)具(ぐ) (dōgu)
* → Korean: 도구(道具) (dogu)
* → Vietnamese: đạo cụ (道具)

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/tou̯²² kɵy̯²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ku²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ki²²/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ ku³⁵/

/dɔ²² t͡ɕy⁴⁴/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/tou̯²² kɵy̯²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ku²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ki²²/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ ku³⁵/

/dɔ²² t͡ɕy⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) implement (an accessory that aids one in the Way)


大師

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

星雲大師

星云大师

(Buddhism) Great Master (courtesy title used to address a Buddhist monk)


天狗

Sino-Xenic (天狗):
* → Japanese: 天狗(てんぐ) (tengu)
* → Korean: 천구(天狗) (cheon'gu)
* → Vietnamese: thiên cẩu (天狗)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kɐu̯³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kɐu̯³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁴¹/

(Japanese mythology, Shinto, folklore) tengu


初心

Sino-Xenic (初心):
* → Japanese: 初心(しょしん) (shoshin)
* → Korean: 초심(初心) (chosim)
* → Vietnamese: sơ tâm (初心)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰo³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰo³³⁻²³ sim³³/

(Buddhism) mind of a novice, an attitude to learn resembling that of a beginner's, possibly in spite of one's mastery


羯磨

Sino-Xenic (羯磨):
* → Japanese: 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma)
* → Vietnamese: Yết-ma (羯磨)

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ mɔː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ mɔː²¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

bor

(Buddhism) a formal religious proceeding or event


化緣

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hua¹¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn¹³/

/hua²¹⁻⁴¹ iɛn²³/

/hue²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hua¹¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn¹³/

/hua²¹⁻⁴¹ iɛn²³/

/hue²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

(Buddhism) to beg for alms; to collect alms


須臾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (須臾):
* → Japanese: 須(しゅ)臾(ゆ) (shuyu); 須(す)臾(ゆ) (suyu)

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ jyː²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ zu²³/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ jyː²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ zu²³/

(Buddhism, archaic) A unit of time consisting of one-thirtieth of a day (approximately 48 minutes).


聖人

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ⁰/

/sɪŋ³³ jɐn²¹/

/səŋ⁴⁵ ʐəŋ¹¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ zin²³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lin²⁴/

/sən³³ zən⁴⁴/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ⁰/

/sɪŋ³³ jɐn²¹/

/səŋ⁴⁵ ʐəŋ¹¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ zin²³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lin²⁴/

/sən³³ zən⁴⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ¹³/

/siã¹¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁴¹ laŋ²³/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ¹³/

/siã¹¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁴¹ laŋ²³/

(Buddhism) enlightened individual; Buddha; bodhisattva


上岸

下海

antonym(s) of “to leave the pornography or sex work industry”

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀän⁵¹/

/sœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/siaŋ³³ ᵑɡᵘɔn³²/

/sɔŋ¹¹ ŋɵn¹¹/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋan⁵⁵/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋiɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ huã³³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ²² huã⁴¹/

/t͡sĩõ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋai³⁵/

/zɑ̃²² ŋø⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀän⁵¹/

/sœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/siaŋ³³ ᵑɡᵘɔn³²/

/sɔŋ¹¹ ŋɵn¹¹/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋan⁵⁵/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋiɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ huã³³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ²² huã⁴¹/

/t͡sĩõ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋai³⁵/

/zɑ̃²² ŋø⁴⁴/

(Loudi Xiang, chiefly Buddhism) to pass away


娘娘

/ni̯ɑŋ³⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³/

/nœːŋ²¹ nœːŋ²¹/

/niɒ̃¹¹ niɒ̃¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/niũ²⁴⁻¹¹ niũ²⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/niũ²³⁻³³ niũ²³/

/niɔ̃²⁴⁻³³ niɔ̃²⁴/

/n̠ʲiã⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/ni̯ɑŋ³⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³/

/nœːŋ²¹ nœːŋ²¹/

/niɒ̃¹¹ niɒ̃¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/niũ²⁴⁻¹¹ niũ²⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/niũ²³⁻³³ niũ²³/

/niɔ̃²⁴⁻³³ niɔ̃²⁴/

/n̠ʲiã⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/niɒ̃⁴⁵ niɒ̃⁴⁵⁻¹¹/

/niɒ̃⁴⁵ niɒ̃⁴⁵⁻¹¹/

† - father's elder sister; ‡ - father's younger sister; § - married; ≠ - unmarried; ¶ - face-to-face; ∅ - non-face-to-face

王母娘娘

(religion) lady (a term for use when addressing a goddess)


真人

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/


經典

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tiːn³⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn⁵³/

/kiɪŋ³³ tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn⁵³/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn⁵³/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn⁴¹/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ tiaŋ⁵²/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ tiaŋ⁵²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tiːn³⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn⁵³/

/kiɪŋ³³ tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn⁵³/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn⁵³/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn⁴¹/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ tiaŋ⁵²/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ tiaŋ⁵²/

佛教經典

佛教经典


般若

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/puːt̚³ jɛː¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lia⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zia⁵³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ze⁵³/

/po³³⁻²³ d͡zia⁵²/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/puːt̚³ jɛː¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lia⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zia⁵³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ze⁵³/

/po³³⁻²³ d͡zia⁵²/

From Pali paññā, from Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā).

(Buddhism) prajñā; Buddhist transcendental wisdom


大悟

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

(Buddhism) to be (suddenly and) completely enlightened; to come to realise


恆河沙

Sino-Xenic (恆河沙):
* → Japanese: 恒(ごう)河(が)沙(しゃ) (gōgasha)
* → Korean: 항하사(恒河沙) (hanghasa)
* → Vietnamese: hằng hà sa (恒河沙)

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹ saː⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit गंगानदी वालुका (gaṃgānadī vālukā, “sand of the Ganges River”).
The current usage as the number 10⁵² was re-imported from the Japanese usage which first fixed by the Jinkōki (塵劫記), 1634.

calque

गंगानदी वालुका

650-661, Bhagavaddharma, transl., Sūtra of the Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of the Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Dhāraṇī (千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼經):

If there is who slanders this mantra, that is to slander those 9.9 billion times the number of the Ganges river sand, of buddhas.

Ruò yǒu bàng cǐ zhòu zhě, jí wèi bàng bǐ jiǔshíjiǔyì hénghéshā zhūfó.

若有謗此咒者，即為謗彼九十九億恆河沙諸佛。

若有谤此咒者，即为谤彼九十九亿恒河沙诸佛。

(etymology, Buddhism) countless number like the total of the grains of sand on the Ganges


不可知論

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄓ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄓ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ lɵn²²/

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ lɵn²²/


般若波羅蜜多

ja-r

はん%にゃ% は%ら%みっ%た

desc

반야 바라밀다(般若波羅蜜多)

CJKV/code

はん%にゃ% は%ら%みっ%た

Sino-Xenic (般若波羅蜜多):
* → Japanese: 般(はん)若(にゃ)波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みっ)多(た) (hannya haramitta)
* → Korean: 반야 바라밀다(般若波羅蜜多) (banya baramilda)
* → Vietnamese: bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa (般若波羅蜜多)

CJKV

はん%にゃ% は%ら%みっ%た

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

божэ боломидо

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵/

Transcription of Sanskrit प्रज्ञापारमिता (prajñāpāramitā).

der

प्रज्ञापारमिता

觀自在菩薩，行深般若波羅蜜多時，照見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。 [MSC, trad.]
观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。 [MSC, simp.]
Guānzìzài Púsà, xíng shēn bōrě bōluómìduō shí, zhào jiàn wǔyùn jiē kōng, dù yīqiē kǔè... [Pinyin]

(Buddhism) prajnaparamita: the Perfection of (Transcendent) Wisdom

(Buddhism) the body of sutras relating to this subject


波羅蜜多

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (波羅蜜多):
* → Vietnamese: ba-la-mật-đa (波羅蜜多)

ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 波羅蜜／波罗蜜 (bōluómì, “paramita”).


心經

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/


宿命

Sino-Xenic (宿命):
* → Japanese: 宿命(しゅくめい) (shukumei)
* → Korean: 숙명(宿命) (sungmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: túc mệnh (宿命)

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹/

/sʊk̚⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã²²/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ miã⁴¹/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ miã²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹/

/sʊk̚⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã²²/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ miã⁴¹/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ miã²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

Translation of Sanskrit जातिस्मर (jātismara, “recollecting a former existence; memory of previous births”). The Tibetan equivalent is ཚེ་རབས་དྲན་པ (tshe rabs dran pa).

der

(Buddhism) destiny; fate; fatality; karma


道場

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tou̯²² t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/to³³⁻¹¹ tiũ²⁴/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ tiũ²³/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tou̯²² t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/to³³⁻¹¹ tiũ²⁴/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ tiũ²³/

Calque of Sanskrit बोधिमण्ड (bodhimaṇḍa, “seat of wisdom”)

calque

(religion) site where Buddhist or Taoist rites are conducted

(religion) territorial division where Yiguandao rites were conducted


洗禮

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洗禮):
* → Japanese: 洗礼(せんれい) (senrei)
* → Korean: 세례(洗禮) (serye)

→ Zhuang: sijlij

/ɕi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯³⁵ lɐi̯¹³/

/sue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/sue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ le⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ le⁴¹/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/soi⁵²⁻³⁵ loi⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɕi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯³⁵ lɐi̯¹³/

/sue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/sue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ le⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ le⁴¹/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/soi⁵²⁻³⁵ loi⁵²⁻²¹/

John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins.

1854, 《委辦譯本》 [Delegates' Version], 馬可福音傳 [Mark] 1:4

Yuēhàn zài yě shīxǐ, chuán huǐgǎi zhī xǐlǐ, bǐ dé zuì shè

約翰在野施洗、傳悔改之洗禮、俾得罪赦

约翰在野施洗、传悔改之洗礼、俾得罪赦

Not only were Ferdinand Verbiest and company well-versed in calendar systems, but were also well-equipped with many skills. The government also used them. Other than studying calendars, they also made firearms to assist the military and took up the posts of diplomat, translator, and surveyor. Thus, they were not forbidden from preaching their religion; at that time, the number of subjects who were baptized was no less than a hundred thousand, and the mathematics and calendar science of China was the best of its time.

Huáirén děng bùdú míngxí lìfǎ, qiě pángtōng bǎijì, zhèngfǔ yì lìyòng zhī, zì zhìlì zhīwài, huò lìng zhù qiāngpào yǐ zuǒ jūnyòng, huò rèn wàijiāo tōngyì tài cèliàng shì, gù yì bùjìn qí bùjiào, shí chénmín shòu xǐlǐ zhě bù xià shù shí wàn rén, ér zhōngguó zhī shùxué jí lìxué jí dōngyáng yīshí zhī shèng.

懷仁等不獨明習曆法，且旁通百技，政府亦利用之，自治曆之外，或令鑄槍礮以佐軍用，或任外交通譯太測量事，故亦不禁其布教，時臣民受洗禮者不下數十萬人，而中國之數學及曆學極東洋一時之盛。

怀仁等不独明习历法，且旁通百技，政府亦利用之，自治历之外，或令铸枪炮以佐军用，或任外交通译太测量事，故亦不禁其布教，时臣民受洗礼者不下数十万人，而中国之数学及历学极东洋一时之盛。


洗禮

/ɕi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯³⁵ lɐi̯¹³/

/sue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/sue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ le⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ le⁴¹/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/soi⁵²⁻³⁵ loi⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɕi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯³⁵ lɐi̯¹³/

/sue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/sue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ le⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ le⁴¹/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ le⁵³/

/soi⁵²⁻³⁵ loi⁵²⁻²¹/

2004, 陶國璋 [Tao Kwok-cheung], 《哲學的追尋》 [The Pursuit of Philosophy], page 181

Xǐlǐ zhǐshì yī zhǒng xíngshì, dàibiǎo nèixīn yǒu suǒ rèndìng, suǒyǐ qíkèguǒ bùduàn biǎomíng tā zhǐ yuàn chéngwéi (to be) yī wèi jīdūjiàotú, xǐle lǐ bìng bù biǎoshì yǐjīng (was) chéngwéi jīdūjiàotú, tā quèshí shēn dé jīdūjiào de nèiyùn.

洗禮只是一種形式，代表內心有所認定，所以祈克果不斷表明他只願成為（to be）一位基督敎徒，洗了禮並不表示已經（was）成為基督敎徒，他確實深得基督敎的內蘊。

洗礼只是一种形式，代表内心有所认定，所以祈克果不断表明他只愿成为（to be）一位基督教徒，洗了礼并不表示已经（was）成为基督教徒，他确实深得基督教的内蕴。


方言

Sino-Xenic (方言):
* → Japanese: 方言(ほうげん) (hōgen)
* → Korean: 방언(方言) (bang'eon)
* → Vietnamese: phương ngôn (方言)

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/fɔŋ³³ ᵑɡun²²/

/foŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/foŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/huoŋ⁵⁵ ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/

/hɔŋ³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡan¹³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ ɦi²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/fɔŋ³³ ᵑɡun²²/

/foŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/foŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/huoŋ⁵⁵ ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/

/hɔŋ³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡan¹³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ ɦi²¹/

方言的恩賜

方言的恩赐

說方言

说方言


彌勒菩薩

ja-r

^み%ろく% ^ぼ%さつ

CJKV/code

^み%ろく% ^ぼ%さつ

Sino-Xenic (彌勒菩薩):
* → Japanese: 弥(み)勒(ろく)菩(ぼ)薩(さつ) (Miroku Bosatsu)
* → Korean: 미륵보살(彌勒菩薩) (Mireukbosal)
* → Vietnamese: Di Lặc Bồ Tát (彌勒菩薩)

CJKV

^み%ろく% ^ぼ%さつ

ㄇㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄇㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

/mi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/mei̯²¹ lɐk̚² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵ pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/mi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/mei̯²¹ lɐk̚² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵ pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/


上座部

ㄕㄤˋ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄅㄨˋ

ㄕㄤˋ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄅㄨˋ

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡sɔː²² pou̯²²/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡sɔː²² pou̯²²/


悟入

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

(Buddhism) to comprehend the ultimate essence of things


真空

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ kʰoŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ kʰoŋ²¹/

(Buddhism) any phenomenon without material existence


小僧

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/


小僧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小僧):
* → Japanese: 小(こ)僧(ぞう) (kozō)
* → Korean: 소승(小僧) (soseung)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/


地主

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi³³ t͡ʃu²⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/di¹³ t͡sz̩ʷ²¹/

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi³³ t͡ʃu²⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/di¹³ t͡sz̩ʷ²¹/

(religion) "Lord of the Land" (that protects a house)


七寶

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit सप्तरत्न (saptaratna). The seven treasures refers to the seven gems and precious metals, referenced in the Buddhist Prajñā sutras and others.

cal

(Buddhism) the seven treasures (gold, silver, crystal, tridacna, agate, amber, coral)


弟兄

/ti⁵¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ¹/

/tɐi̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ hi̯uŋ²⁴/

/ti⁵¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ¹/

/tɐi̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ hi̯uŋ²⁴/

(religion) brother (Classifier: 位 m c; 個／个 m c)


創造論

ㄔㄨㄤˋ ㄗㄠˋ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

ㄔㄨㄤˋ ㄗㄠˋ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

чуанцзаолунь

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ³³ t͡sou̯²² lɵn²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ³³ t͡sou̯²² lɵn²²/


西方

/ɕi⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hŋ̍³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hŋ̍³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 西天 (xītiān, “Western Paradise”).


四聖諦

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/


聖諦

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ tɐi̯³³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ tɐi̯³³/

translated from Sanskrit: 聖 (sacred) + 諦 (truths)


天台

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

天台宗

(Buddhism) Tiantai (a school of Mahayana Buddhism that stresses the Lotus Sutra)


世論

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

(Buddhism) non-Buddhist religions and philosophies


聖火

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ fɔː³⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ he⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ he⁴¹/

/sĩã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ fɔː³⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ he⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ he⁴¹/

/sĩã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue⁵²⁻²¹/


經藏

ja-r

経蔵(きょうぞう) (kyōzō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (經藏):
* → Japanese: 経蔵(きょうぞう) (kyōzō)
* → Korean: 경장(經藏) (gyeongjang)
* → Vietnamese: kinh tạng (經藏)

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/


傘蓋

/sän²¹⁴⁻²¹ kaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sän²¹⁴⁻²¹ kaɪ̯⁵¹/


詩歌

Sino-Xenic (詩歌):
* → Japanese: 詩(しい)歌(か) (shīka)
* → Korean: 시가(詩歌) (siga)
* → Vietnamese: thi ca (詩歌)

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/

/sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko²⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/si³³⁻²³ ko³³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/

/sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko²⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/si³³⁻²³ ko³³/


請願

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ³⁵/


出世

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɨt̚⁵ sz̩³⁵/

/t͡ʃʰut⁵⁻² ʃe¹¹/

/t͡sʰuʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ siɛ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ si⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ si²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɨt̚⁵ sz̩³⁵/

/t͡ʃʰut⁵⁻² ʃe¹¹/

/t͡sʰuʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ siɛ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ si⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ si²¹³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ si²¹/

(Buddhism) to attain liberation from samsara


唯心

Sino-Xenic (唯心):
* → Japanese: 唯心(ゆいしん) (yuishin)
* → Korean: 유심(唯心) (yusim)
* → Vietnamese: duy tâm (唯心)

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/ui¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/ui¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/


化身

Sino-Xenic (化身):
* → Japanese: 化(け)身(しん) (keshin)
* → Korean: 화신(化身) (hwasin)
* → Vietnamese: hoá thân (化身)

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

Calque of Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya, “body of transformations”). The Tibetan equivalent is སྤྲུལ་སྐུ (sprul sku).


彼岸

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彼岸):
* → Japanese: 彼岸(ひがん) (higan)
* → Korean: 피안(彼岸) (pian)
* → Vietnamese: bỉ ngạn (彼岸)

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/pei̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/pei̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

Literal translation of Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā). Compare the phonetic translation 波羅蜜多／波罗蜜多 (bōluómìduō).

zh-l

波羅蜜多／波罗蜜多 (bōluómìduō)

(Buddhism) paramita; the perfection of a virtue; the goal to be reached


會眾

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/

/wuːi̯²² t͡sʊŋ³³/

/hui²⁴²⁻⁵³ t͡søyŋ²¹³/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/

/wuːi̯²² t͡sʊŋ³³/

/hui²⁴²⁻⁵³ t͡søyŋ²¹³/


功課

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (功課):
* → Japanese: 功課(こうか) (kōka)
* → Vietnamese: công khoá (功課)

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔː³³/

/ˈkuŋ⁴² kʰuo²¹³/

/kʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo¹¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kʰo⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ kʰue²¹³/

/koŋ⁵⁵ kʰu²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔː³³/

/ˈkuŋ⁴² kʰuo²¹³/

/kʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo¹¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kʰo⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ kʰue²¹³/

/koŋ⁵⁵ kʰu²¹/


聖典

Sino-Xenic (聖典):
* → Japanese: 聖典(せいてん) (seiten)
* → Korean: 성전(聖典) (seongjeon)

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ tiːn³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ tiːn³⁵/

(religion) holy book; scared text; scripture


大乘佛教

ㄉㄚˋ ㄔㄥˊ ㄈㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

ㄉㄚˋ ㄕㄥˋ ㄈㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

Дачэн Фоцзяо

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Дашэн Фоцзяо

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²² fɐt̚² kaːu̯³³/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²² fɐt̚² kaːu̯³³/


大乘

Sino-Xenic (大乘):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)乗(じょう) (daijō)
* → Korean: 대승(大乘) (daeseung)
* → Vietnamese: Đại thừa (大乘)

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/


眾生

Sino-Xenic (眾生):
* → Japanese: 衆(しゅ)生(じょう) (shujō)
* → Korean: 중생(衆生/眾生)
* → Vietnamese: chúng sinh (眾生)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/

/t͡soŋ³³ sã⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/

/t͡soŋ³³ sã⁴⁴/

博愛眾生

博爱众生

(Buddhism) all living things, all sentient beings


朝聖

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰeu̯¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵/

/tieu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ²¹³/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiau¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tiau²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/

/zɔ²² sən⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰeu̯¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵/

/tieu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ²¹³/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiau¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tiau²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/

/zɔ²² sən⁴⁴/

to make a pilgrimage
(Islam, specifically) to go on a hajj


往生

ja-r

往生(おうじょう) (ōjō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (往生):
* → Japanese: 往生(おうじょう) (ōjō)
* → Korean: 왕생(往生) (wangsaeng)
* → Vietnamese: vãng sanh (往生)

/wɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sen²⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/wɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sen²⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident

(Buddhism) to be reborn; to be reincarnated in the Pure Land


入寂

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʐu⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʐu⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

(Buddhism, of Buddhist monks) to pass away; to die


天堂

Sino-Xenic (天堂):
* → Japanese: 天堂(てんどう) (tendō)
* → Korean: 천당(天堂) (cheondang)
* → Vietnamese: thiên đường (天堂)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ hɔŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/tʰie⁴⁴ dɑ̃³¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ hɔŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/tʰie⁴⁴ dɑ̃³¹/

Calque of Sanskrit देवसभा (devasabhā, “hall of the gods”).


入定

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/jɐp̚² tɪŋ²²/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² tiɪŋ²²/

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/jɐp̚² tɪŋ²²/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² tiɪŋ²²/

(Buddhism) to sit in meditation (a technique for mental self-discipline)


魔王

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/


選民

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (選民):
* → Japanese: 選民(せんみん) (senmin)
* → Korean: 선민(選民) (seonmin)

/ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ min³⁵/

/suaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ miŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ min³⁵/

/suaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ miŋ⁵⁵/

《外国宗教中国化之，河南豫剧抬花轿版》

tiānshǐ chuīhào Zhǔ bǎ xuǎnmín zhǎo / pǔtiānxià de fénmù shèngtú yīqǐ fùhuó le

天使吹號主把選民找 / 普天下的墳墓聖徒一起復活了

《外国宗教中国化之，河南豫剧抬花轿版》

天使吹号主把选民找 / 普天下的坟墓圣徒一起复活了


功德

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚²/

(Buddhism) charitable and pious deeds; benefaction; beneficence; works


住持

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/

(Taoism, Buddhism) to administer a monastery


住持

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/


丈席

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/


檀信

/tʰän³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/tʰän³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

(Buddhism) devotee; follower; worshiper; believer


衣缽

/i⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

(Buddhism) a Buddhist monk's mantle and alms bowl (handed down to his favorite disciple)


合爪

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(archaic, Buddhism) to press the palms of one's hands together in devotion


解脫

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯³⁵ tʰyːt̚³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuat̚⁵/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰuk̚²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯³⁵ tʰyːt̚³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuat̚⁵/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰuk̚²/


法界

Sino-Xenic (法界):
* → Japanese: 法界(ほうかい) (hōkai)
* → Korean: 법계(法界) (beopgye)
* → Vietnamese: pháp giới (法界)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मधातु (dharmadhātu), comprised of धर्म (“dharma”) + धातु (“expanse”).


大士

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit महापुरुष (mahāpuruṣa).


普門

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

(Buddhism) universal door (a door or gate for transcending to a higher plain of existence)


普門

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

(Buddhism) chapter title (within the Lotus Sutra): the Universal Door (of the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva)


來世

/laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯³³/

/loi̯¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/lai²³⁻³³ se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴¹/

/lai¹³⁻²² si²¹/

/laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯³³/

/loi̯¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/lai²³⁻³³ se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴¹/

/lai¹³⁻²² si²¹/

(Buddhism) the future world; the next world; the world to come; the afterlife; the next life


道人

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/to²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tɒu̯⁴⁵ ʐən¹³/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/to²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tɒu̯⁴⁵ ʐən¹³/

有买粪于寺者，道人索倍价。 [MSC, simp.]
Yǒu mǎi fèn yú sì zhě, dàorén suǒ bèi jià. [Pinyin]

1899, unknown, 笑林廣記 有買糞於寺者，道人索倍價。 [MSC, trad.]

A man wanted to buy human waste from a temple. The monk asked for twice the price.

(archaic, historical, Buddhism) Buddhist monk without a government certificate


後世

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² sɐi̯³³/

/heu̯⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/au³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ si¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hiɤ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hio³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² sɐi̯³³/

/heu̯⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/au³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ si¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hiɤ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hio³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

(Buddhism) the future world; the next world; the world to come; the afterlife


方丈

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ²/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ zã²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ²/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ zã²¹/

(Buddhism) abbot's room or quarter, i.e. a small square-zhang room, as Vimalakīrti's room is described in the Vimalakīrti Sūtra

(by extension) residence of Buddhist abbots, including the bedroom and its accessory facilities

(Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, slang) narrow-minded person; petty person


三時

/sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(Buddhism) the three epochs: 正法 (zhèngfǎ, “the age of legitimacy”) , 像法 (xiàngfǎ, “the age of imitation”) and 末法 (mòfǎ, “the age of decadence”)


煩惱

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huan²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/

/huan²⁴⁻²² lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huan²⁴⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/hueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huan²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/

/huan²⁴⁻²² lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huan²⁴⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/hueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/


高僧

ja-r

高僧(こうそう) (kōsō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (高僧):
* → Japanese: 高僧(こうそう) (kōsō)
* → Korean: 고승(高僧) (goseung)
* → Vietnamese: cao tăng (高僧)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko³³ siɪŋ³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko³³ siɪŋ³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/


閻王

Cebuano: yawa

Hiligaynon: yawa

Tagalog: yawa

Waray-Waray: yawa

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/nʲiɛn²¹ uaŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/iɛn³⁵ uɔŋ²/

/iam¹¹ ʋɔŋ¹¹/

/ŋia⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uoŋ⁵³/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))mɒŋ²⁴/

ngieng² orng² [Phonetic:ngieng⁵ ngorng²]

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɒŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³ u̯an¹³/

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/nʲiɛn²¹ uaŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/iɛn³⁵ uɔŋ²/

/iam¹¹ ʋɔŋ¹¹/

/ŋia⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uoŋ⁵³/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))mɒŋ²⁴/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɒŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³ u̯an¹³/

Partial calque of Sanskrit यमराज (yamarāja).

閻王叫你三更死，誰敢留人到五更 / 阎王叫你三更死，谁敢留人到五更

Yánwáng jiào nǐ sāngēng sǐ, shéi gǎn liú rén dào wǔgēng

(Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Synonym of 閻羅 /阎罗 (Yánluó, “Yama (god of the underworld)”)


不二法門

ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄇㄣˊ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄇㄣˊ

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ jiː²² faːt̚³ muːn²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³⁻²¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ jiː²² faːt̚³ muːn²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³⁻²¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

Originally Buddhist, first attested in 406, in《維摩詰經》 (“Vimalakirti Sutra”), translated by Kumarajiva.

(Buddhism) the dharma gateway of nonduality


更新

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (更新):
* → Japanese: 更新(こうしん) (kōshin)
* → Korean: 갱신(更新) (gaengsin), 경신(更新) (gyeongsin)
* → Vietnamese: canh tân (更新)

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ sɐn⁵⁵/

/kɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ɬiŋ⁵³³/

/kɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍³³ sin³³/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ³³/

/kən⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ sɐn⁵⁵/

/kɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ɬiŋ⁵³³/

/kɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍³³ sin³³/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ³³/

/kən⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

(official translation) Fill me, Lord. Come, fill me, Lord. Here, before Your throne, the living water flows. Cleanse me, make me whole.
(literal translation) Fill me; cleanse me. Before Your throne, the living water flows. Renew and heal me.

2007, 曾祥怡 (Grace Tseng), 生命活水充滿我 (Living Water), English translation by Sandy Yu, Kevin Cheng, Jeff Nelson

Chōngmǎn wǒ, jiéjìng wǒ, zài Nǐ bǎozuò qián, yǒu shēngmìng shuǐ yǒngliú, gēngxīn yīzhì wǒ.

充滿我，潔淨我，在祢寶座前，有生命水湧流，更新醫治我。

充满我，洁净我，在祢宝座前，有生命水涌流，更新医治我。


法門

Sino-Xenic (法門):
* → Japanese: 法門(ほうもん) (hōmon)
* → Korean: 법문(法門) (beommun)
* → Vietnamese: pháp môn (法門)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मपर्याय (dharmaparyāya), comprised of धर्म (dharma, “dharma”) + पर्याय (paryāya, “method”).

compound

(Buddhism) gateway for entry into the dharma


順天

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵn²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵn²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

To comply with Heaven through ritual propriety is the correct Way of Heaven.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

禮以順天，天之道也。

礼以顺天，天之道也。

Accord with Heaven; make material resources abundant; bring joy to the people; take advantage of the resources of Earth; and value military weapons. These are termed the “Five Plans.”

The Methods of the Sima, circa 4ᵗʰ century BCE

Shùntiān, fùcái, yì zhòng, lì dì, yòu bīng, shì wèi wǔlǜ.

順天，阜財，懌眾，利地，右兵，是謂五慮。

顺天，阜财，怿众，利地，右兵，是谓五虑。

Those who accord with Heaven will retain their achievements. Those who act contrary to Heaven will embrace misfortune and cannot be saved.

Shùntiān zhě yǒu qí gōng, nìtiān zhě huái qí xiōng, bùkě fùzhèn yě.

順天者有其功，逆天者懷其凶，不可復振也。

顺天者有其功，逆天者怀其凶，不可复振也。

Those who comply with Heaven survive; those who act contrary to Heaven perish.

順天者存，逆天者亡。

顺天者存，逆天者亡。

(literary, religion) to accord with the ways of Heaven; to comply with Heaven


夜叉

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (夜叉):
* → Japanese: 夜(や)叉(しゃ) (yasha)
* → Korean: 야차(夜叉) (yacha)
* → Vietnamese: dạ-xoa (夜叉)

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä¹/

/jɛː²² t͡sʰaː⁵⁵/

/ia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ia³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä¹/

/jɛː²² t͡sʰaː⁵⁵/

/ia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ia³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/


煉獄

/li̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/liɛn³³⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/liɛn³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/liɛn³³⁻¹¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/liɛn³³⁻²¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/li̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/liɛn³³⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/liɛn³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/liɛn³³⁻¹¹ ɡak̚⁴/

/liɛn³³⁻²¹ ɡak̚⁴/


魔羅

Sino-Xenic (魔羅):
* → Japanese: 魔羅(まら) (mara)

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

From Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”).


小乘

ja-r

小(しょう)乗(じょう) (shōjō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小乘):
* → Japanese: 小(しょう)乗(じょう) (shōjō)
* → Korean: 소승(小乘) (soseung)
* → Vietnamese: Tiểu thừa (小乘)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɪŋ²²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɪŋ²²/

Calque of Sanskrit हीनयान (hīnayāna, “lesser vehicle”).

calque

(Buddhism, originally derogatory, now usually neutral) Hinayana (early Buddhism; Theravada Buddhism)


安拉

/ˀän⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

感讚安拉

感赞安拉


法特瓦

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


三昧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (三昧):
* → Japanese: 三(さん)昧(まい) (sanmai)
* → Korean: 삼매(三昧) (sammae)
* → Vietnamese: tam muội (三昧)

/sän⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/


獅子座

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

(Buddhism) the throne of a Buddha or bodhisattva


四天王

/sz̩⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/sz̩⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

四大天王 四大天王#Chinese

(Buddhism) Synonym of 四大天王 (sìdàtiānwáng, “the four heavenly kings”)


聖戰

Sino-Xenic (聖戰):
* → Japanese: 聖(せい)戦(せん) (seisen)

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ t͡siːn³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn¹¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɛn²¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ t͡siːn³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn¹¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɛn²¹/

(religion) holy war; jihad; crusade (Classifier: 場／场 m c)


宗教戰爭

ㄗㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄥ

ㄗㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄥ

цзунцзяо чжаньчжэн

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kaːu̯³³ t͡siːn³³ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kau²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kau¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kau²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ³³ kau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kaːu̯³³ t͡siːn³³ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/


開齋節

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡saːi̯⁵⁵ t͡siːt̚³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡saːi̯⁵⁵ t͡siːt̚³/


智慧

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯¹/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯²²/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯³³/

/t͡sɨ⁵⁵ fi⁵⁵/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iɛ²⁴²/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hui⁴¹/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti¹¹⁻⁵³ hui³³/

/ti²¹⁻⁴¹ hui³³/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hui³⁵/

/t͡sz̩³³ ɦue⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯¹/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯²²/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯³³/

/t͡sɨ⁵⁵ fi⁵⁵/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iɛ²⁴²/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hui⁴¹/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti¹¹⁻⁵³ hui³³/

/ti²¹⁻⁴¹ hui³³/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hui³⁵/

/t͡sz̩³³ ɦue⁴⁴/


禪那

Sino-Xenic (禪那):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん)那(な) (zenna)
* → Korean: 선나(禪那) (seonna)
* → Vietnamese: thiền na (禪那)

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nä⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nä⁵¹/


不信

Sino-Xenic (不信):
* → Japanese: 不信(ふしん) (fushin)
* → Korean: 불신(不信) (bulsin)
* → Vietnamese: bất tín (不信)

Translation of Sanskrit अश्रद्ध्य (aśraddhya, “unbelief”) or Pali asaddha (“not believing”). The Tibetan equivalent is མ་དད་པ (ma dad pa).

der

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ sɵn³³/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ sɵn³³/

(Buddhism) unbelief or non-faith; inability of a person to generate tacit belief or confidence in a teacher and the doctrines that is necessary to undertake practice in earnest


緣分

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (緣分):
* → Korean: 연분(緣分) (yeonbun)
* → Vietnamese: duyên phận (緣分)

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən⁵¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun⁴¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hun³³/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ hun³³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huŋ¹¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən⁵¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun⁴¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hun³³/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ hun³³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huŋ¹¹/

(Buddhism) the predetermined principle that dictates a person's relationships and encounters, usually positive, such as the affinity among friends or lovers


一元論

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jyːn²¹ lɵn²²/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jyːn²¹ lɵn²²/


叢林

Sino-Xenic (叢林):
* → Japanese: 叢林(そうりん) (sōrin)
* → Korean: 총림(叢林) (chongnim)
* → Vietnamese: tùng lâm (叢林)

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ lin³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ lɐm²¹/

/tɵŋ²² lim²²/

/t͡sɔŋ¹³⁻²² lim¹³/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ lin³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ lɐm²¹/

/tɵŋ²² lim²²/

/t͡sɔŋ¹³⁻²² lim¹³/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

(archaic, Buddhism) Zen Buddhist monastery (Classifier: 座 m)


世尊

Sino-Xenic (世尊):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)尊(そん) (seson)
* → Korean: 세존(世尊) (sejon)
* → Vietnamese: Thế Tôn (世尊)

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit भगवान् (bhagavān), Pali bhagavā, etc.

worshipped by all; the world's reverence

Then the Bodhisattva Earth Holder rose from his seat, went before the Buddha, and said to him: "World-Honored One, if any living being hears this Bodhisattva Regarder of the Cries of the World chapter, hears of the freedom of his actions and the divine power of the revelation of the universal gateway, it should be known that this person's blessings are not few."

Lotus Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva, 406 CE

Ěrshí Chídì púsà jí cóng zuò qǐ qián bái Fó yán: “Shìzūn, ruò yǒu zhòngshēng, wén shì Guānshìyīn púsà pǐn, zìzài zhī yè, pǔmén shìxiàn shéntōnglì zhě, dāng zhī shì rén gōngdé bùshào.

爾時持地菩薩即從座起前白佛言：「世尊，若有衆生，聞是觀世音菩薩品，自在之業，普門示現神通力者，當知是人功德不少。

尔时持地菩萨即从座起前白佛言：「世尊，若有众生，闻是观世音菩萨品，自在之业，普门示现神通力者，当知是人功德不少。

(honorific, chiefly Buddhism) Bhagavan; Lord; Honoured One (title of the Buddha)


因果

Sino-Xenic (因果):
* → Japanese: 因果(いんが) (inga)
* → Korean: 인과(因果) (in'gwa)
* → Vietnamese: nhân quả (因果)

/in⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/in³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/in⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/in³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit हेतु (hetu, “impulse, cause”) and फल (phala, “fruit, result”) arising from translation of Buddhist texts. (Dassanayake (2021), pg. 124)


苦惱

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁵³/

/kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁴¹/

/kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰu³³ nɔ⁴⁴/

/kʰu³⁵ nɔ³¹/

/kʰəu⁵² næ¹¹/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁵³/

/kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁴¹/

/kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰu³³ nɔ⁴⁴/

/kʰu³⁵ nɔ³¹/

/kʰəu⁵² næ¹¹/

; suffering
Calque of Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).


觀念

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯am⁵⁵/

/kuɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋiam⁵³/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡiɛŋ²⁴²/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ niɛŋ¹¹/

/kuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ niɛŋ²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲie²¹/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯am⁵⁵/

/kuɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋiam⁵³/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡiɛŋ²⁴²/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ niɛŋ¹¹/

/kuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ niɛŋ²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲie²¹/

(Buddhism) to observe and contemplate one's thoughts


大德

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɪk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɪk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

(Buddhism) honorific for elderly monks, Buddha or Bodhisattva